Waterproofing sealer/repellent compositions for concrete, masonry and porous surfaces  US 5356716 A

Very Good

U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,291 to Kim relates to a sealant composition containing polymeric binder, a wax hydrophobic filler and a water soluble alkalimetalsiliconate salt for sealing wood products against moisture absorption.Siliconates are water soluble and they impart water repellency on porous surfaces. As per the conventional method of application, 30% by weight of siliconate solution is diluted to less than about 3% by weight. Dilution reducessolution viscosity and increases its penetration along the depth of the substrate.However, there is a drawback in using diluted alkalimetal alkyl siliconate solution for waterproofing applications. When this solution is applied by brush/spray/roller to the substrate, siliconates react with carbon dioxide and carbonatious matters present in the substrate to form a water repellent, water-insoluble, white colored precipitate. This white layer may become quite visible;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONAlkalimetal alkylsiliconates used can be sodium methylsiliconate, sodium ethylsiliconate, sodium propylsiliconate, potassium methylsiliconate, potassium ethylsiliconate and potassium propylsiliconate. These alkalimetal alkylsiliconates are used in an aqueous solution form. The amount of alkalimetalalkylsiliconates to be used is usually below 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of waterproofing sealer. It is possible to use a single siliconate or a mixture of at least two or more of the above mentioned siliconates in the waterproofing sealer composition. Preferred amount of siliconates to be used is 1.4 to 1.9 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of waterproofing sealer solution.Examples of polymers in the form of emulsions/dispersions are polyurethanes, alkali stable acrylic resins, vinyls and their copolymers. Preferred polymer emulsion/dispersions are of polyurethanes. A single or a mixture of two or more of the above mentioned polymer emulsions/dispersions may be used in the formulation. Amount of parts by weight of total polymer (solid content present in emulsions/dispersions) to be used in formulation is 0.20 to 10 parts/100 parts by weight of waterproofing sealer solution. The preferred amount of parts by weight of polymer to be used in formulation is 1.0 to 3.5 parts/100 parts by weight of waterproofing sealer solution.Polyurethane dispersions/emulsions are made from aliphatic and aromatic diisocyanates, polyisocyanates, polyols and co-solvents. Example of diisocyanates are toluene diisocyanate(TDI), diphenylmethane 4,4'-diisocyanate

(MDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate(HDI), isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI). Polyisooyanates can be based on TDI, MDI and IPDI. Examples of polyols are polyethers, polyesters, acrylic based polyols, polycarbonate based polyols and the like. Examples of co-solvents are hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene; N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide(DMF) and the like.Examples of alkali silicates are sodium silicate and potassium silicate. A preferred silicate is sodium silicate represented by the formulaNa2 O.xSiO2 where 3.2<x>2.0.The preferred amount of a silicate to be used is 0.001 to 1.0 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the waterproofing sealer.Examples of diluents are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol. One or a mixture of two or more of the above diluents can be used. The preferred amount of diluents to be used is 0 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the waterproofing sealer.Examples of additives are surfactants, wetting agents, defoamers, biocides and the like. The preferred amount of each of these additives to be used is 0.005 to2 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the waterproofing sealer.Various other ingredients such as pigments, plasticizers, ultra violet inhibitors, antioxidents and the like can also be utilised in the conventional amount.EXAMPLE 1 METHOD OF PREPARATIONThe above mentioned chemical ingredients form a representative waterproofing composition which will be better understood by the following synthesis.A typical method of preparation involves two steps:Step 1: A waterproofing sealer composition of the invention is prepared by usinga high speed mixer, preferably with variable speed control. One half of the weight of water is first mixed with preweighed quantity of selected polymer emulsion/dispersion for 10 minutes. Sodium silicate is then added in a 35% solution form and the mixture is stirred for 5 more minutes.Step 2: Concentrated solution of a siliconate or mixtures of siliconates (30% concentration) is mixed with the other half of water for 5 to7 minutes. To this,the mixture prepared in step 1 is added gradually and it is further mixed for 5 to 10 minutes. Finally the additives are added to the solution under constant stirring for 5 minutes.A typical formulation and its characteristics are given below in Table 1.TABLE 1______________________________________Formulation: By wt.______________________________________Polyurethane dispersion 5 partsgrade 140AQ ®, MilesSodium methyl siliconate, 5 partsGrade 772 Dow Corning ® orGrade R-20 Union Carbide ®Sodium silicate, Grade N ® PQ Corp. 0.1 partsSurfactant, Surfynol TG ®, Air Products 0.15 partsDemineralized water 89.75 parts 100.00 partsCharactericstics:Appearance milky water solutionCured substrate appearance unchangeddensity lbs/gallon(US) 8.55Viscosity, cps 20-40, waterlikeFlammability non-flammable______________________________________EXAMPLE 2

To illustrate the effectiveness of the waterproofing sealer composition of the invention a water absorption test is carried out. The following waterproofing formulations are prepared.Formulation A: as in Example 1Formulation B: 1.5% sodium methylsiliconate water solution. (by wt.)Two pre-weighed masonry bricks of the size 4"×2"×0.5" are immersed fully in the formulation A and B respectively for 10 seconds. They are allowed to cure at 25°C. and relative humidity of 50-55% for 24 hours.After the curing period, these two marked bricks are dipped into 0.75" of constant level water for 24 hours in such a way that 4"×0.5" side acts as a baseand 2" side becomes height.An increase in the weight of each brick is recorded. This is a weight gain after24 hours.These two bricks are immediately dipped again in the same orientation for another 144 hours. At the end of 168 hours, bricks are removed and an increase in weight is recorded. This is a weight gain after 168 hours. For the purpose ofcomparison, a third brick of same dimension is dipped in 0.75" constant water. Readings at 24 hours and 168 hours are taken for an increase in weight. The results obtained are shown in Table 2.TABLE 2______________________________________ Formulation Formulation A B 100% water______________________________________Wt. of brick 6.0 5.30 5.40Wt. of brick 6.0 5.32 5.65after 24 hrs.Wt. of brick 6.01 5.32 5.70after 168 hrs.% waterabsorbed 0 0.37 4.63in 24 hrs.% water absorbed 0.16 0.37 5.55in 168 hrs.______________________________________All weights are measured in ounce.Formulation A representing the waterproofing sealer of the invention shows improved resistance to water absorption over formulation B of the prior art.Untreated brick absorbs water to its maximum.EXAMPLE 3The following example gives comparison in appearance of the substrate, once the waterproofing sealers are cured. Formulations A and B described in Example 2 arecoated one by one with a brush on a transparent acrylic sheet having dimension of 4'×4"×0.125". Thickness of application is approximately 0.01 inch. Formulations A and B are not absorbed by the non-porous surface of acrylic sheet. Thus it is easy to observe the characteristics of cured residues A and B respectively. These coatings are allowed to cure with carbon dioxide from air for 72 hours and the following visible observations are noted in Table 3.TABLE 3______________________________________Waterproofing Visible appearance Visible appearancesealer after 72 hours after 30 days______________________________________Formulation A semi-transparent film transluscent film with no loose powdery residueFormulation B White flaky and white flaky and powdery precipitate powdery precipitate______________________________________The result indicate that waterproofing sealer composition of the Example 1 formsa fill that reins semi-transparent to transluscent and shows no loose powdery

residue. This is a clear improvement over the prior art represented by the formulation B.EXAMPLE 4This example shows that the waterproofing sealer composition of the invention offers good resistance to efflorescence. To prove this a 2" size of concrete cube is coated with the waterproofing sealer composition of Example 1 on five sides at the rate of 85 square feet per gallon(US) by using a small brush.The cube is allowed to dry and air cure for 24 hours. It is then kept in a 10% sodium sulfate solution of 0.25 inch constant level for 7 days with the uncoatedside fully dipped. An untreated cube is also kept in the solution for the purpose of comparison.At the end of 7th day, the following visible observation is made.______________________________________Concrete cube(Untreated) white residue of sodium sulfate is seen all over the exposed surfaces.Concrete cube treated with no white residue seen onformulation A the exposed surfaces.______________________________________EXAMPLE 5To perform vapour transmission test, a 2" of cement concrete cube is fully dipped in the waterproofing sealer composition of the invention (formulation A) for 10 seconds. It is next cured for 24 hours and weighed (weight X).The cube is then dipped in a 6" of water for 7 days. It is removed, surface wiped and weighed again (weight Y).The cube is next allowed to dry at a temperature of 25° C. and relative humidityof 50-55% for 24 hours. It is weighed (weight Z).It is found that weight Z=weight X.This means that the amount of water absorbed evaporates out within 24 hours. This proves that the waterproofing sealer of the invention does not interfere with vapour transmission, an indicator of breathing property of the substrate.The novel waterproofing sealer composition of Example 1 also exhibits the following characteristics;When it is applied on the substrate, water present in the formulation begins to evaporate. The rate of evaporation depends on ambient temperatures, relative humidity and the wind velocity. As water concentration decreases, the dispersed/emulsified polymer begins to coagulate, thus forming a thin polymer film.This polymer film exhibits good abrasion resistance property and can give increased protection against rain and wind impact, thus extending the useful life of porous substrates.Although the preceeding specific examples which utilize specific polymers, siliconates, silicates and other ingredients; it is understood that the disclosures are made herein through examples and that many changes may be made to the formulations without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventionor the scope of the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONAlkalimetal alkylsiliconates used can be sodium methylsiliconate, sodium ethylsiliconate, sodium propylsiliconate, potassium methylsiliconate, potassium ethylsiliconate and potassium propylsiliconate. These alkalimetal alkylsiliconates are used in an aqueous solution form. The amount of alkalimetalalkylsiliconates to be used is usually below 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of waterproofing sealer. It is possible to use a single siliconate or a mixture of at least two or more of the above mentioned siliconates in the waterproofing sealer composition. Preferred amount of siliconates to be used is 1.4 to 1.9 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of waterproofing sealer solution.Examples of polymers in the form of emulsions/dispersions are polyurethanes, alkali stable acrylic resins, vinyls and their copolymers. Preferred polymer emulsion/dispersions are of polyurethanes. A single or a mixture of two or more of the above mentioned polymer emulsions/dispersions may be used in the formulation. Amount of parts by weight of total polymer (solid content present in emulsions/dispersions) to be used in formulation is 0.20 to 10 parts/100 parts by weight of waterproofing sealer solution. The preferred amount of parts by weight of polymer to be used in formulation is 1.0 to 3.5 parts/100 parts by weight of waterproofing sealer solution.Polyurethane dispersions/emulsions are made from aliphatic and aromatic diisocyanates, polyisocyanates, polyols and co-solvents. Example of diisocyanates are toluene diisocyanate(TDI), diphenylmethane 4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate(HDI), isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI). Polyisooyanates can be based on TDI, MDI and IPDI. Examples of polyols are polyethers, polyesters, acrylic based polyols, polycarbonate based polyols and the like. Examples of co-solvents are hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene; N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide(DMF) and the like.Examples of alkali silicates are sodium silicate and potassium silicate. A preferred silicate is sodium silicate represented by the formulaNa2 O.xSiO2 where 3.2<x>2.0.The preferred amount of a silicate to be used is 0.001 to 1.0 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the waterproofing sealer.Examples of diluents are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol. One or a mixture of two or more of the above diluents can be used. The preferred amount of diluents to be used is 0 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the waterproofing sealer.Examples of additives are surfactants, wetting agents, defoamers, biocides and the like. The preferred amount of each of these additives to be used is 0.005 to2 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the waterproofing sealer.

Various other ingredients such as pigments, plasticizers, ultra violet inhibitors, antioxidents and the like can also be utilised in the conventional amount.EXAMPLE 1 METHOD OF PREPARATIONThe above mentioned chemical ingredients form a representative waterproofing composition which will be better understood by the following synthesis.A typical method of preparation involves two steps:Step 1: A waterproofing sealer composition of the invention is prepared by usinga high speed mixer, preferably with variable speed control. One half of the weight of water is first mixed with preweighed quantity of selected polymer emulsion/dispersion for 10 minutes. Sodium silicate is then added in a 35% solution form and the mixture is stirred for 5 more minutes.Step 2: Concentrated solution of a siliconate or mixtures of siliconates (30% concentration) is mixed with the other half of water for 5 to7 minutes. To this,the mixture prepared in step 1 is added gradually and it is further mixed for 5 to 10 minutes. Finally the additives are added to the solution under constant stirring for 5 minutes.A typical formulation and its characteristics are given below in Table 1.TABLE 1______________________________________Formulation: By wt.______________________________________Polyurethane dispersion 5 partsgrade 140AQ ®, MilesSodium methyl siliconate, 5 partsGrade 772 Dow Corning ® orGrade R-20 Union Carbide ®Sodium silicate, Grade N ® PQ Corp. 0.1 partsSurfactant, Surfynol TG ®, Air Products 0.15 partsDemineralized water 89.75 parts 100.00 partsCharactericstics:Appearance milky water solutionCured substrate appearance unchangeddensity lbs/gallon(US) 8.55Viscosity, cps 20-40, waterlikeFlammability non-flammable______________________________________EXAMPLE 2To illustrate the effectiveness of the waterproofing sealer composition of the invention a water absorption test is carried out. The following waterproofing formulations are prepared.Formulation A: as in Example 1Formulation B: 1.5% sodium methylsiliconate water solution. (by wt.)Two pre-weighed masonry bricks of the size 4"×2"×0.5" are immersed fully in the formulation A and B respectively for 10 seconds. They are allowed to cure at 25°C. and relative humidity of 50-55% for 24 hours.After the curing period, these two marked bricks are dipped into 0.75" of constant level water for 24 hours in such a way that 4"×0.5" side acts as a baseand 2" side becomes height.An increase in the weight of each brick is recorded. This is a weight gain after24 hours.These two bricks are immediately dipped again in the same orientation for another 144 hours. At the end of 168 hours, bricks are removed and an increase in weight is recorded. This is a weight gain after 168 hours. For the purpose ofcomparison, a third brick of same dimension is dipped in 0.75" constant water.

Readings at 24 hours and 168 hours are taken for an increase in weight. The results obtained are shown in Table 2.TABLE 2______________________________________ Formulation Formulation A B 100% water______________________________________Wt. of brick 6.0 5.30 5.40Wt. of brick 6.0 5.32 5.65after 24 hrs.Wt. of brick 6.01 5.32 5.70after 168 hrs.% waterabsorbed 0 0.37 4.63in 24 hrs.% water absorbed 0.16 0.37 5.55in 168 hrs.______________________________________All weights are measured in ounce.Formulation A representing the waterproofing sealer of the invention shows improved resistance to water absorption over formulation B of the prior art.Untreated brick absorbs water to its maximum.EXAMPLE 3The following example gives comparison in appearance of the substrate, once the waterproofing sealers are cured. Formulations A and B described in Example 2 arecoated one by one with a brush on a transparent acrylic sheet having dimension of 4'×4"×0.125". Thickness of application is approximately 0.01 inch. Formulations A and B are not absorbed by the non-porous surface of acrylic sheet. Thus it is easy to observe the characteristics of cured residues A and B respectively. These coatings are allowed to cure with carbon dioxide from air for 72 hours and the following visible observations are noted in Table 3.TABLE 3______________________________________Waterproofing Visible appearance Visible appearancesealer after 72 hours after 30 days______________________________________Formulation A semi-transparent film transluscent film with no loose powdery residueFormulation B White flaky and white flaky and powdery precipitate powdery precipitate______________________________________The result indicate that waterproofing sealer composition of the Example 1 formsa fill that reins semi-transparent to transluscent and shows no loose powdery residue. This is a clear improvement over the prior art represented by the formulation B.EXAMPLE 4This example shows that the waterproofing sealer composition of the invention offers good resistance to efflorescence. To prove this a 2" size of concrete cube is coated with the waterproofing sealer composition of Example 1 on five sides at the rate of 85 square feet per gallon(US) by using a small brush.The cube is allowed to dry and air cure for 24 hours. It is then kept in a 10% sodium sulfate solution of 0.25 inch constant level for 7 days with the uncoatedside fully dipped. An untreated cube is also kept in the solution for the purpose of comparison.At the end of 7th day, the following visible observation is made.______________________________________Concrete cube(Untreated) white residue of sodium sulfate is seen all over the exposed surfaces.Concrete cube treated with no white residue seen onformulation A the exposed surfaces.______________________________________EXAMPLE 5

To perform vapour transmission test, a 2" of cement concrete cube is fully dipped in the waterproofing sealer composition of the invention (formulation A) for 10 seconds. It is next cured for 24 hours and weighed (weight X).The cube is then dipped in a 6" of water for 7 days. It is removed, surface wiped and weighed again (weight Y).The cube is next allowed to dry at a temperature of 25° C. and relative humidityof 50-55% for 24 hours. It is weighed (weight Z).It is found that weight Z=weight X.This means that the amount of water absorbed evaporates out within 24 hours. This proves that the waterproofing sealer of the invention does not interfere with vapour transmission, an indicator of breathing property of the substrate.The novel waterproofing sealer composition of Example 1 also exhibits the following characteristics;When it is applied on the substrate, water present in the formulation begins to evaporate. The rate of evaporation depends on ambient temperatures, relative humidity and the wind velocity. As water concentration decreases, the dispersed/emulsified polymer begins to coagulate, thus forming a thin polymer film.This polymer film exhibits good abrasion resistance property and can give increased protection against rain and wind impact, thus extending the useful life of porous substrates.Although the preceeding specific examples which utilize specific polymers, siliconates, silicates and other ingredients; it is understood that the disclosures are made herein through examples and that many changes may be made to the formulations without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventionor the scope of the appended claims.

Wood sealant composition  US 4897291 A

A preferred sealant composition comprises about 20 to 80 wt. %, and preferably about 30 to 60 wt. %, of an aqueous vehicle; about 2 to 20 wt. %, and preferablyabout 10 to 20 wt. %, of a first polymer solids having a glass transition temperature of about -70° to 5° C., and preferably about -65° to -20° C., and most preferably about -25° to -35° C., which first polymer is most preferably a styrene-butadiene copolymer supplied as a water-based emulsion; up to about 15 wt. %, and preferably about 3 to 8 wt. %, of a second polymer solids having a glass transition temperature of about 5° to 40° C., and preferably about 20° to 35° C., which second polymer most preferably is a carboxylated styrene-acrylic copolymer having a glass transition temperature of about 20° to 30° C.; about 3 to 25 wt. %, and preferably about 6 to 16 wt. %, of the hydrophobic filler whichis most preferably a paraffin wax; and about 0.03 to 1.5 wt. %, preferably about0.03 to 0.6 wt. %, of the water soluble methyl siliconate which is most preferably sodium methyl siliconate.

The sealant composition is applied to the surface of a wood product in order to seal the surface against moisture absorption. The surface is coated, such as by spraying, brushing, dipping or the like, and

then allowed to dry. The sealant composition is useful in sealing the cut ends of lumber and the edges of composite wood products such as plywood, waferboard, oriented strand board, particle board and the like used in roofing and other applications where swelling due to moisture absorption is a particular problem.

Silicate-containing latex coating compositions US 4294874 AABSTRACTStorage stable coating compositions consist essentially of, on a film-forming solids basis, from about 15 percent to about 40 percent of an alkali metal or quaternary ammonium silicate and from about 60 percent to about 85 percent of a latex. The compositions are storage stable and are especially useful for the filling of low grade wood products.

EXAMPLE IA coating composition is formulated as follows______________________________________Percent______________________________________Sodium silicate (Si2 :Na2 O = 3.2:1, 5.238.3% solids)Styrene/butadiene latex, (85:15, 11.651.9% solids)1

Defoamer2 0.2Surfactant3 0.2Calcium carbonate pigment 58.5Talc 6.7Clay 1.3Thickener4 0.9Water 15.4____________________________________________ 1 Available from Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. as LPR4577C. 2 A blend of Drew L475 available from Drew Chem. Corp. and Nalco 230 available from Nalco Chemical Co. 3 Available from Diamond Shamrock Co. as Nopcosperse 44. 4 Available from Rohm &Haas Co. as Aerosol A1.The above composition is applied by roll coater to a lauan substrate. The amountapplied completely fills the grooves and other surface imperfections in the lauan. After excess coating is wiped off, the substrate is passed through transco oven maintained at 150° C. at a rate of about 0.5 m/sec. Residence time in the oven is 17 seconds.

A close examination of the coated lauan shows it to have a smooth flat surface. The surface can be sanded, if desired, to provide an even high quality surface.Additionally, the coating composition is stable as evidenced by its ability to not form an irreversible gel when stored for four weeks at 50° C.

EXAMPLE VA lower cost formula variation of Example I is made based on 4.7 percent of the sodium silicate, 10.5 percent of the latex and 16.6 percent of the water with the remaining components remaining constant. This composition also satisfactorily fills low grade wood such as lauan.

Coating method US 5688561 AABSTRACTA substrate is coated with a coating composition (1) mainly composed of 3 to 16 parts by weight (in terms of an SiO2 basis) of a quaternary ammonium silicate (a), 15 to 85 parts by weight of an inorganic filler (b) and 12 to 82 parts by weight of water (c) (with the proviso that (a)+(b)+(c)=100 parts by weight), further with a coating composition (2) mainly composed of 2 to 15 parts by weight (in terms of SiO2) of a quaternary ammonium silicate (a)' and 98 to 85 parts by weight of water (c)' (with the proviso that (a)'+(c)'=100 parts by weight) as required, followed by hardening by drying at an ordinary temperature or by heat drying at a low temperature, thereby obtaining a noncombustible, weatherproof film.

Wednesday 08 July 1998 1:00:00 amDoes anyone know how to formulate with sodium silicate fire retardant primer? Can you provide me a starting formulationand also the name of supplier whom I can obtain sample of thematerial.

Thursday 30 July 1998 1:00:00 amThese types of coatings have a tendency to crack when the film cures by drying and carbonation with atmospheric carbondioxide. In the past, this problem was solved by using Asbestos as a pigment. The current alternative is to use a fibrous pigment called Wollastonite (calcium silicate), which is considered to be safe, in combination with Methyl trimethoxy silane which improves the application properties of the mix and toughens the cured film. A starter formulation is.Sodium silicate solution (1) 70.0%Wollastonite 12.0%Aluminum silicate (Kaolin or China Clay) 12.0%Titanium dioxide 5.0%Methyl trimethoxy silane (2) 1.0%Blend the ingredients on a high speed mixer taking the temperature up to 50 - 60 Centigrade to hydrolyse the silane. The pigment/silicate ratios may need to be changed depending on the grade of the pigment.(1) PQ Corporation or GTE, Sylvania. (2) Dow Corning Z-6070 or Union Carbide.A much better material can be made using Potassium silicate solution (PQ Corporation Kasil 6) in which the silica to potassium oxide ratio is raised to 4.8:1 by dissolving into it Silica hydrogel (W.R. Grace Company RD Hydrogel) followedby the methyl tromethoxy silane to drop the viscosity. A full description of how to do this is contained in (Expired)

U.S. Patent #4,162,169 issued July 24, 1979. Further useful information on using potassium silicate in fire retardants is in (Expired) U.S. Patent #3,493,401 issued February 3, 1970.Please note that silicate fire retardants do not greatly diminish spread of flame rates on surfaces, such as wood, that emit combustible gas when hot. Their performance can beimproved by incorporating chlorinated rubber powder and antimony oxide as pigments. These react to give off antimonychloride vapor, a flame extinguisher, when heated. Be advised that antimony oxide is considered to be toxic

Patent application title: Solvent-Free Water-Soluble Silane-

Modified SilicatesInventors:  Ralf Bohlander (Erkrath, DE) Assignees:  COGNIS IP MANAGEMENT GMBH IPC8 Class: AC09D700FI USPC Class: 106 1411 Class name: Coating or plastic compositions corrosion inhibiting coating compositioncontains water 

Publication date: 2011-11-24 Patent application number: 20110283916

Read more: http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110283916#ixzz3iYs7QfMv

Detailed Project Profiles On Chemical Industries (Vol II) ... - Page 125https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3WBDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&dq=flexible+SODIUM+SILICATE+films&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDcQ6wEwA2oVChMImdzvn7uixwIVQtqmCh0azQBdhttps://books.google.com.au/books?isbn=9381039143NPCS Board - 2012 - PreviewMethods of preparation include dialysis, electrodialysis, neutralization of asodium silicate solution by an acid or acid substance, ... The alkaline ratio solutions dry to form films that are slightly more flexible than those of siliceous ratios.Patent US20060048670 - Aqueous chemical mixture to ...www.google.com/patents/US20060048670https://www.google.com.au/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&es_th=1&ie=UTF-8

https://www.google.com.au/search? espv=2&biw=1280&bih=702&q=related:www.google.com/patents/US20060048670+SODIUM+SILICATE+FILMS+WITH+SILICONATES&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0CEcQHzAHahUKEwjcz7e6l6PHAhXCXaYKHZ8kCNg

Mar 9, 2006 - between 7.500% to 25.000% parts by weight sodium silicate solution ...between 1.650% to 7.500% by weight potassium methyl siliconate (40% ..... Both products are of a non-film forming type that protect concrete internally.[PDF]Section 10 - Liquid Densifiers - Dayton Superiorwww.daytonsuperior.com/docs/.../section-10---liquid-densifiers.pdf?...3https://www.google.com.au/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&es_th=1&ie=UTF-8

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search? q=cache:SmMIIwToG_kJ:www.daytonsuperior.com/docs/default-source/tech-data-sheets/section-10---liquid-densifiers.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D3+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au

https://www.google.com.au/search? espv=2&biw=1280&bih=702&q=related:www.daytonsuperior.com/docs/default-source/tech-data-sheets/section-10---liquid-densifiers.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D3+SODIUM+SILICATE+FILMS+WITH+SILICONATES&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0CE4QHzAIahUKEwjcz7e6l6PHAhXCXaYKHZ8kCNgof floor densifiers: Sodium silicates (J-13) ,Silicate/Siliconate. (J-17) and ... Containssiliconates to impart water repellency ... Penetrates, no film to lift and peel off.[PDF]Waterborne Silicates in Coatings and Construction ...www.chemicalia.com/.../Waterborne_alkali_silicates_in_coatings_and_c...https://www.google.com.au/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&es_th=1&ie=UTF-8

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search? q=cache:xHMt_w6M1VsJ:www.chemicalia.com/docs/woellner/Waterborne_alkali_silicates_in_coatings_and_construction_chemicals_paper.pdf+&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au

https://www.google.com.au/search? espv=2&biw=1280&bih=702&q=related:www.chemicalia.com/docs/woellner/Waterborne_alkali_silicates_in_coatings_and_construction_chemicals_paper.pdf+SODIUM+SILICATE+FILMS+WITH+SILICONATES&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0CFQQHzAJahUKEwjcz7e6l6PHAhXCXaYKHZ8kCNgand sodium silicates, which he named “waterglasses” (i.e., water-soluble ..... can be very strong, such that these types of coatings are not regarded as film ..... Water repellents: alkyl siliconates, siloxanes, wax emulsions, fatty acid Li salts.

Patent US5356716 - Waterproofing sealer/repellent ...www.google.com.au/patents/US5356716https://www.google.com.au/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&es_th=1&ie=UTF-8

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search? q=cache:xGCtKXGtWjYJ:www.google.com.au/patents/US5356716+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=aub. the alkalimetal alkylsiliconate is sodium methyl siliconate and it is used in an amount of ... c. the alkalisilicate is sodium silicate, represented by the formula Na2 O.xSiO2 ...They provide waterproofing propertiesby forming a non-bonded film.

PDF]Making it clear on water A repellents- PaintSquarewww.paintsquare.com/.../Making_it_clear_on_water_repellents_Part2.pd...https://www.google.com.au/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&es_th=1&ie=UTF-8

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Wood pulp extract stronger than carbon fiber or KevlarBy Brian Dodson - September 3, 201212 Pictures

Underlying structure of the wall of awood cell, showing the substructure ofload-bearing cellulose microfibrils

Image Gallery (12 images)The Forest Products Laboratory of the USForest Service has opened a US$1.7 million pilot plant for the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from wood by-products materials such as wood chips and sawdust. Prepared properly, CNCs are stronger and stiffer than Kevlar or carbon fibers, so that puttingCNC into composite materials results in high strength, low weight products. In addition, the cost of CNCs is less than ten percent of the cost of Kevlar fiber or carbon fiber. These qualities have attracted the interest of the military for use in lightweight armor and ballistic glass (CNCs are transparent), as well as companies in the automotive, aerospace, electronics, consumer products, and medical industries.

Cellulose is the most abundant biological polymer on the planet and it is found in the cell walls of plant and bacterial cells. Composed of long chainsof glucose molecules, cellulose fibers are arranged in an intricate web that provides both structure and support for plant cells. The primary commercial source for cellulose is wood, which is

essentially a network of cellulose fibers held together by a matrix of lignin, another natural polymer which iseasily degraded and removed.

Cellulose structures in trees fromlogs to molecules

Wood pulp is produced in a variety of processes, all of which break down and wash away the lignin, leaving behind a suspension of cellulose fibers in water.A typical cellulose wood fiber is only tens of microns wide and about a millimeter long.

Micrographs of cellulose fibers fromwood pulp

The cellulose in wood pulp, when dry, has the consistency of fluff or lint - alayer of wood pulp cellulose has mechanical properties reminiscent of a wet paper towel. Not what you might

expect to be the source of one of the strongest materials known to Man. After all, paper is made from the cellulose inwood pulp, and doesn't show extraordinary strength or stiffness.

http://www.gizmag.com/cellulose-nanocrystals-stronger-carbon-fiber-kevlar/23959/pictures%236

Cellulose fibers and the smallerstructures within them - a) fiber from

wood pulp; b) microcrystallinecellulose; c) microfibrils ofcellulose; d) nanofibrils of

cellulose; e) cellulose nanocrystalsfrom wood pulp; f) CNCs from sea

squirts (the only animal source ofcellulose microfibrils); and g,h)cellulose nanofibrils from other

sourcesFurther processing breaks the cellulose fibers down into nanofibrils, which are about a thousand times smaller than the fibers. In the nanofibrils, cellulose takes the form of three-dimensional stacks of unbranched, long strands of glucose molecules, which are held together by hydrogen bonding. While not being "real" chemical bonds, hydrogen bonds between cellulose molecules are rather strong, adding to the strength and stiffness of cellulose nanocrystals.

The upper figure shows the structureof the cellulose polymer; the middlefigure shows a nanofibril containing

both crystalline and amorphouscellulose; the lower figure shows the

cellulose nanocrystals after theamorphous cellulose is removed by acid

hydrolysis

Within these nanofibrils are regions which are very well ordered, in which cellulose chains are closely packed in parallel with one another. Typically, several of these crystalline regions appear along a single nanofibril, and are separated by amorphous regions whichdo not exhibit a large degree of order. Individual cellulose nanocrystals are then produced by dissolving the amorphous regions using a strong acid.At present the yield for separating CNCsfrom wood pulp is about 30 percent. There are prospects for minor improvements, but the limiting factor isthe ratio of crystalline to amorphous cellulose in the source material. A near-term goal for the cost of CNCs is $10 per kilogram, but large-scale production should reduce that figure to one or two dollars a kilo.

http://www.gizmag.com/cellulose-nanocrystals-stronger-carbon-fiber-kevlar/23959/pictures%234

Cross-sectional structure of varioustypes of cellulose nanocrystals

showing various crystallinearrangements of the individual

cellulose polymer molecules (therectangular boxes)

CNCs separated from wood pulp are typically a fraction of a micron long and have a square cross-section a few nanometers on a side. Their bulk densityis low at 1.6 g/cc, but they exhibit incredible strength. An elastic modulus of nearly 150 GPa, and a tensile strength of nearly 10 GPa. Here's how its strength to compares to some better-known materials:

Material...........................Elastic Modulus................Tensile Strength

CNC......................................150 GPa.............................7.5 GPa

Kevlar 49..............................125 GPa.............................3.5 GPa

Carbon fiber.........................150 GPa.............................3.5 GPa

Carbon nanotubes..............300 GPa............................20 GPa

Stainless steel.....................200 GPa............................0.5 GPa

Oak..........................................10 GPa.............................0.1 GPa

The only reinforcing material that is stronger than cellulose nanocrystals is a carbon nanotube, which costs about 100times as much. Stainless steel is included solely as a comparison to conventional materials. The relatively

very low strength and modulus of oak points out how much the structure of a composite material can degrade the mechanical properties of reinforcing materials.As with most things, cellulose nanocrystals are not a perfect material.Their greatest nemesis is water. Cellulose is not soluble in water, nor does it depolymerize. The ether bonds between the glucose units of the cellulose molecule are not easily brokenapart, requiring strong acids to enable cleavage reactions.The hydrogen bonds between the cellulosemolecules are also too strong in aggregate to be broken by encroaching water molecules. Indeed, crystalline cellulose requires treatment by water at320° C and 250 atmospheres of pressure before enough water intercalates betweenthe cellulose molecules to cause them tobecome amorphous in structure. The cellulose is still not soluble, just

disordered from their near-perfect stacking in the crystalline structure.But cellulose contains hydroxyl (OH) groups which protrude laterally along the cellulose molecule. These can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in cellulose being hydrophilic(a drop of water will tend to spread across the cellulose surface). Given enough water, cellulose will become engorged with water, swelling to nearly double its dry volume.Swelling introduces a large number of nano-defects in the cellulose structure.Although there is little swelling of a single CNC, water can penetrate into amorphous cellulose with ease, pushing apart the individual cellulose moleculesin those regions. In addition, the bondsand interfaces between neighboring CNC will be disrupted, thereby significantlyreducing the strength of any material reinforced with CNCs. To make matters worse, water can move easily over the

surface/interfaces of the CNCs, thereby allowing water to penetrate far into a composite containing CNCs.There are several approaches to make CNCcomposite materials viable choices for real world applications. The simplest, but most limited, is to choose applications in which the composite willnot be exposed to water. Another is to alter the surface chemistry of the cellulose so that it becomes hydrophobic, or water-repelling. This iseasy enough to do, but will likely substantially degrade the mechanical properties of the altered CNCs. A third approach is to choose a matrix material which is hydrophobic, and preferably that forms a hydrophobic interface with CNCs. While not particularly difficult from a purely chemical viewpoint, there is the practical difficulty that interfaces between hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials are usually severely lacking in strength.

Perhaps the most practical approach willsimply be to paint or otherwise coat CNCcomposite materials in some material that keeps water away. For such a prize - inexpensive strong and rigid materials- we can be sure that innovations will follow to make the theoretical practical.

coating chemical silicone acrylic emulsion for interior paint and exterior paintSilicone   Acrylic   Emulsion   for   Finishing/Top coat BLJ-998AD styrene   acrylic   SC177

Approaching super-hydrophobicity from cellulosicmaterials: AReview Junlong Song and Orlando J. Rojas

SiO2 NPs. SiO2 NPs are usually prepared using the Stöber method (Stöber et al. 1968). The principles to produce SiO2 NPs are similar as those described in the sol-gel section. According to the mechanism of silane’shydrolysis and condensation, the reaction time, catalyst and ratio of water/alcohol are primary factors to control the size of nanoparticles.Silica NPs can attach onto cotton fibers by simple dipcoating (Zhou et al. 2012), by spraying alcoholsuspensions of SiO2 nanoparticles (Ogihara et al. 2012)or by heat treatment (Xu et al. 2011), resulting in theformation of a chemical bonds between hydroxyl groups of cellulose and silica. Thus, covalently attach tocellulose is produced without the requirement of binders.The surface of cellulose fiber carries negative charges inaqueous solution, and the NPs prepared are usually

negatively charged as well. Therefore, the coverage ofsilica NPs on cotton fibers without treatment is quite poor(Bae et al. 2009; Yu et al.2007), as shown in Fig 18a. In order to increase the coverage and also to enhance the roughness created by NPs, multilayers of silica NPsdeposited from solution can be combined with cationic polyelectrolytes. For example, Yang and Deng (2008) developed a facile method for preparing a super-hydrophobic paper surface using multi-layerdeposition of polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (polyDADMAC)and silica particles, as shown in Fig18b. Zhao et al. (2010)assembled multilayer by alternately immersing thetreated fabric into 1.0wt% aqueous solution of cationicpoly(allylamine hydrochloride), PAH and a solutioncontaining 1.0 wt% SiO2 NPs. This electrostatic layer-bylayer (LbL) assembly is based on alternative adsorption on charged substrates of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, inorganic nanoparticles, macro-molecules or even supramolecular systems. It is a versatile technique to build up multilayered composite films in a controlled manner (Aulin et al. 2010a;Eita et al. 2012; Karabulut et al. 2012; Karabulut, Wågberg 2011; Tanaka, Ödberg 1992). Charged fibers are suitable as solid supports to conduct LbL since the assembly is independent of the size and topographyof the substrates and uniform multimultilayers can be formed with different spatial structures. Fig 19 includes smooth surfaces and cottonfibers and the changes in the nano topography after application of coating layers. Xue et al. (2009) developed another LbL protocol by modifying the surface of silica NPs with amino- and epoxy- functional groups, respectively. Alternate coating of amino- and epoxy-functionalized silica nanoparticles on epoxy-functionalized cotton textiles were used to generate a dual-size surface roughness, followed by hydrophobization (schematically illustrated in Fig 20) to produce super-hydrophobic surfaces. The static water contact angle of the most super-hydrophobic sample prepared reached 170°