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    Etika, Bioetika, dan

    Hukum Kesehatan

    dr. T. Ibnu Alferraly, SpPA

    Program S-2Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat

    2011

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    Skm gatra

    RELEVANSIRELEVANSI

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    Sukma Ayus (movie star) casemedical futility, similar with Karen Quinlan case

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    head-line Warta Kota, 6 Februari 2005

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    TENAGA KESEHATAN

    ATTITUDE

    SKILLKNOWLEDGE

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    Objektif:

    Tenaga Kesehatan yang memiliki kompetensietika :

    Attitude(sikap, perilaku, tindakan)

    Skill(keterampilan manual, keterampilanintelektual)

    Knowledge(pengetahuan, pemikiran, konsep)

    Experience(pengalamam, jam terbang, track

    record)Responsibility(tanggung jawab, disiplin)

    Accountibility(jaminan mutu)

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    a field of study concerned with the ethics andphilosophical implications of certain biological

    and medical procedures, technologies,

    and treatments, as organ transplants,

    genetic engineering, and care of the terminally ill.

    Bioethics :

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    ETIKA KEDOKTERAN

    Etika terapan yang merupakan pedoman dan rambu-rambu moral bagi perilaku etis dokter dalam hubungandengan pasien (kini dikenal sebagai etika klasik)

    Sesudah tahun 1960-an, etika memasuki tahapan barudalam perkembangan nilai-nilai etika medis era bioetikasebagai akibat revolusi bioteknologi dan biomedis BIOETIKA / ETIKA BIOMEDIS

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    Bioethics HistoryNama Bioethics untuk pertama kali digunakan oleh

    peneliti kanker Amerika oleh Van Rensselaer Potter,

    University of Wisconsin, dalam bukunya Bioethics:Bridge to the Future

    Ia menekankan tanggung jawab para ahli biologi

    dalam menjamin kelangsungan kehidupan di bumi ini

    dan dalam menciptakan syarat-syarat untukmeningkatkan kualitas kehidupan.

    Tapi ia belum terjun dalam analisis etika.

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    Yang melontarkan bioetika sebagai suatu bidang

    intelektual dan akademis yang khusus adalah:

    1. Hastings Center (1969)

    di Hastings-on-the Hudson, NY, kini: Garrison, NY.

    2. Kennedy Institute (1971)

    Georgetown University, Washington D.C.

    sponsor: keluarga Kennedy

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    Globalisasi BioetikaFenomena Amerika ini meluas ke Eropa

    1975: berdiri Pusat Bioetika, mis. Barcelona

    1985: European Association for Centres of Medical

    Ethics

    1992: International Association for Bioethics (ketua

    pertama: Peter Singer) mengadakan kongres

    setiap dua tahun

    Jurnal resmi:Bioethics; sejak 2001

    Developing World Bioethics

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    Dan Brock, Brown University (1999):

    Bioethics concerns the ethical issues arising inmedicine and from advances in biological science.

    There are 3 central areas:

    1. Relations between health care professionals and patients2. Justice in the allocation of health care

    3. Issues that arise from dramatic advances in biological

    knowledge and technology

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    * Bioetika adalah perluasandari etika kedokteran yang

    tradisional

    Etika kedokteran memfokuskan hubungan dokter-pasien

    Tema-tema tradisional tetap penting tapi

    sekarang dalam konteks modern:

    di satu pihak demokratisasi dan hak-hak pasien (kritik

    atas paternalisme)

    di lain pihak pelayanan medis yang teknologis dananonym (tim medis) + biaya tinggi

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    Tema-tema yang paling penting berasaldari perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi

    biomedis:

    dari definisi baru tentang kematian

    sekitar 1967 (brain death)

    sampai dengan penelitian embryonic

    stem cellsdan cloningsekarang ini.

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    What is bioethics ?

    Ethics is the study of moralitycareful and

    systematic reflection on and analysis of moral

    decisions and behavior, whether past, present or

    future.

    Morality is the value dimension of human decision-

    making and behavior. The language of morality

    includes good or bad, right and wrong, etc.

    According this definitions, Ethics is primally a matter

    of knowing whereas morality is a matter of doing.

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    Medical ethics is the branch of ethics that deals withmoral issues in medical practice.

    Bioehics can be defined as the study of ethicalissues and decision-making assosiated with the use

    of living organism.

    Medical ethics focuses primarily on issues arisingout of the practice of medicine, bioethics is a verybroad subject that is concerned with the moral

    issues raised by developments in the biologicalsciences more generally.

    Bioethics is genus and medical ethics is species.

    What is bioethics ?

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    Why study medical ethics ?

    Bioethics ( area 7 ) is the basic of all

    competencies

    The study of ethics prepares medical

    students to recognize difficult situations

    and to deal with them in a rational and

    principled manner.

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    Whats special about medicine ?

    Many physicians feel that they are nolonger as respected as they once were.

    To meet the expectation of bothpatients and students, it is important

    that physicians know and exemplify the

    core values of medicine

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    Whats special about medical

    ethics ?

    Medical ethics differs from the general

    ethics applicable to everyone by being

    publicly professed in oath such as the

    WMA Declaration of Geneva.

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    Who decides what is ethical ? Therefore varies from one society to another

    and even within the same society.

    I liberal societies, individuals have a greatdeal of freedom to decide for themselves

    what is ethical.

    In more traditional societies, family and clanelders, religious authorities and political

    leaders usually have a greater role thanindividuals in determining what is ethical.

    In making decisions, it is helpful to know

    what other physicians would do in similarsituation

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    when people bring us their problems,they are often asking not for solutions

    but for understanding

    hank You