Content Vocabuluy-1 UNIT 5 OVERLAP OF MEANING1

Structure

5.0 Objectives 5: 1 Introduction 5.2. Overlap in Concrete Nouns

5.2.1 Objects 5.2.2 Persons 5.2.3 Places and Organizations

5.3 Overlap in Abstract Nouns 5.4 Overlap in Verbs 5.5 Difference in Style 5.6 Let Us Sum Up 5.7 Key Words

Answers

5.0 OBJECTIVES

After going through this unit, you will be able to

distinguish between words which have something common in their meanings but which a& not used in the same contexts, recognize the meanings of words from the situations or contexts in which they are used, and use words in the correct contexts in your own writing and thus make it more precise and effective.

5.1 INTRODUCTION -

In Units 1 - 4, we discussed a large number of words with related or unrelated meanings. In Units 1 - 2, we had words with a number of extended meanings. In Units 3 - 4, we had words with a number of literal meanings. And now in Units 5 - 6, we are going to deal with words which have a slight overlap in meaning, but are different because they are used in different contexts or situations, Even w ~ r d s that are called synonyms and are said to have the same meaning often have dflerent implications and associations and cannot therefore be used in the same contexts. It is necessary to learn to use words precisely, in the right contexts. This helps to make our writing clear and effective.

5.2 OVERLAP IN CONCRETE NOUNS

There are groups of concrete nouns - standing as names for objects, places and persons - which overlap in their meanings. But they also differ according to their special function or use, the place they are generally found in, and the nature of their work.

9.2.1 Objects

i> Take this group of nouns which stand for concrete objects: stool, chair, table, sofa, bench

Can you spot the word in this list which,does not belong to this group? It is table. All the other words refer to objects used for sitting on. But we generally do not use a table for that purpose. The overlap of meaning in the other words is that they are all used for sitting on.

Overlap of Meaning-1

ii) Take another example. Look at these words: book, dictionary, encyclopaedia, copybook

Which is the odd word in the group? It is copybook. All the other words refer to books that are meant to be read.

iii) Now here is another group of nouns which are also names of objects: cupboard, wardrobe, safe, vault

They are all used for keeping things in. But we can distinguish them by saying what is generally kept in each.

cupboard . clothes, cups, plates, food, etc. wardrobe clothes safe * . money and'other valuables

vault valuables

There is still some overlap in the case of cupboard and wardrobe. They may both be used for keeping clothes. Similarly, a safe and a vault can both be used for keeping valuables.

Now let's see where we would generally expect these things to be found: cupboard in the house, or in an office. wardrobe in the house or in the room of a hotel. safe in the house, or at the cashier's desk in a bank, shop,

etc. vault at the bank.

There is still some overlap in these words. The first three can all be found in the house. We can make the difference clear through definitions:

A cupboard is a set of shelves with doors, used for keeping clothes, cups, plates, food, etc.

A wardrobe is a cupboard with pegs, shelves, etc. for a person's clothes.

A safe is a fireproof and burglarproof box in' which money and other valuables are kept.

A vault is an underground room or cellar used as a place of storage for valuables.

Notice the difference between wine and liquor. Both words refer to alcoholic drinks. But wine is made from grapes. Sherry and champagne are wines. The word liquor refers to any alcoholic drink.

5.2.2 Persons

We have seen how there is an overlap in the meaning of certain nouns used for things, but in fact they are used in different contexts. Now let's see certain groups of words denoting persons.

i> Look at these words: pilot, driver, chauffarr They all refer to persons who drive vehicles. But each word is used in a particular context.

Content Voc~uCpvy-1 Apilot operates the controls .of an aircraft. A driver drives a taxi or a bus. A chaufmr is paid to drive a privately owned car.

ii) Take another set of words: fiend, colleague, ally, acquaintance, classmate. All these words refer to people in some kind of relationship with you. They are known to you or work with you in some way. But beyond this common meaning, each word has a special context. Let's see what these contexts are:

Afrend is a person who is not a relation but whom you know and like well. A colleague is one who works with you and usually has similar rank and duties. An ally is a person or state united to another by treaty, etc. An acquaintance is a persoi you have met personally, but wHom you know less intimately or closely than a friend.

There are many more words like the ones we have discussed till now, which are generallyconfhed or misused. We cannot possibly deal with all of them. But let's take some of the more important ones in which the overlap is much greater and the difference is subtler or more difficufi to point out.

iii) comedian, clown, jokzr) jester A comedian is an actor who plays comic parts in plays, broadcasts, or TV. A clown is a person (especially in a circus) who makes a living by performing amusing or foolish antics or tricks. A jester is a person who jests, especially (in olden times) a man whose duty it was to amuse the court in which he was employed. A joker is a person who is fond of making jokes . So a comedian, a clown, a jester and a joker are alike in the sense that they all amuse people by their words and actions, but the words, in fact, refer to different types of people.

iv) client, customer A client is a person who gets help or advice from a lawyer or any professional man. A customer is a person who buys things at a shop.

v) shfl crew, team The word stafrefers to a group of assistants working together under a head. The word crew refers to all persons working on a ship, aircraft, train, etc. The word team refers to a number of persons playing together and forming one side in some games like football, cricket, and hockey.

5.2.3 Places and Organizations

We have seen how the words for objects and persons may overlap in respect of their meaning. Now let's consider words used for places and organizations.

i) Look at these words: school, college, university.

You are not likely to confuse; the words school and college. We know that a school is an institution for educating children; there are primary schools and secondary schools. The highest class is Class XII. But a college is an institution for higher education.

A university is an institution for the promotion and spread of advanced learning. It confers degrees and is engaged in academic research. It may of course have a number of colleges in it. Sometimes a division of a university for the study of a pdcular

subject is also called a school, like the School of Humanities at Indira Gandhi Overlap of Meaning-1 National Open University.

ii) clinic, nursing home, hospital.

All of these are ,places where patients' diseases are diagnosed .and treated. But their size and scope and the facilities offered may differ.

A clinic is part of a hospital or institution where medical advice and treatment are given. For instance, a dental clinic for the treatment of diseases of the teeth.

A nursing home is usually a privately owned establishment, smaller than a hospital, where persons who are ill may be cared for or operated on.

A hospital is a place where people are treated for their illness or injuries.

I Check Your Progress 1

1 Spot the odd word in each group, that is, the one which does not belong to the group. Say in a few words what is common to the rest of the words in each group:

i) potatoes, oranges, cauliflower, cabbage

ii) kitten, calf, -cub, baby, dog.

iii) perfiune, hgrance, stench, aroma, scent

i iv) bus, motor car, airliner, motorcycle, truck.

v) ambulance, truck, goods train, cargo ship.

I 2 The words in the following sets are similar in some way but are also different. Say in a few words how they differ in meaning. Use your

I dictionary if necessary.

i) snow, ice. (Answer: snow is frozen vapour falling from the sky in soft, white flakes; ice is frozen water.)

ii) clock, watch

Content Vocabdruy-1 iii) vegetable, curry

iv) ceiling, roof

v) duty, toll

vi) produce, products

vii) colour, complexion

viii) fracture, crack

ix) nails, claws

x) eir, wind, breeze

3 Say in a few words what the overlap of meaning is in the words in the following groups of concrete nouns. Then describe briefly how they differ in meaning:

i) hut, flat, apartment, residence

ii) boots, shoes, sandals, slippers Overlap of Meaning-l

iii) coach, teacher, instructor

iv) applicant, candidate

vi) pirate, burglar, dacoit, thief

Look at the following sentences. If you think the italicized word has been used in b e right context, write 'yes'; otherwise write 'no' beside the sentence:

i) The perfime of food spread through the house. ii) The sfench of rotting vegetables filled the air. iii) The dog played with its cubs. iv) Consult your dictionav for the meaning of this word. v) I'm looking for a house, but at present I am living in an

apartment. vi) You should polish your slippers before you wear them for the party.

- -

vii) The residence of the Commissioner is on this road. viii) He lay down on the stool.

Content Vocabulary-1 ix) This is a fortnightly magazine. x) The thieves broke open the vault and escaped with a lot of money.

5 Match the words in Columns A and B.

A Poet novelist creator manufacturer director discoverer inventor stadium theatre conference hall

B a film steam engine Africa, the Dark Continent 'David Copperfield' Chandigarh's Rock Garden 'Geetanjali' edible oil seminars plays (drama) games

6 Choose the correct word out of the two given in brackets and fill in the blanks in the sentences below:

. , , i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

vi) vii)

viii)

ix)

Le Corbusier, a Frenchman, was the of Chandigarh, (builderlarchitect) The vulture is flying over the fields, looking for its @rey/victims)

were employed to find out the secret places where the enemies kept their ammunition. (spiesldetectives) President Reagan of the U.S.A. and President Gorbachov of the U.S.S.R. discuss important matters with the help of (translatorslinterpreters) The made an attractive signboard showing the way to our college. (artistlpainter) Assam has a large wild-life (sanctuary/colony) His relatives got him admitted to an/a because he had been behaving abnormally. (asylum/reformatory) You can get him admitted to a technical . if he wants to learn electronics engineering. (academylinstitute) What is the city doing about the repair of roads? (corporation/municipality) We have a number of scheduled in India who have been given a special status in the Constitution. (specieslt~ibes)

5.3 OVERLAP IN ABSTRACT NOUNS

So far we have discussed concrete nouns which are names of objects or things that we can see, feel and touch. We have seen that words forming a set may overlap in meaning but usually refer to different contexts. Now, we shall deal with abstract nouns, which refer to ideas and feelings.

i) Let's take the, e two words: accident, mishap Let's begin by taking some examples of accidents and mishaps. accident: i) He died in a car accident.

ii) A bus fell into the river while going up a mountain road. All the passengers and the driver were killed in the accident.

mishap: i) We had a mishap while driving to Delhi. The petrol Overlap of Meaning-1 ran out. But we soon managed to get some from another car passing by.

ii) There was an electricity failure during the concert. But we got the generators going and the programme went on after the mishap.

6J *

From the examples above, what common features do you notice in the use of accident . and mishap?

An accident is something, especially something unpleasant, that happens unexpectedly. In the car accident and the bus accident a number of people died.

A mishap is also an unlucky accident. In the first case, petrol runs out suddenly. In *

the second case, there is an unexpected electricity failure.

In an accident something unfortunate happens and people may die or get injured. But a mishap is usually less serious; one soon recovers or puts' things right after some inconvenience.

ii) Here is another pair of words: pride, vanity.

Examples: pride He takes great pride in his garden.

People hate him for his pride. He has too high an opinion of his knowledge of English. He takes pride in his national culture.

vanity She's a fiiendly woman, but I can't stand her vanity. She has too high an opinion of her looks. She always wants people to praise her. I call it vanity.

What is the area of overlap or the common feature in the meanings of the words pride and vanity? They can both mean 'having too high an opinion of oneself, one's knowledge, beauty, wealth, etc. ' But then how do the words differ? Vanity is harmless. It is just a desire to draw attention to one's possessions, beauty, etc. A person who is vain does not look down on others. A proud person, however, may have a very high opinion of himself and look down on others. But pride can have a positive aspect, too. Pride in one's culture, language, or country is not an undesirable quality. Vanity has no desirable aspect.

iii) Next, take this set of words: energy, stamina, strength I Energy is the capacity to do things, the power for working. You need energy to do all the work you want to do.

Stamina is the energy you need to work hard for a long time. You may have a lot of energy in the beginning of the day. But as the day moves on, you get tired. You haven't enough stamina to continue.

Strength is the power to resist, the kind of power that a wrestler or weight- lifter has. But he may not have stamina for long-distance running,

I The common element in these words is power.

I iv) Now look at these two words:

murder assassination + killing + killing + human agent + human agent

Content Vocabulary-1 + human victim + human victim + unlawhl + unlawhl + purpose + political reasons

+ violence

The lists of features given above show that the nouns murder and assassination have partial similarity in meaning and share some of the features. Assassination, however, has some features which murder hasn't. Both words mean the unlawhl killing of a human being by another with some purpose. But assassination fiuther means that the person killed is important (e.g., a politician or a ruler), and the killing is violent and has a political reason behind it.

Check Your Progress 2

1. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words from this list: accident, mishap, pride, vanity, stamina, energy, strength.

ii)

iii)

iv)

v) vi) vii)

viii)

is his. greatest fault. He thinks nobody can beat him at chess. Our flight was delayed today because the door of the aircraft couldn't be locked and had to be repaired. But we took off after some time and soon forgot the The train collided against a bus at the level crossing, killing ten bus passengers. The relief party arrived very late at the scene of the -. If you flatter her for her singing, she'll do anything for you. You can make good use of her Parents take in the success of the& children. You need a lot of for a 26-mile marathon race. After his illness he didn't even have the to get up and walk. He has so much that he can do the work of three men.

2. Given below is a pair of words with overlapping meanings. Examples of the use of each word are given. Say in a few words what the area of overlap is. Then say how they differ from each other. Use your dictionary, if necessary. career, profession.

1) career: You will ruin your career if you don't study hard. Our son, Arnit, wants to take up a career in engineering. He had a successhl career in the army and retired as a major.

ii) profession: Teaching is a noble profession to take up. Do you find the profession of a doctor satisfactory? Is painting your profession or your hobby?

Look at the two pairs of words below and show the common and the distinguishing features of meaning associated with them by using + signs.

storm - typhoon

shop-supermarket

5.4 OVERLAP IN VERBS

You have seen how groups of nouns - both concrete and abstract - overlap in their meanings, but have to be used with care because the overlap is only partial. Now, you will learn about some common verbs which are likely to be confused.

i> Take these very common verbs:

say tell speak

Say means 'to utter, make a remark, use one's voice to produce words and sentences'.

E.g. He is saying his prayers. He said that he was not the boss.

Tell means 'to make known; to give information concerning something:

E.g. I told him the news. I told him the truth. Tell me your name.

Overlap of Meaning-1

Content Vocabulruy-I Speak means 'to make use of language'.

E.g. 'He spoke to the manager yesterday.' But if we also want to indicate the information he gave the manager, we shall say.

'He spoke to the manager yesterday, and told him about our problems in the office.'

And further, if we want to draw attention to what he actually said. ,

'He spoke to the manager yesterday, and told him about our problems in the office. He said that we needed more stationery and a telephone.'

ii) Now take the words: burn, scald. You 've burnt a hole in the carpet by dropping a cigarette end. The hot coffee scalded his tongue.

Burn means 'to hurt or damage by fire, heat, or the action of acid. '

Scald means 'to burn with hot liquid or steam.'

iii) Now take these verbs: hear, listen. Hear refers to the perception of sounds with the ears. E.g. Deaf people cannot hear. We can hear sounds without wanting to do so. E.g. We heard some people quarrelling as we passed the house.

We heard the sound of music coming fiom a window & we were walking along.

Listen means 'to pay attention to some sound or speech; to try to hear'. We listened with great attention to the sitar recital given by Ravi Shankar.'

iv) Now take the verbs: bring, fetch. These two verbs are often confused. Look at the pictures below: Can you see why Shanti uses bring in picture A and fqtch in picture B? In A, Rabi is near the water-pot. He just has to walk one way upto Shanti. In B, Rabi is with Shanti. He has to go and bring the water.

v) Now see how select, choose, prefer have been used in the following conversation:

Papa: Choose anyone out of these toys, Piyush. It's your birthday, Overlap of Meaning-1 Piyush (after some hesitation): It's very difficult to select a toy that will last long. But I like this air-gun. Papa: Don't you like that building set, son? Piyush: Oh yes, I do like it. But Iprefer the air-gun.

First, can you see the common features in the three verbs mentioned above? They all show a liking. What is the difference? Choose means 'to pick out from a greater number'. E.g. She took a long time to choose her new saree. Select means 'to choose as being most suitable'. Prefer shows that you like one thlng better than another.

Ki) Now look at this list of verbs, all meaning 'to walk in a particular manner'. strut, roam, stride, toddle, trudge.

To strut is 'to walk in a stiff, self-satisfied way'. To roam is 'to walk or travel without any definite aim'. To stride is 'to walk with long steps'. To toddle is 'to walk with short uncertain steps as a baby does'. To trudge is 'to walk in a tired way or heavily as through deep snow or sand'.

Check Your Progress 3

1. Fill in the blanks below using the most suitable word from this list in the correct form: stay, catch, speak, burn, say, live, hold, stride, scald, roam, trudge, toddle.

i) Let's to Mr. Gupta about the failure of the programme. Let's him that it was owing to bad organization. We can also that we rang up the electricity department for help, but they didn't do anything.

ii) The dacoits down his house. iii) See what you've done! You've your hands with hot oil. iv) I in Nagpur, but at present I am

with a fiiend in Delhl. v) Mike Gatting the ball that Gavaskar had hit. vi) Gavaskar the bat tightly. vii) He along the street to reach the hospital quickly. viii) You will see young boys and girls about in the park

here. ix) Our child can now. x) The soldiers through the dense bushes.

2. Using your dictionary to help you. fill in the blanks below with suitable words from this list in the correct form: hide, foretell, forecast, conceal, drown, sink.

i) Scientists can generally the weather quite correctly. ii) He himself under a bed. iii) Can you what the results of the elections will

be? iv) Don't try to the facts from me. v) She was in the river. vi) Wood does not in water.

3. Use these pairs of words that overlap in meaning in such a way as to bring out the differerice in meanings.

i> drive, ride

ii) find, search

- - -

iii) see, look

iv) get, obtain

v) put, keep

vi) shoot, kill

vii) slide, slip

viii) smell, stink

5.5 DIFFERENCE IN STYLE

We have discussed a number of nouns and verbs which have an overlap in meaning but are used in different situations. Now we shall deal with nouns and verbs that have more or less the same meanings, but are used in different styles.

i) begin, start, commence It's time to begin work. The Olympic Games commenced with the lighting of a torch. Begin and start are the usual words in common use; commence is used in a formal style.

ii) Now, look at the words: murder (noun), homicide The murder of Mr. Jackson was in the headlines in today's paper. Kala was charged with homicide. The two words refer to killing in different circumstances. Homicide is a word used in legal contexts to refer to 'a killing without an intention'.

iii) Similarly, buy andpurchase mean 'to get something in return for money'. a) You can buy all the things in this market. (informal) b) The company has purchased a new building. (formal)

domicile: You must mention your domicile in your application for a passport. Overiap of Meaning-1 ( = place where a person lives permanently; used in a formal style in legal or official language ) abode: I took up my abode in a forest. ( = house, dwelling place; old or literary use)

Your Progress 4

The italicized words in the sentences given below have to be replaced by other words if the context is informal. Choose correct words from the following list: removed, pass on, spread, beginning, belief.

i) The government has started a programme for the dissemination of ideas about health and,farnily welfare.

ii) Some people accept the doctrine that one's fate 'is determined by one's actions.

iii) Lincoln abolished slavery from the U.S.A.

iv) The office was asked to communicate the infomution to the person concerned.

v) R.K. Guruswamy has been the Principal of this Institute since its inception.

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

'AWAKE, brother, awake!'

La1 Singh heard a faint voice and felt a timid pressure on the big toe of his left foot as he lay on the luggage rack in a third-class compartment of the Bombay-Peshawar Mail, which was speeding through the Punjab.

'Acha, what time is it?' he said, rather startled as he came to and rubbed his eyes.

'Dawntime, - must be about five o'clock,' the man said. 'Your destination, Lahore cantonment, is the next stop. ,

Lalu turned on his side and lay there, impassive, smacking his tongue to swallow the stale taste of the night in his mouth, and contemplated the hundreds of mosquitoes and moths buzzing round the glass globe on the gas jet which mocked at the filtering light of the warm spring morning. Then he sniffed at the close, congested atmosphere, wiped the sweat off his neck, raised himself to a sitting position, careful not to bump against the iron rifle racks provided in all carriages by the Sarkar for emergency purposes, put on his light canvas shoes and descended from his perch to get ready to alight at . Lahore cantonment, where the disembarkation ofice at Bombay had booked him.

'So even the trains are running much faster in India since I left home to go to the war, he said by way of starting a conversation, as he scratched his head.

Content Vocabulary-I The other passengers, wha were whispering prayers to themselves or takng in low tones to each other, stared at him.

(From Mulk Raj Anand: The Sword and the Sickle, Arnold Heinemann Publishers India Private J,td. )

Glossary:

'timid: shy 'pressure: force exerted against something 'startled: surprised by something happening suddenly 'came to: recovered consciousness cantonment: a permanent military station impassive: showing no sign of feelings smacking: making a sound (like that of an open hand striking a flat surface) contemplated: looked at (with the eyes, or in the mind) mocked: made fun of disembarkation: going on shore from a ship

Questions

i) What woke up La1 Singh or Lalu?

ii) Where was he going?

What is the word used in the passage which means 'place one is going to'?

- -- - -

iii) What was the weather like on that mornirig?

-

What words indicate the weather?

iv) There are two words in the passage whlch mean 'come down' or 'get down'. Which words?

* v) What was Lalu's profession?

What words suggest this?

vi) What words suggest that the other passengers were not speaking loudly? Ovsrlap of Meaning-1

5.6 LET US SUM UP

In this unit, you have learnt to recognize the difference in the use of words that have a certain overlap of meaning, and to use them correctly in your own writing.

5.7 KEYWORDS

'abstract 'noun (in grammar): one that is the name of a quality or state, e.g. length, goodness 'concrete: existing in material form 'object: something that can be seen or touched; material thing, , organi'zation: an organized body of persons 'overlap ( noun): the fact of coinciding partly and not being completely separate 'person: a man or woman 'style: manner of writing or speaking.

ANSWERS

Check Your Progress 1

1. i) oranges is the odd word. The rest are names of vegetables. ii) dog is the odd word. The other words refer to the young ones of

animals. iii) stench is the odd word. The other words refer to pleasant smells. iv) airliner is the odd word here. The rest are vehicles that run on roads. v) ambulance is the odd word here. The other words refer to different

kinds of transport for canylng goods.

ii) Both are instruments for measuring and showing time. But a clock is , not carried or worn like a watch.

iii) Vegetable refers to a plant, especially one used for food, e.g. potatoes, cabbages, beans, onions, carrots, etc. Curry is meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, etc. cooked with hot-tasting spices, e.g. a chicken curry.

iv) The ceiling is the top inner surface of a room. The roof is the top covering of a building, tent, bus, car, etc.

v) Duty is payment demanded by the government on certain goods exported and imported (customs duties), or manufactured in the country (excise duties), or when property etc. is transferred to a new owner by sale (stamp duties). Toll is payment required for the use of a road, bridge, harbour, etc.

vi)' Produce refers to that which is produced, especially by farming, e.g. agricultural produce. Products are things produced by nature or by man, e.g., farm products; the products of this State.

vii) Colour: Red, blue and yellow are colours. . . Complexion is the natural colour of the skin, especially of the face, e.g. a dark complexion.

Content Vocabulary-I viii) Afracture is the breaking of a bone, pipe-line, etc. A crack is the line of &vision where something is broken, but not into separate parts, e.g., a cup with cracks in it.

ix) A nail is a layer of hard substance over the outer tip of a finger. A claw is a pointed nail on the toe of an animal or bird.

x) Air refers to the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and which we breathe. Wind is air in motion as the result of natural forces. Breeze usually refers to a soft gentle wind.

3. i) All these words refer to different kinds of houses. A hut is a small roughly made house or shelter. A flat is a suite of rooms (living- room, bedroom, kitchen, etc.) on one floor of a building as a residence. In U.S.A. it is called an apartment. Otherwise apartment refers to a single room in a house. A residence is a place where one resides; also, a house, especially a large or dignified one.

ii) All these refer to kinds of footwear. Boots are outer coverings for the feet and ankles, made of leather or rubber. The word shoes refers particularly to footwear which does not reach above the ankle. Sandals are open shoes made of a sole and heel with straps to hold it on the foot. Slippers are loose-fitting light shoes worn in the house.

iii) A coach is a teacher, especially one who gives private lessons to prepare students for a public examination. Teacher is a general word for one who teaches and gives instruction. An instructor trains people. All these people are teachers.

iv) An applicant is a person who applies, especially for a position. A candidate is a person who wishes to take an office or position, e.g. a candidate for election to Parliament.

v) A tourist is a person who makes a tour for pleasure. A passenger is anyone who travels by bus, taxi, train, ship, aircraft, etc.

vi) All these people either steal things belonging to others or rob them by force. A pirate is a sea-robber. A burglar breaks into a house in order to steal. A dacoit is a member of a band 'of armed robbers. A thief is one who steals things, especially secretly and without violence.

4. i) No, ii) Yes, iii) No, iv) Yes, v) Yes, vi) No, vii) Yes, viii) No, ix) Yes, x) Yes.

poet-'Geetanjali' novelist--'David Copperfield-' creator-chandigarh's Rock Garden manufacturer--edible oil director-a film discoverer-Africa, the Dark Continent inventor-steam engine stadium-games theatre-plays (dramas) conference hall-seminars

6. i) architect, ii) prey, iii) spies, iv) interpreters, v) painter, vi) sanctuary, vii) asylum, viii) institute, ix) corporation, x) tribes.

Check Your Progress 2

1. i) pride, ii) mishap, iii) accident, iv) vanity, v) pride, vi) stamina, vii) strength, viii) energy.

2. - career, profession Overlap of Meaning-1

Both words refer to ways of rnalung a living. But career may refer to any occupation for which one is trained and which one intends to follow for the whole of one's life. It also refers to a person's progress through life.

Profession refers especially to an occupation that requires advanced education and special training, e.g. the law, architecture, medicine, accountancy.

3. storm typhoon

+ violence + violence + destruction + destruction + land + Western Pacific + sea + China sea.

shop supermarket

+ goods + goods + display + display + sale + sale + small + large

+ self-service + food, household goods, etc.

Check Your Progress 3

1. i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

. vii) viii) ix) x)

speak, tell, say. burnt scalded live, staying caught heldlholds strodelstrides roaming toddle trudged

2. i) forecast ii) hid iii) foretell iv) conceal .

v) drowned vi) sink

3. These are possible sentences:

i) He drives the car very fast. Can you ride a horse?

ii) Where did youfind this pen? (get back after a search) You must search through the drawers f ~ r the missing papers. (look carellly to find something)

'

iii) If you shut your eyes, you can't see. (use the power of sight) Look before you leap. (try to see)

iv) . Did you get your passport? (receive) Where can I obtain the book? (get, buy)

Content Vocabulary-I V) Put the book on the shelf. (move something so that it is at a certain place) Keep these papers safe. (cause something to remain in a particular state or place)

vi) Who shot him? (aimed and fired at him with a gun ) He was not shot. In fact, he was killed with a dagger.

vii) He slid down the hillside. (moved smoot!ly over the surface) He slipped on a banana skin. (lost his balance and fell)

viii) The flowers smell sweet. (give out smell) That fish stinks. @as a homd and offensive smell)

Check Your Progress 4

1 . i) spread, ii) belief, iii) removed, iv) pass on, v) beginning.

2. i) A Faint voice and a timid pressure on the big toe of his left foot. ii) He was going to Lahare.

'destination.' iii) It was a warm morning.

The v~ords that suggest this are 'warm spring morning', 'the close, congested atmosphere,' 'wiped the sweat off his neck'.

iv) 'descended' and 'alight'. v) He was a soldier.

He was going to Lahore cantonment. There were 'iron rifle racks' in his compartment. He said 'the trains are running much faster in India since I left home to go to the war'.

vi) The words 'whispering' and 'talking in low tones'.