Vital role of journalism underlined: Review of 'Tragedy at Pike River Mine: How and why 29 men died'...

PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 20 (1) 2014 261

INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM TRENDS

ReviewsLOUISE MATTHEWS is a Senior Practice Fellow at the Media School, Bournemouth University, UK.

Enthusiasm for journalism evident throughout

INTRO: A beginner’s guide to jour-nalism in 21st-century Aotearoa/New Zealand, by Grant Hannis (ed), (3rd ed) Wellington: New Zealand Journalists Training Organisation, 2013, 371pp. ISBN 9780473266424

GOOD journalism courses have long been accustomed to the

challenge of squeezing in more and more elements, as new skills jostle for a place alongside still-essential basics. These courses not only reflect the spectrum of industry practice— and it’s an increasingly spreading one—but are trying to future-proof their students even as industry itself really can’t say how it will all turn out. So a single handbook to cover everything for the trainee faces the same challenges when it comes to trying to cram it all in.

It’s a big ask for the latest edi-tion of Intro—a lot has happened in the last six years—yet overall it does an impressive job and manages to be inspirational at the same time. Indeed, many of its chapters will be more than just an introduction or ‘a beginner’s guide’ but an ongoing reference for practising journalists (the social me-dia chapter alone should be required reading for any current practitioners who aren’t yet using it to the full). For trainees especially, though, it gives a demystified ‘how to do it’, as well as access to the experience, thoughts and tips of leading journalists. With this edition also comes extra online content in the form of useful exercises to accompany the chapters.

262 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 20(1) 2014


in the field. Most chapters are by academics who previously worked as journalists (and probably still keep their hand in). For a range of their industry experience, see the short biographies at the front of the book. They bring not only their own ‘field experience’ but, from teaching, the honed skill of conveying how to do it, the handy warnings of where numer-ous students slip up, and, though this is sometimes overlooked, they bring an overview of the broader industry practice, whether it be consensus or differences. Where relevant, they include the reflection and context of-fered by research.

A few chapters are by current practitioners, such as the lively Sports journalism chapter by Jim Kayes, who is an award-winning TV3 reporter. But he is also, concurrently, a radio broadcaster and magazine writer, and formerly a newspaper deputy sports editor. And notably, all relevant chap-ters, even the above-mentioned sports one, also include breakout boxes with current and/or notable New Zealand journalists’ advice and experience.

So the Interviewing chapter by Catherine Strong, of Massey Univer-sity (ex-newspaper, radio, TV and online journalist in five countries) also contains the invaluable Tips on preparing question lines from Radio New Zealand’s Kathryn Ryan. It

Intro, commissioned and pub-lished by the New Zealand Journalists Training Organisation, is also the only guide specifically for those working in Aotearoa/New Zealand, while still giving a solid grounding to take with them wherever they roam in their career. Practical examples from New Zealand journalism’s rich history dominate throughout the book, oc-casionally alongside useful overseas ones. So The New Zealand Herald’s award-winning use of different so-cial media during the Christchurch earthquake (p. 53) is as excellent a practical example as the BBC’s use of it to seek amputee athletes around the world and thus obtaining such an interviewee from Mongolia (p.55).

And so too is the Wainuiomata News’ use to obtain their ‘heroes of the storm’ stories (p.55). And of course, only such a guide would have thorough chapters on Maori affairs reporting (by Carol Archie, covering this since the 1970s) and Inclusive journalism (by Tara Ross, award-winning reporter and researcher into Pasifika news media in Aotearoa/New Zealand), pertaining to ‘New Zea-land’s diverse society’. Likewise, the essential Media law and Ethics chap-ters are specific to Kiwi journalists.

The beginner gets the benefit of experience of both journalism educa-tors and that of journalists currently



also has boxes on Tips for live radio interviews from National Radio’s Kim Hill and Tips for television inter-views from TV3’s Mike McRoberts. These add to the chapter’s already detailed ‘how-to’, including seven steps through the interview itself, six problem questions, and so forth. Even within Kayes’ chapter, the breakout boxes alone contain advice from APN newspapers’ head of sport Dylan Cleaver, Rugby World editor Gregor Paul, TVNZ’s Marl Crysell, TV3’s Michelle Pickles and Andrew Gourdie, The New Zealand Herald’s Dana Johannsen and top freelancer Richard Boock.

This 2014 Intro, edited by Grant Hannis of Massey University, is light years away from the first in 1998 (in which, to declare an interest, I hastily co-authored a chapter). Before this there was the popular Kiwi Journalist, edited by Jim Tucker, with contribu-tions from some leading names. The last edition of Intro, edited by Jim Tully, was in 2008 so, though some basics of good journalism are peren-nial, a new version is to be welcomed.

The challenges of structuring such a book are well met given the po-tential for overlap. Part A: Finding the News has 13 chapters, from essentials such as Newsgathering to those which might be considered specialisms, such as Science, environment and disaster

reporting (Alan Samson) or Report-ing business and economics (Allan Lee), but which really are something any news reporter should be able to tackle. These examples, like all the chapters, are accessible to not only trainees but journalists who want to brush up those skills. Part B: Telling the News then has six further chapters including News writing (Grant Han-nis), packed with useful examples. Understandably, aspects of this also crop up in some of the earlier chapters eg in science (p. 133). Part B chapters also account for different areas such as Radio journalism (Jo Scott) and Television journalism (Jo Malcolm and Vicki Wilkinson-Baker). In this section too is where you’ll also find Feature Writing per se, while back in Sport journalism there is advice on writing sports features. One overlap area which could be tweaked is that of social media. The Social media chapter (Helen Sissons) and Writing for news websites (Helen Sissons and Danielle Mulrennan) are a credit to the authors for their concise coverage of a wide range of important develop-ments, as well as their persuasive, straightforward explanations of why journalists should engage and how to go about it. Twitter basics are men-tioned (pp. 56-7) in the Social Media chapter in Part A but while these are repeated in Part B’s Writing for news



websites, it is also in this later chapter that really useful Twitter best practice details—relevant to all journalists —are to be found (pp. 285-6). Such advice would be useful in the earlier chapter, or at least with a mention of where it could be found, perhaps by way of a useful margin note such as that referring readers to a later chapter for copyright information (p. 56).

The design of the book (Allan Lee and Greg Treadwell) is another of its advantages: use of shaded box outs, especially for the journalists’ advice, handy margin notes and so forth all draw the reader in, while also making it a great browse with ease of navigation. Colour photos are used where relevant in the News photo- graphy chapter. As well as the numer-ous leading New Zealand journalists featured, the journalism academics’ authorship is well spread, from AUT as well as Massey and Canterbury Universities, Wintec and the New Zealand Broadcasting School. And evident throughout the book is the enthusiasm from all for the pursuit of journalism as a career, and caring about doing it right.



Quesnoy. This name is well-known in New Zealand military circles for its capture from the occupying German army by the New Zealand Rifle Brigade during November 1918 when the town’s medieval walls were scaled by troops using ladders. This book is a result of the links between the people of Le Quesnoy and New Zealand.

The book’s authors hail from France, Germany and New Zealand and provide a range of perspectives on both the battle of Le Quesnoy and the war in general. One of the book’s points of interest is this broad view that ranges from discussions of the writers Katherine Mansfield (Gerri Kimber) and Guillaume Apollinaire (Paul Raoult) to accounts of the

DR PETER HOAR is a senior lecturer in radio at AUT University, with a particular interest in World War I.

Opening shot over the parapet

The great adventure ends: New Zealand and France on the West-ern Front, Nathalie Phillippe, Chris Pugl-sey, John Crawford & Matthias Strohn, (eds) Christchurch: John Douglas Publishing, 2013. 424 pp. ISBN 9780987666581.

THIS volume is the opening shot in the bombardment of books

about the Great War that will mark the 2014 centenary of the start of the ‘war to end all wars’. This literary big push will include novels, graphic novels, histories, biographies, mem-oirs and diaries written for special-ists and the general public. An early publication to pop over the parapet, this collection offers a diverse set of articles that highlight some not so well-known aspects of New Zea-land’s involvement on the Western Front during the 1914-18 war. The varied articles in The Great Adven-ture Ends reflect both the book’s origins in a conference and the va-riety of ways in which World War I is written about. The conference was in 2008 at the French town of Le



often dismal experiences of returned soldiers in New Zealand (Nigel Mur-phy). Non-academic writers such as Sue Haxton and David Blyth contrib-ute stories about their relatives’ expe-riences during the war and the battle of Le Quesnoy in particular. These individual, personal stories provide a good balance to the sort of military historical narratives given by writers such as Christopher Puglsey, Matthias Strohn and John Crawford. One of the livelier articles is by amateur his-torian Richard Stowers and concerns the exploits of Malcolm McGregor, a New Zealand pilot who flew with the Royal Flying Corps from April 1917 until the end of the war.

Along with Stowers, other writers recover aspects of the New Zealand experience of the war that are often overlooked. Ross Blair’s fascinating discussion of the New Zealand Medi-cal Corps links facial reconstruction with the foundation of plastic surgery. The French town of Arras may be-come another stopover for Great War tourist New Zealanders who have read Anthony Byledbał’s account of the massive underground complex built below the town by the New Zealand Engineers Tunnelling Company. This article includes a somewhat patron-izing section about the Māori soldiers who served in France as pioneers which unfortunately concludes with a

blaring and clichéd restatement of the ‘one people’ mythology, rather than a more nuanced take on the Māori experience of the war.

For this reader, the non-military history contributions to the book are the more interesting ones. The articles by Nathalie Philippe on civilian life in occupied France and Arnaud Wa-quet’s on the ‘diffusion of football and rugby in France’ both offer fascinat-ing social and cultural insights into life and experience beyond the bat-tlefields. Allison Oosterman’s careful examination of New Zealand war correspondent Malcolm Ross’s un-successful work in France discusses the roles of journalism and the mass media during the first mass war in history and reminds us that for most people, the 1914-18 war was experi-enced through newspapers and films rather than through direct experience of the battlefields. Another article that examines the mediation of the war is Caroline Lord’s work on the official war artists of the New Zealand Division. The reproduced paintings handsomely show the high standard of work by the artists Nugent Welch and George Edmund Butler. As Lord points out, the works produced by these and other New Zealand artists during the war have been neglected and forgotten. I hope her research goes some way to redressing this.



Along with the reproduced paint-ings, the book contains a host of well chosen photographs, illustrations and maps many of which are new to me. The illustrations are relevant and complement the text usefully rather than just being decorative eye candy. There are separate indexes for people, places and army units. I would have preferred one index that also included concepts as well as things and places. Overall, this is a rich collection of pieces based around the activities of the New Zealand Division in France during the First World War. Both academics and lay readers would find much of interest in the wide range of topics and approaches although I would have preferred a little less military and more social and cultural history. But it’s an impressive enough salvo.

DREADLOCKS:OCEAN, ISLAND

AND SKIESSPECIAL EDITION

Pacific Studies | Vol 6/7 |ISBN 978-1-927184-02-8March 2012 , RRP: $35Published by: Pacific Writing Forum and the University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji; Pacific Media Centre (AUT University), Auckland PACIFIC MEDIA CENTREAUT UNIVERSITYOrder from Little Island Pressand bookshopslittleisland.co.nz

Edited by Mohit Prasad This special edition of the literary journal Dreadlocks incorporates proceedings

from Oceans, Islands and Skies - Oceanic Conference on Creativity and Climate

Change. The conference highlighted the role of writers, artists and the media in

environmental challenges in the Pacific. The conference was held from 13-17

September 2010 at the Laucala Campus of the University of the South Pacific

in Suva.



DR DAVID ROBIE is managing editor of Pacific Journalism Review.

Lies, media integrity and the new digital environment

Stop Press: The Last Days of Newspapers, by Rachel Buchanan. Melbourne: Scribe, 2013. 169pp. ISBN 9781922070579

The New Front Page: New Media and The Rise of the Audience, by Tim Dunlop. Melbourne: Scribe, 2013. 258pp. ISBN 9781922070548

WHEN Rachel Buchanan penned a commissioned arti-

cle entitled ‘From the classroom to the scrapheap’ for The Age last Sep-tember, she railed against Austral-ian journalism schools, in particular, against an alleged ‘lie’ and ‘little in-tegrity’ of journalism education

‘Between 2002 and 2012, enrol-ments in journalism degrees almost doubled,’ she noted about what was troubling her across the Tasman. ‘We now have the bizarre situation where there are more people study-ing journalism than there are working journalists.’

She concluded that journalism schools were creating false career hopes; Australia didn’t need any more journalists, but needed nurses and doctors, engineers and actuaries and so on.

‘Poets, screenwriters, novelists, scribblers—we writers all need a day job now. You can’t eat integrity.’

This more than ruffled feathers among many journalism educators; it just about stirred a revolt. Many sided with Dr Johan Lidberg of Monash University, her old univer-sity programme and now one of the most innovative in Australia, who condemned her for ‘trashing journal-ism degrees’ (Lidberg, 2013).



But Alex Wake (2013), writing in The Conversation, was among the few who went beyond the reactions of outrage to her op-ed and went on to closely read Dr Buchanan’s recent book, Stop Press: The Last Days of Newspapers, and she concluded that The Age commentary ‘shamefully misrepresented’ the true intention.

Saving journalismShe gave a measured response to Buchanan and offered a parallel fi-nal message that ‘it’s the journalism that matters most. We need to save journalism’.

In fact, Buchanan’s book is a

beautifully crafted and robustly re-searched work, full of amusing and insightful anecdotes, even if the mes-sage for those in media, especially print, is depressing.

It is also a devastating revelation of how damaging the media out-sourcing has been to the newspaper industry in Australia and New Zea-land, especially the latter where much of the contemporary ‘cheaper labour’ regime has been refined.

She recalls her own experience working at Fairfax Editorial Services as an ‘outsourced, offshore sub’ help-ing produce 11 dailies, 75 community papers and three national newspapers:

Although I tried to make light of it, the truth was that working in the hub was often brutally demanding, physically and intellectually … The mathematics of hubbing—fewer staff do more in remote locations —mean that every hub is the same. (Buchanan, p. 58)

New Zealand has been the target for restructuring the subediting indus-try with little connection to the lo-cal communities where newspapers are based; the Philippines for digital photos and phones; and India for ad-vertising.

Yet the response to Buchanan’s bleak message this side of the Tasman has either been rather smug, or the



book has simply been ignored with hardly any reviews in New Zealand media.

Critical thinkersIn her Age article, Buchanan was much kinder about the New Zea-land relationship between journal-ism schools and the industry, taking at face value the claim by one jour-nalism educator about ‘anyone who wants a job will get one’.

The reality is that Australian jour-nalism schools are producing vastly more talented, innovative and inves-tigative journalists; critical thinkers who are challenging the mainstream and producing new media models or making their mark in the mainstream.

Also, journalism graduates end up in media-related careers and are more involved in debating the future trajectories of the industry in crisis. While in New Zealand, journalism schools are far more focused on fod-der for replicating the local industry with little engagement for the journal-ism of change.

This is probably a factor on why many New Zealand journalism gradu-ates head overseas for an offshore career—and even further education

In Stop Press, Buchanan’s in-sights into the failing future of the print media industry are revealing, with a salutary examination of the

fate of the The Age’s $220 million Tullamarine printing plant (opened in 2002 and due for closure by mid-2014) and the collapse of the New Zealand newsprint industry—and the destruction of so many livelihoods dependent on the newspaper industry:

Newspapers are ill. The printing trade is dying. Skills are vanishing. We are witnessing the death spiral of print. The age of industrial manufacturing of newspapers is over. Publishers are abandoning newsprint and and will swap the mighty web-offset presses for miniature digital ones. (Buchanan, p. 116)

But she also explores contrasting ‘downsized’, but hopeful, newspa-per industry development options and acknowledges the phenomenal growth of newspapers in countries such as China, India and Indonesia.

Dramatic changesStop Press is the second in the three-volume Media Chronicles series pro-duced by Scribe, four-times winner of the small publisher award in Aus-tralia.

‘The series idea seemed natural to me when I saw the need for a number of first-person accounts about the dra-matic changes underway in the mass media,’ explains Scribe publisher Henry Rosenbloom.



Another Scribe author and in-novative educator, Margaret Simons, director of Melbourne University’s Centre of Advanced Journalism, whose own books, Journalism at the Crossroads (2012) and What’s next in Journalism? (2013, an edited col-lection of entrepreneurial journalist essays), predicated the series, says: ‘The new publications are having a significant impact, but the mainstream is also changing fast for other reasons.

‘I remain dismayed by how con-servative the mainstream can be when it comes to experimenting with the form and the method.’

The first in the series was The New Front Page: New Media and the Rise of the Audience, by political blogging pioneer Dr Tim Dunlop, who tackles the reasons why the mainstream media industry in Aus-tralia and New Zealand have been so slow to embrace digital media and innovative ‘citizen journalism’ approaches.

While Buchanan deals with the decline of the legacy newspaper gatekeepers as the central force of contemporary journalism and out-sourcing as an industry, Dunlop ex-amines how media can reclaim some integrity in the digital age and regain their relevance with the audience.

The disappearance of more serious content in favour of the celebrity

gossip and other titillating informa-tion that click-throughs apparently show what we want is actually un-dermining the appeal of various news outlets, even among those who appear not to be accessing political journalism. (Dunlop, p. 221)

Dunlop observes that when you see an industry in as much commercial trou-ble as the media, it has to be conclud-ed that it is doing something wrong. He dismisses the bland defence that the ‘media’s business model has been undermined by online technologies’ as having missed the key point.

The old business model was based on a ‘massive disconnect’ be-tween the journalism and the people consuming it. And he rebukes the blind reliance on misleading online surveys.

Data is not destiny. If traditional media organisations are going to thrive, they are going to have to nurture new audiences into exist-ence. They are going to have to gather knowledge of we, the people, not just mine information about us. (Dunlop, p. 223)

For the mainstream media to survive, he believes, it is going to have to radically change, not just tinker with converged media platforms. Media companies need to ‘reinvent their fundamental understanding of what



it is they are doing and how to do it’ while retaining their foundations as a Fourth Estate in democracy.

ReferencesBuchanan, Rachel (2013, September 28).

From the classroom to the scrapheap, The Age. Retrieved on March 17, 2014, from www.theage.com.au/comment/from-the-classroom-to-the-scrap-heap-20130927-2ujm6.html

Lidberg, Johan (2013, October 4). Who says journalism degrees are a lie? New Matilda. Retrieved on March 17, 2014, from newmatilda.com/2013/10/04/who-says-journalism-degrees-are-lie

Simons, Margaret (2012). Journalism at the crossroads. Melbourne: Scribe.

Simons, Margaret (2013). What’s next in journalism?: New media entrepre-neurs tell their stories. Melbourne: Scribe.

Wake, Alex (2013, October 9). Stop press: We need to save journalism, not news-papers, The Conversation. Retrieved on March 17, 2014, from theconversa-tion.com/stop-press-we-need-to-save-journalism-not-newspapers-18833

Communication,

Culture and Society in Papua New Guinea:

Yu tok wanem?

PACIFIC MEDIA CENTREAUT UNIVERSITYOrder from Little Island Pressand bookshopslittleisland.co.nzPrice:NZ $35www.pmc.aut.ac.nz

Edited by Evangelia Papoutsaki

Michael McManus and Patrick Matbob

Preface and chapter by David Robie

Young, emerging and established researchers

write about issues involving mainstream media, social

concerns, development and the information gap in Papua

New Guinea. ISBN : 9781877314943Published by Divine Word University Press, and Paci c Media Centre



DR PHILIPPA SMITH is a senior lecturer in English and New Media Studies and research manager of the Institute of Culture, Discourse & Communication at AUT University.

Carving a niche for minority language media studies not so easy

Social Media and Minority Lan-guages: Convergence and the Creative Industries, Elin Haf Gruffydd Jones and Enrique Uribe-Jongbloed (eds).Bristol, UK: Multilinguial Matters, 2013, 267 pp. ISBN 9781847699046.

WHENEVER a new field of re-search emerges a lot of shuf-

fling and sorting of knowledge is re-quired to establish a niche, to define its boundaries and to encourage not only acknowledgement of the area but also to stimulate debate concern-ing the application of various meth-odologies and theoretical frame-works. This is the case with Social Media and Minority Languages: Convergence and the Creative In-dustries.The catalyst for the book’s

production, as implied by the title, is the technological advancement of social media, the resulting conver-gence of media in the digital age, and perhaps most importantly the positive and negative effects these have on minority or minoritised languages. Yet in reviewing its 17 chapters by more than 30 authors, it is clear the overall objective appears to be strongly focused on the rein-forcement of Minority Language Media (MLM) as a field of study dis-tinct from mainstream media studies because of its specific concern with ‘how media can be used to help lan-guages’ (p. 255).

Concern about the loss and main-



tenance of minority languages is not new and has been the focus of a range of disciplines from anthropology and linguistics, to sociology, post-colonial and cultural studies. In the book’s introduction by Donald Browne and Enrique Uribe-Jongbloed, we are told that MLM first emerged as a field of study in the 1980s. This, they say, is in spite of the fact that ethnic, indigenous and linguistic minority media have been present for a great deal longer with Welsh language periodicals appearing in the late 18th century and the printing of African-American newspapers beginning in 1827. Browne and Uribe-Jongbloed provide an historical overview of MLM research with important back-ground material and insights into MLM development that has been shaped by ‘technology, economic support, social movements, suspicion and perceived utility’ (p. 5). The authors take a chronological look at numerous studies indicating the con-nection between minority languages, communication and media—though, as the authors admit, their survey is far from comprehensive because they simply cannot cover the wealth of lit-erature that has flourished in this area especially in the past two decades. Never-the-less, the introduction sets the scene as an important segue to the rest of the book’s content which is divided into three parts.

Part one: ‘Theoretical Debates on Convergence and Minority Languag-es’ contains three chapters—the first of which is the personal perspective of Uribe-Jongbloed who emphasises the need for the cross fertilization of ideas and perspectives between research-ers particularly in Latin America and Europe. His chapter concentrates on theories of hybridity and conver-gence, but shares a common theme with the second chapter by Laszlo Vincze and Tom Moring who focus on bilingualism in Finland. Both chapters consider the important topic of the negotiations of identity in the media. The third chapter by another of the book’s editors, Gruffydd Jones, highlights the discourse of linguistic vitality of MLM. This chapter will mainly be of interest to sociolinguists and those who understand the ‘widely known indices’ of linguistic vitality. Gruffydd Jones considers whether these indices are useful tools in the wider debate on linguistic diversity in the ‘age of convergence culture’ (p. 61). ‘Attempts to integrate the ex-istence of online communication into the existing frameworks of assessing linguistic vitality’, she concludes, ‘will require a substantial overview of the present indices and the concepts from which they are derived’ (p. 70).

Part two: ‘Web 2.0, Social Networking Sites and Minority



Languages’ offers seven case stud-ies that explore a wide range of new media platforms including Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and multilingual content sites. There are chapters that examine translation websites and online learning communities as well as those that discuss the status of minority languages such as Luxem-bourgish and Kashubian. The chapter by Philippa Law about BBC network radio producers and their experi-ence of audience interaction offers recommendations for the support of minority language maintenance both online and offline. However, she also points out that language activists and minority language communities must take into account what is best for the language concerned. Considera-tion must be given, for example, to the ‘correctness and fluency of the minority language permitted on air’ and whether the aim is to ‘encourage audiences to talk, or to increase their confidence in writing’ (p.181).

Part three: ‘Media Convergence and Creative Industries’ focuses on areas of public policy, law and media practice and includes some interesting chapters about minority languages such as Welsh, Catalan, Basque and Scottish Gaelic. New Zealand read-ers will be pleased to see the inclu-sion of a study by Ruth Lysaght that compares two traditional singing

programmes screened by indigenous television stations—Moteatea on Maori Television and the other Abair Amhran on TG4—an Irish language television station. Presenting tradi-tional songs on screen, the author, concludes draws on the ‘power of a continuous oral tradition to create a new relationship between people and their language and culture’ (p.245)

Social Media and Minority Lan-guges is a book with great potential in bringing attention to the advan-tages and disadvantage for minority languages in an era of media conver-gence. However, it is let down some-what by a rather old-fashioned and uninspiring green cover crowded with crudely drawn labels and icons relat-ing to digital media such as ‘tweet’, ‘shared, ‘wiki’, ‘viral’, ‘post’ and ‘so-cial media’. The content of the book is academically focused and is intense to the point of ‘information overload’ with the numerous chapters taking the reader on a MLM roller coaster ride, twisting and turning through a labyrinth of topics, media platforms, minority languages, theories and methods. However this proves just how difficult it is to rein in an emerg-ing field such as MLM particularly when so many different minority lan-guage communities exist. As Donald Brown and Uribe-Jongbloed state in the introduction:



Simply put, the existence of more and more minority media, combined with a growing recognition of the minority presence in various socie-ties, has alerted scholars to a form of communication that demands greater attention. (Jones & Uribe-Jongbloed, 2013, p.1)

Given that MLM is a relatively new field of research it seems that the edi-tors are eager to display its diversity in order to justify the designation of MLM as having, and maintaining, a distinct point of difference from mainstream media and communica-tion studies. Whether that status can be maintained, I suggest, is some-what dependent on the objectives of researchers themselves and the impact of further developments in technology which are likely to con-tinue to blur the boundaries between mainstream and minority language media studies.

At the same time, the book per-forms an important function, as stated by Gruffydd Jones, in ‘creating and enriching an international discourse in favour of minority languages and lin-guistic diversity’ (p. xx???). But clear-ly the ultimate goal of Social Media and Minority Languages is to encour-age academics in the growing field of MLM to remain focused on under-standing how media can best be used for the benefit of minority languages

whether this relates to maintenance, funding, support by broadcasters, or language planning policies. Whether that is achievable only time will tell as the shuffling and sorting of knowledge continues.



AMANDA GEARING is an Australian journalist, broadcaster and author of The Torrent: Toowoomba and the Lockyer Valley.

Vital role of journalism underlined

Tragedy at Pike River Mine: How and why 29 men died, by Rebecca Macfie. Wellington: AWA Press, 2013, 224 pp. ISBN 9781877551901

JOURNALIST Rebecca Macfie felt the emotional shock waves of

the Pike River Mine disaster in 2010. She was researching the background of the mining company for a weekly news magazine article to explain to readers how the accident that killed 29 men had happened when she was captivated by the story. Her research soon turned up information from which she ‘formed the view that the disaster was not an ‟accident”, but rather a corporate failure of the worst order’ (p. 2). Macfie was thus gal-vanised into action to write a book that would make the Pike story un-derstandable to a wide audience in-cluding the families, friends and col-leagues of those who died, for New

Zealanders and as an object lesson for business and government leaders.

The result is a compelling nar-rative which weaves information from dozens of interviews with the evidence and findings of the formal investigations of a Royal Commis-sion of inquiry into the disaster and two court cases as well as information from documents obtained through confidential sources. The book is thor-oughly footnoted. Photographs and maps of the mine, people involved and diagrams of the mine and ven-tilation shaft are a welcome adjunct to the text.

The book opens with a prologue describing the deadly explosion and



recounts the desperate efforts of two miners to stagger from the mine. Then follows the list of the names of those who died in the worst New Zealand mine disaster since 1914.

Macfie has used her finance reporting skills to forensically trace the discovery of the unusual Pike River coal resource high in the Pap-aroa Range on New Zealand’s West Coast. She tracks it through the years of development of the resource from mapping, sampling, core drilling, financing, government approvals and eventually to mining.

Knowing the ultimate outcome, the author has structured the book chronologically, building tension as the multiple failings of individuals and companies mesh into a jugger-naut that is bound to fail. Her inves-tigations reveal that years before the deadly explosion, geologists such as Dr Jane Newman knew not only of the difficulty of mining the resource but also some of the shortcomings of the New Zealand Oil and Gas company that had the licence to develop it.

Time and again, experts appear on the scene and the reader’s hope rises that poor individual, corporate and government decisions will be righted, only to be dashed as the mine’s executives choose the pursuit of financial gain at the expense of worker safety.

Macfie’s contribution to long form journalism is timely and im-portant. At a time when the role of journalists is in question and editorial budgets are being squeezed, this book underlines the vital role of journalism as a recorder of history as it happens and as a watchdog not only of govern-ment but also of business that is vital for public well-being.

The book also pinpoints the danger of the current trend for public relations spin to replace dispassionate news reports. In this instance, more thorough news reporting might have called the mining company to account earlier, focused the efforts of mine regulators, and averted the disaster. This volume is a must-read for student reporters, finance journalists and gen-eral reporters, providing a welcome injection of stoicism to investigate.

Shortcomings are few. However, for this reader, the drama of the ex-plosion and the reader’s connection with those who died could have been built more securely in the prologue, thus providing a firmer foundation for the lengthy investigation that fol-lows. Tragedy at Pike River Mine is a readable and solemn cautionary tale for corporate decision-makers, for governments eager to support busi-ness ventures in the hope of realising revenue for the public purse and for investors and workers.



DR MARGIE COMRIE is an associate professor in communica-tion studies at Massey University.

Insider’s view of nuclear-free NZ’s ‛people power’

Peace, power & politics: How New Zealand became nuclear free, by Maire Leadbeater. Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013, 344pp. , ISBN 9781877578588

JOURNALISM’S focus on major political figures and high level

negotiations leaves the more dif-fuse activities of grassroots politics in the shadows. So it is refreshing to see a well-researched book un-apologetically placing civic groups at centre-stage. Marie Leadbeater’s thorough chronology of the last 40 years of New Zealand’s peace move-ment and the fight for a nuclear free country fills some gaps in our knowledge about the mechanics of ‘peo-ple power’. It’s an insider’s view. Leadbeater, daughter of feminist and peace campaigner Elsie Locke, says activism is in her genes. She was secretary and then spokeperson for Auckland’s Campaign for Nuclear

Disarmament, closely involved with the nuclear free protests of the 1970s and 1980s and still demonstrating at Waihopai’s satellite communication monitoring station in 2013.

It is a large, dense book. Opening with the Pacific People’s Charter and the 1975 Nuclear Free Pacific con-ference in Suva, Leadbeater moves swiftly to the more familiar story of Rowling’s Labour government caught between American pressure to accept nuclear powered ships and its own Party’s opposition. Subsequent chapters take us through Robert Mul-doon’s combative reign, the era of Peace Squadron sailboats confronting American submarines and destroyers, the 1985 Labour caucus decision to



ban nuclear capable warships, deto-nation of the Rainbow Warrior and its repercussions, continuing protest opposing French nuclear testing at Moruroa, the first Gulf War and the ongoing opposition to satellite ‘spy’ bases in New Zealand.

The book is a valuable addition to David Robie’s Rainbow Warrior saga, Eyes of Fire, and provides a counter-perspective to parts of David Lange’s Nuclear Free the New Zea-land Way, where Leadbeater seeks to reclaim kudos for the peace move-ment. She also makes effective use of Malcolm Templeton’s revelations in Standing Upright Here, laying bare the manoeuvrings of foreign affairs and military officials and the extent of pressure applied by allies to halt anti-nuclear legislation. Her story is bolstered by interviews and care-fully footnoted. While Leadbeater does tread familiar ground, her con-tribution is to pull the protest story together across the decades, consist-ently foregrounding peace movement efforts and achievements. She also demonstrates that, while change can be effected from below, it requires organisation and persistence possibly for decades.

Easily forgotten now is the sheer spread of the anti-nuclear movement. The book is a roll call of a wide number of groups—Christians for

Peace, Scientists Against Nuclear Arms, Matariki, Women Acting for Nuclear Disarmament, Engineers for Social Responsibility, Auckland Schools Against the Bomb and many more. Another element is the effective campaign in the early 1980s encour-aging New Zealand’s then numerous local bodies to proclaim ‘nuclear free zones’. Along with supportive local government politicians, were a for-midable bunch of Labour Party MPs and the ebullient Bob Jones and his New Zealand Party. The crusade also had union backing, at a time when unions packed a greater punch: mari-time unions went on a week’s strike while the Truxton was in Wellington; Auckland Harbour Board employees refused to staff tugs to dock the Texas. Leadbeater makes little mention of the media’s role, but it is apparent the numerous protests received a level of coverage unlikely today and it is inter-esting to speculate to what extent the legitimacy afforded by widespread public support or the nature of the news media contributed to this.

The book also reminds us the nuclear free movement is very much a wider Pacific undertaking, born from the powerlessness of indigenous peoples in the face of nuclear testing. There is a chapter on Pacific grass-roots movements and an appendix on Kanaky/New Caledonia. Leadbeater



also pays tribute to the role of Māori activists, acknowledging the view that nuclear free issues are also about Aotearoa/New Zealand as a colonial country and touching on the tensions this perspective brought to the move-ment.

Leadbeater provides a notable record of the management behind the succession of marches, protests, stunts and lobbying activities of a long-term public campaign. Passions sustaining the action are brought alive by accompanying illustrations of more than 30 peace and protest posters. Contemporary cartoons and dozens of photographs also document the many protests, the most dramatic of which feature low flying navy heli-copters harassing peace flotilla yachts with their downwash and a victorious protestor riding the paint splattered submarine Haddo.

Despite this, the book is not an easy read. Leadbeater provides a list of abbreviations, valuable for the reader wading through an array of ac-ronyms denoting dozens of campaign-ing and defence organisations. A fur-ther useful anchor is the timeline. At times I longed for dramatic firsthand accounts of clashes on the picket lines and derring-do on the seas. I would have appreciated a perspective on cur-rent citizen peace initiatives and the role of the internet. But ultimately that is not Leadbeater’s purpose; hers is a

sober historical record from the peace movement perspective. It is also—in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear plant disaster, clandestine mass inter-national electronic surveillance and the conduct of our own GCSB—a timely one.

ReferencesLange, D. (1990). Nuclear free the New

Zealand way. Auckland, NZ: Penguin.Robie, D. (2005). Eyes of fire: The last

voyage of the Rainbow Warrior. Auck-land, NZ: Asia Pacific Network.

Templeton, M. (2006). Standing upright here: New Zealand in the nuclear age 1945-1990. Wellington, NZ: Victoria University Press.



gap widened faster than in any other developed country (p. 1).Various authors consider the nature, causes and consequences of this develop-ment over 15 chapters. Interspersed between them are 14 unique view-points on wealth and poverty in New Zealand. A range of graphs, figures and tables give empirical weight to the view that inequality is structur-ally entrenched and socially damag-ing.

Of the analytical chapters two stand out. Max Rashbrooke`s statisti-cal overview is bleakly compelling. New Zealand’s top income decile starts at a mere $72,000. The top one percent begins at $170,000 and the top 0.4 percent at $250,000. Presiding

DR WAYNE HOPE is an associate professor in communication studies at AUT University.

Inequality should be worrying Key

Inequality: A New Zealand Crisis, by Max Rushbrooke (ed), Wellington: Bridget Wil-liams, 2013, 279pp. ISBN 9781927131510.

THIS book follows international publications, such as Richard

Wilkinson and Kate Pickets’ Spirit Level (2009) and Joseph Stiglitz’s The Price of Inequality (2012). Af-ter 30 plus years of neo-liberal ide-ology mainstream social scientists and non-doctrinaire economists had reached a consensus; increasing in-equality had worsened social prob-lems without improving economic growth or development. Some well off people were even prepared to support progressive taxes and in-creased social provision for the pur-poses of social cohesion. It was thus hard to sustain an ethical defence of neo-liberal policy programmes. Max Rashbrooke’s introduction to this ed-ited collection notes that New Zea-land is a special case. From the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s the rich-poor



over this tiny group are the chief exec-utives of large companies who receive an average salary of $1.5 million. Meanwhile, 70 percent of New Zea-landers earn less than $43,000 and 50 percent less than $24,000 (pp.20-21). If one considers net wealth (incorpo-rating cash and assets minus money owed) then the top one percent of the adult population owns 16 percent. In contrast, no-one from the poorest 20 percent of New Zealand owns more than $6000 in assets. The entire lower half of adults own just five percent of all national wealth. (p. 22). As Rashbrooke points out, these numbers are the outcome of an extreme neo-liberal policy agenda; regressive tax scales, privatisation, tariff removal, benefit cuts, public sector restructur-ing and de-unionisation. One should also mention a strict monetary policy regime dependent on a `natural` rate of unemployment. Alister Barry’s documentary, In a Land of Plenty (2002), outlines the construction of this regime.

Wealth and income disparities have also widened more recently. Between 2009 and 2011, after the fi-nancial crash, living standards fell for the bottom 50 percent as those of the top decile improved. Robert Wade`s chapter reveals how Anglo-American inequalities are driven by global capi-talism in general and finance capital-

ism in particular. As of 2011 a global super-entity of 147 interlinked firms predominated. All of the top 50 except one were financial institutions. Wade comments that ‘such concentration provides financial firms with the lev-erage to colonise the governments of nation states and shape public policy in line with their preferences’ (p. 41). Within New Zealand this process was delineated by Bruce Jesson in Only Their Purpose is Mad: The money men take over New Zealand (1999).

Of the viewpoint pieces in Rashbrooke`s collection, the most interesting were those registering the unease of well-off New Zealand-ers. Thus, Damien Christie contrasts class privilege, property speculation and advertising with the creative contributions of writers and journal-ists. The latter groups, he suggests, are poorly and unfairly remunerated in New Zealand. Similarly, Asher Emanuel, a former Saint Kentigern College student concedes that skill and effort are not the primary factors in individual success. He regards meritocracy as a myth which obscures the class hierarchies associated with the secondary school system. Each of the contributions to this book touch upon one or more aspects of inequal-ity: poor health, substandard housing, tax loopholes, suburban boundaries, the impossibility of budgeting, and



the stigmatisation of beneficiaries. The general picture is, of course, appalling and a much needed correc-tive to the mindless optimism of this government. Nevertheless, there are deficiencies here which we need to identify before countermeasures can be developed.

Firstly, the destruction of New Zealand`s economic sovereignty is given insufficient attention. As Bruce Jesson observed, `Rogernom-ics` facilitated major changes in the structure of New Zealand capitalism. Directorial elites, institutional inves-tors and shareholders were caught up in an unprecedented wave of mergers and acquisitions. Corporate credi-tors used local or global markets to activate passive shareholders against target companies through buyouts and offers of higher dividend returns. From 1984 to 1987, the fourth Labour government accelerated this process by deregulating the finance sector and floating the New Zealand dollar. Consequently banking, finance and finance investment expanded and the `real` economy contracted.

After the October 1987 stock-market crash New Zealand domestic business activity was routinely in-corporated within the flows of global capitalism. Between 1989 and 2008 foreign controlled sharemarket value increased from 19 to 41 percent. From

1989 to 2006 direct foreign invest-ment increased from $1.9 billion to $82.7 billion. These funds were focussed on the purchase of existing assets rather than the creation of new productive capacity. Between 1997 and 2006, for example, transnational corporations made NZ $50.3 billion in profits from their New Zealand operations, yet only 32 percent of this sum was reinvested domestically. The associated increase in social inequality has not been sufficiently examined. These developments are of crucial importance in understand-ing the New Zealand government`s vantage point. Prime Minister John Key`s personal business success and social advancement as a financial trader was premised upon the erosion of economic sovereignty, in New Zea-land and elsewhere. Not surprisingly, therefore, the link between eroding sovereignty and worsening inequality is not officially acknowledged.

Secondly, the book did not fully investigate the business and social worlds of New Zealand`s wealthiest people. The plight of homeless and stressed out families should be set against the luxurious lifestyles asso-ciated with wealth concentration. Do the rich inhabit a global or national world? Where do they make most of their money? To what extent are they repatriating profits offshore? Answers



to these questions would provide a more complete picture of inequality in New Zealand.

Thirdly, Rashbrooke’s collec-tion did not adequately consider the gender dimensions of socio-economic polarisation. Women who are well-remunerated, comfortably off and well-connected live worlds apart from women who are mothers, beneficiar-ies or workers on limited means. As Katherine Mansfield observed almost a century ago, the uneven distribution of life chances among girls and young women was a social given. It would be instructive to consider whether these polarities of experience have been reproduced under neo-liberalism in the 21st century.

In election year, the prospect of a national conversation about the causes and consequences of inequal-ity will be worrying the Key govern-ment. Opposition parties and their researchers will find much that is valuable in Rashbrooke’s collection.

ReferencesJesson, B (1987). Behind the Mirror

Glass. Auckland: Penguin, pp 74-81.Gould, B. (2008). Rescuing the New

Zealand Economy. Nelson: Craig Potton, p 27.



our lives. This text is likely to have greater appeal to readers with prior knowledge of mass communications, journalism or public relations as it does not explain theories but glosses over them, for example, Barthes’ se-miotics is briefly described as how a signifier and signified have varied individual meanings but can com-bine to form one sign. Davis refers to textual analysis by racing through the tools of news values, uses and gratifications, encoding and decod-ing, semiotics and postmodernism.

Davis questions how a promo-tional culture is affecting production and creating an unsustainable capi-talism. He argues that promotion is

AVERILL GORDON is a senior lecturer in public relations at AUT University.

Pernicious effect of promotion panned

Promotional Cultures: The Rise and Spread of Advertising, Public Relations, Marketing and Brand-ing, by Aeron Davis. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2013, 247 pp. ISBN 0745639836,

AERON DAVIS’ new book pro-motes the argument that we are

increasingly submerged in promo-tional discourses. This book will not rescue anyone from their impending drowning but nevertheless it searches the murky waters of public relations, marketing, promotions and adver-tising fishing out the pervasive and unrelenting promotional influences. The author draws on numerous theo-ries to demonstrate the cultural shift we have made to become a promo-tional world. It draws on established media theorists such as Adorno, Bar-thes, Baudrillard, Blumer, Bordieu, Fiske and McQuail as well as more recent researchers to develop the ar-gument that promotion has become an imperceptible and intrinsic part of



influencing the creation of com-modities and even a re-creation of ourselves, it is shaping corporations, industries and markets and feeds upon itself to become an omnipotent force. The emptiness of branding is portrayed by explaining how a brand can be developed for one item only and then extended to a newly cre-ated range of more easily brand-able products and services. There is a fo-cus on the conundrum created when promotion constructs and controls an industry, such as fashion, and creates a cycle which conflicts with its associ-ated financial cycle. Journalism does not escape the effects of a promotional culture where Davis sees public rela-tions as providing information subsi-dies to resolve media cut-backs in an industry where journalism autonomy is presented as a promotion in itself.

This book argues that promotion has a pernicious and controlling ef-fect on our lives, our opinions and even our values. Industry innova-tors, Gates and Jobs, are portrayed as strong marketeers and their success attributed largely to how they pro-moted themselves in order to get top engineers and investors to join them, on their terms. It is then suggested they created products beyond a ‘use value’, such as iphones and ipods which became fashion items.

Davis leaps to Hollywood to

explain how promotion is a key part of a film’s budget where marketing and licensing rights restrict creativity and therefore lead to formulaic films. In turn, celebrities are seen as a pro-motional creation. Jennifer Lopez is considered highly constructed where her race and class are ‘stretched and reshaped according to audience and commercial needs’ (p. 129). Davis then discusses the power of symbolic capital in a range of celebrities and how visible power can be rendered powerless. He considers David Cam-eron’s rise in the UK Conservative party as having a celebrity-style sym-bolic capital owing to his promotion through personal connections, media relations and events. He declares Ti-ger Woods has an endorsement value higher than he would receive for his actual sports activities, and how his loss of ‘symbolic capital’, or damage to his reputation, equates to a loss of his economic capital.

Politics is attacked by Davis who claims that promotion ‘feudalises’ Habermas’ public sphere and allows a propaganda model managed by the elite. Davis questions the effect pro-motion has on media and public opin-ion and suggests the communications objectives of political parties may also lead to distorted news content. Davis warns that politics is disengag-ing voters as its promotional efforts



focus on swing voters, neglecting safe majorities, and claims that for many Obama is seen to have done little to address the needs of the disenchanted groups that he managed to persuade in the 2008 election. He also despairs of politicians’ growing focus on how their policies are massaged to have media appeal.

Davis highlights the access to governments that corporations have through ‘expensive’ lobbying firms, and suggests that better messaging and media professionalism, i.e. pro-motions, could have achieved more success for the NGO advocacy cam-paigns by Make Poverty History and the Occupy Movement.

This book offers a well-refer-enced analysis of a bourgeoning promotional culture which is ac-cused of creating communication but controlling it, encouraging creativity but stifling it, presenting a truth that is convincing but not trustworthy, allowing political communication but managing public opinion, and obscuring real power by symbolic power. Davis delivers a great insight into current culture through the lens of promotion. It will be very stimulat-ing to academics interested in cultural studies, mass communication, the media and promotional industries.



NotedDR ALLISON OOSTERMAN is associate editor of Pacific Journalism Review.

Why so much grimness and so little hope?

The News: A user’s manual, by Alain de Botton, London: Hamish Hamilton, 2014, 267 pp., ISBN9780241146477.

SOCIOLOGISTS,ethnographers, political scientists have all fo-

cussed their critical faculties on journalism and the news, so it is not surprising, perhaps, that a philoso-pher might do the same. And with what relish does Alain de Botton aim his powerful intellect upon the news, freshly honed on such discrete topics as love, travel, happiness, re-ligion, architecture and sex. In the developed world, he says, the news now occupies a position of power at least equal to that formerly enjoyed by religion (p. 11). However, the news does not merely report on the world, it is ‘constantly at work craft-ing a new planet in our minds in line with its own often highly distinc-tive priorities’. De Botton uses ex-

amples of headlines to illustrate the news’ focus on disaster and mayhem and asks, plaintively, why? ‘Why so much grimness and so little hope?’ (p. 44). He pleads for more context for stories instead of ‛randomly dip-ping readers into a brief moment in a lengthy narrative, then rapidly pull-ing them out again’ (p. 23). It is no wonder that people are turned off or bored with the news. He is alarmed at the idea of personalised news. How do we know what sort of news we need to be confronted with? De Bot-ton tussles with the question of what news should ideally be, what the ‘deep needs’ are to which it should cater and how it can optimally enrich us (p. 245). He examines six types



tention and Tahiti Nui (Polynesian) and Kanaky (Melanesian) are all but ignored.

The same goes with Micronesia. This vast region is perceived as an American sphere of interest and so gets little attention, even though three nations from the region, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati and the Marshall Islands are members of the Pacific Islands Forum.

There is a tendency for journal-ists to have simplistic approach to reporting a region, lumping all Pacific cultures and traditions together. In reality, the cultures are all complex and unique.

of news to try to define what sort of role they might play for citizens: po-litical, world, economic, celebrity, disaster and consumer. He counsels people to master the art of being ‘pa-tient midwives to our own thoughts’ instead of allowing ourselves to be assailed on all fronts by news. ‘We need relief from the news-fuelled im-pression that we are living in an age of unparalleled importance, with our wars, our debts our riots, our missing children, our after premiere parties, our IPOs and our rogue missiles. (p. 255). This is a book every journalist, educator and citizen should read. It is not a pessimistic book, it is very clever and eminently readable one.

Lost in translationUnderstanding Micronesia: A cultural guide for researchers and visitors, by Tim Hogan. Penang, Malaysia: Southbound Press. Communication for Devel-opment and Social Change Series. 2008. 98 pp. ISBN 9789389054491.

NEW ZEALAND media and journalists largely equate the

‘Pacific’ with Polynesia. The focus of reportage and understanding the region begins with the Cook islands and ends with Niue, Samoa and Ton-ga, with a limited grasp of Fiji.

Anything west of Nadi, the Mela-nesian nations, gains cursory at-



In spite of a 50-year secret agenda of the United States to absorb the United Nations Trust Territory into part of the US developed by the con-troversial Solomon Report in 1963, Micronesian island states have mainly retained their identity and independ-ence.

Professor Tom Hogan, a former University of Queensland journal-ism educator and radio broadcaster and producer has written this handy cultural guide, Understanding Micro-nesia, primarily about the FSM but equally useful for Belau/Palau and the Marshall Islands.

It draws on much of his experi-ence as a radio producer and trainer in the Pacific as part of his career as a consultant for governments in 41 countries in South-east Asia, the Pacific and Australia.

It’s a lack of understanding of cultural differences that leads so many well-intentioned visitors to the Microne-sian Islands to so much frustration. There is, after all, quite a difference between agreement with and mere acknowledgement of a point of view or suggested course of action. It’s not the Micronesian way to disagree (p. 71 [author’s emphasis])

Due to misunderstandings, some-times ‘deep and abiding tensions’ grow between expatriates and the in-digenous people.

Although English is a national language, often radio broadcasters have a rudimentary command of the tongue, not really truly bilingual.

A controversial radio programme was made by Micronesian students in Washington in late 1986 which first exposed on air major socio-cultural differences between Micronesian and Western value systems.

According to a Micronesian broad-caster cited by Hogan, there are ad-vantages in ‘dependent bilingualism’:

When I speak English, I think first in Yapese and then find the right word in English. There are often ideas which have to be treated very carefully. Like, if I want to say: ‘I love my sister,’ that’s okay in English, but I could be kicked out of my village for saying it like that in Yapese. (p. 56)

- Dr David Robie

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