Term 2 - Haggerston School

KS4 Knowledge Organiser Haggerston School

Aspiration Creativity Character92

Term 2

Art Periods/Movements

Characteristics Chief Artists and Major Works

Historical Events

Baroque (1600–1750)

Splendor and flourish for God; art as a weapon in the religiouswars

Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Palace of Versailles

Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and Protestants(1618–1648)

Neoclassical (1750–1850)

Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and grandeur

David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova

Enlightenment (18th century); Industrial Revolution(1760–1850)

Romanticism (1780–1850)

The triumph of imagination and individuality

Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, BenjaminWest

American Revolution (1775–1783); French Revolution(1789–1799); Napoleon crowned emperor of France (1803)

Realism (1848–1900)

Celebrating working class and peasants; en plein airrustic painting

Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet

European democratic revolutions of 1848

Impressionism (1865–1885)

Capturing fleeting effects of natural light

Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Cassatt, Morisot, Degas

Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871); Unification of Germany(1871)

Post-Impressionism (1885–1910)

A soft revolt against Impressionism

Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, Seurat

Belle Époque (late-19th-century Golden Age); Japandefeats Russia (1905)

Art Periods/Movements

Characteristics Chief Artists and Major Works

Historical Events

Fauvism and Expressionism (1900–1935)

Harsh colors and flat surfaces (Fauvism); emotion distortingform

Matisse, Kirchner, Kandinsky, Marc

Boxer Rebellion in China (1900); World War(1914–1918)

Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism, Constructivism, De Stijl(1905–1920)

Pre– and Post–World War 1 art experiments: newforms to express modern life

Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini, Malevich

Russian Revolution (1917); American women franchised(1920)

Dada and Surrealism(1917–1950)

Ridiculous art; painting dreams and exploring theunconscious

Duchamp, Dalí, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo

Disillusionment after World War I; The GreatDepression(1929–1938); World War II (1939–1945) and Nazi horrors;atomic bombs dropped on Japan (1945)

Abstract Expressionism (1940s–1950s) and Pop Art(1960s)

Post–World War II: pure abstraction and expressionwithout form; popular art absorbs consumerism

Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, Warhol, Lichtenstein

Cold War and Vietnam War (U.S. enters 1965); U.S.S.R.suppresses Hungarian revolt (1956) Czechoslovakian revolt(1968)

Postmodernism and Deconstructivism (1970– )

Art without a center and reworking and mixing past styles

Gerhard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer, Frank Gehry,Zaha Hadid

Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles; Communism collapsesin Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. (1989–1991)

Self Quiz:1. List art periods/movements

in chronological order2. List their characteristics3. List key artists and major

works associated with each movement

4. List historical events which happened during those times

Practical application of art history: 1. Create a drawing of your hand in one of the styles you’ve learned about from this knowledge organiser. 2.Create sketches of your surroundings (room, objects such as chairs, tables, books, your pencil case, etc), people in the room in a different art style. 3. Create a composition on your table (books, stationary, clothing) and sketch it in the style of one of the above mentioned art movements.4. Every piece of work should be evaluated using art vocabulary. Compare your work to the artists’ examples.

Rembrandt

Canova

Delacroix

Millet

Monet

Van Gogh

Kandinsky

Picasso

Kahlo

Lichtenstein

Anselm Kiefer

Zaha Hadid

Y11, Art, Cycle 2/Term 2



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Subject Content What students need to learn?

2.2.1

Product

The design mix

The product life cycle

The importance to a business of differentiating a product/service

Design and the Design Mix

The design mix uses a pyramid diagram to encourage manag-ers to decide on the main design priorities for a new product.

Economic manufacture: Making sure that the design allows the product to be made cost effectively

Function: The design must make sure that the product works well and works every time

Aesthetics: How well does the product appeal to the senses?

The Importance of Differentiating the Product/Service

Product differentiation means making a product stand out from the competition. This can help the product become a market leader, may allow the business to charge higher prices or may en-courage a loyal customer base.

The design of a product will play a crucial part in this process, either through the branding, the distinctive looks or making it appealing to wear, which increases brand awareness and ensures the product is different from its competitors.

Product Life Cycle

A product’s life cycle is the amount of time a business expects the product to sustain profitable sales.

1. Introduction: After the product has been well researched, tested and prepared, it will be launched. Sales are low because it is an unknown product, distribution will be low because suppliers will not know if it will be successful, costs will be high due to advertising and production costs. If the product has a USP there is likely to be a high price.

2. Growth: The product becomes more known in the market. Sales, distribution and profits are likely to be rising . Costs will still be high due to advertising still being needed and the price is likely to still be high.

3. Maturity: the market has become more saturated with copycat products. Sales have reached a peak and are likely to flatten out, distribution will be wide as the product is more known and successful. Costs will be low as there will be less need for advertising and profits are likely to be high assuming the product is still popular compared to competitors

4. Decline: the product is no longer popular, it is not offering what customers want anymore. Sales and profits are declining and suppliers are no longer wishing to display the product. Businesses need to make a choice about whether to try an extension strategy or to scrap the product all together. Costs will depend on the level of advertising and profits are likely to little to none.

Extension Strategies

Firms may try to prevent sales going into decline by using extension strategies, here are some examples of possible strategies:

Find new uses for the product e.g. Lucozade

Change the appearance, format or packaging e.g. Coca cola

Encourage use of the product on more occasions e.g. cereal not just for dinner or ice cream in winder

Adapt the product; make it new and improved e.g. iPhone 6S



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2.2.2

Price

Pricing strategies

Influences on pricing strategies; technology, competition, market seg-ments and the product life cycle

Pricing Strategies

Broadly there are two different types of pricing:

Pricing low for high volume but low profit margins

Pricing high for low volume but high profit margins

The choice between these two will depend on a range of factors however the biggest influence will be branding. Strong brands are able to set their own prices, whereas weaker ones have to follow the lead set by others

Pricing Strategy for Different Market Segments

Mass Market

Mass market products are aiming their products at a wide range of customers and are likely to be experiencing high levels of competition. As a result pricing is likely to be ensure that they can compete. Due to the wide number of customers there is still a good likelihood of profit overall, even though profit per item will be low.

Examples include New Look, Primark, Lidl and Aldi.

Niche Market

A niche market is based on a particular type of customer who wants something different from the majority. Due to this difference there is likely to be less competition and customers will be more willing to pay more which ensures that although there are low sales volumes, profits can still be made.

Examples include Alpro or Jaguar

How Technology Influences Pricing Strategies

Due to the access of ecommerce there is more ability to shop around and try to get the best deal on products, which means that firms have more competition than just their local area and need to be more price competitive.

On the other hand, ecommerce has also expanded the market making it easier to attract customers, this means that some businesses can charge more for their products because the demand is higher

Pricing Strategies at Different Stages of the Product Life Cycle

Introduction

Lots of businesses will choose a low price initially to encourage customers to try their prod-uct, especially if it is an unknown product or brand. If the product is popular the price will start to rise. However some businesses will start with a high price if they are looking to cre-ate an image of quality and expense rather than cheap. In addition products with good branding, especially technology will start expensive to ensure high profit margins from the keen before lowering the pricing for everyone else.

Growth

In the early stages most businesses will be looking to keep prices low to ensure sales contin-ue to grow and increase prices once the growth is more established.

Maturity

When growth is at an end, new pricing decisions may be needed. If during growth prices were kept low to encourage sales there may be an incentive to raise prices to try and im-prove profit margins now that sales are no longer growing so fast. This may be important if new products are needed before the current product goes into decline, meaning invest-ment.

Decline

During decline, profits will be falling, this means that firms need to make a decision about pricing. If an extension strategy is being planned such as adapting the product there may be a basis to increase the price. If there are loyal customers to the product but few new cus-tomers, the business may be able to increase prices assuming the loyal customers will still want the product. However some businesses may choose to put deals into place to encour-age last ditch sales before it is taken off the market.



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2.2.3

Promotion

Appropriate promotion strategies for different market segments

The use of technology in promotion

Promotional Strategy for Different Market Segments

Advertising

In the mass market the role of advertising is often to achieve name recognition and little more. For example Just Eat advertises widely on TV in order to foster trust with their cus-tomers and ensure that customers are willing to use them. All mass market businesses aim to achieve a level of brand awareness like Audi who are able to sell their products at a pre-mium because of their brand. In niche markets TV advertising is less appealing due to the cost. For example G-Star RAW aim their products at under 25s and have focused on digital advertising to improve street credibility.

Sponsorship

Sponsorship means paying to have your brand or company name attached to an activity that has credibility with your customers. Often this involves sport or music. For example Red Bull have sponsored extreme sports and Formula 1 giving it a risk taker image and help it compete with Monster and Relentless. This is an expensive form of promotion and so is unlikely to be used by niche market products.

Branding

Branding means giving your product or service a name that helps recall and recognition and gives a sense of personality. Successful branding can mean that an image stays with people years, event decades after the reality has changed. For example Heinz are still the go to product for baked beans, even though there are competitors out there.

Product Trials

A product trial means giving potential customers a free taste—or longer trial—of your new product. This approach is used when there is known to be a hurdle that is likely to prevent customers from making a purchase of their own. This is very expensive, not just due to lost products but also due to the amount of labour required to ensure it works well. Social me-dia can help to reduce this if videos are made and posted online. E.g. Pepsi and Coca Cola taste testing.

Special Offers

Special offers should be regarding as the last resort. No company wants to ‘give away’ product, as with a BOGOF offer. Special offers can undermine the brand even if there will be short term gains in profit. There are occasions when special offers work best; after Christmas, a new competitor has arrived, launching a new product and so adding it into a deal with your best selling product.

The Use of Technology in Promotion

Targeted Advertising Online

In 2015, UK spending on digital advertising far outstripped TV advertising. By 2017 more than half of all promotional spending in the UK was on digital advertising. Through the use of ‘cookies’ and other ways of capturing information advertisers today know much more about customers spend-ing habits than previously. As a result advertising can be much better targeted, reducing waste and ensuring that firms are reaching their customers. For mass market products such as Coca Cola, TV advertising can still be cost effective due to the large number of customers they have. Targeting a much smaller customer range means online advertising is much more cost effective.

Viral Advertising via Social Media

It is easy to see why great video advertisements can ‘go viral’, in other words get passed on from person to person via Tweets and other social media. However it is difficult to get a campaign to go viral and many businesses have tried and failed. This is something that can be difficult to rely on as a form of advertising.

E-Newsletters

If you buy a cinema ticket online, you are likely to end up receiving the cinema’s weekly news-letter. It will tell you about the major new films and offer discounts. From a companies point of view this form of advertising is virtually free. Some businesses will want to spend more on e-newsletters in order to make them more interactive however it is only the initial cost that is likely to increase.



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2.2.4

Place

Methods of distribution; retailers and e-tailers (e-commerce)

Methods of Retail Distribution

There are 3 main ways to get products from the producer to the consumer:

The Traditional Channel: The producer sells in bulk to wholesalers, who sell in smaller quantities to small and independent retailers. Without wholesalers, small shops couldn’t exist as it would be too expensive for the producer to deliver to all the different shops.

The Modern Channel: This is very important for the grocery sector. The producer delivers huge quantities directly to a supermarket’s distribution depot which sends the product to all local su-permarkets. This can help the supplier get a higher profit because they are closer to the customer

The Direct Channel: Buying directly from the producer, e.g. the original mail order services or more currently using e-commerce or m-commerce.

Advantages Disadvantages

Physical Retail Distribution Customers can touch, hold, smell and wear products before buying

You can choose exactly the type of product you want, e.g. food

Going shopping is time consuming, especially if shopping around is needed

Choice can be overwhelming, leading to too much time being spent

Online Retail Distribution The convenience of being able to order from home or on the move

No time wasted driving, parking or shopping

Encourages a lazy nature, it might be better to go outside

Delivery charges may increase prices

Gaining Retail Distribution

First time entrepreneurs are often surprised to find that getting retail distribution is hard, and keeping it is harder. To gain distribution a company need to:

Show that its brand offers something different for customers

Show strength in marketing

Provide a high level of profit to the retailer

To keep stock over a period of years the company will need to:

Provide regular promotional support to keep sales moving

Make sure sales continue to grow by advertising

E-tail Distribution or Ecommerce

There are two main types of e-commerce

Direct sales from producer to consumer such as buying a MacBook computer direct online from Apple

Sales through an e-tailer such as ASOS

Direct sales are great for the producer, who received the full retail price instead of having to make do with the wholesale price. E-tailers are more important today though. Their shops display products online and have efficient systems to make it easy to purchase, deliv-er and return products. Because the e-tailer is saving the cost of a physical shop they choose to live with the higher number of returns than a physical shop would get.

Definitions

Distribution: How ownership changes as a product goes from producer to consumer

E-tailer: An electronic retailer; in other words purchasing electronically, either by e-commerce, or m-commerce

Retailer: A shop, usually selling from a building in a high street or shopping centre



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2.2.5

Using the marketing mix to make busi-ness decisions

How each element of the marketing mix can influence other elements

Using the marketing mix to build competitive advantage

How an integrated marketing mix can influence competitive advantage

How each Element of the Marketing Mix can Influence other Elements

The key to the marketing mix is that it should all fit together in a way that works for the target market. E.g. all aspects must be improving the brand image and ensuring the customer is getting the right message.

How The Marketing Mix Informs Business Decisions

A successful business understands its customers and therefore knows what products or services they want and how best to communicate with them. Using all 4 Ps can help the business under-stand its demand and how predict trends of demand for the future, this can help the business make decisions on expansion especially after a successful launch phase.

Other ways the marketing mix can inform a business decision:

Having a firm understanding on how price changes will affect demand

Understanding how strong a brand image which can inform decisions about marketing new products

Understanding how customers receive their products and using this to focus marketing on distribution channels that are most successful.

How The Marketing Mix can be used to Implement Business Decisions

Once a decision has been made, it is time to put it into practice. That’s where decisions on the marketing mix come into play.

What is needed is a 3 step process:

1. Identify the decision objectives

2. Agree how the 4Ps are to be used to achieve those objectives. Often this will re-quire more money; in other words, the business may have to provide a bigger budget for marketing.

3. Carry out the plan; in other words, make the required changes to the product, price promotion and place.

Once the plan is in action, well-run companies analyse their sales figures to check wheth-er it is working well and then adjust accordingly.

Drawing the Right Conclusions

Good business decisions can take several years to show their merits. That is fine as long as the business has long term objectives. But whether the decision making is long term or short term, it is only likely to come good if the business truly understands its custom-ers. That is where the marketing mix comes in—especially market research and the mar-keting mix.

Key Term Definition

Budget A ceiling on the amount of money that can be spent; a marketing budget of £1 million means the marketing manager can spend up to that figure, but no more

‘Inform’ Decisions Evidence that can be used to make a better decision; a company can gain a better un-derstanding of its customers through the 4Ps, which helps in decision making.



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Subject Content

What students need to learn?

2.4.1

Business Calculations

The concept and calculation of gross profit and net profit

Calculation and interpretation of gross profit margin, net profit margin and average rate of return

Gross Profit Margin

Gross profit is the difference between the selling price of the product and what it costs to make. It shows the amount of money that contributes towards paying off fixed costs. It uses the following formula:

Gross profit = Sales Revenue—Cost of Sales

Gross profit margin puts this information into a percentage, showing what per-centage of the selling price goes towards paying off fixed costs. It uses the follow-ing formula:

It is important for gross profit margin to be for all products sold so that it takes into account sales as well as products sold at full price.

The aim is to get as high a gross profit margin as possible as this will ensure a high net profit margin.

Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit

Sales Revenue X 100

How to Improve Gross Profit

Increase the price customers have to pay

Cut the price paid to the supplier by:

Negotiating with the existing supplier

Get cheaper materials or redesign the product

Net Profit Margin

Net profit is what is left over after all the fixed costs are taken away from the gross profit. It is calculated using the following formula:

Net Profit = Gross Profit—Operating Costs

Net profit margin puts this information into a percentage, showing what percentage of the sales revenue is left over after all costs have been taken into consideration. It uses the following formula:

The net profit margin will always be lower than the gross profit margin.

The higher the net profit margin is, the happier the shareholders of the company will be.

Net Profit Margin = Net Profit

Sales Revenue X 100

How to Improve Net Profit

Remove levels of management

Cut back on fixed costs spending e.g. marketing costs

Reduce bonuses paid to directors or dividends to shareholders

Average rate of return

Businesses will need to make a choice about how they spend their money. In order to make the best decision they can use ARR which shows the average amount of profit a project will make over its lifetime. The formula:

Average Rate of Return Average Yearly Profit (including initial cost)

Initial Investment X 100



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2.4.2

Understanding Busi-ness Performance

The use and interpretation of quantitative business data to support, inform and justify business decisions

The use and limitations of financial information

Line Graphs

Data represented as lines, making it easy to identify trends, especially if time is on the horizontal axis.

Trends are important for businesses to notice so they can make decisions about the future of the company in the hopes of being successful.

Bar Charts

Data represented so that the height of the bar represents the quantity involved; good for making comparisons.

It can be represented horizontally or vertically, and is used to compare different information for groups , good if you want to compare com-petitors or a market.

Pie Charts

Data presented in a circle, with each slice of the pie representing a pro-portion of the whole; good for proportions of a total.

This is particularly good for comparing market share or sales in a mar-ket as it shows which companies have the most sales.

Line Graphs Bar Charts Pie Charts

Advantages Good for data shown over many time periods

Good for looking how one factor affects an-other

Good for data shown over a few time periods

Good for comparing the size of different items

Good for showing proportions

Size of circle can show the size of the market

Disadvantages Too many lines can be confusing

Risk of oversimplifying

Cannot compare lots of time periods

Too much data can be confusing

Small changes are hard to see

Cannot show trends over time

The Use of Financial Information

Businesses can use financial information to analyse their current position in the market and work out what they are going to do in the future to survive and suc-ceed.

The Limitations of Financial Information

Raw data may be biased or inaccurate

Data is only quantitative, qualitative data can be more insightful

Data doesn’t help if businesses don’t take the time to analyse it properly, they need to be patient.



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Network setups Client Server Network: A network that has a server that provides services for other connected computers (Clients) Peer to Peer Network: A Network without a server where all devices are equal. Computers share services Local Area Network (LAN): Covers a small geographical site. The company owns all the hardware for the network Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers a large geographical site. The company doesn’t own all the hardware for the network – some are hired Personal Area Network (PAN): A network that is local to your device. E.g. Blue tooth headphones and phone

Network Security Encryption: Data is coded before it is transferred across a network. If the data is intercepted it will not be readable. Data before coding is called Plain text. Coded data is called Cipher text. The most common type of data requires 2 keys (keys are actually instructions to code and un-code data). The public key turns plain text into cipher text. The private key turns cipher text into plain text. Virtual Private Network (VPN): Creates an encrypted connection between 2 or more devices and allows secure data transfer between them. Often used across the internet.

Wireless Network A network that uses radio transmission to connect devices (no wires) Frequency: Networks have different, overlapping frequencies to help prevent interference Wireless Access Point (WAP): A wireless switch that allows devices to connect to a wireless network Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA): Protocol for encrypting data sent over a Wireless network. Also WPA2 – the latest version.

Hardware Server: Powerful central computer that provides services to other computers. Examples inc. File, Internet, Print, Security and Application Server Hub: A device that allows devices to communicate on a network by broadcasting data Switch: A device that allows devices to communicate on a network by sending data to the specific device Network Interface Card (NIC): Any device that connects to a network needs a network card. They are hard coded with a MAC address that cannot be changed Router: Connects different networks together Ethernet cable: Cable used mainly in LAN’s to connect devices. Most common is called CAT5 (Twisted pair) Optical cable: Use light to transmit data. Fast and expensive. Coaxial: Single copper wire. Better for protecting from interference.

Network Topologies

Router

Hub

Switch

Servers



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KS4 Computer Science

Network advantages: Can share data, work together, communicate and control services and security centrally Network Disadvantages: Over reliance on central devices (servers). Malware and Hackers MAC address: Hardcode into NIC. 48 or 64 bit. Represented normally by 6 pairs of Hexadecimal digits. IP addresses are assigned to MAC addresses Internet Protocol (IP): Every device on a network has an IP address. Normally IP addresses are dynamic – they change each time a device connects to a network. Some times they are static – can’t be changed – for example for a server. DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Used by networks to assign IP addresses to computers / servers. When a computer needs to access a service it sends the computer name to the DHCP server and the DHCP server sends back the IP address so that data packets can then be sent. Its a huge directory lookup. There are a number of DHCP servers that store all the IP addresses for the Internet Web Pages. Each one has a copy in the case the others fail DNS: Domain name server translates a web URL to an IP address so computers can find the correct web server online.

Data packages and transfer: When data is sent over a network is broken into several equally sized pieces. The packet consists of 3 things. A Header; this contains the senders IP address, the recipients IP address, the packet number and total number of packets. A Payload; this is the actual data part. A Checksum; this is used to validate the data and check if the data is corrupted. The packages are sent from one router to the next. Each router calculates the quickest route for the data to take and sends it on. This helps data beat traffic congestion and hardware failures. When the package arrives at the destination computer it is verified using the checksum and re-assembled. If any packages are missing a requested is sent to the original computer for a copy to be re-sent. Protocol layers: Each data package is bundled up with all the instructions needed for each Router to forward it on (these are called Protocols). Protocols are grouped together with other protocols that have a similar function or job. These are called layers. There are four layers. Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transferred over a network connection. Bandwidth is often shared across users on a network Latency: Any interference, traffic or disruption on a network that delays data transfer

Protocol Stands for… What is it used for HTTP Hyper Text Transfer

Protocol Used by Web Browsers to send, access and display websites from webservers

HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure

A more secure version of HTTP used for banking and finance. Encrypts all information sent and received

FTP File Transfer Protocol

Used to access, edit and move files on a network e.g. to access files on a server from a computer

POP3 Post Office Protocol (V3)

Used to receive emails from a email server. POP3 downloads the email on to the device and the copy on the server is deleted

IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol

Used to receive emails from a server. The emails are synchronised so the email is only deleted from the server when it is deleted from the device

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Used to send email messages



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Y11, AIC KO, Cycle 2

Context – what was happening at the time the play was written and set Plot – the story1912 1945Edwardian era, or ‘Golden Age’, the timeperiod in which the play is set.

Post WW1 (1914-1918) WW2 (1939-1945) Britain, the time in which theplay was written and first performed.

Act One The play opens with a celebratory dinner party. Sheila and Gerald are to be marriedand Birling and Company will work closer with Crofts Ltd.

The British Empire – A military power. Britain suffering effects of two world wars. Birling holds court and begins to make a series of statements we, as the audience,know to be fallacious.

Britain was a global economic powerhowever high exploitation of workingclasses.

Two recessions since 1912 resulting in economic instability for all,declining industry and high unemployment.

The Inspector enters and informs the party of the suicide of Eva Smith. Starting withBirling, he begins to interrogate the family.

Social InequalityRigid social hierarchy benefitting upperclasses.Little social mobility.No welfare state.

Increased power of working classes through trade unions (anorganisation of workers who join forces and become an officialorganisation working to protect workers’ rights e.g. fair pay and betterworking conditions). Trade unions grew in power in early 19th centuryparticularly after WW2.

The Inspector interrogates Sheila and the incident at Milward’s is outlined.

Conservative and liberal domination inpolitics for two centuries.

The Labour Party win the General Election in 1924, 1929 and,overwhelmingly, in 1945.

ActTwo

The Inspector focuses his line of inquiry towards Gerald and the name Daisy Renton isfirst introduced. Gerald’s affair is exposed.

Support for working classes provided bycharities.

Labour introduce the welfare state and the creation of the NHS (1945-48) Mrs Birling recounts the request for financial assistance made by a pregnant ‘MrsBirling’ and shows no remorse for the refusal that she herself orchestrated.

Gender inequality.Rigid, stereotypical gender roles.Men had more sexual freedom.

Increased gender equality. Gender roles less distinct with more womenin the workplace to take the roles previously filled by men before the ware.g. police officer. Women won the right to vote in 1928.

The Inspector, via a series of leading questions, induces Mrs Birling to say that theman responsible for the pregnancy should be punished and forced to takeresponsibility. Eric enters.

Deeply entrenched capitalist system. More awareness of socialism. ActThree

Eric tells of a series of liaisons and how he has stolen money from Mr Birling tosupport the mother of an unborn child.

Deeply entrenched inequalitybenefitting Tzars in Russia.

1917 – Russian revolution and the emergence of communist state. The Inspector proportions the blame to each of the characters and performs his finalspeech.

Melodrama and musical comediespopular for many.

AIC first performed in Russia in 1945 then London in 1946. Britishtheatres bombed and damaged, relocated, opening and closingerratically. Musicals, detective thrillers, Shakespeare revivals and filmpopular. Emergence of serious dramas exploring political and socialissues. AIC had a mixed response from audience.

The family squabble and point fingers.Gerald re-enters to suggest the whole thing was a hoax. The old, and Gerald, take thisas a cue to alleviate any responsibility whereas the young are repentant.The phone rings…

Dramatic techniques:Tension – a feeling of nervousness, anxiety and excitement; climax – build up of tension; cliff hanger - a dramatic and exciting ending leaving the audience uncertain and creating suspense; dramatic irony –audience aware of something the characters are not; foreshadowing – subtle hints or predictions of later action; symbolism – one thing meaning, or representing, another; didactic – telling/ teaching; status –power or position of a character; coup de theatre (a dramatically sudden action or turn of events); well made play (genre) – popular in 19th century taking the audience and characters on a journey from ignoranceto knowledge ending with a return to order; morality play (genre) – allegorical play presenting a lesson about good conduct and character; detective thrillers or ‘whodunnit’ play (genre) – a detective story in whichthe audience is given the opportunity to engage in the same process of deduction as the protagonist in the investigation of a crime.

Self Quiz: LOOK, COVER, WRITE, CHECK & CORRECT context, plot points and dramatic techniques.



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Year 11 GCSE Drama – Priestley’s ‘An Inspector Calls’

Daldry’s production – You are pretending as a director/ designer that YOU ARE HIM and these are YOUR IDEAS. Do NOT reference him. Set description– naturalistic and symbolic

Analysis Lighting – real lighting and stage lighting Analysis

Doll’s house on stilts. House opens up at front, steps down to stage floor, house tips and falls, furniture breaks, crockery shatters, performed on/ through wreckage.

Cloistered, unrealistic life of Edwardian upper classes. Reality and truth exposed; difficult, unsettling to face responsibility and a need for change; less distinct class and gender boundaries.

Priestley’s lighting stage direction: “The lighting should be pink and intimate until the INSPECTOR arrives and then it should be brighter and harder.” Fresnel lantern with soft pink gel, light from open fire, chandelier, table lamps, candelabra. Series of Fresnel lanterns creating a wash of strong, cold white light.

Cloistered, celebratory, comfortable, warm.

Then harsh, difficult to hear, interrogation, exposing the truth and reality.

Cobblestones, rubble and debris on stage floor.

War time Britain - time written and first performed; the blitz.

Cyclorama projection: clouds moving, weather changing, night and day.

Creates atmosphere (pathetic fallacy) and sense of time passing.

Cyclorama projection: clouds moving, weather changing, night and day.

Creates atmosphere (pathetic fallacy) and sense of time passing.

Contrast between dimly lit, cool white light on stage with warm glow from doll’s house

Contrast in social class, ignorant of harsh reality of life for many in Edwardian Britain.

Telephone box tilted in stall box, street lamps and radio downstage.

All characteristic of 1940s Britain. House lights in auditorium come on for, ‘Millions and millions of Eva Smiths…” speech.

Timeless message about equality and collective responsibility applicable for characters and audience.

Costume description Analysis Props and stage furniture description Analysis

Birling men: t ypical Edwardian dinner dress for men, tail coats, dinner jacket, trousers, waistcoat, pristine white short and white bow tie.

Represents upper social class, wealth, privilege, cloistered, superior and detached.

Inspector’s note book, photograph. Interrogation, control and omniscience.

Birling women: Typical Edwardian long evening gowns, satin, lace, beading, chiffon, burgundy, long white gloves, hair pined up and jewellery (pearls, brooch).

Represents upper social class, wealth, privilege, colourised, superior and detached.

Glasses, cigar. Represents upper class – social status, wealth, privilege.

Inspector Goole: Typical dress of 1940s, beige trench coat, modest 1940s brown suit and trilby.

From the future, generic class, 1940s a time of economic uncertainty after 2 world wars.

Edna: Drab beige & brown, dress of 1940s, apron, scarf in hair.

A unique position, a servant of time but complicit with IG.

Staging and stage space desc. Doll’s house centre stage. Family descend from doll’s house for interrogation. Elements of 1940s downstage.

Self-importance, capitalism Hierarchy, facing reality, foreshadowing future. Moving forward, a need for change, audience in future.

Self Quiz: LOOK, COVER, WRITE, CHECK & CORRECT design description and analysis 1. Can you add another ideas for set; lighting; costume; props and stage furniture; and, staging and stage furniture.



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Stage Type What does it look like? Advantages and disadvantages Proscenium arch

Advantages: Excellent sight lines, excellent staging and set possibilities, traditional form of theatre. Disadvantages: Audience feel removed because of fourth wall, set can be limited to existing structure.

End on

Advantages: Excellent sight lines, more inclusive experience than PA for the audience. Disadvantages: Quite minimal so limits set

Thrust

Advantages: Audience have an immersive and inclusive experience, visually interesting. Disadvantages: sight lines and limited set and staging.

Theatre in the round

Advantages: Audience have an immersive and inclusive experience, visually interesting. Disadvantages: sight lines and limited set and staging.

Traverse

Advantages: Audience have an immersive and inclusive experience, visually interesting, audience can see each other Disadvantages: sight lines mean audience might see two different shows, limited set and staging.

Promenade

Advantages: Audience have an immersive and inclusive experience, locations can complement the work, an alternative theatre experience. Disadvantages: non-linear, fragmented plot, break intension.



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Theatre Lighting

1. Lanterns and lighting states 2. Lighting and lighting angles 3. Colour and effects Fresnel – A common lantern with soft edges. A series of fresnels can evenly cover the stage with light to create a ‘wash’. Coloured gels can be used. Barn doors can be used to focus the light.

Front light Back light

Warm Neutral Cool

Profile – This lantern is long and thin and can be used to create spotlights. A shutter and gate mechanism allow control over the beam of light to sharp or soft edge. Gobos can be used with profile lanterns.

Down light Up light

Coloured lighting gels

Flood – This lantern produces a clear wide-angled light, but there’s little control over the spread of the light. Coloured filters can be used with this lamp.

Side light

Gobos create patterns

Par can produces a strong beam of light that is suitable for creating bold colours on stage. Par cans can be identified by their rounded shape. Coloured filters can be used with this lantern.

Hand held lighting and pendant bulbs hanging in fly space.

Strobes rapidly pulse to create a special effect (for example to make the actors appear like they are moving in slow motion).

Keywords: lantern, lighting states, colour, intensity, soft focus, sharp focus, shadows, series, beam. Self Quiz – LOOK, COVER, WRITE, CHECK, & CORRECT lanterns and lighting states table

1. List the reasons lighting is used in theatre. 2. Reflect on a theatre production you’ve seen. Can you identify the lighting used? What was the reason for this decision? What was the effect

on the audience?



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Power and Conflict Poetry – Knowledge Organiser

Remains by Simon Armitage Exposure by Wilfred Owen Poppies by Jane Weir Themes: Conflict, Suffering, Reality of War Tones: Tragic, Haunting, Anecdotal Themes: Conflict, Suffering, Nature, Reality of War, Patriotism Tones: Tragic, Haunting, Dreamy Themes: Bravery, Reality of War, Suffering, Childhood Tones: Tender, Tragic, Dreamy, Bitter Content, Meaning and Purpose -Written to coincide with a TV documentary about those returning from war with PTSD. Based on Guardsman Tromans, who fought in Iraq in 2003. -Speaker describes shooting a looter dead in Iraq and how it has affected him. -To show the reader that mental suffering can persist long after physical conflict is over.

Context -“These are poems of survivors – the damaged, exhausted men who return from war in body but never, wholly, in mind.” Simon Armitage -Poem coincided with increased awareness of PTSD amongst the military, and aroused sympathy amongst the public – many of whom were opposed to the war.

Content, Meaning and Purpose -Speaker describes war as a battle against the weather and conditions. -Imagery of cold and warm reflect the delusional mind of a man dying from hypothermia. -Owen wanted to draw attention to the suffering, monotony and futility of war.

Context -Written in 1917 before Owen went on to win the Military Cross for bravery, and was then killed in battle in 1918: the poem has authenticity as it is written by an actual soldier. - Of his work, Owen said: “My theme is war and the pity of war”. -Despite highlighting the tragedy of war and mistakes of senior commanders, he had a deep sense of duty: “not loath, we lie out here” shows that he was not bitter about his suffering.

Content, Meaning and Purpose -A modern poem that offers an alternative interpretation of bravery in conflict: it does not focus on a soldier in battle but on the mother who is left behind and must cope with his death. -The narration covers her visit to a war memorial, interspersed with images of the soldier’s childhood and his departure for war.

Context -Set around the time of the Iraq and Afghan wars, but the conflict is deliberately ambiguous to give the poem a timeless relevance to all mothers and families. -There are hints of a critical tone; about how soldiers can become intoxicated by the glamour or the military: “a blockade of yellow bias” and “intoxicated”.

Language -“Remains” - the images and suffering remain. -“Legs it up the road” - colloquial language = authentic voice -“Then he's carted off in the back of a lorry” – reduction of humanity to waste or cattle -“he’s here in my head when I close my eyes / dug in behind enemy lines” – metaphor for a war in his head; the PTSD is entrenched. -“his bloody life in my bloody hands” – alludes to Macbeth: Macbeth the warrior with PTSD and Lady Macbeth’s bloody hands and guilt.

Form and Structure -Monologue, told in the present tense to convey a flashback (a symptom of PTSD). -First four stanzas are set in Iraq; last three are at home, showing the aftermath. -Enjambment between lines and stanzas conveys his conversational tone and gives it a fast pace, especially when conveying the horror of the killing -Repetition of ‘Probably armed, Possibly not” conveys guilt and bitterness.

Language -“Our brains ache” physical (cold) suffering and mental (PTSD or shell shock) suffering. -Semantic field of weather: weather is the enemy. -“the merciless iced east winds that knive us…” – personification (cruel and murderous wind); sibilance (cutting/slicing sound of wind); ellipsis (never-ending). -Repetition of pronouns ‘we’ and ‘our’ – conveys togetherness and collective suffering of soldiers. -‘mad gusts tugging on the wire’ – personification

Form and Structure -Contrast of Cold>Warm>Cold imagery coveys Suffering>Delusions>Death of the hypothermic soldier. -Repetition of “but nothing happens” creates circular structure implying never ending suffering -Rhyme scheme ABBA and hexameter gives the poem structure and emphasises the monotony. -Pararhymes (half rhymes) (“nervous / knife us”) only barely hold the poem together, like the men.

Language -Contrasting semantic fields of home/childhood (“cat hairs”, “play at being Eskimos”, “bedroom”) with war/injury (“blockade”, bandaged”, “reinforcements”) -Aural (sound) imagery: “All my words flattened, rolled, turned into felt” shows pain and inability to speak, and “I listened, hoping to hear your playground voice catching on the wind” shows longing for dead son. -“I was brave, as I walked with you, to the front door”: different perspective of bravery in conflict.

Form and Structure -This is an Elegy, a poem of mourning. -Strong sense of form despite the free verse, stream of consciousness addressing her son directly – poignant -No rhyme scheme makes it melancholic -Enjambment gives it an anecdotal tone. -Nearly half the lines have caesura – she is trying to hold it together, but can’t speak fluently as she is breaking inside. -Rich texture of time shifts, and visual, aural and touch imagery.

Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson Bayonet Charge by Ted Hughes War Photographer Themes: Conflict, Suffering, Reality of War, Patriotism Tones: Energetic, Tragic, Haunting Themes: Conflict, Power, Reality of War, Nature, Bravery, Patriotism Tones: Bewildered, Desperate, Dreamy Themes: Conflict, Suffering, Reality of War Tones: Painful, Detached, Angry Content, Meaning and Purpose - Published six weeks after a disastrous battle against the Russians in the (unpopular) Crimean War -Describes a cavalry charge against Russians who shoot at the lightly-armed British with cannon from three sides of a long valley. -Of the 600 hundred who started the charge, over half were killed, injured or taken prisoner. -It is a celebration of the men’s courage and devotion to their country, symbols of the might of the British Empire.

Context -As Poet Laureate, he had a responsibility to inspire the nation and portray the war in a positive light: propaganda. -Although Tennyson glorifies the soldiers who took part, he also draws attention to the fact that a commander had made a mistake: “Someone had blunder’d”. -This was a controversial point to make in Victorian times when blind devotion to power was expected.

Content, Meaning and Purpose -Describes the terrifying experience of ‘going over the top’: fixing bayonets (long knives) to the end of rifles and leaving a trench to charge directly at the enemy. -Steps inside the body and mind of the speaker to show how this act transforms a soldier from a living thinking person into a dangerous weapon of war. -Hughes dramatises the struggle between a man's thoughts and actions.

Context -Published in 1957, but most-likely set in World War 1. -Hughes’ father had survived the battle of Gallipoli in World War 1, and so he may have wished to draw attention to the hardships of trench warfare. -He draws a contrast between the idealism of patriotism and the reality of fighting and killing. (“King, honour, human dignity, etcetera”)

Content, Meaning and Purpose -Tells the story of a war photographer developing photos at home in England: as a photo develops he begins to remember the horrors of war – painting a contrast to the safety of his dark room. -He appears to be returning to a warzone at the end of the poem. -Duffy conveys both the brutality of war and the indifference of those who might view the photos in newspapers and magazines: those who live in comfort and are unaffected by war.

Context -Like Tennyson and Ted Hughes, Duffy was the Poet Laureate. -Duffy was inspired to write this poem by her friendship with a war photographer. She was intrigued by the challenge faced by these people whose job requires them to record terrible, horrific events without being able to directly help their subjects. -The location is ambiguous and therefore universal: (“Belfast. Beirut. Phnom Penh.”)

Language -“Into the valley of Death”: this Biblical imagery portrays war as a supremely powerful, or even spiritual, experience. -“jaws of Death” and “mouth of Hell”: presents war as an animal that consumes its victims. -“Honour the Light Brigade/Noble six hundred”: language glorifies the soldiers, even in death. The ‘six hundred’ become a celebrated and prestigious group. -“shot and shell”: sibilance creates whooshing sounds of battle.

Form and Structure -This is a ballad, a form of poetry to remember historical events – we should remember their courage. -6 verses, each representing 100 men who took part. -First stanza tightly structured, mirroring the cavalry formation. Structure becomes awkward to reflect the chaos of battle and the fewer men returning alive. -Dactylic dimeter (HALF-a leaugue / DUM-de-de) mirrors the sound of horses galloping and increases the poem’s pace. -Repetition of ‘the six hundred’ at the end of each stanza (epistrophe) emphasises huge loss.

Language “The patriotic tear that brimmed in his eye Sweating like molten iron”: his sense of duty (tear) has now turned into the hot sweat of fear and pain. “cold clockwork of the stars and nations”: the soldiers are part of a cold and uncaring machine of war. “his foot hung like statuary in midstride.”: he is frozen with fear/bewilderment. The caesura (full stop) jolts him back to reality. “a yellow hare that rolled like a flame And crawled in a threshing circle”: impact of war on nature – the hare is distressed, just like the soldiers

Form and Structure -The poem starts ‘in medias res’: in the middle of the action, to convey shock and pace. -Enjambment maintains the momentum of the charge. -Time stands still in the second stanza to convey the soldier’s bewilderment and reflective thoughts. -Contrasts the visual and aural imagery of battle with the internal thoughts of the soldier = adds to the confusion.

Language “All flesh is grass”: Biblical reference that means all human life is temporary – we all die eventually. “He has a job to do”: like a soldier, the photographer has a sense of duty. “running children in a nightmare heat”: emotive imagery with connotations of hell. “blood stained into a foreign dust”: lasting impact of war – links to Remains and ‘blood shadow’. “he earns a living and they do not care”: ‘they’ is ambiguous – it could refer to readers or the wider world.

Form and Structure -Enjambment – reinforces the sense that the world is out of order and confused. -Rhyme reinforces the idea that he is trying to bring order to a chaotic world – to create an understanding. -Contrasts: imagery of rural England and nightmare war zones. -Third stanza: A specific image – and a memory – appears before him.

Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland The Emigree by Carol Rumens Checking Out Me History by John Agard Themes: Conflict, Power, Patriotism, Shame, Nature, Childhood Tones: Sorrowful, Pitiful Themes: Conflict, Power, Identity, Protest, Bravery, Childhood Tones: Mournful, Defiant, Nostalgic Themes: Power, Protest, Identity, Childhood Tones: Defiant, Angry, Rebellious, Cynical Content, Meaning and Purpose -In World War 2, Japanese Kamikaze pilots would fly manned missiles into targets such as ships. -This poem explores a kamikaze pilot’s journey towards battle, his decision to return, and how he is shunned when he returns home. -As he looks down at the sea, the beauty of nature and memories of childhood make him decide to turn back.

Context -Cowardice or surrender was a great shame in wartime Japan. -To surrender meant shame for you and your family, and rejection by society: “he must have wondered which had been the better way to die”.

Content , Meaning and Purpose -‘Emigree’ – a female who is forced to leave their county for political or social reasons. -The speaker describes her memories of a home city that she was forced to flee. The city is now “sick with tyrants”. -Despite the cities problems, her positive memories of the place cannot be extinguished.

Context -Emigree was published in 1993. The home country of the speaker is not revealed – this ambiguity gives the poem a timeless relevance. -Increasingly relevant to many people in current world climate

Content, Meaning and Purpose -Represents the voice of a black man who is frustrated by the Eurocentric history curriculum in the UK – which pays little attention to the black history. -Black history is quoted to emphasise its separateness and to stress its importance.

Context -John Agard was born in the Caribbean in 1949 and moved to the UK in the 1970s. -His poetry challenge racism and prejudice. -This poem may, to some extent, have achieved its purpose: in 2016, a statue was erected in London in honour of Mary Seacole, one of the subjects of the poem.

Language -The Japanese word ‘kamikaze’ means ‘divine wind’ or ‘heavenly wind’, and has its origin in a heaven-sent storm that scattered an invading fleet in 1250. -“dark shoals of fish flashing silver”: image links to a Samurai sword – conveys the conflict between his love for nature/life and his sense of duty. Also has sibilance. - “they treated him as though he no longer existed”: cruel irony – he chose to live but now must live as though he is dead. -“was no longer the father we loved”: the pilot was forever affected by his decision.

Form and Structure -Narrative and speaker is third person, representing the distance between her and her father, and his rejection by society. -The first five stanzas are ordered (whilst he is flying on his set mission). -Only full stop is at the end of Stanza Five: he has made his decision to turn back. -The final two are in italics and have longer line to represent the fallout of his decision: his life has shifted and will no longer be the same. -Direct speech (“My mother never spoke again”) gives the poem a personal tone.

Language -“I left it as a child”: ambiguous meaning – either she left when she was a child or the city was a child (it was vulnerable and she feels a responsibility towards it). -“I am branded by an impression of sunlight”: imagery of light - it will stay with her forever. -Personification of the city: “I comb its hair and love its shining eyes” (she has a maternal love for the city) and “My city takes me dancing” (it is romantic and passionate lover) -“My city hides behind me”: it is vulnerable and – despite the fact that she had to flee – she is strong. -Semantic field of conflict: “Tyrant, tanks, frontiers”

Form and Structure -First person. -The last line of each stanza is the same (epistrophe): “sunlight”: reinforces the overriding positivity of the city and of the poem. -The first two stanzas have lots of enjambment – conveys freedom. The final stanza has lots of full-stops – conveys that fact that she is now trapped.

Language -Imagery of fire and light used in all three stanzas regarding black historic figures: “Toussaint de beacon”, “Fire-woman”, “yellow sunrise”. -Uses non-standard phonetic spelling (“Dem tell me wha dem want”, to represent his own powerful accent and mixes Caribbean Creole dialect with standard English. -“I carving out me identity”: metaphor for the painful struggle to be heard, and to find his identity.

Form -Dramatic monologue, with a dual structure. -Stanzas concerning Eurocentric history (normal font) are interspersed with stanzas on black history (in italics to represent separateness and rebellion). - Black history sections arranged as serious lessons to be learned; traditional history as nursery rhymes, mixed with fairytales (mocking of traditional history). - The lack of punctuation, the stanzas in free verse, the irregular rhyme scheme and the use of Creole could represent the narrator’s rejection of the rules. -Repetition of “Dem tell me”: frustration.



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Ozymandias by Percy Bysshe Shelley My Last Duchess by Robert Browning Tissue by Imtiaz Dharker Themes: Power of Nature, Decay, Pride Tones: Ironic, rebellious Themes: Power, Pride, Control, Jealousy, Status Tones: Sinister, Bitter, Angry Themes: Power of Nature, Control, Identity Tones: Gentle, Flowing, Ethereal Content, Meaning and Purpose -The narrator meets a traveller who tells him about a decayed stature that he saw in a desert. -The statue was of a long forgotten ancient King: the arrogant Ozymandias, ‘king of kings.’ -The poem is ironic and one big metaphor: Human power is only temporary – the statue now lays crumbled in the sand, and even the most powerful human creations cannot resist the power of nature.

Context -Shelley was a poet of the ‘Romantic period’ (late 1700s and early 1800s). Romantic poets were interested in emotion and the power of nature. -Shelley also disliked the concept of a monarchy and the oppression of ordinary people. -He had been inspired by the French revolution – when the French monarchy was overthrown.

Content, Meaning and Purpose -The Duke is showing a visitor around his large art collection and proudly points out a portrait of his last wife, who is now dead. He reveals that he was annoyed by her over-friendly and flirtatious behaviour. -He can finally control her by objectifying her and showing her portrait to visitors when he chooses. - He is now alone as a result of his need for control. -The visitor has come to arrange the Duke’s next marriage, and the Duke’s story is a subtle warning about how he expects his next wife to behave.

Context -Browning was a British poet, and lived in Italy. The poem was published in 1842. -Browning may have been inspired by the story of an Italian Duke (Duke of Ferrara): his wife died in suspicious circumstances and it was rumoured that she had been poisoned.

Content, Meaning and Purpose -Two different meanings of ‘Tissue’ (homonyms) are explored: firstly, the various pieces of paper that control our lives (holy books, maps, grocery receipts); secondly, the tissue of a human body. -The poet explores the paradox that although paper is fragile, temporary and ultimately not important, we allow it to control our lives. -Also, although human life is much more precious, it is also fragile and temporary.

Context -Imtiaz Dharker was born in Pakistan and grew up in Glasgow. ‘Tissue’ is taken from a 2006 collection of poems entitles ‘The Terrorist at My Table’: the collection questions how well we know people around us. -This particular poem also questions how well we understand ourselves and the fragility of humanity.

Language -‘sneer of cold command’: the king was arrogant, this has been recognised by the sculptor, the traveller and then the narrator. -‘Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair.’: ‘Look’ = imperative, stressed syllable highlights commanding tone; ironic – he is telling other ‘mighty’ kings to admire the size of his statue and ‘despair’, however they should really despair because power is only temporary. ‘The lone and level sands stretch far away.’: the desert is vast, lonely, and lasts far longer than a statue.

Form and Structure -A sonnet (14 lines) but with an unconventional structure… the structure is normal until a turning point (a volta) at Line 9 (..these words appear). This reflects how human structures can be destroyed or decay. -The iambic pentameter rhyme scheme is also disrupted or decayed. -First eight lines (the octave) of the sonnet: the statue is described in parts to show its destruction. -Final two lines: the huge and immortal desert is described to emphasise the insignificance of human power and pride.

Language -‘Looking as if she was alive’: sets a sinister tone. -‘Will’t please you sit and look at her?’ rhetorical question to his visitor shows obsession with power. -‘she liked whate’er / She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.’: hints that his wife was a flirt. -‘as if she ranked / My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name / With anybody’s gift’: she was beneath him in status, and yet dared to rebel against his authority. -‘I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together’: euphemism for his wife’s murder. -‘Notice Neptune, though / Taming a sea-horse’: he points out another painting, also about control.

Form and Structure -Dramatic Monologue, in iambic pentameter. -It is a speech, pretending to be a conversation – he doesn’t allow the other person to speak! -Enjambment: rambling tone, he’s getting carried away with his anger. He is a little unstable. -Heavy use of caesura (commas and dashes): stuttering effect shows his frustration and anger: ‘She thanked men, – good! but thanked / Somehow – I know not how’ -Dramatic Irony: the reader can read between the lines and see that the Duke’s comments have a much more sinister undertone.

Language -Semantic field of light: (‘Paper that lets light shine through’, ‘The sun shines through their borderlines’, ‘let the daylight break through capitals and monoliths’) emphasises that light is central to life, a positive and powerful force that can break through ‘tissue’ and even monoliths (stone statues). -‘pages smoothed and stroked and turned’: gentle verbs convey how important documents such as the Koran are treated with respect. -‘Fine slips […] might fly our lives like paper kites’: this simile suggests that we allow ourselves to be controlled by paper.

Form and Structure -The short stanzas create many layers, which is a key theme of the poem (layers of paper and the creation of human life through layers) -The lack of rhythm or rhyme creates an effect of freedom and openness. -All stanzas have four lines, except the final stanza which has one line (‘turned into your skin’): this line focuses on humans, and addresses the reader directly to remind us that we are all fragile and temporary. -Enjambment between lines and stanzas creates an effect of freedom and flowing movement.

Extract from The Prelude: Stealing the Boat by William Wordsworth Storm on the Island by Seamus Heaney London by William Blake Themes: Power of Nature, Fear, Childhood Tones: Confident > Dark / Fearful > Reflective Themes: Power of Nature, Fear Tones: Dark, Violent, Anecdotal Themes: Power, Inequality, Loss, Anger Tones: Angry, Dark, Rebellious Content, Meaning and Purpose -The story of a boy’s love of nature and a night-time adventure in a rowing boat that instils a deeper and fearful respect for the power of nature. -At first, the boy is calm and confident, but the sight of a huge mountain that comes into view scares the boy and he flees back to the shore. -He is now in awe of the mountain and now fearful of the power of nature which are described as ‘huge and mighty forms, that do not live like living men.’ -We should respect nature and not take it for granted.

Context -Published shortly after his death, The Prelude was a very long poem (14 books) that told the story of William Wordsworth’s life. -This extract is the first part of a book entitled ‘Introduction – Childhood and School-Time’. -Like Percy Shelley, Wordsworth was a romantic poet and so his poetry explores themes of nature, human emotion and how humans are shaped by their interaction with nature.

Content, Meaning and Purpose -The narrator describes how a rural island community prepared for a coming storm, and how they were confident in their preparations. -When the storm hits, they are shocked by its power: its violent sights and sounds are described, using the metaphor of war. -The final line of the poem reveals their fear of nature’s power

Context -Seamus Heaney was Northern Irish, he died in 2013. -This poem was published in 1966 at the start of ‘The Troubles’ in Northern Ireland: a period of deep unrest and violence between those who wanted to remain part of the UK and those who wanted to become part of Ireland. -The first eight letters of the title spell ‘Stormont’: this is the name of Northern Ireland’s parliament. The poem might be a metaphor for the political storm that was building in the country at the time.

Content, Meaning and Purpose -The narrator is describing a walk around London and how he is saddened by the sights and sounds of poverty. -The poem also addresses the loss of innocence and the determinism of inequality: how new-born infants are born into poverty. -The poem uses rhetoric (persuasive techniques) to convince the reader that the people in power (landowners, Church, Government) are to blame for this inequality.

Context -The poem was published in 1794, and time of great poverty is many parts of London. -William Blake was an English poet and artist. Much of his work was influenced by his radical political views: he believed in social and racial equality. -This poem is part of the ‘Songs of Experience’ collection, which focuses on how innocence is lost and society is corrupt. -He also questioned the teachings of the Church and the decisions of Government.

Language -‘One summer evening (led by her)’: ‘her’ might be nature personified – this shows his love for nature. -‘an act of stealth / And troubled pleasure’: confident, but the oxymoron suggests he knows it’s wrong; forebodes the troubling events that follow. -‘nothing but the stars and grey sky’: emptiness of sky. -‘the horizon’s bound, a huge peak, black and huge’: the image of the mountain is more shocking (contrast). -‘Upreared its head’ and ‘measured motion like a living thing’: the mountain is personified as a powerful beast, but calm – contrasts with his own inferior panic. -‘There hung a darkness’: lasting effects of mountain.

Form and Structure -First person narrative – creates a sense that it is a personal poem. -The regular rhythm and enjambment add to the effect of natural speech and a personal voice. -The extract can be split into three sections, each with a different tone to reflect his shifting mood: Lines 1-20: (rowing) carefree and confident Lines 21-31: (the mountain appears) dark and fearful Lines 32-44: (following days) reflective and troubled -Contrasts in tone: ‘lustily I dipped my oars into the silent lake’ versus ‘I struck and struck again’ and ‘with trembling oars I turned’.

Language -‘Nor are there trees which might prove company’: the island is a lonely, barren place. -Violent verbs are used to describe the storm: ‘pummels’, ‘exploding’, ‘spits’. -Semantic field of war: ‘Exploding comfortably’ (also an oxymoron to contrast fear/safety); ‘wind dives and strafes invisibly’ (the wind is a fighter plane); ‘We are bombarded by the empty air’ (under ceaseless attack). -This also reinforces the metaphor of war / troubles. -‘spits like a tame cat turned savage’: simile compares the nature to an animal that has turned on its owner.

Form and Structure -Written in blank verse and with lots of enjambment: this creates a conversational and anecdotal tone. -‘We’ (first person plural) creates a sense of community, and ‘You’ (direct address) makes the reader feel immersed in the experience. -The poem can split into three sections: Confidence: ‘We are prepared:’ (ironic) The violence of the storm: ‘It pummels your house’ Fear: ‘it is a huge nothing that we fear.’ -There is a turning point (a volta) in Line 14: ‘But no:’. This monosyllabic phrase, and the caesura, reflects the final calm before the storm.

Language -Sensory language creates an immersive effect: visual imagery (‘Marks of weakness, marks of woe’) and aural imagery (‘cry of every man’) -‘mind-forged manacles’: they are trapped in poverty. -Rhetorical devices to persuade: repetition (‘In every..’); emotive language (‘infant’s cry of fear’). -Criticises the powerful: ‘each chartered street’ – everything is owned by the rich; ‘Every black’ning church appals’ - the church is corrupt; ‘the hapless soldier’s sigh / Runs in blood down palace walls’ – soldier’s suffer and die due to the decisions of those in power, who themselves live in palaces.

Form and Structure -A dramatic monologue, there is a first-person narrator (‘I) who speaks passionately about what he sees. -Simple ABAB rhyme scheme: reflects the unrelenting misery of the city, and perhaps the rhythm of his feet as he trudges around the city. -First two stanzas focus on people; third stanza focuses on the institutions he holds responsible; fourth stanza returns to the people – they are the central focus.

Key themes and connections: poems that you might choose to compare Language for comparison Assessment Objectives Poetic Techniques

When poems have similarities Similarly, … Both poems convey / address… Both poets explore / present… This idea is also explored in… In a similar way, … Likewise, … When poems have differences Although… Whereas… Whilst… In contrast, … Conversely, … On the other hand, … On the contrary, … Unlike…

Ensure that your answer covers all of these areas: AO1 Write a response related to the key word in

the question. Use comparative language to explore both

poems. Use a range of evidence to support your

response and to show the meaning of the poems.

AO2 Comment on the effect of the language in

your evidence, including individual words. Identify any use of poetic techniques and

explain their effects. AO3 What might the poet’s intentions have been

when they wrote the poem? Comment on the historical context – when

was the poem published and what impact might it have had then, and today?

LANGUAGE Metaphor – comparing one thing to another Simile – comparing two things with ‘like’ or ‘as’ Personification – giving human qualities to the non-human Imagery – language that makes us imagine a sight (visual), sound (aural), touch (tactile), smell or taste. Tone – the mood or feeling created in a poem. Pathetic Fallacy – giving emotion to weather in order to create a mood within a text. Irony – language that says one thing but implies the opposite eg. sarcasm. Colloquial Language – informal language, usually creates a conversational tone or authentic voice. Onomatopoeia – language that sounds like its meaning. Alliteration – words that are close together start with the same letter or sound. Sibilance – the repetition of s or sh sounds. Assonance – the repetition of similar vowel sounds Consonance – repetition of consonant sounds. Plosives – short burst of sound: t, k, p, d, g, or b sound.

STRUCTURE Stanza – a group of lines in a poem. Repetition – repeated words or phrases Enjambment – a sentence or phrase that runs onto the next line. Caesura – using punctuation to create pauses or stops. Contrast – opposite concepts/feelings in a poem. Juxtaposition – contrasting things placed side by side. Oxymoron – a phrase that contradicts itself. Anaphora – when the first word of a stanza is the same across different stanzas. Epistrophe – when the final word of a stanza is the same across different stanzas. Volta – a turning point in a poem.

FORM Speaker – the narrator, or person in the poem. Free verse – poetry that doesn’t rhyme. Blank verse – poem in iambic pentameter, but with no rhyme. Sonnet – poem of 14 lines with clear rhyme scheme. Rhyming couplet – a pair of rhyming lines next to each other. Meter – arrangement of stressed/unstressed syllables. Monologue – one person speaking for a long time.



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What are the symptoms of food Allergy?Symptoms of a food allergy can affect different areas of the body at the same time. Some common symptoms include:an itchy sensation inside the mouth, throat or earsa raised itchy red rash (urticaria, or "hives")swelling of the face, around the eyes, lips, tongue and roof of the mouth (angioedema)VomitingFood allergies are when the body’s immune system reacts unusually to specific foodsAnaphylaxisIn the most serious cases, a person has a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), which can be life threatening.breathing difficulties, light headedness, and feeling like they're going to faint or lose consciousness – call 999.Ask for an ambulance and tell the operator you think the person has anaphylaxis or "anaphylactic shock".

What are the symptoms of food intolerance?In general, people who have a food intolerance tend to experience:tummy pain, bloating, wind and/or diarrhoeaor skin rashes and itchingThese symptoms usually come on a few hours after eating the food.It can be difficult to know for sure whether you have a food intolerance as these are very general symptoms, typical of many other conditions too.Food intolerances are more common than allergies and are not caused by the immune system but often limited to the digestive system

Foods containing gluten, present in wheat, barley and ryeCrustaceansEggsFishPeanutsSoybeansMilkNutsCeleryMustardSesame seedsSulphur dioxideLupinMolluscs

Sources SymptomsClostridium botulinum;

Fish and meat. Dust, soil and vegetables. Inadequately processed canned meat, vegetables and fish (faulty canning).

Onset 12-36 hours. Voice change, double vision, drooping eyelids, severe constipation. Death within a week or a slow recovery over months

Clostridium perfringens;

Animal and human waste. Dust, soil and vegetables. Raw meat. Insects.

Onset 12-18 hours. Abdominal pain, diarrhoea and nausea. This usually lasts 12 – 48 hours.

E Coli 0157; Raw and undercooked meat and poultry. Unwashed vegetables. Contaminated water.

Onset usually 3-4 days. Diarrhoea, which may contain blood, can lead to kidney failure or death.

Salmonella; Raw meat, poultry and eggs. Flies, people, sewage and contaminated water.

Onset 6-48 hours. Headache, general aching of limbs, abdominal pain and diarrhoea, vomiting and fever. This usually lasts 1 – 7 days, and rarely is fatal.

Staphylococcus aureus;

Humans: nose, mouth and skin. Untreated milk. Onset 1 – 6 hours. Severe vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness and lower than normal temperature. This usually lasts 6 – 24 hours.

Bacillus cereus. Rice and cereals. Dust, soil and vegetables.

Ranges nausea and vomiting and abdominal cramps and has an incubation period of 1 to 6 hours . This usually lasts less than 24 hours after onset.

Campylobacter Raw and undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water.

Onset 2 – 5 days (can be longer). Fever, headache and dizziness for a few hours, followed by abdominal pain. This usually lasts 2 – 7 days and can recur over a number of weeks.

the most common foods linked to food Allergies Different food poisoning sources and symptoms

Food allergies, intolerances and poisoning

Lactose intolerance- This means your bodycan't digest lactose, a sugar found in milk, yoghurts and soft cheeses.Wheat intolerance- trouble digesting wheatand experience bloating, wind, diarrhoeaand vomiting Gluten intolerance-an adverse reaction to gluten, a dietary protein found in three types of cereal-wheat,, barley, rye

the most common food groups linked to intolerances

Level 1/2 Hospitality & CateringTerm 2/ Cycle 2



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Health and safety responsibilities of employers and employees for personal safety

Workplace injuries are common and all businesses must ensure that they minimise health and safety risks for their workers and customers.The HSE is the Health and Safety Executive is the government department that regulates and enforces H&S in the workplace.

Health and safety at work act. HASAWA

What an employer must do by law What you as an employee must doProtect the H&S and welfare of their employees and other people eg customers Take reasonable care of the health and safety of yourself and other people who might be affected

by what you do or do not do.

Assess and control the risks that could cause injury or health problems in the work place Work in co-operation with your employer on H&S issues.

Give information to employees about risks in the workplace Follow instructions from your employer.

Train employees to deal with risks. Attend H&S training sessions.

Tell employees how they are protected against these risks Do not misuse equipment that is provided for the safety of you and other people

Report any safety or health hazards and problems with equipment to your employer

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations RIDDOR

What an employer must do by law What you as an employee must doThe employer or who ever is in charge of work premises must report serious work place accidents, diseases and certain dangerous incidents (near misses) to the HSE or other H&S organisation.

If you see or are concerned about a H&S issue, first tell the person in charge, your employer or your union rep.

Employers must keep a record of any injury ( particularly one that lasts more than three days) disease or dangerous incident.

If nothing is done about it, you can report your concern to the HSE

If you are injured at work, they should be an accident book in which to record your injury.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations COSHH

What an employer must do by law What you as an employee must doPrevent or reduce employees exposure to things and substances that are hazardous to their health.

Attend training sessions

These things and substances include Carefully follow instructions for using substances

Cleaning chemicalsFumes eg from machinery, cooking vehiclesDusts and powders eg icing sugar, flour, ground nutsVapours eg cleaning chemicals, machinery, pest control chemicalsGases from cookersBiological agents eg pests and their waste product, moulds, bacteriaSome of these substances can cause short or long term illness such s cancer, asthmaSkin problems, liver damage

Make sure you learn the international symbols that are used to identify different types of substances and how they can harm people.

Explosive

Oxidising

Flammable

CautionLess serious

hazards

Dangerous to the environment

Corrosive

Gas underpressure

Long termHealth issue

Toxic




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How technology contributes to the success of Hospitality and catering providersTechnological developments are happening all the time and it is important to understand how they can be used to improve the industry.

ICT could mean the need to upgrade or replace systems

Social media may be used for customers to provide feedback and suggestions for

development. Used for advertising and promotion.

Kitchen technologyEquipment, food storage and Packing. Food service hygieneand food safety

Food technology eg preservationTechniques, flavouring, ingredientsReady made food, food deliveries by drone

Emerging and innovative cooking techniquesIn the kitchen Innovative production techniques are constantly being developed using technology

Food pairing – using a programme thatTells us the aroma profile of specific ingredientsthen we are able to match foods that share keyAromas so are likely to go well together

That's how Food pairing confirms the traditional pairings we know, while also revealing non-traditional and surprising combinations

Fermented FoodsFermentation is an anaerobic process in which microorganisms like yeast and bacteria break down food components (e.g. sugars such as glucose) into other products (e.g. organic acids, gases or alcohol). This gives fermented foods their unique and desirable taste, aroma, texture and appearance and also some health benefits by producing healthy bacteria and probiotics.

Infra-red technology- using rapid cooking times to reduce energy consumption

Insect food – cooking edible insects such as crickets, grasshoppers and larvae

Stock ControlAll materials, ingredients and equipment that are used in a catering kitchen are collectively known as stock. A stock controller is responsible for working alongside the kitchen, cleaning, maintenance and housekeeping departments to ensure all stock needs are met. Stock control has been made muck easier with technology enabling accurate databases that can be regularly updated.

Stock Controller duties Reasons

Order ingredients, materials and equipment sourcing quality and value for money

To be as profitable as possible

Keep list of current prices of all stock So each department knows how much it will need to spend

Store all foods correctly So food remains safe to eat. To make sure foods are used in rotation – First in First out FIFO

Keep all stock tidy and well organised.Keep pest control procedures in place

To make it easy to find items and ensure non are damaged or interfered with by pests.

Stock Controller duties Reasons

Keep detailed list of stock-Stock Ledger To avoid over or under ordering

Use BIN cards on individual items showing how much received how much used when and by who and how much is left

To help stock control. Technology has introduced bar codes that make this much more efficient

Check orders and keep invoices organised To check correct items have been ordered and delivered and to track accounts

Make sure there is always enough or too much stock

So that no stock is over ordered or runs out

Prepare and send out orders on time To aide the smooth running of the departments




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Conflict in the Middle East 1945-95 Topic 3: Attempts at a solution 1974-95

Key event Historical Knowledge

Oil Crisis1973

Arab nations used oil as an economic ‘weapon’ to put

pressure on the USA who was depended on them for oil. In

Oct 1973 they places a trade embargo on the USA refusing

to sell it any oil. This led to shortages around the world and

the price quadrupled. The USA then put pressure on Israel to

withdraw from Egypt and Syria and agree to a ceasefire to

end the Yom Kippur War.

Kissinger’s ‘shuttle diplomacy’1974

Kissinger was US Secretary of State and played a major role

in improving relations between Israel and Egypt/Syria.

Because the countries refused to talk directly, Kissinger

travelled back and forth to negotiate. Egypt and Israel

agreed to withdraw troops from the Suez Canal and Syria

and Israel agreed to a demilitarised zone in the Golan

Heights. However they continued to refuse to acknowledge

Israel’s right to exist an Rabin would not withdraw troops of

Sinai or the Golan Heights

Arafat makes a speech to the UN1974

In 1974 the Arab League formally recognised the PLO as the

sole representative of the Palestinians. Arafat was invited to

speak at the UN and gave a powerful speech in which he

declared he wanted peace and justice for Palestinians. The

UN have the PLO ‘observer status’ which meant they could

be part of UN discussions about Palestine.


Civil War Lebanon1975-6

The PLO leadership which was based in Lebanon posed a serious challenge to

the Lebanese government and their presence upset the balance of religious

groups. By 1975 a Civil War broke out between Christians and Muslims until

the UN called a cease-fire in 1981

The Camp David agreement 1978



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Israel invades Lebanon, 1982

Israel was worried by the PLO’s increasing power and so found a

reason to invade Lebanon and with brutal force, drove the PLO

out. Their brutality spark international criticism and it also led to

the creation if a new enemy for Israel - Hezbollah

The Intifada starts, 1987


Arafat’s speech denouncing terrorism, 1988

Arafat announced that the PLO would recognise the state of

Israel, now believed there should be a two state solution. This

led to the USA agreeing to start negotiations with the PLO.

However Israel rejected the proposal and refused to negotiate.

Raids and attacks on Israel by Palestinians continued.

Gulf War, 1991



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The end of the Cold War, 1989



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Conflict in the Middle East 1945-95 Topic 1: The Birth of the State of Israel 1945-63

Key events Historical knowledge

Britain is given the Mandate to rule Palestine, 1923

The League of Nations was an international organization founded in 1919 with the goal of preventing war and promoting peace between nations. The League of Nations formally gave Britain the mandate to rule over Palestine. In return Britain had to protect the rights of Palestinian Arabs, establish a homeland for the Jews and prepare the country for independence.

Holocaust camps liberated, 1945

Six million Jewish men, women and children had been murdered in Europe under Nazi control. Survivors spoke of the appalling brutalities they had suffered- hard labour, starvation, torture, humiliation, beatings and medical experiments. Many had lost their entire families and their homes. There was no reason to stay in Europe and many wanted a new beginning, in a state of their own- Palestine. This in increased sympathy for the Zionist cause

Bombing of King David Hotel by the Irgun, 1946

The King David Hotel in Jerusalem contained the headquarters of both the Mandate administration and the British army. On 22 nd July, 1946, a lorry drove up to the tradesmen’s entrance of the hotel, Irgun, disguised as Arabs entered the premises with milk churns which contained explosives. The blast destroyed 91 people including 41 Arabs, 28 Britons and 17 Jews. This caused outrage, the Haganah publicly condemned the Irgun and the British announced a high state of alert. Palestinian Jews were subject to random searches, military curfews and mass arrests. The Mandate became more expensive to run and it was hard to justify the expenditure especially when Britain was recovering from the second world war. British troops were also demoralised.

SS Exodus incident, July 1947

SS Exodus carrying 4500 Holocaust survivors is turned away from Palestine.This was highly successful for the Zionist cause- every time a ship containing smuggled Jews from Europe was away by the blockade created by the Royal Navy or put refugees into camps in Syria Britain’s reputation was damaged and an there was an increase in international sympathy for the Jews and the need to create a Jewish state.

UN Resolution 181, September 1947

This passed the UN partition plan which recommended the partition of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish stars. The two new states would have the same currency, and the transport and communication services would all be run for the common good. Jerusalem and Bethlehem would be under international control. The British government thought the plan was unjust and would lead to war. They did not stay to implement the plan. The Arabs completely rejected the plan, they argued the UN had no right to take away their land. It was also argued to be unjust, it awarded over half of Palestine to the proposed Jewish state despite the fact the Jews only formed half the population . The Jews had also been given the most fertile parts of Palestine. Most Jews accepted reluctantly. They had wanted Jerusalem to be their capital but it was deep within Arab territory. Over 400,000 Arabs would be living on Jewish land- Arabs would end up owning 80% of this. In the UN vote, 33 states vs 13 voted for partition mainly because the European states followed the lead of the USA who they were financially dependent on.

Civil War in Palestine, 1947-8,

In 1947, Britain announced that they would withdraw from Palestine on 15 May 1948. For the next five months, Britain stepped aside as Palestine descended into chaos. 12 days after the vote, Arab attacks on Jews left 79 dead and Jewish retaliation led to 100,00 Palestinians leaving the country by Feb 1948 to escape the violence.

April, Deir Yassin, 1948,

Deir Yassin was a quiet Arab village on a high hill next to a road to Jerusalem. It had signed an agreement not to fight its Jewish neighbours. On April 9 1948, Irgun and Lehi fighters massacred over 100 of its inhabitants including women and children. Menachem justified this as he argued that Arab fighters were using Deir Yassin as a base. Arab radio stations broadcast the event hoping to encourage Arab retaliation and Arab forces responded by ambushing a convoy of Jewish doctors and nursing killing 70. However, it also caused unintended panic and many Palestinians abandoned their villages and fled to Arab controlled territory.

Arab Israeli War, 1948-49,

On 15 May (day after Israel was proclaimed a state by Ben Gurion), Israel was invaded by the armies of five Arab states- Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon and Iraq. The Arab forces were strong and Israel struggled for survival. On 11 June, the UN intervened and a month’s truce was arranged. This gave the Israeli’s time to prepare, they broke the truce and used money from US Zionist supporters to buy weapons from Czechoslovakia. Before the truce ended, Jewish troops occupied key Arab towns and expelled their populations. A second truce was arranged by the UN which Israel broke again and they were able to gain more land before an eventual peace agreement. Israel captured Galilee from Lebanon and retook the Negev desert pushing the Egyptians back to Sinai.



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Nasser takes control of Government in Egypt, 1948-49,

Egypt’s defeat in the 1948-49 Arab-Israeli war led to the demise of King Farouk. In 1954, Nasser, an ex-army officer, took over the government. He wanted Egypt free from British “occupation”, prosperity and pride for Egypt. Under his early leadership, the British agreed its troops would be removed from the Suez Canal, land was redistributed among poorer Egyptians and he aimed to dam the River Nile at Aswan in order to control the Nile’s annual floods, provide hydroelectric power and provide water for irrigation. Nasser was seen as the leader of Arab nationalism. As a result, the US refused to sell weapons to Egypt as they feared they would be used on Israel.

Israeli attacks on Gaza leading to increased tensions,1955

The IDF (Israeli Defence League) launched a raid on the Egyptian headquarters in Gaza, killing 39 soldiers. The Egyptian public demanded revenge and Nasser needed to act if he was to keep his image as the strongest leader of the Arab world. He negotiated a secret deal with Czechoslovakia, a Soviet ally. In return for $300 million of Egyptian cotton, Egypt rearmed with massive soviet fire power- 100 self propelled guns, 200 armoured personnel carriers, 300 tanks, 200 MIG-5 fighters and 50 bombers. In August 1955, Fedayeen ( Palestinian freedom fighters) killed 11 Israeli’s, Israel retaliated on Gazi, killing 72 Palestinians. In response, Nasser publicised the Czechoslovakian arms deal, imposed a blockade on all trade through the straits of Tiran. Although this impressed the Arab world the plan backfired as Israel decided war against Israel was now inevitable and attacked Egyptians in Gaza and the West were shocked that Nasser was buying large quantities of weapons from the Soviet Union. In October 1955, Britain and the USA offered Egypt a loan of $270 million for the Aswan High Dam project but later withdrew the offer. This caused Nasser to nationalise the canal. He said he would compensate the Canal’s shareholders and use money from the tolls to fund the Aswan High Dam. Britain and France believed this to be illegal action and a major threat to their own trading positions in the Middle East. Britain, France and Israel were now united in their anger against Israel and agreed to work together.

Sevres agreement, October 1956

In secret, Ben Gurion and the leader of the IDF, Moshe Dayan flew to France to meet with French and British ministers. The plan was that Israel would attack Egypt, Britain and France would then attack Egypt while pretending to keep the peace. If successful, Israel’s security and ability to trade would be assured and Britain and France would regain control of the Suez Canal. All three hoped to overthrow Nasser.

Suez Crisis, 1956

The Israelis struck first on October 29, 1956. Two days later, British and French military forces joined them



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Conflict in the Middle East 1945-95 Topic 2: The Escalating Conflict 1964-1973

Key Event Historical knowledge

The Cairo conference, 1964

Nasser held a conference in Cairo and all the leaders of all Arab Nations attended. The consequences were significant: The PLO and PLA was created;

confirmed Nasser as the leader of the Arab League; and led to the Headwater Diversion Plan.

Israel’s raid on Samu, 1966

Fatah was suspected of attacking a landmine on the Israel-Jordan border which led to Eshkol invading the village of Samy in the West Bank which put

pressure on Nasser to attack Israel

The dogfight between Israel and Syria, 1967

Following Syrian guns fired on an Israeli tractor in a demilitarised zone near the Golan Heights, the Israeli air force attacked Syrian villages leading the

Syrian air force to retaliate. Syria lost 6 planes and relations became worse

Six Day War begins, 1967, 5 June



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UN Resolution 242, 1967

PFLP Plane Hijacks- Dawson’s Field, 1970

PFLP hijacked four international airplanes. Most passengers were released except for 56 Jews who were held as hostage in return for PFLP prisoners held

in various countries.

PLO expelled from Jordan, 1970

10 days that followed the plane hijacking is known as Black September. Jordanian troops attacked PLO, killing 2000 and expressing them from Jordan.

Most went to Lebanon and the new headquarters was in Beirut

Black September, 1970 A new Palestinian extremist group emerged calling itself Black September conducted a terrorist attack at the Munich Olympics. 9 Israeli athletes were

held hostage in return for the release of 234 Palestinian prisoners. All 9 and 5 terrorists were killed.

Nasser dies, 1970 Anwar Sadat becomes leader of Egypt, his main aim was the rebuild and strengthen the Egyptian economy The Yom Kippur War, 1973



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Year 10 - The Maths Knowledge – Summer 2A: Angle Facts

Angles on a straight line add up to 180o

Angles around a point add to 360o

Vertically opposite angles are equal

Angles in a triangle add up to 180o

Angles in a quadrilateral add up to 360o

Base angles in an isosceles triangle are equal

Corresponding angles are equal

Alternate angles are equal

Co-interior angles add up to 180o

C: Trigonometry

HypotenuseThe longest side opposite the right angle

Opposite The side opposite the given angle

AdjacentThe side between the angle and the right angle

Function Formula Triangle Equation

Sin Sin θ = opposite . hypotenuse

Cos Cos θ = adjacent . hypotenuse

Tan Tan θ = opposite adjacent

B: Transformations

Rotation AngleDirectionCentre of rotation

Reflection Line of symmetry

Translation Vector

Enlargement Scale factorCentre of enlargement

D: Equation of a straight line

Equation y = mx + c

Gradient m

y-intercept c

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1, y

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2, y

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Parallel lines… …have the same gradient

Midpoint

F: Circles

radius

diameter

circumference

chord

tangent

sector

arc

Maths Knowledge Organiser Year 11 (FOUNDATION) Cycle 2

E: Angles in polygons

Sum of interior angles (n - 2) x 180

One interior angle (n - 2) x 180 2

One exterior angle 360n

Interior + exterior angle 180

G: Index Laws

am x an am + n

am ÷ an am - n

(am)n amn

a-n 1 . an

a1/n

H: Number

Square Numbers

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, …

Cube Numbers

1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000…

Prime Numbers

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, …

Fibonacci 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, …

I: Averages and range

Mean Add up all the numbers and divide by the number of numbers

Median Put the numbers in order and find the middle number

Mode The most common number

Range Biggest number – smallest number



MA

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OU

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N: y = x, y = c and x = c

y = x(x, y)

(-2, -2)(0, 0)(3, 3)

x = 2(2, -1)(2, 0)(2, 3)

y = -x(y, -x) (2, -2)(1, -1)(-3, 3)

y = -1(-2, -1)(0, -1)(3, -1)

P: Area

Rectangle

Parallelogram

Triangle

Trapezium

M: Recognising Graphs

O: Conversionskm → m × 1000

km2 → m2 × 10002

km3 → m3 × 10003

m → cm × 100

m2 → cm2 × 1002

m3 → cm3 × 1003

cm → mm × 10

cm2 → mm2 × 102

cm3 → mm3 × 103

1 litre = ____ ml 1 l = 1 000 ml

1 litre = ____ cm3 1 l = 1 000 cm3

1 tonne = ____ kg 1 t = 1 000 kg

1 kilogram = ____ g 1 kg = 1 000 g

1 gram = ____ mg 1 g = 1 000 mg

L: Pythagoras

. a2 + b2 = c2

K: Compound measures

P: Volumes

Cuboid l x w x h

Prism area of cross-section x length

Cylinder πr2h

Pyramid area of base x height

M: Circles and sectors

Diameter radius x 2

Area of a circle πr2

Circumference πd

Area of a sector

Arc length

J: Fractions, Decimals and Percentages



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A: Functionsf-1(x) Inverse function

“Change the Subject”

f(g(x)) Composite Function“Substitute”

B: Further Trigonometry

D: Trigonometry Graphs

Sin graph

Cos graph

Tan graph

C: Quadratics

I: Quadratic Sequences (Set 1/2)

nth term an2 + bn + c

2nd difference

2a

2nd term – 1st term

3a+b

1st term a+b+c

E: Exact Values

F: Graph Transformations

G: Quadratic Inequalities(Set 1/2)

ax2 + bx + c < 0,

a positive

ax2 + bx + c > 0,

a positive

ax2 + bx + c < 0,

a negative

ax2 + bx + c > 0,

a negative

y < f(x) Points below y = f(x)

y > f(x) Points above y = f(x)

< or > Dotted line

≤ or ≥ Solid line

H: Proof (Set 1/2)

Even Number 2n

Odd Number 2n +1

Consecutive

Numbers

n, n+1, n+2

Consecutive

even numbers

2n, 2n+2,

2n+4

Consecutive

odd numbers

2n+1, 2n+3,

2n+5

Two different

odd numbers

2n+1 and

2m+1

Last Maths Knowledge Organiser!

Maths Knowledge Organiser Year 11 (HIGHER) Cycle 2



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Melody – Knowledge OrganiserPitch

How high or low a note is

Interval

The distance between any two notes.

Motif

A fragment of a melody.

Range

The difference between the lowest and highest notes

Phrase Hook/riff

A longer melodic idea. Musical “sentences” are constructed from phrases. A memorable repeated melodic idea designed to catch the ear of the listener.

Melodic movement

Steps – movement between notes that are next to each other in the scaleSkips – movement equal to two steps. You “skip” over a note in the scaleLeaps – `any movement that is larger than a skipScalic – when a section of a melody moves along using notes in scale orderChromatic – movement using steps including notes that are not in the keyPassing note – notes which link chord tones

Scale/modeA group of notes which a melody is based one.g. major, minor, blues, chromatic, dorian

Countermelody Compositional devices

Repetition – repeat a melodic ideaSequence – repeat a melodic idea but starting on a different noteImitation – repeat a melodic idea in another instrument Variation – change the melodic idea slightly Ostinato – constant repetition of a melodic idea Inversion – turn the melodic idea upside downRetrograde – play the melodic idea backwards

Perfect 5th

Main melody

Countermelody



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Articulation – Knowledge OrganiserARTICULATION means how you play or sing a note. It is an important part of performing music EXPRESSIVELY.

Staccato

Performed short and briefly. Notes sound detached from each other.

Accent

Emphasise a note so that it sounds louder than others.

Legato

Perform the notes smoothly. Notes sound connected to each other.A smooth articulation between two notes is called a SLUR.

Orchestral Strings Other Articulations

Pizzicato

A memorable repeated melodic idea designed to catch the ear of the

listener.

Arco TremoloVibrato – a slight “wobbling” of the pitch of a note for expression. An important vocal technique as well as for instruments.

Tonguing – the technique used by brass and wind players. Faster rhythms often require the technique of double or triple tonguing.

Bend – guitarists can use their fingers to bend the string from one note to another. Brass and wind players can also do this with different mouth shape and air pressure.

Sforzando Slides

Glissando – a dramatic slide between a wide range of notes. For example, running the fingers along the strings of a harp.

Portamento – a smooth slide between two notes. Used frequently by singers.

Perform the notesby plucking

them with the fingers.

Perform the notes by using the bow.

Continuously play thenote with the bow rapidly to producea trembling effect.

A sforzando is a type of accent. The note should be played with a sudden, strong

emphasis.



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Dynamics – Knowledge OrganiserDYNAMICS refer to how loud or soft music is played. It is an important part of performing music EXPRESSIVELY.

Fortissimo

Forte

Mezzo-‐forte

Mezzo-‐piano

Piano

Pianissimo

Crescendo Diminuendo

VERY LOUD

LOUD

Fairly Loud

Fairly Soft

Soft

Very Soft

Gradually getting louder Gradually getting softer

On a musical score the dynamic markings are always placed UNDERNEATH the stave.

Sometimes composers place extreme dynamic markings on

a score to express that they want the music to be played as

loud or as soft as is humanly possible!



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Texture – Knowledge OrganiserTEXTURE is what we call the different layers and parts of a musical piece and how they fit together.

Monophonic

A single melodic voice or instrument

Counterpoint

Unison

When two or more voices or instruments sing/play exactly the same thing at the same time

Polyphonic

Different musical lines that interweave with each other

Melody and accompaniment

Homophonic

A texture based on chords

Parallel Motion

Examples of THIN texture Examples of THICK texture Contrary motion

Solo instrumentAcoustic guitar and vocal

Piano and cello

An orchestraA rock band

A samba ensemble

Two or more different melodies playing

together.

Notes moving in the same direction keeping

the same interval .

Notes moving in opposite directions; one up, the

other down.



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Structure and Form – Knowledge OrganiserSTRUCTURE -‐ the different sections of a piece or music and how they are ordered.

Typical Pop Song Structure

Intro – Verse 1 – Verse 2 – Chorus – Verse 3 – Middle 8/Bridge – Verse 4 – Chorus – Outro Intro Binary Form

Music that has two sections.These are labelled A and B.

A B

Ternary Form

Music that has three sections.The A section is heard again after B.

A B A

Rondo Form

A recurring theme (A) contrasted by different sections.

A B A C A D A E

The introduction sets the mood of a song. It is often instrumental but can occasionally start with lyrics.

VersesVerses introduce the song theme.

There are usually new lyrics for each verse which helps to develop

the song’s narrative

Choruses Theme & Variation All the choruses usually have the

same lyrics. This section relays the main message of the song.

A composition can be developed using the VARIATION technique.A main theme is composed then the following sections vary this theme in some way,

by altering for example:

MELODY – RHYTHMS – CHORDS – TEMPO – INSTRUMENTATION – KEY

Middle 8/BridgeThis section adds some contrast to the verses and choruses by using a

different melody and chord progression.

Instrumental Solo Strophic Form Through Composed

Solos are designed to show off an instrumentalists skills.

Rock, jazz and blues often feature solos on instruments such as piano, sax, guitar and

drums

When all of the verses are sung to the same music.

When each section has different music. No section is repeated.



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Harmony – Knowledge OrganiserHARMONY – how chords are used in a piece of music.

Triad

A basic type of chord

made up of three notes

Inversion

Rearranging the order of the

individual notes of a chord

Power Chord

A chord using only the 1st and 5th scale

degrees; no 3rd

Arpeggio – playing the individual notes of a chord one after anotherCadence – a movement between two chords at the end of a phraseChromatic – music that uses chords that are not naturally found in the keyDiatonic – music that use only chords that belong to the keyDominant – the fifth chord (V) of a keyHarmonic rhythm – the rate at which the chords change in a piece Modulation – when the harmony shifts to a new keyPrimary triads – chords I IV and V in a keyProgression – a sequence of chords put togetherSeventh – adding the 7th degree of the scale to a triadTonic – the first chord (I) in a keyChord Functions in a Key – Roman

Numeral System

Building Chords Using Scale Degrees

C D E F G A B1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Major Triad 1 3 5

Minor Triad 1 b3 5

Major 7th chord1 3 5 7

Minor 7th chord 1 b3 5 b7

Dominant 7th chord1 3 5 b7

Perfect Cadence“The strongest one”

Plagal Cadence“The Amen one”

Imperfect Cadence“The cliffhanger one”

Interrupted Cadence“The hidden twist one” Chord Symbol

Example: Minor triads are built using the 1 b3 and 5 degrees of a scale so a C minor triad contains the notes C Eb G



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BTEC sport Year 11 Cycle 2 – Fitness Testing

Muscular Strength Test: Hand Grip Dynamometer TestProtocol: Grip the dynamometer in one hand. Start with your hand up and bring down to side while pulling in handle. No swinging your hand.

AgilityTest: Illinois Agility TestProtocol: Start lying down at the start line. Complete course as quick as possible (10m x 5m – 4 central cones)

Muscular Endurance Test: 1 minute sit up test Test: 1 minute press up testProtocol: Complete as many full sit ups/press ups as possible in 1 minute.

SpeedTest: 30m Sprint TestProtocol: Start from stationery position. Complete distance in the quickest possible time. Time is stopped when chest crosses the line.

FlexibilityTest: Sit and Reach TestProtocol: Sit with legs straight out in front and soles of feet against box/table. Reach forward without bending knees. No jerking movements.

PowerTest: Vertical jump TestProtocol: Stand next to wall and mark an initial reach while feet are flat on the ground. Standing jump to reach as high as possible. Measure distance from first mark to second.

Cardiovascular Fitness (Aerobic Endurance)Test: 12 min Cooper Run Protocol: Continuously run/swim for 12 minutes. Distance recorded.

Test: Harvard Step TestProtocol: Step continuously for 5 minutes. Measure heart rate at 1, 2 and 3 minutes after exercise.

Reliability /ValidityValidity relates to whether the test actually measures what it sets out to measure. Reliability is a question of whether the test is accurate. It is important to ensure that the procedure is correctly maintained for ALL individuals.

Results can be improved: • By using experienced testers & calibrating equipment • Ensuring performers have the same level of motivation to complete each test• Repeatedly test to avoid human error (x3)

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• Simple test to complete

• Motivation dependant


•Minimal equipment needed•Test can be self administered.

• Inaccuracy of heart rate measurements• Motivation dependant


•Quick and easy to perform. •Data table readily available for comparison

• Can cause injury if not fully warmed up appropriately.• Only measures flexibility of lower back and hamstrings.


•Simple and easy to complete • Only one size of dynamometer which may affect reading.• Focuses solely on forearm strength.


•Simple and easy to complete • Motivation dependant / Timing errors.


• Simple test to complete• Minimal equipment needed.

• Difficult to assess whether each repetition is performed correctly. Difficult to accurately measure large groups.


• Quick test to complete.• Minimal equipment needed and can be

performed anywhere with a flat 50m run.

• Running surfaces/weather conditions can affect the results. • Inaccuracies with stopwatch usage.


• Quick and easy to perform. • Easy to complete with large groups.

• Technique plays are large role in successful completion.



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Y11, KO, GCSE Physical Education, Cycle 2/Term 2 Principles of Training

Principles of training - Guidelines that ensure training is effective and results in positive adaptations. These principles are used in Personal Exercise Programmes (PEP)

PAR-Q – Physical Activity Readiness QuestionnaireConducted before fitness testing or an activity programme to examine the performer’s readiness for training or any health conditions/lifestyle choices that may affect the successful completion.

FITT Principle Progressive OverloadWorking the body harder than normal/gradually increasing the amount of exercise you do. i.e. bench press 50kg x 10 repetitions and increase to 55kg x5 repetitions.

Reversibility If training is not regular, adaptations will be reversed. This can happen when:• Suffering from illness and cannot train• Injury• After an off-season.

SpecificityTraining showed be matched to the requirements of the sport or position the performer is involved in. Training must be specifically designed to develop the right:• Muscles• Type of fitness• Skills

Individual needsAll PEP’s would differ depending on:• Performer’s goals/targets• Strength and weaknesses• Age/gender• Current health/fitness levels

OvertrainingOccurs when you train too hard and do not allow the body enough rest/recovery time. Signs/symptoms include: extended muscle soreness, frequent illness & increase injuries.

Calculating Training Zones/Thresholds of TrainingKarvonen formula used to calculate aerobic and anaerobic target training zones.

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Frequency How often training takes place.

Increase training from once a week to two

Intensity How hard the exercise is.

Increase resistance from 10kg to 15kg or increase incline on the treadmill.

Time The length of the session.

Increase training session from 45 minutes to 55 minutes.

Type The method of training used.

Change to from interval training to Fartlek training.

Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) = 220 – age

Aerobic target zone: 60–80% of MHR(60% = x 0.6 / 80% = x 0.8)

Anaerobic target zone: 80%–90% of MHR(80% = x 0.8 / 90% = x 0.9)

Anaerobic training target zone (Training for power and speed)

Aerobic training target zone (Training for cardiovascular fitness and muscular

endurance)60%

80%90%



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GCSE Physical Education – Principles of Training

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5. Solar Energy – Renewable Energy 7. Hydroelectricity – Renewable

Energy

EEnneerrggyy ssyysstteemmss

1. Fossil Fuels – Non-renewable energy

In a thermal power station fuel such as coal, oil or gas is burned in a furnace to produce heat - chemical to heat energy.

• this heat is used to change water into steam in the boiler.

• the steam drives the turbine - heat to kinetic energy

• this drives the generator to produce

electricity - kinetic to electrical energy.

Some experts believe that fossil fuels will run out in our lifetime.

3. Nuclear Energy – Renewable energy

The main nuclear fuelsare uranium and plutonium. In a nuclear power station nuclear fuel undergoes a controlled chain reaction in the reactor to produce heat - nuclear to heat energy.

• heat is used to change water into steam in the boiler.

• the steam drives the turbine (heat to kinetic energy)

• this drives the generator to produce electricity - kinetic to electrical energy.

• In a hydroelectric power station water is stored behind a dam in a reservoir. This water has gravitational potential energy.

• The water runs down pipes (potential to kinetic energy) to turn the turbine

• The turbine is connected to a generator to produce electricity (kinetic to electrical energy).

2. Biomass Energy –Renewable Energy

Biomass is an industry term for getting energy by burning wood, and other organic matter. Burning biomass releases carbon emissions, but has been classed as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks, because plant stocks can be replaced with new growth.

8.BatteriesAlkaline batteries are the most common type of domestic batteries, they are disposable but contain chemicals that are bad for the environment. Fortunately more and more battery recycling banks are appearing now where most of the battery can be reused. Rechargeable batteries are better for the environment and more economical in the long run (High initial purchase price). Their lifespan decreases with every charge.

4. Wind energy Tidal energy



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Knowledge Sheet – Peace and Conflict – Islam

Topic Muslim View Importance Impact on Muslims Today

Peace ● Peace is linked with justice as it is the absence of

oppression and injustice.

● The word ‘Islam’ derives from ‘Salaam’ which means

peace.

● Sometimes war may be necessary for Muslims, but peace

is the main goal in any case.

● Islam is a religion of peace (despite the misinterpretations).

● The Qur’an and Muhammad all taught peace was crucial.

● Muslims believe Allah created and wants a peaceful world.

● The Qur’an teaches that the Ummah should be a vehicle for peace by teaching

the importance of unity within it.

● Muslims are focussed on the personal struggle within (Lesser

Jihad) not conflict.

● Muslims work for peace to strengthen the Ummah. They greet

each other

● Standing up for justice in the world can achieve peace. This

might mean war.

Peacemaking

● Peacemaking is the process Muslims follow to show their

understanding of peace.

● They believe that Justice, Forgiveness and reconciliation

are crucial in peacemaking.

● Peacemaking is important to follow the teachings of Islam.

● The Qur’an contains many quotes relating to peace. Muslims apply this to

helping others and charity work.

● It inspires Muslims to help others and strengthen the Ummah.

Muslim Organisations working for peace include: ● Islamic Relief – Helping victims of war.

● Muslim Peace Fellowship – Promotes world peace.

Conflict ● Conflict involves the breakdown of relationships and can

be harmful to individuals and society.

● Muslims believe conflict should be avoided or overcome

and resolve where possible.

● The Ummah is an important focus in avoiding conflict. It deserves respect and

people should be treated equally.

● Allah is merciful and forgiving and so should they be.

● Muslims aim for peace but sometimes conflict is inevitable.

● Muslims believe they shouldn’t forgive those working against Islam

● Muslims try to reconcile groups who are in conflict in order to

achieve peace + reconciliation.

● Muslims realise that peace is important but they feel like their

war is sometimes necessary as a last resort.

Situation Ethics teaches that the action may differ from one situation to another. Atheist view – Religion usually causes conflict due to divergent beliefs.

Pacifism ● Pacifism is avoiding conflict and war.

● Islam is not an absolute pacifist religion but does have

teachings which are in line with pacifism.

● Muslims believe that Pacifism isn’t always possible as they have had to

protect their faith throughout history (Hijrah).

● Justice, forgiveness and reconciliation are tools for pacifism.

Muslims enact passive resistance which includes: ● Resisting oppression and strive for justice.

● If a political power is restricting rights or justice, this should be

resisted peacefully -E.g Arab Spring

Just War ● A just war is fought for the right reasons.

● Just war theory is the set of principles which are used to

identify is a war is fair.

● Sometimes war is necessary but must be just.

● JWT provides a set of rules showing how to act in time of war.

● Offers a framework to decide if war is necessary.

● Aims to prevent war and unnecessary deaths.

● It is important to protect moral and religious values.

● Muslims try to avoid killing where possible.

● War is sometimes permitted and necessary but only as a last

resort.

● Sunni and Shi’a sometimes interpret Jihad differently

Holy War

● Harb al-Maqadis (Holy war) is war fought due to religious

differences (or in defence of Islam)

● It is to protect the religious rights of Muslims.

● Muslims need to protect themselves against religious persecution and so this

would condone Harb al-Maqadis.

● It can sometimes be to strengthen Islam when it is threatened

● Muslims associate this with the lesser Jihad.

● Holy war has certain conditions including:

for reasons of defence/ declared by a religious leader/ last resort, avoid harming civilians/ not to gain land/ to aim for peace.

Weapons of Mass Destruction

● Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) include Nuclear,

biological or chemical weapons.

● Used to swiftly end conflict or as a deterrent.

● Considered morally unacceptable by many.

Non-Religious views: ● Muslims disagree with WMD as it causes unnecessary harm.

● It can threaten innocent lives.

● Hard to regulate under Islamic conditions of war. Atheism – It is difficult to condone WMD as they cause so much unnecessary damage and threaten innocent life.

Utilitarianism – WMD OK if peace is achieved in the long term.

Issues Surrounding

conflict

● Conflict has always existed, but now there are new and

complicated forms of war, violence and terrorism. This

presents problems to the world and to Muslims.

● Muslims have divergent beliefs about conflict with some thinking peace

should always be the way but others understanding that war is ok when

protecting Muslims etc.

Non-religious people think increased conflict is dangerous for society and some blame religion for the rise in conflict.

● The Muslim Council of Britain runs education programmes to

teach people how to reconcile.

● Rallies, marches and interfaith work to promote peace.

● Organisations like Mosaic work to bring people together

within communities.



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Knowledge Sheet – Peace and Conflict – Islam

Key Quotes

Linked Topics

The servants of the Lord of Mercy are those who walk humbly on the earth, and who, when

aggressive people address them, reply, with words of peace (Surah 25)

Peace, Peacekeeping,

Pacifism

Be a community that calls for what is good, urges what is right, and forbids what is wrong (Surah 3)

Peacekeeping, Peace, Pacifism

If two groups of believers fight, you should try to reconcile them (Surah 60)

Peacekeeping – reconciliation

Remember God’s favour to you: you were enemies and then He brought your hearts together and you

became brothers by His grace: you were about to fall into a pit of Fire and He saved you from it (Surah 3)

Conflict, Peacekeeping,

Peace

The horrors of war…have made many people question the existence of a benevolent and

omnipotent deity (British Humanist Association)

Humanist (non-religious) view on conflict

and war If anyone kills a person, unless in retribution for murder or

spreading corruption in the land – it is as if he kills all mankind (Surah 5)

Peace, Pacifism, WMD

If an act of disobedience (to Allah) is imposed (by a ruler), he (citizen) should not listen to or obey it

(Hadith)

Passive resistance

Fight them until there is no more persecution, and all worship is devoted to God alone (Surah 8)

JWT, Holy War, Jihad, WMD

The believers fight for God’s cause, while those who reject faith fight for an unjust cause (Surah 4)

JWT, Jihad, Holy War

Prepare against them (disbelievers) whatever forces you (believers) can muster (Surah 8)

WMD, Holy War, Jihad



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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Combined Science Spring 1 Animal Coordination and Control

Animal Coordination and Control Facts Grid

Question Answer Question Answer

1

Hormones

Chemical messengers transported in the blood to target organs

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TSH and TRH are produced in the and released by the

hypothalamus pituitary gland

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2 Endocrine glands Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

17

Menstrual cycle

the monthly female hormone cycle involving the building up of the lining of the uterus, ovulation and menstruation

3

Examples of glands

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes

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Function of FSH

matures the egg stimulates the release of oestrogen

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4 Adrenal gland releases... Adrenalin 19

Function of oestrogen

stops FSH production starts LH production

5 Thyroid gland releases... Thyroxine

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Function of LH

stimulates ovulation stimulates the release of progesterone

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Pituitary gland is the master gland that releases...

ADH, TRH, TSH, FSH and LH.

21 Function of progesterone maintains the lining of the womb

7 Pancreas releases... insulin and glucagon. 22 Contraception the deliberate prevention of pregnancy

8 Ovaries release... oestrogen and progesterone. 23

Hormonal methods of contraception

oral contraceptive (the pill)

9 Testes release... testosterone. 24

Barrier methods of contraception (non-hormonal)

condoms and diaphragms

10 Function of adrenalin Causes the fight or flight response

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Non-hormonal methods of contraception

intrauterine devices (coil), spermicide, abstinence, surgery

11 Function of thyroxine Controls the basal metabolic rate 26 The pill contains... oestrogen, progesterone or both.

12

Effects of adrenalin

increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, increased sugar levels

27

When choosing contraception, these factors must be considered:

effectiveness, does a doctor/nurse need to fit it, is it reversible, side effects

13 Effects of thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH and the production of TSH

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Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

the use of hormones and procedures as fertility treatments

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14 Effects of TRH stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary gland

29 Clomifene A fertility drug used to stimulate ovulation.

15 Effects of TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine 30

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Fusing the sperm and egg together to form an embryo outside of the body, which is then implanted.



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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Combined Science Spring 1 Homeostasis

Homeostasis Fact Grid Question Answer

1 Homeostasis

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body.

2 Thermoregulation Maintaining a constant body temperature. 3 If blood glucose is too high... insulin is released. 4 If blood glucose is too low... glucagon is released.

5

Effects of insulin

glucose moves into cells and liver/muscle cells convert the excess into glycogen for storage

6

Effects of glucagon

glycogen is converted back into glucose and released into the blood

7 Type 1 diabetes Pancreatic cells not producing insulin 8 Type 2 diabetes Insulin not having an effect on body cells 9 Cause of type 1 diabetes genes or viruses

10 Cause of type 2 diabetes obesity 11 Controlling type 1 diabetes insulin injections and low sugar diet 12 Controlling type 2 diabetes exercise and calorie controlled diet 13 As BMI increases, the risk of type 2 diabetes... increases.

14 BMI equation BMI = mass ÷ height² 15 Waist:hip ratio = waist measurement ÷ hip measurement.

16

Osmoregulation

Maintaining a constant level of water and mineral ions in the body.



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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Combined Science Autumn 2 Fuels

Fuels Knowledge Grid Question Answer

1 Hydrocarbons Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. 17

Incomplete combustion happens because...

there is insufficient oxygen supply for the fuel to fully oxidise.

2

Crude oil

A finite mixture of hydrocarbons with carbons in chains and rings.

18

Carbon monoxide is toxic because... it displaces oxygen in the blood by binding with haemoglobin and deprives our organs of oxygen.

3 Uses of crude oil Fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry. 19

Problems from incomplete combustion in appliances

Soot blocks air flow in appliances, causes breathing problems and blackens buildings.

4

Fractional distillation

The separation of crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures which are mainly alkanes.

20

Sulfur dioxide is made in combustion because...

there are sulfur impurities in the fuel that react with oxygen.

5

Names of crude oil fractions in order from top to bottom

liquid petroleum gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, bitumen.

21 Acid rain is caused by... sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolving in rain water.

6 Uses of liquid petroleum gases domestic heating and cooking 22

Oxides of nitrogen are produced by... oxygen and nitrogen from the air reacting due to the high temperatures in engines.

7 Use of petrol Fuel for cars

23

Effects of acid rain

Wears away limestone buildings and statues, damages the waxy cuticle on leaves so plants die, makes lakes too acidic for aquatic life.

8 Use of kerosene Fuel for aircraft 24

Cracking

the breaking down of larger alkane molecules into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes.

9 Use of diesel oil Fuel for some cars and trains 25

Cracking is necessary because...

short change molecules are in more demand and the alkenes are used in the petrochemical industry.

10 Use of fuel oil Fuel for large ships and some power stations 26 Saturated All single bonds. 11 Use of bitumen Road surfaces and roofs 27 Unsaturated Some double bonds.

12

Steps in fractional distillation

vaporise crude oil, goes into fractionating column which is hotter at the bottom, fractions condense.

28

Three ways hydrogen is produced

- react of methane from natural gas with steam

- cracking of crude oil fractions (hydrogen is a by-product of this process) - electrolysis of water

13

As you go down the fractionating column

Carbon chains get longer, boiling points increase, ease of ignition decreases, viscosity increases.

29

Advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel, instead of petrol

Doesn't release carbon dioxide, only water

14

Homologous series

A series of compounds with the same general formula that increase by CH2, have similar chemical properties and show a gradual change in boiling point.

30

Advantages of using petrol as a fuel, instead of hydrogen

Lots of filling stations, easier to transport

15

Complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A reaction in which carbon dioxide and water are produced and energy is given out.

31 The fuels from crude oil are... non-renewable (cannot be replenished).

16

Incomplete combustion

A reaction in which energy is giving out, but carbon monoxide and/or carbon is also produced.

32 Methane A non-renewable fuel found in natural gas.



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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Combined Science Autumn 2 Earth and the Atmosphere

Earth and the Atmosphere Knowledge Grid Question Answer

1 The atmosphere was formed by...

volcanic activity.

2 Composition of the Earth's early atmosphere Mainly carbon dioxide, some water vapour, ammonia and methane.

3

The oceans formed when

the Earth cooled and the water vapour in the atmosphere condensed.

4

Carbon dioxide levels have decreased because

- some dissolved in the oceans - plants use some in photosynthesis - some was locked up by sedimentation to form rocks - some was locked up when fossil fuels were produced.

5

Oxygen levels increased because plants produce oxygen in photosynthesis.

6 Chemical test for oxygen Relights a glowing splint

7 Composition of today's atmosphere. 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other (including carbon dioxide, water vapour)

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Greenhouse gases

Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour

9

The greenhouse effect

Gases in the atmosphere absorb heat radiated from the Earth, then release it to keep the Earth warm.

10

Evidence for climate change

Correlation between fossil fuel consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and temperature.

11

Evidence against climate change Uncertainties caused by the location and accuracy of historical data.

12

Human activities releasing greenhouse gases Livestock farming, combustion of fossil fuels.

13

Ways to reduce greenhouse effect

Reforestation, using renewable power, using public transport or walking, eating less meat

14 Human activities releasing greenhouse gases Livestock farming, combustion of fossil fuels.

15 Ways to reduce greenhouse effect




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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Combined Science Autumn 1 Forces and Matter

Forces and Matter Knowledge Grid Question Answer

1 Stretching, bending and compressing requires...

more than one force.

2

Elastic distortion

Stretching or squashing when the object returns to its original shape.

3

Inelastic distortion

Stretching or squashing when the object does not return to its original shape.

4

Equation for elastic distortion F=kx

5

Elastic potential energy equation E = ½ kx²

6

Linear relationships

The quantities are directly proportional (straight line through the origin)

7 Limit of proportionality The point at which distortion becomes inelastic.



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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Combined Science Autumn 1 Particle Model

Particle Model Knowledge Grid Question Answer

1 Particles in a solid Packed tightly, neat rows, vibrate in the same place.

2 Particles in a liquid

Packed tightly, random arrangement, move around, take the shape of the container

3

Particles in a gas

Spread apart, random motion, variety of speeds, fill the container

4 Density Mass per unit volume 5 Density equation ρ = m/V

6

Densities of the states of matter Solid - high, liquid - medium, gas - low

7

Physical changes

Mass is conserved and the material recovers its original properties if the change is reversed

8 Melting Solid > liquid 9 Boiling liquid > gas

10 Freezing liquid > solid 11 Condensing gas > liquid 12 Sublimating solid > gas

13

Two changes from heating/cooling Change temperature or change state

14

Specific heat capacity

The energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of a material by 1°C.

15

Specific latent heat

The energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a material.

16

Specific heat capacity equation ∆Q = mc∆θ

17

Specific latent heat equation Q = mL

18

Reducing unwanted heat loss Use insulation

19

Pressure of a gas is caused by... the random motion of particles colliding with the walls of a container, producing a force at right angles to the walls.

20 Temperature-pressure relationship for gases As the temperature increases, pressure increases because the velocity increases 21 Absolute zero −273 °C. The point that particles stop moving. 22 Kelvin > °C -273 23 °C > Kelvin +273



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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Triple Science Spring 1 Animal Coordination and Control

Animal Coordination and Control Facts Grid


1

Hormones

Chemical messengers transported in the blood to target organs

16

TSH and TRH are produced in the and released by the

hypothalamus pituitary gland

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2 Endocrine glands Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream 17

Menstrual cycle

the monthly female hormone cycle involving the building up of the lining of the uterus, ovulation and menstruation

3

Examples of glands

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes

18

Function of FSH

matures the egg stimulates the release of oestrogen

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4 Adrenal gland releases... Adrenalin 19

Function of oestrogen

stops FSH production starts LH production

5 Thyroid gland releases... Thyroxine

20

Function of LH

stimulates ovulation stimulates the release of progesterone

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Pituitary gland is the master gland that releases...

ADH, TRH, TSH, FSH and LH.

21 Function of progesterone maintains the lining of the womb

7 Pancreas releases... insulin and glucagon. 22 Contraception the deliberate prevention of pregnancy

8 Ovaries release... oestrogen and progesterone. 23

Hormonal methods of contraception

oral contraceptive (the pill)

9 Testes release... testosterone. 24

Barrier methods of contraception (non-hormonal)

condoms and diaphragms

10 Function of adrenalin Causes the fight or flight response

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Non-hormonal methods of contraception

intrauterine devices (coil), spermicide, abstinence, surgery

11 Function of thyroxine Controls the basal metabolic rate 26 The pill contains... oestrogen, progesterone or both.

12

Effects of adrenalin

increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, increased sugar levels

27

When choosing contraception, these factors must be considered:

effectiveness, does a doctor/nurse need to fit it, is it reversible, side effects

13 Effects of thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH and the production of TSH

28

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

the use of hormones and procedures as fertility treatments

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14 Effects of TRH stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary gland

29 Clomifene A fertility drug used to stimulate ovulation.

15 Effects of TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine 30

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Fusing the sperm and egg together to form an embryo outside of the body, which is then implanted.



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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Triple Science Spring 1 Homeostasis

Homeostasis Fact Grid Question Answer Question Answer

1 Homeostasis

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body.

19 Controlling type 2 diabetes

exercise and calorie controlled diet

2 Thermoregulation Maintaining a constant body temperature. 20

As BMI increases, the risk of type 2 diabetes...

increases.

3

Thermoregulation is important because...

enzymes in the body work best at 37°C.

Triple Only

21 BMI equation BMI = mass ÷ height²

4

Body temperature is monitored and controlled by...

the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus in the brain.

22 Waist:hip ratio = waist measurement ÷ hip measurement.

5

When we get too hot...

sweat glands in the dermis release more sweat vasodilation occurs

23

Osmoregulation

Maintaining a constant level of water and mineral ions in the body.

6

When we get too cold...

skeletal muscles contract/shiver vasoconstriction occurs

24 Urinary system the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Triple Only

7

Vasodilation

When arterioles get wider to increase blood flow near the skin's surface

25 Steps in the urinary system

Deamination → filtration → selective reabsorption → urine production

8

Vasoconstriction

When arterioles get narrower to decrease blood flow near the skin's surface

26

Deamination

turning excess amino acids into ammonia and then urea in the liver

9 Arterioles A small branch of an artery leading into capillaries 27 Nephron microscopic structures in the kidney 10 If blood glucose is too

high... insulin is released. 28 Filtration happens in... the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

11 If blood glucose is too low...

glucagon is released. 29 Function of the glomerulus

-filters water, glucose, salts and urea from blood -is partially permeable

12

Effects of insulin

glucose moves into cells and liver/muscle cells convert the excess into glycogen for storage

30 Function of Bowman's capsule

collects the filtrate

13

Effects of glucagon

glycogen is converted back into glucose and released into the blood

31 ADH controls... water level

14 Type 1 diabetes Pancreatic cells not producing insulin 32

Water and mineral ion level is monitored and controlled by...

the pituitary gland in the brain.

15 Type 2 diabetes Insulin not having an effect on body cells 33

More ADH is released if we are...

dehydrated.

16 Cause of type 1 diabetes genes or viruses 34

Effect of ADH

Makes the nephrons less permeable, so more water is reabsorbed

17 Cause of type 2 diabetes obesity 35 Urine A mixture of water, urea and other waste substances.

18 Controlling type 1 diabetes insulin injections and low sugar diet 36

Kidney dialysis

A machine that filters blood using a partially permeable membrane



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Fuels Knowledge Grid Question Answer Question Answer

1 Hydrocarbons Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. 17

Incomplete combustion happens because... there is insufficient oxygen supply for the fuel to fully oxidise.

2

Crude oil

A finite mixture of hydrocarbons with carbons in chains and rings.

18

Carbon monoxide is toxic because... it displaces oxygen in the blood by binding with haemoglobin and deprives our organs of oxygen.

3 Uses of crude oil Fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry. 19

Problems from incomplete combustion in appliances

Soot blocks air flow in appliances, causes breathing problems and blackens buildings.

4

Fractional distillation

The separation of crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures which are mainly alkanes.

20

Sulfur dioxide is made in combustion because...

there are sulfur impurities in the fuel that react with oxygen.

5

Names of crude oil fractions in order from top to bottom

liquid petroleum gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, bitumen.

21 Acid rain is caused by... sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolving in rain water.

6 Uses of liquid petroleum gases domestic heating and cooking 22

Oxides of nitrogen are produced by... oxygen and nitrogen from the air reacting due to the high temperatures in engines.

7 Use of petrol Fuel for cars

23

Effects of acid rain

Wears away limestone buildings and statues, damages the waxy cuticle on leaves so plants die, makes lakes too acidic for aquatic life.

8 Use of kerosene Fuel for aircraft 24

Cracking

the breaking down of larger alkane molecules into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes.

9 Use of diesel oil Fuel for some cars and trains 25

Cracking is necessary because...

short change molecules are in more demand and the alkenes are used in the petrochemical industry.

10 Use of fuel oil Fuel for large ships and some power stations 26 Saturated All single bonds. 11 Use of bitumen Road surfaces and roofs 27 Unsaturated Some double bonds.

12

Steps in fractional distillation

vaporise crude oil, goes into fractionating column which is hotter at the bottom, fractions condense.

28

Three ways hydrogen is produced

- react of methane from natural gas with steam

- cracking of crude oil fractions (hydrogen is a by-product of this process) - electrolysis of water

13

As you go down the fractionating column

Carbon chains get longer, boiling points increase, ease of ignition decreases, viscosity increases.

29

Advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel, instead of petrol

Doesn't release carbon dioxide, only water

14

Homologous series

A series of compounds with the same general formula that increase by CH2, have similar chemical properties and show a gradual change in boiling point.

30

Advantages of using petrol as a fuel, instead of hydrogen

Lots of filling stations, easier to transport

15

Complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A reaction in which carbon dioxide and water are produced and energy is given out.

31 The fuels from crude oil are... non-renewable (cannot be replenished).

16

Incomplete combustion

A reaction in which energy is giving out, but carbon monoxide and/or carbon is also produced.

32 Methane A non-renewable fuel found in natural gas.



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Earth and the Atmosphere Knowledge Grid Question Answer

1 The atmosphere was formed by...

volcanic activity.

2 Composition of the Earth's early atmosphere Mainly carbon dioxide, some water vapour, ammonia and methane.

3

The oceans formed when

the Earth cooled and the water vapour in the atmosphere condensed.

4 Carbon dioxide levels have decreased because - some dissolved in the oceans - plants use some in photosynthesis - some was locked up

by sedimentation to form rocks - some was locked up when fossil fuels were produced.

5

Oxygen levels increased because plants produce oxygen in photosynthesis.

6 Chemical test for oxygen Relights a glowing splint

7 Composition of today's atmosphere. 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other (including carbon dioxide, water vapour)

8

Greenhouse gases

Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour

9

The greenhouse effect

Gases in the atmosphere absorb heat radiated from the Earth, then release it to keep the Earth warm.

10

Evidence for climate change

Correlation between fossil fuel consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and temperature.

11

Evidence against climate change Uncertainties caused by the location and accuracy of historical data.

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Qualitative Analysis Knowledge Grid Question Answer

1 Ion tests Chemical reactions that help to identify a particular ion.

15 Test for ammonia, NH3 Turns damp red litmus paper blue.

2

Ion tests must be unique because...

otherwise chemicals could be mixed up or incorrectly identified.

16

Why are flame tests used to identify group 1 ions, not the sodium hydroxide test?

because group 1 hydroxides are soluble, so don't form precipitates.

3

Method for flame test

-dip a clean wire loop into a sample -put the loop into the edge of the blue flame from a Bunsen burner -observe the flame colour

17

Test for carbonate ions, CO3

2-

Add a dilute acid and bubbling the gas produced through limewater, which will go cloudy because carbon dioxide is given off.

4

Flame test colour for lithium ion, Li+

red

18

Test for sulfate ions, SO4

2- Add dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride solution. A white precipitate forms.

5

Flame test colour for sodium ion, Na+

yellow

19

Why is an acid added in the sulfate test?

The acid reacts with any carbonate ions present and stops them reacting with the barium chloride to produce a white precipitate (a false positive).

6

Flame test colour for potassium ion, K+

lilac

20

Test for chloride ions, Cl-

Add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution. A white precipitate forms.

7

Flame test colour for calcium ion, Ca2+

orange-red

21

Test for bromide ions, Br-

Add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution. A cream precipitate forms.

8

Flame test colour for copper ion, Cu2+

blue-green

22

Test for fluoride ions, I-

Add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution. A yellow precipitate forms.

9

Test for aluminium ions, Al3+

Add sodium hydroxide, white precipitate forms. If excess sodium hydroxide is added, the precipitate dissolves to form a colourless solution

23 Instrumental methods of analysis

Using machinery to analyse and identify chemicals.

10 Test for calcium ions, Ca2+ Add sodium hydroxide, white precipitate forms 24

Advantages of instrumental methods

more sensitive, accurate and quicker.

11 Test for copper ions, Cu2+ Add sodium hydroxide, blue precipitate forms 25

Flame photometer

An instrument used to split light from a flame into an emission spectrum.

12 Test for iron(II) ions, Fe2+ Add sodium hydroxide, green precipitate forms 26

Flame photometers are used to...

- identify metal ions - determine the concentration of ions in a solution

13 Test for iron(III) ions, Fe3+ Add sodium hydroxide, brown precipitate forms 27

Calibration curve

A graph of concentration against flame photometer emissions.

14

Test for ammonium ions, NH4

+ Add dilute sodium hydroxide solution to the sample and warm the mixture. Ammonia gas is given off.



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Hydrocarbons Knowledge Grid


1

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with all single covalent bonds between the carbons.

17

Propene structure

2 General formula for alkanes CnH₂n+₂

18

But-1-ene structure

3 Methane formula CH₄ 19

But-2-ene structure

4 Ethane formula C₂H₆ 20

Functional group

The part of an organic molecule that makes it react in certain ways, for example C=C.

5 Propane formula C₃H₈ 21

Bromine water test

Alkenes turn bromine water colourless, alkanes have no effect (stays orange-brown).

6 Butane formula C₄H₁₀ 22 ethene + bromine → dibromoethane

7

Methane structure

23

Dibromoethane structure

8

Ethane structure

24 hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

9

Propane structure

25

Alcohols

A series of organic compounds with an -OH functional group.

10

Butane structure

26 Alcohol general formula CnH₂n₊₁OH

11 Alkenes Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a C=C double bond.

27 Methanol formula CH₃OH

12 General formula for alkenes CnH₂n 28 Ethanol formula C₂H₅OH

13 Ethene formula C₂H₄ 29 Propanol formula C₃H₇OH

14 Propene formula C₃H₆ 30 Butanol formula C₄H₉OH

15 Butene formula C₄H₈ 31

Methanol structure

16

Ethene structure

32

Ethanol structure



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Question Answer

Question Answer 33

Propanol structure

45

Gentle oxidation: alcohol + oxygen → carboxylic acid + water

34

Butanol structure

46 Methanoic acid formula HCOOH

35

When alcohols are dehydrated... alkenes form.

47 Ethanoic acid formula CH₃COOH

36

Two ways to produce ethanol

- fermentation of carbohydrates (sugar) in aqueous solutions with yeast - hydration of ethene with steam

48 Propanoic acid formula C₂H₅COOH

37

Fermentation needs yeast because... the yeast provide the enzymes to break down the carbohydrates

49 Butanoic acid formula C₃H₇COOH

38

To purify fermentation mixtures... use fractional distillation

50

Methanoic acid structure

39

Advantages of fermentation

- uses renewable plants to provide the sugar

- creates a carbon neutral ethanol fuel

51

Ethanoic acid structure

40

Disadvantages of fermentation - slow batch process - produces impure ethanol

52

Propanoic acid structure

41

Carboxylic acids

A series of organic compounds with a -COOH functional group.

53

Butanoic acid structure

42

Carboxylic acids are weak acids because...

they only partially ionised in water.

54 metal + carboxylic acid → salt + hydrogen

43

Carboxylic acids are made by... gently oxidising alcohols

55 base + carboxylic acid → salt + water

44 Combustion: alcohol + oxygen carbon dioxide + water 56

metal carbonate + carboxylic acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide



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Polymers Knowledge Grid


1 Polymer

A substance of high average relative molecular mass made up of small repeating units.

Triple only

1 Nanoparticles Particles from 1 to 100nm

2

Addition polymerisation

The combining of monomer molecules containing C=C to form a polymer.

2 Size of one atom 1 x 10-10m

3

Example of polymers made by addition polymerisation

poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(chloroethene) (PVC) and poly(tetrafluoroethene) (PTFE)

3

How many atoms in a nanoparticle Few hundred atoms

4

Structural equation for formation of poly(ethene)

4 Uses of nanoparticles transparent sunscreen, catalysts

5 Use of poly(ethene) Carrier bags, shampoo bottles, food wrap

5

Properties of nanoparticles are different from the same material in bulk because...

they have a larger surface area to volume ratio.

6 Use of poly(propene) Buckets, bowls, crates, ropes, carpets 6

Examples of nanoparticles

Buckminsterfullerene, graphene, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide

7 Use of poly(chloroethene) PVC Insulation for electrical wires, windows, gutters, pipes

7

Risks of using nanoparticles

May be absorbed into the skin or breathed in, may catalyse harmful reactions, may pull toxic chemicals into the body, may have long term health effects.

8

Use of poly(tetrafluoroethene) (PTFE) Non-stick coatings for pans, containers for laboratory substances 8 Properties of glass Transparent, high melting point, brittle, poor conductor

9 Properties of poly(ethene) Flexible, cheap, can be made into thin films 9 Properties of clay ceramics Opaque, high melting point, brittle, poor conductor

10 Properties of poly(propene) Flexible, strong, resists shattering 10

Properties of polymers

Depends on the type, but they are poor conductors, can be tough and flexible or hard and brittle.

11

Properties of poly(chloroethene) PVC Tough, electrical insulator, can be made hard or flexible

11

Properties of metals

Shiny, high melting point, malleable, ductile, good conductors

12

Properties of poly (tetrafluoroethene) (PTFE)

Slippery, chemically unreactive

12

Composites

A mixture made from a reinforcement and matrix which binds it together.

13 Condensation polymerisation The combining of monomers with two functional groups to form a polymer and another small molecule.

13 Examples of composites Reinforced concrete, fibreglass, chipboard

14

Examples of polymers made by condensation polymerisation

polyesters

14 Uses of clay ceramics Brick, china and porcelain plates and mugs.

15

How polyesters are formed

When a monomer with two carboxylic acid groups is reacted with a monomer molecule containing two alcohol groups. Water is also formed.

16

Disadvantages of polymers

- starting material running out - non-biodegradable if dumped on landfills - harmful gases produced if disposed by combustion

17

Advantages of recycling polymers - saves money on getting and making new resources -conserves natural resources.

18 Disadvantages of recycling polymers - must be sorted and then melted

19

DNA

A polymer made from four different monomers called nucleotides in a double helix shape.

20 Starch A polymer made from sugars.

21 Proteins Polymers made from amino acids.

22 Amine functional group -NH2



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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Triple Science Autumn 1 Particle Model

Particle Model Knowledge Grid

Question Answer 1 Particles in a solid Packed tightly, neat rows, vibrate in the same

place.

16 Specific heat capacity equation

∆Q = mc∆θ

2

Particles in a liquid

Packed tightly, random arrangement, move around, take the shape of the container

17

Specific latent heat equation Q = mL

3

Particles in a gas

Spread apart, random motion, variety of speeds, fill the container

18

Reducing unwanted heat loss Use insulation

4 Density Mass per unit volume 19

Pressure of a gas is caused by... the random motion of particles colliding with the walls of a container, producing a force at right angles to the walls.

5 Density equation ρ = m/V 20

Temperature-pressure relationship for gases

As the temperature increases, pressure increases because the velocity increases

6

Densities of the states of matter

Solid - high, liquid - medium, gas - low

21 Absolute zero −273 °C. The point that particles stop moving.

7

Physical changes

Mass is conserved and the material recovers its original properties if the change is reversed

22 Kelvin > °C -273

8 Melting Solid > liquid 23 °C > Kelvin +273 9 Boiling liquid > gas 24 Increasing pressure Compresses gases

Triple only

10 Freezing liquid > solid 25 Decreasing pressure Expands gases 11 Condensing gas > liquid 26 Increasing volume Decreases the pressure of a

gas 12 Sublimating solid > gas 27 Decreasing volume Increases the pressure of a

gas

13 Two changes from heating/cooling

Change temperature or change state

28 Gas pressure equation P1 ×V1 = P2×V2

14

Specific heat capacity

The energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of a material by 1°C.

29 Doing work on a gas... increases the temperature.

15

Specific latent heat

The energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a material.

30 Example of doing work on a Bike pump



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Science Knowledge Organiser Year 11 Triple Science Autumn 1 Forces and Matter

Forces and Matter Knowledge Grid Question Answer

1 Stretching, bending and compressing requires...

more than one force.

2

Elastic distortion

Stretching or squashing when the object returns to its original shape.

3

Inelastic distortion

Stretching or squashing when the object does not return to its original shape.

4

Equation for elastic distortion F=kx

5

Elastic potential energy equation E = ½ kx²

6

Linear relationships

The quantities are directly proportional (straight line through the origin)

7 Limit of proportionality The point at which distortion becomes inelastic. 8 Atmospheric pressure As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases.

Triple only

9

Pressure in a fluid

Caused by the weight of fluids above and atmospheric pressure, acts perpendicular to any surface.

10

Pressure at a surface equation P=F/A

11

Factors that affect pressure in fluids Depth and density

12

Pressure at different depths in a liquid P = hρg

13

Upthrust

The pressure at the top of a submerged object is less than at the bottom which creates a resultant force called upthrust.

14 Upthrust is equal to... the weight of fluid displaced.

15 Factors that affect if an object floats

Upthrust, weight, density.



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Y11, KO, Spanish, Cycle 2/Term 1 (H)



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Term 2 - Haggerston School

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Transcript of Term 2 - Haggerston School