Yes: Bare Particulars!
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Transcript of Yes: Bare Particulars!
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∆∗/+,123∗/∋∗<9∋∗∋2<,Μ./−∗3∋8∗;.−∋<4∋−.<−.=∋?)∗+∋1∗+.>4/5∋?4239∋−21)∋∗<∋,+.8∋≅.34<>∋+46∋ ∋7+∋ ,−∋
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9.<5∋ ,+∋ 4<∋ +),−∋ >/42<9Λ∋ ∋ !<9∋ 7∋ ∗8∋ )∗∆∆5∋ +4∋ +∗;.∋ +),−∋ )∗/9∋ 3,<.Λ∋ ∋ ∀2+∋ +)./.∋ ,−∋ ∗3−4∋ ∗∋ 84/.∋
14<1.−−,Μ.∋/.−∆4<−.∋+)∗+∋7∋1∗<∋8∗;.Λ∋∋ΟΜ.<∋,Ε∋2</.−+/,1+.9∋8./.434>,1∗3∋148∆4−,+,4<∋,−∋>/∗<+.9:∋
7∋1∗<∋8∗,<+∗,<:∋#,9./∋,−∋<4+∋/,>)+Λ∋
∋ 78∗>,<.:∋,Ε∋542∋1∗<:∋+).∋Ε2−,4<∋4Ε∋∗∋−2≅−+∗<1.∋?,+)∋∗∋Β2∗3,+5∋+)∗+∋,−∋<4+∋4<.∋4Ε∋,+−∋Β2∗3,+,.−Λ∋∋
78∗>,<.∋Ε4/∋,<−+∗<1.∋+).∋Ε2−,4<∋4Ε∋∗∋/.9∋+48∗+4∋?,+)∋?),+.<.−−Λ∋∋&3.∗/35∋+),−∋−+/∗<>.∋,+.8∋Χ∋∆∗/+∋
∆∗/+,123∗/:∋∆∗/+∋2<,Μ./−∗3∋Χ∋,−∋,//.3.Μ∗<+∋+4∋+).∋Β2.−+,4<∋4Ε∋?).+)./∋∗∋∆∗/+,123∗/:∋Ε4/∋,<−+∗<1.∋+).∋
+48∗+4:∋)∗−∋ ,+−∋Β2∗3,+,.−∋∗−∋∆∗/+−Λ∋ ∋ #2/.:∋ +).∋−+/∗<>.∋∆∗/+∋∆∗/+,123∗/:∋∆∗/+∋2<,Μ./−∗3∋ +),<>∋)∗−∋∗∋
Β2∗3,+5∋∗−∋∗∋∆∗/+Λ∋∋∀2+∋?).<∋7∋∗−;∋?).+)./∋∗∋∆∗/+,123∗/∋3,;.∋+).∋+48∗+4∋)∗−∋,+−∋Β2∗3,+,.−∋∗−∋∆∗/+−:∋7∋
1∗<<4+∋≅.∋ ,<+./∆/.+.9∋∗−∋8.∗<,<>∋≅5∋ Γ∗∋∆∗/+,123∗/∋ 3,;.∋ +).∋ +48∗+4Α∋−48.+),<>∋ 3,;.∋ +),−∋−+/∗<>.∋
+),<>Λ∋∋∋∋7−∋+),−∋+),<>∋∗∋∆∗/+,123∗/6∋∋7−∋,+∋∗∋−2≅−+∗<1.6∋∋7∋?4239∋≅.∋,<13,<.9∋+4∋−∗5∋<4∋4<∋≅4+)∋142<+−Λ∋∋
7−∋,+∋∗∋+48∗+46∋∋&./+∗,<35∋<4+Λ∋
∋ ∀2+∋<4?∋14<−,9./:∋,Ε∋7∋?∗<+∋+4∋9.<5∋∗∋14<−+,+2.<+∋4<+434>5:∋−)4239<Α+∋7∋−∗5∋Φ2−+∋+).∋−∗8.∋
+),<>−∋∗≅42+∋+).∋∆2+∗+,Μ.∋,+.8:∋+).∋Ε2−,4<∋4Ε∋+).∋+48∗+4∋∗<9∋/.9<.−−:∋+)∗+∋7∋)∗Μ.∋−∗,9∋∗≅42+∋+).∋
! ∀4!
∆2+∗+,Μ.∋,+.8:∋+).∋Ε2−,4<∋4Ε∋+).∋+48∗+4∋∗<9∋?),+.<.−−6∋∋7Ε∋7∋?∗<+∋+4∋9.<5∋+)∗+∋∗∋+48∗+4Α−∋/.9<.−−∋
,−∋∗∋∆∗/+∋4Ε∋,+:∋7∋?,33∋−∗5∋+)∗+∋?)∗+∋#,9./∋9.Ε,<.−∋∗−∋∗∋Γ+),1;∋∆∗/+,123∗/Α∋,−∋Β2.−+,4<∗≅35∋∗∋∆∗/+,123∗/:∋
Β2.−+,4<∗≅35∋∗∋−2≅−+∗<1.∋∗<9∋1./+∗,<35∋<4+∋∗∋+48∗+4Λ∋∋().+)./∋∗∋∆∗/+,123∗/∋3,;.∋+).∋+48∗+4∋)∗−∋
,+−∋ Β2∗3,+,.−∋ ∗−∋ ∆∗/+−∋ 4/∋ <4+:∋ ∗<9∋ ?).+)./∋ ∗∋ ∆∗/+,123∗/∋ 3,;.∋ +).∋ +48∗+4∋ ,−∋ ,9.<+,1∗3∋ +4∋ ,+−∋
−2≅−+/∗+28∋4/∋<4+:∋∗/.∋<4+∋Μ./≅∗3∋Β2.−+,4<−Λ∋∋Γ!∋∆∗/+,123∗/∋3,;.∋+).∋+48∗+4Α∋,<∋+).∋14<+.Ψ+∋4Ε∋+).−.∋
Β2.−+,4<−:∋1∗<<4+∋8.∗<∋−48.+),<>∋ 3,;.∋+).∋−+/∗<>.∋ ,+.8∋Χ∋∆∗/+∋∆∗/+,123∗/:∋∆∗/+∋2<,Μ./−∗3∋ Χ∋ +)∗+∋
#,9./∋1∗33−∋∗∋Γ+),1;∋∆∗/+,123∗/ΑΛ∋∋∋
∋ 7Ε∋ 7∋ ?∗<+∋ +4∋ 9.<5∋ ∗∋ 14<−+,+2.<+∋ 4<+434>5:∋ 7∋ 1∗<∋ −∗5∋ +)∗+∋ )439,<>∋ +)∗+∋ +).∋ Β2.−+,4<∋ Γ94∋
∆∗/+,123∗/−∋ )∗Μ.∋ +).,/∋ Β2∗3,+,.−∋ ∗−∋ ∆∗/+−∋ 4/∋ <4+6Α∋ ,−∋ 8./.35∋ Μ./≅∗3:∋ ≅.1∗2−.∋ Γ∆∗/+,123∗/Α∋ 14239∋
8.∗<∋ Γ+),1;∋ ∆∗/+,123∗/Α:∋ ,−∋ 3,;.∋ )439,<>∋ +)∗+∋ +).∋ Β2.−+,4<∋ Γ94∋ _4335?449∋ ∗1+4/−∋ 3,;.∋ χ.4/>.∋
&344<.5∋)∗Μ.∋+).,/∋∗>.<+−∋∗−∋∆/4∆./∋∆∗/+−∋4/∋<4+6Α∋ ,−∋8./.35∋Μ./≅∗3:∋≅.1∗2−.∋Γ_4335?449∋∗1+4/Α∋
14239∋8.∗<∋+).∋Ε2−,4<∋4Ε∋∗<∋∗1+4/∋∗<9∋),−∋4/∋)./∋∗>.<+=∋Ε4/∋,<−+∗<1.∋+).∋Ε2−,4<∋4Ε∋χ.4/>.∋&344<.5∋
∗<9∋∀/5∗<∋Υ42/9Λ∋∋7Ε∋7∋?∗<+∋+4∋9.<5∋∗∋14<−+,+2.<+∋4<+434>5:∋?),1)∋7∋94:∋7∋1∗<∋>/∗<+∋2</.−+/,1+.9∋
8./.434>,1∗3∋148∆4−,+,4<∋Η+)42>)∋7∋∗8∋,<13,<.9∋+4∋9.<5∋,+Κ∋∗<9∋−+,33∋9.<5∋+)∗+∋+).∋Β2.−+,4<−∋+)∗+∋
1/5−+∗33,φ.∋ 85∋ 9,−∗>/..8.<+−∋ ?,+)∋ ∀∗/.∋ 0∗/+,123∗/,−+−∋ ?)4∋ ∗/.∋ 14<−+,+2.<+∋ 4<+434>,−+−∋ ∗/.∋
8./.35∋Μ./≅∗3ΛΡς∋∋∋
∋
%
Χ1 ≅7∀%<=∀>∗+∗8%≅7∀3(8∃%Α∀∋..8%∋%∆∀(#+3>%3Β%∗7∀%&∋(∀%)∋(∗+,−.∋(%≅7∀3(84%
∋
The Identity Theory is a distinct theory, I conclude. But is it really a distinct version of the
Bare Particular Theory? I have already argued that given where Bare Particularists are coming from
the Identity Theory is somewhere they may end up. But is this place they may end up really the sort
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!∀Ι!∃/∆:Α∗8Κ%:!∗(%!8∋Α!Α?ΒΚ;!,∗(ΑΒΚ/−∗(:!∗ΚΚ∋(ΓΒ8≅!Α∋!∃ΒΓ%(Ε:!Γ%&Β8ΒΑΒ∋8!∋&!ΧΑ?ΒΚ;!,∗(ΑΒΚ/−∗(Ε3!Θ!+∗Β8Α∗Β8Η!!7/Α!Α?%!
Α%(+:!ΧΑ?ΒΚ;!,∗(ΑΒΚ/−∗(Ε!∗8Γ!ΧΑ?Β8!,∗(ΑΒΚ/−∗(Ε!?∗9%!∆%%8!/:%Γ!∆<!ι∗9ΒΓ!Τ(+:Α(∋8≅!0:%%!Τ(+:Α(∋8≅!∀1ϑ23!,∀∀56!Α∋!
+%∗8!:∋+%Α?Β8≅!%−:%Η!!Τ:!Θ!/8Γ%(:Α∗8Γ!Τ(+:Α(∋8≅!ΧΑ?ΒΚ;!,∗(ΑΒΚ/−∗(Ε!∗8Γ!ΧΑ?Β8!,∗(ΑΒΚ/−∗(Ε!∗(%!Α%(+:!>ΒΑ?!
ΓΒ&&%(%8Α!:%8:%:!∆/Α!>?ΒΚ?!:Α∗8Γ!&∋(!Α?%!:∗+%!Α?Β8≅3!−Β;%!Χ∃/,%(+∗8Ε!∗8Γ!Χ∴−∗(;!η%8ΑΕΗ!!ΘΕ+!8∋Α!:/(%!?∋>!?%−,&/−!
Τ(+:Α(∋8≅Ε:!Α%(+Β8∋−∋≅<!Β:!∆/Α!Α?%!9Β%>!?%!/:%:!ΒΑ!Α∋!%),(%::!Β8!0Τ(+:Α(∋8≅!∀1ϑ26!:%%+:!Α∋!∆%!:∋+%Α?Β8≅!−Β;%!
Α?%!ΘΓ%8ΑΒΑ<!Π?%∋(<Η!
! ∀5!
of place they would want to end up - does the Identity Theory really give Bare Particularists what they
want – given that it doesn’t state that substances involve, in any way, bare particulars?
The Identity Theory doesn’t state that substances involve, in any way, bare particulars, if
‘bare particulars’ means ‘quality-less particulars’: if the tomato’s substratum is just the tomato then it
has qualities like redness and so is a clothed particular, not a bare particular. But any position
according to which substrata are the ultimate bearers of properties - any version of Bare Particularism
that is - denies that substances such as tomatoes involve bare particulars in this sense. This is why
calling substrata ‘bare particulars’ is misleading.
Penelope Mackie uses the term ‘bare particulars’ in a different sense: the sense of ‘individuals
whose modal nature is compatible with just about any properties you please’ (Mackie p154). It is in
something like this sense of ‘bare particulars’ that the Identity Theory holds that substances are bare
particulars. I say ‘something like this sense’. Let me try to be clearer. First let me adopt a sparse
conception of qualities that rules out for instance that ‘is square and non-square’ stands for a quality.
‘An individual whose modal nature is compatible with just about any properties you please’ may be
taken to mean ‘an individual such that there is no set of qualities it doesn’t possibly possess’. The
Identity Theory can allow (though it doesn’t insist) that a substance – a tomato say – is a bare
particular in this sense.
The Identity Theory, like other versions of Bare Particularism, takes substrata to be
irreducible particulars: particulars whose particularity - whose self-identity and distinctness from
other particulars - is primitive. The other positions in the individuation debate - the Bundle Theory,
the Haecceity Theory, the Substance Ontology - offer accounts of why this object is this very object
that mention other items: qualities, haecceities, kinds. In doing so they each commit to a form of
essentialism: this object, in every situation in which it can be found, is this bundle of qualities, or has
this haecceity, or belongs to this kind. Bare Particularism - and the Identity Theory is at one with
other versions of Bare Particularism in this regard - doesn’t build essentialism into the very notion of
particularity.
Having said this, the Identity Theory isn’t, in itself, incompatible with essentialism: it doesn’t
entail the falsity of essentialism. The Identity Theory says there is nothing about what it is to be this
! ∀Ν!
very object that precludes this object’s possession of any set of qualities. This doesn’t rule out that
there is something else (I will elaborate below) that limits what qualities this object can possess. The
Identity Theory allows but doesn’t insist that a substances is a bare particular in the sense of ‘an
individual such that there is no set of qualities it doesn’t possibly possess.’ There is another
interpretation that can be put on (maybe forced on) Mackie’s definition of ‘bare particular’ though.
‘An individual whose modal nature is compatible with just about any properties you please’ might
also be taken to mean ‘an individual such that there is nothing about what it is to be that individual
that precludes its possible possession of any set of qualities’. The Identity Theory insists that
substances involve – they are identical to – bare particulars in this precise sense.
Substances are bare particulars in one sense of the term, the Identity Theory holds. But now
go back to the very first sense of ‘bare particulars’ that I defined: the sense of ‘quality-less
particulars’. Making sense of this notion of ‘bare particular’ also, obviously, requires a sparse
conception of qualities, according to which relations, ‘relational properties’, ‘disjunctive properties’,
and ‘negative properties’ don’t count as qualities of objects. ‘Is self-identical’, ‘is either green or non-
green,’ ‘is bare (doesn’t have qualities),’ ‘is an object’ (what does this mean other than ‘is self-
identical and distinct from other objects and not a property’?) and other putative qualities that would
render the notion of ‘bare (quality-less) particular’ absurd, are ruled out by such a conception of
qualities.
According to the Identity Theory there is nothing about what it is to be this individual that
precludes its possible possession of any set of qualities, including the null set. The Identity Theory,
then, though it doesn’t state that substances involve bare particulars in the sense of objects that lack
any qualities, doesn’t rule out that there could be bare particulars in this sense. It doesn’t insist that
there could be bare particulars in this sense: maybe there is something else that precludes the
possibility of quality-less objects (again, I will elaborate below). But it doesn’t rule out genuinely
bare particulars in the sense of quality-less objects. The Identity Theory not only fails to rule out the
! ∀Ι!
possibility that a tomato could have been, or could become, a tiger or a rock formation17
, it doesn’t
rule out that a tomato could have been or could become, a genuinely bare particular.∋ΡΩ
∋
Ε1 :3Φ∀%Γ.=%Γ;Η∀,∗+3>#%
%
∋ &4239∋ +)./.∋ ≅.∋ >.<2,<.35∋ ≅∗/.∋ ∆∗/+,123∗/−=∋ 4≅Φ.1+−∋ +)∗+∋ 3∗1;∋ ∗<5∋ Β2∗3,+,.−6∋ ∋ !<∋ 439∋
4≅Φ.1+,4<∋ Η∀∗,3.5∋ /.Ε./−∋ +4∋ +),−∋ ∗−∋ +).∋ Γ&3∗−−,1∋ ϑ≅Φ.1+,4<ΑΚ∋ +4∋ ∀∗/.∋ 0∗/+,123∗/,−8∋ 2/>.−∋ <4+Λ∋∋
!<4+)./∋439∋4≅Φ.1+,4<∋4≅Φ.1+−∋+)∗+∋∗∋−2≅−+∗<1.∋14239∋<4+∋)∗Μ.∋≅..<∋∗<9∋14239∋<4+∋≅.148.∋∗∋≅∗/.∋
∆∗/+,123∗/Λ∋∋7∋?,33∋8.<+,4<∋+)/..∋3,<.−∋4Ε∋/.−∆4<−.∋+4∋+).−.∋4≅Φ.1+,4<−:∋.∗1)∋4Ε∋?),1)∋,−∋∗Μ∗,3∗≅3.∋
+4∋ +).∋ 79.<+,+5∋ ∃).4/5Λ∋ ∋ ∃).∋ Ε,/−+∋ 3,<.∋ 4Ε∋ /.−∆4<−.∋ >/∗<+−∋ +)∗+∋ +)./.∋ 14239<Α+∋ )∗Μ.∋ ≅..<∋ ≅∗/.∋
∆∗/+,123∗/−:∋ ∗<9∋ ∗∋ −2≅−+∗<1.∋ 14239<Α+∋ )∗Μ.∋ ≅..<∋ ∗<9∋ 14239<Α+∋ ≅.148.∋ ∗∋ ≅∗/.∋ ∆∗/+,123∗/Λ∋ ∋ ∃).∋
∀∗/.∋0∗/+,123∗/∋∃).4/5∋94.−<Α+∋/23.∋42+∋+).−.∋∆4−−,≅,3,+,.−ε∋≅2+∋−48.+),<>∋.3−.:∋∗114/9,<>∋+4∋+),−∋
3,<.∋4Ε∋/.∆35:∋94.−Λ∋∋η4/∋Θ∗Μ,9∋!/8−+/4<>∋ΗΡΞΩΞΚ∋+),−∋−48.+),<>∋.3−.∋,−∋∗∋+).4/5∋4Ε∋∆4−−,≅,3,+5ΡΞΛ∋∋
η4/∋ κΛ0Λ∋ι4/.3∗<9∋ ΗΡΞΞΩ∋ ∆∆Τς]ΧΤςΡΚ∋ +),−∋ −48.+),<>∋ .3−.∋ ,−∋ ∗∋ +).4/5∋ 4Ε∋ .Ψ,−+.<1.Λ∋ ∋ 7Ε∋ +)./.∋ ,−∋
−48.+),<>∋ .3−.∋ +)∗+∋ /23.−∋ 42+∋ +).∋ ∆4−−,≅,3,+5∋ 4Ε∋ ≅∗/.∋ ∆∗/+,123∗/−∋ ∗<9∋ +).∋ ∆4−−,≅,3,+5∋ 4Ε∋ ∗∋
−2≅−+∗<1.∋ )∗Μ,<>∋ ≅..<∋ 4/∋ ≅.148,<>∋ ∗∋ ≅∗/.∋ ∆∗/+,123∗/∋ +).<∋ +).∋ ∀∗/.∋ 0∗/+,123∗/∋ ∃).4/5∋ ,−<Α+∋
/.8,−−∋,<∋Ε∗,3,<>∋+4∋/23.∋42+∋+).−.∋∆4−−,≅,3,+,.−∋∗<9∋∀∗/.∋0∗/+,123∗/,−+−∋∗/.∋4ΕΕ∋+).∋)44;Λ∋
∋ ∃).∋ Ε,/−+∋ 3,<.∋4Ε∋ /.−∆4<−.∋ >/∗<+−∋ +)∗+∋ +)./.∋ 14239<Α+∋ )∗Μ.∋≅..<∋≅∗/.∋∆∗/+,123∗/−:∋ ∗<9∋ ∗∋
−2≅−+∗<1.∋14239<Α+∋)∗Μ.∋≅..<∋4/∋14239<Α+∋≅.148.∋∗∋≅∗/.∋∆∗/+,123∗/Λ∋∋∃).∋−.14<9∋3,<.∋4Ε∋/.−∆4<−.∋
/.Ε2−.−∋ +4∋ >/∗<+∋ +),−Λ∋ ∋ #,9./∋ /.Ε2−.−∋ +4∋ >/∗<+∋ +)∗+∋ +)./.∋ 14239<Α+∋ )∗Μ.∋ ≅..<∋ ≅∗/.∋ ∆∗/+,123∗/−Λ∋∋
#∆∗1.+,8.∋∆4,<+−:∋∗<9∋<28≅./−:∋).∋−∗5−:∋∗/.∋.Ψ∗8∆3.−λ∋Η#,9./∋Τ]]ς∋∆[ΞΚ∋∋!<9∋#,9./Α−∋.Ψ∗8∆3.−∋
1∗<∋≅.∋∗99.9∋+4Λ∋∋∋∃,84+)5∋(,33,∗8−4<∋ΗΤ]Ρ[Κ∋8∗;.−∋∗∋1∗−.∋+)∗+∋+).∋≅.−+∋.Ψ∆3∗<∗+,4<∋4Ε∋+).∋34>,1∋
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!∀ϑ!Ο∗Κ;Β%Ε:!Χ%)Α(%+%!?∗%ΚΚ%ΒΑΒ:+Ε!0:%%!&∋∋Α8∋Α%!56!∗ΚΚ%,Α:!Α?%!&Β(:Α!:Κ%8∗(Β∋!ς!Α?∗Α!∗!Α∋+∗Α∋!Κ∋/−Γ!?∗9%!∆%%8!∗!
ΑΒ≅%(!ς!∗:!∗!,∋::Β∆Β−ΒΑ<_!∆/Α!Ο∗Κ;Β%!(%&(∗Β8:!&(∋+!Β8:Β:ΑΒ8≅!Α?%!:%Κ∋8Γ!:Κ%8∗(Β∋!Μ!Α?∗Α!∗!Α∋+∗Α∋!Κ∋/−Γ!∆%Κ∋+%!∗!
ΑΒ≅%(!Μ!Β:!,∋::Β∆−%Η!∀2!0Τ/Α?∋(3!∗(ΑΒΚ−%!Γ∗Α%!,,6!≅∋%:!&/(Α?%(3!+Β:Α∗;%8−<!Θ!8∋>!Α?Β8;3!Α?∗8!Θ!>Β:?!Α∋!?%(%3!Β8!Α∗;Β8≅!Α?%!7∗(%!
Λ∗(ΑΒΚ/−∗(!Π?%∋(<!Α∋!%8Α∗Β−!Α?∗Α!∗!Α∋+∗Α∋!Κ∋/−Γ!∆%Κ∋+%!∗!∆∗(%!,∗(ΑΒΚ/−∗(Η!!∀1!∃ΒΓ%(!8∋Α%:!∆/Α!Γ∋%:8ΕΑ!∗ΚΚ%,Α!Α?%!∋∆Ξ%ΚΑΒ∋8!Α?∗Α!Τ(+:Α(∋8≅Ε:!Α?%∋(<!Β+,∋:%:!Χ∗8!∗Γ!?∋Κ!(%:Α(ΒΚΑΒ∋8!∋8!∗8!
∋Α?%(>Β:%!−Β∆%(∗−!Κ∋+∆Β8∗Α∋(Β∗−!Κ∋+,∋8%8Α!Α∋!∋/(!+∋Γ∗−!Α?Β8;Β8≅Ε!0#==Ι!,4146Η!
! ∀ϑ!
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! #5!
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ϑΨΕ4/9∋α<,Μ./−,+5∋0/.−−Λ∋
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0/.−−Λ∋
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∋
