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Etika, Bioetika, dan
Hukum Kesehatan
dr. T. Ibnu Alferraly, SpPA
Program S-2Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat
2011
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Skm gatra
RELEVANSIRELEVANSI
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Sukma Ayus (movie star) casemedical futility, similar with Karen Quinlan case
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head-line Warta Kota, 6 Februari 2005
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TENAGA KESEHATAN
ATTITUDE
SKILLKNOWLEDGE
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Objektif:
Tenaga Kesehatan yang memiliki kompetensietika :
Attitude(sikap, perilaku, tindakan)
Skill(keterampilan manual, keterampilanintelektual)
Knowledge(pengetahuan, pemikiran, konsep)
Experience(pengalamam, jam terbang, track
record)Responsibility(tanggung jawab, disiplin)
Accountibility(jaminan mutu)
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a field of study concerned with the ethics andphilosophical implications of certain biological
and medical procedures, technologies,
and treatments, as organ transplants,
genetic engineering, and care of the terminally ill.
Bioethics :
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ETIKA KEDOKTERAN
Etika terapan yang merupakan pedoman dan rambu-rambu moral bagi perilaku etis dokter dalam hubungandengan pasien (kini dikenal sebagai etika klasik)
Sesudah tahun 1960-an, etika memasuki tahapan barudalam perkembangan nilai-nilai etika medis era bioetikasebagai akibat revolusi bioteknologi dan biomedis BIOETIKA / ETIKA BIOMEDIS
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Bioethics HistoryNama Bioethics untuk pertama kali digunakan oleh
peneliti kanker Amerika oleh Van Rensselaer Potter,
University of Wisconsin, dalam bukunya Bioethics:Bridge to the Future
Ia menekankan tanggung jawab para ahli biologi
dalam menjamin kelangsungan kehidupan di bumi ini
dan dalam menciptakan syarat-syarat untukmeningkatkan kualitas kehidupan.
Tapi ia belum terjun dalam analisis etika.
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Yang melontarkan bioetika sebagai suatu bidang
intelektual dan akademis yang khusus adalah:
1. Hastings Center (1969)
di Hastings-on-the Hudson, NY, kini: Garrison, NY.
2. Kennedy Institute (1971)
Georgetown University, Washington D.C.
sponsor: keluarga Kennedy
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Globalisasi BioetikaFenomena Amerika ini meluas ke Eropa
1975: berdiri Pusat Bioetika, mis. Barcelona
1985: European Association for Centres of Medical
Ethics
1992: International Association for Bioethics (ketua
pertama: Peter Singer) mengadakan kongres
setiap dua tahun
Jurnal resmi:Bioethics; sejak 2001
Developing World Bioethics
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Dan Brock, Brown University (1999):
Bioethics concerns the ethical issues arising inmedicine and from advances in biological science.
There are 3 central areas:
1. Relations between health care professionals and patients2. Justice in the allocation of health care
3. Issues that arise from dramatic advances in biological
knowledge and technology
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* Bioetika adalah perluasandari etika kedokteran yang
tradisional
Etika kedokteran memfokuskan hubungan dokter-pasien
Tema-tema tradisional tetap penting tapi
sekarang dalam konteks modern:
di satu pihak demokratisasi dan hak-hak pasien (kritik
atas paternalisme)
di lain pihak pelayanan medis yang teknologis dananonym (tim medis) + biaya tinggi
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Tema-tema yang paling penting berasaldari perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi
biomedis:
dari definisi baru tentang kematian
sekitar 1967 (brain death)
sampai dengan penelitian embryonic
stem cellsdan cloningsekarang ini.
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What is bioethics ?
Ethics is the study of moralitycareful and
systematic reflection on and analysis of moral
decisions and behavior, whether past, present or
future.
Morality is the value dimension of human decision-
making and behavior. The language of morality
includes good or bad, right and wrong, etc.
According this definitions, Ethics is primally a matter
of knowing whereas morality is a matter of doing.
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Medical ethics is the branch of ethics that deals withmoral issues in medical practice.
Bioehics can be defined as the study of ethicalissues and decision-making assosiated with the use
of living organism.
Medical ethics focuses primarily on issues arisingout of the practice of medicine, bioethics is a verybroad subject that is concerned with the moral
issues raised by developments in the biologicalsciences more generally.
Bioethics is genus and medical ethics is species.
What is bioethics ?
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Why study medical ethics ?
Bioethics ( area 7 ) is the basic of all
competencies
The study of ethics prepares medical
students to recognize difficult situations
and to deal with them in a rational and
principled manner.
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Whats special about medicine ?
Many physicians feel that they are nolonger as respected as they once were.
To meet the expectation of bothpatients and students, it is important
that physicians know and exemplify the
core values of medicine
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Whats special about medical
ethics ?
Medical ethics differs from the general
ethics applicable to everyone by being
publicly professed in oath such as the
WMA Declaration of Geneva.
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Who decides what is ethical ? Therefore varies from one society to another
and even within the same society.
I liberal societies, individuals have a greatdeal of freedom to decide for themselves
what is ethical.
In more traditional societies, family and clanelders, religious authorities and political
leaders usually have a greater role thanindividuals in determining what is ethical.
In making decisions, it is helpful to know
what other physicians would do in similarsituation
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when people bring us their problems,they are often asking not for solutions
but for understanding
hank You