Swadeshi Research Foundation

ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Vol. – 5, No. - 5 March. 2018

A Monthly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (UGC APPROVED Multidisciplinary Journal Sl.No-108, Journal No-62711)

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Educational views of Swami Vivekananda in the present context

Prof. G. Vidya Sagar Reddy

Head, Dept. of Adult, Continuing Education & Extension, S.K.University, Ananthapuramu.

Dr. G. Vasudevaiah

Guest Faculty, Dept. of Adult, Continuing Education & Extension, S.K.University, Ananthapuramu.

Introduction : The 19th

century India produced a

galaxy of great men who have enriched social and

cultural life of our nation by their talents and

personalities; Swami Vivekananda was one of

them. Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902), in fact, is

one of the greatest philosophers and reformers

that India has produced. He was the man with

multi-dimensional personality, a powerful orator, a

philosopher, an educationist, an ambassador of

renaissance in India, an embodiment of divine

quality, a great spiritual leader and one who

generated pride and respect for Indian culture,

tradition, education and knowledge in western

world. Rooted in the past and with full pride in

India`s heritage, Swami Vivekananda was yet

modern in his approach towards life`s problems

and was a kind of bridge between the past of India

and her present. His mission was to serve mankind

through social service, mass education, religious

revival and social awakening through education.

Keeping faith in ancient Indian values, culture and

tradition he was a great admirer of scientific and

modern approach towards learning,

understanding, teaching and spreading the

knowledge and education. He wanted to set in

motion machinery which will bring noblest ideas to

the doorstep of even the poorest and the

meanest. He interpreted the understanding and

difference between Science and spiritualism,

beliefs and logic and knowledge and work. Such an

impact he had on Indian society that Rabindra

Nath Tagore once himself wrote, “If u wants to

know about India, it must be through

Vivekananda.”

He abhorred and revolted against the

imposition of British system of education in India.

He criticized the pattern of education that was

being imparted by the British to the Indians. He

pointed out that the current system of education

only brings about an external change without any

concomitant inner transformation. No wonder

that even today, with the greatness of his thought

and his work, we are looking up to him for bringing

comprehensive and positive change in our

educational and social system. He believed that

real education is that which not only prepares a

man for the struggle of existence but also

prepares him for social service and for the

development his character. He has emphasized

that an education which develops character,

mental powers, and intelligence imbues self-

confidence and self-reliance among the

individuals. Swami Vivekananda stressed that

education was imperative for democracy and

national development. Education, he perceived,

was a powerful instrument to achieve these

developmental qualities in the people. He wanted

to make the people recognize their cultural

heritage and to get prepared for their struggle of

life. He emphasised that education is the right

choice to develop wholesome personality in

human beings. Self learning and self- realization,

he believed, is the real education. The teacher, he

reiterated, only motivates and encourages the

students to find out the hidden treasure of

knowledge that lies dormant within them. He

condemned bookish learning and rote memory

education. Condemning the theoretical and

academic education, he spoke emphatically in

support of practical and experimental education.

He exhorted his countrymen saying “you will have

to be practical in all spheres of work. The whole

country has been ruined by mass theories.” This

paper purports to expound and analyze Swami






Vivekananda’s educational views in the present

context.

According to Swami Vivekananda the Meaning of

Education

Vivekananda believed a country's future

depends on its people; his teachings focused on

the development of the mass. He wanted “to set in

motion machinery which will bring noblest ideas to

the doorstep of even the poorest and the

meanest.” Vivekananda believed that the essence

of Hinduism was best expressed in the Vedanta

philosophy, based on the interpretation of Adi

Shankara. He said that no one teaches others, they

learn by themselves through their experience and

efforts in life. Teacher only gives advises. Through

this the teacher within motivates himself to learn

and to understand things. He criticized the

educational system and said that, “You regard that

man to be educated who obtains some degree,

has passed out some examinations, and is able to

deliver fluent lecturers. But this is not real

education.

According to him education is a lifelong

process towards the fullest development of human

personality, self discovery, self perfection, self

awareness and self manifestation. His attitude

towards modernization is that the masses should

be educated before anything else is done. He

wanted to remove from India four major evils, via;

1) priest-craft, 2) poverty 3) ignorance 4) tyranny

of the wise. He tried to make the people of India

understood that political and social strength

should have their foundations on cultural strength.

He has a true vision of philosophy of education in

India in its cultural context.

His educational thought has very great

significance today because modern education has

lost much of its connection with the values of

human life. Therefore, he suggested that

education should not be for stuffing some facts

into the brain, but should aim at reforming the

human mind. True education to him, was not for

the carrier, but it, inspires love for the nation, love

to learn and love to nurture, the ancient culture,

value, tradition and valuable knowledge of the

nation. The great religious saint and social

reformer died in 1902 when he was just 39 years.

He is no more but he will be remembered for ever

on this earth. His missions and his preaching are

will continue inspiring the coming generations.

Meaning of Education

Vivekananda said: “The education which

does not help the common mass of people to

equip themselves for the struggle of life, which

does not bring out strength of character, a spirit of

philanthropy, and the courage of a lion – is it

worth the name? Real education is that which

enables one to stand on one’s own legs. Education

must provide ‘life-building, man-making,

character-making assimilation of ideas”. The ideal

of this type of education would be to produce an

integrated person.

Vivekananda’s Principles of Education

Like Rabindranath Tagore, Vivekananda

also prescribed the same ancient spiritual methods

of teaching, where Guru and his disciples lived in

close association as in a family. The following are

the basic principles of education.

i. Education is not only for merely getting

information; rather it should develop character,

mental powers, intelligence and creation of self-

confidence which leads to self-realization.

ii. Education of right type should develop the child

physically, mentally and spiritually.

iii. While giving educational qualification, the

vocational education was necessary for the

industrial growth which would lead to the

economic prosperity of the nation.

iv. The concentration or attention is very

necessary for the acquisition of knowledge. For

success in life also, this power is very helpful. With

the help this power one can acquire useful

knowledge and arrange it in mind for use

whenever necessary.






v. Religious education should be imparted through

sweet impressions and fine conduct in preference

to books.

vi. Education should be foster spiritual faith,

devotion and self-surrender in the individual and

should foster full development through service

and sacrifice.

vii. Education should develop character, mental

powers, intelligence and inculcate self-confidence

together with self-reliance.

viii. All the subjects must be included in the

curriculum which promotes the material and

spiritual advancement of a child.

Views of Swami Vivekananda on Education

Swami Vivekananda’s views on Education

deals with self development, character

development, should build self reliance and

confidence, education of masses, medium of

instruction, and education for downtrodden

people and so on.

1. Education for Physical and Mental

Development

Physical education helps the child for self-

realisation or character building and how to make

our body strong. Physical education also helps the

child in attaining a complete education which is

necessary to develop both the mind and the body.

Vivekananda stressed the value of physical

education in curriculum. He said, “You will be

nearer to Heaven through football than through

the study of Gita. You will understand Gita better

by your biceps, your muscles a little stronger. You

will understand the Upanishads better and the

glary of the Atman, when your body stands firm on

your feet and you feel yourself as man.”

2. Medium of Instruction

Like Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore,

Vivekananda also emphasised education through

the mother tongue. Besides mother tongue, there

should be a common language which is necessary

to keep the country united. Vivekananda

appreciated the greatness of Sanskrit that it is the

source of all Indian languages and a repository of

all inherited knowledge; with the absence of this

knowledge, it will be impossible to understand

Indian culture. It is like a store house of ancient

heritage, to develop our society it is necessary that

men and women should know this language,

besides the knowledge of the mother tongue.

3. Development of Self confidence through Moral

and Religious Education

Vivekananda said, “Religion is the

innermost core of education. I do not mean my

own or anyone else opinion about religion.

Religion is as the rice and everything else, like the

curries. Taking only curries causes indigestion and

so is the case with taking rice alone.” Therefore,

religious education is a vital part of a sound

curriculum. Vivekananda considered Gita,

Upanishads and the Vedas are the most important

curriculum for religious education. For him,

religion is a self realization and divinization. It is

not only individual’s development but also for the

transformation of total man. The true religion

cannot be limited to a particular place of time. He

pleaded for unity of world religion. He realized

truth while practising of religion. The truth is the

power, untruth is the weakness. Knowledge is

truth, ignorance is untruth. Thus truth increases

power, courage and energy. It is light giving,

therefore, necessary for the individual as well as

collective welfare. In the Vivekananda’s point of

view, ethics and religion are one and the same.

God is always on the side of goodness. To fight for

goodness is the service to God. The moral and

religion education develop the self-confidence

among the young men and women. The greatness

of citizens is possible only through moral and

spiritual development which education should

poster.

4. Education of Masses

At the time of Swami Vivekananda,

education was not available to the common

people. It was confined to the well to do persons






only. The poor, the miserable and the lowly placed

used to starred and die for hunger. Vivekananda

emphasis to improve the conditions of the masses

and he advocated mass education. He takes this

mass education as an instrument to improve the

individual as well as society. By this way, he

exhorted to his countrymen to know-“I consider

that the great national sin is the neglect of the

masses, and that is one of the causes of our

downfall. No amount of politics would be of any

avail until the masses of India are once more well-

educated, well-fed and well-cared for.”

5. Vision of man making education

Swamiji strongly contended that man-

making education had to be purposive and free

from narrowly conceived objectives. In a

naturalistic view point, he emphasized that real

education is possible only through nature and

natural propensities. Education should be for all

and it should involve a continual growth of

personality, steady development of character and

the qualitative improvement of life. Education

should not involve simply the stuffing of the brain,

but the training of the mind."We want that

education by which character is formed, strength

of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, and

by which one can stand on one's own feet."

Swamiji did not favour the idea that

education should be examination oriented,

preparing people for jobs. It should be training for

life.

In Swamiji's words - "The end of all

education should be man making .The end and aim

of all training is to make the man grow. The

training by which the current and expression of

will are brought under control and become fruitful

is called education."

This vision of education was in tune with

the modern day requirement but in sharp contrast

with the old system of Indian education.

6. Character development

Character is the aggregate of a Man’s

tendencies, the sum –total of the bent of his mind.

We are what our thoughts have made us. It is,

therefore, that education should aim at

sublimating the evil tendencies of our mind.

Swamiji said, “We want that education, by which

character is formed, strength of mind is increased,

intellect is expanded and by which one can stand

on one’s on feet.” This strength of mind is the sign

of great character will makes men great. Education

must build up character and manifest our real

nature.

7. Importance of Women Education

Women education is not in the hands of

others, the powers are in the women.

Vivekananda considered that women to be the

incarnation of power and asked men to respect

them in everywhere. He rightly pointed out that

unless Indian women secure a respectable place in

this country, the nation can never march forward. .

The important features of his scheme of female

education are to make them strong, fear-less, and

conscious of their chastity and dignity. He insists

that men and women are equally competent not

only in the academic matters, but also must have

equal companion in the home and family.

Vivekananda being a keen observer could

distinguish the difference in perception about the

status of women in the West and in India. “The

ideal women in India is the mother, the mother

first, and the mother last. The word woman calls

up to the mind of the Hindu, motherhood; and

God is called mother.”

8. Self-Development

In contrast to the contemporary system

of education, Vivekananda advocated education

for self-development. Education according to most

of the Western educationalists, aims at man's

adjustment with the environment. According to

the Indian philosophical tradition true knowledge

does not come from outside, it is discovered with

the individual, in the self which is the source of all

knowledge. According to Vivekananda, the

function of education is the uncovering of the

knowledge hidden in our mind.






9. Education for down trodden people in the

Society

Vivekananda pleaded for the universal

education so that the backward people may fall in

with others. To uplift the backward classes he

chooses education as a powerful instrument for

their life process. Thus education should spread to

every household in the country, to factories,

playing grounds and agricultural fields. If the

children do not come to the school the teacher

should reach them. Two or three educated men

should team up, collect all the paraphernalia of

education and should go to the village to impart

education to the children. Thus, Vivekananda

favoured education for different sections of

society, rich and poor, young and old, male and

female.

10. Method of teaching

With regard to teaching methods

Vivekananda was of the view that children should

be made to learn themselves. As all knowledge is

within them and learning is only a function of their

mind, they should only be made active. The

teacher and the curricula should act only as

stimuli. This shows that he was against child’s

cramming of pieces of information. The child

should not be a passive recipient of knowledge.

Discussions with the teacher were considered

most important a method of teaching learning by

him. Meditation and concentration were also

considered important by him as through them

developed the mental powers of the child. It was

also emphasized by him that the teacher should

encourage children and develop in them self-

confidence for learning. Thus, along with the

teaching the teacher was advised to develop in

children those qualities which are necessary for

learning. The learner must be able to control the

internal and external senses. He should control his

lower nature and concentrate on learning. It is

high time that we give serious thought to his

philosophy of education and remembers his call to

every-body-‘Arise, awake, and stop not till the

goal is reached.’

Conclusion : The exposition and analysis of

Vivekananda’s scheme of education brings to light

its constructive, practical and comprehensive

character. He realizes that it is only through

education that the uplift of masses is possible. To

refer to his own words: Travelling through many

cities of Europe and observing in them the

comforts and education of even the poor people,

there was brought to my mind the state of our

own poor people and I used to shed tears. When

made the difference? “Education” was the answer

I got.’

He states it emphatically that if society is

to be reformed, education has to reach everyone-

high and low, because individuals are the very

constituents of society. The sense of dignity rises

in man when he becomes conscious of his inner

spirit, and that is the very purpose of education.

He strives to harmonize the traditional values of

India with the new values brought through the

progress of science and technology.

It is in the transformation of man through

moral and spiritual education that he finds the

solution for all social evils. Swami Vivekananda laid

stress on education as a powerful weapon for this

change. As an educationalist he believes in

absolute values which have to be realized by a

good system of education. Education should be

the preparation for life. It should develop a feeling

of nationalism and international understanding, it

should leads to the development of character and

make individuals self-dependent. Today there is a

deterioration of cultural ethics and standards. The

supreme need of the hour is to counteract this

emotional, moral and cultural collapse. Only a

process of a good system of education can bring

about a healthy political and social life. Swami

Vivekananda stands for this and his message is for

all time.

References :

1. Chandra, S. S. And Rajendra K. Sharma,

Philosophy of Education, New Delhi: Atlantic

Publishers and Distributors (P) LTD, 2004, p. 212.






2. Eternal Values for a Changing Society, Vol. 3,

Education for Human Excellence, Pg. 252,, Pub:

Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, 1995.

3. Nithiya, P. Swami Vivekananda’s views on

Philosophy of Education, Asian Journal of

Multidimensional Research, Vol.1, Issue 6,

November 2012, pp 42-48

4. Pani, S.P. and Pattnaik, S.K. Vivekananda,

Aurobindo and Gandhi on Education, New Delhi:

Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2006, p. 80

5. Ravi Singh and Sohan Singh Rawat, Swami

Vivekananda’s Educational Philosophy, Bookman

International Journal of Accounts, Economics &

Business Management, Vol.2, No.2, April-May-

June 2013 e-ISSN: 2319-426X, pp 39-44

6. Siddiqui, M.H., Philosophical and Sociological

Perspectives in Education, New Delhi: A.P.H.

Publishing Corporation, 2009, p. 74.

7. The Complete works of Swami Vivekananda,

Vol. 4, Pg. 324, Publication: Advaita Ashram,

Calcutta, 2002






A study of status of sanitation and sewerage services to urban slum people and its impact on the

living conditions after the BSUP program implementation with special reference to Indore city

Dr. (Mrs.) Shree Dwivedi

Professor, Dep. of Sociology – M.J.B. Govt. Girls P.G. College Indore (M.P.)

Avinash Bhatheja

Research Scholar- M.J.B. Govt. Girls P.G. College Indore (M.P.)

Abstract : The current paper intended to assess

the status of Sanitation and Sewerage Services of

the urban slum people in the pre and post

implementation of BSUP project and its impact on

living conditions of urban slum people. In this

paper Sanitation and Sewerage Services to the

urban slum people characterize by different

parameters/attributes including sewerage

infrastructure, domestic garbage management,

municipal waste management and street sweeping

and cleaning in the pre and post implementation

of BSUP project. This paper also suggest that IEC

activities should be done in more concrete way to

change the habits of local community people to

get the optimum output of the program.

Keywords- BSUP projects, JNNURM, Urban Slum

Sanitation.

1. Introduction –

Hasty urban growth with disorganized

urbanisation against prevailing physical

infrastructures plus ongoing demand and pressure

on Sanitation Services, often forces urban poor to

undergo environmental health risks and to live in

unhygienic settlements and communities. Urban

Local Bodies with limited resources and capacity

are struggling to meet increasing demands. Given

the context of the sanitation situation in urban

areas the JNNURM program endeavor to address

the sanitation needs and wellbeing of the targeted

poor population by promoting household and

community level sanitation improvements.

Sanitation and hygiene behavior changes through

education in an integrated manner by building

capacity in poor communities of urban local

bodies.

2. Objectives –

i. To assess the accessibility of Sanitation and

Sewerage Services to the urban slum people

before and after the implementation of the

BSUP, JNNURM project in Indore.

ii. To analyze the impact of Sanitation and

Sewerage Services on living conditions of

urban slum people after the implementation

of BSUP, JNNURM project in Indore.

3. Methodology –

In this study primary data was collected through

structured interview schedule from the major

BSUP project sites. The sample size for this

research paper was 253 households. For data was

statistically analyzed through paired t-test.

4. Hypothesis –

H0: There is no statistically significant difference in

the arithmetic mean scores of availability of

adequate Sanitation and Sewerage Services for

urban slum people.

H1: There is a statistically significant difference in

the arithmetic mean scores of availability of

adequate Sanitation and Sewerage Services for

urban slum people.

5. Descriptive Analysis –

Sanitation and Sewerage services are vital to

urban health and slum rehabilitation and getting

these services delivered to urban areas is very

critical. Putting the sanitation service provision in

the center of the BSUP project and developing

these services with an explicit focus on urban






slums is a very important aspect of the project.

Recognizing the necessity to ensure basic

sanitation services for the urban poor, BSUP

project provided toilets in the houses and

developed sewerage infrastructure in the project

sites.

Table 1

Summary Results – Sanitation and Sewerage Services

Attributes Related to

Sanitation and Sewerage

Services

Pre-Project

Mean Score

Post-Project

Mean Score Impact

Sewerage Infrastructure 1.76 4.45 2.68

Domestic Garbage

Management 1.60 3.79 2.18

Municipal Waste

Management 1.98 4.31 2.34

Street Sweeping & Cleaning 1.67 4.04 2.36

Total 7.02 16.58 9.57

The data depicted in the above table summarizes

that there is a tremendous improvement in the

Sewerage Infrastructure along with the municipal

waste management. A minor improvement has

shown in domestic garbage management and

street sweeping & cleaning, lot more needed to

be done to show the maximum level of impact.

The overall score for the related attributes are

moderately good that signifies the improvement

in the living conditions of urban slum people.

6. Hypothesis Testing –

Table 2

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Pair 1 Pre_Sanitation Services 1.7540 253 .59218 .03723

Post_Sanitation Services 4.1453 253 .41416 .02604

The above table indicates mean scores of BSUP

beneficiaries’ responses regarding access to

adequate sanitation services in pre (n = 253, m =

1.75, SD = 0.59) and post (n = 253, m = 4.14, SD =

0.41) implementation of BSUP project. The

difference between mean values of pre and post

data indicates that the beneficiaries of BSUP

project were getting adequate sanitation services.

Table 3

Paired Samples Test

Pair 1

Pre_Sanitation Services

Post_Sanitation Services

Paired Mean -2.39130






Differences Std. Deviation .76282

Std. Error Mean .04796

95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference

Lower -2.48575

Upper -2.29686

T -49.863

Df 252

Sig. (2-tailed) .000

The paired sample t test was conducted to

compare the arithmetic mean scores of BSUP

beneficiaries’ responses regarding Sanitation

Services in pre (n = 253, m = 1.75, SD = 0.59) and

post (n = 253, m = 4.14, SD = 0.41) implementation

of BSUP project.

Conclusion –

A t statistic was found statistically significant, t

(252) = -49.86, p = 0.000, in case of third

hypothesis which was developed to assess the

status of Sanitation Services to the urban slum

people characterize by different

parameters/attributes including sewerage

infrastructure, domestic garbage management,

municipal waste management and street sweeping

and cleaning in the pre and post implementation

of BSUP project. Since, p values is significant (-

=0.05) hence, null hypothesis is not accepted.

The Sig. (2-Tailed) value is 0.000, which is less

than .05, this concluded that there is a statistically

significant difference between the mean of

sanitation services in pre and post implementation

of BSUP project. Since the above Paired Samples

Statistics table revealed that the mean for

sanitation services in post implementation phase

was greater than the sanitation services in pre

implementation phase. It can be concluded that

beneficiaries in the post implementation phase

were able to get adequate sanitation services

which contributes to upgrades the living

conditions of BSUP project beneficiaries.

7. Recommendations & Suggestions –

On the basis of data analysis and findings, the

researcher proposes the following

recommendation and suggestions which can

strengthen the policy making and program

implementation for the urban slum people.

IEC activities should be done in more concrete

way to change the habits of local community

people.

Linkages with Local NGOs and CBOs should be

done in more tangible way as a major

stakeholder to implement the Sanitation

Services

Local residents committee should be form in

better way and should work to support the

capacity building of local residents to provide

necessary monitoring in the Sanitation

Services.

8. Limitations –

The Study has following limitations –

This study has conducted with an overview to

assess the impact of housing and other basic

services on the living conditions but it is

limited only to the interventions related to

BSUP program.

This study has less emphasis on the behavior

aspects of beneficiaries which directly assess

the attitude of the beneficiaries towards

various sociocultural issues leads to

improvement in living conditions.






This study has taken the geographical area

which is limited to only Indore Municipal

Boundaries.

9. Reference –

1. Amitabh Kundu, Trends and processes of

Urbanisation in India, 2011, (IIED and UNFPA)

64 Pages

2. Urban Poverty In India And Post-MDG

Framework, Oxfam India working papers

series April 2013 OIWPS - XVII

3. V.K. Dhar, Ruchira Sen, Nakul Kumar, Urban

Poverty Alleviation Initiatives & The JNNURM:

A Critical Assessment, 2006 (NIUA) (Paper)

4. World Urbanization Prospects The 2014

Revision, United Nations, New York,2014

5. Primary Census Abstract, 2011 Census of India

6. Annual Report-2011-12, Ministry of Housing

and Poverty Elevation, Govt. of India - 2012

7. Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth

an Approach to the twelfth five year plan

(2012-2017)

8. The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on

Human Settlements, 2003, United Nations

Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT,

310 pages.

9. Learning from Nanded: A Study of Basic

Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP), Working

Paper -20, Renu Desai, Aseem Mishra and

Kaushal Jajoo, Centre for Urban Equity, CEPT

University, Ahmedabad, 2013

10. Report of the Technical Group on Urban

Housing Shortage, Planning Commission of

India-2012

11. Urban Poverty & Vulnerability in India, 2001,

Susan Loughhead, Dr Onkar Mittal and

Professor Geof Wood - Dept. for International

Development (DFID)

12. Revised BSUP Guideline MHUPA 2009

13. City Development Plan, Indore, JNNURM,

2005 Indore Municipal Corporation, Indore –

MP Detailed Project Report, Rajiv Awas Yojna,

Indore

14. Detail Project Report, BSUP Indore, Phase I &

II, Indore Municipal Corporation, Indore- MP

https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22United+Nations+Human+Settlements+Programme%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7

https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22United+Nations+Human+Settlements+Programme%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7






Ayurvedic herbalism development prospective views

Vd.Pravin Raghunathrao Joshi, M.D.P.G.D.M.B.Ph.D.(Dravyaguna)

Main Author-Assistant prof. Dept.Dravyaguna, G.S.Gune Ayurveda mahavidyalaya, Ahmednagar

Vd.Anita Pravin Joshi (Kulkarni), M.D.(Samhita)

Co-Author- Medical officer Dist. Hospital, AYUSH Dept, Parabhani.

Introduction - Ayurveda is considered as science

of Life. The basic adaption of treatment are

depends mainly on natural resources. Plants and

plant products are the main aspects in the

treatments of various ailments. There are lots of

unaware fields where we can utilize natural

resources. Usage of substitutes can make less

burden to natural resources as well usage of

extrapharmacopial drugs is another better choice

to adopt in the country like India.

Leaves instead of Plastic - Rather than usage of

paper wastage as well as plastic the leaves can be

used instead of paper or plastic usage. From leaves

broom etc. also can be prepared.

Usage of substitutes - Substitutes can be utilized

based on available regional source as well as it will

reduce the burden on the single plant usage.

Instead of plant roots other plant products also

can be used by this destruction of the species will

be stopped.

Economic plants - Economic plants in Ayurveda

are having a rich value in market as well as their

unavailability again producing a burden. Thus the

economic plants like kumkuma, kustha, vacha,

nagakesara, ativisha, salam mishri, salampanja,

kutki should have planted in various regions or we

have to make such environments in exsitu or insitu

conservation.

Usage of animal byproducts - As the

Bhavaprakasha suggested various varga as Mutra

vagra, Dugdha varga we have to use animal

byproducts by which burden on the plant origin

products will be less. The best example in current

status of medina usage is Panchagavya.

Colostrums products from cow’s milk had proven

with immunomoudulation effect. Thus there is

also further need of research for usage of animal

origin products without harming them.

Exploration of the drugs with the aspect of

Ethnopharmacology - Ethnopharmacology will

give much more resurgence to fight with new

diseases as such we are still not close relation with

environment and traditions. The exploration of

some plants like vinca, narkya, bhallataka as an

anticanceous activity is a boon for

ethnophamacology and its safe medicinal aspects.

Avoidance of the usage of Wild variety plants -

Herbalists have to use the farm plants as possible

as they can. Saving wild variety plants will be much

needed task for further generations.

Addition of extrapharmacopial drugs - In every

system of medicine herbal usage plants as well as

culture of using the herbs should be included in

Indian pharmacopeia as well as editing should be

done at time to time.

A reach to common people - Reach to common

people with safety, efficacy, easy availability is the

key for popularization of any medicine. These

aspects will boost for every therapy and their

trends of using medicines.

Refereneces -

1. Desilva R.H.S.K et al., Evaluation of total value of

Ayurvedic medicine with reference to

environmental valuation techniques, IRJP, 2(8),

2011, 66-75.

2. K. Marichamy , N. Yasoth Kumar And A.

Ganesan, Sustainable Development In Exports Of

Herbals And Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani And






Homoeopathy (Ayush) In India, Science Park

Research Journal, Vol-1, Issue-27,2014.

3. Chanchal Charan, Production of herbal and

medicinal plant: an innovative effort towards

sustainable development (A Case Study of Bihar),

Global Journal of Management and Business

Studies, Volume 3, Number 2 (2013), pp. 145-152.

4. P.P. Sheth, Global opportunities and challenges

for medicinal uses of ayurveda, herbal products,

neutraceuticals and alternatives, Health

Administrator Vol: XIX Number 1: 74-75

5. Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita Chakrapani virachita

Chikitsasthana Hindi commentary, Dr.Brahmanand

Tripathi, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, 1st

edition reprint, 2002.

6. Susruta, Susruta samhita sutrasthana,

Ambikadatta shastry- Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series,

Varanasi, 5th

edition.






In Pursuit of Happiness: Women in Selected Breast Stories of Mahasweta Devi

Niharika Singh

Research Scholar & Faculty, Dept. of English

St. Aloysius' (Auto.) College, Jabalpur (M.P)

"The mind is its own place, and itself, can make

heaven of Hell and a hell of Heaven".

John Milton

The Oxford Dictionary Thesaurus & Wordpower

Guide defines the term 'happy' as, "feeling or

showing pleasure; willing to do something;

fortunate and convenient". However, the quest for

happiness is endless and the search has been the

ultimate motive of human beings since ages. But

unfortunately the muted division of humans into

the upper and lower classes has turned happiness,

into a prerogative of the elite class only. In many

cases, the association of the lower classes with

happiness is only fleeting, which again depends on

outer circumstances and whether societal

pressures allow them happiness or not.

Mahasweta Devi (1926-2016), a

celebrated Bengali writer and a known face in the

Indian Writings in English, dedicated her entire life

to the upliftment of the lower class deserves a

special mention. She has created characters

through her writings that are looking for happiness

in myriad realms of their lives. All her characters

are born from the under-privileged class of Indian

society. Mahasweta Devi attempted to break the

concept of happiness only being a prerogative for

the elite, rather proved through her characters

that happiness is just a state of mind and it can

come to the commoners from simple pleasures of

life. Her characters are portrayed struggling

through familial problems, environmental issues,

gender inequality and the choice to live by their

own will. The quest for happiness is proved

through some selected short stories of Mahasweta

Devi. To discuss the argument characters from

Breast Stories have been selected. These stories

are comparable to the present day life where

human beings are running a blind race for the

acquisition of happiness. For the characters of

Mahasweta Devi, the quest remains a pursuit and

chase; happiness often being only or at best a

mirage, a delusion. This paper is an attempt to

prove how Mahasweta Devi has been instrumental

in ushering a change in the lives of the

downtrodden and the marginalised.

Mahasweta Devi and her creative works largely

span the pan Indian position and situation of

women in the post independent India. Particularly,

the images of dalit and tribal women abound in

her literary creations. She scans the place of

women in Indian society and unveils the

hegemony forced on them and in case the woman

is a dalit or a tribal the scanner enlargers and she

is enforced to stringent ascendancy and

dominance by the upper caste. Her writings lash at

the cold and barbaric attitude of the upper caste

men towards a dalit and tribal woman. The

description of women is not imagined; rather it

unfolds the true images of women in Indian

society. Her women characters are firmly rooted

to the ground realities who are trying hard to

create a place of their own and are in quest for

happiness.

Breast Stories by Mahasweta Devi is a collection of

short stories which have a common motif: the

breast. The breast in the stories is highly

symbolical. They not only stand as symbols of

woman's beauty and provider of milk but also the

same breast becomes the reason of neglect and

disregard in her stories. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

says in the 'Introduction', "The breast is what the

stories have in common and what they do not

share is shown by the staging of the names of

three protagonist: Dopdi, Jashoda, Gangor; in

Draupadi, Breast- Giver, Behind the Bodice" (vii).






The story "Draupadi" revolves around the Naxalite

movement active in the West Bengal and draws

our attention towards the ruthless methods

employed by the state to crush them. Large scale

search oppression is carried out to catch them.

The story narrates the agony of a woman Dopdi

Mehjen, a tribal and naxalite who is punished by

the police by not imprisoning her but by raping her

a multiple times. The fight against the injustices

met to them in their socio-economic improvement

had provided impetus to this movement. The

tribals were never interested in breaking the law

and order; rather they wanted their inclusion into

the mainstream life. The tribals have always been

denied their inclusion as part of the central

society, because of being considered illiterate and

cheap.

The protagonist Dopdi along with her

husband Dulna went missing after the 'Operation

Bakuli'. The young couple was good at guerilla

warfare and could stay hidden from the eyes of

the soldiers. However, unfortunately Dulna Majhi

is killed while drinking water from a pond and this

puts Dopdi incharge of the many Santhals

camouflaging in the forest of Tharkhoni.

Senanayak gets the charge to search these couple

and terminate or kill them. The day arrives when

Dopdi is surrounded from all sides since two of her

own men betrayed her. She is caught,

apprehended and taken to the camp. Senanayak

after his dinner commands his men to teach her

lesson by raping her. Dopdi undergoes severe

insult and is made to suffer the whole night. Tied

legs and hands to the four posts, to avoid minimal

struggle by her with the thirst remaining

unquenched, Dopdi continues to struggle. Morning

arrives and she is called by Senanayak 'Burra Sahib'

but Dopdi refuses to be forced to meet him and

even throws away her own clothes and tears them

apart marching naked towards the tent of

Senanayak, "Draupadi stands before him naked.

Thigh and pubic hair matted with dry blood. Two

breasts, two wounds"(36). The story ends with

Dopdi flinging away all her nakedness by pushing

Senanayak with her breasts. Sreemati Mukerjee

writes, "... Draupadi's nakedness uproots

Senanayak from all the consolations and

guarantees of culture, learning and power that

gave his existence its value and meaning"(151).

Dopdi’s search for happiness remains unfulfilled

unlike the mythological Draupadi from the

Mahabharat who is rescued from shame by her

Lord Krishna.

Jashoda is another protagonist from the

short story "Breast Giver" appearing to be a happy

ending story. The story describes the plight of

another struggler Jashoda, the breast feeder to

many. "Motherhood was always her way of living

and keeping alive her world of countless beings.

Jashoda was a mother by profession, professional

mother"(38). How can motherhood become a

profession? But the harsh realities speak a

different story. Survival is the requirement and the

need of the hour and Jashoda is compelled to do

so. Jashoda is a wife of Kangalicharan, whose legs

were amputated because of an accident. This

accident had left the family jobless and pushed

them at the verge of starvation. Jashoda as a wife

and mother could not see her family grieving for

want of food and she begs the Mistress to give the

job. Meanwhile, the Mistress asks her to suckle

the child of her daughter-in-law, who is very sick.

This incident germinates the idea of suckling the

children of the Haldars. Jashoda who was blessed

with good milk flow to feed the child. It was picked

for the job of suckling as a professional mother to

all the children born to Haldars but suckling them

in turns meant she too had to be pregnant in order

to continue the regular supply of milk. As a result

Kangali was asked by the Mistress to take over

cooking responsibility at home and the time

passed. This suckling provided fuel to fire and

Jashoda and her family survived the difficult times.

A time came when the Mistress died, the

daughters-in-law child bearing age was over and

Jashoda too turned weak and aging when she was

asked to go back. 'The blessed auspicious Mother'

Jashoda was asked to leave the Haldar's but this

idea shook her very life. As Goddess Mother

Manifest, Jashoda performed her job well. But

later, the same Goddess mother was kicked out of

the house of Haldars'. Nobody was present around






to look after her, not even her own sons and the

suckled sons of Haldars. Only one fine day, the

second daughter-in-law noticed her swollen breast

and asked her to visit a doctor but Jashoda refused

and succumbed to more pain. Ultimately,

Jashoda's breasts were completely ruined till

Kangali rescues her by taking take her to the

hospital. She is admitted but dies of breast cancer.

Everybody leaves her at the end: husband,

children and Haldar's are not present even at her

death and an untouchable cremates her. She thus

remains for long in the hearts of the readers as an

embodiment of suffering and unhappiness.

The short story is a living tale that voices

the cruelty of humans. Breasts, which become the

soul saver of Jashoda and her family, are later

responsible for her death. She feeds her family

after nursing the children of Haldars' but

unfortunately the means of her livelihood-the

breasts kill her. While she nursed children she was

invited to give blessings to all but when she

actually needed somebody to be around her. She

could not understand, "Why did those breasts

betray her in the end?"(66).

The short story "Behind the Bodice"

begins with a rhetorical question: Choli ke piche

kya hai? or What is there behind the Choli, which

is a homemade undergarment that covers the

breast of women. The title of the story is picked

from a famous song from the film Khalnayak,

released in 1993, "Choli ke piche kya hai, chunari

ke niche kya hai, choli mei dil hai mera chunari mei

dil hai mera". The issues of national importance

were neglected and the national problem for the

year was 'What is there?' The short story revolves

around Upin Puri, an ace photographer, who is

missing and Ujan and Shital, Upin's wife and a

famous Himalayan climber begins their search.

While investigating about his

whereabouts many shocking facts are revealed. A

woman named Gangor had attracted Upin's

attention, who wanted to capture the beauty of

her breast. The exposure of her breasts makes her

an object of disgust in her own community as well

as a sexual object in the eyes of the police. His

investigating nature of photography tries to

represent the misfortunes experienced by the

affected lot in India. He is an urban man who earns

his livelihood by selling these pictures of violence

to the west. Gangor understood the secret motive

of Upin clicking pictures and started asking for

money for each picture. Gangor's asking money for

clicking pictures reflects the helplessness of the

woman. The survival needs and requirements of

the little breast-fed child are plenty that compelled

her to do so. This reflects how life has turned

commercial. As labourers, Gangor and her crowd

were living in the city. Upin too clicked pictures for

selling them in the market. Unfortunately when

Upin again meets Gangor, the natural breast was

gone. There only remained two scars which

horrified Upin and he realizes the secret behind

the bodice- rape and gang rape nothing else. The

national song 'choli ke piche...'is but a farce

because behind the bodice lies dirty and filthy

thought of many. The character of Gangor is very

dynamic and bold; she asserts her presence in the

world. She emerges as a fighter in a difficult world

where a woman is a subject of fun and

entertainment. Her symbol of beauty her breasts

become a reason for her own suffering. They are

not looked as natural mammary glands to feed an

infant but as objects of desire and lust. Towards

the end of the story these mammary glands that

had fetched attention of many turn to, "Two dry

scars, wrinkled skin, quite flat"(155). They were

sacrificed due to the gang rape. Again the search

for happiness has been thwarted by adverse

circumstances which leave the protagonist

helpless.

All the three characters Dopdi, Jashoda

and Gangor are found struggling to their way to

happiness as the life demands. They also make

efforts to be happy with their little attempts.

Unfortunately, they fail and suffer; they discover

the real truth behind their attempts. The character

of Dopdi is a unique character of valor and bravery

that fills her reader with great respect for Dopdi

Mehjen. Her strong revolution crushes the

audaciousness and overriding Senanayak and all






the men involved in this heinous crime. Women’s

sexuality is believed to be a subject of men’s

foreplay and especially in a patriarchal society her

sexuality is used against her to teach a lesson.

Senanayak and his soldiers attempt to strangle this

sexual identity of Dopdi yet remain unsuccessful.

Huma Yaqub says, "Draupadi becomes a metaphor

of resistance. She is representative of millions of

tribal women who are fighting against the

oppression and who can dare to challenge

imperialism and patriarchy"(763).

The character of Jashoda describes the

typical Indian woman, who for family's happiness

sacrifices her life but with regard to herself adopts

an attitude of neglect. Mahasweta Devi suggests a

different picture of the subaltern. Through

Jashoda the typical image of 'Mother India' is

broken. She is the present day reincarnation of

mythical Yashoda who suckled the Holy child,

serves to dismantle the complexity of professional

mother. She as foster-mother is in fact an

economic necessity. The idea of happiness derived

out of bearing and suckling children is here broken

and the whole notion of happiness is foiled. The

joys of motherhood in "Breast Giver" changes into

agony of motherhood.

Devi through the story "Behind the

Bodice" conceptualizes the mangled breasts of

Gangor as the metaphor of violence. She is

victimized by the protectors (police) of society

within the custody. How a common man can have

faith and trust in the present law and order

system, when they are ones responsible for the

condition of Gangor. The patriarchal society

undervalues the importance of the sanctity of the

breast. This view of writer reflects on eco-feminist

approach. As Mother Earth Gangor remains an

easy source of gratifying the lust and depleted of

all resources without replenishing it.

All the three women are epitomes of

sufferings and subjugations hurled on them by

society. Their efforts for happiness are but

attempts made in vain. Mahasweta Devi leads the

reader to think deeper and evolve measures to

change the bent of mind of society towards the

weaker sex. The tale of each character ends on a

sad note leaving the readers enthralled at their

capacities to endure pain in the modern world.

Their pursuit for happiness is a journey without

destination that leaves them unhappy and

disgruntled.

Works Cited

Devi, Mahasweta. Breast Stories. trans. Gayatri

Chakravorty Spivak. Calcutta: Seagull,

1997. Print.

Mukerjee. Sreemati."Myth as Historical

Revisionism in 'Draupadi' and 'Stanadayini'".

Mahasweta Devi: Critical

Perspectives. ed. Nandini Sen. New Delhi: Pencraft

International, 2011. Print.

Oxford Dictionary & Thesaurus & Wordpower

Guide. ed. Catherine Soanes. New Delhi: Oxford

University Press.2001. Print.

Yaqub, Huma. "Performing Resistance and

Reconstructing margins in Mahasweta

Devi's Draupadi". The Dawn Journal

Vol.3, No.1 January-June, 2014. 763. Print.






Shades of Gender in Talat Abbasi’s Short Stories

Gauri Handa

Assistant Professor

Department of English, Mata Gujri College

Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab

Abstract : The present paper discusses the

protagonists of Talat Abbasi’s short stories in the

light of Judith Butler’s theory of gender

performativity. ‘Gender is not something one ‘is’.

It is something one ‘does’’.Thus, acts define the

gender and men and women are expected to

perform certain fixed gendered roles. Any

digression incurs criticism and wrath of the

society. Stories reveal how the concept of gender

achieves non-conformity. Gender as a social and

cultural construct is impossible to confine into any

concept and goes beyond all boundaries. The

dynamicity of gender transgresses the boundaries

of essentialist notions. Abbasi’s characters are

made woman, are the victims of repression, of

patriarchy and they strive to get recognised, yearn

to assert their existence in the patriarchal world.

They hardly fit in one category. The plurality of

female characters opens new vistas that forces us

to rethink all theories of gender and female

writings. Escaping from being labeled, gender

becomes a kind of spectrum with various colours,

though distinct yet merging, overlapping each

other.

Key-words : Judith Butler, performativity, gender

roles, Talat Abbasi

“What was I created for, I wonder? Where is my

place in the world?” – Shirley

Charlotte Brontë

Gender primarily forms and negotiates women’s

identity. Gender identity is precariously formed in

time and space-an identity constituted through

unrealistic repetition of acts, bodily gestures,

movements, and enactments. Thus, gender is a

process initiated through the stylisation of the body. It is a performance that is repetitive producing the effect of identity it intends to be. In the words of Judith Butler,

“Body becomes gender through a series of acts

which are renewed, revised, consolidated through

time and space...Gender is not something one is, it

is something one does, an act... a doing rather

than a being”

Gender is performativity predetermined

by the society and culture within which one is

situated. If the gender is not performed correctly

in the particular social way, one is outcasted,

othered or even suppressed. Gender is produced

and is not natural. It is more a social and cultural

construct. Hence, all the gendering is a kind of

imitation for which there is no original.

The paper discusses short stories from

Bitter Gourd and Other Stories by Talat Abbasi

where the female protagonists uncover various

perspectives in gendered identity in the above

context. Plurality of female characters hardly fit in

one category. Escaping from being labeled, gender

becomes a kind of spectrum with various colours,

though distinct yet merging, overlapping each

other: a mother checking her son into a home for

mentally dysfunctional children; a brother who

can’t live up to the expectations of his sister; a boy

who is a ‘sissy’ and who ‘needed toughening up’ so

that he could manfully witness the slaughtering of

goats, Ustanji, the ‘strange’, ‘queer headmistress

woman’, who authoritatively asks the mother why

her daughter is dropping out of school, the mother

of five daughters who questions if education

would help her daughter get a dowry, husband or

a male child.






Abbasi presents a panorama of characters

who perform their gender. They include deserted

begums, the mute servants, dehumanised women,

pushed into inescapable corners, entrapped in

gendered roles they must perform. Women ought

to be docile, feminine, submissive and obedient.

Abbasi’s characters, who are made women in

Simone de Beauvoir’s terms, are the victims of

repression, patriarchy. Any attempt on their part

to free themselves, to get recognised, to assert

their existence in the patriarchal world is foiled,

rejected, criticised. Never do they succeed,

mellowed down by the culture, tamed by the

traditions and bogged down by the beliefs that

men and women must fit into the prescribed roles.

Ultimately indicating that there is no escape, no

redemption, no freedom awaiting women, be it

the downtrodden women or the affluent begums

in Karachi or the independent globalised entity in

New York. Deserted, widows or the unmarried,

shorn off their self respect, charred, broken, bent.

Abbasi’s stories are replete with

characters who adhere to the gender

performances expected from them. The wives in A

Bear and its Trainer and Facing the Light are

commodified by their husbands and thrown aside

when they have outlived their utility. The gripping

story ‘A Bear and its Trainer’ delineates a match of

convenience between a simple girl named Dolly

with an expatriate Mr Mirza. Dolly, who ‘was no

catch’ and who was ‘difficult to dispose of’ is

married to Mr. Mirza since there wasn’t the

requisite dowry. Dolly meekly adorns the identity

of a pliant and acquiescent wife in an alien culture.

She spends her entire life fulfilling the role of a

devoted, loyal wife, adapting herself to her

husband’s expectations As the title suggests, the

husband trains his dishevelled wife into a

meticulous woman. He makes sure that Dolly turns

into ‘a slave in attendance’ by changing her every

habit since the time he had ‘brought her to

America’ to transform her into a submissive, pliant

woman ‘playing the role of the good wife to the

bitter end, even after the bitter end!’ (Abbasi, 32)

“Facing the Light” portrays a begum of an

affluent husband who finally decides to leave her.

But since, ‘he has a position to maintain and so

she will be maintained in the style she always has

been used to’, allows her all the facilities. Despite

estranged relations between the husband and the

wife, she still prefers to give her relationship a

second chance just like the way she wants to give

another look to her favourite but lustreless sari in

the light, thinking that the bright light might help

to salvage it by making the dull sari shine. The

wife, as expected of her gender, remains at the

receiving end and accepts the charity of the

husband with gratitude.

In the story ‘Simple Questions’, the

mother not only embodies but reinforces

patriarchy because she knows it quite well that

there cannot be any existence possible for her or

her five daughters in case of non-conformity to the

sociocultural setup. She, as a mother and a

woman endeavours to imbibe in her daughter,

Halima- obedience, passivity, acquiescence and

quiet submission to one’s fate; all those attributes

she herself had exemplified all her life. The mother

is conditioned and not coerced by the socio-

cultural forces and she passes it onto her

daughters too. In contrast to her, Abbasi portrays

another shade of gender in the form of Ustanji

whom the mother finds ‘strange’, ‘queer’, ‘crazy’,

her demeanor very awkward, unwomanly,

emphasising the fact that infringing the prescribed

gender stereotypes results in non-acceptance in

the society.

Like the Ustanji in “Simple Questions”,

Miss Nilofar in the story, “Swatting Flies” also is

unacceptable as she defies the performance of her

gender. An extremely intelligent, ‘careful and

responsible’ child, she always tops her class. Even

then, she is not equivalent to a boy, no matter

how useless that boy might be. Miss Nilofar, unlike

other normal girls, has the eyes of a man, ‘not

demure or downcast, but sharp and direct’, is a

nonconformist to the defined stereotypes. She is

such that she ends up being unmarried, which too

is considered a ‘curse’. Finding an appropriate

match for marriage is essential, since living alone






as a spinster would be a social stigma :

Too educated for a woman, said the go-

between who on one occasion came to see what

she could do about Miss Nilofar. Came strictly out

of pity, no payment expected for the poor girl was

no better than an orphan. No father, no dowry...

When Miss Nilofar entered the go-between had

raised herself, fished her glasses out of her satin

drawstring bag...and sat up to examine Miss

Nilofar. And now it was that look, that bold man's

look, which made the go-between take off her

glasses, return them to the bag and go over to

Miss Nilofar's mother. There, still out of pity, she

touched the mother's shoulder and said, ' Educate

her, sister, nothing else you can do about her.'

And the pity was not misplaced for poor Miss

Nilofar never got married.” (Abbasi, 116-117)

Apart from the above category, Abbasi

skillfully presents a few protagonists who fight to

the last to assert their individuality, to create a

niche for themselves in a world, become non-

conformists to the assigned gender roles.

Gender roles are reversed in the story

‘Sari Petticoats.’ The assertive ‘I’ symbolically

expresses the headstrong, independent woman, a

survivor amidst all odds in stark contrast to her

sensitive, meek husband. The protagonist easily

assimilates into the alien land, takes the difficulties

in her stride as against her husband, a total misfit

in New York city. Defying the costume imposed

upon her by culture and customs, she adorns the

role of the breadwinner in the family by sewing

sari petticoats. The will to survive in her is stronger

than the remorse of taking up a lowly job of

sewing despite her being a Master’s in Persian

poetry from Punjab University. She is liberated,

Americanised woman who takes the initiative in

quitting the relation and curtly tells her husband,

“All right go!” The husband returns and gradually,

she buys the store she works for. The ships on the

East River on their way to ‘Miss Liberty’ to

celebrate her centenary is symbolic of breaking

free from the shackles of gendered roles that only

a foreign milieu can afford to provide.

Abbasi depicts her more or less

insensitive, typically unlike the stereotyped image

of a warm, kind woman. Neither does the

prolonged illness of her husband nor his

impending death moves her. Rather she doubts

her estranged husband’s request for financial

assistance as a means of fleecing money from her.

She considers the ten year old poor, orphaned

relative (her would be husband), a nuisance.

The story, ‘Mirage’ is completely devoid

of any sentimentality, reveals in a matter of fact

style, the turbulent life led by the mother of

Omar. We witness a helpless woman ready to

leave her spastic child in a residential home for

mentally dysfunctional children ironically named

as ‘Hope House.’ In a traditional social setup,

motherhood is the essence of a woman’s

existence. Witnessing a mother leave her child is

reflective of her relinquishing her gendered

performative role.

References :

Abbasi, Talat. Bitter Gourd & Other Stories. Oxford

University Press, 2001. Print.

Ahmad, Hena Zafar. Postnational Feminism in

Third World Women’s Literature. Boston:

University of Massachusetts P, 1998. Print.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the

Subversion of Identity. New York and London:

Routledge, 1990. Print.






PIKETTY AND PROGRESS – A REVIEW

Dr. Madhu Satam

HOD, Dept. of Economics, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Shivajinagar, Pune -05

Thomas Piketty, a distinguished Centennial

Professor in London School of Economics (LSE)

since 2015, focuses his economic research mainly

on wealth inequalities and the use of capital in

21st century. Piketty specializes in economic

inequality, taking into consideration, a historic and

statistical approach. His work looks at the rate of

capital accumulation in relation to economic

growth over two hundred years spread from the

nineteenth century to the present. His most recent

book, “Capital in the Twenty First Century”, relies

on economic data going back 250 years to show

that an ever-rising concentration of wealth is not

self-correcting. To address this problem, he

proposes redistribution through a progressive

global tax on wealth. Piketty being a French

national residing in Paris, the book capital was

published first in French and later in English that

brought him to the lime light.

Thomas Piketty is an economist treading a

different path, a rather offbeat or unconventional

one and hence ‘The Economist’ Weekly considers

him to be ‘Karl Marx’ of Modern Era. In the early

19th

century, Karl Marx in his book ‘Das Kapital’,

put forth the limitations of capitalistic approach.

While Piketty in “Capital In The Twenty First

Century”, has given an in depth commentary on

the generation of wealth and imbalance in the

income.

According to Chancel and Piketty, India is

more unequal today, than at any time since the

British Raj, and most of this increase in inequality

took place at the same time as the market-friendly

reforms that opened up India to the world and

greatly increased per capita income. He says that

the top 1 percent of earners captured less than 21

percent of total income in the late 1930s, which

later dropped to 6 percent in the early 1980s.

Today again it has increased to 22 percent, says his

paper entitled 'Indian income inequality’.

Incidentally, the 1970s and the 1980s, when

income inequality is shown to have fallen to the

least, was the period when India's GDP and per

capita income growth rates fell to one of the

lowest levels. The trend in India is in line with the

experience of other major economies.

The paper shows that between 1980 and

2014, income of top 0.1% income earners in

France and China rose six times faster than the

income of bottom 50%. In India, the growth rate of

top 1% was 13 times higher, while it was nearly 77

times higher in the US. The latest paper from

Picketty and Chancel is expected to trigger debate

about the state of inequality in India and whether

benefits of higher growth have spread to all

classes. The two economists recognize the global

nature of income inequality but state that: "India's

dynamics are striking: It is the country with the

highest gap between the growth of the top 1% and

growth of the full population."

The paper added that the top 0.1%

income earners represented less than 8 lakh

individuals in 2013-14, which is less than the

population of Gurgaon. "It is a sharp contrast with

the 389 million individuals that made up the

bottom half of the adult population in late 2013."

Economists say that income distribution data for

India is very difficult to find. A study done by Delhi-

based NCAER dates to 2004-05. "Income tax data

is not applicable (for measuring income inequality)

in a country like India," said Bibek Debroy,

member of NITI Aayog, a government think tank.

"The national sample survey (NSS) data indicated

that in 2004-05 inequality in India increased

sharply. The NSS measures consumption and

underestimates the degree of inequality," said

Pronab Sen, former chief statistician of India. "If

you could measure income distribution, which

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality






very few do, it is much worse." Sen said, India's

fast economic growth had helped in reducing

absolute poverty but ‘relative inequality has

worsened.’ Based on their calculations, Piketty and

Chancel have concluded that there was a

moderate rise of the middle class during 1980-

2014, when the economy was liberalized and

income growth rates picked up.

Hence, an economy with a top to bottom

approach and the level of inequality fails to grow

in terms of Education, health and investment in

important socio-economic sectors.

References :-

1. Dainik Loksatta, Monday, 18-9-2017

2. www.loksatta.com

3. Thomas Piketty,“Capital in the Twenty First

Century”

4. The Economist (Weekly)

5. NSS

http://www.loksatta.com/






FCI ls dbZ ckj vkoaVu le; ij izkIr ugh

gksrk gS] ftlds dkj.k e/;kUg Hkkstu ;kstuk izHkkfor

gksrh gSA foRrh; o"kZ 2009&10 ds izFke ,oa frh;

=Sekl ds fy;s [kkn~;kUu dk vkoaVu le; ij izkIr

gqvk] ysfdu jkT; esa Hkkjrh; [kkn~; fuxe kjk jkT;

[kkn~; fuxe dks [kkn~;kUu le; ij miyC/k ugha

djk;k x;kA jkT; [kkn~; fuxe Hkh le; [kkn~;kUu

laosndksa dks miyC/k ugha djkrh gSA FCI ds kjk Bag

ij MDM vafdr djus dk fu.kZ; gqvk Fkk] ftl ij

vey ugha gks jgk gS Qyr% pkoy dh xq.koRrk ij

fu;a=.k ugha gks ikrk gSA FCI dk csgrj rkyesy SFC

ds lkFk ugha gks ikrk gSA fon~;ky; Lrj ij izfrfnu

ehuw dk ikyu ugha gksus lacaf/kr leL;k vuqJo.k

lfefr dh cSBd le; ij ugha gksukA fon~;ky; f'kkk

lfefr ds Lrj ij leUo; dh dehA

1- ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh Nfo tks fcxM+ x;h gS mls

lq/kkjus ij ljdkj dk /;ku vkd"V gks] D;ksafd

,d losZ ds vuqlkj 90 yk[k Nk=ksa us vius uke

ljdkjh Ldwyksa ls dVok fy;k gSA vfHkHkkodksa vkSj

cPpksa dk ekuuk gS fd Ldwy esa vPNh i<+kbZ gksuh

pkfg, vPNs Hkkstu ds lkFk i<+kbZ Hkh vPNh gksxh

rks cPps vkdZf"kr gksxsaA D;ksafd cPps vius ?kj esa

vius gSfl;r ds fglkc ls [kkuk [kk ds vkrs gSA

2- Ldwy esa tks f'kkd gS oks xSj ftEesnkjkuk joS;k ls

Hkh ldkjkRed izHkko ugh fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSa vkSj

xkaoksa ds Ldwy fiNM+rs tk jgs gSa flQZ dkxtksa esa

gh ?kksM+s nkSM+ jgs gSa f'kkd cPpksa ds Hkfo"; ds

lkFk f[kyokM+ dj jgs gS ,sls f'kkdksa ij l[r

dk;Zokgh dh tk,A pkgs 'kgj dk cPpk gks pkgs

xkWo dk lHkh dks ,d lkeku f'kkk izkIr gksuh

pkfg,A

3- tgk¡ tkfrokn o /kkfeZd HksnHkko ugha gksrk oju

f'kkk gh og ek/;e gS] ftlesa vkus okyh ihf<+;ka

tkx:d gksrh gS vkSj cqjkbZ dk u'kk& /khjs&/khjs

gksrk tkrk gS] blfy, vHkh Hkh le; gS fd

ljdkj feM Ms ehy esa vko';d cnyko djsa

D;ksafd ;g Hkh lR; gS fd losZ ds eqrkfcd 5 esa

,d cPps dks [kkuk nsus dk eryc gSA fd

vko';d U;wVªhf'k;u ugha fey ik jgk gS fQj ;g

;kstuk rks vlQy jgsxh gh] ysfdu nykyksa vkSj

Hkz"Vkpkfj;ksa dh lQyrk ds cYys &cYys gSA

4- bl ;kstuk dks vc rd dEI;wVj izkbl baMsDl ls

Hkh ugha tksM+k x;k gSA vr,o dsUnz ljdkj o

foik dh feM Ms ehy ij iqu% fopkj djus dh

vko';drk gS lkFk gh izR;sd Nk= dks ikSf"Vd

vkgkj fey lds blfy, vf/kd ctV vkoafVr

fd;k tk,A ;g dguk vfr';ksfDr gksxh fd bl

;kstuk dks can dj fn;k tk, D;ksafd Hkw[k feVkus

dks ,d fuokyk gh cgqr gSA de ls de dqN

xjhc cPpksa dks Hkkstu rks fey gh jgk gS] fdUrq

ns'k dh HkykbZ blh esa gS fd vPNs Hkkstu ds lkFk

vPNh f'kkk feys rks vHkh Hkh le; gS lekt dks

tkx:d gks tkuk pkfg,A oks cPpksa dh i<+kbZ esa

enn djs vkSj Ldwy dh O;oLFkk rFkk v/;kidksa

dh rjQ lh lh Vhoh dSejs dh rjg utj j[kksaA

5- feM Ms ehy dh O;oLFkk esa leqnk; ds yksxksa dk

'kkfey gksuk cgqr t:jh gS blds rgr cPpksa ds

vfHkHkkodksa dh lfefr cuuh pkfg, bls Ldwy

izca/kd lfefr Hkh dgrs gSA bls Ldwy esa cuus

okys Hksktu vkSj ogka gks jgh i<+kbZ dh fuxjkuh

dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA vkSj ;fn vfHkHkkodksa ds

vuqlkj dqN xyr gS rks v/;kidksa dks lq>ko Hkh

ns ldrh gSA

6- feM Ms ehy ;kstuk dk dk;Z dks ns[kus ds fy,

,d fo'ks"k O;fDr dh fu;qfDr djuk pkfg, D;ksafd

;g jkstejkZ dk dk;Z gS D;ksafd ;g O;oLFkk

f'kkdksa dks nh tk,xh rks cPpksa dh i<+kbZ ij

vlj iMs+xkA

7- Hkkstu dh xq.koRrk lqfuf'pr djuk jkT; ljdkj

dh ftEesnkjh gS blds fy, mudks fu;fer :i ls

Mk;Vhf'k;u dh enn ysuh pkfg, ysfdu i;kZIr

lqfo/kk vkSj O;oLFkk ds vHkko esa dbZ txg






nq?kZVuk,a ?kfVr gks pqdh gSA ,slh dksbZ Hkh vfiz;

?kVuk ds gksus ij fdlh Hkh tokcnsgh r; ugha gks

ikrh gSA

8- e/;kUg Hkkstu ckaVus ls igys ogkW ds iz/kkuk/;kid

o f'kkd o izHkkjh dh ftEesnkjh gksuh pkfg, fd

mls [kkdj ns[ks dh Bhd gS fd ugha rc cPpksa dks

forfjr dh tk,A ftl izdkj ls ftyk Lrj ij

lqizhe dksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkw[k ls gksus okyh ekSrksa ds

fy, eq[; lfpo] ftyk vf/kdkjh [k.M fodkl

vf/kdkjh vkSj iapk;r ds eqf[k;k dks ftEesnkj

ekuk tkrk gSA

9- ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds izkFkfed f'kkk

vkSj lkkjrk foHkkx ds kjk e/;kUg Hkkstu ;kstuk

dh fuxjkh vkSj fujhk.k ds fy, foLra`r i)fr

fu/kkZfjr dh tkuh pkfg,A

10- lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ds varxZr lwpuk

dk izn'kZu djuk pkfg, tgka Hkh Ldwy esa ;s

dk;ZØe es ;s dk;ZØe ;k ;kstuk ykxw gS ogk¡

ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,

tSls &izkIr [kk|kUu dh ek=k] izkfIr dh rkjh[k]

mi;ksx fd, [kk|kUu dh ek=] vU; [kjhns x,]

mi;ksx esa yk, x, va'k] e/;kUg Hkkstu ikus okys

cPpksa dh la[;k] nSfud esU;w] dk;ZØe esa 'kkfey

lkeqnkf;d lnL;ksa dk jksLVj vkfnA

11- jktLo foHkkx] xzkeh.k fodkl] f'kkk vkSj efgyk

vkSj cky fodkl] [kk|] LokLF; tSls vU; lacaf/kr

ks=ksa ds jkT;A dsUnz'kkflr izns'kksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa

ls ftu Ldwyksa esa dk;ZØe ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSA

ogka fujhk.k ds fy, fy, tkuk pkfg,A izR;sd

frekgh esa 25 izfr'kr izkFkfed Ldwyksa 1 bZ-th-,l-

vkSj ,-vkbZ-bZ dsUnzksa ds fujhk.k dh flQkfj'k

djuk pkfg,A

12- ,Q-lh-vkbZ- ds fMiks esa i;kZIr [kk|kUu fujarj

miyC/k jgs bldh ftEesnkjh ,Q-lh-vkbZ- dh gSA

;gka fdlh eghus @frekgh ds fy, ,d eghus

igys gh [kk|kUu mBkus dh vuqefr gS rkfd

[kk|kUuksa dh vkiwfrZ fuckZ/k cuh jgsA

13- ,e-Mh-,e- dk;ZØe ds varxZr [kk|kUuksa dh vkiwfrZ

esa vkus okyh fofHkUu ijs'kkfu;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy,

,Q-lh-vkbZ izR;sd jkT; esa ,d uksMy vf/kdkjh

fu;qDr djsaA ftykf/kdkjh@ftyk iapk;r izeq[k

lqfuf'pr djrs gS fd [kk|kUu ,Q-,-D;w ls de

dk u gks rFkk ,Q-lh-vkbZ- vkSj ftykf/kdkjh

rFkk@;k ftyk iapk;r izeq[k kjk ukfer

O;fDr;ksa dh la;qDr Vhe ds fujhk.k ds ckn gh

tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA

14- Hkkjr ljdkj ds Ldwyh f'kkk vkSj lkkkRdkj

foHkkx kjk jkT; ljdkj@dsUnz'kkflr izns'kksa dks

cPpksa vkSj laLFkkuksa ds dojst] [kkuk idkus dh

ykxr] ifjogu] fdpu 'kSM dk fuekZ.k vkSj fdpu

ds lkekuksa ds izkfIr ij vkof/kd lwpuk nkf[ky

djuk pkfg, ftlls ljdkj dks okf"kZd ctV fey

ldsA

15- loZf'kkk vfHk;ku dh fuxjkuh ds fy, fpfUgr 41

lkekftd foKku 'kks/k laLFkkuksa dks e/;kUg Hkkstu

dh fuxjkuh dk dke lkSaik tkuk pkfg,A

16- jkT;ksa vkSj dsUnz'kkflr izns'kksa dks dgk x;k gS fd

tuf'kdk;rksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, leqfpr i)fr

fodflr djsa ftldk cMs+ iSekus ij izpkj gksuk

pkfg, vkSj vklku igqap esa gksA

17- e/;kUg Hkkstu dk;ZØe ds varxZr lIrkg esa ,d

fnu Qy dk forj.k gksuk pkfg,A cPpks dks ogha

Hkkstu feyuk pkfg, tks muds fy, iks"kd gksA

xjhc cPpksa dks Ldwy esa gh iks"kd Hkkstu izkIr gks

ikrk gSA rks muds fgr ds fy, lIrkg esa ,d

fnu nw/k] Qy] dk Hkh forj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

18- e/;kUg Hkkstu esa cPpksa dks tks iks"kd vkgkj fn;k

tk jgk gS og cPpksa dh :fp dk gks mudk esU;w

lIrkg dk fu/kkZfjr gS rks cPpksa ls lIrk izkjaHk

gksus ds iwoZ muls mudh :fp dk ,d Hkkstu j[kk

tk,A e/;kUg Hkkstu dk;ZØe esa tc cPpksa dks

lfEefyr fd;k tk,xk rks cPpksa dh :fp c<s+xh

vkSj 'kkyk vkus ds izfr mRlqdrk tkx`r gksxhA

19- vkfnoklh ks=ksa esa e/;kUg Hkkstu dk dk;Z Lo-

lgk;rk lewgksa dks fn;k x;k gS tcfd ;g dk;Z

iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ds laKku esa gksuk pkfg,A

ljdkjh O;fDr bl dk;Z ds fy, fu;qDr gksuk

pkfg, D;ksafd ,slh laLFkk,a vius ykHk dks ns[ksaxsA

ftlesa cPpksa dks gks ldrk gS fd lgh Hkkstu izkIr

u gksA

e/;kUg Hkkstu dk;ZØe ,d cgqr cMs+ Lrj

ij lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA ij tgk¡ Hkh lapkfyr

gks jgs gS og ljdkjh dh fuxjkuh iw.kZr% cuh gqbZ gS






D;k ughaA ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa e/;kUg Hkkstu ds uke ls

cPpksa ds iks"kd vkgkj ds lkFk f[kyokM+ gks jgk gS

vkSj tgk¡&tgk¡ Hkh ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa cPpks ds e/;kUg

Hkkstu dk forj.k fd;k tkrk gS ogk¡ lkQ &lQkbZ

dk fcYdqy /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA ljdkjh Ldwyksa

esa vf/kdrj de vk; okyksa vkSj xjhc ifjokj ds cPps

i<+rs gS tks 'kk;n ?kj esa ,d le; dk Hkkstu gh dj

ikrs gks og 'kkyk gh Hkkstu dh ykyp esa vkrs gks rks

og bl Hkkstu dk vkuan ys lds vkSj f'kkk ds izfr

mldk :>ku gks ldsA ljdkj dks ;kstuk lapkfyr

djrs le; Hkz"V yksxksa dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

D;kssafd ;s cPps gh ns'k dk Hkfo"; gS vkSj bu cPpksa

dk vPNh f'kkk o izksf"kr Hkkstu ugha izkIr gksxk rks

og ns'k dqiksf"kr gh jgsxkA

The Economic Survey, the

Government of India, New Delhi, 2002-2003.

The Five-Year Plans, the Planning Commission,

Government of India, New Delhi.

Guidelines of National Program of

Nutritional Support to Primary Education or

MidDay Meal Scheme- 1993, 2004, and 2006.

Department of Elementary Education and

Literacy, Government of India, New Delhi.

India Country Report on the

‘onvention on the Rights of the Child,

Government of India, 1997.






ICSSR,

fczfV’k vkxeu ls iwoZ lkeUrh dky dh

vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd lajpuk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

efgyk dh fLFkfr fuEu FkhA lekt esa O;fä ds LFkku

dk fu/kkZj.k tUe ds vk/kkj ij gksrk FkkA vuqlwfpr

tkfr dh efgyk dh v;ksX;rk ;gh Fkh fd mlus

efgyk ds :i esa tUe fy;kA efgyk dks bl

tUe&vk/kkfjr v;ksX;rk ls eqDr dj Lok;rrk ,oa

lekurk dk okrkoj.k miyC/k djkus dh izfØ;k

vR;Ur tfVy gSA :f<+oknh ,oa iqjkru lkekftd

Hkkjrh; fopkj bl uohu ifjorZu dk fojks/kh gSA xk¡oksa

esa ifjokj dh vk; esa vk/ks ls vf/kd dk Hkkx

vuqlwfpr tkrh dh efgykvksa dk jgrk gSA ijUrq muds

kjk fd, x, dke dks vkfFkZd xfrfo/kh ekuus ds

ctk; lkekU; ikfjokfjd nkf;Ro le>k tkrk gSA mUgsa

osru jfgr Jfed gh ekuk x;k gSA ;g foMEcuk gS

fd dke /kU/kksa esa lrr~ lfØ; jgus ij Hkh vuqlwfpr

tkfr dh efgyk,¡ vkfFkZd nf"V ls iw.kZr;k ijkfJr gSaA

vkt efgyk,¡ gj ks= esa iq:"kksa ds lkFk da/ks

ls da/kk feykdj py jgh gSaA lŸkk ds loksZPp f’k[kj

ls ysdj vke tuthou esa efgyk,¡ vius la?k"kZ ds

cwrs viuh kerk,¡ fn[kk jgh gSaA vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

efgykvksa dh n’kk Hkh igys ls dkQh lq/kjh gSA

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa esa lkkjrk c<+h gS vkSj

os Lojkstxkj ds tfj, vkRefuHkZjrk dh vksj vius

dne c<+k jgh gSA os xk¡oksa esa iapk;r Lrj ij Hkh

usr`Ro iznku dj jgh gSA blesa nks jk; ugha gS fd

efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr lq/kjh gS ftlds cwrs

mudh lkekftd fLFkfr esa Hkh viskkÑr lq/kkj gqvk

gSA os cM+s iSekus ij jlksbZ?kj dh ngyht ls ckgj

fudy lkekftd nkf;Ro Hkh fuHkkrh fn[k jgh gSA

e/;çns'k ljdkj kjk vuqlwfpr&tkfr;ksa ds

yksxksa dks laoS/kkfud lajk.k nsus ds yxkrkj ç;kl

fd;s tk jgs gSaA mUgsa lHkh ks= esa l'kä cukus dh

dksf'k'ksa tkjh gSaA ljdkj kjk v/kkslajpuk fodkl ds

dke dks xfr nsus] lokaZxh.k fodkl dh ;kstukvksa ds

fØ;kUo;u vkSj e‚uhVfjax dk dke Hkh fd;k tk jgk

gSA vuqlwfpr&tkfr oxZ ds ;qokvksa dks jkstxkj nsus

ds volj miyC/k djok;s tk jgs gSaA

Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lnSo ,d

leku ugha jgh gSA blesa ;qxkuq:i ifjorZu gksrs jgs

gSaA mudh fLFkfr esa oSfnd ;qx ls ysdj vk/kqfud

dky rd vusd mrkj&p<+ko vkrs jgs gSa rFkk muds

vf/kdkjksa esa rn~u:i cnyko Hkh gksrs jgs gSaA

Lora=rk çkfIr ds ckn ls ljdkj kjk mudh

vkfFkZd] lkekftd] 'kSkf.kd vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkfr esa

lq/kkj ykus rFkk mUgsa fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk esa lekfgr

djus gsrq NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ls efgyk l’kfädj.k

ds fy, vusd dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj fodklkRed

dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu fd;k x;kA efgykvksa dks fodkl

dh vf[ky /kkjk esa çokfgr djus] f'kkk ds leqfpr

volj miyC/k djkdj mUgsa vius vf/kdkjksa vkSj

nkf;Roksa ds çfr ltx djrs gq, mudh lksp esa ewyHkwr

ifjorZu ykus] vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh vfHk:fp

mRiUu dj mUgs vkfFkZd&lkekftd –f"V ls

vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj LokoyEcu dh vksj vxzlkfjr djus

tSls vge mís';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa

fo'ks"k ç;kl fd;s x, gSaA

oLrqr% bDdhloha lnh efgyk lnh gSA o"kZ

2001 efgyk l'kfädj.k o"kZ ds :i esa euk;k x;kA

blesa efgykvksa dh kerkvksa vkSj dkS'ky dk fodkl

djds mUgsa vf/kd l'kä cukus rFkk lexz lekt dks

efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkwfedk ds laca/k esa tkx:d

cukus ds ç;kl fd;s x,A efgyk l'kfädj.k gsrq o"kZ

2001 esa çFke ckj jk"Vªh; efgyk mRFkku uhfr cukbZ

xbZ ftlls ns'k esa efgykvksa ds fy;s fofHkUu ks=ksa esa

mRFkku vkSj leqfpr fodkl dh vk/kkjHkwr fo'ks"krk,¡

fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkuk laHko gks ldsA blesa lHkh ks=ksa






esa iq:"kksa ds lkFk leku vk/kkj ij efgykvksa kjk

leLr ekuokf/kdkjksa rFkk ekSfyd Lora=rkvksa dk

lS)kfUrd rFkk oLrqr% miHkksx ij rFkk bu ks=ksa esa

efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh o fu.kZ; Lrj rd leku igq¡p

ij cy fn;k x;k gSA

fodkl fdlh Hkh lekt ds vfLrRo gsrq ,d

vk/kkjHkwfe vko’;drk gS tks fd lkekftd bdkb;ksa

ds chp Li/kkZ dks tUe nsdj ikjEifjd lekt dks

tfVy lekt dh vksj ys tkrk gSA dqN lektksa esa

fodkl dh xfr vfr ean gksrh gS vkSj dqN esa

vR;f/kd rhozA vuqlwfpr tkfr lekt eUn xfr ls

fodflr lektksa dk gh ,d Lo:i gSA fodkl

ifjorZu dh ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS tks ekuo thou esa

xq.kkRed lq/kkj ykus ds fy, lkekftd lajpuk ,oa

O;oLFkkewyd vo;oksa esa ifjorZu djrh gSA ;g Hkh

,d rF; gS fd fodkl ds pkj ekin.M gksrs gSa tks

Øe’k% ek=k esa o`f)] dk;Zkerk] vkilh lg;ksx ,oa

LorU=rk gSA

lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ^fodkl* dh

izfØ;k ,oa vo/kkj.kk ds lanHkZ esa vusd vk;ke mHkjs

gSaA vuqlwfpr tkfr fodkl ,d egRoiw.kZ vk;ke ds

:i esa mHkjk gSA orZeku esa fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk

efgyk dsfUnzr gS vkSj efgyk fodkl fdlh Hkh lekt

,oa jk"Vª ds fodkl dk i;kZ; ekuk tkus yxk gSA

tgk¡ fiNyh lnh ds NBs ,oa lkrosa n’kdksa esa fodkl

dh vo/kkj.kk jkT;ksUeq[kh ,oa iq:"k dsfUnzr Fkh] ubZ

lglzkCnh esa fodsUnzhdj.k] leqnk; mUeq[kh ,oa efgyk

dsfUnzr fodkl ij cy fn;k tkus yxk gSA vuqlwfpr

tkfr efgyk fodkl dk iz’u flQZ bl ik ls

lacaf/kr ugha gS fd fodkl esa mudh iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh

gksA bl :i esa efgyk fodkl ,d f&ekxhZ;

vo/kkj.kk gS ftlds vUrZxr efgyk ykHkkFkhZ gh ugha

vfirq mudh Hkwfedk fu.kkZ;d Hkh gSA

orZeku le; esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr esa dkQh

cnyko vk, gSa] ysfdu fQj Hkh og vusd LFkkuksa ij

iq#"k&ç/kku ekufldrk ls ihfM+r gks jgh gSA bl

lUnHkZ esa

mYys[kuh; gS& fdlh Hkh

jk"Vª dh çxfr dk loksZÙke FkekZehVj gS] ogk¡ dh

efgykvksa dh fLFkfrA gesa efgykvksa dks ,slh fLFkfr esa

igq¡pk nsuk pkfg,] tgk¡ os viuh leL;kvksa dks vius

<ax ls Lo;a lqy>k ldsaA gesa ukjh'kfä ds m)kjd

ugha] oju~ muds lsod vkSj lgk;d cuuk pkfg,A

Hkkjrh; efgyk,¡ lalkj dh vU; fdUgha Hkh efgykvksa

dh Hkk¡fr viuh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus dh kerk j[krh

gSaA vko';drk gS mUgsa mi;qä volj nsus dhA blh

vk/kkj ij Hkkjr ds mTToy Hkfo"; dh laHkkouk,¡

lfUufgr gSaA

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd

l’kfDrdj.k dk vFkZ gS efgyk lacaèkh leL;kvksa dh iwjh

tkudkjh ds fy, mudh ;ksX;rk o dkS’ky esa of) dj

lkekftd ,oa laLFkkxr vojksèkksa dks nwj djus dk volj

iznku djuk] lkFk gh vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkxhnkjh

dks c<+kok nsuk] rkfd os vius thou dh xq.koÙkk esa

O;kid lqèkkj yk ldsaA vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa ds

l’kfädj.k ls lacfèkr uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u bl

izdkj ls djuk gksxk fd oafpr efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd

:i ls ykHk izkIr gks lds rFkk blesa vkus okyh nSfud

leL;kvksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldsA vkfFkZd l’kfDrdj.k

iwjh nqfu;k Hkj ds ns’kksa esa izxfr o lqèkkj dk ,d

egRoiw.kZ eqn~nk gSA efgykvksa dks lelkef;d lkekftd

dqizFkkvksa ls eqDr djus ds fy, vko’;d gS fd

efgykvksa esa foosdtU;rk] oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k] /keZ

fujiskrk ,oa vkRefo’okl dh Hkkouk mRiUu dh tk,

rHkh os lkeUrh ,oa :f<+oknh 'kks"k.k dk l’kä fojks/k

dj ldsaxhA

%&

mTtSu ftys esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa dh

vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk v/;;uA

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa kjk fofHkUu ks=ksa esa

mBk, x, ykHk ds foLrkj ,oa xq.koŸkk dk

ewY;kaduA

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd ,oa

vk;ltZd xfrfof/k;ksa dh foospuk ,oa efgykvksa

ds vkfFkZd LokoyEcu ds Lrj dk v/;;uA

vuqlwfpr tkfr efgyk dY;k.k ls lacaf/kr

dk;ZØeksa ,oa ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u ikksa dk

v/;;u rFkk fØ;kUo;u esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa o

leL;kvksa ,oa izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u gsrq lq>koA

izLrqr v/;;u

dk lexz mTtSu ftyk gSA mTtSu ftys dk p;u dk

dkj.k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh tula[;k dk izfr’kr

vf/kd gksuk gSA voyksdu dh bdkbZ vuqlwfpr tkfr

dh efgyk dY;k.kdkjh ,oa fodkl dk;ZØeksa ls






ykHkkfUor fgrxzkgh gSaA p;fur nks tuin iapk;rksa ls

10&10 vuqlwfpr tkfr cgqy xzke iapk;rksa dk p;u

nSo fun’kZu i)fr ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;kA bl

izdkj nks tuin iapk;rksa ls 20 xzkeksa dk p;u

v/;;u gsrq fd;k x;k gSaA p;fur xzke dh fofHkUu

;kstukvksa ds ykHkkfUor efgyk fgrxzkfg;ksa dh lwph

cukbZA lwph ls 15&15 efgyk fgrxzkfg;ksa dk p;u

fd;k x;kA bl izdkj nks tuin iapk;rksa ds 20

xzkeksa ls 300 vuqlwfpr tkfr efgyk fgrxzkgh dk

p;u fd;k x;kA

e/;izns’k

dqy 51 ftys

¼lokZf/kd vuqlwfpr tkfr okyk p;fur ftyk½

mTtSu cM+uxj [kkpjkSn ?kfê;k efgniqj rjkuk

76 xzk-ia- 107 xzk-ia- 130 xzk-ia- 69 xzk-ia- 120 xzk-ia- 107 xzk-ia-

10 xzke iapk;r 10 xzke iapk;r

¼nSo fun’kZu½ ¼nSo fun’kZu½

15-15 mŸkjnkrk 15-15 mŸkjnkrk

dqy 300 mŸkjnkrk

izLrqr v/;;u dk;Z gsrq izkFkfed leadksa ds

laxzg.k gsrq lkkkRdkj vuqlwph dks ek/;e cuk;k x;kA

vuqlwfp esa can o [kqys nksuksa gh izdkj ds iz’uksa dk

lekos’k fd;k x;k] ftlls leL;k,¡ o lek/kku izkIr

fd;s tk ldsA D;ksafd v/;;u dk;Z esa mŸkjnkrk oxZ

xzkeh.k vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgyk,¡ gSa] tks izk;% vui<+

;k fujkj ;k de iM+h fy[kh gksrh gS] blfy, izkFkfed

leadksa ds ladyu ds fy, lkkkRdkj vuqlwph ds

ek/;e ls xzkeh.k fgrxzkgh vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

efgykvksa ls izkFkfed :i ls lead laxzfgr fd, x,A

efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd l’kfädj.k esa fofHkUu ;kstukvksa

ds izHkkoksa dk lexz v/;;u djus ds fy, rF;

,df=r djus ds vfrfjä lewg ppkZ] fopkj&foe’kZ]

voyksdu] vuvkSipkfjd lkkkRdkj] O;fäxr ppkZ

vkfn ds ek/;e ls Hkh fofHkUu rF; ,oa tkudkfj;k¡

,df=r dh x;hA izkFkfed leadksa ds ,df=dj.k ds

fy, ftyk iapk;r] mTtSu] tuin iapk;r] mTtSu

rFkk tuin iapk;r] ?kfê;k ds fofHkUu vf/kdkfj;ksa]

deZpkfj;ksa ls Hkh O;fäxr ppkZ ,oa fopkj&foe’kZ

djds fofHkUu lwpuk,¡ ,df=r dh xbZA bu izkFkfed

leadksa dk lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls oxhZdj.k]

lkj.kh;u] lEiknu] fo’ys"k.k rFkk fuoZpu fd;k x;k

,oa izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu ;kstukvksa ds

izHkko dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSaA






vkfFkZd fodsfUnzdj.k ds fofHkUu

izko/kkuksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd

l’kfädj.k dks tkuus gsrq dqN egRoi w.kZ lwpdksa ds

vk/kkj ij 'kks/k ifjdYiuk dks j[kk x;kA bu lwpdksa

esa vkfFkZd fodkl dks dsUnz fcUnq esa j[krs gq, 'kks/k

ifjdYiuk dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA

efgykvksa dks ljdkj ls izkIr lgk;rk ,oa ifjokj

dh vk; ds e/; dksbZ laca/k ugha gSA

efgykvksa dks l’kä cukus ds fy, dsUnz

ljdkj kjk fofHkUu ;kstuk,¡ ds ek/;e ls vuqlwfpr

tkfr efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus dk iz;kl

fd;k tk jgk gSA losZfkr efgykvksa dh

lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr] jkstxkj ;kstukvksa dk

fØ;kUo;u] ;kstukvksa dk xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh fLFkfr

ij izHkko rFkk bl ks= esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa vkfn

dk fo’ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA

%& vuqlwfpr tkfr

dh efgyk fgrxzkfg;ksa dh lkekftd vkfFkZd i"BHkwfe

ds vUrxZr mudh mez] f’kkk] oSokfgd fLFkfr]

O;olk;] vk; vkfn ikksa dks fo’ysf"kr ,oa O;k[;kf;r

fd;k x;k gSA

lkekftd fLFkfr ds fu/kkZj.k esa vk;q dk

egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA O;fä dh vk;q mldh 'kkjhfjd

,oa ekufld ifjiDork rFkk lkekftd vuqHko dks gh

ugha iznf’kZr djrh] vfirq blds kjk mldh fof’k"V

lkekftd fLFkfr] lEeku] 'kfä] lqfo/kk ,oa izHkko dk

Hkh fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA ;kstukvksa esa fofHkUu vk;q oxZ dh

efgyk,¡ 'kkfey gSa] fdUrq 18 ls 40 o"kZ dh efgykvksa

dh la[;k lokZf/kd gS rFkk fookfgr efgykvksa dk

izfr’kr vf/kd gSA mTtSu ftys esa lokZf/kd izfr’kr

vuqlwfpr tkfr dk gSA mitkfr ds vk/kkj ij

losZfkr 48-66 izfr’kr efgyk,¡ cykbZ lekt dh gS]

tks lokZf/kd gSA

Hkkjrh; lekt esa ;|fi ijEijkxr :i ls

la;qä ,oa foLr`r ifjokjksa dk vfLrRo jgk gS] rFkkfi

vk/kqfud dky esa ,dkadh ,oa lhfer ifjokjksa dh

la[;k esa fujUrj o`f) gks jgh gSA losZk.k esa Hkh ,dy

ifjokj dh efgykvksa dh la[;k lokZf/kd gSA ,dy

ifjokjksa dh cgqyrk ;g n’kkZrk gS fd la;qä ifjokjksa

dk fo?kVu cgqr rsth ls gks jgk gSA 64 izfr’kr

efgykvksa ds ifjokj esa 2 ls 5 lnL; gSaA

O;fä ds thou esa f’kkk dk fo’ks"k egRo gSA

f’kkk ,d ,slk ek/;e gS tks O;fä ds O;fäRo ,oa

nf"Vdks.k dks thoui;ZUr izHkkfor djrk gS rFkk ;g

yksxksa ds lkspus le>us dh kerk esa foLrkj djrh gSA

ftlls O;fäRo esa ,d vksj uohu mUes"kksa ds izfr

tkx:drk mRiUu gksrh gS ogha nwljh vksj O;fä esa

oSpkfjd n<+rk] iz[kj fpUru] egRokdkakk bR;kfn xq.kksa

dk lekos’k gksrk gSA efgykvksa ds fy, rks f’kkk dk

vfrfo’ks"k egRo gSA 36 izfr’kr efgykvksa kjk gkbZ

Ldwy mŸkh.kZ gSA 08 izfr’kr efgyk,¡ gk;j lsd.Mjh

o 04 izfr’kr Lukrd gS] tks fd cgqr gh de gSA

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa dk f'kkk dk Lrj FkksM+k

c<+k gSA gkyk¡fd efgykvksa ds fy, vyx ls fo'ks"k

;kstuk;sa pykbZ x;h gSA xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa Hkh efgykvksa

dks f'kfkr djus ds lkFk&lkFk muds fy, jkstxkj

laca/kh volj Hkh c<+k;s tkus pkfg, ftlls os vPNh

vkenuh vftZr dj vius ifjokj dk lgh xqtkjk dj

ldsA

lkekU;r% xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa edku dPps o

v)ZiDds gksrs gSa] ftlesa ewyHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko

cuk jgrk gSA xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa edku ds Lo:i esa 35

izfr’kr efgykvksa dk edku dPpk gSA dPps edkuksa o

>ksiM+h esa ewyHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko cuk gqvk gSA 40

izfr’kr efgykvksa dk vkokl v)ZiDdk gSA 76 izfr’kr

efgykvksa dk edku ij LokfeRo Lo;a dk gS blls

Li"V gS fd vf/kdka’k vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgyk,¡ Lo;a

ds edkuksa esa fuokl dj jgh gSA

O;olk; O;fä dh

vkfFkZd&lkekftd fLFkfr ds fu/kkZj.k dk izeq[k vk/kkj

gSA ijEijkxr~ Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr ,oa O;olk;

dk ?kfu"B laca/k jgk gSA tkfr dh mPprk ,oa fuEurk

ds vk/kkj ij O;olk; dk foHkktu Hkh fd;k x;k Fkk]

ysfdu vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr ,oa O;olk;

dk ;g ?kfu"B laca/k fujUrj f’kfFky gksrk tk jgk gS

rFkk O;olk;ksa dh mPprk ,oa fuEurk dk vk/kkj cu

x;k gSA O;olk; esa izos’k dk vk/kkj ;k ukrsnkjh u

gksdj O;fä dh ;ksX;rk] f’kkk ,oa izf’kk.k gks x;k

gSA O;olkf;d thou esa gksus okys bu ifjorZuksa us

O;fä dh lkekftd fLFkfr ds fu/kkZj.k ds vk/kkj dks

vtZukRed vk/kkj cuk fn;k vkSj ijEijkxr~ :i ls

izkIr lkekftd fLFkfr ds egRo dks de dj fn;k gSA

losZk.k ls izkIr leadksa ds vk/kkj ij 07

izfr’kr efgykvksa dk O;olk; Ñf"k gS 36 izfr’kr






xzkeh.k efgyk,¡ etnwj vkSj 40 izfr’kr efgyk,¡

Lo&jkstxkj ls twM+h gSa blls Li"V gS fd lokZf/kd

fgrxzkgh efgyk,¡ Lo&jkstxkj esa layXu gSA orZeku esa

efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gks jgk gSA 09

izfr’kr efgyk,¡ ukSdjh Hkh djrh gSa rFkk 08 izfr’kr

efgyk,¡ vU; dk;Z tSls nwljksa ds ?kjksa esa >kM+w&iksNk]

crZu] diM+s bR;kfn dk dk;Z dj jgh gSA 78 izfr’kr

vf/kdka’k fgrxzkgh efgykvksa ds ifjokj esa 1&2 lnL;

dk;Z’khy gS bldk eq[; dkj.k izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa rd

igq¡p esa deh] ,dy ifjokj esa jkstxkj dh deh]

vflafpr Ñf"k Hkwfe ,oa xjhch bR;kfn gS aA 19 izfr’kr

ifjokjksa esa 3&4 lnL; vk; lacaf/kr dk;Z dj jgs gSaA

vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk; vkfFkZd :i ls

fdlh ,d L=ksr ij fuHkZj ugha gSA lkekU;r;k

vf/kdka’k ifjokj Ñf"k ds lkFk etnwjh] O;olk; ,oa

vU; dk;Z Hkh djrs gSaA blfy, vk; dk fu/kkZj.k

djuk vR;Ur gh nq"dj gSA D;ksafd bu ks=ksa esa yksxksa

dh vk; esa izfro"kZ vfuf’prrk dh fLFkfr jgrh gSA

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksx vk; dk vf/kdka’k Hkkx

etnwjh o vU; lalk/kuksa ls izkIr djrs gSaA 4-66

izfr’kr vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa ds ifjokj dh

vk; Ñf"k ls gksrh gS rFkk 29-66 izfr’kr Ñf"k etnwjh

ls ,oa 23 izfr’kr vk; xSj Ñf"k etnwjh djrh gSaA

efgykvksa kjk Hkou fuekZ.k] bZaV HkV~Vs ij dk;Z

bR;kfn dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA ;kstuk ls tqM+h efgyk,¡

nks Lrjksa ij vk; ltZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lEiUu dj

jgh gSA dqN efgyk,¡ Ñf"k o Ñf"k etnwjh rFkk

O;olk; ls rFkk dqN Ñf"k etnwjh vkSj xSj Ñf"k

etnwjh ,oa dqN v’kkldh; ukSdjh o O;olk; bR;kfn

ls tqM+h gSaA rFkk 32 izfr’kr efgyk,¡ ;kstuk kjk

_.k jkf’k ls O;olk; fd;k tk jgk gSA 9-33 izfr’kr

vU; dk;Z tSls yksxksa ds ?kj esa lQkbZ] diM+s /kksuk

bR;kfn dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA

xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd

fLFkfr ij izHkko Mkyus okyk ?kVd mudh vkfFkZd

fLFkfr gSA D;ksafd csgrj vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls lekt esa

lEeku izkIr gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd

izxfr ,d&nwljs ls lacaf/kr gksrh gSA ;fn lekt esa

xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lqn`<+ djuk gS rks csgrj

f’kkk rFkk tkx:drk ds lkFk gh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa

Hkh lq/kkj gksuk pkfg,A losZk.k ls izkIr leadksa ds

vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd 32 izfr’kr vuqlwfpr

tkfr dh efgykvksa ds ifjokj dh okf"kZd vk; 50]000

:i;s ls de gSA 34-33 izfr’kr efgykvksa ds ifjokj

dh okf"kZd vk; 50]000 ls 1]00]000 ds e/; gS o 21-

33 izfr’kr ifjokj dh okf"kZd vk; 1]00]000 ls

2]00]000 :i;s ds e/; rFkk 12-33 izfr’kr efgykvksa

ds ifjokj dh okf"kZd vk; 2]00]000 :i;s ls vf/kd

gSA ;kstuk ls tqM+us ds ckn Hkh vf/kdka’k efgykvksa dh

ikfjokfjd vk; de gSA

losZk.k ls izkIr lkekftd&vkfFkZd rF;ksa ds

vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd mTtSu ftys ds

?kfê;k rFkk mTtSu tuin ds p;fur xzkeksa esa

efgykvksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr n;uh; gS

D;ksafd de mez esa ifjokj dk mŸkjnkf;Ro] c<+rh

eg¡xkbZ] ifjokj esa dekus okys lnL;ksa dh uke ek=

la[;k] vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk cqjk izHkko lkekftd fLFkfr

ij iM+ jgk gSA lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa esa lq/kkj vkus ij

ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa Hkh lq/kkj yk;k tk ldrk

gS vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa ds ifjokjksa dh

vkfFkZd fLFkfr rFkk lkekftd n’kk ds fy, ftEesnkj

?kVd xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh xjhch] de i<+kbZ]

tkx:drk esa deh] csjkstxkjh] de etnwjh ds dkj.k

xzkeh.k efgyk,¡ xjhch dk lkeuk dj jgh gSa vkSj

budh n;uh; fLFkfr ds dkj.k gh budh vkfFkZd

lkekftd izxfr vo:) gks jgh gSA

dY;k.kdkjh

;kstukvksa ds lQy ,oa csgrj fØ;kUo;u ds kjk

gh dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj i;kZIr ek=k esa jkstxkj

miyC/k djok jgh gS mTtSu ftys esa Hkh fofHkUu

;kstuk,¡ pykbZ tk jgh gS buesa ls dqN fof’k"V

;kstuk,¡ rks flQZ vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa ds

fodkl ds fy, gh pykbZ tk jgh gSaA

iz/kkuea=h jkstxkj l`tu dk;ZØe ls 31-33

izfr’kr efgyk ykHkkfUor gqbZ] 15 izfr’kr efgykvksa

dks ;qok m|eh ;kstuk dk o 7-66 izfr’kr efgyk,¡

eq[;ea=h Lo&jkstxkj ;kstuk rFkk 2-33 izfr’kr

efgykvksa dks eq[;ea=h vkfFkZd dY;k.k ;kstuk ls

ykHkkfUor gqbZ gSaA 11-33 izfr’kr efgyk,¡ jk"Vªh;

xzkeh.k vkthfodk fe’ku ls 20-33 izfr’kr efgykvksa

dks nhun;ky Lo&jkstxkj ;kstuk ls ykHkkfUor gqbZA

bu ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr 28-66 izfr’kr efgykvksa dks

10]000 ls 1]00]000 ds e/; _.k jkf’k LohÑr gqbZ]

26-33 izfr’kr efgykvksa dks 1]00]001 ls 2]00]000

rd dh o 12-66 izfr’kr efgykvksa dks 2]00]001 ls

3]00]000 ds e/; jkf’k LohÑr gqbZ rFkk 4 izfr’kr






efgykvksa dks 9]00]001 ls vf/kd jkf’k feyh gSA blls

Li"V gksrk gS fd efgyk,¡ de iw¡th esa viuk O;olk;

'kq: dj ldrh gSA lkFk gh vuqnku jkf’k dk ykHk

Hkh izkIr gks jgk gSA 14-66 izfr’kr efgykvksa us ftyk

m|ksx dsUnz kjk _.k fy;k x;k 4 izfr’kr efgykvksa

us ftyk iapk;r ds ek/;e ls rFkk 6-33 izfr’kr

'kgjh fodkl vfHkdj.k kjk ,oa 75 izfr’kr efgykvksa

us ftyk vUR; O;olk; foHkkx ls ykHkkfUor gqbZA ;gk¡

vuqlwfpr tkfr oxZ dks gh ykHkkfUor fd;k tkrk gSA

losZfkr mRrjnkrkvksa ls Li"V gS fd vf/kdre

efgykvksa dk O;olk; jsfMesM O;olk; ij dk;Z dj jgh

gSa] tks vkfFkZd fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA

49-33 izfr’kr efgykvksa dk p;u tkfr ds vk/kkj ij

gqvk o 14-66 izfr’kr efgykvksa dk p;u 'kSkf.kd

vk/kkj ij rFkk 36 izfr’kr efgyk vkjk.k ls

ykHkkfUor gqbZA

'kklu kjk pykbZ tk jgh fofHkUu

;kstukvksa dk lEiw.kZ ykHk rHkh fey ldrk gS] tc

ljdkj kjk ml ;kstuk dks csgrj rjhds ls

fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gksA 70 izfr’kr efgyk,¡

;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u lUrq"V gS 85 izfr’kr

efgykvksa kjk vkfFkZd :i ls leFkZ gksuk Hkh cgqr

vko’;d gSA

ljdkj kjk

lapkfyr dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa efgykvksa

dks tkx:d djuk t:jh gSA efgykvksa ds fy,

fofHkUu jkstxkjewyd ;kstuk,¡ rks pykbZ tk jgh gSA

ysfdu budh lHkh dks tkudkjh ugha gksrhA ;g

laLFkk dh ftEesnkjh gksrh gS fd viuh ;kstukvksa dh

tkudkjh ds ckjs esa turk dks crk,¡A lqLi"V uhfr;ksa

,oa dk;ZØe vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa

tkx:drk c<+kus ds lkFk efgykvksa ds lkekftd ,oa

vkfFkZd l’kfädj.k dks Hkh c<+kok nsukA muesa vius

ekuokf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr vkSj viuh iw.kZ kerk rd

fodflr gksus dh kerk iSnk djus gsrq laLFkkfud vkSj

fo/kk;h lg;ksx miyC/k djkuk] ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr

uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa ds

fodkl dks lqfuf’pr djukA muds vf/kdkjksa ds izfr

tkx:drk c<+kukA

uohu O;oLFkk ,oa LFkkuh; uxjh; fudk;ksa esa

lq/kkj ds i'pkr~ fofHkUu dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dh

tkudkjh ds L=ksr ds lUnHkZ esa lcls vf/kd tkudkjh

26 izfr’kr efgykvksa dks tkx:drk f’kfojksa ls izkIr

gqbZ blls Li"V gksrk gS fd foHkkxksa kjk ;kstuk dh

tkudkjh gsrq le;≤ ij f’kfojksa dk vk;kstu

fd;k tkrk gSA 24 izfr’kr iapk;r kjk ,oa 18

izfr’kr izpkj&izlkj ds ek/;e ls rFkk 20 izfr’kr

efgykvksa dks iM+kslh] fj’rsnkj] nksLrks ds ek/;e ls

izkIr gqbZA efgykvksa esa cnyko vkus ls lekt esa

fuf’pr :i ls cnyko vk;sxk vkSj ge fodkl dh

fn’kk esa vkxs c<+ ldsaxsA 55 izfr’kr efgykvksa ds

nLrkostksa dh deh ds dkj.k _.k dh jkf’k le; ij

ugha fey ldh o 24 izfr’kr efgykvksa us Hkz"Vkpkjh

gksus ds dkj.k rFkk 16 izfr’kr efgykvksa dks iw.kZ

tkudkjh ugha Fkh mldh :i js[kk iw.kZ:Ik ls ugha

irk gksus ls ,oa 25 izfr’kr efgykvksa us laLFkk ,oa

cSad ds deZpkfj;ksa kjk lg;ksx ugha djrs gSA 9-33

izfr’kr efgykvksa ds lkFk Hksn&Hkko fd;k x;k] rFkk

12-33 izfr’kr efgykvksa kjk de i<+k fy[kh gksus ds

dkj.k dbZ leL;kvksa dk leuk djuk iM+kA

LFkkuh; lapkyu dk O;ogkj ij vf/kd

fuHkZj djrk gSA vPNk O;ogkj o tulg;ksx fdlh

Hkh dk;Z dk iw.kZ djus ds fy, lkeqfgd lg;ksx cgqr

gh vko’;d gksrk gSA ljdkj ds dk;ZØeksa rFkk

;kstukvksa ds ifjizs; esa lg;ksx dh ckr dh tk, rks

;g vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ?kVd cu tkrk gSA D;ksafd

;kstukvksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa ds lapkyu fØ;kUo;u ds

fy, u flQZ deZpkfj;ksa dk vfirq xzkeokfl;ksa dk

lg;ksx Hkh feyuk pkfg,A 30 izfr’kr efgykvksa dks

vf/kdkjh] deZpkjh kjk lg;ksx fd;k x;k o 42

izfr’kr jktuhfrd lg;ksx ,oa 7 izfr’kr efgykvksa

dks e/;LFk ls Hkh lg;ksx izkIr gqvkA

Hkkjrh; lekt dh vusd fo"kerkvksa esa ls

tkfrokn ,oa HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn dks vkt Hkh xzkeh.k

lekt esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA tkfrokn dks vkjk.k

iznku dj fu"Øh; djus dk iz;kl ljdkj kjk fd;k

tk jgk gSA ysfdu fQj Hkh 71 izfr’kr efgykvksa

fgrxzkgh ds p;u esa Hksn&Hkko fd;k x;k vFkkZr~

ftu xjhc efgykvksa dks ykHk feyuk pkfg, mUgsa

ugha fey ik jgk gSA

ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr

lEiw.kZ dk;Z dks NksVs&NksVs dk;ksZa ds :i esa foHkä

djds mudk le;c) Øe esa dkSu&lk dk;Z dkSu

vkSj dc djsxk] fdruk /ku vkSj vU; lalk/ku yxsxk

vkfn dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA ;kstukUrxZr 58






izfr’kr efgyk;sa ifj;kstuk dk lapkyu Lo;a ds kjk

gh fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk 42 izfr’kr efgykvksa ds

ifjokj ds lnL;ksa kjk ;kstukvksa dk lapkyu dj jgs

gSA

tc efgyk O;fäxr :i ls vk; ltZu esa

layXu gksrh gS rks O;olk; dh lHkh ftEesnkfj;k¡

O;fäxr rkSj ij mBkrh gS vkSj fdlh vU; lnL; dh

Hkkxhnkjh dh laHkkouk ugha jgrh 66 izfr’kr efgyk,¡

Lo;a ds edku esa ;kstuk dk lapkyu dj jgh gS rFkk

22 izfr’kr efgyk,¡ fdjk, ds ,oa 12 izfr’kr efgyk,¡

vU; LFkku ij lapkyu dh;k tk jgk gSA

%& O;olk; laca/kh

tkudkjh dk;ZØeksa dk mn~ns’; ns’k ds xzkeh.k ,oa

fiNM+s ks=ksa esa jgus okyh vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

efgykvksa ds nSfud thou esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dks

de djuk rFkk jkstxkj ds u, volj iznku djuk

,oa vk; ds L=ksr c<+kus lacaf/kr gSA

;kstuk ds vUrxZr efgykvksa dks jkstxkj ls

tksM+us gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj kjk vuqnku LohÑr fd;k

tkrk gS rFkk vkfFkZd l’kfädj.k gsrq fu/kZu efgykvksa

dks jkstxkj izf’kk.k Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA 68 izfr’kr

efgykvksa kjk izf’kk.k izkIr fd;k x;kA tcfd 32

izfr’kr efgykvksa us fcuk fdlh izf’kk.k ds O;olk;

izkjEHk fd;kA vf/kdka’k efgykvksa dks laLFkk kjk dksbZ

fu;fer izf’kk.k izkIr ugha gqvkA ysfdu le; ds

lkFk&lkFk izkIr vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij dk;ksZa dks djus

dh dq’kyrk c<+h gSA D;ksafd laLFkk,¡ fu;fer lEidZ

ugha djrh gSa 78 izfr’kr efgykvksa us ljdkjh laLFkk

kjk izf’kk.k izkIr fd;k ,oa 12 izfr’kr efgykvksa us

futh laLFkk ls o 10 izfr’kr efgykvksa us vU; tSls ,u-

th-vks-] iM+kslh] fj’rsnkjksa ds ek/;e ls izf’kk.k fy;k

rFkk 58 izfr’kr efgykvksa dks iwoZ vuqHko Fkk rFkk 42

izfr’kr efgykvksa dks vuqHko ugha Fkk 18 izfr’kr

efgykvksa dk O;olk; nksuk& iŸky cukus dk dk;Z gSA

22 izfr’kr efgyk,¡ cqfVd dk;Z dj jgh gSA 69 izfr’kr

efgyk,¡ cM+h&ikiM+ cukus dk dk;Z djrh gSaA efgyk,¡

vU; dk;Z tSls okVj fpfyax] bZaV cukuk] isij di]

fMVjtsaV] elkyk m|ksx] ijey] ikyZj] Ms;jh O;kikj

bR;kfn Hkh djrh gSA

blls Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka’k efgykvksa

dk O;olk; oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ,oa lsok dk dk;Z dj

jgh gSa] tks vkfFkZd fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk

jgh gSA 65 izfr’kr efgyk,¡ Fkksd O;kikjh ls rFkk 20

izfr’kr QqVdj O;kikjh ls ,oa 15 izfr’kr efgyk,¡

e/;LFk ls lkexzh Ø; dj jgh gSaA lkFk gh 27 izfr’kr

efgyk,¡ Fkksd O;kikjh dks lkexzh foØ; djrh gS rFkk

37 izfr’kr efgyk,¡ [kqys xzkgdksa dks lkexzh foØ;

djrh gSaA efgykvksa kjk rS;kj fd, x, mRiknksa ds

foi.ku ds laca/k esa 'kkldh; ,tsfUl;ksa kjk dksbZ

fo’ks"k ekxZn’kZu ugha fn;k tkrkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd

vf/kdka’k efgyk,¡ vius mRikn dks Fkksd esa rFkk Qsjh

yxkdj Hkh csprh gSA

orZeku esa efgyk,¡ de i<+h&fy[kh gksus rFkk

?kj ifjokj ds nk;js esa fleV dj Hkh m|e’khyrk ls

tqM+dj l’kä cuhA blds fy, lkFkZd igy gS fd

Lo&jkstxkj ewyd ;kstuk,¡ vius gquj ds vuq:i

oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk fuekZ.k dj vkSj mudh fcØh

ls vk; vftZr dj vkfFkZd :i ls l’kä gks jgh gS

rFkk vius ?kjsyw m|ksxksa kjk Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa

viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsus esa lke gks jgh gSA ;g

Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fy, ,d igy gSA vf/kdka’k

efgykvksa dks Lo;a dk jkstxkj feyk rFkk ifjokj dh

vk; esa of) gqbZA vkfFkZd fLFkfr Hkh etcwr gqbZ rFkk

efgykvksa dks dtZ Hkh ugha ysuk iM+kA

dY;k.kdkjh

;kstukvksa dk mís’; efgykvkssa dks vkfFkZd :i ls

l’kä cukdj mUgsa vkRe fuHkZj cukuk gSA tks mUgsa

Lo&jkstxkj LFkkfir dj vkRe fuHkZj cukus dh fn’kk

esa izHkkoh gS ftlls fd mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj

dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA 72 izfr’kr efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd

fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA

ifjokj ds nks LrEHk gksrs gSa iq:"k o efgykA

mUgha ds la;qä iz;kl ls ifjokj dk lqpk: :i ls

lapkyu gksrk gSA fdUrq ifjokj dh lqO;oLFkk dk

mŸkj nkf;Ro efgykvksa ds da/kks ij gh vkrk gSA

ifjokj ds fy, efgyk 'kfä Lo:ik gSA ?kj ifjokj

dk iwjk okrkoj.k efgyk ds vkpj.k ij gh fuHkZj

djrk gS 69 izfr’kr vf/kdka’k efgykvksa ds ifjokj ij

;kstuk dk izHkko iM+ jgk gS tcfd 31 izfr’kr

efgykvksa dks ;kstuk ls ykHk feyus ds ckn Hkh

ifjokj dh fLFkfr iwoZor gSA efgyk,¡ vkfFkZd

xfrfof/k;ksa esa 'kkfey gS] muds kjk fd, x, vkfFkZd

;ksxnku ls ifjokj ds fu.kZ;ksa esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh c<+h

gSA vk; ltZd xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqM+h efgyk,¡ izkIr






fu;fer vk; ls ifjokj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk dj jgh

gSA ftlls ifjokj esa mudk egRo c<+k gSA

dsUnz ljdkj kjk lapkfyr fofHkUu

;kstukvksa esa ls vusd ;kstuk,¡ vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

efgykvksa ds fy, pykbZ tk jgh gSA bu ;kstukvksa

dk izHkko efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr ij dqN

gn rd ldkjkRed iM+ jgk gSA 18 izfr’kr

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgyk,¡ tu lHkkvksa esa Hkkfxnkjh

ysrh gS] 29 izfr’kr efgykvksa dh laxBuksa esa lnL;rk

Hkh gS rFkk 19 izfr’kr efgykvksa us lkekftd fu.kZ;ksa esa

Hkh lgHkkfxrk djrh gS ,oa 8 izfr’kr efgykvksa kjk

tu&lHkkvksa esa fopkj&foe’kZ Hkh djrh gSA

;kstukvksa ls

ykHkkfUor gksus okyh vuqlwfpr tkfr efgykvksa dh

lkekftd fLFkfr esa ,d vksj vPNk ifjorZu gks jgk

gSA lHkh efgyk,¡ vius cPpksa dks lQyrk dh vksj

tkrs gq, ns[kuk pkgrh gSa rFkk lkekftd] ekufld

vkSj ckSf)d :i ls etcwr cukuk pkgrh gSA 68

izfr’kr efgykvksa ds cPpksa dh f’kkk ij izHkko iM+

jgk gS tSls futh Ldwy] dksfpax xk¡o ls ckgj vkfn

dh i<+kbZ djus vkfn o 32 izfr’kr efgykvksa dk

ekuuk gS fd ;kstuk dk ykHk feyus ds i'pkr~ Hkh

_.k dh fd’r] vf/kd eagxkbZ] jkstxkj esa fLFkjrk ls

cPpksa dh f’kkk ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+k gSA efgyk,¡

vius cPpksa dks i<+kuk pkgrh gSa] vkt Hkh dbZ fiNM+s

ks=ksa esa ekrk firk dh vf’kkk] vlqjkk vkSj xjhch dh

otg ls de mez esa fookg vkSj cPps iSnk djus dk

pyu gSA blfy, yM+dh;ksa dk xk¡o ckgj i<+kbZ djus

ds fy, Hkstus dh bPNqd ugha gSaA f’kkk ij vk/kkfjr

Hksn&Hkko yM+dk o yM+dh;ksa ds e/; vkt Hkh Li"V

fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 95 izfr’kr efgyk,¡ fyM+fd;ksa dks

f’kkk fnykuk pkgrh gSa rFkk vius iSjksa ij [kM+h gks

tk,A efgyk l'kfädj.k ds mPp y; dks çkIr

djus ds fy;s bls gj ,d ifjokj esa cpiu ls

çpkfjr o çlkfjr djuk pkfg;s] ;s t#jh gS fd

efgyk,¡ 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj lkekftd #i ls

etcwr gksA ,d csgrj f'kkk dh 'kq#vkr cpiu ls

?kj ij gks ldrh gS] efgykvksa ds mRFkku ds fy;s ,d

LoLFk ifjokj dh t#jr gS tks jk"Vª ds lokaZxh.k

fodkl ds fy;s vko';d gS

efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lnSo ,d leku ugha

jgh gSA vusd mrkj&p<+ko gksrs gS] muds vf/kdkjksa esa

rn~uq:i cnyko Hkh gksrs jgrs gSaA L=h vkSj eqfä

vkt Hkh unh ds nks fdukjs dh rjg gS tks dHkh fey

ugha ldrsA 54 izfr’kr efgykvksa dh ifjokj esa fLFkfr

Bhd Fkh rFkk 18 izfr’kr efgykvksa dh fLFkfr cgqr

vPNh gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa us Lo;a ds

vk/kkj ij viuh esgur vkSj vkRe&fo’okl ds vk/kkj

ij vius fy, ubZ eaftysa o u, jkLrksa dk fuekZ.k

fd;k tk jgk gSA 58 izfr’kr efgykvksa ds ifjokj esa

vc mudh jk; dks Hkh egRo fn;k tk jgk gS vkSj 30

izfr’kr efgykvksa ds ifjokj esa iwoZ esa Hkh mudh jk;

yh tkrh Fkh ,oa 12 izfr’kr efgykvksa dk ekuuk gS

dh mudh jk; vkaf’kd :i ls ekU; dh tk jgh gSA

blls Li"V gksrk gS fd vkus okys le; esa ifjokjksa esa

Hkh efgykvksa dks lEekutud LFkku fey ldsxk]

ftldh os gdnkj gSaA

lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa /khjs&/khjs

gh lgh ij ldkjkRed ifjorZu vk jgk gSA efgyk,¡

vHkh Hkh lekt esa iw.kZ :i ls og LFkku izkIr ugha

dj ldh gSa] tks mUgsa feyuk pkfg,A 66 izfr’kr

efgykvksa dk ;kstuk ykHk ysus ds i'pkr~ mudh

lkekftd fLFkfr esa cgqr lq/kkj gqvk gS ,oa 34

izfr’kr vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa fd lkekftd

fLFkfr ;Fkkor~ gSA 74 izfr’kr efgykvksa kjk vkfFkZd

;ksxnku ds i'pkr~ ifjokj dh fLFkfr esa Hkh dkQh

lq/kkj gqvk gS 35 izfr’kr efgykvksa dk ekuuk gS fd

xjhc&cslgkjk efgykvksa dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA

losZk.k ls izkIr leadksa ds vk/kkj

ij 48 izfr’kr efgykvksa ds jkstxkj esa of) gks jgh gSA

36 izfr’kr efgykvksa kjk vk; esa Hkh of) gqbZ gSA 74

izfr’kr efgykvksa ds O;; esa of) gqbZ gS 14 izfr’kr

efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr ij izHkko c<+k rFkk 54

izfr’kr efgykvksa ds thou Lrj esa of) gqbZ gS 68

izfr’kr efgykvksa ds cPpksa dh f’kkk dk Lrj c<+k gSA

losZk.k ls izkIr leadksa ds vk/kkj ij Li"V

gksrk gS fd 56 izfr’kr efgykvksa kjk izkFkfed LokLF;

dsUnz gksus ls LokLF; dh fLFkfr ij izHkko c<+ jgs gSA

33 izfr’kr efgykvksa us ;kstukvksa ls tqM+h vf/kdka’k

efgykvksa dks LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k laca/kh tkudkjh gS]

ijUrq fQj Hkh os LokLF; laca/kh leL;kvksa ds funku

gsrq fpfdRldksa ds ikl u tkdj ?kjsyw mipkjksa dk gh

iz;ksx djrh gSaA lkFk gh vius [kku&iku esa iks"k.k

laca/kh tkudkjh dk /;ku ugha j[krh gS] ftldk izeq[k

dkj.k mudh ijEijkxr vknrsa rFkk vk; dk de gksuk






gSA ifjokj esa Lo;a dks vfUre Øe esa j[kus ds dkj.k

efgyk,¡ bu ckrksa ij /;ku ugha nsrh gSaA ;kstuk dk

ykHk ysus ds i'pkr~ 39 izfr’kr efgykvksa mudh

ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ij izHkko esa of) gqbZ gSA

fofHkUu losZk.kksa vkSj v/;;uksa ds nkSjku ;g

rF; mHkjdj Hkh lkeus vk, gSa fd 'kklu kjk

;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u rks fd;k tk jgk gS fdUrq

ykHk izkfIr ;kstuk,¡ ck/kkvksa ,oa leL;ksa ls f?kjh gqbZ

gSA ftlds dkj.k efgykvksa dks vusd leL;k,¡ gksrh

gS tSls Hkz"Vkpkjh] fujkrk] izfrfuf/k;ksa o vf/kdkfj;ksa

dk vlg;ksx] vR;f/kd dkxth dk;Zokgh] HksnHkko]

vKkurk] iz'kklfud f<ykbZ] efgykvksa esa tkx#drk

,oa f'kkk dk vHkko rFkk xzkeh.k efgykvksa esa vius

vf/kdkjksa ds fy, la?k"kZ djus dk fo'okl ,oa ladYi

ugha gksus ds dkj.k efgyk fodkl dk;ZØeksa rFkk

;kstukvksa dks visfkr lQyrk ugha fey ikbZA

efgykvksa kjk pykbZ tk jgh ;kstukvksa ls

xzkeh.k efgykvksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk c<+h gSA vkfFkZd

le`f) ds lkFk gh mudh lkekftd Hkkxhnkjh Hkh c<+h

gSA pwYgk&pkSds rd fleVh ftUnxh vkt lekt ds

fy, izsj.kkL=ksr cu xbZ gSaA reke ,slh efgyk,¡ gSa tks

efgykvksa kjk pykbZ tk jgh ;kstuvksa ls tqM+us ds

ckn [kqn rks Lojkstxkj ls tqM+h gSa] lkFk gh vkus

okyh ih<+h dk Hkh thou lq/kkj jgh gSaA efgykvksa us

lkekftd :f<+okfnrk dks [kRe djus esa Hkh vge

Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA ;gh otg gS fd cky fookg]

ckfydkvksa esa vf’kkk tSlh reke leL;k,¡ vius vki

[kRe gks jgh gSA lewg esa tkus dh otg ls xzkeh.k

efgykvksa dk eukscy c<+k gS vkSj os QSlys ysus ds

ekeys esa l’kä gqbZ gSA D;ksafd vxj bjkns cqyan gks

rks y; dks ikuk eqf’dy ugha gSA ,slk gh dqN y;

Fkk ;kstukvksa ls tqM+h mu efgykvksa dk] ftuds

gkSalys rks cqyan Fks] ysfdu vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd

ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mUgsa foo’k fd, gq, FkhA ;kstukvksa ls

tqM+us ds ckn os vkfFkZd :i ls gh ugha cfYd

lkekftd :i ls Hkh l’kä gks jgh gSA vkt os [kqn

rks vkRefuHkZj gSa gh] vius ikl&iM+ksl dh efgykvksa

dks Hkh vkRefuHkZj cuus dh tkxfr iSnk dj jgh gSA

blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd laxBu esa vikj 'kfä gSA

laxBukRed :i ls ,dtqV gksdj cM+s ls cM+k dk;Z

fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh

fLFkfr vHkh rd dkQh detksj jgh gSA os u rks

laxBu ls okfdQ Fkha vkSj laxBu dh 'kfä ls

ifjfprA fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa o uhfr;ksa esa Hkh mudh

igq¡p u ds cjkcj FkhA [kklrkSj ls tc vuqlwfpr

tkfr dh efgykvksa dh ckr dh tk, rks og iq:"kksa ls

gh ugha cfYd lkekU; 'kgjh efgykvksa ls Hkh dkslks

ihNs gSa] ysfdu vc fLFkfr;k¡ rsth ls cny jgh gSaA

iq:"kksa ds leku gh efgykvksa esa Hkh tkx:drk vk

jgh gSA os f’kkk] fpfdRlk] jktuhfr ds lkFk gh

Lojkstxkj ds ks= esa Hkh vkxs vkbZ gSaA bldk Js;

tkrk gS ljdkj dh mu ;kstukvksa dks] ftlds tfj,

xzkeh.k efgyk l’kfädj.k dk rkuk&ckuk cquk x;kA

efgykvksa dh tkx`fr us muesa 'kfDr dk

lapkj fd;k gS ftlls efgyk,¡ vkUnksfyr gksdj

lekt dh cqjkb;ksa ds lkeus pqukSrh cudj [kM+h gksus

yxh gSA

ifjdYiuk ds

ijhk.k gsrq lkaf[;dh; losZk.k dkbZ oxZ dk mi;ksx

fd;k x;k gS o ifjdYiukvksa dh lR;rk dh tk¡p dh

xbZ gSA

efgykvksa dks ljdkj ls izkIr lgk;rk ,oa ifjokj

dh vk; ds e/; dksbZ laca/k ugha gSA

H0 :

Ha :

efgykvksa dks ljdkj ls

izkIr lgk;rk ,oa ifjokj dh vk; ds e/;

lg&lEcU/k dk ifj.kke rkfydk Øekad ls Li"V gS

%&

Correlations

Family Income loan

Family Income Pearson Correlation 1 .934**







N 300 300

loan

Pearson Correlation .934** 1


N 300 300

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

lg&lEcU/k ifj.kkeksa ls Li"V gS fd

lg&lEcU/k gSA vFkkZr ljdkj kjk

fofHkUu ;kstukvksa esa iznRr _.k ,oa vuqnku jkf’k

kjk lapkfyr jkstxkj ls ifjokj dh vk; esa o`f)

gksrh gSA

mDr 'kwU; ifjdYiuk dk

ijhk.k X2 ¼dkbZ&oxZ½ ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k x;k

gSA ifjk.k gsrq X2 ¼dkbZ&oxZ½ ds vkadfyr ewY;ksa dh

dkbZ&oxZ rkfydk ewY;kas ls rqyuk djds foLr`r

foospu esa dkbZ oxZ fo'ys"k.k ds ifj.kkeksa dk o.kZu

fd;k x;k gS&

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 799.593a 27 .000

N of Valid Cases 300

dkbZ oxZ X2 rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd 5

çfr'kr lkFkZdÙkk Lrj ¼27 Degree of Freedom½

ij X2 dk rkfydk ewY; ¼40-113½ gS tcfd X2 dk

vkadfyr ewY; ¼799-593½ gSA lkj.kh ewY; ,oa

vkadfyr ewY; dh rqyuk ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk

ldrk gS fd nksuksa xq.k vkil esa Lora= u gksdj

vkil esa ?kfu"B :i ls lEcfU/kr gS vFkkZr~ nkuksa esa

lkFkZd <ax ls lEcU/k gSA fo'ys"k.k esa(

593.7992 c rFkk 113.402 t gS] vkadfyr

rFkk lkj.kh ewY;ksa ls Li"V gS fd 22

tc vr%

gekjh 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLoh—r gksrh gS rFkk

oSdfYid ifjdYiuk Ha :

Loh—r gksrh gSA

vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd efgykvksa dks

ljdkj kjk fofHkUu ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr jkf’k ls

ifjokj dh vk; of) ds lkFk vkfFkZd ,oa thou Lrj

esa o`f) gksrh gSA

%& ljdkj ds gj Lrj ij

¼jk"Vªh;] jkT;] iapk;r Lrj½ efgykvksa dks leqfpr

Hkkxhnkjh feyuh pkfg,A ftlls fd uhfr;ksa o dkuwuksa

dk fu/kkZj.k efgyk o iq:"k feydj djsaA efgyk

l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, dqN uhfr ftUgsa è;ku j[kuk

vko';d gSA






% iq#"k izèkku

lekt esa dk;Z ks=ksa dk vkUrfjd ¼efgykvksa ds fy,½

vkSj ckg~; ¼iq#"kksa ds fy,½ foHkktu gksA u, ifjn`';

esa tcfd mUgsa volj feyk gS mudh ldkjkRed

Hkwfedk visfkr gSA os vUrfuZfgr kerk dks igpkusa]

mls vfHkO;fDr iznku djsa] lkekftd&vkfFkZd]

jktuSfrd ks=ksa esa efgyk;ssa inkiZ.k dj pqdh gSaA

lkekftd o jktuhfrd vfHktu ds :Ik esa os vU;

efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gSaA

% lqfo[;kr efgykvksa

thtkckbZ] jkuh yehckbZ] vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj] d..kxh

vkfn ds uke ij fn, tkus okyk L=h'kfDr iqjLdkj

bl rF; ds |ksrd gS fd bfrgkl ds iUuksa ls fy,

;g uke orZeku esa Hkh blh Hkwfe ij dk;Z dj jgs gSa]

L=h 'kfDr vc Hkh fo|eku gS mls igpkuus vkSj dk;Z

esa ifjf.kr djus dh vko';drk gSA 1999 esa [ksfrgj

etnwjksa dks laxfBr dj mUur rjhdksa dk bLrseky

dj lkewfgd [ksrh ds iz;klksa ds fy, fpUu fiYybZ us

thtkckbZ L=h 'kfDr iqjLdkj izkIr fd;kA

% L=h vkSj iq#"k thou:ih

xkM+h ds nks ifg, gSaA lkekftd èkjkry ij

fir`lÙkkRed ifjokj esa iq#"k eqf[k;k jgrs gSaA ifjokj

esa muds vkilh leUo; ls gh ifjokj dk;e jgrk

gSA ;gh leUo; lekt esa fn[kkbZ ns blds fy,

vko';d gS fd iq#"k Hkh LoLFk ekufldrk ls

efgykvksa dh izxfr esa bldk izkjaHk vius ?kj ls djsaA

% Hkkjrh; lkekftd

O;oLFkk ijEijk 'kkflr gSA ifjokj dk fir`lÙkkRed

Lo:Ik ifjokj rd lhfer ugha gS cfYd lkoZtfud

ks= rd foLr`r fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ckg~; lalkj esa

fL=;ksa dh lgHkkfxrk ,d O;fDr ds :Ik esa izkFkfed

gksA lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ds izR;sd ks= esa laLrj.k u,

:Ik xzg.k dj jgk gSSA bl Ik"BHkwfe esa fL=;ksa dh

f'kkk] vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk dk 'kkld oxZ esa

izfrfufèkRo vko';d gS ftlesa L=h&iq#"k nksuksa ds

iz;Ru izHkkoh gksaxsA

% l'kfDrdj.k

dh fn'kk esa iz;kl rHkh lQy gksaxs tcfd ;kstuk,a

iw.kZ fu"Bk ls fØ;kfUor dh tk,A efgyk dY;k.k ds

iz;kl efgykvksa ds lg;ksx fcuk vèkwjs jgsaxsA lekt

esa ncko lewg fo|eku gS] ftUgsa igpkuus dh t:jr

gSA bu ;kstukvksa dks ckèkkvksa] nqjkxzgksa] futh LokFkks± ls

eqDr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u

,dek= y; gksA

efgyk,¡ Hkh lh<+h&nj&lh<+h izxfr dh jkg

ij vxzlj gSaA ysfdu efgykvksa ds f[kykQ vijk/k

[kRe ugha gq,A lkekftd cqjkbZ;k¡ gekjs lekt esa cM+s

iSekus ij fo|eku gSaA gkykafd budh rknkn esa t:j

deh vkbZ gSA fdUrq vkus okys le; esa efgykvksa dk

Hkfo"; mTtoy fn[k jgk gSA pw¡fd vkt dh efgyk,¡

u dsoy i<+&fy[kdj vkRefuHkZj cuuk pkgrh gS

cfYd og lekt esa vkRelEeku ds lkFk thuk pkgrh

gS vkSj ns’k ,oa lekt ds fodkl esa viuh Hkwfedk

ntZ djus dh bPNqd gSA

JhokLro izy;] 5 ekpZ] 2013] efgyk

l’kfädj.k ds tfj;s efgykvksa dk vkRefo’okl

c<+krk e/;izns’kA

;kno uhye] 2015] Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh orZeku

fLFkfr dh lkekftd foospukA

www.rachanakar.org

;kno jkgqy] flrEcj 2011] xzkeh.k efgyk

l’kfädj.k] dq:ks=] vjkoyh ifCy’klZ izk-fy-]

ubZ fnYyh] vad 11] o"kZ 57] ist 27A

lR;lk/kuk] flrEcj 2011] xzkeh.k efgyk

l’kfädj.k] dq:ks=] vad 11] o"kZ 57] ubZ

fnYyh ist 11A

ijekj rkjk] 2015] nfyr efgyk,¡ ,oa mudk

l’kfädj.k] www.gadyakosh.org

e/;izns’k esa vuqlwfpr&tkfr;ksa ds mRFkku dh

lkFkZd dksf’k’ksa] 12 vizSy] 2016] Hkksiky]

www.mpinfo.org

xkSjo dqekj] 2016] xzkeh.k efgyk l'kfDrdj.k

ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd vk;ke] ist 15

gqlSu líke] ukjh l’kfädj.k ij fucU/k] 6

flrEcj] 2016] www.hindiwriting.in

'kekZ izdk’k fojsUnz] 2013] fjlpZ esFkMkWykth]

iap’khy izdk’ku] t;iqjA

eqdthZ jfoUnzukFk] 2004] lekftd 'kks/k o

lkaf[;dh] foods izdk’ku] fnYyhA

iaFkh ,l-ds- ,oa xqIrk vkj-lh-] ebZ] 2014] efgyk

m|fe;ksa dh xzkeh.k fodkl esa Hkwfedk] dq:ks=]

ubZ fnYyh] ist 22&24A






%& vkt ;qok dqN vyx gSA dWfj;j dh

leL;kvksa esa my>k gqvk gSA fdlh cM+s fpard dh

rjg mlds ekFks ij fpark dh ydhjas gSaA iz’u lqurs

gh vkidks i<+us dh dksf’k’k djrk mldk psgjk bl

ckr dh pqxyh dj tkrk gSA fQj ;gha ls 'kq: gksrk

gS ik[kaMokfnrk dk nkSj vkSj vki v/;;u ds izfr

l’kafdr gks tkrs gSa fd og vius ckjs esa tks tkudkjh

ns jgk gS og lgh gS ;k dksjk vkn’kZoknA D;k esjs

fy, bu jgL;nf’kZ;ksa ds eu dh Fkkg ysuk laHko

gksxkA

ij ;s vk’kadk,a ml le; fuewZy fl) gqbZ]

tc ;qokvksa us dbZ txg fojks/kkHkkliw.kZ mRrj fn,A

vkSj dqN gn rd gh lgh eSa mlds djhc igqapus esa

dke;kc jgkA iz’u oSfo/;iw.kZ Fks] ftudh xfy;ksa ls

xqtjrs gq, ;qok viuh gdhdr ds in fpUg NksM+

x,A bl izdkj eSa vius v/;;u ds fy, mi;ksxh

tkudkjh tqVk ldkA

Hkkjr dk ;qok vkt HkkX;okfnrk ls mij

mBdj egku~ deZokfnrk dh vksj xfr dj jgk gSA

og pkj fnuksa dh ftanxkuh dks [kwc vPNh rjg ls

thus ds ewM esa utj vkrk gSA og ifjJe ls vius

HkkX; dks iwjh rjg cnyus ds fy, dfVc) gSA

Hkkjrh; ;qok Hkkjr ds fo"k; esa D;k lksprs gSa ;g r;

djuk okdbZ esa ,d nq:g dk;Z gSA ks=h; I;kj ;qokvksa

esa lkQ >ydrk gSA lkFk gh ftl 'kgj esa og jg

jgs gSa mldh xkSjo vkSj xfjek dk c[kku Hkh og

viuh ckrphr esa djrs gSaA

Hkkjr vius dks Hkkjr ds :Ik esa izpkfjr

djus esa foQy jgk gSA 'kk;n blfy, Hkkjrh; ;qokvksa

ds eu esa Hkkjr ls vf/kd egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] rfeyukMq

vkSj vU; jkT;ksa ,oa ks=ksa ds uke xqatk;eku gks jgs

gSaA izkarh;rk dh Hkkouk vkt jk"Vªh;rk ij gkoh gksrs

utj vkrh gSaA

vkt ns’k dh 60

Qhlnh vkcknh dh mez pkyhl cjl ls de gSA bl

ekeys esa phu gh ,dek= ,slk ns’kk gS tks Hkkjr ds

djhc igqap ikrk gSA blh dk urhtk gS fd mez vkSj

rtqcsZ ds iSekus vc iqjkus iM+ jgs gSa vkSj u, cnykoksa

dks ekU;rk fey jgh gSA

oYMZ bdkukWfed Qksje kjk tkjh fo’o ;qok

usrkvksa dh lqph esa dkaxzsl lkaln lfpu ik;yV]

laxhrdkj ,-vkj- jgeku rFkk flrkjoknd vuq’kadk

’kadj lfgr 17 Hkkjrh;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

MCY;qbZ,Q dh lwph esa xks ,;jykbal ds ekfyd tsg

okfM;k] lsch ds dk;Zdkjh funs’kd lanhi ikfj[k]

Hkkjrh; baVjizkbtst ds v/;;k lchj HkkfV;k]

Mh,y,Q ds izca/k funs’kd fi;k flag] foizks

baÝkLVªDpj bathfu;fjax ds izca/k funs’kd vuqjkx

c’kj] Xykscy vkbZVh,l Xykscy vkbZVh,l izkbosV

fyfeVsM ds lhbvks lqgkl xksihukFk] ihvkj,l

ysftLysfVo fjlpZ ds funs’kd lhoh e/kqdj vkSj ,l

ds ,l ekbdzksQkbusal ds lhbZvks fodze vdqyk 'kkfey

gSaA

lsaVj QWkj ehfM;k ,aM dYpjy fjlpZ & lh,elhvkj

ds jk"Vªh; pquko ifj.kke v/;;u & losZk.k ds

vuqlkj ns’k ds dqy 17 djksM+ ernkrkvksa esa ls

18&37 o"khZ; ;qok ernkrk 43-6 izfr’kr gSaA

1996 esa

ns’k esa 22 djksM+ ;qok ernkrk Fks tcfd 2009 esa ;g

vkadM+k 31 djksM+ ds ikj gks x;kA 1989 esa ckfyx

erkf/kdkj vFkkZr~ 18 o"kZ dh vk;q ij erkf/kdkj dks

veys esa yk;k x;kA blh ls u, ernkrkvksa dk

lSykc meM+k %&

1981 esa 18&21 o"khZ; 3-60 djksM+ ;qok

ernkrk FksA 1989 esa ;g izfr’kr dqy ernkrkvksa dh

la[;k dk 7-71 izfr’kr FkhA ;g of) 1984 dh rqyuk

esa 27-79 izfr’kr FkhA 1996 esa ;qok ernkrk of)

1984 dh rqyuk esa 34 izfr’kr ls vf/kd jghA 1996

esa ;qok ernkrkvksa esa 18&23 o"kZ ds ;qok ernkrk 10-6

vkSj 15-8 djksM+ ;qok ernkrk 18 ls 25 o"kZ ds FksA

2020 esa ,d vkSlr Hkkjrh; dh mez flQZ 29 o"kZ

gksxh tcfd ,d vkSlr phuh vkSj vesfjdh 37 lky






dk gksxkA ogha if’peh ;wjksi esa ;g mez 45 lky vkSj

tkiku esa 48 lky gksxhA 2001 tula[;k ds vuqlkj

Hkkjr dh vkcknh dk yxHkx 41 izfr’kr 34 lky ls

de vk;q dk FkkA

15 o"kZ ls uhps 363 360 351 343 337 328

15&64 622 702 708 854 916 967

65 $ 42 52 66 78 94 916

90832562 mRrj

13612216 mRrj&iwoZ

40732952 iwoZ

34690549 mRrj&iwoZ

52437922 Ikf’pe

35217421 e/;

80152837 nfk.k

;qok ;kfu mcky] 'kfDr dh

tks’k dh] orZeku dh fonwzirkvksa dks pqukSrh nsdj u;k

Hkfo"; x<+us dh 'kfDr dk uke] ,slh 'kfDr tks vius

vkn’kksZ ds fy, ekSr dk oj.k djus dks rS;kj gksA

vjukYM VkW;uch ^ejrs ne rd tokuh ds tks’k dks

dk;e j[kukA*

tUe ds lkFk gh ekuo dk thoudky 'kq:

gks tkrk gSA f’k’kq ds xHkZ esa vkus ls ysdj] fofHkUu

pj.kksa esa ekuo thou dk fodkl gksrk gSA oSKkfud

v/;;uksa ds vuqlkj 25 o"kZ rd gh ekuo iw.kZ

ifjiDo ’kkjhfjd voLFkk rd vk ikrk gSA vr% 25

o"kZ ls dqN o"kZ ckn rFkk igys ds le; dks ;qokoLFkk

dgk tkrk gSA D;ksafd bl le; ekuo ’kkjhfjd vkSj

ekufld :Ik ls ifjiDo voLFkk esa gksrk gSA

fookuksa us thou dks 6 voLFkkvksa eas ckaVk gS] tks

fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- 0&6 o"kZ ------------------------------------- 'kS’kokoLFkk

2- 6&12 o"kZ -------------------------------------- ckY;koLFkk

3- 12&18 o"kZ -------------------------------------- fd’kksjkoLFkk

4- 18&35 o"kZ -------------------------------------- ;qokoLFkk

5- 35&60 o"kZ -------------------------------------- izkS<+koLFkk

6- 60 & e`R;qi;ZUr --------------------------------- o)koLFkk

lekt’kkL=h; ’kCndks’k ds vuqlkj] ^^;qok

ckY;koLFkk vkSj ifjiDork ds e/; ekuo fodkl dk

le; gSA ;kSu bPNkvksa dh rhozrk ,oa fodkl vkSj

iw.kZ ifjiDork ds izkjaHk dk le; gS ftls lkekU;r%

;qokoLFkk ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA**

ySf.Ml ds vuqlkj] ^^ vk/kqfud lekt esa

vk;qdze ds vuqlkj 12 ls 24 o"kZ dh vk;q ds yksxksa

dks ;qok dgk tkrk gSA euksoSKkfud :Ik ls ckY;dky

dh yach voLFkk ls fudydj ubZ voLFkk esa izos’k

djus okys oxZ dks ;qok oxZ dgk tkrk gS] tks vkfJr

ckY;koLFkk o LofuHkZj voLFkk ds chp dh nwjh r;

djus okyh voLFkk esa jgrs gSaA**

;qok oxZ ls rkRi;Z ,sls O;fDr ls gS] tks

ckY;koLFkk ls iq:"kRo ;k L=hRo dh rjQ fodflr

gks jgk gS ;k gks jgh gSA iq:"kksa ds fy, ;g voLFkk

14&25 o"kZ gS rFkk fL=;ksa ds fy, ;g voLFkk 12&21

o"kZ ds chp gSA**






;qokoLFkk dk lcy ik

;g gksrk gS fd bl voLFkk esa thou ds izfr ,d

;qok cgqr vk’kkoknh ,oa ldkjkRed utfj;k j[krk

gSA muesa vkleku dks /kjrh ij mrkjus dk tTck

gksrk gSA og vius dks lkjs fo’o esa vfrh; le>rs

gq, lksprk gS fd iwjs ekuo lekt esa tks fdlh dks

Hkh laHko ugha gvk og mls laHko djds fn[kk ldrk

gSA mldk ;g utfj;k gh lekt dks mls ^;qok*

dgus dk ck/; djrk gSA bl le; euq"; dk ’kjhj

Hkh mldk lkFk iwjk nsus dks rS;kj gksrk gSA dqN dj

fn[kkus dks rRij ekufld vkSj ’kkjhfjd :Ik ls

etcwr ;qod ds izfr ;g vk’kadk fd bl dk;Z dks

og ugha dj ldrk] mRiUu gh ugha gksus nsrkA ;qokvksa

ds izfr lekt ds blh fo’okl us mls ^;qok ’kfDr* ds

fo’ks"k.k ls lEekfur fd;k tcfd thou ds vU;

dky esa fdlh voLFkk dks ’kfDr ugha ekuk tkrkA

laksi esa ge ;qokvksa ds lcy igyqvksa dks fuEu

fcUnqvksa esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSa&

1- ’kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld n`f"V ls ekuo thou dh

vkn’kZ voLFkkA

2- u;k djus dh bPNkA

3- ifjorZuksa dk rdZ lfgr leFkZuA

4- fodkl esa ck/kd ijEijkvksa dks rksM+us dh kerkA

5- viuh kerkvksa dk iw.kZ KkuA

6- lekt dk :[k eksM+us dk lkeF;ZA

7- LoLFk lekt dk vk/kkjA

8- vlhfer dk;ZkerkA

9- uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk vuqdwyu dh kerkA

;qokvksa dks /kks[kk nsuk

vklku gS D;ksafd os cgqr tYn mEehn ls Hkj tkrs

gSA & vjLrq ;qokvksa esa okLro esa vikj dk;Zkerk

gksrh gSA ,d tkxzr ;qok gj og dk;Z dj ldrk gS

tks fdlh ds fy, Hkwrdky esa laHko ugha gqvkA bl

vFkZ esa gj ;qok vfrh; gS] ij fopkj gh euq"; dks

’kfDr’kkyh ,oa fucZy cukrs gSA bl voLFkk esa ekuo

esa vikj ’kfDr ds ckn Hkh fopkjksa esa laxBu u gksus

ds dkj.k ijLij fojks/kh fopkj vius vki mRiUu o

u"V gksrs jgrs gSa] ftlls ;qok’kfDr O;FkZ esa cckZn

gksrh gSA bl voLFkk esa ;fn ekxZn’kZu ,oa mfpr

y; gks rks fopkj ,d fuf’pr fn’kk esa xfr djrs gSa

ij ,slk okrkoj.k lHkh ;qokvksa dks ugha fey ikrk

blfy, ekuo bfrgkl pUn gh ;qokvksa dh xkFkkvksa dk

fooj.k izLrqr djrk gSA

laksi esaa ;qokvksa ds fucZy igywvksa dk foospu

fuEu fcUnqvksa ds varxZr dj ldrs gS %

1- Li"V thou n’kZu dk vHkkoA

2- tYnh&tYnh fopkj ifjorZuA

3- vLFkkf;RoA

4- Hkkoukvksa ij fu;a=.k dk vHkkoA

5- fn[kkos dh izofRrA

6- ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk vuknjA

7- vuko’;d tksf[ke ysukA

8- vuqdj.kkRed izofRrA

9- lkekftd fu;eksa dh vogsyukA

10- ukfLrdrk dh izofRrA

vkfn vusdksa voxq.kksa ;qokvksa esa ;qokoLFkk ds

fodkl ds lkFk iuirs gS] tks vU; xq.kksa ij gkoh

gksdj fodkl esa ck/kd curs gSaA

Hkkjr ds ;qok Hkh bu lHkh xq.k&voxq.kksa ls

;qDr gS ij voxq.kksa dh ,d ckr vkSj mu ij ykxw

gksrh gS fd og oS’ohdj.k ls cqjh rjg izHkkfor gSA

Hkys gh og dqN ekeyksa esa vHkh Hkh Hkkjrh; ijaijk dk

f’kdkj gks D;ksafd ifjos’k dgha u dgha gkoh gks gh

tkrk gS] ij og lapkfyr blh HkweaMyhdj.k dh vka/kh

ls gSA mlds igukoksa esa ekWyksa ds egaxsa&egaxsa oL= gSa]

czk.MsM dEifu;ka gSA ;fn mij ls uhps rd fdlh

Hkkjrh; ;qod ds flaxkj dh x.kuk :Ik;ksa esa djsa rks

gtkjksa esa ckr igqaprh gSA [kkus ij rks ,d fnu esa

lIrkgkar ij ;qok bruk [kpZ dj nsrs gSa ftruk dh

lkjs eghus dk [kpZ mlls py tk,A NksVs ?kj dh

ckr rks csekuh gS D;ksafd vkt HkO;rk dk ;qx gS gj

;qok dk liuk cM+s&cM+s LVkjksa tSlk ?kj cukuk gSA

1- vYVckV] fQfyi] LVwMsaV ,.M ikfyfVDl] 1967

2- vxzoky] gsek] lkslkbVh dYpj ,.M ekl

dE;qfuds’ku lksf’kykWth vkWQ tuZfyTe] U;w

nsygh % jkor ifCyds’ku] 1995

3- csufMDV] :Fk] iSVuZ vkWQ dYpj] gkWVu

fefQfyu dkW- cksLVu] 1934

4- ckWVkseksj] Vh-ch-] lksf’k;ksykWth] U;w;kdZ] foUVst

cqDl] 1972






yksdra= ,d ,slh 'kklu O;oLFkk gS

ftlesa turk viuk 'kkld [kqn pqurh gSA ;g 'kCn

yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk vkSj yksdrkaf=d jkT; nksuksa ds

fy;s ç;qä gksrk gSA ;|fi yksdra= 'kCn dk ç;ksx

jktuhfrd lUnHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gS] fdarq yksdra= dk

fl)kar nwljs lewgksa vkSj laxBuksa ds fy;s Hkh laxr

gSA lkekU;r% yksdra= fofHkUu fl)karksa ds feJ.k ls

curs gSa] ij ernku dks yksdra= ds vf/kdka'k çdkjksa

dk pfj=xr yk.k ekuk tkrk gSA

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds kjk Hkkjr dks

/keZfujisk jkT; ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh;

lafo/kku dh iwoZihfBdk esa lsD;qyj 'kCn 42 osa

lafo/kku lalks/ku kjk lu 1976 esa tksM+k x;kA fdUrq

,sfrgkfld :i ls Hkkjr esa loZ/keZ leUo; vkSj

oSpkfjd ,oa nk'kZfud LorU=rk vuknh dky ls pyh

vk jgh gSAHkkjrh; lafo/kku ds çLrkouk esa ?kks"k.kk ds

vuqlkj Hkkjr ,d /keZfujisk ns'k gSA /keZfujisk 'kCn

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh çLrkouk esa c;kyhlok¡ la'kks/ku

kjk Mkyk x;k FkkA ;g lHkh /keksaZ vkSj /kkfeZd

lfg".kqrk vkSj lEeku dh lekurk dk vFkZ gSA Hkkjr]

blfy, ,d vkf/kdkfjd jkT; /keZ ugha gSA gj O;fä

dks mins'k] vH;kl vkSj fdlh Hkh /keZ esa pquko çpkj

djus dk vf/kdkj gSA ljdkj ds ik esa ;k fdlh Hkh

/keZ ds f[kykQ HksnHkko ugha djuk pkfg,- ;g cjkcj

lEeku ds lkFk lHkh /keksaZ dk bykt djuk gksxk- ,l

vkj cksEebZ cuke Hkkjrh; la?k esa Hkkjr ds lqçhe dksVZ

us lafo/kku ds ewy <kaps dk ,d vfHkUu fgLlk

/keZfujiskrk dks ekuk gSA

bl 'kks/k i= esa frh; 'kks/k lkekxzh

dk ladyu fd;k x;k gSA ftlds gsrq i=&if=dkvksa

vkfn dks 'kks/k i= cukus esa v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

ns'k ds yksdra= ds fy, ogqyrkokn vkSj

/keZfujiskrk csgn t:jh xq.k gSaAns'k dk lafo/kku ;g

lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd gj ukxfjd bl yksdrkaf=d

<kaps esa reke fofo/krkvksa vkSj ogqyrkvksa ds lkFk

jgsA;gh bl yksdra= dh etcwrh vkSj [kwclwjrh gSA

vkt gekjs lkeus ns'k dk vk/kkjHkwr Lo:i] tks

iw.kZr: /keZfujisk gS] ds ewY;ksa ij ,d ckj fQj ls

tksj nsus dh t:jr gSA ;s ewY; gSa& lekurk]

/keZfujiskrk vkSj lfg".kqrkA bl fofo/k vkSj ckgqyrk

ds /kuh ns'k esa bUgha ewY;ksa dks vk/kkj cukdj ,d

nwljs ds çfr Loh—fr cuk;h xbZ gS vkSj bUgha dks uhao

cukdj ;s yksdra= viuh fLFkjrk dks dk;e

j[ksxkAHkkjr fofo/krkiw.kZ laL—fr dk ns'k gSA ftlesa

vf/kuk;dokn dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA tks yksx

vf/kuk;dokn dks Hkkjr esa c<+kok nsuk pkgrs gS os

yksdra= dks detksj djrs gSA

Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds lkFk gh ns'k esa

yksdra= vk;k gS lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ls yksdra= cgqr

etcwr gqvk gS blds ç;ksx ls ç'kklu esa ikjnf'kZrk

c<+k;h tk ldrh gSA fdUrq fufgr LokFkhZ yksxksa kjk

dh tk jgh vkj-Vh- vkbZ- dk;ZdrkZvksa dh gR;k

yksdra= dks detksj djsaxhA

lkaçnkf;drk lHkh /keksaZ esa vkrh gSA /keZ

ekuo ewY; dk uke gSA fdUrq fdlh fo'ks"k /keZ dh

jktuhfr lkaçnkf;d gksrh gSA

/keZfujiskrk dk eryc ukfLrdrk ugha gS

oju~ jkT; lÙkk /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij u pys ;g

lqfuf'pr djuk gSA /keZ ds ek;us uSfrdrk gksuh

pkfg,A Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ls vPNk dksbZ ekxZn'kZd xzaFk

/keZfujiskrk dks le>kus ds fy, ugha gks ldrk gSA

Hkxrflag] vEcsMdj vkSj xka/kh Hkkjrh;

jk"Vªokn ds çrhd gSA lekt esa csgrjh dsoy

lkekftd vkUnksyuksa ds ek/;e ls gh vk ldrh gS

rFkk lkekftd vkUnksyu dsoy yksdra= esa gh laHko

gSA

Hkkjrh; yksdra= dks ckaVks vkSj jkt djks dh

uhfr fyax vlekurk] Hkz"Vkpkj] vkradokn]

laçnk;okn] tkfrokn rFkk vehj xjhc ds chp c<+rh

[kkbZ vkfn ls [krjk gSA mUgkasus yksdra= dh etcwrh

ds fy, lkaçnkf;d lkSgknZ o /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ij

cy fn;kA






Hkkjrh; lekt /keZ vk/kkfjr oxksaZ esa

foHkkftr gksdj vufxur lekftd bdkbZ;ksa esa caVk

gqvk gS rFkk bUgksaus jktuSfrd lewgksa dk :i ys fy;k

gSA blh rjg Hkkjr esa vYila[;d vkSj cgqla[;d

dsoy tUe ds vk/kkj ij r; gksrs gSa] fopkj ;k

rRdkyhu eqís cgqr ek;us ugha j[krsA tkfrxr vkSj

lkaçnkf;d f'kuk[r vkSj fgr brus cM+s gks x, gSa fd

os ns'kfgr ij Hkkjh iM+ jgs gSaA ns'k dh lkekftd

O;oLFkk tkfr o laçnk; dks ewy bdkbZ ds rkSj ij

vkSj O;fä dks viokn ds rkSj ij Lohdkj djrh gS

ysfdu Hkkjr dk lafo/kku O;fä dks ewy bdkbZ ds rkSj

ij vkSj oxZ rFkk tkfr dks viokn ds rkSj ij ekurk

gSA ns'k dh lekftd O;oLFkk vkSj laoS/kkfud çko/kkuksa

esa rkyesy ugha cSB ik jgk gS vkSj nksuksa esa Vdjko

c<+rk tk jgk gSA fufgr lekftd vkSj jktuSfrd

LokFkksaZ us lekftd lajpuk dks oxhZ; ?k`.kk c<+kus esa

bLrseky djds ns'k dks etcwr /keZfujisk o

yksdrkaf=d Lo:i nsus ds jkLrs esa cM+h pqukSrh [kM+h

dj nh gSA

vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa viuk lcdqN

U;kSNkoj djus okys yksxksa esa xka/kh th] Mk- vkacsMdj

vkSj ekSykuk vktkn vkfn ds usr`Ro esa] jktuSfrd

O;oLFkk esa gj O;fä dks cjkcjh] Lora=rk o lEeku

dks loksZijh djkj fn;k vkSj lekftd dVqrk o

xSjcjkcjh dks [kRe djrs gq, Hkkjr dks dY;k.kdkjh

jkT; cukus dk liuk latks;kA 'kklu rFkk ç'kklu

dks /kkfeZd ikikr ls nwj j[kus ds fy, laoS/kkfud o

çtkrkaftd Lo:i çnku fd;kA cgqoknh lekt vkSj

fofHkUurkvksa dks vknj nsrs gq, lalnh; ç.kkyh o

la?kh; <kaps dks viuk;k rkfd ns'k ,d jg lds vkSj

gj oxZ dk ;ksxnku ns'k dh mUufr vkSj [kq'kgkyh ds

fy, lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA

?k`.kk o nq'euh dks gok nsdj] fodkl ds

cgkus iwaftifr;ksa ds lgkjs lÙkk ij dCtk djus esa

dke;kc gks x, lafo/kku dks iwjh rjg ls ifjofrZr

djus ds ,tsaMs ds rgr laoS/kkfud e;kZnkvksa rFkk

ekU;rkvksa dks kh.k dj jgs gSaA gfj;k.kk fo/kkulHkk esa

uXu lk/kw dk lacks/ku bldh rktk felky gSA

turk dks muds çtkrkaf=d vf/kdkjksa

ls oafpr j[kus ds fy, muesa xjhch] :f<+okfnrk]

ks=okn] ladh.kZrk] fcjknjhokn o lkaçnkf;äk dks

c<+kok nsrs gq, Hkkjr dks fgUnqjk"Vª ds [kks[kys ealwcs esa

'kkfey dj jgs gSa rkfd ns'k esa /keZfujisk O;oLFkk

detksj gks tk, vkSj eqVBhHkj yksx lekt esa

vlhfer cVokjsa dh cqfu;kn ij lÙkk o O;oLFkk ij

dkfct cus jgsaA ?kVuk,a bl :i esa çk;ksftr dh tk

jgh gSa fd turk dk eu&efLr"d mUgha esa my>k jgs

vkSj ns'k esa iwaftokn o tkfrokn dk xBca/ku

ykHkkafor gksrk jgsA vlgefr dks ns'k ls cxkor dk

uke fn;k tk jgk gSA /keZ o tkfr ds vk/kkj ij

O;olk;ksa esa cka/kk mRiUu dh tk jgh gSA iwjs ns'k esa

ekSfyd rFkk dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dk guu gks jgk gS

rFkk >wBs eqdneksa dh cqfu;kn ij Mj dk ekgkSy iSnk

fd;k tk jgk gSA lq/kkjokfn;ksa dks ,d ds ckn ,d

dRy fd;k tk jgk gSA ng'kr QSykus ds fy, dRy

o cykRdkj fd, tk jgs gSa dkuwu dk Mj [kRe gks

tkus dh rktk felkysa muk rFkk esokr dh ?kVuk,a gSaA

/keZ ds vk/kkj ij ukxfjdrk dk dkuwu cnyk tk jgk

gS rFkk fons'kh iwaftifr;ksa dks Hkkjr dh jktuSfrd

ikfVZ;ksa dks pykus ds fy, QafMax dk vf/kdkj fn;k

tk jgk gSA [kkus] ?kweus o cksyus dh vktknh ij

geys fd, tk jgs gSaA gokykrksa vkSj tsyksa esa dRy

fd, tk jgs gSaA /keZ ds vk/kkj ij vkokl o ukSdfj;ksa

ls vyx j[kk tk jgk gS vkSj nfyrksa ds ekufld

Lrj ij loky mBk, tk jgs gSaA 'kd o ?k`.kk dk

okrkoj.k bl rjg ls c<+ x;k gS fd O;oLFkk nksgjs

ekinaM ij py jgh gSA /kkfeZd Lora=rk iwjh rjg ls

[krjs esa vk xbZ gSA balkQ dk lkFk nsus okys O;fä;ksa

ds f[kykQ Hkh >wBs eqdnesa fd, tk jgs gSaA

gekjh /keZfujisk ekU;rk,a rFkk thou 'kSyh

bl le; lcls cM+s [krjs esa gSa ftlds fy, lHkh

ukxfjdksa rFkk laxBuksa dks rqjar ,d lkFk [kM+s gksdj

viuh fojklr dks cpkus dh ftEesnkjh gS D;ksafd

lsD;qyjokn ds [kRe gksrs gh ns'k esa çtkra= ugha

cpsxk vkSj Qklhoknh O;oLFkk Fkksi nh tk,xhA

blfy, lHkh detksj] lk/kufoghu] nfyrksa]

vkfnokfl;k]sa vYila[;dksa rFkk /keZfujisk O;fä;ksa dks

/keZfujiskrk dks cpkus ds fy, fcuk le; xok,a

vkanksfyr gksus dh t:jr gS D;ksafd çtkra= ds fy,

lsD;qyjbt~e vifjgk;Z gSA

fLeFk ds vuqlkj ,d jkT; lgh ek;uksa esa

/keZfujisk rHkh dgk tk;sxk-

1- tc jkT; dk viuk dksbZ /keZ ugh gksxk vFkkZr

jkT; fcuk bl ckr dh ijokg fd;s fd fdlh /keZ

dks ekuus okys yksxksa dh la[;k fdruh gS fdlh /keZ

dk ik ugh ysxkA






2- jkT; fdlh O;fä ds lkFk mlds /keZ ds vk/kkj

ij dksbZ HksnHkko ;k ikikr ugh djsxk vFkkZr O;fä

ls O;ogkj djrs le; jkT; ;g ugh ns[ksxk fd og

fdl /keZ dk gSA

3- çR;sd O;fä vius vkLFkk vkSj ilan ds vuqlkj

dksbZ Hkh /keZ pquus dks Lora= gksxk rFkk jkT; dh

blesa dksbZ Hkwfedk ugh gksxh fd O;fä fdl /keZ dk

pquko djsA

bl çdkj MksukYM fLeFk O;fä&jkT;

lEcU/k esa /keZ] O;fä&/keZ lEcU/k esa jkT; vkSj

jkT;&/keZ lEcU/k esa O;fä dh Hkwfedk dks [kkfjt

djrs gSAHkkjr esa cgqrk;r yksx /keZfujiskrk dh

ladYiuk ds leFkZd ugh gSa vkSj os Hkkjr esa çpfyr

/keZfujiskrk dks Hkkjrh; ç—fr ds vuqlkj ugh ekurs

gq, bls fons'k] fo'ks"kdj ;wjksi ls vk;kfrr ekurs

gSaAvr% muds vuqlkj fons'k ls vk;kfrr /keZfujiskrk

dh ;g vo/kkj.kk Hkkjrh; fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy ugh

gSAHkkjrh; lekt 'kq: ls gh /keZ ç/kku lekt jgk gS-

;gk¡ dk lekt viuh oS/krk /keZ ls xzg.k djrk gS]

vkSj jktuhfr dk O;ogkj lekt ds O;ogkj ij fuHkZj

djrk gS- vr% /keZfujiskrk dh lS)kafrd ladYiuk tks

/keZ vkSj jktuhfr ds vyxko ij vk/kkfjr gS Hkkjr esa

lQy ugh gks ldrh D;ksfd ;gk¡ /keZ vkSj jktuhfr

esa vR;f/kd xgjk lfEeJ.k gSA

bl ekU;rk ds çorZd Hkkjrh; lkekftd

foku Vh-,u-enku gSa] ftuds vuqlkj Hkkjr tSls ns'k

esa ^vk/;kfRed ekuookn* dh ladYiuk vR;f/kd

egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj /keZ ds kjk ewyr% lkoZtfud

uSfrdrk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] tks if'peh fo'o ds

/keZfujiskrk ,oa jktuhfr vkSj uSfrdrk ds foHkktu

ls csgrj fodYi çLrqr djrh gS D;ksfd Hkkjr esa /keZ

dk vkLFkk ds :i esa vR;f/kd egRo gS vkSj vkLFkk,a

fHkUu&fHkUu Hkh gks ldrh gSa vr% enku ds vuqlkj

iaFkfujiskrk lkEçnkf;drk dk ,d csgrj mÙkj

lek/kku ugha gS cfYd lekt esa /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dks

vkSj xgjk dj lkEçnkf;drk dk lkeuk fd;k tk

ldrk gSA /keZfujiskrk ds vk;kfrr ladYiuk tks

Hkkjr esa çpfyr /keZfujiskrk dks ;wjksfi;u ekurh gS]

fd vkykspuk djrs gq, Hkkjr ds fofHkUu fopkjdksa ds

vuqlkj Hkkjr esa vusd /kkfeZd leqnk; ds yksx gSa

vkSj lekt /kkfeZd gS- blfy, /keZfujiskrk dh

mi;ksfxrk bl ekeysa esa gS fd ;g fofHkUu /keksaZ ds

e/; gksus okys fooknksa dks [kRe djus] muds chp

esytksy dks c<+kus vkSj HksnHkko dks jksdus esa egRoiw.kZ

fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gS- bl er ds vuqlkj

Hkkjr esa /keZfujiskrk dh ladYiuk lHkh /keZ ds yksxksa

ds fy, fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds /kkfeZd Lora=rk dh

xkjaVh gSA

vk'kh"k uanh tSls fopkjdksa ds vuqlkj

if'peh /keZfujiskrk dh ladYiuk bl ewy ekU;rk

ij vk/kkfjr gS fd O;fä vius futh thou esa /kkfeZd

gksxk] tcfd lkoZtfud thou esa og /keZ dk ç;ksx

ugh djsxk vFkok oSKkfud çofr dks viuk

ysxkAysfdu Hkkjrh; lekt dks blls vyx ekurs

gq,; os dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa ,slk dksbZ ykbu ugh

f[kpha tk ldrh- D;ksfd Hkkjr esa dqN ,sls yksx gSa

tks vius futh vkSj lkoZtfud nksuksa thou esa /keZ dks

ugh ekurs ogh dqN yksx futh vkSj lkoZtfud nksuksa

thou esa /keZ dks ekurs gSa-tgk¡ vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds

fuekZrk vkSj Hkkjr ds çFke ç/kkuea=h Jh tokgj yky

usg# futh vkSj lkoZtfud nksuksa esa /keZ dks ugh

ekurs Fks] ogh¡ jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/kh futh vkSj

lkoZtfud nksuksa ekeyksa esa /keZ esa vkxk/k fu"Bk j[krs

Fks; vkSj /keZ dks fofHkUu /kkfeZd lewgksa ds chp

HkkbZpkjs ds çlkj dk ,d l'kä ek/;e ekurs FksA

bl çdkj /keZfujiskrk dh vo/kkj.kk

loZO;kid ugh gS- vFkkZr ;g ,d lkisfkr ladYiuk

gS tks le; vkSj ifjfLFkfrvksa ds vuqlkj cnyrh

jgrh gSA/keZfujiskrk dh dksbZ ,d loZekU; ifjHkk"kk

ugh nh tk ldrh- blfy, /keZfujiskrk dk ,d

e‚My lHkh txg mi;qä ugh gks ldrk- fo'o ds gj

Hkkx esa /keZfujiskrk dks viuk;s tkus ds dkj.k

vyx&vyx dkj.k jgs gSa vr% mldk Lo#i Hkh gj

ns'k ds vuqlkj cnyrk jgrk gSAtgk¡ ;wjksi esa ;g

jkT; vkSj ppZ ds e/; la?k"kZ dh i`"BHkwfe esa mRiUu

gqvk- ogh Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa ,d fofo/krkiw.kZ Hkkjrh;

lekt esa ;g fofHkUu /kkfeZd lewgksa ds chp lkeatL;

vkSj HkkbZpkjk LFkkfir djus dk ek/;e gSA

Hkkjrh; lekt ds cgqyrkoknh /kkfeZd ,oa

lkaL—frd Lo:i dks /;ku esa j[kdj lafo/kku esa

/keZfujisk x.kjkT; dh uhao j[kh xbZ Fkh] ysfdu

mlesa vyx&vyx igpkuksa dks feVkdj lcdks

,d:i djus dk mYys[k ugha gSA gkykafd

U;k;ikfydk us bl ckjs esa fLFkfr lkQ fd gS] ckotwn

mlds QSlys dh fHkUu&fHkUu rjg ls dh tk jgh

O;[;k ls vkSj vLi"Vrk vk xbZ gSA iwoZ mijk"Vªifr






gkfen valkjh us tEew fo'ofo|ky; ds 16osa nhkkar

lekjksg esa bl vk'k; ds fopkj O;ä djrs gq, ns'k

dh loksZPp U;k;ky; ls vkxzg fd;k Fkk fd og

/keZfujiskrk vkSj cgqyrkoknh laL—fr dks Li"V djsA

mijk"Vªifr us Bhd gh dgk Fkk fd /keZfujiskrk dk

Lo:i Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA D;ksafd bl

ifjçs; esa le;≤ ij U;k;ewfrZ;ksa dh fojks/kkHkklh

fVIif.k;ka vkrh jgh gSa]tks fdlh ,d fuf'pr fu"d'kZ

ij tkdj ugha BgjrhaA

;g lgh gS fd Hkkjr dk /keZfujisk Lo:i

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk cqfu;knh vk/kkj gSA ysfdu bl

vfHkO;fä dh Li"V O;k[;k ugha dh xbZ gSA blfy,

tc Hkh xhrk ;k jkek;.k ds uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj

pkfjf=d 'kqfprk ls tqM+s va'kksa dks ikBîØe esa 'kkfey

djus dh ckr vkrh gS rks okeiaFkh ny o vU;

cqf)thoh bu igyksa dks yksdra= ds ewyHkwr laoS/kkfud

/keZfujisk fl)karksa ds fo:) crkus yxrs gSaA

njvly Lora=rk ds ckn ls gh dsoy fganw vkSj

fganqvksa ls tqM+s çfrjks/k dks gh /keZfujiskrk eku ysus

dh ijaijk lh py fudyh gSA tcfd okLrfodrk rks

;g gS fd ewy lafo/kku dh çLrkouk esa ^/keZfujisk*

'kCn Fkk gh ughaA ;g 'kCn rks vkikrdky ds nkSjku

42oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku ykdj ^lektoknh /keZfujisk

lafo/kku vf/kfu;e 1976* ds ek/;e ls tksM+k x;k

FkkA

vkikrdky ds ckn tc turk ny dh dsaæ

esa ljdkj cuh rks ;g ljdkj 43oka la'kks/ku fo/ks;d

ykdj /keZfujiskrk dh O;k[;k Li"V djuk pkgrh

Fkh] çLrkfor çk:i esa bls Li"V djrs gq, okD;

tksM+k x;k Fkk] ^x.kra= 'kCn ftldk fo'ks"k.k

^/keZfujisk* gS dk vFkZ gS] ,slk x.kra= ftlesa lc

/keksZ ds fy, leku vknj gks] * ysfdu yksdlHkk ls

bl çLrko ds ikfjr gks tkus ds ckotwn dkaxzsl us

bls jkT;lHkk esa fxjk fn;k FkkA vc ;g Li"V ml

le; ds dkaxzslh gh dj ldrs gSa fd /keksaZ dk leku

:i ls vknj djuk /keZfujiskrk D;ksa ugha gS \ blds

ykkf.kd egRo dks njfdukj dj fn;k x;kA 'kk;n

,slk blfy, fd;k x;k ftlls ns'k esa lkaçnkf;d

ln~Hkko fLFkj u gksus ik, vkSj lkaçnkf;drk cuke

/keZfujiskrk dks vuardky rd oksV dh jktuhfr ds

pyrs rqf"Vdj.k ds mik;ksa ds tfj, Hkquk;k tkrk jgsA

lkFk gh bldk euekus <ax ls mi;ksx o nq:i;ksx

djus dh NwV lÙkk&ra= dks feyh jgsA tgka rd

x.kra= 'kCn dk ç'u gS rks foDVj áwxks us bls ;wa

ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS] ^ftl rjg O;fä dk vfLrRo

mlds thus dh bPNk dh yxkrkj iqf"V gS] mlh rjg

ns'k dk vfLrRo mlesa jgus okyksa dk ijLij rkyesy

fuR; gksus okyk tuer laxzg gSA* nqHkkZX; ls gekjs

;gka ijLij rkyesy [kafMr gks jgk gSA vyxko vkSj

vkradokn dh vo/kkj.kk,a fujarj ns'k dh laçHkqrk o

v[k.Mrk ds lek [krjk cudj mHkj jgh gSaA

jk"Vªokn vkSj Hkkjr ekrk dh t; dks Hkh ladh.kZ vkSj

vYi&/kkfeZd –f"V ls ns[kk tk jgk gSA tokgjyky

usg: fofo esa ftl rjg ls ns'k ds gtkj VqdM+s djus

ds ukjs yxk, x, vkSj mUgsa vHkhO;fä dh vktknh ds

ifjçs; esa laoS/kkfud Bgjkus dh dksf'k'ksa gqbZa]ml

lanHkZ esa yxrk gS fd /keZfujiskrk vkSj vfHkO;fä dh

vktknh ds ek;us jk"Vªæksg dks mdlkus vkSj mUgsa

ljafkr djus ds mik; >wBs lkfcr gks jgs gSaA

bu gkykrksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjrh;

lafo/kku ftl ukxfjdrk dks ekU;rk nsrk gS] og ,d

Hkze gSA lPpkbZ ;g gS fd gekjh ukxfjdrk Hkh

[kklrkSj ls vYila[;d&cgqla[;d leqnk;ksa esa caVh

gqbZ gSA fygktk bldk pfj= mÙkjksÙkj lkaçnkf;d gks

jgk gSA fganq] eqlyeku vkSj bZlkbZ Hkkjrh; ukxfjd

gksus dk naHk c<+ jgk gSA tcfd ukxfjdrk dsoy

ns'kh; elyu Hkkjrh; gksuh pkfg,A ;g blfy, Hkh

t:jh gS]D;ksafd Hkkjr esa 4635 dqy leqnk; gSaA

ftuesa ls 78 çfr'kr leqnk;ksa dh u flQZ Hkk"kkbZ ,oa

lkaL—frd cfYd lkekftd Jsf.k;ka Hkh gSaA bu

leqnk;ksa esa 19-4 çfr'kr /kkfeZd vYila[;d gSaA

/keZfujiskrk dh Li"V O;k[;k t:jh gSA gkykafd

vktknh ds Bhd ckn çxfr'khy ckSf)dksa us Hkkjrh;

ukxfjdrk dks ewy vFkZ esa LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl

fd;k Fkk] ysfdu /keZfujiskrk ds Qsj esa ewy vFkZ

lkaçnkf;d [kkuksa esa foHkkftr gksrk pyk tk jgk

gS]ftldk ladV vc dqN T;knk gh xgjk x;k gSA

orZeku esa gekjs ;gka /keZ fujisk 'kCn dk

ç;ksx vaxzsth ds 'kCn ^lsD;qyj* ds vFkZ esa gks jgk gSA

vaxzsth ds çfl) vkWDlQksMZ 'kCn&dks"k esa bldk vFkZ

^bZ'oj* fojks/kh fn;k gSA Hkkjr vkSj bLykfed ns'k

bZ'oj fojks/kh drbZ ugha gSaA T;knkrj fØf'p;u ns'k

Hkh bZlkbZ /kekZoyach gSaA gka] ckS) /kekZoyach phu vkSj

tkiku t:j ,sls ns'k gSa] tks /kkfeZd vkLFkk ls igys

jk"Vªçse dks çeq[krk nsrs gSaA gekjs lafo/kku dh

eqf'dy ;g Hkh gS fd mlesa /keZ dh Hkh O;k[;k ugha

gqbZ gSA bl ckcr U;k;ewfrZ jktxksiky vk;axj us

t:j bruk dgk gS] ^eSa ;g tksM+uk pkgrk gwa fd






vuqPNsn 25 vkSj 26 esa /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk dk og

fl)kar 'kkfey gS] tks bfrgkl ds çkjaHk ls gh Hkkjrh;

lH;rk dh fo'ks"krk jgk gSA* blh Øe esa mPpre

U;k;ky; us dgk] ^/keZ 'kCn dh O;k[;k yksdra= esa

ugha gqbZ gS vkSj ;g ,slk 'kCn gS] ftldh fuf'pr

O;k[;k laHko ugha gSA* laHkor% blhfy, U;k;ky; dks

dguk iM+k fd ^x.kra= dk /keZfujisk LoHkko

jk"VªfuekZrkvksa dh bPNk ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg, vkSj

bls gh lafo/kku dk vk/kkj ekuk tkuk pkfg,A* vc

;gka ladV ;g Hkh gS fd Hkkjr jk"Vª dk fuekZrk dksbZ

,d uk;d ugha jgkA xje vkSj uje nksuksa gh nyksa ds

foæksg ls foHkkftr Lora=rk laHko gqbZA urhtru

/keZfujiskrk dh O;k[;k dks fdlh ,d bckjr esa

cka/kuk vlaHko gSA blhfy, Jhen~Hkkxor xhrk esa tc

;k /keZ dks tkuus dh –f"V ls ç'u djrs gSa rks

/keZjkt ;qf/kf"Bj dk mÙkj gksrk gS] ^rdZ dgha fLFkj

ugha gSa] Jqfr;ka Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA ,d gh _f"k ugha

gS] ftldk çek.k ekuk tk, vkSj /keZ dk rRo xqQk esa

fufgr gSA vr% tgka ls egkiq:"k tk,a] ogh lgh /keZ

;k ekxZ gSA*

oSls Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa /keZ drZO; ds vFkZ esa

çpfyr gSA ;kuh eka dk /keZ] firk dk /keZ] iq= dk

/keZ] Lokeh dk /keZ vkSj lsod dk /keZ] bl lanHkZ esa

drZO; ls fujisk dSls jgk tk ldrk gSA lsD;qyj ds

fy, 'kCn&dks'k esa iaFkfujisk 'kCn Hkh fn;k x;k gS]

ij bls çpyu esa ugha fy;k x;kA drZO; ds mi;qZä

ikyu ds fufgrkFkZ gh lafo/kku ds 42osa la'kksf/kr

vf/kfu;e 1976 ds varxZr ^cqfu;knh drZO; ds

ifjçs; esa ,d ifjPNsn lafo/kku esa tksM+k x;k gSA

vuqPNsn 51, ¼bZ½ esa dgk x;k gS] ^ /kkfeZd] Hkk"kkbZ]

ks=h; vkSj Hksnksa ls Åij mBdj lkSgknZz vkSj HkkbZpkjs

dh Hkkouk,a cuk, j[kuk vkSj fL=;ksa dh xfjek dh

lqjkk djuk gjsd Hkkjrh; ukxfjd dk nkf;Ro gksxkA^

lu 1973 esa U;k;ewfrZ ,p-vkj-[kUuk us Hkh

/keZfujiskrk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk Fkk ^jkT;]

/keZ ds vk/kkj ij fdlh ukxfjd ds lkFk ikikr ugha

dj ldrkA^ U;k;ewfrZ ,e,u osadVpyS;k dh ifjHkk"kk

mijksä ifjHkk"kkvksa ls i`Fkd gSA mUgksaus dgk Fkk]

^/keZfujiskrk dk vFkZ cgqla[;d leqnk; ds fo#)

ugha gks ldrkA* tkfgj gS] /keZfujiskrk dks gfFk;kj

ekurs gq, tks yksx bldk nq:i;ksx cgqla[;d

leqnk; ds fo#) djrs gSa] mu ij fu;a=.k dk ladsr

bl fVIi.kh esa ifjyfkr gSA lafo/kku fuekZrk Hkhejko

vkacsMdj us Hkh lafo/kku dks /keZfujisk ugha ekuk Fkk]

D;ksafd os tkurs Fks fd ,d cgq/kehZ] cgqtkrh;]

cgqHkk"kh; ns'k ds pfj= esa ;s ço`fÙk;ka mnkj ,oa

,d:i ugha gks ldrh gSaA urhtru /keZ] tkrh;]

Hkk"kkbZ vkSj ks=h; igpkuksa dks feVkuk ,dk,d laHko

ugha gSA

fQj gekjs ;gka lkear'kkgh vkSj fons'kh

geykojksa ds lÙkk ij dkfct gks tkus ds pyrs

LosPNkpkfjrk vkSj fujadq'krk dh Hkh ,d lqnh?kZ ijaijk

jgh gS] tks lkekU; ls ysdj fof'k"V ukxfjdksa dks Hkh

papy o fopfyr cuk, j[kus dk dke djrh gSA

QyLo:i /keZfujiskrk ds lanHkZ esa jktuhfrd nyksa us

Hkh viuh&viuh ifjHkk"kk,a x<+ yhaA dkaxzsl dh

ifjHkk"kk gS] ^loZ&/keZ] leHkko* vkSj Hkktik dh gS]

^U;k; lcdks] ikikr fdlh dks ughaA* blh rtZ ij

ujsaæ eksnh us pqukoh ukjk fn;k] ^lcdk lkFk] lcdk

fodklA* ysfdu bu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds HkkokFkZ jktusrkvksa

ds pfj= esa 'kqekj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrsA blhfy, xka/kh th

us dgk Fkk] ^okLro esa /keZ vkids çR;sd fØ;kdyki

esa varfuZfgr gksuk pkfg,A* ,slk gksxk rks ,d lk>k

mís';] lk>k y; vkSj lk>k HkkbZpkjk fn[kkbZ nsxkA

ns'k esa lkaçnkf;d ln~Hkko cuk, j[kus ds fy, bUgha

mik;ksa dh t:jr gSA ysfdu fof/k lEer nk;js esa

/keZfujiskrk dks ,d fuf'pr bckjr esa ifjHkkf"kr

djuk t:jh gSA D;ksafd bldk yphykiu nq:i;ksx

dk lcc cu jgk gSA oSls Hkh U;k;ky; dk vkns'k nks

Vwd gksuk pkfg,A vkns'k esa ;fn ,sls fodYi ;k

i;kZ; NksM+ fn, tk,axs] rks mudk yphykiu vkns'k

dks lgh vFkksaZ esa ifjHkkf"kr gh ugha gksus nsxk \

fygktk vifjHkkf"kr pys vk jgs /keZfujisk 'kCn dks

ifjHkkf"kr djuk t:jh gSA

/keZfujiskrk ugha jgus ij yksdra= Hkh ugha

cp ldrk- yksdra= fopkj vkSj vfHkO;äh dh

Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj U;k; ij fVdrk gS- fdUgha

[kkl /kkfeZd deZdkaMksa vkSj fopkjksa dks rjthg nsuk

LorU=rk] U;k; vkSj lekurk lHkh dks udkjuk gS-

vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd cjkcjh ij rks cktkj vkSj

fodkl ds uke ij cjkcj pksVsa gks gh jgh gSa; vc

f'kkk ds ek/;e ls ;g /kkfeZd çpkj cPpksa ds fnekxksa

ij dCtk djus dh eqghe Hkh pykus yxk gSA

Hkkjr vktknh ds ckn ds lcls [krjukd

nkSj ls xqtj jgk gS- ;k lcls dM+s bErsgku ls- ;g

dksbZ ukVdh; oäO; ugha gSAHkkjr dh tks dYiuk

vktknh ds vkanksyu ds nkSjku xka/kh ds usr`Ro esa






çLrkfor dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ftls Hkkjrh; lafo/kku us

ewrZ djus dk ç;kl fd;k] og fiNys dqN le; esa

kr&fokr dj nh xbZ gSA -

vktknh ds ckn gekjh lcls cM+h miyfC/k

D;k Fkh\ vaxzstksa ds tkus ds ckn vaxzst 'kkflr HkwHkkx

ls bLyke ds uke ij ,d jk"Vª cuus ds ckotwn

fganqvksa dks bl ckr ds fy, lger djuk fd ,d

/keZfujisk jk"Vª vk/kqfud le; esa lekt ds laxBu

dk lcls lH; vkSj ekuoh; rjhdk gS! vkSj

vYila[;d eqlyekuksa dks Hkjkslk fnykuk fd muds

lkFk /kks[kk ugha gksxk] os cgqla[;d fganqvksa ds lkFk

cjkcjh vkSj bTtr ds lkFk jg ldsaxs- ;g chloha

lnh ds ,d cM+s [kwu&[kjkcs ds chp eqefdu gqvk-

;kn j[ksa] fganqvksa dks dksbZ bLykeh jk"Vª dh lsuk ugha

ekj jgh Fkh vkSj u eqlyekuksa dks fganw jk"Vª dh lsuk

ekj jgh Fkh] lk/kkj.k fganw vkSj eqfLye turk us gh

,d&nwljs dk dRy fd;k Fkk A

xqLls] uQjr vkSj cnys dh bl vkx ds

chp /keZfujisk jk"Vª ds :i esa Hkkjr ds çLrko dks

O;kid tu lgefr fnykuk vklku u Fkk- u flQZ

xka/kh] usg:] vktkn tSls usrk bls ysdj bZekunkjh ls

çfrc) Fks cfYd os blds fy, lkekU; tu ls dM+h

cgl djus dks vkSj fdlh Hkh gn rd tkus dks rS;kj

Fks- iVsy vkSj jktsaæ çlkn tSls usrkvksa us viuh

fgpd ij dkcw ik fy;k Fkk vkSj cqfu;knh ekuoh;rk

esa mudh vkLFkk ij lansg ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

/keZfujiskrk dks lgdkjh thou dk loksZPp

fl)kar thou ewY; ekuus ds fy, ;s usrk dksbZ Hkh

dher pqdkus dks rS;kj Fks- /;ku jgs] buesa ls vxj

dksbZ Hkh [kqn dks fganw usrk ds :i esa is'k djrk rks

Hkkjr ds lHkh fganw mls gkFkks&gkFk ysus dks rS;kj Fks-

bl çyksHku dks mUgksaus Bqdjk;k- blesa lc 'kkfey Fks]

ckotwn iVsy vkSj jktsaæ çlkn ds lkseukFk eafnj ds

th.kksZ)kj esa çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds] muds ckjs esa Hkh

;g dgk tk ldrk gS- xka/kh ls lkojdj ;k gsMxsokj

çfr;ksfxrk ugha dj ldrs Fks vkSj u usg: ls- iVsy]

jktsaæ çlkn ;k vU; usrkvksa dh ckr gh tkus nsaA

/kkfeZd jk"Vª ,d vklku vkSj le> esa vkus

okyh dYiuk Fkh- vk/kqfud tura=ksa us Hkh [kqn dks

/keZfujisk ?kksf"kr ugha fd;k Fkk- Hkkjr ds usrk cgqr

eqf'dy ?kM+h esa ;g çLrko Hkkjr dh turk ds lkeus

j[k jgs FksA

/keZfujiskrk ,d vR;ar ifj"—r fopkj Fkk-

D;k eq[;r;k fujkj turk bldk vH;kl dj

ik,xh\ D;k og ,d >Vds esa feys lkoZtfud o;Ld

erkf/kdkj dk Hkh fopkjiwoZd ç;ksx dj ik,xh\ bls

ysdj if'pe esa xgjk 'kd Fkk vkSj vk'kadk trkbZ tk

jgh Fkh fd 'kq#vkrh mRlkg ds BaMk iM+rs gh Hkkjr

fc[kj tk,xk] ysfdu Hkkjr te x;k] lkoZtuhu

o;Ld erkf/kdkj dk ç;ksx Hkh f'kkk] laiUurk]

tkfr&/keZ] fyax ls fujisk Hkkjr dh turk us çk;%

lQyrkiwoZd fd;k- mldk nk;jk c<+rk gh x;k vkSj

mlesa ubZ turk 'kkfey gksdj mlij viuk nkok is'k

djrh jghA bl vf/kdkj ds vigj.k dk bfrgkl gS

ysfdu /khjs&/khjs nfyr] vkfnoklh] vkSjrksa] lcus

bldk vius QSlys ds eqrkfcd bLrseky djus dh

fgEer fn[kkbZA opZLo'kkyh oxksaZ ls mUgsa Vdjkuk iM+k

ysfdu muds lkFk lafo/kku [kM+k Fkk- ;g fdruk

Økafrdkjh fopkj Fkk vkSj fdruk lkglh] ;g flQZ

nqfu;k ds lHkh tura=ksa ds bfrgkl ij utj Mkydj

le>k tk ldrk gS] tgka lHkh rjg dh vkckfn;ksa dks

fcuk HksnHkko ds ,d lkFk erkf/kdkj ugha feyk vkSj

blds fy, Øeokj la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA

Hkkjrh; /keZfujiskrk ds fl)kar ds ewy esa

Bhd ;gh ckr Fkh- tSlk tokgjyky usg: us mls

ifjHkkf"kr fd;k] /keZfujiskrk dh vo/kkj.kk esa

lkekftd U;k; vk/kkjHkwr Fkk- dgk tk ldrk gS fd

;g /keZfujiskrk njvly jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd

'kfä&larqyu dks iwjh rjg lekurk ds fl)kar ds

lgkjs cny nsuk pkgrh FkhA

Þlektoknß vkSj Þ/keZfujiskß] ;s 'kCn ewy

lafo/kku esa ugha Fks cfYd bUgsa 42osa la'kks/ku ds kjk

tksM+k x;k FkkA vkikrdky ds nkSj esa bu 'kCnksa dks

çLrkouk esa Bw¡lus dk edln njvly rRdkyhu

bfUnjk xk¡/kh ljdkj ds QkflLV vkSj ?kksj tufojks/kh

—R;ksa dks yksdyqHkkou ukjksa ds vkoj.k esa <k¡duk Fkk

vkSj mldk lektokn vkSj /keZfujiskrk ds mnkRr

vkn'kksaZ ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha FkkA futhdj.k]

mnkjhdj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds nkSj esa tc jkT;

ukxfjdksa dh cqfu;knh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus dh

ftEesnkjh ls Hkh iYyk >kM+ jgk gS ,sls esa lafo/kku esa

Þlektoknß dh ekStwnxh ,d =klnh; çglu ds

leku yxrh gSA jgh ckr Þ/keZfujiskrkß dh] rks

Hkkjrh; yksdra= esa /keZfujiskrk /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa]

vuq"Bkuksa ds jkT; vkSj jktuhfrd nk;js ls iw.kZ

iFkDdj.k vkSj /kkfeZd fo'oklksa dks futh thou ds






nk;js rd lhfer djus ds ;wjksih; iqutkZxj.k vkSj

çcks/ku dky ls tUes Dykfldh; cqtqZvk tuoknh vFkksaZ

esa ugha cfYd ÞloZ /keZ leHkkoß ds :i esa fodflr

gqbZA ,sls esa ;g drbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gS fd

oDr xqtjus ds lkFk&lkFk gh /keZ dk jktuhfr esa

gLrksi c<+rk x;k gS vkSj iwjs ns'k esa lkaçnkf;d]

Qklhoknh ,oa /kkfesZd dêjiaFkh rkdrsa Qy&Qwy jgh

gSaA

vkt gekjs ns'k dks fo'o dk lcls cM+k

vkSj e‚My yksdrkaf=d ns'k dgk tkrk gSAD;k lgh

ek;us esa gekjk ns'k ,d yksdrkaf=d ns'k gSAblesa

okdbZ ç'u fpUg yxs gq, gS]D;ksafd vktknh ds ckn

1947 ls ysdj 2014 rd ds vke pquko ds eísutj

,d gh pht ns[kus dks feyk og gS]/keZfujiskrkA bl

/keZfujiskrk ds cq[kksZ ds vkM+ esa tks xUnh jktuhfr

py jgh gs gekjs ns'k esa ;g fuf'pr :i ls ,d

'keZukd dne gSA

vkt gekjs ns'k ds reke NksVh&cM+h ikfVZ;k¡

pqukoh foxqy ctrs gh /keZfujiskrk dh Hkk"kk cksyus

yxrh gSA u tkus dgh u dgh bl d'ed'k esa ge

vke turk cfy dk cdjk curs gSa ]D;ksafd ftls ge

viuk gennZ le>rs gSa]ckn esa ogh gekjs ernku dk

xyr Qk;nk mBrk gSA vkt ekuk tkrk gS dh gekjs

ns'k dh reke tula[;k esa 60 Qhlnh ;qok oxZ gS

vkSj ;s lHkh Øe'k f'kfkr gS ij bl f'kkk ij ykur

gSA ;fn ge /keZfujiskrk dh xUnh jktuhfr dks tM+

ls m[kkM+us dk Bksl dne ugha mBkrsa gS]rks 125

djksM+ turk ds eq¡g ij djkjk rekpk gksxkA

-

1 Madan, T. N., “Secularism in its Place”, The

Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Nov.,

1987), P-747-759

2 Nandy, Ashis, “An Anti-Secularist Manifesto”,

India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 22, No.

1, Secularism in Crisis (Spring 1995), P- 35-64

3 ‘’Democracy of a High Standard - Ancient

Example’’ ,The Hindu,Friday, Oct 10, 2003

4 fLeFk] MksukYM]ÞbafM;k ,t , lsD;qyj LVsVß] 1963]-

i`&49

5 Þi= lwpuk dk;kZy;Þ] Hkkjr ljdkj] mi jk"Vªifr

lfpoky;] 06&vxLr&2017

6 viwokZuan] Þ[krjukd nkSj ls xqtj jgk Hkkjrh;

yksdra=Þ] rgydk] vDVwEcj 2015

7 HkkxZo] çeksn] Þlafo/kku esa vifjHkkf"kr gS

/keZfujiskrkÞ] mxrk Hkkjr] 7 vçSy, 2016






Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ,oa fodkl

MkW- lqeu frokjh

jktuhfr ’kkL=] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky; tcyiqj

izLrkouk % LorU=rk ds ckn ls gh efgykvksa dh

mUufr vkSj fodkl ;kstukvksa dk eq[; dsUnz fcUnq

jgh gS ftNys dqN n’kdksa esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa

dkQh egRoiw.kZ vkSj ljkguh; ifjorZu gq, gS tSls 70

ds n’kd rd efgykvksa ds dY;k.k ij fopkj fd;k

x;k rks 80 ds n’kd esa efgyk ,oa fodkl dks ysdj

;kstuk,sa cuk;h xbZ vkSj 90 ds n’kd esa rks efgykvksa

ds vf/kdkjksa ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkus yxk rFkk

efgyk vf/kdkj lacaf/kr dkuwu cuk;s tkus yxsA

orZeku esa rks ljdkj kjk ,sls iz;kl fd;s tkus yxs

gS fd efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds leku gh vf/kdkj izkIr

gks rFkk lekt esa Hkh mUgsa iq:"kksa ds cjkcj gh ntkZ

izkIr gksA bl lanHkZ esa vc rd dkQh ;kstuk,sa

cuk;h Hkh tk pqdh gSA

efgyk mRFkku gsrq cuk, x, dkuwu

lrh izFkk fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1829 & lu~ 1829 ls iwoZ

Hkkjr esa lrh izFkk cgqr izcy FkhA efgykvksa dks

vius ifr dh fpark ds lkFk thfor vkx esa tyuk gh

lrh gksuk dgykrk FkkA blds lkFk ;g ekU;rk

tqM+h gqbZ Fkh fd ;fn efgyk ,slk djrh gS rks mls

LoxZ dh izkfIr gksxh rFkk ,slk ugha djus ij mls

tcju fprk esa /kdsy fn;k tkrk FkkA bl izFkk dks

lekIr djus ds fy, jktk jkeeksgu jk; tSls lekt

lq/kkjdksa us vFkd~ iz;kl fd;kA blds iz;klksa ds

QyLo:Ik gh 1829 esa lrh izFkk fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e

ikfjr gqvkA dkuwu ds vuqlkj lrh izFkk ¼fo/kok dks

cyiwoZd ftUnk tyk nsus dk½ fjokt xSj dkuwuh ,oa

n.Muh; ?kksf"kr gqvkA lu~ 1913 esa bl ij

bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; ds rRdkyhu U;k;k/khu us

;g fVIi.kh dh Fkh & **1829 ds dkuwu dk vlk/kkj.k

izHkko rqjUr fn[kkbZ iM+k vkSj /khjs /khjs ;g izFkk iw.kZr%

u"V gks xbZ ml fnu ls vkt rd mÙkjizns’k ,oa

caxky ds dkuwuh dk;Zokgh ds vfHkys[kksa esa lrh dh

dsoy rhu ?kVukvksa dk gh o.kZu feyk gSA os ?kVuk;sa

gS & 1834] 1854 ,oa 1871 esa ?kfVr gqbZA

fgUnw fookg iquZfookg vf/kfu;e] 1856 & Hkkjr esa

cky fookg dh izFkk izpfyr Fkh] cpiu esa fookg gks

tkus ds dkj.k rFkk csesy fookg ds dkj.k lekt esa

fo/kokvksa dh la[;k cgqr c<+ x;h FkhA mudh n’kk

lekt esa vR;Ur 'kkspuh; FkhA ,sls esa n;kuUn

ljLorh] vk;Z lekt] czã lekt] bZ’ojpUnz

fo|klkxj ds iz;klksa ls 1856 esa fgUnw fo/kok

iquZfookg vf/kfu;e cuk;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e dh

fo’ks"krk;sa fuEukafdr gS &

JhokLro] lq/kkjkuh 1999% Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh

oS/kkfud fLFkfr] dkWeuosYFk ifCy’klZ] ubZ fnYyhA

1½ fo/kok iquZfookg djus dk vf/kdkj j[krk gS

rFkk mlds kjk fd;k x;k fookg dkuwu dh nf"V ls

ekU; gksxkA

2½ mlls mRiUu lUrku oS/k ekuh tk;sxhA

3½ iwoZ ifr dh lEifÙk esa mlds tks vf/kdkj gks

;k tks dqN fgLlk feyk gks mls iquZfookg ds ckn

R;kxuk gksxkA ;g vf/kfu;e fo/kokvksa dh fLFkfr es

acgqr vf/kd lq/kkj djus dk iz;kl djrk gSaA

fookfgr efgyk dk lEifÙk vf/kfu;e] 1874 & igys

efgykvksa dks lEifÙk lEcU/kh dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha Fkk

ysfdu /khjs /khjs efgykvksa esa tkx`fr vk;hA mudk

dk;Z ks= c<+kA mUuhloha lnh esa vkfFkZd ifjorZu

gqvkA vr% efgykvksa esa lEifÙk lEcU/kh leL;k;sa

ns[kus dks feyhA bl lH;rk ls futkr ikus ds fy,

1874] esa fookfgr efgyk dk lEifÙk vf/kfu;e ikfjr

gqvkA blesa efgyk dh futh lEifÙk esa bl izdkj

dh lEifÙk;ksa dk lekos’k fd;k x;k gS &

1- fof/kor~ fdlh Hkh O;olk; ukSdjh ;k O;kikj

ls gksus okyk osru ;k vk;A

2- oSKkfud] lkfgfR;d ;k dYkkRed dkS’ky ls

vftZr /kuA

3- osru ls dh x;h cpr ;k iw¡th ls gksus okyh

vk;A

4- efgyk ds uke dh chek ikWfylhA mijksDr

lHkh izdkj ds /ku ij efgykvksa dk gh

vf/kdkj ekU; gksxkA

cky fookg fujks/kd vf/kfu;e] 1929 & izkphu dky

esa ckyd ckfydkvksa dk fookg cgqr gh NksVh mez esa






dj fn;k tkrk Fkk] ftldk cgqr vf/kd izHkko

efgykvksa ds LokLF; ,oa lkekftd thou ij iM+rk

FkkA cgqr de mez esa fookg gksus ij u rks ckfydk;sa

f’kkk gh xzg.k dj ikrh Fkha vkSj u gh muds 'kjhj

dk iw.kZ fodkl gks ikrk FkkA f’kkk xzg.k u dj ikus

ds dkj.k os rjg rjg dh :f<+okfnrkvksa ,oa

ijEijkvksa dks Hkh lg"kZ Lohdkj dj ysrh FkhA iq:"k

oxZ vkfFkZd :Ik ls le`) gksus ds dkj.k mu ij rjg

rjg ds vR;kpkj djrk FkkA vr% vko’;d gks x;k

Fkk fd lekt esa bu ij izfrcU/k yxk;k tk;sA cgqr

ls lekt lq/kkjdksa us blds fy, iz;kl fd;sA bu

ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa lekt lq/kkjdksa ds iz;klksa ds

QyLo:Ik 1929 esa cky fookg dks jksdus ds fy,

vf/kfu;e cuk;k x;kA blls iwoZ 1860 ,oa 1891 esa

vf/kfu;e ikfjr dj fookg dh vk;q yM+fd;ksa ,oa

yM+dksa ds fy, Øe’k% 10 ,oa 12 o"kZ dj nh x;h

FkhA 1921 esa ykyk fxj/kkjhyky us dsUnzh; fo/kkulHkk

esa fookg dh vk;q fu/kkZfjr djus okyk dkuwu ljdkj

is’k djsxh ;k ugha ,slk iz’u iwNk FkkA ljdkj us

mÙkj fn;k Fkk lkekftd fiNM+h n’kk dks ns[krs gq,

bl fn’kk esa dksbZ dne ugha mBk;k tk ldrkA

O;fDrxr gSfl;r ls ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ;g dk;Z djsxk

rks ljdkj dks blesa dksbZ vkifÙk ugha gksxhA 1924

esa gjfoykl 'kkjnk us fookg dh vk;q lhek fu/kkZfjr

djus ds fy, ,d fo/ks;d izLrqr fd;kA 1929 esa

;g fo/ks;d cky fookg fujks/kd vf/kfu;e ds uke ls

ikfjr gqvkA ;g dkuwu turk esa 'kkjnk ,DV ds

uke ls yksdfiz; gqvkA bl ,DV esa nks ckj la’kks/ku

fd;k x;k rFkk bldh vfUre :ijs[kk dh fo’ks"krk;sa

fuEufyf[kr gS &

1- ;g dkuwu Hkkjr ds leLr ukxfjdksa ij

ykxw gksrk gSA

2- bl dkuwu ds vuqlkj ;fn fookg djus okys

iq:"k dh vk;q 21 o"kZ ls de gks rFkk

efgyk dh vk;q 18 o"kZ ls de gks rks og

cky fookg fujks/kd vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr

n.Muh; vijk/k ekuk tk;sxkA

fgUnw mRrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ¼la’kks/ku½] 1929 & bl

dkuwu ds kjk efgyk mÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa dh la[;k esa

o`f) dh x;h gSaA ;g dkuwu ferkkjk 'kk[kk dh ml

lEifÙk ls lEcfU/kr gS ftlds fy, olh;r dh xbZ

gksA bl dkuwu ds vUrxZr iq= dh iq=h] iq=h dh

iq=h] cfgu ;k cfgu ds iq=ksa dks cU/kq ekuk x;k gS

vr,oa mudk LFkku nknk ds ckn rFkk dkdk ds igys

gSA

fgUnw efgykvksa dk lEifÙk ij vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e]

1937 & fo/kok efgyk dks vius e`r ifr dh lEifÙk

esa vf/kdkj ds fy, ;g vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k

gSA ;g vf/kfu;e fcuk olh;r fy[ks gh ftl fgUnw

dh e`R;q gks xbZ gks ml ij ykxw gksrk gSA bl

dkuwu ls fo/kok dks vius ifr ds la;qDr ifjokj dh

lEifÙk esa ifr ds fgLls ds cjkcj gh fgLlk feyrk gS

vkSj viuk fgLlk ysus ds fy, la;qqDr ifjokj dh

lEifÙk dk c¡Vokjk djokus dk vf/kdkj Hkh fo/kok dks

fn;k x;k gSA e`r O;fDr dh LokikftZr ;k futh

lEifÙk esa fo/kok dks ;fn iq= gks rks iq= ds cjkcj dk

fgLlk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA

eqfLye 'kjh;r vf/kfu;e] 1937 & eqfLye efgykvksa

dks cgqr lh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS]

D;ksafd eqfLye lekt esa vusd dqizFkk;sa izpfyr gS]

;Fkk cgqiRuh fookg] inkZ izFkk] iq:"kksa dks rykd ysus

dk fo’ks"kkf/kdkj bR;kfnA bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks

ns[krs gq, ;g vf/kfu;e eqfLye efgykvksa dks rykd

dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA blds vuqlkj eqfLye

efgyk dks ifr ds uiaald gksus rFkk mlds kjk iRuh

ij >wBk O;fHkpkj dk nks"kkjksi.k djus dh fLFkfr esa

rykd ysus dk vf/kdkj gSA

MkW- th-vkj- enu % lekt dk;Z foosd izdk’ku

tokgj uxj] fnYyh&7

eqfLye fookg foPNsn vf/kfu;e] 1939 & eqfLye

efgykvksa dh fLFkfr cgqiRuh fookg j[kus okys iq:"k

lekt ds dkj.k vR;Ur cnrj FkhA iq:"k fdlh Hkh

efgyk dks dHkh Hkh fcuk dkj.k crk, rykd ns

ldrk FkkA dsoy rykd 'kCn dk rhu ckj mPpkj.k

djus ek= ls gh fookg foPNsn gks tkrk FkkA vr%

eqfLye efgykvksa dks Hkh rykd lEcU/kh vf/kdkj nsuk

le; dh vko’;drk cu x;h Fkh] rkfd os Lo;a ij

gks jgs vR;kpkj ds fo:) vkokt mBk ldsaA blesa

eqfLye efgykvksa dks ;g vf/kdkj ns fn;k x;k fd

;fn fuEu ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gks rks os rykd ys ldrh gS&

ñ pkj o"kksZ rd ifr dh dksbZ lwpuk u feyh

gksaA

ñ nks o"kksZ rd iRuh dks mldk ifr Hkj.k

iks"k.k u ns ldk gksA






ñ ifr dks lkr ;k mlls vf/kd o"kksZ ds fy,

dkjkokl dh ltk feyh gksA

ñ uiqladrk] ikxyiu ;k vlk/; jksx ls

ihfM+r gksA

ñ ;fn 15 o"kZ dh mez gksus rd lgokl djus

ls bUdkj dj ldrh gSA

ñ ifr Lo;a O;fHkpkj djs ;k iRuh ls djk;sA

ñ Øwj O;ogkj djsA

ñ lkEifÙkd vf/kdkjksa ds izkIr djus esa ck/kk

MkysA

blds vfrfjDr eqfLye efgyk,¡ ifr dh

lEifÙk ls mi;qZDr dksbZ dkj.k fn, fcuk rFkk

vnkyr esa x, fcuk Hkh rykd ys ldrh gSA

ngst fujks/k vf/kfu;e] 1941 & Hkkjr esa oj ewY; dk

izpyu dkQh le; ls gh Fkk] ysfdu ;g dkQh le;

ls fodr :Ik esa lkeus vkus yxk gSA cgqr lh ;ksX;

;qofr;ksa dk fookg dsoy ngst ds vHkko esa Hkh ugha

gks ikrk Fkk ;k muds ekrk firk dks etcwju mudk

fookg cgqr v/ksM+ mez ds ;qod ds lkFk ;k fdlh

v;ksX; O;fDr ds lkFk djuk iM+rk FkkA vr% ljdkj

dk /;ku bl vksj x;k vkSj 1 tqykbZ 1961 dks ngst

fujks/kd vf/kfu;e ykxw dj fn;k x;k] ftldh

fo’ks"krk;sa fuEukafdr gSa &

1- ,d ik ds dkrk firk ;k vU; O;fDr dh

vksj ls fookg lw= esa c¡/kus okys O;fDr ;k

vU; fdlh dks lEifÙk ;k dherh lkeku ;k

uxn eqnzk izR;k&vizR;k :Ik ls nh xbZ gks]

;k fookg ds lUnHkZ esa iwoZ ;k Ik’pkr~ nh

tkus okyh gks] og lc ngst dh ifjf/k esa

vk;sxhA

2- fookg ds le; nh xbZ HkaaV ;k migkj ngst

dh Js.kh esa ekU; ugha gksxhA

3- ngst ysus ,oa nsus okys rFkk bl dk;Z esa

enn djus okys O;fDr dks ik¡p gtkj :Ik;s

rd dk tqekZuk ,oa N% ekl rd dh tsy gks

ldrh gSA

4- ngst ysus ,oa nsus lEcU/kh dksbZ Hkh le>kSrk

xSj dkuwuh gksxkA

5- ngst esa vkbZ lHkh oLrqvksa ij iRuh dk

vf/kdkj gksxkA

6- vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 ds vuqlkj ngst

lEcU/kh vijk/k dh lquokbZ izFke Js.kh dk

eftLVªsV dj ldrk gS] ysfdu ,slh

f’kdk;r fyf[kr :Ik esa ,d o"kZ ds vUnj

gh dh tkuh pkfg;sA

vyx jgus rFkk Hkj.k iks"k.k gsrq efgykvksa dk

vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1946 & ;g vf/kfu;e fgUnw

efgykvksa dks fo’ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifr ls vyx jgus

,oa Hkj.k iks"k.k dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA ;s fo’ks"k

ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fuEukafdr gS &

ñ ;fn ifr fdlh ?kf.kr jksx ls ihfM+r gksA

ñ ;fn ifr funZ;rk dk O;ogkj djs ;k iRuh

mlds lkFk jguk [krjukd le>rh gksA

ñ iRuh dks ifr us NksM+ j[kk gksA

ñ iRuh dh mifLFkfr esa ifr us nwljk fookg

dj fy;k gksA

ñ ifr us /keZ ifjorZu dj fy;k gksA

QSDVªh ,DV] 1948 & ;g dkuwu QSDVªh esa dke djus

okyksa etnwjksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA dkj[kkuksa esa dke

djus okys etnwjksa ds fy, igyh ckj 1891 esa dkuwu

ikl fd;k x;k] ftlds vUrxZr etnwj ls fnu esa

T;knk ls T;knk 11 ?k.Vs dke djkus dh vuqefr nh

xbZA bu X;kjg ?k.Vksa esa Ms< ?k.Vs dk vodk’k Hkh

'kkfey gksrk FkkA bl dkuwu ds ikfjr gksus ds 43 o"kZ

ckn 1934 esa dk;Z dk le; ?kVkdj bl ?k.Vs dj

fn;k x;kA blh vof/k esa ;g fuf’pr fd;k x;k fd

lIrkg esa vf/kd 54 ?k.Vs dke fy;k tk ldsxkA

1948 esa ikfjr QSDVªh ,DV esa etnwjksa rFkk vU;

Jethfo;ksa dks vusd lqfo/kk;sa izkIr gqbZA 1948 esa ukS

?k.Vs dk dk;Z fnu fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k vkSj dqN

vfuok;Z fLFkfr;ksa dks NksM+dj lkekU;r;k fdlh

efgyk dks jkr esa lkr cts rd fdlh Hkh gkyr esa

fdlh efgyk etnwj dks dkj[kkus esa ugh j[kk tk

ldrkA lIrkg esa vf/kd ls vf/kd 48 ?k.Vs dke

fy;k tk ldrk gSA bl ,DV esa leku dk;Z ds fy,

leku osru dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

deZpkjh chek ;kstuk] 1951 & ;g ;kstuk fo|qr

'kfDr ls lapkfyr dkj[kkuksa ds fy, ykxw dh xbZ gSA

tks LFkkbZ izdkj ds gksa rFkk chl ls vf/kd etnwj

dke djrs gksA ;kstuk fuEukafdr izdkj ls gS &






ñ bl dkuwu ds vUrxZr etnwjksa dks vkB

Jsf.;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ftu

etnwjksa dh jksth ,d :Ik;k izfrfnu ls de

gS] muds fy, bl ;kstuk esa fdlh izdkj

dk va’knku nsuk vko’;d ugha gSA ,sls

etnwjksa dh vksj ls va’knku nsus dk

mÙkjnkf;Ro dkj[kkus ds ekfyd ij gksxkA

ñ chek ;kstuk esa va’knku nsus okys O;fDr dks

fpfdRlk lqfo/kk iznku dh tkrh gSA

ñ bl dkuwu ds vUrxZr ckjg lIrkg rd

izlwrk L=h dks 12 vkus izfrfnu ds fglkc

ls lgk;rk nsus dh O;oLFkk gSA ckjg

lIrkg dh NqV~Vh dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k

gS & 6 g¶rs izlwfr ds iwoZ rFkk 6 g¶rs

izlwfr ds cknA

ckxku Je vf/kfu;e] 1951 & bl vf/kfu;e ds

varxZr ckxkuksa esa dk;Zjr Jfed efgykvksa dks vius

nq/keqgsa cPpksa dks nw/k fiykus ds fy, vko’;d :Ik ls

lqfo/kk miyC;k djkuk gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds varxZr

jkstxkj ds fy, mez 22 o"kZ j[kh x;h gSA

efgykvksa ds dk;Z lEcU/kh fu;e] 1952 & bl dkuwu

kjk os dk;Z ftuesa T;knk [krjk gks ;k L=h ds

'kkjhfjd LokLF; dks gkfu igq¡pus dh lEHkkouk gks]

,sls lc dk;ksZ ij efgykvksa ds fy, izfrcU/k yxk

fn;k x;kA

[kku vf/kfu;e] 1952 & ;g vf/kfu;e [kkuksa esa dk;Z

djus okyh efgykvksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA blds vUrxZr

[kkuksa esa dk;Zjr efgykvksa ds cPpksa ds fy;s f’k’kq

lnu dh O;oLFkk djus dk izko/kku j[kk x;k gSA

fo’ks"k fookg vf/kfu;e] 1954 & loZizFke 1872 esa

fo’ks"k fookg dkuwu ikfjr fd;k x;k] ftlesa nks

vyx vyx tkfr;ksa ds O;fDr;ksa ds chp oSokfgd

lEcU/k dk;e djus dh ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ Fkh]

ysfdu fookg ds le; ge fdlh /keZ dks ugha ekurs

,slk dguk iM+rk FkkA 1923 esa bl dkuwu esa

la’kks/ku dj mi;qZDr ?kks"k.kk djus dh vko’;drk

fujLr dj nh xbZA iqu% fookg lEcU/kh dkuwu 1954

esa izLrqr fd;k x;k] ftldh eq[; fo’ks"krk,sa

fuEukafdr izdkj ls gS &

I. fookg djus okys iq:"k dh iRuh ;k fookg

djus okyh efgyk dk ifr &

(i) fookg ds le; thfor ugha gksuk pkfg;sA

(ii) nksuksa ikksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh fod`r efLr"d

okyk ;k ikxy ugha gksuk pkfg;sA

(iii) iq:"k dh mez 21 o"kZ rFkk efgyk dh mez

18 o"kZ gksuh pkfg;s

(iv) nksuks ik fu"ks/kkRed lEcU/kksa dh Js.kh esa

vkrs gksaA

(v) fons’k esa Hkkjrh; vf/koklh bl dkuwu dk

ykHk mBkdj oSokfgd lEcU/k LFkkfir dj

ldrs gSA

fgUnw mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1956 & lEifÙk dh

ck/kkvksa dks lekIr djus rFkk efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds

leku vf/kdkj iznku djus dh n`f"V ls fgUnw

mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1956 ikfjr fd;k x;kA Mh-

,e- pkS/kjh us bl dkuwu dh fo’ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu bl

izdkj fd;k gS&

ñ nfk.k Hkkjr esa tgk¡ ekrlÙkkRed ifjokj

vfLrRo esa gSa ogk¡ ;g dkuwu ykxw gksrk gSA

ñ vkt rd lEifÙk esa efgyk ds lhfer

LokfeRo dk vUr gqvk rFkk iwjh lEifÙk esa

efgyk dk iw.kZ :Ik ls LokfeRo dk vf/kdkj

eku fy;k x;kA

ñ vc dkbZ ,slh lEifÙk ekU; ugha gS ftldk

foHkktu u fd;k tk ldsA

ñ dkuwu esa efgyk ,oa iq:"k mÙkjkf/kdkj esa

dksbZ Hksn ugha j[kk x;kA

ñ fgUnw iq:"k dh lEifÙk ds fofHkUu

mRrjkf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, ,d lekU; i)fr

viukbZ xbZ gSA

ñ efgyk /ku lEcU/kh rFkk efgyk fojklr

lEcU/kh fofo/k izdkjksa dk vUr gqvk gSA

ñ ,d nks vioknksa ds vfrfjDr fgUnw efgyk ds

fy, leku izFkk viukbZ xbZA

ñ mÖkjkf/kdkfj;ksa ds Øe dk vk/kkj fi.Mnku

;k jDr lEcU/k dks ugha] cfYd Lusg ,oa izse

dks ekuk x;k gSA






rkfydk & 1

Hkkjr esa efgyk lkkjrk nj rkfydk

ñ dkuwu esa Øe dk vkys[ku ljyrk ls fd;k

x;k gSaA

ñ dkuwu esa efgyk ;k iq:"k mÙkjkf/kdkj esa

dksbZ Hksn ugha j[kk x;k gSaA

ñ dkuwu esa nwj ds xkS=t rFkk cU/kq dk Hkh

fopkj fd;k x;k gSaA

ñ O;kf/knw"k.k ;k fod`fr mÙkjkf/kdkj izkfIr esa

ck/kd ugha ekus x;s gSaA

efgyk f’kkk izlkj %& Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa efgyk

f’kkk ds lacaf/kr dkQh mrkj p< +ko vkSj erHksn ns[ks

x, gSA tSls oSfnd dky esa efgyk f’kkk iw.kZ :Ik ls

izpkfjr Fkh] ijarq oSfnd dky ds ckn tc cky fookg

dh izFkk us lekt esa iSj tekuk vkjaHk fd;k rks

efgyk f’kkk dh izpkfjrk de gksus yxhA eqxyksa ds

vkØe.k dky ls efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vkSj n;uh;

gksrh xbZA ftlls lekt esa efgykvksa dk Lrj fuEu

gksrk x;kA Lora=rk vkanksyu dky esa efgykvksa dh

lgHkkfxrk vkSj fo’ks"k ;ksxnku jgk] vr% Lora=rk ds

Ik’pkr~ efgyk f’kkk ij fo’ks"k cy fn;k tkus yxkA

vkSj efgyk f’kkk ds fy, vusd ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k

fd;k x;kA orZeku esa efgyk f’kkk ij vk/kkfjr

vusd ;kstukvksa dk lapkyu Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA

f’kkk ds lUnHkZ esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dqN bl izdkj

gS &

ikfjokfjd vf/kdkjksa esa o`f) & efgykvksa dh fLFkfr]

tks dqN le; iwoZ nklh ;k iSj dh twrh ds leku

Fkh] vc mldh fLFkfr esa cgqr vf/kd ifjorZu vk

x;k gSA vkt efgyk,sa ifjokj esa izcU/kd dh fLFkfr

esa gSa] u fd ;kpd dh fLFkfr esaA iwoZ esa efgyk,sa

dsoy /kjsyw dk;ksZ dks gh viuk nkf;Ro le>rh Fkh

vkSj mudk thou dsoy pkj nhokjh rd gh lhfer

Fkk ysfdu vc ifjfLFkfr esa dkQh ifjorZu vk x;k

gSA vkt ifjokj esa cPpksa dh f’kkk] ikfjokfjd vk;

ds mi;ksx] lkekftd dk;ksZ ds izcU/k vkSj ikfjokfjd

vU; dk;ksZ esa efgykvksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkus yxh

gS vkSj lkFk gh ifjokj ds QSlyksa esa cjkcj dh

Hkkxhnkjh gksus yxh gSA ljdkj kjk Hkh efgykvkssa

dks l’kDr djus ,oa ifjokj esa mudh Hkwfedk dks

etcwr djus ds ks= esa vusd dk;Z fd;s x;s gSA

vr% f’kfkr efgykvksa dks u rks fdlh izdkj ls

'kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh vkt mUgsa vius

vf/kdkjksa dk cfynku djus dh vko’;drk gSsA

jktuhfrd vf/kdjksa esa o`f) & igys tc efgykvksa

dh fLFkfr lekt esa ,d ;kpd ds leku Fkh] tc os

erkf/kdkj ds iz;ksx ds lEcU/k esa Hkh tkudkjh ugha

j[krh Fkh] fdUrq vkt /khjs /khjs f’kkk ds izpkj ,oa

ljdkj ds iz;Ruksa ds QyLo:Ik efgykvksa esa

jktuhfrd tkx`fr dk lapkj gqvk gSA vkt u dsoy

efgyk,sa ernku ds ks= esa :fp fn[kk jgh gSa] cfYd

pquko thrdj yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk vkSj fo/kku lHkkvksa

rd igq¡p jgh gSA 73osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku ds lkFk gh

xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh laLFkkvksa esa

efgykvksa dks ,d frgkbZ vkjk.k fey pqdk gS rFkk

fo/kkf;dk esa Hkh ,d frgkbZ vkjk.k dk fo/ks;d

yksdlHkk esa fopkjk/khu gSA ;g lc ifjorZu

efgykvksa ds jktuhfrd ks= esa etcwrh dks iznf’kZr

djrk gSA bldk izfr’kr bl izdkj gSA

o"kZ lkkjrk nj

1951 8-86

1961 15-35

1971 21-97

1981 29-76

1991 39-29

2001 54-16

2011 65-46






rkfydk & 2

Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dk laln esa izfrfuf/kRo rkfydk

Ø- o"kZ yksd lHkk jkT; lHkk

dqy efgyk

lkaln

izfr’kr dqy efgyk

lkaln

izfr’kr

1- 1952 449 22 4-4 219 16 7-3

2- 1957 500 23 5-4 237 18 7-5

3- 1962 503 34 6-8 238 18 7-6

4- 1967 523 31 5-0 240 20 8-3

5- 1971 521 22 4-2 243 13 7-0

6- 1977 544 19 3-4 244 25 10-2

7- 1980 544 28 5-1 244 24 9-8

8- 1984 544 44 8-1 244 28 11-4

9- 1989 517 27 5-22 245 24 9-7

10- 1991 544 39 7-18 245 38 15-5

11- 1996 543 40 7-18 223 20 9-0

12- 1998 543 43 7-2 237 22 9-2

13- 1999 543 47 8-0 237 22 9-2

14- 2004 543 44 7-2 237 22 9-2

L=ksr % ;kstuk % ebZ 2005

vkfFkZd thou esa izxfr & LorU=rk ls iwoZ efgykvksa

dh lkkjrk nj cgqr gh de FkhA vf’kkk] cky

fookg] inkZ izFkk vkfn ds dkj.k efgyk,sa iw.kZ :Ik ls

iq:"kksa ij vkfJr FkhA fgUnw lekt ds :f<+oknh yksx

efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd LorU=rk ds fo:) fdUrq

LorU=rk ds ckn f’kkk] vkS|ksfxdj.k] uohu

fopkj/kkjk vkSj if’peh laLd`fr ds izHkko ls iq:"kksa ij

efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd fuHkZjrk yxkrkj de gks jgh gSA

orZeku esa cgqr cM+h la[;k esa efgykvksa us fHkUu fHkUu

jkstxkj ijd dk;ksZ esa ukSdjh vFkok O;olk; djuk

izkjEHk dj fn;k gSA vkt dksbZ Hkh ,slk ks= ugha gS

tgk¡ efgyk,sa dk;Zjr u gksa] vFkok muds dk;Z ds

Lrj esa dksbZ ghurk ds yk.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gksA






rkfydk & 3

fofHkUu dk;Zks= esa efgykvksa dh mifLFkfr dh rkfydk

Øekad ks- dk uke dqy iq:"k efgyk;sa

1- d`f"k 64-7 58-3 75-0

2- [kfut dk;Z 0-7 0-9 0-4

3- fuekZ.k 10-5 11-0 6-3

4- fo|qr] xSl ,oa ty 0-4 0-5 &

5- Hkou fuekZ.k 3-2 4-1 1-2

6- O;kikj 7-4 9-5 3-2

7- ifjogu 2-8 4-0 6-3

8- lsok;sa 10-3 11-7 7-6

dqy 100-0 100-0 100-0

L=ksr % ftyk dk;kZy; kjk izkIr vk¡dM+s

iz’kklfud vf/kdjksa esa o`f) & Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks

iz’kklfud dk;ksZ esa Hkkx ysus rFkk ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa

dke djus gsrq vkjk.k iznku fd;k tk jgk gSA

ftlls vkt efgykvksa dk mifLFkfr iz’kklfud

foHkkxksa ,oa dk;kZy;ksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ljdkj

dh vksj ls ;g iz;kl efgykvksa dks lekurk vkSj

Lora=rk iznku djus ds mn~ns’; ls fd;s tk jgs gSA

iz’kklfud ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh mifLFkfr dk izfr’kr

bl izdkj gS &

rkfydk &4

Hkkjr esa iz’kklfud ks= esa dk;Zjr efgyk,¡

L=ksr % dq:ks= 2004-

iapk;rh vf/kdkjksa esa o`f) & iapk;rh jkt ds ks= esa

efgykvksa dh ,d frgkbZ Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf’pr djus ds

fy, 1992 esa 73ok¡ lafo/kku la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e ikfjr

fd;k x;kA ;g lafo/kku la’kks/ku ,d izdkj ls

iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, *ehy

dk iRFkj* gSA blls efgykvksa dks fodkl esa dkQh

cy feyk gSa vkt ns’k esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds

rhu lw=h <+k¡ps esa efgykvksa dh ns’k esa la[;k bl

izdkj gS &

rkfydk & 5

Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa efgykvksa dk

izfrfuf/kRo

L=ksr % d`:ks= 2004-

Øekad Lrj izfr’kr

1- lHkh Lrjksa ij 5-8

2- fyfidh; in ij 3-2

3- fuEu inksa ij 6-2

Ø- laLFkk dqy lnL; efgyk

LokLF;

izfr’kr

1- xzke

iapk;r

2449759 768582 31-37

2- iapk;r

lfefr

129871 38582 20-71

3- ftyk

ifj"kn~

12671 4030 31-80






Hkkjr esa vf/kdre mRiknu] iw.kZ jkstxkj

vkSj vkfFkZd lekurk vkSj lkekftd U;k; dh izkfIr

tSls jk"Vªh; fodkl ds Lohd`r mn~ns’; iq:"kksa vkSj

efgykvksa ij leku :Ik ls ykxw gksrs gSa] ij

vlerkoknh lekt esa 'kksf"kr oxZ dks ykHk igq¡pkus ds

fy, fo’ks"k iz;kl djus iM+rs gSa blfy, gekjs

lafo/kku esa fucZy oxZ dh turk ds 'kSfkd ,oa

vkfFkZd fgrksa dks izksRlkfgr djus dh rqjUr

vko’;drk ij cy fn;k x;k gSA efgykvksa ij

lkekftd izFkkvksa rFkk ijEijkvksa ds izfrcU/k gksus rFkk

lekt esa gj rjg ls n;uh; fLFkfr gksus ds dkj.k

mUgsa lekt dk 'kksf"kr vax ekuk tk ldrk gS] vr%

bl oxZ dks lgk;rk igq¡pkus dh vksj fo’ks"k /;ku nsus

dh vko’;drk dks eglwl fd;k x;k gS] rkfd og

jk"Vªh; thou esa iw.kZ leqfpr Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dj

ldsA blds fy, ljdkj us vusd iz;kl fd, gS

ftuesa iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSaA

Hkkjr esa LorU=rk izkfIr ds Ik’pkr~ ls gh

fofHkUu oxksZ o ks=ksa dks vf/kd mRiknd cukus] muds

lUrqfyr vkSj rhoz fodkl gsrq iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk

izko/kku j[kk x;k] ftudh lQyrk ds QyLo:Ik gh

gekjs ns’k dh x.kuk fodkl ds iFk ij rsth ls c<+us

okys fodkl’khy jk"Vªksa esa dh tkus yxh gsA bu

;kstukvksa esa fodkl ls lEcfU/kr vU; egRoiw.kZ eqn~nksa

d s lkFk lkFk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ ,oa vko’;d eqn~ns

efgyk fodkl ds fo"k; esa Hkh izR;k ,oa vizR;k :Ik

ls vusd dk;ZØe cuk, x,A ;kstuk vof/k ds

nkSjku efgyk fodkl dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds bfrgkl dks

bl izdkj le>k tk ldrk gS &

& lafo/kku dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh ;kstuk vk;ksx dk

xBu fd;k x;k vkSj ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k izkjEHk gks

x;kA izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nLrkost esa dgk

x;k] lekt dY;k.k dk mn~ns’; lkekftd LokLF;

dks izkIr djuk gS ftldk vFkZ **Ik;kZIr thou Lrj]

vkRe vfHkO;fDr ds tfj, lkaLdfrd fodkl gsrq

lkekftd U;k; ds volj iznku djus rFkk lkekftd

lkeatL; dk;e djus ds fy, ekuoh; laca/kksa dh

iquZjpuk tSls y;ksa dh izkfIr gSaA** bl mn~ns’; ds

lanHkZ esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe ¼lh-th-ih-½ ds

O;kid mn~ns’; ds varxZr efgykvksa rFkk cPpksa ds

dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;s x;sA lkFk gh dsUnzh; lekt

dy;k.k cksMZ dh LFkkiuk kjk efgykvksa dh

leL;kvksa ds funku gsrq dY;k.k ewyd fopkj/kkjk ij

/;ku dsfUnzr fd;k x;kA dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k cksMZ

us xzkeh.k LoSfPnd laxBuksa kjk ifjokj ,oa cky

fodkl dh vusd ;kstuk,sa izkjEHk dh rFkk LVsV

osyQs;j ,Mokbtjh cksMZ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

1945&55 esa ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd

lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe visfkr izHkko Mkyus esa

blfy, lQy ugha gks jgk D;ksafd blls efgykvksa dh

lgHkkfxrk ugha gks jghA blfy, igyh ckj dk;ZØe

ds y; lewg esa efgyk,sa Hkh 'kkfey dh xbZ rFkk

izR;sd lkeqnkf;d fodkl [k.M xzke lsfodk,sa fu;qDr

dh xbZA blesa fuEu izdkj dh leL;kvksa ij /;ku

fn;k x;kA

1- f’k’kq ,oa ekrkvksa dh Å¡ph eR;q njA

2- cPpksa ds fy, Ldwyksa esa Hkkstu miyC/k

djkus dh ;kstuk dh vko’;drkA

3- jkT;ksa ds lkoZtfud LokLF; foHkkxksa esa

iks"kkgkj vuqHkkx [kksyukA

4- izlwfr cky LokLFkA

fofHkUu Lrjksa ij efgykvksa ds leqfpr

fodkl ds fy, rFkk efgykvksa kjk vius thou dks

izHkkfor djus okys fu.kZ;ksa esa izHkkoiw.kZ :Ik ls fgLlk

ysus ls jkLrs mRiUu djus ds fy, cqfu;knh Lrj ds

laxBuksa ds fodkl dh vko’;drk jghA efgyk

e.My rFkk vU; LoSfPNd laxBuksa dks xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa

etnwjh nsus vkSj Lolsok ;kstuk ds fy, lkekftd

vkfFkZd dk;ZØeksa dks vius gkFk esa ysuk pkfg,A

budk lEcU/k mRiknksa ds foØ; ds fufeÙk lgdkjh

la?kksa ls gksuk pkfg,A fofHkUu Lrjksa ij lykgdkj

lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;k tks fd dk;ZØeksa ds

leqfpr lapkyu vkSj lkekftd fo/kkuksa tSls ngst

fojks/kh dkuwu] cky fookg

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

e/;izns’k lkekU; KKu izfr;ksfxrk lhjt] 2010-

tcj flag ijekj % e/;izns’k fnXn’kZu vfjgUr

ifCyds’ku fyfeVsMA

cM+s QSlys&cM+k cnyko % vkxs c<+rk e/;izns’k]

e/;izns’k tulaidZ izdk’kuA

esgrk] psru ¼1006½% efgyk vkSj dkuwu] vk’kh"k

ifCyds’ku gkml] ubZ fnYyhA

'kekZ] izKk 2001 % efgyk fodkl vkSj l’kfdrdj.k]

iksbUVj ifCyds’klZ] ubZ fnYyhA






;g loZekU; o fufoZokn lR; gS fd

xzkeh.k Lo'kklu dks etcwr cuk;s fcuk jk"Vª dks

fodflr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, jk"Vªh;

fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa

lfEefyr djrs gq, vkfFkZd fodkl dks izkFkfedrk

iznku djuk vfr vko';d gSA xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dk

izeq[k vk/kkj Ñf"k gSA mRiknu dk cgqr cM+k Hkkx

Ñf"k ls izkIr gksrk gS vkSj xzkeh.k tula[;k ds cgqr

cM+s Hkkx dks Ñf"k esa gh jkstxkj izkIr gksrk gSA vkt

xk¡o esa fodkl dh xfrfof/k ds vHkko esa vkfFkZd

fØ;k,¡ vR;ar lhfer ikbZ tkrh gSa] ftlds dkj.k

cgqr de xzkeh.k tula[;k dks mRiknd jkstxkj izkIr

gksrk gSA

xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa yksx v)Z csjkstxkjh] ekSleh

csjkstxkjh rFkk lkekU; csjkstxkjh dh xEHkhj

leL;kvksa ls izHkkfor jgrs gSaA xzkeh.k fodkl ds kjk

gh bl xEHkhj leL;k ls fuiVk tk ldrk gS rFkk

ks= ds fodkl ds fy, vuqdwy okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k

fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkt xzkeh.k ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa

dh mRikndrk] fdLe rFkk ykxr dh n`f"V ls budh

fLFkfr vR;ar xEHkhj gks xbZ gSA mRiknu esa voSKkfud

izfof/k] ijEijkxr midj.kksa dk mi;ksx rFkk vU;

dfBukbZ;ksa ds dkj.k xzkeh.k ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dk

leqfpr fodkl ugha gks ik;k gSA xk¡o esa is;ty]

'kSkf.kd lqfo/kk] LokLF; lqfo/kk] euksjatu] vkokl]

ifjogu] lapkj vkfn cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko

ik;k tkrk gSA ftl dkj.k xzkeh.k thou vkt Hkh

fiNM+k cuk gqvk gSA

ns'k dh Lora=rk ds ckn ns'k dk xzkeh.k

fodkl izkFkfed vko';drk le>k x;k vkSj blds

fy;s lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe pyk;k x;kA

ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkkxhnkjh vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ;g

dk;ZØe vf/kd fVdkÅ ugha cu ldkA ;g fLFkfr

ns[krs gq, lHkh oxksZa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus ds

fy, lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k

x;kA igys cyoarjk; esgrk lfefr us rhu Lrjh;

iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dh flQkfj'k dh] ckn esa

v'kksd esgrk lfefr cuh vkSj mlus Hkh viuh

flQkfj'ksa nhaA ysfdu bu flQkfj'kksa ds ckn Hkh

iapk;rksa dks fujarjrk vkSj lQyrk ugha fey ikbZA

xzkeh.k fodkl rks nwj bu laLFkkvksa esa fu;fer pquko

Hkh ugha gq,A

73osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds kjk iapk;rksa dks

vkSj vf/kd 'kfä lEié cuk;k x;kA i;kZIr vf/kdkj

iznku djus ds ckn Hkh ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd

Lo;a dh bPNk 'kfä u gks rks lHkh iz;kl fujFkZd

gksaxsA ;fn xzkeh.kksa esa jktuSfrd bPNk 'kfä tkxr gks

lds rks xzkeh.k fodkl esa iapk;rksa dh dkjxj Hkwfedk

ds fy;s fdlh lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh dksbZ vko';drk

ugha gksxhA

lafo/ku la'kks/ku ds ckn nks jkT;ksa e/;izns'k

vkSj dsjy jkT;ksa us iapk;rksa dks Lok;Ùkrk nsus dh

fn'kk esa ljkguh; dk;Z fd;k gSA e/;izns'k ljdkj us

fodsUnzhÑr 'kklu vkSj iz'kklu esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh

c<+kus ds fy;s dbZ Lokxr ;ksX; dne mBk;s gSa

ftuesa ,d dne ftyk ljdkj ,oa xzke ljdkj ds

xBu dk gSA

e/;izns'k ljdkj kjk ftyk ljdkj dk

xBu 1995 esa dj ftyk ljdkj dks ;kstuk cukus]

fØ;kUo;u djus vkSj ewY;kadu djus ds fy;s dqN

ks=ksa ds iz'kklfud ekeys Hkh lkSais x;sA vc uhps ds

Lrj ds cgqr ls dk;Z ftyk Lrj ij gh lEié gks

tkrs gSaA jkT; ljdkj ds bl iz;kl ls fu'fpr gh

ljdkj yksxksa ds utnhd vk;sxh vkSj dk;ksZa dk

fuiVkjk 'kh?kz gksxkA ftyk ljdkj ds xBu ls

lfpoky; esa dk;Z djkus okyksa dh la[;k esa 25

izfr'kr dh deh vkbZ gSA

73osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku kjk ty] taxy vkSj

tehu dk LokfeRo xzke lHkk vkSj iapk;rksa dks lkSaik

x;k gS] ftldk xzkeh.k vkfnoklh lekt ij

ldkjkRed izHkko iM+k gSA jktLFkku ds mn;iqj

laHkkx ds dqN xkaoksa esa lkekftd ,oa xSj ljdkjh

laLFkkvksa us f'kyk,¡ xkM+dj mu ij xzke lHkk ds dk;Z

vkSj vf/kdkj fy[kok;sa gSaA xkao esa ftu izkÑfrd

lk/kuksa ij jkT; dk dCtk jgrk Fkk] vc iapk;rksa ds

gkFk esa gS] ftlls xzkeh.k fLFkfr esa vo'; gh lq/kkj






gksxkA

e/;izns'k ds tcyiqj ftys esa xzke iapk;rksa

ds dk;ksZa ,oa foÙkh; lalk/ku ds izfr ikjnf'kZrk j[kus

ds mís'; ls ftys dh lHkh xzke iapk;rksa ds ljiapksa

dks funsZ'k fn;s x;s gSa] fd os izR;sd o"kZ dsUnz o jkT;

ljdkj ls feyus okyh foÙkh; lgk;rk ,oa vuqnku

dh jkf'k] O;; jkf'k ,oa 'ks"k jkf'k dk iwjk C;kSjk xzke

iapk;r Hkou ds lkeus f'kyk ij fy[ks rkfd lacaf/kr

xzke okfl;ksa esa tkx:drk mRié gksA

iapk;rksa ds ek/;e ls vusd efgyk,¡ tSls

Qkfrek ch ¼vka/kzizns'k½] lq/kk iVsy lgh ¼xqtjkr½]

xqfM;k ckbZ ¼e/;izns'k½ vkfn ,slh gtkjksa efgyk,¡ gSa]

ftUgksaus iapk;rksa dk usr`Ro laHkkyus ds ckn xzkeh.k

fodkl ds vusd lkekftd vkfFkZd dk;ksZa dks

dk;kZfUor djk;k gSA vkt lHkh oxksZa ds yksx xk¡o ds

fodkl dk;Z esa ;ksxnku ns jgs gSaA blls bu oxksZa dh

lksp vkSj le> ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+ jgk gSA

fdlh lekt dk fodkl mldh vkfFkZd

laiérk u gksdj vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa HkkSfrd

lalk/kuksa ds lrr~ fodkl dh kerkvksa vkSj

laHkkoukvksa esa fufgr gksrk gSA Hkkjr ds lexz fodkl

dh n`f"V ls izklafxd eqík xzkeh.k fodkl dk gSA

xzkeh.k fodkl ls gekjk rkRi;Z ewy :i ls rhu

izeq[k eqíksa ls gksrk gS ftuesa igyk gS] ogk¡ O;kIr

xjhch dks nwj djus gsrq jkstxkj ds volj iSnk

djukA nwljk gS] xk¡oksa esa f'kkk] LokLF;] is;ty]

fctyh rFkk vkokl tSlh ewyHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dks

fodflr djukA rhljk gS] ns'k ds xousZUl esa xzkeh.kksa

dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus gsrq muesa psruk vkSj

tkx:drk dk lapkj djuk rFkk lkekftd vkSj

jktuSfrd thou ds izfr ,d ltx n`f"Vdks.k

fodflr djuk rkfd muds jgu&lgu ds Lrj esa

lq/kkj gks ldsA

ckosy MkW- clarh yky ¼1998½( iapk;rh jkt ,oa

xzkeh.k fodkl ;kstuk,¡] jktLFkku xzaFk vdkneh]

t;iqj

nslkbZ clar ¼1990½( iapk;rhjkt] turk dks

'kfä] fgeky; ifCy'kax gkÅl] eqEcbZ

iar ds-lh- ¼2004½( Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k fodkl]

dkWyst cqd fMiks] t;iqj

iokj MkW- ehukkh ¼2000½( e-iz- esa iapk;rh jkt

fodkl ds c<+rs dne] fudqat izdk'ku] cM+okuh

'kekZ gjh'k pUnz ¼1968½( Hkkjr esa LFkkuh;

iz'kklu] dkWyst cqd fMiks] t;iqj

JhokLro v#.k ¼1994½( ^^Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt**]

vkj-ch-,l-,- ifCy'klZ] t;iqj






rlCcqj Hkh ugha gqvk]vk¡Wa[ksa [kqyh gh jgh xbZ]

tc ?kj vkdj ns[kk rks ?kh dh txg MkyMk fudykA

miHkksDrk ls NydiV]dkykcktkjh] tek[kksjh vke

gqbZ] tc buls yM+us dh lksph rks]miHkksDrk dh

tkx:drk dk tuktk fudykA

miHkksDrk dh tkx:djrk dk tuktk fudyk----------

fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds

izeq[k d.kZ/kkj miHkksDrk dks dgsa rks ;g vfr’;ksfDr

ugh gksxhA gdhdr esa ns’k dks fodkl dh iVjh esa

nkSM+us okyk dkjd miHkksDrk gh gSA okLro esa

miHkksDrk gh lHkh vkfFkZd fo’ys"kdksa] lekt lq/kkjdks]

jktuhfrKksa vkfn izeq[k oxkZsa dks lkspus esa etcwj

djrk gS vkSj bu lHkh ds ppkZ dk ,d egRoiw.kZ

fo"k; Hkh bldk lajk.k o blds fgrksa esa vkus okyh

ck/kk,a gh ppkZ dk fo"k; cuk gSA

bl vFkZO;oLFkk esa miHkksDrk dk eq[;

mn~ns’; vf/kdre larqf"V izkIr djuk gS vkSj og blh

y; dks izkIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu vkfFkZd

fdz;kdyki djrk gS rkfd buds kjk fd;s x,

vkfFkZd fdz;kdyki ds cnys esa feys iq:Ldkj ls og

viuh vfuok;Z] foykflrk] vkjkenk;d ,oa vkfn lHkh

izdkj dh vko’;drkvksa dks iwjkdj viuh vf/kdre

larqf"V dks izkIr djus ds fy, ges’kk iz;kljr gksrk gS

tcfd nwljh vksj fodzsrk oxZ tks mu vko’;drkvksa

ds iwfrZ mRikn dk ekfyd gksrk gS og rks vlkekU;

ykHk ds lius dks lkdkj djus esa yxk gqvk gS vkSj

bl dkj.k vf/kd ls vf/kd dher dj rFkk mRikfnr

eky dks de ls de ykxr ij vlkekU; ykHk dh

izR;klk djrk gSA bl izdkj og miHkksDrk oxZ ls

vf/kd ls vf/kd dher ij viuk eky cspuk pkgrk

gSA pwW¡fd fdlh oLrq ds ewY; eas ekax iwfrZ ’krkZsa dh

vge Hkwfedk gksrh gS rks blds pyrs oLrqvksa dh

dher esa bldk vf/kd izHkko gksrk gS] rc vius

vlkekU; ykHk dks izkIr djus dh pkg esa og

miHkksDrk oxZ ls fofHkUu izdkj ds Nykok dj

vlkekU; c<+h gqbZ t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,

fofHkUu izdkj ds mik; jprk gSA p¡ wWfd ¼vko’;drk,Wa½

t:jrs vuar gSa vkSj lk/ku lhfer rks bl ;qfDr dks

pfjrkFkZ djrs gq, og vius lhfer lk/kuksa ij

fuHkZjrk dj muds mRikn esa cnyko dj miHkksDrk

oxZ ds lajk.k ls f[kyokM+ djrk gSA og fodzsrk oxZ

cktkj esa nks"kiw.kZ oLrqvksa ,oa de xq.koRrk okyh

oLrqvksa dks fodz; dj miHkksDrk oxZ dh mi;ksfxrk

ij c<+rh t:jrksa dh LokFkZ fl)h o vlkekU; ykHk

dks gkoh djus dk iz;kl djrk gS] okLro esa og

miHkksDrkvksa kjk visfkr lsokvksa esa Hkh deh djus dk

Hkh ;g iz;kl djrk gSA mRikn ds lca/k esa og [kk|

inkFkkZas esa feykoV dj miHkksDrk ds LokLF; ls

[ksydj dbZ LFkkuksa ij LokLF; lsokvksa dh dybZ

[kksyus dk x.ks’k Hkh djrk gSA miHkksDrk oxZ dh

vKkurk Hkh udyh lkeku ds fodz; dks iukg ns jgh

gSA vk;s fnu miHkksDrk oxZ visfkr mRikn ugha

[kjhn ik jgk gSA tek[kksjh ls oLrqvksa ds c<+rs

nke]I;kt 80 :Ik;s fd-xzk- gksdj :ykrh gS rks 100

:Ik;s fd-xzk- nky usa^^nky&jksVh **o nky&nfj;k dh

visfkr dgkor ij fojks/kkHkkl Fkksik gSA de uki]de

rkSy ;k Hkzked rkSy us oLrqvksa ds otu o vkdkj ij

visfkr vk’kk dks fujk’kk esa cnyk gSA gk¡Wa ;fn mRikn

Hkh vPNk gks o dher Hkh mfpr gks rks dHkh&dHkh

eky ds lqiqnZxh esa nsjh ds dkj.k Hkh miHkksDrk oxZ

dks LFkkuki= oLrqvksa ls viuk dke pykuk iM+rk gSa

;k viuh vko’;drkvksa dks eu esa nQu djus ds

vykok dksbZ pkjk Hkh ugh jgrkA dbZ ckj ns[kk fd

,d miHkksDrk ikBd ds :Ik esa izfr;ksxh ijhkkvksa ds

iqLrdksa ds izdk’kdksa ls iqLrd dz; fd rks izdk” kd

ds kjk tc Hksth x;h tc Nk= miHkksDrk dh ijhkk

gks pqdh tcfd bldk Hkqxrku bZ euh vkMZj]bZ isesaV

;k pSd ls gks pqdk FkkA vk;s fnu miHkksDrk oxZ dks

bl izdkj Hkh Bxk tkrk gS fd pkgs x, mRikn ds

iSdsV esa ogha oLrq ugha izkIr gksrh tks visfkr dh xbZ

vFkkZr~ de mi;ksfxrk okyh oLrq dh iSfdax dj mls

fodz; dj nh tkrh gSA blds fodz; dks c<+kus ds

fy, Hkzked foKkiu tks Vhoh jsfM;ksa ds ek/;e ls

miHkksDrk oxZ dks xqejkg dj jgs gS]oLrqvksa ds mRikn

ij fNis gq, ewY; ;k vLi"V ewY; Hkh miHkksDrk dks

Ny jgs gSaA dbZ dbZ ckj rks ,d gh oLrq dh dherksa






esa varj cktkj esa izk;% ns[kk x;kA tc miHkksDrk oxZ

kjk bldh dher ds ckjs esa nqdkunkj ls iwNk x;k

rks cM+h lgtrk ls mRrj feyrk gS fd ^^HkS;k eky

ubZ iSfdax dk gSA** vkfn ek/;e ls miHkksDrkvksa ds

vjekuksa dk [kwu gks jgk gS tks fd eq[; :Ik ls

lk/kuksa ls lhferk o c<+rh t:jrksa dh Hkwfedk ij

fuHkZj gks jgk gSA tks dgh u dgha orZeku lekt ds

fy, lkspuh; gSA

vkt rduhdh ;qx gSA bl ;qx eSa

dz;&fodz; bZ iSdsV ds ek/;e ls Hkh gks jgk gSA vk;s

fnu cSadks esa ns[kk x;k fd A.T.M ls gekjs iSls fdlh

vU; O;fDr kjk fudkys x, dzsfMV dkMZ ls /kks[k/kM+h

djds yk[kks :Ik;s Transfer fd;s x,A tks dgha u dgh

visfkr c<+rh t:jrksa dks funZsf’kr dj jgk gSA fj;y

,LVsV lca/kh leL;kvksa vkSj lkoZtfud mi;ksfxrk Hkh

dgha u dgha miHkksDrk dks izHkkfor dj jgh gSA vk;s

fnu miHkksDrk lajk.k dk guu gks jgk gS] tks /kks[ks

ckt fodzsrk vkSj xzkgdksa ds Hkksysiu vkSj etcwjh tSls

dkjdksa ij tksj ns jgk gSA bl izdkj fodzsrk

miHkksDrk lajk.k ds guu dks nLrd ns jgk gSA

vkt ds ;qx esa miHkksDrk dks vius vf/kdkjksa

dh Lo;a jkk ds fy, tkx:d gksuk pkfg,A blds

fy, og oLrq ,oa lsokvksa dh xq.koRrk]ewY; ds lca/k

eas miHkksDrk fodzsrk oxZ ls iwjh tkudkjh izkIr djuk

pkfg, rkfd muds lkFk mRikn dh xq.koRrk ls

f[kyokM+ u gksA rks nwljh vksj mRikn ls lcaf/kr >wBs

vkSj Hkzked foKkiuksa ds izfr lko/kku o ltx gksuk

ykteh gSA cM+rh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, Hkh

miHkksDrk oxZ tYnckth esa mPp xq.koRrk okyk

mRikn ugh dz; dj ikrs gSa vkSj ge ml mRikn ;k

lsok dh iwjh lwpuk ds fcuk gh oLrqvksa dk dz; dj

ysrs gSa tks dgha&dgha Hkfo"; esa miHkksDrk vf/kdkj ds

guu dk dkj.k cu tkrh gSA

ljdkj miHkksDrkvksa dh lqjkk ds fy,

miHkksDrk lajk.k vf/kfu;e 1986 fnukad 24 fnlEcj

1986 dks ykxw fd;k tks miHkksDrk lajk.k ds ks= esa

ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gks jgk gS]ftlus miHkksDrk ds

eu ds mRikn dh tkx:drk dh vy[k txkbZ gSA

bl vf/kfu;e esa jk"Vªh;] jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrj ij

f=Lrjh; miHkksDrk f’kdk;r fuokj.k e’khujh ds xBu

dk izko/kku ds lkFk&lkFk lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa

ij ykxw gksuk] futh lkoZtfud ;k lgdkjh O;fDr

lHkh blds nk;js esa vkuk] vf/kfu;e esa fo’k s"k izdkj

dh jkgr vkSj miHkksDrkvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks c<+kuk

vkSj lqjkk ds fy, lykgdkj laLFkk ds :Ik esa dsUnz]

jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrj ij miHkksDrk lajk.k ifj’kn ds

xBu dk i zko/kku gSA bu ’krkZsa dh fdz;k’khyrk us

miHkksDrk lajk.k dks dgha&dgha cy fn;k gSA

nwljh vksj ljdkj us miHkksDrk lajk.k ds

fy, ^miHkksDrk dY;k.k dks’k** jktLo foHkkx kjk

LFkkfir djk;k x;k ftlesa miHkksDrk ds dY;k.k dk

fo’ks"k /;ku rks j[kk gh x;k gS lkFk gh miHkksDrk oxZ

dks izksRlkgu rFkk lajk.k nsus] ns’k esa lykgdkj

xzkeh.k ks=ksa esa LoSfPNd miHkksDrk vkanksyu dks

etcwr djus ds fy, dsUnª dh 1%10 dh lgk;rk dks

c<+kdj 50%50 dj nh x;h ftls ns’k ds yx 18 izns’k

ykxwdj miHkksDrk ds lajk.k esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkk

jgk gSaA

2002 esa ^^miHkksDrk Dyc** uke ls ’kq: dh

xbZ ;kstuk esa ljdkj ls ekU;rk izkIr

cksMkZsa@fo’ofo|ky;ksa ls lac) izR;sd

ek/;fed@mPp@mPprj ek/;fed

fo|ky;ksa@dkystksa esa miHkksDrk Dyc LFkkfir gks jgs

gSaA bl ;kstuk ds rgr izfr miHkksDrk DYkc ds fy,

10]000 :Ik;s dk vuqnku feysxkA vc rd 23

jkT;ksa@la?k ks=ksa esa 7749 miHkksDrk Dycksa dh eatwjh

nh xbZ gSA fo’o miHkksDrk fnol 15 ekpZ lu~ 2005

dks fnYyh fo’ofo|ky; ds okf.kT; ladk; ds

lg;ksx ls jk"Vªh; miHkksDrk gsYi ykbu** ;kstuk dk

Jh x.ks’k fd;k x;kA ;g lsok iw.kZr% fu%’kqYd gSA

miHkksDrk oxZ 1800&11&4000 ij izkr% 9%30 ls “kke

5%30 rd viuh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, Qksu

dj ldrs gSA bl izdkj miHkksDrk oxZ bl izdkj

viuh leL;kvksa dks gy djus dk iz;kl dj ldrk

gSA blds vykok ’kklu us miHkksDrkvksa dks xqejkg

gksus dh fLFkfr esa Hkzked foKkiu ij jksd yxkus ds

fy, 2015 esa xkek iksVZ dk ’kqHkkjaHk fd;kA vke

miHkksDrk Hk zked foKkiu ds lca/k esa viuh f’kdk;rsa

,oa vkifRr www.Gama.gov.in ij nk;j dj vius

vf/kdkj dk lajk.k dj ldrs gaSA

Hkkjr ljdkj oLrqvksa dh xq.koRrk ds fy,

ekud rS;kj djus dh igy dj pqdh gSA blds fy,

mlus ,d jk"Vªh; ekud fudk; dh LFkkiuk dh

ftldk dk;Z oLrqvksa ls lcaf/kr ekud rS;kj dj mUgsa

vFkZO;oLFkk esa ykxw djuk] mRiknu izfdz;k o mRikn

ds fy, izek.ku ;kstuk lapkfyr djuk] oLrqvksa ,oa

mRikn ijhk.k iz;ksx’kkykvksa dk xBu dj mudk






izca/k djuk ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; ekud fudk;ksa ds lkFk

fudV laidZ djrs gq, miHkksDrkvksa ds tkx:drk

iSnk djuk gSsA

miHkksDrk lajk.k ds ks= esa Hkkjrh; ekud

C;wjksa 8800 ls Hkh vf/kd rduhdh fo’ks"kKksa dh

lgk;rk ls vko’;drk vk/kkfjr ekudksa dk fodkl

dj jgh gSA fo’ks"kK C;wjksa dh rduhdh lfefr;ksa ds

lnL; gaSA C;wjksa ds ekudhdj.k ifj;kstukvksa dh

mfpr izdkj ls tkap&iM+rky dh tkrh gSA rkfd

mudh xq.koRrk dks tkapk tk ldsA 31 fnlEcj 2011

rd Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjksa kjk fufeZr 18610 ekudksa

dk mi;ksx gks pqdk gSA tks miHkksDrk lajk.k ds ks=

esa dkjxj gq, gSaA

miHkksDrk lajk.k dks vkSj vf/kd cy nsus ds

fy, ^^mRikn izek.ku Ldhe** tks Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjksa

kjk mRikn izek.ku dh LoSfPNdrk ij vk/kkfjr gS

ysfdu miHkksDrkvksa ds LokLF; fgr lqjkk dks egRo

nsrs gq, ljdkj kjk vusd oS/kkfud mik;] [kk|

feykoV fu"ks/k] Hkkjrh; xSl flysaMj fu;e] dksy

ekbUl jsxqys’kUl dks Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjksa vf/kfu;e

ds ek/;e ls vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;k gSA bl izdkj

dqN gn rd oLrqvksa esa feykoV ij vadq’k yx jgk

gSA 31 fnlacj 2011 rd bl ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls

25037 izek.ku fpUg ykblsal dk iz;ksx gks pqdk gSA

ftuesa [kk|&o bysDVªkWfud oLrqvksa ds 1000 izek.ku

’kkfey gaSA bl ks= esa vrajZk"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh ekud

C;wjksa us o"kZ 1999 esa fons’kh fueZkrkvksa ds fy, viuh

mRikn izek.ku Ldhe ’kq: dhA bl Ldhe ds rgr~

o"kZ 2010 rFkk fons’kh oLrqvksa ds 50 ykblsal ’kq:

fd, gaSA ;g Ldhe LoSfPNd gS fQj Hkh miHkksDrk ds

LokLF; o lajk.k dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj us 83 ekudks

dks vfuok;Z fd;k gS]tks miHkksDrk lajk.k ds ks= esa

vuwBh igy gSA

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa vkadM+s dgrs

gaS fd Hkkjr fo’o ds Lo.kZ dh loZkf/kd [kir okyk

ns’k gSA WGC dh Qjojh 2013 dh fjdkMZ ds vuqlkj

Hkkjr 864-2 Vu Lo.kZ dh [kir djrk gSA bl fLFkfr

ls Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjksa ds ek/;e ls

miHkksDrkvksa ds lajk.k gsrq 12 vizSy 2000 ls Lo.kZ

vkHkw"k.kksa dh xq.koRrk dks lqfuf’pr djus ds fy,

gkyekdZ ;kstuk dk Jhx.ks’k fd;kA BIS vf/kfu;e

1986 ds rgr~ tkjh fd;k tkus okyk gkyekdZ mlh

lskus ls cus vkHkw"k.kksa ds fy, iznku fd;k tk;sxk tks

IS 1417 ds ekudks ds vuq:Ik gksxkA gekjs ns’k esa

Lo.kZ vkHkw"k.kksa ds gkyekfdZax ds fy, ykblsalksa dh

la[;k 31 ekpZ 2011 rd 9005 FkhA bl vof/k ds

nkSjku 108 ykblsal izfrekg vkSlru eatwj fd, x,A

blh Ja[kyk esa 1 vizSy& 30 uoEcj 2011 rd

gkyekdZ fd, x, Lo.kZ vkHkw"k.kksa@oLrqvksa dh la[;k

173-63 yk[kFkhA

Lkjdkj us BIS ds ek/;e ls miHkksDrk ljak.k ds fy,

ISO 15000 ][kk| ks= ds ykHk fy, tks [kk| vkSj

[kk| mRiknu ks= esa Hkkjrh; ekud laLFkku us

tuojh 2003 ls vkbZ-,l-@vkbZ-,l-vks- 18001% 2000]

O;olkf;d LokLF; rFkk lqjkk izca/ku iz.kkyh

izek.khdj.k ds fy, IS/ISO- 22000%2005 tks [kk|

J`[kyk esa laHkkfor [krjksa dh igpku] ewY;kadu vkSj

fujisk ,oa ISO/IEC 2700%2005 varjkZ"Vªh; ekudhdj.k

laxBu us miHkksDrkvksa fgr esa viuh&viuh vge

Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gaSA

ljdkj us xzkgdksa dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy,

LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa f’kdk;r ntZ djus ds fy, 6 jkT;ksa

esa lu+ 2015 esa xzkgd lqfo/kk dsUnz ;kstuk ’kq: dh

xbZ] tks miHkksDrk lajk.k esa lapkj dj jgh gS rks

nwljh vksj dkUQksusV ;kstuk ds varxZr miHkksDrk

ftUgksus ftyk Qksje@jkT; vk;ksx esa f’kdk;r ntZ

dh gS] vius ?kj cSBs izdj.k ls lacaf/kr vkuykbZu

tkudkjh ;k fu.kZ; dh tkudkjh ys ldrk gS tks

dgha u dgha miHkksDrk lajk.k esa ikjnf’kZrk iznf’kZr

dj jgk gSA ljdkj fofHkUu Vh-Ogh- foKkiuksa ds

ek/;e ls miHkksDrk oxZ dks tkx:d dj jgh gSA

ea=ky; us ßtkxks xzkgd tkxksÞ uked jsfM;ksa J[kayk

ds varxZr eYVh ehfM;k vfHk;ku ’kq: fd;k rks

fofHkUu vfHkusrk oxZ ¼vfHkrkHk cPpu] vkfej [kku]

fo|k ckyu vkfn½ us xzkgdksa dks tkx:d djus ds

fy, foKkiu fd;s tks dgha u dgha xzkgd oxZ ds

lks;s tquwu dks txkdj ,d tkx:drk dh vy[k

txk jgs gSaA

miHkksDrk lajk.k ds guu ds fy, ljdkj

U;kf;d ks= ds ek/;e ls tqekZus ds n.MkRed dk;Z

djus dh vge Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA orZeku esa jk"Vªh;

Lrj ij ,d loksZPp vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk 35

jkT; vk;ksx tks fd izR;sd jkT; o dsUnz ’kkflr

izns’k esa lsokjr gSA blds vykok 629 ftyk

miHkksDrk Qksje ftyk Lrj ij miHkksDrk lajk.k dks

lajfkr j[kus esa yxs gSa ftudh fuxjku jk"Vªh;






vk;ksx dj jgk gSA ftyk Qksje 1 :0 ls 20 yk[k

:0] jkT; vk;ksx 20 yk[k :0 &1 djksM+ :0 ls

uhps rFkk 1 djksM+ :0 ls 3 djksM+ :0 ekeys jk"Vª

vk;ksx lqurk gSA bl izdkj miHkksDrk oxZ dks

mi;qZDr rhuks Lrj ij viuh okn nk;j djus dh

Lora=rk gS budk mi;ksx Hkkjr ds miHkksDrk oxZ Hkh

jgs gSaA 1 twu 2015 rd jk"Vªh;] jkT; vkSj ftyk

Lrj ij miHkksDrk vnkyrksa esa dqy feykdj 4311892

ekeys ntZ fd;s gSA buesa ls 3939514 ekeys fofHkUu

Lrjksa ds ek/;e ls fuiVk Hkh fn;s x,A orZeku esa 3-

7 yk[k ekeys fofHkUu miHkksDrk vnkyrksa esa yafcr gSa]

tks miHkksDrk lajk.k dh fLFkfr fn[kk jgs gSaA

vkt Hkh vk;s fnu miHkksDrk Qksje esa

O;kikjh oxZ ds fo:) ekeys ntZ gks jgsA

fnu&izfrfnu c<+rs ekeyksa esa egkRek xk¡a/kh th ds ;s

okD;&

’kk;n fdlh O;kikjh

oxZ dks ’kr~ izfr’kr ;kn gks jk"Vªfirk th dk ;g

oDrO; ij mudh c<+rh t:jrksa vkSj vizR;f’kr ykHk

dh bPNk us miHkksDrk lajk.k ij iz'u fpUg yxk

fn;k] tks vkfFkZd fodkl dks dgha dgha ck/kd dj

jgk gSA

miHkksDrk lajk.k dks lajfkr djus ds fy,

miHkksDrk oxZ dks vius gh Lrj ij iz;kl djuk

lcls vPNk vpwd mik; gksxkA miHkksDrk oxZ dks

pkfg, fd tc Hkh og oLrqvksa dks [kjhns rks mldh

xq.koDrk o dher laca/kh iwjh tkudkjh ysa] >wBs

foKkiuksa] o izyksHku esa vkdj [kjhnh u djsa] oLrq

fo’sk"kK ds ek/;e ls gh oLrq dz; djsa [kjhnnkjh esa

tYnhckth u djsa] vk¡a[k can djds [kjhnnkjh u djs]

oLrq vkSj lsokvksa dks dz; djrs le; mlls lacaf/kr

lEiw.kZ tkudkjh ekaxs rFkk fodzsrk oxZ ls iDdh jlhn

ysa rkfd ;fn eky esa dqN ?kfV;k iu ;k /kks[kk/kM+h

gksus ij ge ml jlhn dh lgk;rk ls miHkksDrk

Qksje ds njokts [kV[kVk lds vkSj gesa U;k; fey

ldsA

nwljh vksj fodzsrk oxZ dks viuh t:jrksa esa

p;fur vkSj vfrvko’;d t:jrksa dks gh izkFkfedrk

dh lwph esa Åij j[kuk pkfg, rc gh bZekunkjh ls

ykHk dek dj viuh vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk djrk

gqvk] ns’k ds fodkl esa Hkkxhnkj cu ldrk gSA

bl ys[k ds ek/;e ls gekjk lHkh ls ;g

vkgoku gS fd

L=ksr %&

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5 2013 izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k vfrfjDrkad

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dksM+ 791 okbZ ikl

jksM+ vkxjk 2@11 , Lons’kh chek

uxj vkxjk ias0u0 97




uxj vkxjk ias0u0 97



jksM+ vkxjk 2@11 , Lons’kh chek uxj

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uxj vkxjk ias0u0 97

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eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk lkfgR; dk fodkl djus ds

;ksxnku esa dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* dk uke dkSu

ugha tkurk gS] og cgqr gh jfld vkSj xhr&laxhr

ds izfl) O;fDr FksA vkt ^dk.Ms* ugha gS fQj Hkh

mlds lkfgfR;d fodkl ds dkeksa ls gekjs eq.Mk

lekt esa fo|eku gSA dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms*

eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk lkfgR; dk fodkl ds fy, nks iqLrd

izdkf'kr fd;s gSA fdUrq nks iqLrdksa ds ek/;e ls gh

^dk.Ms* eq.Mk eq.Mkjh lkfgR; vkSj lekt esa Nk x;s

gSA

eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk lkfgR; dks fodkl djus okys

cgqr ls izfl) yksx feyrs gSA buesa cqnq ckcq] jke

eq.Mk] MkW- jken;ky eq.Mk] nqyk;pUnz eq.Mk vkSj Hkh

cgqr lkjs uke gS] ijUrq cqnq ckcq vkSj jke eq.Mk ds

ckn ,d izfl) O;fDr dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk dk uke

vkrk gSA

eq.Mk lekt esa izkphu dky ls gh ekSf[kd

:i ls pyh vk jgh] xhr&laxhr vkSj dgkfu;k¡

feyrs gSA dqN rks /khjs&/khjs xqe gks jgh gSA ,sls le;

esa eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk dks lkfgfR;d :i nsuk vkSj mls

Lokjus dh vko';drk gSA D;ksafd Hkk"kk dks lkfgR; ds

:i esa ugha fijksus ls Hkk"kk xqe gks tk;sxhA ;g lc

ns[kdj gh ^dk.Ms* eq.Mk] eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk lkfgR; dks

fodkl djus dk dke vkjaHk fd;kA dk'khukFk flag

eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* cpiu ls gh ukp&xku dh Lokn dks

ij[k fy;s FksA

dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk

^dk.Ms* ds tUe 02-04-1933 bZ- dks gqvk FkkA bldk

tUe [kw¡Vh iz[k.M ds tkstksgkrq xk¡o esa gqvk Fkk] firk

dk uke vful; eq.Mk gSA d'khukFk flag eq.Mk

^dk.Ms* ds firk ,d xjhc fdlku FksA dk'khukFk flag

eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* ,d xjhc ?kj ds gksus ds ukrs vkxs dh

i<+kbZ djus esa vleFkZ jgkA ijUrq xk¡o ds gh vkfne

tkfr lsok eaMy tkstksgkrq Ldwy esa rhljk Dykl rd

dh i<+kbZ dhA bl fy, ^dk.Ms* esa i<+us&fy[kus dh

f'kkk rks FkksM+k gh FkkA ysfdu eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk lkfgR;

dk fodkl ds fy, bUgkasus cgqr cM+k dke fd;kA

buesa xhr cukus dh dyk ,d cpiu ls gh FkkA

blfy, og tYnh gh u;s&u;s xhr cukrs vkSj mls

xkrs Hkh FksA xk;&cdjh pjkus ds le; taxyksa esa

vius cuk;s xhrksa dks xkrs jgrs Fks ftlls xhr

xkrs&xkrs muds xyk dh vkokt bruh e/kqj gks xbZ]

fd mls lqurs gh curs Fks

dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* izd`fr dh

euksgj jaxLFkyh esa fuokl djrs] og igkM+ksa vkSj

taxyksa ls Hkjk gqvk okrkoj.k esa mNy&dqn djrsA

blh mUeqDr jaxhu vkSj jle; okrkoj.k esa mudk

thou O;rhr gksrk gSA gfj;kyh vkSj Qwyksa ls Hkjs gq,

taxy jgL;e; xqQkvksa ls Hkjs gq, igkM+] dydy

xkrs gq, fu>Zj izk.kksa esa mUekn Hkjusokyh gok,¡ vkSj

e/kqj Lojksa ls taxy dks xaqftr j[kusokys iaNh ;gh

euksgj fp=lkjh dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* vkids

eu efLr"d esa cSB x;s vkSj budks vius xhrksa esa

lesB fy,A

dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* vius lkfFk;ksa

ds lkFk ukp&xku esa cgqr :fp j[krs Fks] vkSj xk¡o

ds v[kM+k gks ;k vkl&ikl ds xk¡o ds ukp v[kM+k

lHkh esa bUgkasus viuk lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk igq¡p tkrs FksA

dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk v[kM+k esa vius cuk;s gq, xhrksa

dks gh xkrs FksA ^dk.Ms* v[kM+k igq¡prs gh xhr cukrs

vkSj mls gh xkrs FksA ,slk yxrk Fkk fd og xhr

cukus dk tknq tkurk gksA

ftl le; jk¡ph jsfM;ksa LVs'ku cudj rS;kj

gqvkA rc ogk¡ dke djus okyksa dh t:jr FkhA

ftlesa xhr xkus vkSj ekanj ctkus okyksa dh ,sls le;

esa gh ^dk.Ms* eq.Mk dh fdLer [kqy xbZ] vkSj jsfM;ksa

LVs'ku ds lkgcksa ds lkFk dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk dk

eqykdkr gqbZ] vkSj bUgkasus jk¡ph jsfM;ksa LVs'ku vkus dks

dg fn;kA 18-06-1970 bZ- esa dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk

^dk.Ms* dks jsfM;ksa LVs'ku ij ekanj ctkus dk dke

feykA ;gh ij dke djrs&djrs ^dk.Ms* eq.Mk

eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk esa xhrksa dh jpuk djus yxsA vkSj

jsfM;ksa LVs'ku jk¡ph ls le;≤ ij buds cuk;s

xhrksa dks izlkfjr fd;k tkus yxkA dk'khukFk flag






eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk dk fodkl ds fy, dke

djuk vkjaHk fd;k vkSj vius xhrksa dks ,d&,d dj

ekyk tSlk ,d lkFk ihjksa dj iqLrd dk :i fn;kA

dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* us viuh

ekr`Hkk"kk eq.Mkjh dks vkxs c<+kus ds mís'; ls ,d

cgqr cM+k chM+k mBk;k vkSj vius lekt ds nq%[k lq[k

dks eq.Mkjh lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls lekt dks fn;kA

dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* th us nks iqLrdksa dh

jpuk dhA igyk llack% tks ^dk.Ms* th ds xhr gSA

^dk.Ms* th us vius xhrksa dks vyx&vyx jkx esa

cuk;k gSA ekSle vkSj R;ksgkjksa ds vuqlkj buds xhrksa

dks ns[kk tk; rks bl izdkj gS & 1- tknqj] vksj

tknqj] xsuk] tjxk] dje] tkfi vkfnA ^dk.Ms* eq.Mk

ds xhr xk¡o ?kj ls ysdj v[kM+k vkSj jk¡ph jsfM;ksa

LVs'ku rd xqate; gq,A vkt Hkh eq.Mk xzkeh.k ks= esa

^dk.Ms* th ds xhrksa ds fcuk v[kM+k lquk&lquk lk

yxrk gSA dgsa rks ^dk.Ms* th ds xhr xzkeh.k tu

d.Bksa esa jp cls gSA tSlk fd ou ds Qwyksa dh lqxa/k

vkSj ou csoM+k dh [kq'kcw dh rjg iqjs ks= esa QSys gq,

gSA dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* th us eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk

dk fodkl ds lkFk lekt dh nq%[k&lq[k vkSj vius

ns'k ekVh dk o.kZu xhrksa ds ek/;e ls fd;k gSA

fnlqe rcq lqxM+k

lksjksxk vkrs nkscM+k

cq: csM+k

xM+k fyfxruk ratM+k

xaxk xM+k

xM+k fyfxru ratM+k

xaxk xM+kA

gekjk lqanj ns'k

LoxZ ls Hkh nqxquk lqanj gS

;gk¡ igkM+ vkSj ?kkfV;k¡ Hkjh gS

;gk¡ rtuk unh cgrh gS

;gk¡ xaxk unh cgrh gS

;gk¡ rtuk unh cgrh gS

;gk¡ xaxk unh cgrh gS

yks;ks³ xksM+k lksdksM+k

lksuk :ik v[kM+k

nk:&nM+k

tks rs ck rs Hkkjkseku

nM+k&nM+k

tks rs ck rs Hkkjkseu

nM+k&nM+k

;gk¡ Vk¡M+ vkSj [ksr gS

lksus pk¡nh ds v[kkM+s gS

o`k dh Mkfy;k¡

Qy vkSj Qwyksa ls Hkjh gS

o`k dh Mkfy;k¡

Qy vkSj Qwyksa ls Hkjh gS

bl rjg buds xhrksa esa feyrs gSA

xqbjke ,d eq.Mkjh miU;kl iqLrd gS]

^dk.Ms* th us vius lekt ds uo ;qod&;qofr;ksa dks

vPNh f'kkk nsus ds mís'; ls eq.Mkjh miU;kl dh

jpuk dh gSA ftldk uke xqbjke j[kkA ^xqbjke*

eq.Mk lekt dk ,d ifo= ^ukrk* ¼fj'rk½ dk uke

gSA dk'khukFk ^dk.Ms* th us xqbjke miU;kl ds

ek/;e ls muds vkSj lekt ds vPNs fopkjksa dks vius

lekt ds uo;qod&uo;qofr;ksa dks nsus dk dke fd;k

gSA

d'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* ds eq.Mkjh lkfgR;

^xqbjke* miU;kl dks tks O;fDr ,d ckj i<+ ys og

mls dHkh ugha HkwysxkA bl miU;kl esa dk'khukFk flag

eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* vius xhrksa dks txg vuqlkj 'kkfey

fd;k gSA ftlls miU;kl esa jl Hkj nsrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds :i esa ^dk.Ms* eq.Mk ds xhr

bl izdkj feyrs gS&






fMMk jsnks cksys Maxqvk jsnks

fnfn ysdk thnks tykfr³ fc;qj

/kxM+k jsnkscksys /kxfM+ jsnks

idM+k tkstks ysdk vikfjn fc;qj

fnfn ysdk th nks tkykfr³ fc;qj

xqbjke dksrks jsxs gM+xqu eksus

idM+k tkstks ysdk vikfjn fc;qj

yank yiklfM+ xs tixj eksus

xqbjke dksrs jsxs gM+xqu eksus

th vkn dqM+edks cnyk, eksus

yank yiklfM+ xs tikxkj eksus

izse iqfx js xs vfr³eksus

uo tkSou ,oa tkSokuh le; esa]

fxn ikh ds leku mM+ fQjrs] ;qod ,oa ;qorh le; esa]

vkn idk befy [kkus ds leku] b/kj m/kj ns[k pyrs]

fxn ikh ds leku mM+ fQjrs] ;kj vkSj ;kjhu ds ikl

gh mrj vkrs] vknidk befy [kkus leku b/kj&m/kj

ns[k pyrs] g¡lh etkd gh ckrsa djrs] ;kj vkSj ;kjhu

ds ikl gh mrj vkrs] viuk thou vkSj 'kjhj ,d nwljs

dks cny ysrs] g¡lh etkd gh ckrs djus dks eu gS] izse

dh gfj;kyh esa gh pjus dks eu gSA

bl rjg ^dk.Ms* eq.Mk ds xhrksa esa feyrk gS

ftlls uo;qod vkSj ;qofr;ksa esa ^xqbjke* izse jl Hkj

tkrk gSA tSlk ou Qwyksa dh jl pqlus Hkoj ;k

e/kqeD[kh xqu&xqukrs gSA

eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk lkfgR; vkSj laxhr ds lanHkZ

esa dfo dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms* eq.Mk ks= esa gh

ugha cfYd jk¡ph jsfM;ksa LVs'ku ds ek/;e ls >kj[k.M

ds dksus&dksus rd vius xhrksa dks igq¡pk;kA ^dk.Ms*

th ds llack xhr iqLrd esa viuh lekt ls ysdj

ns'k HkfDr rd dh xhr feyrs gSA dk'khukFk flag

^dk.Ms* cgqr gh usd O;fDr Fks os xhr laxhr ds /kuh

vkSj izfl) dykdkj Hkh FksA dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk

^dk.Ms* eq.Mkjh Hkk"kk lkfgR; dks fodkl ds fy,

thou i;ZUr dke fd;kA

1- llack % dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms*

2- xqbjke % dk'khukFk flag eq.Mk ^dk.Ms*

3- gksM+ks txj % xv%bfn&xeqbfn tek& MkW-

eufln/k cM+k;Ån~






’kks/k Nk=] bfrgkl] MkW- lh-oh-jkeu ~fo’ofo|ky;

djxhjksM] dksVk] fcykliqj ¼N-x-½

foHkkxk/;k¼bfrgkl½] MkW- lhoh- jkeu~ fo’ofo|ky;] djxhjksM] dksVk] fcykliqj¼N-x-½

izkphudky ls gh Hkkjr esa mPp f'kkk dk

Lrj vR;Ur mUur’khy ckákMEcj jfgr n`f"Vxr

gksrk gSA mPp f'kkk ds mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ eas lrr~

izfrc) rRdkyhu mPp f'kkk fo'o esa viuk ijpe

Qgjk jgh FkhA lgL=’krkfCn;ksa ls bl izkphu Hkkjrh;

mPp f’kkk vkSj blds oka³e; dks oSf’od txr esa

lokZf/kd izfr"Bk izkIr gqbZ gS vkSj laLd`r Hkkjr dh

lkaLdfrd Hkk"kk jgh gSA ’krkfCn;ksa rd lexz Hkkjr

dks mPp f’kkk rFkk lkaLd`frd] HkkokRed ,drk esa

vck/k j[kus esa izkphu Hkkjrh; mPp f’kkk us egRoiw.kZ

dk;Z fd;k gSA Hkkjr esa f’kkk iqjkru gS ;gk¡ f’kkk dh

tM+s fons’kh ugh gSaaA f’kkk jk"Vª dh lLrh lqjkk gSA

f’kkk dks Hkkjrh; lekt dk vax cuku s dk iz;kl

izkphudky ls py jgk gSA izkxSfrgkfld dky ls gh

Hkkjrh; f’kkk bruh ltho laiq"V laLd`fr] /keZ] vkSj

oSHko ls iw.kZ jgh gS ftldk o.kZu izkphu xzUFkksa esa

izkIr gksrk gSA

izkphu dky ls Hkkjr mPp f’kkk dk

loZJs"B fo[;kr dsUnz jgk gSA mPp f’kkk dk vFkZ

gS& lHkh dks nh tkus okyh vfuok;Z f’kkk ls Åij

fdlh fo’ks"k ;k fo"k;ksa esa fo’ks"k] fo’kn~ rFkk lwe

f’kkkA ;g f’kkk ds ml Lrj dk uke gS tks xq#dqyksa]

fo’ofo|ky;ksa] O;kolkf;d fo’of|ky;ksa] dE;qfuVh

egkfo|ky;ksa] fycjy vkVZ dkystksa ,oa izkS|ksfxdh

laLFkkuksa vkfn ds kjk nh tkrh gSaA izkFkfed ,oa

ek/;fed ds ckn ;g f’kkk dk rhljk iM+ko gS tks

izk;% ,sfPNd gksrk gSA blesa Lukrd] ijkLukrd]

O;kolkf;d f’kkk ,oa izf’kk.k vkfn lfEefyr gSA

Hkkjr dh izkphu f'kk.k i)fr dk ewy

izkjEHk miu;u laLdkj ls gksrk gSA vFkoZosn ls Kkr

gksrk gS fd&

miu;u ds i'pkr~ vkpk;Z f'k"; dks

;Kksiohr kjk vius fu;U=.k esa ysrk gSA vkpk;Z ds

lkfUu/; esa gh jgdj izkFkfed f'kkk xzg.k djrs gq,

f'k"; dks mPp f'kkk izkfIr dh vk;q izkIr djus ij os

mls |kok vkSj ifFkoh dk leLRk Kku nsrs gSa&

vFkoZZosn ds gh vuqlkj vkpk;Z f'k"; dks

rstLoh cukrs gSa&

;g leLr Kku vkpk;Z Lo;a la;e esa jgrs

gq, f'k";kas dks nsrs gSa&

vkfn&vkfn

bl izdkj izkphu Hkkjr esa mPp f'kkk dk

Lo#i izeq[k pkj mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ djrk gqvk

n`f"Vxr gksrk gS&

¼1½ czãp;kZoLFkk esa f'kkk kjk pfj= fuekZ.k

¼2½ O;fäRo dk 'kkjhfjd o ekufld lokZaxh.k

fodkl

¼3½ Lukrd esa LokFkZ R;kxiwoZd mRrjnkf;Ro vkSj

dÙkZO;&Hkko&tkxj.k

¼4½ izkphu laLd`fr vkSj lkfgR; dk lajk.k

djukA

bu mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ ds lkFk&lkFk izkphu

f'kk.k iz.kkyh dh dfri; fof'k"Vrk,¡ bl izdkj dh

Hkh ifjyfkr gksrh gSaA ;Fkk&miu;uksijkUr

czãp;kZoLFkk dk lE;d ifjikyu] L=h f'kkk dh

O;oLFkk] O;kolkf;d f'kkk] lkfgfR;d] /kkfEkZd vkSj

vk/;kfRed f'kkk] mi;ksxh yfyr dykvksa dh f'kkk

pfj= xBu] lkekftd o ukxfjd xq.kksa dk fodkl]

xq#&f'k"; dk oS;fäd lEcU/k] xq#dqy o vkJe ds

thou dk mPpre vkn'kZ] lknk thou mPp fopkj]

lekurk dh Hkkouk] fof'k"V ikB~;&fo"k; vkSj ikB~;






iz.kkyh tSls&/kuqfoZ|k] vk;qfoZKku] fpfdRlk foKku

vkfn dk lS)kfUrd ,oa izk;ksfxd iBu&ikBu vkfnA

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkh nks izdkj n`f"Vxr gksrs gSa&

¼1½ vUrsoklh ¼xq# ds lehi jgus okys½ vkSj

¼2½ lkekU; lk/kkj.k Kkufiiklk r`fIr gsrq

izfrfnu xq#x`g fo|k/;;u gsrq vkus okysA

f'kkk dh vof/k ckjg o"kZ dh Fkh] ftlds

vuqlkj mPp f'kkk ckjg o"kZ dh voLFkk ls izkjEHk

gksdj pkSchl o"kZ dh mez rd lekIr gks tkrh FkhA

fo|k/;;u dh lekfIr ij lekorZu laLdkj fd;k

tkrk Fkk] ftlesa xq# lcdks ,d= djds nhkkUr

mins'k nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd &

&

vkfn n`"VO; v/;;u ds fo"k; eq[;r% ijk

vkSj vijk fo|k ds #i esa FksA ijk fo|k esa

vkRek&ijekRek dk Kku djk;k tkrk Fkk RkFkk 'ks"k

ykSfdd fo|kvksa dk Kku vijk fo|k esa djk;k tkrk

FkkA vijk fo|k dh f'kkk o.kZ o O;olk; ds vuqlkj

fHkUu&fHkUu FkhA ch0,u0 yqf.k;k ds vuqlkj& ^tkrd

xzUFkksa ls fofnr gksrk gS fd ckS) ;qx esa kf=; vkSj

czká.k ;qod rhu osnksa vkSj vBkjg f'kYiksa dk v/;;u

djrs Fks 6A* vf/kdrj f'kkk ekSf[kd gksrh Fkh] ftlls

f'kfkr O;fä dk ikf.MR; Lor% Li"V ifjyfkr gksrk

FkkA okn&fookn rFkk lkoZtfud 'kkL=kFkZ Hkh gksrs

jgrs Fks] ftlls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fopkj vkSj fo'ys"k.k dh

izofRr fodflr gksrh FkhA okd~iVqrk] fpUru] euu]

fujhk.k] rqyuk vkfn fofo/k ekufld 'kfä;k¡ fo|kFkhZ

esa izLQqfVr o iq"V gks tkrh FkhaA

foku~ vkpk;Z o v/;kid v/;;u dk;Z ls

vodk'k izkIr dj viuk i;kZIr le; fofo/k fo|kvksa

ds vUos"k.k vkSj vuqlU/kku esa yxkrs FksA ifj.kker%

lkfgR;] dkO;] ukVd] osnkUr] Hkk";] rdZ'kkL=]

/keZ'kkL=] jktuhfr] T;ksfr"k] xf.kr] ;q)fo|k rFkk

fpfdRlk vkfn fofHkUu Kku&foKku ds fo"k;ksa ij

vusdkusd ikf.MR;iw.kZ xzUFk Hkh fy[ks x;sA

izkphu f'kk.k i)fr eas ijhkk

izek.ki= vFkok inoh nsus tSlh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugh

fn[kykbZ iM+rh gSA ijhkk ds uke ij ekSf[kd iz'u gh

xq#&vkpk;Z kjk iwNs tkrs Fks( ftudk leqfpr mRrj

nsus ij vxyk ikB vFkok xzUFk i<+kuk izkjEHk dj

fn;k tkrk FkkA dkykUrj esa f'kkk lekfIr ds mijkUr

lekorZu ls iwoZ xq# vius f'k"; dks for~ e.Myh]

ifj"kn~ vkSj jktlHkkvksa esa Hkstus yxsA tgk¡ muls

fofHkUu izdkj ds iz'u fd;s tkrs vkSj 'kkL=kFkZ gksrkA

bl izdkj ;ksX;rk] fork vkSj ikf.MR; ds vk/kkj ij

lekorZu laLdkj ds le; mikf/k nsus dh izFkk izkjEHk

gqbZ vkSj e/;dkyhu caxky esa rdkZyadkj o rdZ

pdzorhZ tSlh izfrf"Br info;k¡ nh tkus yxhaA

izkphu Hkkjr esa mPp f'kkk ds fy,

vkt dh rjg lqO;ofLFkr o lqlaxfBr f'kk.k laLFkk,¡

ugh FkhaA loZizFke ckS) ;qx esa vkdj gesa ckS) fogkjksa

esa fdafpr f'kk.k laLFkkvksa dk izkjfEHkd #i ns[kus dks

feyrk gS] tgkW ckS) fHkkq&fHkkqf.k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk

lkekU; tu dks Hkh O;ofLFkr <+ax ls f'kkk iznku dh

tkrh FkhA ukyUnk vkSj fodzef'kyk tSls

fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk izknqHkkZo bUgha ckS) fogkjksa ds vk/kkj

ij gqvkA bUgha dk vuqdj.k uoha vkSj nloha 'krkCnh

esa fgUnw efUnjksa ds kjk f'kk.k dk;Z ds fy, fd;k

tkus yxkA bl izdkj mPp f'kkk ds fy, dfri;

,sls dsUnz LFkkfir gksus yxs] ftUgsa izzeq[kr% ge ikWp

#ikas esa ns[k ldrs gSa&

¼1½ ckS) fogkj

¼2½ fgUnw efUnj

¼3½ fo'kky jkt/kkfu;k¡

¼4½ izeq[k rhFkZLFky vkSj

¼5½ vxzgkj xzkeA

buesa ls ckS) fogkj ckS) laLd`fr]

ckS) /keZ] ckS) n'kZu o 'kkL=ksa ds f'kk.k dsUnz cus

vkSj fgUnw efUnj fgUnw /keZ] fgUnw laLd`fr] Hkkjrh;

n'kZu vkSj 'kkL=ksa ds f'kk.k dsUnz cusA foku~ 'kkld

jktkvksa dh fo'kky jkt/kkfu;k¡ ;Fkk&dUukSt] fefFkyk]

mTtSu] /kkjk] rkf'kyk vkfn Hkh mPp f'kkk ds dsUnz

cuhaA izfl) rhFkZLFky ;Fkk&okjk.klh dkaph]

mTtf;uh o ukfld vkfn Hkh iz/kku f'kkk ds dssUnz

gq,A v/;;u&v/;kiujr foku~ czkã.k dqyksa dks

jkT; dh vksj ls ,rnFkZ fn;s x;s xzkeksa dks vxzgkj

dgk x;k vkSj ;s xzke Hkh mPPk f'kk.k dsUnz cusA

;Fkk&loZKiqj rFkk jk"VªdwV jkT; dk dkfMiqj vkfnA

Hkkjr ds izkphure [;kfryC/k]

lqO;ofLFkr] lqlaxfBr mPp f'kkk dsUnzksa esa rkf'kyk

dk uke loZizFke gS] tks fd if'peh iatkc ds

jkoyfiaMh uxj ls yXkHkx 32 fdyksehVj nwj FkkA

bZLoha lu~ dh izkjfEHkd lfn;ksa esa gh rkf'kyk dh






mPpf'kkk ds fy, vR;Ur izflf) gks pqdh FkhA phuh

;k=h Qkáku us ik¡poha lnh ds izkjEHk esa gh bldh

mUufr dk fo'kn o.kZu fd;k gSA bruh izflf) gksus

ij Hkh ml le; rkf'kyk esa u rks dksbZ fufnZ"V

ikB~;Øe Fkk] u fuf'pr le;kof/kA ijhkk dk Hkh

dksbZ izkfo/kku ugha Fkk vkSj blhfy, lEHkor% dksbZ

izek.ki= vFkok mikf/k nsus dh Hkh O;oLFkk ugha FkhA

f'kkd vFkok vkpk;Zx.k ds fy, dksbZ fuf'pr osru

Hkh ugha Fkk] fQj Hkh xq# O;fäxr #i ls Nk= ij

/;ku nsrs FksA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd izR;sd vkpk;Z viuk

ikB~;Øe o f'kkk vof/k fuf'pr djus esa LorU= FkkA

nwljk uke ukyUnk ckS) fogkj ds

fo'ofo|ky; ds #i esa izfrf"Br gksus dk izkIr gksrk

gSA vkBoha lnh rd ;g ml le; dk vUrjkZ"Vªh;

KkuefUnj vFkok fo'ofo|ky; Fkk] ftlesa yadk]

frCcr] eaxksfy;k] phu rFkk dksfj;k vkSj nfk.kh iwohZ

,f'k;k rd ds fo|kFkhZ f'kkk xzg.k djrs FksA bl

izdkj mPp f'kkk ds ks= esa X;kjgoha lnh rd ;g

Kku&foKku dk fo'oLrjh; iFk&izn'kZd jgkA

lkroha&vkBoha 'krkCnh esa oYkHkh uked ,d vU;

fo'ofo|ky; lkSjk"Vª esa [;kfr izkIr Fkk] tks fd

f'kk.k dk;Z esa ukyUnk ds ledk FkkA

vkBoha 'krkCnh esa gh fcgkj ds Hkkxyiqj ds

lehi ikyoa'k ds jktkvksa us foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky;

dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA ;g fo'ofo|ky; vU; dh viskk

vf/kd lqO;ofLFkr vkSj lqlaxfBr FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS

fd vxyh pkj 'krkfCn;ksa rd ;g Hkkjr dk izfl)

mPp f'kkk dsUnz jgkA ;gkW iky ujs'kksa kjk f'kkk

lekfIr ij mikf/k;k¡ Hkh iznku dh tkrh FkhaA blds

i'pkr~ X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa fons'kh ;k=h vyc#uh ds

vuqlkj d'ehj Hkh mPp f'kkk dk egRoiw.kZ dsUnz jgk

gSA ;|fi ;gk¡ ds vkpk;Zx.k ,oa if.Mr vius&vius

vyx&vyx v/;;u dsUnz pykrs FksA fo'ofo|ky;

tSlk dksbZ leqfpr lqO;ofLFkr laxBu ugha FkkA

blhizdkj okjk.klh] uohi] /kkjk] dUukSt rFkk

mTtSu vkfn Hkh mPp f'kkk ds izeq[k dsUnz jgsA

nfk.k Hkkjr esa enqjk dh ^la?ke* laLFkk rFkk /kkjk

¼ekyok½ dh ^'kkjnk lnu* laLFkk Hkh fof'k"V

mYys[kuh; jghaA bl izdkj izkphu Hkkjr esa mPp

f'kkk dk Lrj vrho mUur fQj Hkh ckákMEcj ls

loZFkk jfgr nf"Vxr gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd iwoZ

esa of.kZr mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ eas lrr~ lUu) rRdkyhu

mPp f'kkk fo'o esa viuk ijpe Qgjk jgh FkhA

bldk lEiw.kZ Js; laLd`rfu"B Kku&foKku rFkk

lka[;&;ksx] U;k;&oS'ksf"kd] iwoZ&Ekhekalk RkFkk

mRrj&ehekalk ¼osnkUr½ vkSj ijk&vijk vkfn fo|kvksa

dks tkrk gSA

Hkkjr ds lkaLd`frd] ,sfrgkfld]

jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd vk/;kfRed] nk’kZfud] lkekftd

vkSj jktuSfrd thou ,oa fodkl ds lksikuksa dh

lEiw.kZ O;k[;k laLd`r okaXe; ds ek/;e ls vkt fo’o

foJqr gSA

¼1½ vFkoZosn 11@5@3

¼2½ r=So 11@5@8

¼3½ r=So 11@5@15

¼4½ r=So 11@5@17

¼5½ rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kn~ 1@11

¼6½ izkphu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr] ch0,u0 yqf.k;k] i`0] 735

¼7½ JhokLro] d".kpUnz] 1987 izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr] ;wukbVsM ifCyds’ku] bykgkcknA






mi;qZDr ’kks/k i= es lkoZtfud forj.k

iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr ;kstukvksa ds fo"k; esa rFkk

dkMZ/kkjdksa ds fooj.k ds fo"k; esa v/;;u fd;k

tkosxkA lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds fy;s ftruh

;kstuk,a ljdkj kjk pykbZ tk jgh gSa blds fo"k; esa

lEiw.kZ tkudkjh miyC/k djkbZ tkosxhA lkoZtfud

forj.k iz.kkyh tks [kk| lqjkk O;oLFkk dk vk/kkj gS

;fn ;g dgdj bls lacksf/kr fd;k tk;s rks ;g

xyr ugha gksxkA bl O;oLFkk kjk ,d fuf’pr

izfdz;k ds rgr miHkksDrkvksa dks fj;k;rh njksa ij

[kk|kUu miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA blds kjk

miHkksDrkvksa dks fj;k;rh dherksa ij [kk|kUu miyC/k

gks tkrs gSaA blds dq’kyrkiwoZd lapkyu gsrq cgqr lh

;kstuk,a ljdkj kjk pykbZ tk jgh gSa ftuds ek/;e

ls T;knk ls T;knk miHkksDrkvksa dks bl jk’ku forj.k

O;oLFkk ls ykHkkafUor fd;k tk lds rFkk izR;sd jkT;

ljdkj kjk T;knk ls T;knk xjhcksa dks bl

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh O;oLFkk esa ’kkfey djus dk

iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS ftlds fy;s dkMZ/kkjdksa dk

fooj.k Hkh bl ’kks/k i= esa izLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA

mi;qZDr ’kks/k i= esa lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds

varxZr dkMZ/kkjdks dk fooj.k rFkk lkoZtfud forj.k

iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr ;kstukvksa dk foospu fd;k

tkosxkA

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dk ns’k esa

[kk| leL;k ds lek/kku esa egRoiw.kZ mYys[k fd;k

x;k gS pwafd blesa cMs+ iSekus ij ljdkjh gLrksi

fughr gSA mfpr nj nqdkuksa ds ek/;e ls [kk| enksa

dk forj.k esa lgkf;dh dh Hkkjh /kujkf’k ’kkfey gS

;g iz.kkyh cgqr ls yskxksa ds thou Lrj ls tqMh gSA

eq[;r% ;g yksxksa dks vko’;d [kk| inkFkksZ

dks lLrs nkeksa ij miyC/k djkus dk egRoiw.kZ lk/ku

gSA vFkZ O;oLFjkk ds fodkl ds fy;s ;g fo’ks"k egRo

j[krh gSA xjhch ds f[kykQ yMkbZ yMus dk lgk;d

midj.k gSA lkFk gh 1991 ls viuk;s tk lds

vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds vYidkfyd izfrdwy izHkkoksa ls

xjhcksa dks cpkus dk vPNk lk/ku gSA

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds fy;s ;g Hkh

vko’;d gS fd vFkZ O;oLFkk esa tks lajpukRed

ifjorZu yk;s tk jgs gSa muesa tula[;k vlqjfkr oxZ

dk cpko djuk rFkk ;g eglwl fd;k tk pqdk Fkk

fd ,slh [kk| uhfr tks ’kgjh rFkk vHkkoxzLr ks=ksa

dh t:jrksa dks i wjk dj ldsA ns’k ds fodkl ds

lanHkZ esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA lkoZtfud

forj.k iz.kkyh dk rkRi;Z miHkksDrk dks mfpr ewY;

ij vfuok;Z oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq lkoZtfud O;oLFkk

gSA vfuok;Z oLrqvksa dh mfpr ewY; ij fujarj iwfrZ

cuk;s j[kus dk nkf;Ro lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ij

gksrk gSA lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dk izeq[k mn~ns’;

jk’ku dh nqdkuksa kjk lLrh dherksa ij miHkksDrkvksa

dks vko’;d oLrq,a miyC/k djkukA

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dk eq[; dk;Z

lapkyu Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe kjk fd;k tkrk gS tks

ljdkj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ foHkkx gSA blds i’pkr

,d fuf’pr izfdz;k ds kjk bls miHkksDrkvksa rd

igqapk;k tkrk gSA lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh kjk

[kk|kUu lqjkk iznku djus dh leL;k gsrq dkQh gn

rd lek/kku izkIr fd;k tk pqdk gSA

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr

;kstukvksa dk v/;;u djukA

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr

;kstuk,a

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dk izkjaHk caxky jkT; esa

vdky ds le; ekuk tkrk gSA ukSoh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk

tks o"kZ 1997 ls izkjaHk gksdj 2002 dks lekIr gqbZ

mlesa Hkh bl ckr ij fo’k"sk cy fn;k fd [kk|kUu

leL;k ds lek/kku gsrq [kk| lqjkk iz.kkyh dk

fuekZ.k fd;k tkos rkfd vdky ;k vU; vkikrdkyhu

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa [kk|kUuksa dks miyC/k djkus ds [krjs

dks lekIr fd;k tk ldsA izkjaHk esa bl O;oLFkk dks

ns’k ds dqN jkT;ksa rFkk vHkkoxzLr bykds esa izkjaHk






fd;k x;k ijUrq izkjafHkd nkSj esa ;g O;oLFkk viuk

lEiw.kZ izHkko fn[kkus esa vlQy jgh rFkk bldk ykHk

lekt ds mPp oxksZ kjk fy;k tkus yxkA xjhch

rFkk okLrfod miHkksDrkvksa dks bldk ykHk ugha fey

ik jgk Fkk ftlds dkj.k bls can dj fn;k x;kA o"kZ

1997 esa iqjkuh jk’ku forj.k O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj djds

bls yfkr lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds :i esa ykxw

fd;k x;k rFkk bls 01 twu 1997 dks lEiw.kZ Hkkjr

ns’k esa ykxw fd;k x;kA bl O;oLFkk dks ykxw djus

dk eq[; y; xjhcksa rFkk vHkkoxzLr yksxksa dks bl

O;oLFkk dk ykHk igqapkuk gh fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dks ykxw djus ds

izeq[k mn~ns’; fuEufyf[kr gSa %&

1- lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dks ykxw djus dk

lcls izeq[k rFkk egRoiw.kZ mn~ns’; xjhcksa

rFkk vHkkoxzLr yksxksa dks [kk| lqjkk

miyC/k djkukA

2- cktkj esa oLrqvksa dh c<+h gq, dherksa ij

LFkkf;Ro cuk;s j[kuk Hkh lkoZtfud forj.k

iz.kkyh dk izeq[k mn~ns’; FkkA

3- vko’;d [kk| inkFkksZ dks miyC/k djkus

tSls izkdfrd vkink] ck<] lw[kk] HkwdEi

tSlh leL;kvksa ds fy;s ns’k dks rS;kj fd;k

tk ldsA

4- vko’;d [kk| inkFkksZ dks xjhch rFkk

vHkkoxzLr yksxksa dks miyC/k djkukA

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh [kk| lqjkk dh

n`f"V ls cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk j[krh gSA ;g

iz.kkyh lekt ds cgqr cMs fuEu oxZ okys yksxksa dks

ykHkkfUor dj jgh gSA lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh rFkk

[kk| lqjkk O;oLFkk ds fy;s tks ;kstuk,a iapo"khZ;

;kstuk o"kZ 1951 ls izkjaHk dh xbZ Fkh o"kZ 2012 ls

2017 rd 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk rd izR;sd iapo"khZ;

;kstuk esa [kk| lqjkk gsrq rFkk [kk|kUu mRiknu

c<+kus gsrq ;kstuk,a cukbZ tkrh gSaA [kk| lqjkk ds

ks= esa vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djus gsrq y;

fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrs gSaA orZeku le; esa e/;izns’k

ljdkj kjk ,slh cgqr lh ;kstuk,a pykbZ tk jgh gSa

ftuls vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dks ykHkkfUor fd;k tk

ldsA lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr ;kstuk,a

fuEufyf[kr gSa %&

vUrksn; vUu ;kstuk dh

’kq:vkr o"kZ 2002 esa dh xbZ FkhA bl ;kstuk dk

mn~ns’; tk s yksx xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou;kiu dj

jgs gSa rFkk ftudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr xjhch js[kk ds uhps

dh fLFkfr ls Hkh [kjkc gS ;k tks vius nSfud [kk|

inkFkksZ dh iwfrZ gsrq fcydqy Hkh lke ugha gSaA lekt

ds ml oxZ dks [kk| lqjkk iznku djkuk varksn;

vU; ;kstuk ds varxZr jk’ku forj.k O;oLFkk esa izfr

ifjokjksa dks fj;k;rh njksa ij [kk|kUuksa dks forfjr

djus dk y; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA bl ;kstuk ds

varxZr izR;sd ifjokj dks 35 fdxzk- [kk|kUu forfjr

djus dk y; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA bl varksn; vU;

;kstuk dk ykHk ,d djksM+ ls Hkh vf/kd ifjokjksa dks

izkIr gks jgk gSA bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns’; vf/kd

ls vf/kd t:jrean ifjokjksa dks [kk| lqjkk iznku

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds fy, varksn; ik=

ifjokjksa dh igpku ftu ifjokjksa dh vkfFkZd vk;

xjhch js[kk dh Js.kh ls Hkh de vk; gSA mls ml

dkMZ/kkjd dks varksn; ;kstuk dk ykHk izkIr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

vUrksn; vU;

;kstuk ds varxZr tc ik= ifjokjksa dh igpku dj

yh tkrh gSA mu ifjokjksa dks jk’ku dkMZ tkjh fd,

tkrs gSaA

tks ifjokj xzkeh.k ks= esa jgrs

gSa] mUgsa lkns dkxt ij vius lEiw.kZ ifjokj dh

tkudkjh vkfFkZd vk; ds fooj.k ds lkFk vius ks=

ds ljiap ds ikl tek dh tkrh gSA bl ;kstuk ds

fy, xzke lHkk kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd og

ifjokj bl ;kstuk ds fy, ik= gS ;k ugh ;fn ml

ifjokj dks ;kstuk esa ’kkfey dj fy;k tkrk gS rks

mldh tkudkjh xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; dks nh tkrh

gSA

‘ ’kgjh ks=ksa ds ifjokjksa dks bl

;kstuk esa ’kkfey gksus ds fy, lkns dkxt ij vius

ifjokj dh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh rFkk vk; dk fooj.k

’kgjh fodkl ea=ky; dks fn;k tkrk gS rFkk jk’ku

dkMZ [kk| ,oa ukxfjd vkiwrhZ foHkkx kjk tkjh fd,

tkrs gSaA






bl ;kstuk esa ’kiFk i= lgk;d nLrkost

ds :i es fn;k tkrk gS ftlesa bl ckr dk lEiw.kZ

fooj.k gksrk gS fd ifjokj kjk igys dksbZ jk’ku

dkMZ ugh fy;k x;k gSA ifjokj dh vkfFkZd lykuk

vk; dk izek.k i= vkfn lgk;d nLrkostksa varksn;

vU; ;kstuk ds rgr jk’ku dkMZ izkIr djus ds fy,

tkjh fd;s tkrs gSA ljdkj kjk blds fy, fdlh Hkh

izdkj ’kqYd ugh fy;k tkrk gSA

e/;izns’k esa [kk| lqjkk vf/kd c<+kus rFkk

lekt ds xjhc oxZ dks yfkr lkoZtfud forj.k

O;oLFkk dk ykHk miyC/k djkus ds fy, e/;izns’k ds

ekuuh; eq[;ea=h Jh f’kojkt flag pkSgku kjk 24

vizsy 2014 dks eq[;ea=h vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk dh

’kq:vkr dh x;h FkhA bl ;kstuk ds varxZr xjhch

js[kk ds uhps ifjokjksa dks cgqr gh de ewY; ij jk’ku

miyC/k djk;s tkus dh ?kks"k.kk e/;izns’k ljdkj kjk

dh x;hA bl ;kstuk ds varxZr ifjokjksa dks 1 :i;s

izfr fdyksxzke dh nj ls xsgw¡ pkoy rFkk ued

forfjr djus dh ?kks"k.kk ljdkj kjk dh x;hA [kk|

inkFkksZa dks brus de ewY; ij forfjr djus dk dkj.k

,d etnwj viuh ,d fnu dh etnwjh ls ,d ekg

dk jk’ku [kjhn ldrk gSA bl ;kstuk dk ykHk

e/;izns’k ds 35 fefy;u yksxksa dks miyC/k gks jgk

gSA bl egRoiw.kZ rFkk turk dks ykHkkfUor djus

okyh ;kstuk ds dkj.k e/;izns’k ljdkj ij 35

fefy;u lfClMh dk vf/kd Hkkj e/;izns’k ljdkj dks

ogu djuk in jgk gSA

bl ;kstuk ds rgr e/;izns’k ljdkj kjk

,d dne vkxs c<+dj dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA bl

vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk dh eq[; ckr ;g gS fd ued dk

forj.k Hkh ,d :i;s izfr fdyksxzke dh nj ls fd;k

tk jgk gSA

bl eq[;ea=h vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk ds rgr [kk|

inkFkksZa ds ewY; esa tks deh dh x;h mldh lfClMh

dk Hkkj ljdkj ij c<+k fn;k gS tks lfClMh igys

250 fefy;u gqvk djrh FkhA orZeku le; esa 450

fefy;u ij igqWp x;h gS rFkk ued forj.k ds lkFk

lfClMh dk Hkkj ljdkj ij 650 fefy;u iM+ jgk gSA

NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds ckn e/;izns’k nwljk

jkT; gS tks brus de ewY;ksa ij lkoZtfud forj.k

iz.kkyh ds varxZr [kk|kUuksa dk forj.k dj jgk gSA

bl ;kstuk ds varxZr forj.k varksn; vU; ;kstuk

ifjokjksa rFkk xjhch js[kk ds uhps ifjokjksa dks gh fd;k

tk;sxkA

og

ifjokj ftlds ikl xjhch js[kk ds uhps dh Js.kh dk

jk’ku dkMZ izkIr rFkk varksn; jk’ku dkMZ miyC/k gS

;k tks ml Js.kh ds jk’ku dkMZ ds fy, vkosnu djs axs

mUgsa bl ;kstuk dk ykHk izkIr gksxkA

xjhch js[kk ds uhps 61]64]530

varksn; vUu ;kstuk 14]25]517

izkFkfed 39]79]177

xzkeh.k & 18041

’kgjh & 4124

mi;qDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk

tk ldrk gS rFkk vkWdM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g izLrqr gS

fd orZeku le; esa e/;izns’k esa ,d djksM+ ls vf/kd

miHkksDrk gS tks lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr

;kstukvksa dk ykHk miHkksDrkvksa dks izkIr gks jgk gS]

ftlds vk/kkj ij ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh [kk| lqjkk ds ks= esa

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gS rFkk e/;izns’k ljdkj

kjk tks ;kstuk,W miHkksDrkvksa dks ykHkkfUor djus gsrq

cuk;h x;h gS] miHkksDrkvksa rd mudk ykHk igqWpkus

ds fy, ljdkj fujarj iz;kljr gS ijUrq blesa vHkh

Hkh dbZ dfe;k O;kIr gS ftuds lek/kku dh

vko’;drk gS ;k ftlesa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk gS

rFkk bl O;oLFkk dk dq’kyrkiwoZd lapkyu fd;k

tk;s rks ;g O;oLFkk ikjn’khZ rFkk lqjfkr [kk|

lqjkk O;oLFkk lkfcr gksxh A

1- Hkkjrh; vFk Z’kkL= :nznRr ds-ih-jke lqnje o"kZ

2001

2- Hkkjrh; vFkZ’kkL= fodkl ,oa vk;kstu ,-,u-

vxzoky

3- O;ogkfjd vFkZ’kkL= Mk W-ts-lh-ijrs] MkW- ts-ih-

feJk o"kZ 20120

4- Hkkjr 2014

5- lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dk jk"Vªh; iksVZy






lgk;d izk/;kid] lekt’kkL= ’kkldh;] egkfo|ky; uSuiqj] ftyk eaMyk

Hkkjr viuh vuwBh laLd`fr ds fy;s iwjs

fo’o esa fo[;kr gSA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks Ykeh nsoh

ds ntsZ ls uoktk x;k gSA ^^;= ukjh;rs iwt;Urs]

jeUrs rUr nsork** gekjh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa bls ekuk

x;k gS fd tgka ukjh dh iwtk dh tkrh gS ogka nsork

fuokl djrs gSA lf"V ds fuekZrk czEgk gS rks bl

l`f"V esa fujUrjrk ukjh us gh nh gSA lekt esa brus

egRoiw.kZ in ds ckn vkt efgykvksa dh lqjkk ij

iz’u fpUg gh yxk gSA ns’k dh vk/kh tula[;k

efgykvksa dh gS efgyk;sa vkt iq:"kksa ds lkFk da/ks ls

da/kk feykdj dke dj jgh gSA gekjs lafo/kku esa

efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds cjkcj dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA

vR;kpkjksa dh Qsgfj’r ns[kdj yxrk gS fd

efgyk;sa vkt vlqjfkr gSA os vdsyh dgha Hkh tkus esa

Hk; dk vuqHko djrh gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx gj ifjokj

efgyk lqjkk ds fy;s fpafrr gSA pkgs ?kj gks vkWfQl

gks viuh lqjkk ds fy;s fpafrr jgrh gSA vxj

efgykvksa dh ckykRdkj tSlh ?kVuk ij utj Mkys rks

balku dh :g dkai tk;sxhA efgykvksa ij gks jgs

vijk/k dks ns[kdj vkt efgyk lqjkk ij gh Ikz’u

fpUg yxk gqvkA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa efgykvksa dh

lqjkk ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu dkuwu cus gq;s gS fdarq

mlds ckn Hkh efgyk,sa lqjfkr ugha gSA Hkkjrh; naM

lafgrk dkuwu efgykvksa dks lqjkk dop iznku djrk

gSA

¼1½ Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk /kkjk 294 lkoZtfud LFkku

ij xkfy;ka nsuk ,oa v’yhy xkus tks cqjs yxsA

¼2½ /kkjk 304 ch&fdlh efgyk dh eR;q mldk fookg

gksus ds fnukad ls 7 o"kZ dh vof/k ds vanj

mlds ifr ;k ifr ds laacaf/k;ksa kjk ngst laca/kh

ekax ds dkj.k Øwjrk ;k izrkM+uk ds QyLo:Ik

lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vykok gqbZ gksA

¼3½ /kkjk 306 ds varxZr fdlh O;fDr kjk fd, x,

dk;Z ¼36 izsj.k½ ds QyLo:Ik dh xbZA

¼4½ /kkjk 313 ds varxZr efgyk dh bPNk ds fo:)

xHkZikr djokukA

¼5½ /kkjk 314 ds varxZr xHkZikr djus ds mn~ns’; ls

fd, x, dR; kjk efgyhk dh e`R;q gks tkukA

¼6½ /kkjk 315 f’k’kq tUe dks jksduk ;k tUe ds

Ik’pkr mldh eR;q ds mn~ns’; ls fd;k x;k

d`R;A

¼7½ 316 ltho uotkr cPps dks ekjukA

¼8½ 138& fdlh uotkr f’k’kq ds tUe dks Nqikus ds

mn~ns’; ls mlds e`r ’kjhj dks xkM+ukA

¼9½ /kkjk 354 efgyk dh yTtk ’khyrk Hkax djus ds

fy, mlds lkFk cy dk iz;ksx djukA

¼10½ 363 fof/kwi.kZ lajk.k ls efgyk dk vigj.k

djukA

¼11½ 366 ds varxZr fdlh efgyk dks fookg djus ds

fy;s foo’k djuk ;k mls Hkz"V djus ds fy;s

vigj.k djukA

¼12½ /kkjk 371 ds varxZr fdlh efgyk ds lkFk nkl

ds leku O;ogkj djukA

¼13½ /kkjk 372 ds varxZZr oS’;k ofRr ds fy, 18 o"kZ

ls de vk;q dh ckfydk dks cspuk ;k HkkM+s ij

nsukA

¼14½ /kkjk 373 ds varxZr oS’;k o`fRr vkfn ds fy, 18

o"kZ ls de vk;q dh ckfydk dks [kjhnukA

¼15½ /kkjk 376 ds varxZr fdlh efgyk ls dksbZ vU;

iq:"k mldh bPNk ,oa lgefr ds fcuk ;k

Hk;Hkhr dj lgefr izkIr dj vFkok mldk ifr

cudj ;k mldh ekufld fLFkfr dk ykHk

mBkdj ;k 16 o"kZ ls de mez dh ckfydk ds

lkFk mldh lgefr ls nSfgd laca/k djuk ;k 15

o"kZ ls de vk;q dh yM+dh ds lkFk mlds ifr

kjk laHkksx] dksbZ iqfyl vf/kdkjh] flfoy






vf/kdkjh] izca/ku vf/kdkjh] vLirky ds LVkQ

dk dksbZ O;fDr xHkZorh efgyk 12 o"kZ ls de

vk;q dh yM+dh tks muds vfHkjk.k esa gks] vdsys

;k lkewfgd :Ik ls cyRdkj djrk gS] bls

fof’k"V Js.kh dk vijk/k ekuk tkdj fo/kku esa

bl /kkjk ds varxZr de ls de 10 o"kZ dh ltk

dk izko/kkuA

¼16½ /kkjk 372 ¼2½ n-iz-la- ds varxZr mijksDr izdkj

dk fopkj can dejs esa fd;k tk;sA

¼17½ /kkjk 405&406 ngst dk lkeku llqjky ik ds

yksxksa kjk dCtk j[kuk vijk/k gSA

¼18½ 506 Hkk-n-fo- nckc ;k /kedh ls ngst izkIr

djuk vijk/k gSA

¼19½ 1973 efgykvksa dks lajk.k vf/kfu;e efgykvksa

dks lajk.k iznku djrh gSA

¼20½ 1872 Hkkjrh; lk; vf/kfu;e mRihfM+r

efgykvvksa ds fgrksa ls lacaf/kr gSA

¼21½ /kkjk 363 esa O;igj.k ds vijk/k ds fy, naM ij

7 lky dk dkjkokl vkSj /kkjk 363 d esa Hkh[k

ekaxus ds iz;kstu ls fdlh efgyk dk vigj.k

;k fodykaxhdj.k djus ij 10 lky dk

dkjkokl vkSj tqekZukA

¼22½ /kkjk 366 esa fdlh L=h dks fookg vkfn ds fy,

foo’k djus ds fy, vigZr djus vFkok mRizsfjr

djus ij 10 o"kZ dk dkjkokl tqekZus ds izko/kku

gSA

¼23½ /kkjk 372 esa oS’;k ofRr ds fy, fdlh L=h dks

[kjhnus ij 10 o"kZ dk dkjkokl tqekZukA

¼24½ /kkjk 373 esa oS’;k ofRr vkfn ds izk;kstu ds

fy, efgyk dks [kjhnus ij 10 o"kZ dk dkjkokl

tqekZuk ,oa cykRdkj ls lacaf/kr naM vthou

dkjkokl ;k nl o’kZ dk dkjkokl vkSj tqekZukA

¼25½ /kkjk 376 d esa iq:"k kjk viuh iRuh ds lkFk

i`FDdj.k ds nkSjku laHkksx djus ij 2 o"kZ dk

dkjkokl vFkok ltk ;k nksuksaA

¼26½ /kkjk 376 [k esa yksd lsod kjk mldh vfHkjkk

esa fLFkr L=h esa laHkksx djus ij 5 o"kZ rd dh

ltk ;k tqekZuk vFkok nksukasA

¼27½ /kkjk 376 x esa dkjkxkj ;k lq/kkj xg ds

v/khkd kjk laHkksx djus ij 5 o"kZ dh ltk

;k tqekZukA

¼27½ 1994 esa izlo iwoZ funku rduhd vf/kfu;e

fØ;kfUor fd;k eknk Hkzw.k dks xHkZ esa gh u"V

djus ds mn~ns’; ls fyax ijhk.kA

¼28½ 1961 esa ngst fu’ks/k vf/kfu;e cykRdkj]

fØ;kfUor fd;k x;kA 1986 esa bls la’kksf/kr

fd;k x;kA

¼29½ 1961 esa izlwfr lqfo/kk vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;kA

¼30½ 1976 esa leku x;k ikfjJfed vf/kfu;e 1976

ikfjr fd;k x;kA

¼31½ 1979 esa “kklu us vrZjkfT;d izoklu deZdkj

vf/kfu;e tks fd efgyk deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s

i`Fd ’kkSpky; ,oa LFkku x`gksa dh O;oLFkk dh

xbZA

¼32½ 1970 Bsdk Je vf/kfu;e esa efgykvksa ls 9

?kaVs gh dk;Z fy;k tk;sA

fL=;ksa ds mRihM+u jksdus vkSj mUgsa muds gd

fnykus ds ckjsa esa cM+h la[;k esa dkuwu ikfjr gq, gSA

lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 esa dkuwuh lekurkA

vuqPNsn 15¼3½ esa tkfr] /keZ] fyax ,oa tUe LFkku

vkfn ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko u djukA

vuqPNsn 16¼1½ esa yksd lsokvksa esa fcuk HksnHkko ds

volj dh lekurkA

vuqPnsn 19¼1½ esa leku :Ik ls vHkO;fDr dh

Lora=rkA

vuqPNsn 21 esa L=h ,oa iq:"k nksuksa dks izk.k ,oa

nSfgd Lok/khurk ls oafpr u djukA

vuqPNsn 25&28 esa /kkfeZd Lora=rk nksuksa dks

leku :Ik ls iznRrA

vuqPNsn 29&30 esa f’kkk ,oa laLd`fr dk

vf/kdkjA

vuqPNsn 32 esa laoS/kkfud mipkjksa dk vf/kdkjA






vuqPNsn 39¼?k½ esa iq:"kksa ,oa fL=;ksa dks leku

dk;Z ds fy;s leku osru dk vf/kdkjA

vuqPNsn 40 esa iapk;rh jkT; laLFkkvksa esa 73osa ,oa

74osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku ds ek/;e ls vkjk.k dh

O;oLFkkA

vuqPNsn 42 esa efgykvksa gsrq izlwfr lgk;rk

ikfjr dh O;oLFkkA

vuqPNsn 47 esa iks’kkgkj thou Lrj ,oa yksd

LokLF; esa lq/kkj djuk ljdkj dk nkf;Ro gSA

vuqPNsn 51¼Q½ ¼M½ esa Hkkjr ds lHkh yksx ,slh

izFkkvksa dk R;kx djsa tks fL=;ksa ds lEeku ds

fo:) gksA

vuqPNsn 33 ¼Q½ esa izLrkfor 84osa lafo/kku

la” kks/ku ds tfj, yksdlHkk esa efgykvksa ds fy;s

vkjk.k dh O;oLFkkA

vuqPNsn 332¼d½ esa izLrkfor 84osa lafo/kku

la’kks/ku ds tfj;s jkT;ksa dh fo/kku lHkkvksa esa

efgykvksa ds fy, vkjk.k dh O;oLFkk gSA

fy, foo’k djuk ;k mls Hkz"V djus ds fy,

vigj.k djukA

1- 2011 & 24206

2- 2012 & 24470

3- 2013 & 24923

4- 2014 & 36735

5- 2015 & 34651

6- 2016 & 38947

2011 ls 2016 rd ds vkadM+ksa dks ns[krs gS

rks ;s lkfcr gksrk gS fd cykRdkj dh la[;k esa

btkQk gqvk gSA 2015 esa 34651 jsi ds’k jftLVªMZ gS

tks fd 2014 ls de fn[kkbZ nsrs gS fdUrq Hkkjr ns’k

esa ,d o"kZ esa 34651 jsi ds’k dk jftLVªMZ vkadM+k Hkh

gedks ’keZ ls >qdk nsrk gSA ns’k esa gj ?kaVs esa 4

cykRdkj gksrs gS vkSj 15 feuV esa 1 efgyk ds lkFk

cykRdkj gksrk gSA

2011 & 8618

2012 & 8233

3- 2013 & 8083

4- 2014 & 8455

5- 2015 & 7634

6- 2016 & 7621

mi;ZqDr vkadM+ksa ij utj Mkyrs gS rks ngst

gR;k 2011 ls 2014 rd 8000 ls T;knk gSA tcfd

2015&2016 rqyukRed :Ik ls de ngst gR;k ds

ds’k jftLVªMZ gSA

efgykvksa ij gks jgs vijk/kksa esa ,flM vVsd

vkSj /kjsyw fgalk Hkh izeq[k gSA ,flM vVsd 2011 esa

35565 ,oa 2012 esa 38262 jftLVªMZ FksA /kjsyw fagalk

2011 esa 99135 rFkk 2012 esa 106527 jftLVªMZ ds” k

FksA

" " brus dkuwuksa ds Ik’pkr vkt Hkh efgykvksa

ij vijk/k] vR;kpkj] HksnHkko [kRe ugha gks jgk gSA

efgykvksa ds fy;s <sj lkjs dkuwu cus gS fdUrq ikyu

FkksM+k gks jgk gSA iq:"k iz/kku ekufldrk okys Hkkjrh;

lekt esa L=h;ksa ij vkt Hkh HksnHkko vkSj vR;kpkj gks

jgs gSA

efgykvksa dh lqjkk gsrq dkuwuh dop iw.kZ

rks gS fdUrq efgykvksa dh lqjkk gsrq ykpkj flQZ

dkuwuh dop gh Ik;kZIr ugha cfYd bldk ifjikyu

Ik;kZIr gksA brus dkuwu dks ns[kus ls yxrk gS fd

efgyk iw.kZr% lqjfkr gS fdUrq O;ogkfjd /kjkry ij

,slk ugha gSA

vkt vko’;drk bl ckr dh gS dkuwu ds

lkFk&lkFk lexz n`f"V Hkh ,slh gks fd thou nkf;uh

efgyk dks Hkfo"; lqjfkr vkSj Hk;eqDr gksA

1. https://khabar.hdtv.com

2. zeeneos.india.com

3. https://hindi.speakingtree.in

4. www.hindi.kidiniya.com






5. www.dw.com

6. hindiwebduniya.com

7. https://www.ichowk.in

8. www.bbc.com

9. aajtak.in.ubZ fnYyh18 December 2016

10. https://www.jansatta.com

11. www.indiaonlinepages.com>population

12. www.worldmeters.info>india.population

13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/violenceagainst

_womeninindia

14. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wikirape

15. https://www.indiatoday.in>india

16. https://www.statista.com>statistics

17. www.indiaspendhindi.com>coverstory

18. ps://www.aljazeera.com

19. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com






Today’s Need – Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Dr. Prabha Soni

Associate Prof. Sociology, Swami Vivekanand Govt. Pg College Harda MP

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was a dream

dreamt by Mahatma Gandhi. During his time he

was abiding by the circumstances of poor people

and the impure condition of the country. He said,

“Cleanliness and sanitation are an integral part to

lead a healthy life.” India became far from

cleanliness after 67 years of independence.

Therefore this mission is a serious campaign

started by the Government of India to establish

the country completely clean and sanitization with

various programs. It is very necessary for the

country till the goal has got completed. This

mission will improve the quality of urban living.

This is an ecological campaign, which initiates

people to maintain sanitation in rural areas. You

can step in this program for a clean and green

India. The campaign was officially launched on 2

October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime

Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest

cleanliness drive to date with 3 million

government employees, school students, and

college students from all parts of India

participating in 4,041 statutory cities, towns and

associated rural areas.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA)

(or Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is a campaig

that aims to clean up the streets, roads and

infrastructure of India's cities, smaller towns, and

rural areas. The objectives of Swachh Bharat

include eliminating open defecation through the

construction of household-owned and community-

owned toilets and establishing an accountable

mechanism of monitoring toilet use. Run by

the Government of India, the mission aims to

achieve an Open-Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2

October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth

of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 12 million

toilets in rural India at a projected cost of ₹1.96

lakh crore.

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi

exhorted people to fulfill Mahatma Gandhi's vision

of Clean India. The 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' is a

massive mass movement that seeks to create a

Clean India. Cleanliness was very close to

Mahatma Gandhi's heart. A clean India is the best

tribute we can pay to Bapu when we celebrate his

150th birth anniversary in 2019. Mahatma Gandhi

devoted his life so that India attains 'Swarajya'.

Now the time has come to devote ourselves

towards 'Swachchhata' (cleanliness) of our

motherland. He spoke of the need for toilets in his

2014 Independence Day speech:

Has it ever pained us that our mothers

and sisters have to defecate in open? Poor

womenfolk of the village wait for the night; until

darkness descends, they can't go out to defecate.

What bodily torture they must be feeling, how

many diseases that act might engender. Can't we

just make arrangements for toilets for the dignity

of our mothers and sisters?

The aim of the mission is to cover all the

rural and urban areas of the country to present

this country as an ideal country before the world.

The mission has targeted aims like eliminating the

open defecation, converting insanitary toilets into

pour flush toilets, eradicating manual scavenging,

complete disposal and reuse of solid and liquid

wastes, bringing behavioural changes to people

and motivate health practices, spreading

cleanliness awareness among people,

strengthening the cleanliness systems in the urban

and rural areas as well as creating user friendly

environment for all private sectors interested for

investing in India for cleanliness maintenance.This

mission has an interesting theme of inviting nine

new people by each and every involved people in

the campaign and continuing this chain until the

each and every citizen of India gets involved in this

campaign..The main aim of cleanliness campaign is

http://essayonquotes.com/essay-and-meaning-of-weak-can-never-forgive-forgiveness-attribute-strong-mahatma-gandhi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_defecation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi






to disseminate the mission as an awareness

program globally. This program involves the

construction of bathrooms in public areas,

promoting sanitation awareness in rural areas,

cleaning streets, bringing behavioral changes to

people, and converting India an ideal country

before the world. Agreeing to this campaign nine

people would first invited to the program and

continue the chain likewise, this way there would

be a huge chain of people who can involve in this

campaign and make it a success. By the

completion of the cleanliness program, it would

indirectly draw the attention of business investors

in India and also tourists attraction would be more

from all over the world. This would afford a more

serious outcome economic growth of India. On

that point are various brand ambassadors are

nominated by the Prime Minister to this event to

induce it a successful campaign. This mission

facilitates the participation of private sectors

towards cleanliness program. Therefore this

mission is a serious campaign started by the

Government of India to establish the country

completely clean and sanitization.

The mission contains two sub-missions:

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ("Gramin" or rural), which

operates under the Ministry of Drinking Water and

Sanitation; and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Urban),

which operates under the Ministry of Housing and

Urban Affairs. The mission includes ambassadors

and activities such as national real-time

monitoring and updates from non-governmental

organizations (NGOs) that are working towards its

ideas of swachh BharathNational campaign spans

4,041 statutory cities and towns. It is the current

of a few prior campaigns, including Nirmal Bharat

Abhiyan and the Total Sanitation Campaign, which

had similar goals.The Times of India reported that

the idea for Swachh Bharat was developed in

March 2014 at a sanitation conference organised

by UNICEF India and the Indian Institute of

Technology as part of the larger Total Sanitation

Campaign, which the Indian government launched

in 1999.The Indian government aims to achieve

an Open-Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2 October

2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth

of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 12

million toilets in rural India at a projected cost

of ₹1.96 lakh crore (US$31 billion).Swachh

Sarvekshan 2017 was an extensive sanitation

survey across 500 cities in India. The Ministry of

Urban Development, commissioned Quality

Council of India to conduct this survey; to check

the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat

Abhiyanlaunched in 2014. It aims to foster a spirit

of competition among the cities and offers a

comprehensive assessment of their sanitation

status.

The performance of each city was

evaluated on five key thematic parameters:

Municipal solid waste - sweeping,

collection and transportation, Municipal solid

waste - processing and disposal of solid waste,

Open defecation free/toilets, Capacity building and

eLearning, Provision of public & community toilet

seats, Information, education and communication,

and behaviour change.

The programme has also received funds

and technical support from the World Bank,

corporations as part of corporate social

responsibility initiatives, and by state governments

under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya

Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes Swachh

Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over ₹620

billion (US$9.7 billion). The government provides

an incentive of ₹15,000 (US$230) for each toilet

constructed by a BPL family. Total fund mobilised

under Swachh Bharat as of 31 January 2016 stood

at ₹3.69 billion (US$58 million) An amount of ₹90

billion (US$1.4 billion) was allocated for the

mission in the 2016 Union budget of India.

Government and the International

Monetary Fund signed a US$1.5 billion loan

agreement on 30 March 2016 for the Swachh

Bharat Mission to support India's

universal sanitationinitiative. The International

Monetary Funds will also provide a parallel $25

million in technical assistance to build the capacity

of select states in implementing community-led

behavioural change programmes targeting social

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_defecation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Urban_Development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Urban_Development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Council_of_India


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Madhyamik_Shiksha_Abhiyan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Madhyamik_Shiksha_Abhiyan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Union_budget_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation






norms to help ensure widespread usage of toilets

by rural households.

Between April 2014 and January 2015,

3,183,000 toilets were built. Karnataka led all

States in construction of toilets under the

programme. As of August 2015, 8 million toilets

have been constructed under the program. As of

27 October 2016, 56 districts in India were

ODF.[1]

In January 2017, Indore city as well as rural

areas were announced open defecation free by

the central government

The national sanitation coverage rose

from 42 per cent in 2014 to 65 per cent in 2017.

Five states, 149 districts and 2.08 lakh villages

were declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) till

August 2017. The cities and towns which have

been declared ODF stood at 22 per cent and the

urban wards which have achieved 100 per cent

door-to-door solid waste collection stood at 50 per

cent. The number of Swachhagrahi volunteers

working across urban local bodies rose to 20,000,

and those working in rural India rose to more than

a lakh. The number of schools with separate toilet

facilities for girls rose from 0.4 million (37 per

cent) to almost one million (91 per cent).

As per an independent survey released

by Quality Council of India in August 2017, overall

national rural "household access to toilet"

coverage increased to 62.45 per cent and usage of

91.29 per cent, with Haryana topping the national

ranking with 99 per cent of households in rural

areas covered and usage of 100 per cent.

The Ministry of Railways is planning to

have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bed-

rolls from automatic laundries, bio-toilets,

dustbins in all non-AC coaches. The Centre may

use its Digital India project in conjunction with the

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to have solar-powered

trash cans, such as those in many US cities, which

send alerts to sanitation crew once they are full.

The government will be launching a

nationwide real-time monitoring system for toilets

constructed under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. For

this the government of India is bringing awareness

to the people through advertisements. With this

system, the government aims to attain a fully open

defecation free India by 2019

As of 30 November 2016, Total Sanitation

Coverage throughout India has risen to 57.56% up

from 42.02% in 2 October 2014, the day Swachh

Bharat Abhiyan was launched

Swachh Bharat Challenge is an initiative to

share your experiences of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

and invite other people to accept the challenge

and join hands in the Abhiyan. You can open up

the challenge to a maximum of nine persons and

similarly, each of these nine persons can also

challenge nine more…this way the chain of

activities would keep growing.Together you can

make the change. An Eco-friendly society is always

needed its citizen to be healthy and clean in every

face of life. This program will bring togetherness

among people and take care of the citizen of India

we take care of you. We thank you all the citizen

of India for your endless love and abide by the

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and taking it to a next

level. The dream of Bapu is going to commute into

real by this cleanliness mission.

References :-

http://sbm.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htmhttp://ww

w.swachhbharaturban.in/sbm/home/#/SBM

1. "India, World Bank sign $1.5 billion loan pact

for Swachh Bharat Mission", The Economic

Times, 30 March 2016

2. "Budget 2016: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gets Rs

9,000 crore", The Economic Times, 29

February 2016

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyan#cite_note-bs-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indore


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_India

http://sbm.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htm%7d%7bhttp:/www.swachhbharaturban.in/sbm/home/#/SBM

http://sbm.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htm%7d%7bhttp:/www.swachhbharaturban.in/sbm/home/#/SBM

http://economictimes.com/news/economy/finance/india-world-bank-sign-1-5-billion-loan-pact-for-swachh-bharat-mission/articleshow/51617391.cms

http://economictimes.com/news/economy/finance/india-world-bank-sign-1-5-billion-loan-pact-for-swachh-bharat-mission/articleshow/51617391.cms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times


http://economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/budget-2016-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-gets-rs-9000-crore/articleshow/51193662.cms

http://economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/budget-2016-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-gets-rs-9000-crore/articleshow/51193662.cms







Ukkjh izdfr dh vuqie dfr gS tks fofo/k :iksa esa

lekt dks /kkj.k djrh gSA tgk¡ ,d vksj ukjh dks

n;k] eerk] d:.kk dh ewfrZ dgk¡ tkrk gS ogha nwljh

vksj ukjh us vijk/k txr esa Hkh fodjky :i /kkj.k

dj fy;k gSA vkt gekjs ns'k esa pksjh] gR;k] MdSrh]

Lexfyax] oS';ko`fÙk tSls vijk/kksa esa fujUrj o`f) gksrh

tk jgh gS rFkk efgyk;sa iFkHkz"V gks jgh gSA bu lc

vijk/k ds ihNs vusd dkj.k gS ftuds dkj.k efgyk;sa

vuSfrdrk dk ekxZ viuk ysrh gS vFkok viukus gsrq

foo'k dj nh tkrh gSA cnyrs ifjos'k ds dkj.k Hkh

vf/kdka'k efgykvksa esa iq:"k&xeu] vfookfgr ekr`Ro]

Hkwz.k&gR;k] fo"k iz;ksx kjk gR;k] pksjh tSls vijk/kksa

esa o`f) gksrh tk jgh gSA blh ds lkFk vk/kqfudhdj.k

ds lkFk&lkFk orZeku esa eagxkbZ o xjhch vkfn ds

dkj.k Hkh efgykvksa esa vijk/k dh nj c<+h gS tks fd

,d xaHkhj leL;k gSA

vijk/k ,d ifjfLFkfrtU; voLFkk gSA bl

ladYiuk ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa esa c<+rh vijk/k

izofÙk dk v/;;u djuk vR;Ur vko';d izrhr gksrk

gSA efgyk;sa vijk/kh D;ksa curh gS \ os fdl izdkj ds

vijk/k djrh gS\ mudh lkekftd&vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe

D;k gS \ muds vijk/k thou dk lekt ij D;k

izHkko iM+rk gS \ ,sls fdrus gh iz'uksa dk

O;kogkfjdrk ds vk/kkj ij lek/kku <w¡<+us ds mís';

ls ;g v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA ;g v/;;u xq.kkRed

i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gSA

efgyk vijk/kh] efgyk l'kDrhdj.k]

dkjkxkj&thou] ljdkjh ;kstuk,¡A

xr dqN n'kdksa rd ;g le>k tkrk Fkk

fd vijk/k eq[;r% iq:"k iz/kku ?kVuk gS vkSj vijk/k

txr iq:"kksa dk gh txr gksrk gSA efgyk vijkf/krk

dk fo"k; iw.kZr% misfkr FkkA Hkkjr esa jke vkgwtk us

1967&68 esa tc bl fo"k; ij vuqla/kku fd;k vkSj

1969 esa ^^Hkkjr esa vijk/kh efgyk;sa** iqLrd izdkf'kr

dh ftlesa efgyk vijk/k ds dkj.kksa ij ,d uohu

lS)kfUrd fopkj izLrqr fd;k x;kA mlds ckn bl

ks= esa uohure v/;;u fd;s tkus yxsA

vijk/k'kkL= esa ;g ekuk x;k gS fd vijk/k

ekufld fod`fr dk ifj.kke gSA ekufld fodfr ds

dkj.k vkSj Lrj fHkUu gks ldrs gSA blds foijhr

lkekftd] vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkfn ekufld fod`fr

dks tUe nsdj vijk/k dh vksj izoÙk djrs gS Hkys

iq:"k gks ;k L=hA fL=;ksa esa vijk/k dh nj de gks

ldrh gS ysfdu vijk/k nksuksa gh djrs gSA lkekU;

:i ls ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vijk/k ,d

ifjfLFkfrtU; ?kVuk gSA efgykvksa esa ;kSu vlarks"k]

dyg] vHkko] izrkM+uk] ifjtuksa dh mnklhurk ,oa

ruko vkfn ds dkj.k ekufld vlarqyu mRiUu gksrk

gS tks dHkh&dHkh mUgsa vijk/k ds fy, izsfjr djrk

gSA

iq:"k vkSj efgyk vijk/k dh nj esa ekSfyd

varj mudh fofo/k ijEijkxr Hkwfedkvksa ds varj dk

ifj.kke gSA iq:"kksa kjk /ku dekus dh ewy Hkwfedk ?kj

ds ckgj gksrh gS ftlds fy, mUgsa nwljs ds lkFk

Li/kkZ djuh iM+rh gSA izfrLi/kkZ dh bl izfØ;k esa os

voS/k lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSA nwljh vksj x`gLFk

dh ewy Hkwfedk efgykvksa kjk pkj&nhokjh ds Hkhrj

?kj esa vnk dh tkrh gS ftlds fy, mUgsa fdlh ls

Li/kkZ ugha djuh gksrh gS vksj mUgsa vius y;ksa dks

izkIr djus ds fy, vlkekftd lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx

djuk iM+rk gSA blds vfrfjDr iq:"kksa dh viskk

fL=;k¡ vf/kd bZ'oj ls Mjus okyh] uSfrd rFkk lfg".kq

gksrh gSA mu ij iq:"kksa dh viskk lkekftd izfrca/k

Hkh vf/kd gksrs gSA vr% iqfyl vkSj U;k;ky; efgyk

vijkf/k;ksa ds izfr vf/kd lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k

viukrs gSA

1- efgykvksa kjk fd;s tkus okys vijk/kksa dk

v/;;u djukA

2- vijk/kh efgykvksa dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd

izfLFkfr dk v/;;u djukA

3- t;iqj ftys dh vijk/kh efgykvksa ds

vijk/k ds izdkj] izfr'kr ,oa dkj.kksa dk

v/;;u djukA

4- ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa dk nf"Vdks.k efgyk

vijk/kh ds izfrA






5- vijk/kh efgykvksa ds izfr ljdkj kjk fd;s

x;s iz;klksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa dk v/;;u djukA

1- vijk/kh efgykvksa kjk fd;s tkus okys

vijk/k dh D;k izd`fr gS \

2- vijk/kh efgykvksa dh D;k

lkekftd&vkfFkZd i"BHkwfe gS \

3- dkSu ls izeq[k dkj.k efgyk vijk/k ds fy,

mÙkjnk;h gS \

4- cUnh jgus vFkkZr~ dkjkxkj ;k [kqyk cUnhxg

f'kfoj esa jgus dh vof/k esa efgyk vijk/kh

dk thou dSlk gksrk gS \

5- ltk dkVus ds ckn efgyk vijkf/k;ksa ds

izfr muds ifjokj] ukrsnkjksa ,oa o`gr~

leqnk; ds vU; lnL; fdl izdkj dh

izfrfØ;k djrs gSa \

;g v/;;u xq.kkRed ,oa ek=kRed

n`f"Vdks.k dk iz;ksx djds fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr

v/;;u esa vijk/kh efgykvksa dh [kqyk cUnhx`g esa

lkeftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk xgu v/;;u fd;k x;k

gSA

izkFkfed rF; & izkFkfed rF; lkkkRdkj&vuqlwph

kjk izkIr fd;s x;s gSA

v/;;u ks= & lEiw.kkZuUn [kqyk cUnhxg f'kfoj]

lkaxkusj ¼t;iqj½

fun'kZu i)fr & bl v/;;u esa t;iqj 'kgj ds

lEiw.kkZuUn [kqyk cUnhxg f'kfoj lkaxkusj esa ls 23

vijk/kh efgykvksa esa ls 13 dks v/;;u ds fy, pquk

x;k gSA

rF; laxzg.k midj.k & v/;;u esa lkkkRdkj

vuqlwph kjk lEiw.kkZuUn [kqyk cUnhxg f'kfoj]

lkaxkusj dk voyksdu dj xgurk ls lkkkRdkj fd;k

x;k gSA

1- ikfjokfjd dkj.k

2- thoulkFkh dh uiqaldrk ,oa 'kkjhfjd o

ekufld fodykaxrk

3- tSfodh; dkj.k

4- vkfFkZd dkj.k

5- HkkSxksfyd ,oa i;kZoj.k laca/kh dkj.k

6- lkekftd dkj.k

7- ukjh frjLdkj] miskk ,oa foo'krk

8- ekufld fodykaxrk

;gk¡ ij 385 cUnh gS muesa ls 23 efgyk

vijk/kh gSA ;g ,d [kqyk tSy gS tgk¡ ij

vf/kdkjhx.k dh fuxjkuh esa vijk/kh jgrs gSA ;g

f'kfoj lu~ 1963 ls izkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA bl f'kfoj

ds [kqys okrkoj.k esa cUnh vius ifjokj ds lkFk jgrs

gS rFkk ljdkjh enn ls [ksrh ;k O;kikj djrs gSA

bl f'kfoj esa etnwjh djus okys cfUn;ksa dks izfrfnu

ds fglkc ls etnwjh nh tkrh gS ftlesa ls

,d&frgkbZ fgLlk ljdkj bu ij gksus okys [kpsZa ds

:i esa dkV ysrh gSaA bl f'kfoj ds cfUn;ksa dks dsoy

lqcg&'kke 6 cts vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lek viuh

mifLFkfr ¼gkftjh½ nsuh iM+rh gS rFkk 'ks"k le; os

viuh bPNkuqlkj fopjus ds fy, Lora= jgrs gSA

cU/ku&eqDr thou ds dkj.k budh euksoSKkfud

fLFkfr esa i;kZIr lq/kkj gksrk gSA os Lo;a dks lekt ls

dVk gqvk ugha le>rs gSA

f'kfoj esa f'kYik;u izf'kk.k laLFkk dk;Z

djrh gS ;g 2000 ls izkjEHk gqbZ FkhA o"kZ 2000 esa

f'kYik;u izf'kk.k laLFkk kjk lEiw.kkZuUn [kqyk cUnh

x`g f'kfoj]lkaxkusj esa cfUn;ksa ds fy;s dsUnzh;@jkT;

ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa ds lapkfyr dh ,d fjiksVZ&

1- efgyk gquj dkS'ky izf'kk.k lu~ 2000 ls

izkjEHkA

2- 27 twu] 2003 dks laln o vfHkusrk Jheku

lquhy nÙk kjk [kqyh tsy dh efgykvksa

kjk fufeZr gLr dyk izn'kZuh dk voyksdu

fd;k x;kA

3- ifjokj ijke'kZ dsUnz lu~ 2003&2012 rd

[kqyh tsy ifjlj esa gh lapkfyr fd;k x;k

FkkA

4- cfUn;ksa dh le; iwoZ fjgkbZ ij fonkbZ

lekjksg vk;kstuA

5- cPpksa ds fy;s f'kkk dk czht dkslZ@izkFkfed

f'kkk lu~ 2003A

6- jktdh; izkFkfed fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk o"kZ

2004 esa tks orZeku esa lapkfyr fd;k tk

jgk gSA

7- ikjEifjd rht R;kSgkjksa dk vk;kstu izfro"kZ

fd;k x;kA

8- jktho xka/kh jk"Vªh; f'k'kqikyuk x`g@ØSp

2006 ls izkjEHkA






9- cPpksa dh LokLF; tk¡p f'kfoj o"kZ 2006 lsA

10- efgykvksa ds fy;s f'kkk dk lafkIr

ikB~;Øe@izkS<+ f'kkk o"kZ 2008&10A

11- tokgj dyk dsUnz esa jkT; Lrjh; gLrf'kYi

izn'kZfu;ksa esa efgyk cfUn;ksa kjk fufeZr

lkexzh dk izn'kZuA

12- [kqyh tsy ds cfUn;ksa dh lQy dgkfu;ksa

dk if=dk esa izdk'kuA

13- cfUn;ksa ds fy;s gksyh feyu lekjksgA

14- ikS/kk jksi.k dk;ZØeA

15- f'kkk esa izFke LFkku izkIr ckydksa dks

iqjLd`rA

16- [ksydwn] fp=dyk] esgUnh izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk

vk;kstuA

17- cfUn;ksa dks ?kjsyw mi;ksxh lkexzh dk

forj.kA

18- lu~ 2008 esa gksVy jktiwrkuk 'ksjsVu esa

gkml dhfiax esa [kqyh tsy dh efgyk

cfUn;ksa dks 45 fnu dk izf'kk.k fn;k x;kA

19- lej vkVZ dSEi esa cPpksa dks ilZuYVh

MoyiesaV@O;fDrRo fodklA

20- efgyk O;kolkf;d izf'kk.k ds rgr x`g

m|ksx izf'kk.k isij es'kh] gS.MesaM isij ls

fufeZr QkbZy QksYMj] Mk;fj;k¡] QksVks Ýse]

isu gksYMj] cU/kuokj] okWy gsafxx] x.ks'k

izfrek] niZ.k vkfn lkexzh fuekZ.k dk

izf'kk.kA

21- dsUnzh; dkjkxkj ifjlj esa dkjkxkj foHkkx

kjk vk;ksftr gLr fufeZr lkexzh dh

izn'kZuh esa [kqyk cUnhxg dh HkkxhnkjhA

%& izLrqr v/;;u esa t;iqj ftys

ds lEiw.kkZuUn tsy f'kfoj]

lkaxkusj dh 13 vijk/kh

efgykvksa dk v/;;u fd;k

x;kA

I.

gR;k 5 38-5

oS';kofÙk 2 15-4

pksjh 2 15-4

vU; 4 30-7

lEiw.kkZuUn tsy f'kfoj] lkaxkusj esa 5 efgyk;as gR;k ds vkjksi esa ltk dkV jgh gS ftlesa ifr] csVs]

lkl&llqj] cgq dh gR;k Hkh 'kkfey gSA 2 efgyk;sa oS';kofÙk ds vkjksi esa vUnj gSA 2 pksjh ds vkjksi esa ltk dkVk

jgh gS ,oa vU; vijk/k tSls&QthZ 'kknh ,oa gR;k] rLdjh] vigj.k vkfn vijk/k esa 4 efgyk;sa ltk dkV jgh gSA

II.

O;fDrxr vijk/k 4 30-7

laxfBr vijk/k 9 69-3

vkt O;fDrxr vijk/k dh rqyuk esa laxfBr vijk/k vf/kd gks jgs gSA rkfydk ds vuqlkj 9 efgykvksa us

vU; O;fDRk;ksa ds lkFk feydj laxfBr vijk/k fd;k gSA vf/kdka'k ifjokjtuksa] iM+kSfl;kas o izsfe;ksa dh lgk;rk ls

vijk/k fd;k gS ,oa 4 efgykvksa us O;fDrxr vFkkZr~ vdsys vijk/k dks vatke fn;k gSA

III.

20 ls de 2 15-4






21 ls 30 o"kZ 7 53-8

31 ls 40 o"kZ 3 23-2

40 o"kZ ls vf/kd 1 7-6

rkfydk ds vuqlkj 20 ls de vk;q dh dsoy 2 efgyk;sa gS ,oa lcls vf/kd 7 efgyk;sa 21 ls 30 o"kZ dh

efgyk;sa gSA 31 ls 40 o"kZ dh 3 efgyk;sa gS ,oa 40 o"kZ ls vf/kd dsoy 1 efgyk gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd

;qok voLFkk esa efgyk;sa vf/kd vijk/k djrh gSA

IV.

fgUnw 8 61-6

eqfLye 3 23-2

flD[k 1 7-6

bZlkbZ 1 7-6

v/;;u ds vuqlkj 8 efgyk;sa ,slh gS tks fgUnw /keZ ls gS ckdh 3 eqfLye ,oa 1&1 flD[k rFkk bZlkbZ /keZ

dh vijk/kh efgyk gSA /keZ dk vijk/k ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gSA fQj Hkh fdlh Hkh leL;k dk v/;;u] fo'ks"kr%

lwpuknkrkvksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd i"BHkwfe dk v/;;u] /kkfeZd fooj.k tkus fcuk v/kwjk ekuk tkrk gSA

V.

vf'kfkr 10 76-9

f'kfkr 3 23-1

rkfydk ds vuqlkj 13 vijk/kh efgykvksa esa ls 10 efgyk;sa vf'kfkr gS ,oa ckdh 3 efgyk;sa gh f'kfkr gSA

vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'kkk dk vlj O;fDr ds thou ij vo'; iM+rk gSA lgh&xyr dh igpku djokrk gSA

VI.

cPpksa dh fpUrk 7 53-8

ifr dh fpUrk 2 15-4

ifjokj dh fpUrk 1 7-6

vPNs Hkfo"; dh fpUrk 2 15-4

dksbZ leL;k ugha 1 7-6

7 efgykvksa dks vius cPpksa dh fpUrk gS] 2&2 efgyk;sa ,slh gS ftUgsa ifr vkSj vPNs Hkfo"; dh fpUrk gSA

ckdh 1 efgyk dks ifjokj dh fpUrk gS ,oa 1 dks dksbZ leL;k ugha gS D;kasfd mldk dksbZ ugha gSA






VII.

ekrk&firk 1 7-6

HkkbZ&cgu 1 7-6

cPps 3 23-2

dksbZ ugha 8 61-6

f'kfoj esa 5 efgyk;sa ,slh Fkh ftuls feyus muds ifjokj okys vkrs gS ,oa 8 efgyk;sa ,slh gS ftuls feyus

dksbZ ugha vkrk gS oks vdsyh jgrh gSA vijk/k ds ckn lcus muls fj'rk rksM+ fy;k gSA

VIII.

gk¡ 2 84-6

ugha 11 15-4

[kqyk cUnhx`g esa v/;;u ls Kkr gqvk fd 11 efgykvksa dks mfpr lqfo/kk,¡ ugha fey ik jgh gSA dsoy 2

efgykvksa dks gh lqfo/kk,¡ fey jgh gSA

IX.

ifr ds ikl 1 7-6

ekrk&firk ds ikl 3 23-2

vdsyh 5 38-5

cPpksa ds ikl 4 30-7

rkfydk ds vuqlkj 5 efgyk;sa ,slh gS tks vdsyh jguk pkgrh gS D;ksafd mUgsa dksbZ ugha viuk;sxkA 3

efgyk;sa vius ekrk&firk ds lkFk jgsxh ,oa 3 efgyk;sa vius cPpksa ds ikl jgsxh rFkk 1 efgyk gh vius ifr ds

ikl jgsxh D;ksafd T;knkrj ifr dh gR;k ds tqeZ esa ltk dkV jgh gSA

X.

lgkuqHkwfr dh 6 46-1

fuUnk dh 3 23-2

vU; yksxksa dh dksbZ fpUrk

ugha

4 30-7

6 efgyk;sa ,slh gs tks viskk djrh gS fd yksx muls

lgkuqHkwfr j[ksaxs] 3 efgykvksa dk ekuuk gS fd yksx

fuUnk djsaxs ,oa 4 efgyk;sa dgrh gS fd mUgsa yksxksa

dh ckr ls dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rk gSA

lEiw.kkZuUn f'kfoj esa 60 izfr'kr efgyk;sa

vdsyh jgrh gS ,oa ckdh 40 izfr'kr vius cPpksa ds

lkFk jgrh gSA og viuh vkthfodk ds fy, O;olk;

Hkh djrh gS tSls&etnwjh] >kMw&ikspk] dEiuh esa dke






vkfnA mudh ekfld vk; 3000 ls 6000 rd gSA

ftlesa oks Lo;a dh nSfud vko';drk ,oa cPpksa dk

ykyu&ikyu djrh gSA 95 izfr'kr efgyk;sa 14 o"kZ

dh ltk dkV jgh gSA lkkkRdkj ds ckn vijk/kh

efgykvksa ls tc iwNk x;k fd muds thou esa ,oa

cPpksa ij vijk/k dk izHkko dSlk iM+k gS rks lHkh

efgykvksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd muds cPpksa ,oa Lo;a ij

vijk/k dk cqjk izHkko iM+k] lekt esa mB&cSB ugha

ikrs] viuh igpku [kks nh gS] cPpksa dh i<+kbZ ugha gks

ikbZ ,oa ftUnxh Hkj dk dyad yx pqdk gSA tsy ls

cPps ckgj i<+us tkrs gS rks mUgsa viuh igpku Nqikuh

iM+rh gSA tsy esa jgus ds ckn efgykvksa ds LoHkko esa

Hkh vUrj vk;k gS os igys dh viskk xqLlk de djus

yxh Fkh mUgsa vius&ijk;s dh igpku gks xbZ Fkh ,oa

dqN efgyk;sa ,slh Hkh gS ftudk xqLlk ,oa LoHkko

ugha cnyk FkkA oks LoHkko ls mÙksftr ,oa Øksf/kr gks

xbZ gSA efgykvksa kjk vijk/k fdlh ifjfLFkfr esa

o'khHkwr gksdj etcwjh esa fd;k x;k gSA vijk/k ds

fy, mÙkjnk;h vusd izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ lkeus

vkbZ tSls&ifr 'kjkc ihdj ekjrk Fkk] ?kj ds

yM+kbZ&>xM+s] iSlksa ds fy,] fdlh vksj ls voS/k laca/k

ds dkj.k vkfnA

1- cPpksa dks vPNh i<+kbZ ,oa okrkoj.k ugha

fey ikrkA

2- lekt ls dV tkrs gSA

3- efgykvksa dks ifjokj dk lg;ksx ugha fey

ikrkA

4- vijk/kh efgyk;sa ,oa cPps vusd izdkj dh

xEHkhj chekfj;ksa dk f'kdkj gks tkrs gSA

5- f'kfoj esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vPNh ugha gS

dbZ ckj efgykvksa dk vU; vijkf/k;ksa ds

kjk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA

6- vijk/k ,d efgyk djrh gS ,oa ltk iwjk

ifjokj dkVrk gSA

7- efgyk;sa vdsyh jgrh gS rks oks ekufld jksx

¼fMizs'ku½ dk f'kdkj gks tkrh gSA muls

feyus Hkh dksbZ ugha vkrkA

8- f'kfoj esa fMLisaljh ugha gSA chekj gksus ij

ckgj tkuk iM+rk gSA

9- f'kfoj esa ikuh dh leL;k gS xehZ esa ikuh ds

fy, ekjk&ekjh gks tkrh gSA

10- Nrs VwVh gqbZ gS dbZ ?kjksa esa ckfj'k ls

leL;k gksrh gSA

vijk/k lkoZHkkSe gS vkSj blfy, vijk/k

lHkh lektksa esa de ;k vf/kd la[;k esa gksrs gS vkSj

Hkfo"; esa Hkh gksrs jgsaxsA gk¡ ;g lR; gS fd iq:"kksa dh

viskk efgyk,¡ vijk/k de djrh gSA efgyk,¡ vdsys

Hkh vijk/k djrh gS rFkk vU; efgykvksa o iq:"kksa ds

lkFk feydj Hkh vijk/k djrh gSA efgyk,¡ dHkh

foo'krk esa] dHkh ijo'k gksdj] dHkh vfuPNk ls rks

dHkh izfr'kks/k gsrq vijk/k djrh gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk

gS fd vkgr] visfkr] 'kksf"kr] izrkfM+r o ihfM+r gksus

ij efgyk liZ.kh] flaguh o p.Mh dk :i /kkj.k dj

ysrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa efgyk fdlh vfu"V] nq%[k o

d"V dh fpUrk fd;s fcuk og dj Mkyrh gS ftl ij

og mrk: gks tkrh gS] pkgs ,slk dk;Z gR;k tSlk

t?kU; vijk/k gh D;ksa u gksA efgykvksa dks muds

ifjokjtu] ukrsnkj o lekt iqu% lkekU; efgyk ds

:i esa Lohdkj djus dks rS;kj ugha gksrs gSA efgykvksa

ds vijk/kh gks tkus ls lekt dks cgqr cM+h kfr

gksrh gS D;ksafd efgyk vijk/k dsoy lEcfU/kr

efgykvksa dks gh izHkkfor ugha djrk vfirq muds

ifjokj dh jh<+ dh gM~Mh dks Hkh rksM+ nsrk gSA eklwe

cPps] ifr] HkkbZ&cgu] ekrk&firk o vU; ukrsnkjksa ij

Hkh igkM+ VwV iM+rk gSA blhfy, Hkkjr esa efgyk

vijk/k dks ,d vR;Ur xEHkhj o pqukSrhiw.kZ jk"Vªh;

leL;k ekuk tkrk gSA

1- vkgwtk] jke] Hkkjr esa efgyk vijk/kh] HkSjo %

ehukkh izdk'ku] 1969

2- 'kekZ] lquhrk] vijk/kh efgyk,¡ vkSj lekt]

ubZ fnYyh % jk/kk ifCyds'kUl] 2001] i`-la-

3&18-

3- ,e-,-valkjh] efgyk vijkf/kdrk ,oa

iquLFkkZiu] t;iqj] iap'khy izdk'ku] 1981]

i`-la- 102&114-

4- egktu] /keZohj rFkk deys'k egktu] lekt

,oa vijk/k] esjB % f'kkk lkfgR; izdk'ku]

1992&93] i`-la- 104&110-

5- flag] lhek] mÙkjizns'k esa efgyk vijk/k&,d

lekt 'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k] LukrdksÙkj

vUos"k&izca/k] vkxjk fo'ofo|ky;] 1986] i`-

la- 87&95-






INDIAN WOMEN'S VOICES IN ENGLISH IN THE POST-COLONIAL AND POST-MODERNIST ERA

Dr. Mukesh Pareek (Ph.D) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

Indian Women's Literature in English still a

marginalised area of critical study, is slowly gaining

ground as a significant and identifiable area of

Indian literature. The women writer's

reconstruction of life through the various literary

forms and modes emphasizes the validity of

Beheroze Shroff's statement : "The time has come

for women to stop seeing through men's eyes and

language-we have to have a different women's

voice". The Indo-English women writers of the first

phase of development wrote during the crucible

years of the 1950's and 60's of nation building and

consequent decolonization. This paper will touch

upon the post-modernist second generation

women, writing in the recent past of the 70's, 80's

and 90's, closer to and more conversant with real

life movements and modernday complexities,

handling the English medium with more grace,

effortlessness, ease and a specifically organised

abandon. In this modest exploration, dealing

primarily with the lyric and short story forms

handled by Indian women writers in English,

Simone Beauvoir's assessment of women's

literature becomes quite pertinent. 'Feminine

literature' she says, "is animated less by a wish to

demand our rights than by an effort towards

clarity and understanding". The enjoyment and

interpretation of such literature, hence, can be

quite fruitful without having a sexist bias. It is a

long time since Simone de Beauvoir published 'The

Second Sex' (1949) in which her assertion of a non-

sexist and non-prejudiced attitude towards the

world of women established and created a new

place for women as equal beings in the existing

world order. Women, she said, were assigned a

secondary position, not by virtue of natural

qualities or biological necessity but by a world

controlled by a patriarchal society. In this voyage

towards ratio-nalisation and understanding it is

evident that all the inequities and illogicalities

suffered by women earlier have more of less

decreased with the passage of time and women

have assumed new role models for the benefit of

the self and society. Women writers in India have

emerged as a distinct group not only because of

the valid and authentic literary quality of their

compositions but also because such feminine

compo-sitions may be considered a 'sociolect'

whose force, value and power in effecting social

change and amelioration cannot be negated.

'Post-colonial' and 'post-modernist',

though not having exactly the same literary or

critical implications, are relevant terms in

designating the progressive tendencies in women's

writings to grow out of the trappings and set

patterns of a conventional English idiom,

constricting diction and stilted language of the

past to a new zone of free, uninhibited and

genuinely creative effusions. Such spontaneous

out-pourings have been competently re-structured

into literary genres like the lyric and the short

story which call for serious intellectual study. The

lyric and the short story are essentially brief and

graphic forms in which the innate creativity, the

persona of the woman writer with regard to her

immediate environment and situation, come out in

what may be termed organised flashes. In both

these forms the Indian English women writers

share a common, simple and unpretentious

platform which they imbibe as well as analyse the

central core of contemporary Indian realities. They

are articulate, transparent as well as deeply

conscious of their own identity as women and as

writers.

There can be no doubt that the most

exciting cultural development in the last few

decades of the century is the evolution and steady

growth of Indian women's literature in English. In

this post-colonial and post-modernist era women

have outgrown their earlier plagiaristic and

assimilative modes, which mainly seemed to be an






extension of male literature or established forms

of such writings. Indian women, writing in English

today, are an urbane, sophisticated and

intellectually alert lot with a proper English

education; hence they have become more

innovative, experimental, confessional and

realistic than they were ever before, their creative

efforts being largely fresh and experience-based.

There are certain interesting and relevant

points under which Indian women's literature in

English needs to be studied :

(a) As a social document, women being

both victims and agents of social

change.

(b) As a study of the Indian female

psyche in its interaction and

correlation with the male psyche.

(c) As a dialectic arising from the

conflict of gender and genre

constructions.

(d) As a problem of the 'androgynous'

element in Indian women's writings.

(e) As an analysis of the specific usage

of certain myths, image-structures

and symbols for the re-definition of

womanhood-vis-a-vis Indian society.

(f) As a case-study of the emerging

traditional and non-traditional roles

and images of women; of the

normative models from ancient to

modern times with particular

reference to the emergence of the

New Woman : the image of the Rebel

and Liberator taking precedence over

that of the Mother.

(g) As a confessional and personal mode

used increasingly in the authentic

portrayal of the inner and outer life

of women in India.

(h) As those particular literary and

linguistic elements which make

women's literature distinctive from

that of men.

(i) As a study of contemporaneity as

well as feminine identity in the post-

modernist world.

(j) As a study of women's voices which

affirm the innermost strength and

particularity of women, their

literature being more a distinctive

part of a genre than generic.

The short story may be described as

having evolved from the typically Indian age-old

art form of storytelling. Although it is a relatively

modern development in terms of its present form,

its skillful handling by women writers in more

recent times has lent it a peculiarly feminine

charm, intensity and lucidity. It would not be an

exaggeration to state that short stories such as

The Farewell Party by Anita Desai, Rhythms by

Lakshmi Kannan, Babuji's Dost by Indrani Aikath-

Gyaltsen and My Beloved Charioteer by Shashi

Deshpande exude a certain lyrical fluidity and

thematic and technical maturity which may be

comparable with that of the best short stories of

world literature today. The Indian English women

writers also display a remarkable skill and

aesthetic fluency in handling English as an easy

medium of communication and creative

expression. A typical paragraph from Anita Desai's

The Farwell Party reveals the naturalness of the

prose, its closeness to real life speech rhythms and

the richness and accuracy of detail which helps to

create a wonderful vignette of contemporary

Indian life in a small town. She writes, "These

women she had always encountered in just such a

ring as they formed now, the kind that garden

babblers form under a hedge where they sit

gabbling and whirring with social bitchiness, and

she had always stood outside it, smiling stiffly, not

wanting to join and refusing their effusively

nodded invitation. They were the wives of men

who represented various mercantile companies in

the town-and athough they might seem exactly

alike to one who did not belong to this circle,

inside it were subtle gradations of importance

according to the particular company for which

each one's husband worked and of these only they

themselves were initiates". There are several






operative phrases such a 'social bitchiness' subtle

gradations', 'this circle' and 'stood outside it' which

manifest the objective distancing as well as

subjective involvement and empathy with which

the woman writer delineates her immediate

environment. The simplicity, directness and

veracity of the literary text is commendable. Such

short stories reveal an impeccable awareness of

the varied Indian scenario with regard to the

Indian women, of its constant and changing values,

of the different types and classes of women and

their characters; they also unravel a complex

modern sensibility poised against thoughtlessness

obsolescence and insensitivity, the need to

conform and to revolt, as well as narrative devices

conveying the inevitability of situation, the tempo,

the mood, the psychological concern with

character and the climactic twist or reversal, all of

which contribute to the merit of such writings.

These women writers are deeply aware of

the various facets of domestic and public life, of

the different aspects of human and social

relationships which bring them both happiness

and anxiety, physical and spiritual concerns and

upheavals which are adequately expressed in the

text. There is a definite search for an alternative

vision or an artistic transcendence which make

these compositions significant and purposeful. In

Jahanara's Tomb, a short story of a faithless and

promiscuous husband and a suffering wife,

overpowered by the memories of love and tender

devotion, Malathi Rao seems to offer solace and a

way out of trauma to the woman protagonist :

"There she waited for death to come and release

her. Everyday she woke up to peer at the sun

beyond. True, the city was out there, vibrant with

love, life and laughter. Sometimes the sunrays

pricked her eyes through the window .............

then she moved her limbs in remembered

pleasure of walks under the green summer trees,

felt the soft grass under her feet. What an age ago

it all seemed ............. A monument of chaste white

marble was what she sought now-where she could

kneel and pray and wash herself clean, in

preparation of the last judgement". The entire

exercise and experience of marriage is reflected

upon as a sin and aberration of the woman in love

who, like Jahanara, should have remained single

and self sufficient without succumbing to the

perdition of a man's betrayal. More than the

Indianization or indigenization of the language and

idiom, women writers are concerned today with

the quality of experience, the refinement of

perception, the transmutative processes of artistic

recreation and the intensified presentation of an

alternative ideal.

It is important to understand in the study

of feminine writings the close relationship

between the literary and the social structures of

consciousness which are often overlapping, as

much as the analogy and contrast between the

women writer, her problems, attitudes and

spheres of expression vis-a-vis those of the male

writer and his area of writing. What women

writers share today is much more than what

separates them. While closely examining the

various literary genres we are able ot foreground

such common perspectives and approaches. In

doing so we also obtain a clear view of the

constant interplay and conflict of the gender and

genre constructions, of the typically feminine and

the generally human world order and paradigms.

The most important aspect of Indian English

feminine writing, hence, becomes the vibrant

element of controversy which ceaselessly illumines

and enriches the narrative or the poetic fabric.

These women writers form a distinct literary group

not by virtue of their radical or assertive feministic

stance but by that of the parallel rhythms of

complementariness as well as sex-based

singularities evinced in their compositions. The

post-colonial era of women's writings does not

suffer any more from a colonial tradition of

subjection or subversion of a weaker group. The

colonial hang-over is now a thing of the past both

in terms of language and attitude and its theories

outmoded and exploded; new forms and post-

modernist norms have evolved in which women

writers tradition of a living dialogue with

artistically relevant and socially specific realities.

Indo-English feminine writing is no more esoteric

or belligerent but a shared experience; it is what






may be designated as a "living utterance". (with

apologies to Mikhail Bakhtin) which unifies the

reader and the read, the subject and the object,

the woman writer and her audience, the feminine

milieu and the world at large.

The most interesting point which arises in

the critical study of feminine literature is the use

of the terms 'androgyny'. As originally borrowed

from Coleridge by Virginia Woolf it described the

freedom of the writer, to use, during the process

of creative expression, any such concepts or

mental acts as may be attributed to either male or

female. The androgynous mind is resonant and

porous; it transmits emotion without impediment;

it is naturally creative, incandescent and

undivided. From denoting duality it has come to

denote artistic completeness or even the Keatsian

perception of 'negative capability' through which

the woman writer perceives and portrays

characters and situations both identifiably

feminine as well as generally human; hence, often

the woman's experiences of pleasure or pain

become an integral part of the real world of

human beings as a species. A perfect example is

detectable in the character of Miss Krishna in

Nergis Dalal's short story The Connoisseur : 'Miss

Krishna had a nervous. slightly frenetic

appearance' with a love for collecting unusual

items like 'silver statues, carved figurines, watches,

jewellery, monogrammed ice-tongs, egg cups

made of polished wood......' a trait which may be

specified as that of a woman; yet she suffers from

kleptomania or the pilfering disease which in

common to both male and female. Another such

example of an androgynous structure is found in

Anita Desai's short story The Accompanist in which

the relationship between the ustad or maestro

and his accompanying tanpura player is described

thus : "Ours is a world formed and defined and

enclosed not so much by music as by a human

relationship on solid ground level-the relationship

of love. Not an abstract quality, like music, or an

intellectual one, like art, but a common human

quality lived on an everyday level of reality. What

else is in it that weaves us together....Is this not

love ? No marriage was closer".

The women's movement as an organised

force in the 70's, 80's and 90's with city-based

autonomous as well as national women's groups

coordinating campaigns and raising their voices

against the deprivation and exploitation of

women, has resulted in a new and unique post-

modernist literature by Indian women. In this kind

of English literature we find a wonderful blend of

social, political and literary elements in the voice

of the woman writer; here the picture of the

woman as a helpless victim and the man as a

relentlessly dominating master gets transformed

to one in which the woman celebrates her struggle

and victory against the imbalance and illegitimacy

of a male-dominated culture. This difference in the

woman's image and text in the post-colonial

decades brings about the paradoxical and

antithetical contexture of gender and genre of

feminism and androgyny, of tradition and

independence in the Indian English women's

writings today. The new generation of women

writers has emerged from both subjugation and

aggressiveness to a state of total equanimity and

equality in clear perception of their goals in the

future. Now passion, agony and pathos underlie as

a strong foundation and refined substructure the

primary fabric of aesthetic creation. Hegemonic

initiatives have given way to more egalitarian

currents in the Indian-English women's literature

with 'feminism' and 'Indianness' easily blending

into the 'natural' and the 'universally human'. The

backlash, of extreme conservatism on the one

hand and of 'feminism' on the other, has

contributed positively to an emergent woman's-

order most definitely assured of its dignified place

in the new world order. As a result Indian women's

literature in English stands in its own right, now, as

internationally and humanistically more tenable.

The harsh inequities perceptible in the earlier texts

have dissolved into a subtle and mellowed re-

creation of values more fundamental to human life

in general-feminism's dogma has given way to

'womanism', a reality and an indisputable

necessity for world progress and civilizational

change for the better. 'Post-modernism' and 'post-

colonialism' in this context is not a movement

counter to 'classicism' or 'traditionalism' but one in






which both are incorporated towards a new kind

of dialectic and dynamism, a new kind of art in

which realism and romanticism, technical

discipline and vehement effusion interact within a

single plane of creative experience.

In terms of literary and aesthetic quality it

has been widely acclaimed that women are better

writers because they are more faithful to their

experience and feeling and also that the feminine

principle in nature is directly linked with that or

creativity. Says Ashish Nandy in his essay on

Woman versus Womanliness- "In the twilight zone

in which the creative mind dwells. there is always

a certain stress upon the ability to turn inwards-

the ability to accept intuition and tenderness as

values-a certain sensitivity to one's natural

environment and to the latent communications

among human beings; and the capacity to u e self-

expression which mobilizes feelings and imageries.

In the West this has invariably meant becoming

feminine...". It is this veracity and sensitivity to

one's inner self and immediate environment that

enriches the literary text of women writers. While

critically examining the body of such literature, the

congruity and the variety, the similarity and the

individuality among such writers in striking. For

example, Sunita Jain's short story A Dead Wife is,

in some ways, similar to J. Nimbkar's The Childless

One. In both, the women protagonists have to a

large extent sacrificed and persevered in love and

in acquiescence to keep their hearth and home

running, yet failed in obtaining respect from their

male counterparts. While the young, second wife

of the old husband in Sunita Jain's story submits to

the reality that her husband will not give her

children because she was married, in the first

place, to look after the children of his dead wife- (a

strange but normal 'Indian' situation in which the

dead takes precedence over the living and

obsolete social customs over human feelings) the

wife in Nimbkar's story revolts. After being

rejected by her husband for having a tumour in

her stomach, instead of a child, she goes through

the ordeals of life with courage while giving birth

to a child from another man. When her husband

caluminates her saying "You filthy whore; whose

son is he?" she avenges herself saying "He is not

yours, that's for sure....". This vindication of a

woman's standpoint, which is common to most

women's writings, is not merely a feminist

statement but that of a particular perspective

which has to be projected as equally valid and

important in the real world of affairs. A special

kind of complexity is thus discernible in feminine

literature today, a dialectic which arises from

'overlapping worlds of experience... the world of

myth and fantasy and the world of high

technology; the world of traditional ritual and a

modern, sceptical world : the world of collective

responsibilities and the world of the individual.

What is of interest is the tension or negotiation

between such worlds and the sudden sharp

slippage from one into another...".

In the post-colonial and post-modernist

decades, in the aftermath of war, imperialism and

subversion of the weak, with changing political

and social conditions, over feminism and blatant

voices of dissent have amalgamated with more

universal themes of loneliness, childhood, age,

sexuality, death and poverty. Against a generally

expansive canvas, the Indian women's question

and issues form the core of mainstream women's

writings in English. Shashi Deshpande, in My

Beloved Charioteer shares the same

conceptualization of Indian widowhood as that of

Indrani Aikath- Gyaltsen in Colony No. 48. The

Indian widow is no longer a symbol of love, sorrow

and bereavement-on the contrary she is a strong

human being who strives to come out of the

shackles of the ruthless and insensitive regime of

male domination. The sophisticated lady in Shashi

Deshpande's story is as much a victim of terror and

suppression as the factory-worker's wife in Aikath-

Gyaltsen's story; both are relieved with the death

of their husbands. In this context Gyaltsen's poem

The Widower comes easily to mind : marriage, in

the post-modern world, is seen as an institution

which subject gates the individual, and contrary to

the earlier myths, throttles freedom, love, respect

and desire for each other. Says Gyaltsen :

"He went into the room where the coffin lay






.......................................................

'I am free now,' said he.

He had said it many times since

The moment he suspected his wife's silence,

Realized that the bitch had died in her sleep

He left the prospect of freedom unexplored.

It was less from a feeling of remorse than

From not knowing what to do with the

gift........."

Gyaltsen's stories like Babuji's Dost and

novelette Daughters of the House assert,

unambiguously and undauntedly, the woman's

view point. Her women protagonists have grown

in stature from those of the first phase of feminine

literature-they are no longer silent rebels but bold,

outspoken and action-oriented beings ready to

take the most daring decisions to effect reversals

for the better. Radhika, in Babuji's Dost,

exonerates herself from 'the limbo' of a four-

month old marriage even though she is neither

supported nor accepted by her parents. The father

has a 'stern, forbidding patriarchal self' while she

realises that 'the homecoming is very different

from what she had imagined'; but her action, in

freeing herself from' the limited space' of her in-

laws and from a thoughtless husband who 'uses'

her at night, is irrevocable and committed with

responsibility and deliberation. In Daughters of the

House the male protagonist is a symbol of lust and

inconstancy, an intruder who violates and

impregnates the young girl Madhuchanda, who, as

the resolute female protagonist shuns his hand in

marriage while giving birth to a female child as an

unwed mother. This repudiation of the need for a

husband or a father heralds the genesis of a new

era of post-modernism in women's literature.

Sunita Jain's poetry has a novel streak of

mellowed grievances which easily blends with her

hopes and fantasies of a better world. There are

two parallel voices that are discernible in her

work. Through the first she makes a slightly

perturbed but generally calm statement of the

insecurities and injustices in a brutal world. She

utters a plaintive but strong note in the poem

Father' :

'Unloved I grew as earth sometimes

grown to be a tree'......

in this line and in such other contexts there is a

latent implication of a woman's strength and

tolerance like that of the earth or a tree. Through

the second she manifests a poetic predilection for

the inner world of peaceful retreat from the outer

sphere of cruelty :

soon the sea will roll back

the shell close upon itself

the vermillions burn

till the colours of flame

are ash.'

Instead of resorting to virulence or rebellion she

reveals her faith in the quiet, inner world of the

woman, beaming with sunlight, resilience and

dreams. In the poem What it is she looks at her

daughter and keeps 'wondering on which peg/she

hangs her dreams.....'. Dreams and tender fancies

are symbols not of fragility but of resuscitation and

of life in a woman's world, often invaded by

apathy and harshness :

Í dreamed my innocent dreams,

smaller than sparrows,

but like a rocket, life took off.

It's not a hut, but a spacious house

where the food is placed on the table

and no one waits for any one........'.

In such post-colonial poetry the microcosm of the

woman's private world is successfully connected

with the jet-age macrocosm lying out-side. The






'rocket', apart from implying speed and rapid

progress, also has buried connotations of

uncertainty of destination, death and destruction.

Yet the 'sparrow' becomes a more meaningful and

dominant image in projecting the natural warmth,

strength and beauty of the woman's world.

A strong note of feministic outcry is

detectable in Malika Amar Shaikh's poem

"Megalopolis", (In their Own Voice, Ed. Arlene

Zide, 1993) which is a candid and bare statement

of the physicality of a woman used, more often

than not, as a refuge or a therapy by unhappy,

incomplete men :

"One whole woman

Complete with a uterus...

You come to her bosom and things to

look for the meaning of the world

Or the answers to your questions

Or just to kill time

Or for variety.........

Wife, mistress, whore

What's the difference......"

Lakshmi Kannan's poem Draupadi uses the epical

story of Draupadi's public stripping and dishonour

by the lawmakers of a patriarchal society as a

metaphor for the injustices still meted out to the

female race, though in subtler ways. The 'pain'

according to Kannan was more tangible years ago'

reflected in 'the swollen blue and purple bruises'

on the female body; but the woman-question still

remains unresolved, despite the various activities

and organisations who act only on paper :

”Once more

stripped to the raw nerves

Draupadi is bared in books

papers, case studies.........

her heart arrested at a still point in

history."

Imtiaz Dharker in her poem Purdah

speaks of the cruel constraints in the life of a

woman 'as of she were a clod of

earth/..............passing constantly out of her own

hands'. Rajlukshmee Debee Bhattacharya uses a

kind of feminist intertextuality in her poem

Cophetua to explore and evince a similar feeling of

restriction to feminine freedom; in this poem the

beggar maid is undermined and subjugated, with

limitations set on her life and love through the

male-dominated institution of King Cophetua's

royalty :

"Your voice cracked the shell of the sky

Your guards ......... their arms stiff

Under silks and pearls ...............

The palace gathers itself around

me.............

Emperor, your velvets rope my flesh.

Somewhere a bed of rags, empty

Mourns for you and me".

In the final analysis there is an increasing

immediacy and openness noticeable in women's

writings today; there is a certain confessional and

empirical element which was absent in the earlier

phase. In this new feminine literature the personal

short lyric and the short story genres show that it

is more "associational in organisation than logically

structured"; the attitudes are more frank than

ever, the themes such as those of sexuality,

conflicts, promiscuity, interrelationships, guilts,

shames, rebellions love affairs are surprising and

revelatory and the poetic/literary structures are

more experimental than ever. There has been a

steady progression from abstract nationalist

constructions and those related to the Woman

and her Home in the colonial days to a much wider

canvas of the totally liberated and humanized

female being in perceptive interaction with the






greater world around her. The woman writer's

imagination is engaged in a more detailed and

focussed reality-the diction is more direct,

colloquial and contemporary, contributing to the

vitality and sharpness of the texture of the

compositions. Hence the distance between the

writer's self and her milieu has been eliminated

while making her an intrinsic part of the extrinsic

as well. In terms of the social and individual

consciousness that permeates most effective

agents of social, political and economic

development of the nation during this post-

colonial age. It would not be an exaggeration to

state that they are the torch-bearers to the

twenty-first century. It would be meaningful to

recollect, in this context, Anees Jung's poignant

lines of tribute to women all over India :

"Centuries ago, a king, while travelling

through his domain came across people living in

dark caves. He was horrified at the gloom and

ordered every family to be given lamps and oil to

fuel them. Fifty years later he visited the area

again and found the caves in darkness. The lamps

had been forgotten or were broken. The oil had

run out. The King ordered more oil, new lamps.

But when he returned to the area the following

year the caves were dark once more. The king

summoned his minister, a wise old man and asked

for an explanation, 'Ah' said the minister, 'You

gave the lamps of the men. You should have given

them to the women'. The king followed his

minister's advice and the lamps have kept burning

ever since!"

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1- Anita Desai, 'The Farewell Party', The

Inner Courtyard, Rupa and Company,

1994.

2- Malathi Rao, 'Jahanara's Tomb', Woman,

Image, Text, Trianka, 1986.

3- Mikhail Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination,

University of Texas Press, 1981.

4- Lola Chatteriee, Woman, Image, Text,

Trianka, 1986.

5- Ed. M. Prasad, Contemporary Indian

English Stories, Sterling Publishers, 1983.

6- Ed. B.R. Nanda, Indian Women, Vikys

Publishing House, 1976.

7- Lakshmi Holmstrom, The Inner Courtyard,

Rupa, 1994.

8- Indrani Aikath-Gyaltsen, Daughters of the

House, Penguin India, 1992.

9- Manju Jaidka, 'The Whimper and the

Dream'. Recent Indian English Poets,

Bahri Publications, 1992.

10- Bruce King, Modern Indian Poetry in

English, Oxford University Press, 1992.

11- Anees Jung, Unveiling India : A Woman's

Journey, Penguin, 1987.

Department of English

Jamshepur Women’s college,

Ranchi, University

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A STUDY ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) INITIATIVES IN INDIAN

TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY Mrs Meenakshi Swamy

Asst professor, St Aloysius College, Jabalpur (M.P), India

ABSTRACT : Corporate Social responsibility is

a concept whereby business considers the

interests of society by taking responsibility for

identifying and alleviating the impact that

conducting its day to day business. The

Telecommunication sector is selected because the

extensive use of telecommunication services in

India, the health and environmental concerns are

always in public debate and the

telecommunication sector plays an important role

to economy of India businesses and personal lives.

The objective of the paper is to find out corporate

social responsibility initiatives with special

reference to telecommunication industry. The

paper investigates the effects of internal and

external activities related to Corporate Social

Responsibility (CSR) on employees’ perspective.

The result of the research study shows that the

employees are aware of their mobile

telecommunication’s involvement in CSR.

Keywords: CSR, Telecom Regulatory Authority of

India, NTP, New Telecom Policy.

INTRODUCTION :

Indian Telecom Industry

CSR is most often motivated by the desire to

improve the company’s image. It is a mechanism

through which companies gain more public

visibility and in particular, gain more attention

from stakeholders they may view as most

important to their business, such as customers,

regulators or financiers. The Telecommunication

sector deals with numerous social and operational

challenges such as technological development,

increased demand for telecommunication services,

health concerns and environment protection

benefits, it is important to practice responsible

business etiquettes. CSR involves various aspects

such as economic factors, legal requirements,

ethical orders and discretionary demands. The

effect of these factors may add to the firm’s

corporate image and financial performance. The

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India was

established on February 1997 by an act of

parliament called "Telecom Regulatory Authority

of India Act 1997".The mission of TRAI is to create

and nurture an environment which will the enable

quick growth of the telecommunication sector in

the country. India is has surpassed US to become

the second largest wireless network in the world

with a subscriber base of over 300 million

according to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of

India (TRAI). In 1990 telecom revolution in many

countries which resulted in better quality of

service with lower tariff rates force Indian policy

makers to open up telecom sector for private

players. The most important landmark in telecom

reforms came with the New Telecom Policy 1999

(NTP-99).There were major developments on the

policy front post year 2000. Establishment of

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) (2000),

privatization of VSNL (2002). The Indian Telecom

Industry manufacturing

contributes about two-thirds of the total exports

of the country. It has been estimated that

manufacturing exports would US$ 40 billion in

2002 to US$ 300 billion in 2015, simultaneously

increasing its share in world manufacturing trade

from 0.8 % to 3.5 %.

Literature Review :

According to Ogrizek (2001), the scope of CSR is

much broader than charitable activities,

philanthropy and community involvement. It

embraces business practices, including

environmental management systems, human

resource policy and strategic investment for a

sustainable future. He also states that CSR is all

about competing beyond technology, quality

improvement, service reliability and competitive






pricing. Joyner, Payne & Raiborn (2002) contended

that people believe businesses are amoral, when

in fact they generally embrace the values of ethics

in doing business. They cited several factors that

serve to legitimize their position and one of the

factors is society, which expects moral behavior of

the business when it cries out against immoral

labor practices or environmental l increase from

policies. According to European

Telecommunication Network Operators’

Association (ETNO) (2005), energy consumption is

considered as the largest environmental impact of

the companies because the telecommunications

networks need large amounts of electrical energy

increasing related emissions while there are

telecommunication products that never switch off.

One of the potential threats to telecommunication

sector is the electromagnetic fields (EMF) (ETNO,

2005; Arnfalk, 2002) not only to the general public

but also to the employees who work in

telecommunication companies. According to the

Interdepartmental Commission for Sustainable

Development. (ICSD,2006) the motivation of

companies to implement CSR can be influenced by

internal and external, as well as positive or

negative factors. Internal driving forces have to do

with the people working in the company. The

motivating force to engage in CSR can come from

the management, the directors, employees, and

shareholders because each of them will have their

own values and will have a vision on sustainable

development, ethics and their role in society.

Porter and Kramer (2006) stated that strategically

corporate social responsibility (CSR) can become

source of tremendous social progress, as the

business applies its considerable resources,

expertise and insight to the activities that benefit

society, surveys shows that companies should

operate in ways that secure long-term economic

performance by avoiding short-term behavior that

is socially detrimental or environmentally

wasteful. Peloza and Shang (2011) also executed

research on CSR outcomes and their results show

that “CSR leads to outcomes such as increased

customer loyalty, willingness to pay premium

prices, and lower reputation risks in times of crisis”

In 2009, MIT’s Sloan Management Review

publication performed a study where 1,500

executive and managers (Appendix D) were

surveyed to understand the link between

sustainability and business strategy. The findings

concluded that there is a large focus on

sustainability. More than 92 percent agreed that

their companies were addressing sustainability in

some way. There was consensus on the challenges

that sustainability is forcing corporations to deal

with, such as the subject is very “complex,

interrelated, and secular, and that the corporate

sector will play a key role in solving the long-term

global issues related to sustainability (MIT 2009).

NATIONAL TELECOM POLICY

National Telecom Policy 1994 “National Telecom

Policy (NTP) 1994 envisaged the opening up of the

telecom sector in basic services as well as value

added services like Cellular Mobile Telephone

Services (CMTS), radio paging, etc. The policy also

allowed the private sector participation in the

telecom services except National Long Distance

(NLD) and International Long Distance (ILD)

services” (TRAI:2012). National Telecom Policy

envisioned “availability of telephone on demand,

provision of world class services at reasonable

prices, improving India's competitiveness in global

market and promoting exports, attracting FDI and

stimulating domestic investment, ensuring India's

emergence as major manufacturing / export base

of telecom equipment and universal availability of

basic telecom services to all villages.” It also

announced a series of specific targets to be

achieved by 1997 which are as follows: Targets

Telephone should be available on demand by

1997.

All villages should be covered by 1997.

In the urban areas a PCO should be provided for

every 500 persons by 1997.

All value-added services available internationally

should be introduced in India well within the time

span of VIII Plan period, preferably by 1996

(Government of India: 1994). Implementation “The

teledensity target of the National Telecom Policy

(NTP) 1994 was about 0.8 per hundred persons.

Targets of NTP-1994 could not be realized in case






of rural telephony. Telephone lines in rural areas

had not worked properly due to technical reasons

and only about half of over 6 lakh villages were

covered by March 1999. However, performance of

PCOs was comparatively better and the number of

PCOs increased from 80,000 in March 1994 to

277,000 in March 1999. STD/ISD PCOs registered

significant growth during the period, which

increased from 57,119 in March 1994 to 272,989

in March 1999. Through franchise of STD/ISD PCOs

self-employment was provided to unemployed

youth such as ex-servicemen and lower segments

of the society. The mobile and basic segments of

the telecom service were opened to the private

players during the early nineties through bid

pricing for a period of ten years. However, private

operators suffered considerable delay for the

award of license due to political reasons” (Prasad:

2008). Another hurdle in achieving the targets of

NTP-1994 was that government had not provided

financial resources for telecom infrastructure

development.

National Telecom Policy 1999

NTP 1999 allowed private operators providing

cellular and basic services to migrate from a fixed

license fee regime to a revenue sharing regime

which made it financially viable for such operators

to function in the market. Most importantly, the

government recognized the necessity to separate

the government’s policy wing from its operations

wing so as to create a level playing field for private

operators. Accordingly the NTP 1999 directed the

separation of the policy and licensing functions of

DoT from the service provision functions. The

Government corporatized the operations wing of

DoT in October 2000 and named it as Bharat

Sanchar Nigam Limited (“BSNL”) which operates as

a public sector undertaking. Thereafter in 2002,

the monopoly of VSNL also came to an end. Since

the Government was unable to meet keep up with

the demand for telephone connections coupled

with the fact that there was a waiting list for

telephones in India, the Government moved to

involve / invite the private sector in telecom.

Further to this, the Government introduced the

Cellular Mobile Telephone Service (“CMTS”)

license and the Basic Telecom Service (“Basic”)

license allowing private players to provide telecom

services in India. The private sector responded

positively to this move and the Government issued

39 CMTS licenses and 2 Basic licenses.

Targets Telephone on demand by the year 2002.

Teledensity of 7 by the year 2005 and 15 by the

year 2010.

Increase in rural teledensity from the current

level of 0.4 to 4 by the year 2010, reliable

transmission media in all rural areas.

Achieve telecom coverage of all villages in the

country and provide reliable media to all

exchanges by the year 2002.

Internet access to all district headquarters by the

year 2000.

High speed data and multimedia capability using

technologies including ISDN to all towns with a

population greater than 2 lakh by the year 2002

(Department of Telecommunication: 1999).

Impact of Policy Implementation on Telecom

Growth

An interesting feature of the NTP 1999 was that

the growth rate of teledensity during the period

(1976-1998) was just 1.92 percent shown in figure

1. However, the figure shows that1999 onwards

teledensity is growing at much faster pace

comparatively.

Tariff reduction has lead to substantial growth in

the wireless subscribers. “The introduction of

Telecom Tariff Order in 2000 brought down call

charges to 50 percent per minute. In order to

encourage competition, many steps were

undertaken by the government during the

Eleventh Plan period. These include reduction in

tariff for national roaming services, abolition of

Access Deficit Charges (ADC). Further, 238

reduction of interconnect usage charges and

introduction of Mobile Number Portability

encourage competition in the sector. In May 2003,

all local incoming calls were made free by

introducing the Calling Party Pays (CPP) regime.

During the same year, government introduced the

Unified Access Service (UAS) licensing regime,

which permitted an access service provider to

offer both fixed and/or mobile services under the






same license, using any technology. In November

2005, new Unified Access Service Licensing (UASL)

guidelines were issued. These developments led to

substantial increase in the subscriber base and the

sharp decline in average tariff which resulted in

increase in overall industry revenues.” The positive

relationship between the high subscriber base and

low average tariff per outgoing call is indicated .

(Government of India: 2012-17).

National Telecom Policy 2012

Due to the stagnation of growth of this industry

over the past couple of years for various reasons,

the DoT introduced the National Telecom Policy

2012 (“NTP 2012”) in an attempt to align efforts of

policy makers, stakeholders and law makers to

achieve a common goal The preamble to the NTP

2012 reads as follows:

“Telecommunication has emerged as a key driver

of economic and social development in an

increasingly knowledge intensive global scenario,

in which India needs to play a leadership role.

National Telecom Policy-2012 is designed to

ensure that India plays this role effectively and

transforms the socio-economic scenario through

accelerated equitable and inclusive economic

growth by laying special emphasis on providing

affordable and quality telecommunication services

in rural and remote areas.”

The mission of the NTP 2012 is as follows:

To develop a robust and secure state-of-

the-art telecommunication network

providing seamless coverage with special

focus on rural and remote areas for

bridging the digital divide and thereby

facilitate socio-economic development.

To create an inclusive knowledge society

through proliferation of affordable and

high quality broad band across the nation

To reposition the mobile device as an

instrument of socio-economic

empowerment of citizens.

To Make India a global hub for telecom

equipment manufacturing and a centre

for converged communication services.

To promote Research and Development,

Design in cutting edge Information and

Communications Technology and

Electronics (“ICTE”) technologies,

products and services for meeting the

infrastructure needs of domestic and

global markets with focus on security and

green technologies.

To promote development of new

standards to meet national requirements,

generation of IPRs and participation in

international standardization bodies to

contribute in formation of global

standards, thereby making India a leading

nation in the area of telecom

standardization,

To attract investment, both domestic and

foreign.

To promote creation of jobs through all of

the above.

Suggestions :

The telecom companies can show

betterment in enhancing the quality of

products or services to the society. The

transparency of business operations to a

certain extent can be improved to the

employees by developing code of ethics.

The telecom companies should still more

focus themselves in conducting all

necessary tests on the radiation

frequency interference to reduce the

internal and external disturbances.

The telecom companies can show

initiatives in forming a special functional

team to respond immediately to public

feedback from the market products or

packages offered by them.

The fund allocation of telecom companies

for external CSR activities can be

improved better when compared to the

internal CSR activities.

The telecom companies can develop new

incentive structures for best performing

employees in CSR activities, since it






creates a positive relationship between

the company and the employees.

In order to be a leading mobile

telecommunication provider, each firm

must be fully aware and sensitive to the

impact of the economic, legal and social

factors.

Conclusion : Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

is defined as categories of economic, legal, ethical

and discretionary activities of a business entity as

adapted to contribute to the values and

expectations of society (Joyner, Payne & Raiborn,

2002; Coldwell, 2000; Grunig, 1979 ). The lack of

CSR indicators for the telecommunication sector

triggered the interest to develop a system of CSR

categories and indicators where each company

could assess the CSR performance. All mobile

companies showed satisfactory involvement in five

main categories of CSR, namely environmental

concerns, community, Natural disasters, Charity

oriented activities, Products/Services. The telecom

industry is well aware of the fact that business

strategies are utilized by all organizations at some

level. But sustainable management strategies need

to be the guiding principles for corporations, and

area requirement for those seeking to become

socially responsible Overall, it can be concluded

that the Indian telecom sector have high initiative

in CSR activities with several constructive motives.

References :

1. Joyner B.E, Payne. D, Raibom C.E (2002).Journal

Of Developmental Entrepreneurship. Vol 7, Pg. 113

– 131.

2. Arnfalk, P. (2002) Doctoral dissertation, ISBN:

91-88902-23-4, May. European

Telecommunications Network Operators’

Association (ETNO) (2005).

3. Ogrizek M (2002). Forum Paper: The Effect of

CSR on the Branding of Financial Services. Journal

of Financial Services Marketing. Vol 6, Pg 215-228.

4. European Journal of Business and Management

www.iiste.orgISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-

2839 (Online) Vol4, No.8, 2012.

5. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia

Commission (MCMC), (2004).

6. www.ccsenet.org/jsd Journal of Sustainable

Development Vol. 4, No. 2; April 2011.

7. International Conference on Technology and

Business Management March 28-30, 2011.

8. www.tele.net.in/news; www.rcom.co.in

9. www.vodaffone.com/responsibility






Strategic Flexibility HR Organizational Design

Dr. Preeti Gupta

State -Telangana

Abstract : Flexibility is a term that is presumed to

be meaningful across different levels of analysis is

an organizational. Organizational flexibility enables

a firm to achieve a better ‘fit’ with their

environment and create a sustainable competitive

advantage. Strategic flexibility is an increasingly

sought‐after competitive element in today’s fast‐

paced and changing world. Theoretical discussion

on how to achieve flexibility includes, among other

things, building dynamic capabilities, maintaining

multiple options, and supporting horizontal

communication and teamwork among employees.

These and other aspects of flexibility can, in part,

are supported through the organizational

structure. Organizational theory offers a number

of combinations of options for the designer. With

a variety of choices, and a need to have both

control of execution and flexibility for change, a

two‐level structure may support the combination

of benefits that is a source of advantage. Proposes

that organizations can maintain their operational

structure at one level, while experimenting with a

loosely bounded developmental organizational

layer. Suggests that this complementary

organizational tier provides space and support for

a combination of self‐development and self‐

organized efforts consistent with established

incentives and values.

This paper proposes a construct to define and

measure functional flexibility in the field of Human

Resource Management. In doing so, we will try to

clarify this concept, classifying previous definitions

and contributing with an integrative

conceptualization. In the first part of this work we

discuss and justify the need for certain level of

functional flexibility in human resource

management systems, which helps the

organization to improve its capacity to adapt to

current environments. From this point of view, this

capacity is considered as a relevant source of

competitive advantage. Drawing on our theoretical

analysis, we propose a new functional flexibility

construct and a measurement model that could

help to develop deeper analysis on this topic.

Specifically, we discuss the need to analysis how

exploration and exploitation of human capital can

be combined in flexible human resource

management strategies.

Keywords : functional flexibility, flexibility in

strategic human resource management,

theoretical review, measurement model.

INTRODUCTION : The importance of flexibility is

already reflected in seminal studies, flexibility as a

criterion to assess the effectiveness of

organization the importance of flexibility for

companies, and the need for understanding and

managing it strategically. As suggested by some

authors (Gerwin, 1993; Gupta & Goyal, 1989)

flexibility is not only used by companies to adapt

to changes and uncertainty in the environment,

but also to generate uncertainty in their

competitive advantages. Reviewing previous

literature, we identify different areas of

organizational flexibility. In this sense, studies have

explored flexibility in aspects as competitive

strategies, production methods, organizational

structures, or human resource management

Adopting a strategic point of view, and drawing on

the resource-based perspective we assume that

the design of flexible human resource

management systems enables the organization to

generate new valuable, unique and inimitable

resources If resources are difficult to imitate and

can be adapted to changing conditions, they will

be able to generate superior performance and

sustainable competitive advantage for companies.

Likewise, this approach argues that the possibility

of an organization to obtain and maintain a

sustainable competitive advantage depends

largely on the degree of exclusivity of the






competences and skills of their human resources.

Considering this, we can conclude that the manner

in which this human capital is generated and

activated has a strategic role within the

organization Valle, Martin and Romero (2001)

explained the contextual changes that made the

human resources management function change to

a more strategic role. As it can be observed, all

these changes justify the need for flexible human

resource management systems:

As it can be observed, previous classifications are

based on the distinction between two types of

flexibility, one focused on the inside of the

organization, which emphasizes on the use of

human capital, and another that refers to the

numerical arrangement of the workforce, focusing

on recruitment and exit mechanisms available in

the labor market. In this paper, we will follow the

Roca-Puig’s et al. (2008) denomination (Figure 1).

As it has been explained before, these authors

suggested that the concept of labour flexibility

covered different types of policies and practices of

human resource management, which could be

grouped into two categories: internal or functional

flexibility and external or numerical flexibility

(Atkinson, 1984; Kalleberg, 2001). Table 1 shows

the definitions of these two categories, provided

by different authors. Drawing on them, we can

define functional (or internal) flexibility as a

condition that means to extend the skills and

capabilities of employees, as well as their

behaviors so they can play a wider variety of jobs

or tasks and thus to cope with changes and new

requirements in the competitive environment of

the company. On the other hand, numerical (or

external) flexibility is the ability to vary the

number of workers and/or number of hours of

work, as a well as vary the wage costs according to

the needs

Figure 1. Categories of strategic human resource management flexibility

Source: own elaboration

The majority of these researchers assume that

these two types of flexibility are mutually

exclusive, so that organizations use only one of

them.

REVIEW LITERATURE :

Reviewing the literature we can find to different

approaches to analyze the relationship between

human resources practices and flexibility: (1) a first

set of papers exploring the effects of a flexible

design of the practices and, (2) another group of

authors identifying human resource practices that

induce firms’ flexibility.

The first group has majoritarely adopted a

contingent point of view. From this perspective

research has explained the design of flexible

human resource practices with strong theoretical

foundations and empirical support (Roca-Puig et

al., 2008). As Kalleberg (2001) explained, the

flexibility of human resource practices allows

companies to build capabilities to adapt to

Strategic human resource

management flexibility

Numerical or external Functional or internal






changes such as the increase of competition,

diversity of markets or technological innovation.

Thus considered, the practices themselves need to

be flexible, and should be adapted to different

types of workers and environments. For instance,

compensation policies allow workers to choose

between different modes depending on their

preferences. Similarly, tasks planning can be

modified according to customer needs or

employees’ preferences. Ketkar and Sett (2009)

indicated the existence of certain human resource

management practices that directly induce

flexibility. This effect is particularly relevant and

should be analyzed as something different to the

flexibility of the human resources practices. These

flexibility-inducting practices should be further

analyzed to explore how organizations can

facilitate the adaptation skills and behaviors of

employees. Drawing on an extensive review of the

literature, Ketkar and Sett (2009) grouped these

practices in the following categories: (1) selection

and staffing, (2) training and development, (3)

performance management, (4) compensation and

incentives, (5) communication, (6) participation

and, (7) employees’ empowerment. As different

authors have indicated, companies should

implement practices specifically designed to

increase organizational flexibility (Bhattacharya et

al., 2005; García-Tenorio et al., 2011; Michie &

Sheehan, 2001; Pérez-López, Montes-Peón &

Vázquez-Ordás, 2006). For instance, innovative

selection systems could help to identify employees

who can adapt to new situations. Training

programs could provide new skills and drive

employees’ behavior. Job rotation and temporary

assignments also expand skills, while evaluation

and reward systems motivate the employees to

participate in strategic decision-making in

response to changes in the environment. As

empirical research has also demonstrated, these

practices are more efficient if they are

complemented with participative work systems.

OBJECTIVES :

Considering the above discussion, the objective of

this paper is triple: (1) to define a concept of

functional flexibility in the field of human resource

management, (2) identify and define its

dimensions and categories and, (3) propose a

measurement scale. As we will see in the following

sections, functional flexibility is a relevant

organizational capability “that allows the company

to generate and maintain a sustainable

competitive advantage, and therefore obtaining

higher levels of effectiveness” (García-Tenorio,

Sánchez & Holgado, 2011, p.23). Therefore, it is

necessary to deepen the analysis of its internal

dynamics, as previous studies have noticed (López-

Cabrales, Valle & Galán, 2011). The paper is

structured in four blocks. After justifying the

research and presenting the objectives, in the

second section we will review the extant literature

to describe the theoretical and conceptual

framework of the flexibility in the field of human

resource management. In the third block, an

integrative construct for functional flexibility is

presented, describing its dimensions, and the set

of measures defined. Finally, in the fourth section,

conclusions will be presented, explaining the

paper’s contribution, as well as its limitations and

the future lines of research that arise from our

theoretical analysis.

1. THEORY AND HYPOTHESES

The basic model of this research is shown in Figure

1. It helps to measure the direct influenceof

flexibility of strategic planning process on the firm

performance and to scrutinize whetherthis

relationship is affected by environmental

dynamism. The concepts included in the model are

described in the next section of this article. They

were selected on the basis of their theoretical

interest and their mobilization in the previous

works, which can help to put into Perspective the

results of this research with those of previous

works.






Figure 1: Research model

2. METHODOLOGY :

The description of the research methodology

concerns three points: the population, the sample

and the method of collection of the data; the

operationalization of the various research

concepts; the method of data analysis.

2.1. POPULATION, DATA COLLECTION, SAMPLE

The population was the whole of the private and

public firms in the world. Indeed, the only used

criterion to define the target population was the

availability of the email address of the firm. No

other criterion such as the sector of activity, the

country, the size of the firm, etc. was considered.

About 160000 email addresses were collected

from various sources as Internet or data bases

such as Kompass, Diane, etc. The data of this

research were collected by means of an electronic

survey send to target firms between January 2010

and July 2010. The administration of the survey

was done via internet. An accompaniment letter

explained the objective and the structure of the

survey has been send with. So to administer the

survey to target firms, we placed it on the site

www.keysurvey.com. It is suitable to specify that

about 22% of the 160000, almost 35200 emails,

did not arrive to destination, for cause of inexact o

changed addresses, anti spam measures, etc.

Finally, 441 exploitable responses were obtained,

a rate of response of about 0.003%.

2.2. CONCEPTS OPERATIONALIZATION

As shown in Appendix 1, the constructs in our

study are developed by using measurement

Scales adopted from prior studies (Segars et

al.1998; Papke-Shields et al. 2002; Papke Shields et

al., 2006). All constructs are measured using

seven-point Likert scales with anchors strongly

disagree (= 1) and strongly agree (= 7), with the

exception of performance

measurement that is average scores. Finally,

reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha)

obtained in this study are satisfactory and in

almost are similar to those found in previous

research.

2.3. METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Several different methods are deployed to analyze

the research data: (1) SPSS software is used to

calculate descriptive statistics (mean, standard

deviation) for variables included in the research,

the matrix of correlations between these variables

and some measures of psychometric quality of

variables (Cronbach's alpha, KMO); (2) Smart Plant

software is used in addition to SPSS software to

calculate several indices of reliability and validity

of variables (AVE and C.R.); (3) AMOS software was

used to test the research hypotheses by using

several structural equation models. In particular,

models of multi-group structural equations are

used to test the impact of the contingency factor.

3. RESULTS

This section presents the successively descriptive

statistics, psychometric quality of variables, then

the result of testing hypotheses.

3.1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics (mean

and standard deviation) and correlation

coefficients of the variables included in the

research, with the exception of the contingency

Dynamism

Planning

Flexibility

Performance

Financial

Non Financial






variable (environmental dynamism). It is noted

that the averages vary between 4.73 and 5.36 and

standard deviations between 0.982 and 1.636.

Because for a scale of 1 to 7, the median is 4, we

can note that the averages are close to the median

(central value) while generally being slightly

higher. Moreover, the level of standard deviations

shows that there is some variability in the

distribution around the average. This means that

the different variables have enables to 10 capture

phenomena with a clear central tendency

(average, slightly higher than 4) and a real

dispersion (standard deviations between 0.982

and 1.636 points). As for the examination of

correlations, it shows that they are all significant

(p<0.01). The items of dimension flexibility are

highly correlated (minimum correlation = 0.522).

Thus, the dimension flexibility is also highly

correlated with financial and non-financial

performance as well as global performance.

(minimum correlation = 0.302).

Table 1: Means, standard deviation and correlations

No. Items/variabl

es

Mean

s

Standard

Deviation

s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Flex_1 4.73 1.553 1 0.66

7

0.63 0.52

2

0.83

9

0.267 0.321 0.32

2 Flex_2 4.96 1.424 0.667 1 0.69

9

0.55

7

0.85

4

0.314 0.374 0.37

5

3 Flex_3 5.36 1.552 0.63 0.66

9

1 0.58 0.85

9

0.236 0.319 0.30

1

4 Flex_4 4.78 1.636 0.522 0.55

7

0.58 1 0.80

2

0.202 0.288 0.26

6

5 Flexibility 54.95 1.291 0.839 0.85

4

0.85

9

0.80

2

1 0.302 0.387 0.37

5

6 Fin

Performance

4.82 1.141 0.267 0.31

4

0.23

6

0.20

2

0.30

2

1 0.665 0.92

3

7 Non_Fin_

Performance

5.03 1.010 0.321 0.37

4

0.31

9

0.28

8

0.38

7

0.665 1 0.90

1

8 Performance 4.93 0.982 0.32 0.37

5

0.30

1

0.26

6

0.37

5

0.923 0.901 1

All Correlations significant at the 0.01 level.

N=441

Table 2 presents the results of descriptive statistics

concerning the dynamic environment. There is a

real variety in the intensities of dynamic

environment represented in the sample.

Furthermore, dichotomization results in two

groups with practically equal numbers (223 and

218 firms). The group at low dynamism (223

companies) presents a level of dynamism between

1 and 3.5 while the group at high dynamism (218

companies) has a level of dynamism between 4






and 7. A test of mean differences between these

two groups shows that the averages are

significantly different between the two groups (p

=0.000).

Table 2 : Descriptive statistics – Dynamism of environment

Dynamism Frequency Percentage Cumulative Percentage

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

Total

18

25

51

40

43

46

51

36

34

36

36

15

10

441

4.1

5.7

11.6

9.1

9.8

10.4

11.6

8.2

7.7

8.2

8.2

3.4

2.3

100.0

4.1

9.8

21.3

30.4

40.1

50.6

62.1

70.3

78.0

86.2

94.3

97.7

100.0

Level of Dynamism

Low

High

Total

223

218

441

50.6

49.4

100

50.6

100

3.2. PSYCHOMETRIC QUALITY OF VARIABLES:

The psychometric quality of variables is assessed through the following two properties: reliability and validity.

Concepts Items Alpha C.R AVE KMO

Flexibility

Dynamism

Fin Performance

Non_Fin

Performance

Fin + Non_Fin

Performance

4

2

3

3

6

0.859

0.751

0.887

0.780

0.885

0.9044

0.8459

0.9282

0.8727

0.9094

0.7034

0.7387

0.8118

0.6972

0.6264

0.821

0.500

0.717

0.683

0.832

3.2.1. Reliability

Table 3 contains the results concerning the

reliability assessed using Cronbach's coefficient

alpha and composite reliability (C.R.). It is noted

that all measures are greater than the

recommended limits of 0.70. The alpha

coefficients ranged from 0.751 (dynamism) to

0.887 12 (financial performance) and those of

composite reliability (C.R.) between 0.846

(dynamism) and 0.928 (financial performance).

The variables are considered as sufficiently

reliable.






3.2.2. Validity

The two main forms of validity are examined:

discriminant validity and convergent validity.

Convergent validity was assessed by the average

variance extracted (AVE), values greater than or

equal to 0.50 are considered satisfactory as well as

by the measure of the Kaiser Meyer-Olkin (KMO)

for which values superior than 0.50 are considered

satisfactory (Lucian et al., 2008). As shown in Table

3, all measures of the AVE and the KMO met or

exceeded the threshold of 0.50, suggesting that

the conditions for convergent validity are satisfied

by the variables used in this research.

Discriminant validity shows that a measure is

empirically distinct and different from other

measures. It is established when the average

variance extracted (AVE) is greater than the square

cross-correlations of constructs (Fornell and

Larcker, 1981). As shown in Table 3, the AVE of the

two dimensions namely strategic flexibility and

performance exceeds the squared correlations of

inter-constructs (see correlation in table 1),

suggesting that the conditions for discriminant

validity is met by the variables used in this

research.

In sum, examination of descriptive statistics

(frequencies, averages, standard deviations) and

psychometric qualities (reliability, convergent

validity, discriminant validity) of the variables of

the concepts of this research shows that we have

good measures to proceed to testing hypotheses.

3.3. HYPOTHESES TESTING

Hypothesized relationships inspired from research

model (Figure 1) were tested using structural

equation models several estimated by using AMOS

software. The two hypotheses, one examining the

direct relationship between strategic flexibility and

performance, the other hypothesis examining the

impact of the contingency factor (dynamic of

environment) on this relationship are accepted.

Figure 2 shows the results of the first hypothesis

test. Coefficients are not-standardized and values

in parentheses correspond to T of Student. As can

be seen, all coefficients are positive and

significant. Table 4 presents the overall results of

hypotheses testing.

Figure 2: Relationship between flexibility of strategic planning process and firm performance

Regarding the direct link, and as expected by H1,

flexibility of strategic planning process significantly

and positively affects performance (β = 0.345, T =

5.860, p <0.01), therefore, H1 is accepted.

1.109 .876

1.068

.359 (8,092)

1.141

1.000 1.00

1.000

Planning

Flexible

Performanc

e

Financial

Non Financial

Flex 2

Flex 3

Flex 4

Flex 1






Table 4: Hypotheses testing

Hypotheses Path Specified Coefficient

T

Chi-2

df P RMSEA

CFI

H1 Strategic flexibility -

Performance

0.345

5.860

15.64

1

16

0.478

0.000

1.000

H2 Dynamism–

Strategic flexibility

0.395

8.092

20.10

0

21

0.515

0.000

1.000

The moderating role of contingency factor

(dynamic of environment) in the relationship

between Strategic flexibility and performance has

been tested through multi-group analysis. The

constrained model postulating the similarity of

factorial structures and structural coefficients

between the two groups (low/high dynamism) has

a very good fit to empirical data concerning the

Strategic flexibility (Chi-2 = 20.100, df = 21, p =

0.515). The difference between constrained and

unconstrained models (Chi-2 = 4.459, df = 5, p =

0.485) emerged as not statistically significant.

Finally, the structural coefficients of the

constrained model (β = 0.395, T = 8.092, p<0.01)

correspond to the postulated hypothesis.

Therefore, H2 is supported, which means that

environment dynamism does not moderate the

relationship between the comprehensiveness of

strategic planning and performance. could

therefore conclude that the flexibility of strategic

planning process has a positive impact on firm

performance independently of environmental

dynamism.

4. DISCUSSION

The results of this research suggest a significant

relationship between the flexibility of strategic

planning process and firm performance. These

results are consistent with several previous studies

(Sanchez, 1995; Hitt et al., 1998; Evans, 1991;

Johnson et al., 2003; Nadkarni and Herrmann,

2010; Sanchez, 1995). These results illustrate the

importance of flexibility of strategic planning

process as a tool enabling firm to adapt and

respond quickly to environmental changes for

exploiting quickly and efficiently the different

advantages and opportunities in the environment

(Dreyer and Grønhaug, 2004; Levy and Powell,

1998).

These results confirm further many arguments in

favor of the flexibility of strategic planning

process. For example, flexible decision-making

processes are open to new ideas, new alternatives,

new roles, and to different sources of information

within and outside the organization (Tushman et

al., 1986; Sharfman and Dean, 1997). Such

processes are more likely to produce the types of

innovative decisions that facilitate organizational

adaptation (Sharfman and Dean, 1997). Therefore,

planning flexibility has become one of the most

important factors in achieving strategic objectives

and thereby competitive advantage (Lau, 1996).

Our results show also that the relationship

between flexibility of strategic planning and firm

performance is not moderated by environmental

dynamism. This result is in fact original and does

not found in previous studies. These results

contradict several previous studies assuming a

evident impact of environmental dynamism on this

relationship (Hitt et al., 1998; Johnson et al., 2003;

Nadkarni and Narayanan, 2007; Sanchez, 1995).

Therefore, our results indicate that flexibility of

strategic planning process is beneficial in a stable

environment as in an unstable one. This is

probably through the adaptation to environmental

changes (Dreyer and Grønhaug, 2004; Levy and

Powell, 1998); the production of innovative

decisions (Sharfman and Dean, 1997) and the

rapidity of exploiting the new opportunities from

external environment (Porter and Millar, 1985;

Van de Ven, 1986). Nowadays, flexibility is






considered an essential requisite for firms wishing

to survive and prosper (Sanchez, 1995). In sum, it

appears that flexibility of strategic planning

process has a positive impact on firm performance

independently of the dynamism of environment.

CONCLUSION : Examining the impact of the

strategic flexibility on firm performance is one

of the fundamental issues of research has

received a great attention for at least two decades

both from researchers and practitioners. But,

empirical studies examine the relationship

between flexibility of strategic planning process

and firm performance are noticeably absent in the

current literature (Rudd et al., 2008).

The main aim of this paper has been to study the

impact of flexibility of strategic planning process

on firm performance. The review of the literature

on flexibility revealed a positive impact of

flexibility on performance, and this impact is very

higher in a turbulent environment than in a stable

environment. In our study, we have attempted to

empirically test the impact of flexibility of strategic

planning process on performance, and the findings

indicate that flexibility is a valuable skills which has

a major impact on firm performance among the

firms studied. In fact, our research has attempted

to provide new conceptual, methodological and

empirical understanding of the nature of

comprehensiveness-performance relationship.

Conceptually and in relation to the concept of

business performance, a literature analysis

allowed us to identify and integrate two forms of

performance: a financial form and nonfinancial

form. We also tried to clarify the role of possible

contingency factors. Here too,

analysis of the literature allowed us to detect and

integrate a contingency factor frequently

mentioned: environmental dynamism.

Methodologically, we adopted reliable measures

for the three variables that set up our research

model. Also, our sample includes companies from

all continents, in contrast to most previous

empirical studies whose data were often

exclusively North-American. In fact, our study is, to

our knowledge, one of the first studies that have

explicitly modeled and empirically tested in a

global context the relationship between flexibility

of strategic planning and performance. Empirically,

by using the method of causal modeling, we

examined this relationship as well as the

moderating effect of environmental dynamism on

the relationship. The results show a positive and

significant association between flexibility of

strategic planning and financial and non-financial

performance, which tends to confirm the results of

many previous studies. Moreover, despite the

insistence of many writers on the role of

contingency factors, we found that environmental

dynamism does not affect this relationship, unless

this relationship between flexibility of strategic

planning and performance has been slightly

stronger in a dynamic environment than in a stable

environment, which significantly does not

consider. This research could have important

theoretical, methodological and practical

implications. Theoretically, it could contribute to a

better understanding of the relationship between

flexibility of strategic planning and firm

performance. The confirmation of the positive

impact of flexibility on the performance, the lack

of environmental dynamism moderation could

also be a theoretical contribution.

Methodologically, our research has attempted

several advances: it focused on an international

sample (European, North-American, Asian

companies) whereas previous studies focused

mainly on North-American companies, it proposes

a new operationalization of the concept of

performance (financial and non-financial); it

considers the psychometric qualities (reliability,

convergent validity, discriminant validity) of

variables, it mobilizes a rigorous procedure of

hypotheses testing through structural equation

models. In practice, it points out to leaders that

the flexibility of strategic planning process

improves financial and non-financial performance

regardless of the dynamism of environment. This

research is obviously not without limits. For

example, it is only quantitative. Qualitative case

studies, even interviews with some decision

makers might usefully complement quantitative

data. Future research could address this limit.






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Recent Trends in Auditing

Dr. Songirkar Nitin Bhatu

Assistant Professor, SMRK.BK.AK.Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nashik. (Maharashtra)

Abstract : Auditing means the scrutiny of account

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Committees, Risk Management and Internal

Auditors.

Keywords : Auditing, Verification, Financial

Statements, Investors, Confidence Building, Peer

Review committee, Risk Management, Institute of

Chartered Accountants of India.

Auditing : Auditing is a methodical examination or

review of condition or situation. financial

statement audit, energy efficiency audit, e-mail log

audit, environment audit etc. It is understood to

be closely linked with financial auditing, an in

depth review of the books of accounts of an entity

to ensure that the financial statements prepared

on the basis of the books of accounts are accurate

and reliable. Originally, audit meant the

examination of cash transactions related to the

revenues of state and its disbursements. With the

advancement of trade and industry the private

traders and owners of country land started getting

their accounts audited.

F.R.M.De.Paula:”Auditing is the examination of a

Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account

prepared by others, together with the books ,

accounts and vouchers, relating thereto in such a

manner that the auditor may be able to satisfy

himself and honestly report that, in his opinion ,

such Balance Sheet is properly drawn up so as to

exhibit a true and correct view of the state of

affairs of the particular concern, according to the

information and explanation given to him and as

shown by the books”

J.R.Batliboi : ”Auditing is an intelligent and critical

scrutiny of the books of account of a business with

the documents and vouchers from which they are

written up, for the purpose of ascertaining

whether the working results for a particular

period, as shown by the profit and Loss Account,

as also the exact financial condition of that

business as reflected in the Balance Sheet are truly

determined and presented by those responsible

for the compilation.”

Montgemery : ”Auditing is a systematic

examination of the books and records of a

business or other organization, in order to

ascertain or verify, and to report upon the facts

regarding its financial operations and results

thereof.”

Objectives of Research:

1. To Know about the Auditing.






2. To Study the Objectives and Advantages of

Auditing.

3. To Find out the New or Recent Trends in

Auditing.

Research Methodology : Methodology used for

the collection of data for research from to

secondary data i.e. Books, Magazines, News

papers, etc.

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India,

in its publication, General Guidelines on Auditing

states-

Auditing is a systematic and independent

examination of data, statements, records,

operations and performance of an enterprise for a

stated purpose. In any auditing situation, the

auditor perceives and recognizes the propositions

before him for examination, collects evidences,

evaluates the same and on this basis, formulates

his judgment which is communicated through his

audit report.

According to the definition , the following features

of auditing-

1. It is a systematic and an independent

examination.

2. It includes not only the review of financial

data, but also non-financial ones.

3. The object of an audit is stated in the audit

contract. The object may be to submit an

opinion as to whether the financial

statements give a true and fair view, or there

can be any object other than related to

financial statements.

4. The auditor must clearly know, under the

overall purpose of the audit, the propositions

he is examining.

5. An Auditor collects evidences not only from

within the organization but also from outside

the organization such as banks, customers,

suppliers.

6. After thorough examination, the auditor

formulates an opinion regarding the situation

under review and presents the audit report

to his client.

Objectives of Auditing :-

The objective of audit is to lend credibility to

information and thereby improve its reliability for

decision-makers. Thus, the objective of auditing is

to give assurance of the truthfulness of the

information under review. Auditing objectives are

mainly primary and secondary.

1. Primary Objective: It may be observed that

the primary objective of and audit is to give an

opinion. On the financial statement of the

enterprise, expressing whether the financial

statements give a true and fair view of the

operating results and financial position of the

company. There is no authoritative

interpretation of the term true and fair view.

2. Secondary Objective: In order to express a

view on the truth and fairness of financial

statements, the auditor has to ensure that

there are no misstatements in the statements.

The incidental objective of financial audit is

the detection and prevention of errors and

frauds.

Advantages of Auditing : People get their

accounts audited in order to ensure smooth

functioning of business. It is important in a

partnership business in order to ensure healthy

relations among the partners and to decide about

valuation of goodwill at the time of retirement,

death or admission of a partner. In the case of

companies audit is made compulsory under the

Companies Act 1956.Advangaes of audit can be

grouped under the following categories-

1. Business point of view :

a. Detection of errors and frauds:- It help n

detection of errors and frauds.

b. Loan from Banks:-It facilitates obtaining loans

from Banks as the audited statements are

relied upon.

c. Builds reputation:-It build up reputation of

the business.

d. Proper valuation of assets:-It enables the

management to decide correct valuation of

assets for the purpose of purchase and sale of

business.






e. Government Acceptance :- Government

authorities accept audited statements as

true and fair for the purpose of taxation.

f. Update Accounts:-It makes the clerks alert.

They keep the accounting update.

g. Suggestions for improvement useful when

managed by Agents: Auditor can give

concrete suggestions regarding improvement

of business.

2. Investors point of view :

a. Protects interest of investors: Auditor acts

as representative of shareholders and

trustees. This helps to protect the interest of

various investors.

b. Moral check: It helps to exercise moral check

on directors and managers to act honestly.

c. Proper valuation of investment: Investment

held by investors is valued properly.

d. Good collateral security: Investment can be

a good collateral security for raising loans if

the accounts are audited.

3. Other advantages :

a. Evaluates financial status: Audit evaluates

financial position correctly.

b. Listing of shares: Stock exchange relies

heavily on the audited accounts for the

purpose of listing of shares.

c. Settlement of claim: Audited accounts are

helpful in settlement of insurance claim.

Insurance companies relies on the audited

statement of claim.

d. Evidence in court: Audited accounts can be

produced as an evidence in the court of law

in the case of dispute.

e. Settlement of accounts: It also helps

settlement of accounts between the parties.

f. Facilitates calculation of purchase

consideration: The purchaser of business can

calculate the amount of purchase

consideration easily on the basis of audited

balance sheet.

g. Facilitates taxation: Taxation authorities can

rely on the audited accouts.Net profit as per

audited statement is the basis of

determination of taxable income and tax

liability.

New or Recent Trends in Auditing : The primary

objective of the financial audit by an independent

auditor is to ensure that the financial statements

prepared by the internal staff of the organization

are reliable and accurate and depict the true and

fair view of the financial health of an organization.

Besides this, the auditor is to discover all kinds of

frauds and mistakes incidental to the primary

object and he should also comment on the

soundness of financial policies and efficiency of

the management. It is necessary as every

concerned person expects that the public auditing

practice should provide best possible professional

services to their clients. In other words the work of

the auditor should demonstrate professionalism



objectivity following generally accepted auditing

procedure, practices and new trends-

1. Confidence Building : In the recent years, there

is a widespread feeling amongst the public that

independent audit has failed to accomplish its

perceived objectives fully. This feeling, to some

extent, is justified specially when we read

about financial scandals in those organizations

where financial audit has been conducted. The

public raises an eyebrow when a company goes

into liquidation or a big fraud is discovered in

the organization of which the financial audit

has been carried out by a professional auditor.

The public expects that an independent auditor

should perform its true role of watchdog and

the financial statements audited y him should

give a guarantee regarding the authenticity of

the financial statement and the proper

management of the public funds and to build

confidence.

2. Peer Review committee-Auditing the Auditor :

The concept of peer review is gaining

popularity and acceptance among the

professional. This concept refers to a system

for reviewing the work culture and work

content of an auditing firm by a peer i.e.






another auditing firm or member of ICAI as a

quality control measure.

The ICAI recommended the formation of Peer

Review Board for carrying out the review work

of practicing auditors. The whole purpose f this

exercise is to-

a. Enhance the quality of professional work so

that Chartered Accountancy profession in India.

b. Ensure compliance with the technical standards

laid down by ICAI and various other statutory

and regulatory bodies.

c. Enhance reliability of financial statements by

users thereby strengthen public confidence and

bringing more transparency in attestation

function carried out by the professional

auditors.

The Composition of the PEER Review Board,

shall comprise of individuals of high integrity

and reputation who enjoy high reputation at

the international level. The members can be

drawn from Reserve Bank Of India, CAG, SEBI,

Bankers, Judiciary, Experts from Insurance

sectors ad ICAI.

3. Audit Committees : There is growing feeling

among professional bodies and corporate law

authorities for the formation of Audit

Committees whose specific responsibility

should be to review the financial statements

before submission to the board of directors.

The Terminology for Accountant, defines an

audit committee as a committee of directors of

a corporation whose specific responsibility is to

review the annual financial statements before

submission to the board of directors and it

generally acts as liaison between the auditor

and the board of directors and its activities may

include the review of nomination of the

auditor, overall scope of the audit, results of

audit, internal financial controls and financial

information for publication. Every public

company having paid up capital of more than

Rs. Five core will appoint an audit committee as

per section 292-A of companies Act.

The main function of the audit committee is to-

a. Consider the appointment of external

auditor and terms of his appointment

including remuneration.

b. Discuss the audit programme in detail with

the external auditor.

c. Decide the scope of the audit before audit

commences.

d. Review the internal control programme in

order to achieve better coordination

between internal and external auditor.

e. Review the half yearly and annual financial

statements before submission to the board

of directors.

f. Discussion regarding accounting policies

and practices, accounting standards and

adjustments which have been made during

the audit.

4. Risk Management and Internal Auditors :

The emerging era of Risk Management and

its different implications have thrown open

a vista of opportunities for Chartered

Accountant throughout the globe. In an

enterprise, a risk is defined as a possible

event that can have negative influences on

the enterprise to the extent that it can

even threaten its very existence .Its impact

can also b on the resources, the product,

customers, markets and society. The 21st

century Internal Auditors will have the vital

areas and responsibilities. He has to

minimize the effects of threat of risks if not

to eliminate completely because of

limitations. The enhanced role of Internal

auditors covers inter alia, financial

analysts, Risk evaluators, Improving

business operations and providing

performance analysis, and

recommendations.

Conclusion : As per the above information, I

conclude that, Auditing is the independent

examination of financial information of any entity,

whether profit oriented or not and irrespective of

size, or legal form, when such an examination is

conducted with a view to expressing an opinion

thereon.






The primary objective of the financial audit by an

independent auditor is to ensure that the financial

statements prepared by the internal staff of the

organization are reliable and accurate and depict

the true and fair view of the financial health of an

organization. Besides this, the auditor is to

discover all kinds of frauds and mistakes. The work

of the auditor should demonstrate professionalism



objectivity, accepted auditing procedure, practices

and new trends that is Confidence Building, Peer

Review committee-Auditing the Auditor, Audit

Committees, Risk Management and Internal

Auditors.

References :

1. L.N.Chopade,D.H,Chudhari,Subhash

Jagtap,Kishor Jagtap,(2001),Business

Taxation & Auditing,Sheth Publishers

Pvt.Ltd.,Pune.

2. P.C.Pardeshi(2001), Business

Management,Nirali Prakashan,Pune

3. R.G.Saxena,(2013)Principles and Practice

of Auditing,Himalaya Publishing

House,Mumbai.

4. Meera Govindaraj,(2015),Auditing,Nirali

Prakashan,Pune.






SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN ORISSA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KANIKA MOVEMENT

Pradeep Kumar Giri

HOD History, R.D.S. Degree Mahavidyalaya, Kundabai, Mayurbhanj, Odisha,757087

Abstract :- Kanika Movement in Odisha is a

Agrarian grievances which had effected the live of

people. The people demanded for the economic

independents and administrative and

constitutional reforms that they were apprissed

and suppressed and depressed by the Zamindars.

When the misrule of local Zamindar reached the

climax, the peasants could not find any way out,

but to take recourse to mass resistance against the

high handedness of the Raja. The peasants formed

organizations and association to attain their

socioeconomic objectives, But their movement got

a sudden halt by police atrocities, there two died

and a number of leaders got imprisoned. The

romantic and sensational history of the struggle

between the rular and the ruled, the oppressor

and the oppressed, the reactimaries and the

revolutionaries in the perspective of all Indian

freedom struggle is thereby formed a glorious

chapter in the liberation of Social Movement of

Orissa provinc.

It was during the Non-Cooperation

Movement that Odisha witnessed a thrilling event

in 1922. That was the peasants agitation in Kanika

against their zamindar called Raja.

Kanika estate with an area of 450 square

miles was mainly divided into two parts –

Chhamuka and Panchamuka. While Chhamuka was

in Cuttack District, Panchamuka was in Balasore

District.1 In 1922, Rajendra Narayan Bhanj Deo

(1902-1948) was the Raja of Kanika. He was a well-

known figure in Odisha. Rajendra Narayan was a

member of both the Central and the Provincial

Legislative Councils. Besides, he was also one of

the architects of the Utkal Union Conference.2 In

spite of all these, it was indeed amazing that the

agrarian agitation occurred in Kanika estate during

the tenure of Rajendra Narayan Bhanj Deo.

The agitation broke out on account of

agrarian discontents of the peasants. The Raja of

Kanika usually stayed at Cuttack. In his absence

feudal tyranny and illegal exactions were carried

on by the estate officials.3 They were collecting

from the people 64 variety of taxes like Forest tax

(Bana Kara), Fish tax (Machha Kara), Grazing tax

(Gocharan Kara) etc.

Now the Raja proposed a fresh land

settlement in his estate in terms of which the land

revenue was to be increased. The peasants of

Kanika were already overburdened by existing

Land tax and other illegal exactions of 64

varieties.4 Furthermore, Kanika experienced a

famine in 1920-21 due to the loss of crops in a high

flood. So, the peasants of Kanika were not in a

position to pay this enhanced land revenue.

The political consciousness was quite

strong among the people of Kanika. They learnt

from the Congress movement how to fight for

their own political and economic rights. Gandhiji’s

visit to Odisha in 1921, further stimulated the

people of Kanika to raise their voice against undue

impositions.

The peasants of Kanika opposed the

proposed land settlement. They even demanded

Government settlement instead of private

settlement by the Raja. The Raja, Rajendra

Narayan Bhanj Deo, did not yield to this demand

and under the influence of his subordinates he

remarked adamant in enforcing his new

settlement. It resulted in an agitation in Kanika.

Chakradhar Behera protested against this new

settlement and resigned from the post of

Accountant of the Kanika zamindary.5

Under his

influence five students of the Rajkanika High

School joined the agitation.6






The newspapers of Odisha not only

reflected the miserable condition of the people of

Kanika but also condemned the Raja for his role in

it. They publicity centred on the agrarian issues of

the estate such as feudal tyranny, illegal exaction,

misappropriation, corruption, ruthless oppression,

bonded and forced labour, public flogging and

physical torture by the Raja’s officials. The

newspapers also criticized the Raja for his

reactionariness, pro-British fanaticism and

blindness to the misdeeds of his officials.7 The

prominent newspapers which vividly described the

sufferings of the peasants and highlighted the

gravity of the situation were The Samaja, Utkal

Dipika, Seba, Deshakatha, Oriya, Leader and

Search Light. A few booklets such as Dukhini

Kanika written by Anand Chandra Jena and

Dasahara Bheti written by Ghanashyam Mohanty

fanned the fire of agitation to generate heat in the

hearts of the masses.

The Congressmen of Odisha kept a close

watch on the Kanika disturbances. Some of the

prominent Congress leaders came to Kanika and

brought some of the leading agitations under the

Congress fold. The Congress leaders who visited

Kanika to inspire the people were Laxminarayan

Sahu, Banchhanidhi Das, Sarala Das, Jadumani

Mangaraj, Atal Behari Acharya, Ekram Rasool and

Bhagirathi Mohapatra. But the Utkal Pradesh

Congress Committee decided not to involve itself

in this agitation and directed the Congressmen to

keep themselves aloof of the Kanika affairs.8

But the people of Kanika continued their

agitation against the Raja. When the peasants

wanted to pay their rent at prevailing rate, it was

not accepted by the Raja. As a result, the peasants

of Chhamuka deposited their rents in the

Kendrapara treasury.9 It enraged Raja Rajendra

Narayan Bhanj Deo. On the other hand the

agitators under their leader Chakradhar Behera

continued their no-rent campaign with more

vigour and determination. They even attacked the

rent payers and loyalists.10

It was enough to bring

both the Raja and the government to the fire of

anger. The Raja could convince the government

authorities that the agrarian agitation of Kanika

was a part and parcel of the Non-Cooperation

Movement. The Raja with the support of the

government took strong repressive measures

against the peasants of Kanika. The agitators were

tortured and penalized. But they did not bow

down their heads. Being unable to control the

situation Raja Rajendra Narayan sought for police-

help. The Superintendent of Police of Cuttack sent

an armed police force to Kanika to suppress the

movement. On 18th

April 1922, three peons were

assaulted by a crowd of 400 people. On 22nd

April

when the Inspector of Police arrested five of the

accused, a mob of 2000 rescued them. Out of fear,

the Inspector of Police hesitated to fire on such a

huge crowd.11

In the meantime, Srikrishna

Mohapatra, the Superintendent of Police of

Cuttack, reached the spot and ordered immediate

firing without giving any warning to the assembled

people. This firing occurred at Patapur. Two were

killed and twenty-four were injured in the police

firing. The two who died and became martyrs

were Basu Sethi and Bisuni Madhual.12

This firing

was followed by a reign of terror by the police.

Many agitators were arrested and imprisoned.

People’s properties were plundered and their

houses were set on fire.13

The people were

mercilessly beaten; women were molested. As it

had happened in the Doab region during the reign

of Muhammad Bin Tughluq of the Mediaeval Age,

in Kanika, the people, out of fear of punishment

fled to the neighbouring jungle to escape from

paying high rents. The ring leaders including

Chakradhar Behera were sent to prison.

Chakradhar Behera wrote Bandira Bilapa depicting

the deplorable condition of the Kanika people. All

these were banned.

The celebrated poet Banchhanidhi

Mohanty’s song Dukhini Kanika created a

sensation in the hearts of the people and it was

also banned. Banchhandhi Mohanty wrote thus:

“Kete dina aau dukhini kanika

aniti jatana sahiba






Dukha sahibaku dukhini lalate lihithila

kiba daiba.

Kara dei sarichi sambala

Mada khai khai haraichhi bala

Aaha bolibaku saha kehi nahin

Ka age e dukha kahiba.

Panjaba kahani sunithili kane

Kanikara lila dekhuchhi nayane

Sata atyachara kanikara tule panjaba

Kanikara tule panjaba ki sari hoiba.”

The two leading newspapers, The Samaja

and Utkal Dipika magnified the harrowing tale of

oppression. Gopabandhu Das along with

Bhagirathi Mohapatra were sent to the Hazaribag

jail for violating the prohibitory order.14

While he

was going to Hazaribag he sang:

“Thau go kanika o bhogi bhagya rekha

Banchithile puni kebe heba dekha”

In that jail Gopabandhu wrote a heart-touching

poem included in his work Bandira Atmakatha

narrating ruthless oppression in Kanika.

Gopabandhu wrote thus:

“Nirasa hrudaya kahe dirghaswasa

He kanikabasi rakha e biswasa

Se usma niswasa asru bisarjana

Se daruna nada prana prakampana.

“Dukhuni kanika karuna kuhata

Lage jenhe ethi bhedi bilapata

Salandi salila pratidhwani tane

Kulisa nirmala bajai mo kane.”

Kanika jibaku bata bhadaraka

Thaanta jebe moro bihangama pakhya

Udijai dekhi aasithanti thare

Kanika prajaku rikta bhanga ghare”.

When the agitation in Chhamuka of

Cuttack District was in full swing, its counterpart,

Panchamuka of Balasore District was peaceful.

However at Panchamuka, the S.D.O. of Bhadrak

arrested some persons under Section 107 of I.P.C.

and convicted them. They appealed against this

conviction in the High Court. The High Court

acquitted them with the remark that Kanika

agitation was an ordinary agrarian movement, not

an anti-government agitation.15

This view of the

High Court softened the reckless activities of the

administrators in suppressing the agitation.

Furthermore, on 25th

August 1922, Choudhury

Bhagabat Prasad Mohapatra moved a resolution in

the Bihar and Odisha Legislative Assembly for an

enquiry into the Kanika troubles.16

But this did not

materialize. The Government rather fixed the

responsibility of causing these disturbances in

Kanika on the Congressmen, as a part of the Non-

Cooperation Movement. True, the Kanika agitation

gradually calmed down, but the way it was

suppressed remained as a dark chapter in the

history of the twentieth century Odisha. And the

glitter of Raja Rajendra Narayan Bhanj Deo that

had once dazzled and delighted thousands was

tarnished to some extent by this event.

For a long time, the British government

considered the Kanika agitation as part of the Non-

Cooperation Movement in Odisha. Babaji Ramdas

and Chakradhar Behera were instrumental in

directing the Kanika uprising from Cuttack and

Balasore side respectively. Since the Raja of Kanika

was a member of the Bihar and Odisha Legislative

Council, his influence on British Government was

quite significant. Under his behest the

Government officers were not prepared to listen

to the petitions and grievances of the people.

According to the verdict of Patna High Court the

movement had no link with Non-Cooperation

Movement, it was the result of the

discontentment of the peasants.17






The Chauri-Charura incident in the

modern Gorakhpur District of Uttar Pradesh

ultimately led to the suspension of the Non-

Cooperation Movement by Mahatma Gandhi. It

was followed by his arrest. Bu that time all the

Congress leaders of Odisha were in prison which

gave the national movement a definite set-back.

The Congress Working Committee appointed a

committee consisting of Rajgopalchari, Motilal

Nehru, V.J. Patel, Dr. Ansari to visit Cuttack and

ascertain how far the country was prepared for

civil disobedience. At Cuttack, Gopabandhu

Choudhury, Nilakantha Das, Godavaris Mishra and

other leaders who were outside the jail gave

evidence and expressed that Utkal Province was

not yet prepared for mass civil disobedience and

individual satyagraha and council entry.18

Subhas

Chandra Bose also visited Cuttack in the 3rd

week

of August, 1922 and discussed with the local

leaders regarding the national struggle. Though

the Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended,

it brought about an awakening in Odisha.

The suspension of Non-Cooperation

Movement produced a schism in the Congress

Party at all India level. The ‘no changers’ stuck to

Gandhian programme of constructive work.19

While the ‘pro-changers’ favoured council entry

and formed the Swarajya Party. The leaders of

Swarajya Party were Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal

Nehru. This development had its repercussion in

Odisha. Nilakantha Das and Godavaris Mishra and

others formed the Swarjya Party while

Harekrushna Mahatab opposed their stand. As a

result of this division, the Congress Party was

weakened in Odisha.20

Towards the end of 1923, the following

Congressmen entered the provincial Council and

Central Assembly under the name of Swarajya

Party, Godavarish Mishra, Jagabandhu Singh,

Radharanjan Das, Bhagabat Prasad Mohapatra

were elected to the Provincial Council and

Bhubanananda Das and Nilakantha Das were

elected to the Central Assembly.21

The Congress movement in Odisha

received a severe jolt with the suspension of the

Non-Cooperation Movement. However, the Non-

Cooperation Movement had led to a new

awakening in Odisha and there was rapid increase

of Congress influence.22

But its sudden suspension

led to frustration and disillusionment among the

rank and file of Congress workers. The congress

became a moribund organization with the arrest of

prominent leaders, like Gopabandhu Das,

Bhagirathi Mohapatra, Ekram Russol and

Harekrushna Mahatab.23

The split in the party did not benefit

either group. The Swarjists in the council adopted

a number of resolution demanding the release of

political prisoners, expansion of primary

education, introduction of permanent land

settlement in Odisha. They also advocated the

introduction of Charkha.24

But inspite of their

consistent opposition to the Government; they

failed to achieve any success.

Harekrushna Mahatab, after his release

from jail along with Niranjan Patnaik, Gopabandhu

Dchoudhury and Nilkantha Das made strenuous

effort to revitalize Congress organization and tried

to continue Gandhian constructive work,

Gopabandhu Choudhury was entrusted with the

work of Village Improvement Trust. Niranjan

Patnaik remained in the charge of propagation of

Khadi and Harekrushna Mahatab took the charge

of propaganda activities and looking after

Provincial Congress Committee.25

In Odisha, the nationalists contested the

election to the local bodies in 1923. Gopabandhu

Choudhury was elected as Chairman of the Cuttack

Municipality and in Balasore and Puri Congress

members got majority. Harekrushna Mahatab was

elected as Chairman of Balasore Municipality.26

Mahatab as Chairman of Balasore Municipality did

commendable job. The congress members by

joining the district boards and Municipalities

received valuable political training and devoted

themselves to constructive activities. But they

used the Local Bodies to propagate the use of






Khaddar and Charakha which earned the

displeasure of government. The government

ultimately threatened to withdraw grants from

Local Boards.27

The liberty of the Kanika people was

further curtailed as people were not given rights to

express their grievances before the Raja. Anybody

who committed any mistake, severe punishment

was imposed on him. People of Kanika drank the

cup of misery. Frantically, the people were need of

a leader and Prafulla Das emerged to gratify the

need of the people.28

Under his leadership began a

mass movement in Kanika to put an end to King’s

arbitrary rule and abolish zamindari from Kanika.

Sri Das wanted to establish a classless society in

Kanika so that everybody would be traded equally

in society where no king would interfere anybody’s

private or personal life and property. In different

meetings, Sri Das emphasized that one’s property

cannot be usurped without payment of its

legitimate price.29

He further emphasized that

none could be arrested or held by the police

unless proved to be guilty in the eyes of law. He

emphasized that individual rights and privileges

would be given to people to act according to their

will. With these objects, Sri Das united the

peasants and common people to raise the

standard of revolt against the king of Kanika.

People of Kanika were united under the

leadership of Prafulla Das. Time and again, he

emphasized that the only cause of suffering of the

people of Kanika was its Raja and problem would

be solved if he is dismissed from power. Otherwise

the peasants of Kanika will be exploited by the

oppressive rule of the Raja.30

He also tried to

establish social equality among the people of

Kanika and united them together to have show

down with the King.

The King of Kanika was the master of

almost all lands. Under the leadership of Sri Das,

the lands were distributed among the people as

per their need. They were advised not to pay tax

to the king. The economic condition of the people

began to improve because they became free from

the exploitation of the Raja.31

The king could not

do anything. Since, the World War-II was going on

and the British authorities were fearful about their

condition, they failed to give support to the King.

When the peasants stopped payment of tax to the

king, the latter could not do anything.

In the social front, the peasant’s struggle

of 1944 spearheaded by Prafulla Das also met

grand success. On the eve of this agitation, the

social condition of the people of Kanika was

deplorable. There were two groups in Kanika – the

haves and have nots. The haves represented the

Raja and his officials. The peasants constituted the

have nots. They were deprived of all facilities and

treated as dumb animals. They have no right to act

according to their own wish. Even, they had no

independent right to till the land.32

The Raja of

Kanika had centralized all the powers in his hand

so that he would exploit his subjects at any time

and every time. The peasant’s movement of 1944

brought a radical change of such corrupt man-

administration which was a curse to the people of

Kanika. The movement of 1944 shook the very

foundation of the royal dynasty leading the Raja to

bend down before the subjects. The people were

free from years of subjugation and breathed a free

social air.33

A contrast is projected here from the

point of view of historiography. J.P. Singh Deo

writes that the peasants were creating

disturbances whereas the Raja was helping the

people in many ways.34

He further states that, the

peasants of Kanika were unruly and were creating

disturbances for the king thereby breaking law and

order in Kanika. He further states: “………… the Raja

Bahadur …… neglected to assert and protect his

own rights. We have heard bitter ejaculations

escaping his lips at the sight of the suicidal steps

his people were adopting to dig the grave of their

peace and prosperity. He had never passed any

caustic remarks against the people. Raja Bahadur

called together his disaffected tenants and advised

them in a neat, little, impressive speech to lay

before him all their substantial grievances and

conscientious objections in the hope of having






them remedied as far as practicable. He gave them

a month’s time to give their serious thoughts to

such a grave question, but his advice fell flat on his

people. He was willing to redress the grievances of

the people, if any. This is in brief, the disagreeable

story of Kanika unrest. We now leave it to the

public to judge which party is to be called – the

Raja’s party of the tenant’s party.”35

The above statement of the author is a

biased view because he was a near-relation of the

royal family of Kanika. On the other hand, it can be

stated that the protracted struggle of Sri Prafulla

Das had brought an awakening among the people

of Kanika. No parts of Odisha did witness two such

great peasants movement which took place in

Kanika. The tireless efforts of Sri Das bore fruit

when in 1953, the Hon’ble High Court of Odisha

Act of 1951 is applicable to Kanika. Thus the

zamindari in Kanika was abolished in 1953. The

Raja of Kanika did not get any compensation. It

happened solely due to the active role of Sri

Prafulla Das.

Prafulla Das had drawn inspiration from

the peasants movement of 1922 which had taken

place in Kanika. At his youth, Sri Das led another

movement against the Raja. The first movement

had ended in a fiasco for the peasants but the

latter became successful and sounded the death

knell of the zamindari system of Kanika. Prafulla

Das directed it in the most affirmative way and

achieved success. He gave a severe jolt to the

dynastic rule in Kanika and put an end to the

zamindari. He freed the people of Kanika from the

shackles of subjugation and gave them the taste of

freedom. For his mobilization of the peasants of

Kanika and abolition of Zamindari of its Raja, Sri

Prafulla Das will shine as a star in the firmament of

Odisha’s freedom struggle.

REFERENCE :

1. W.W. Dalziel, Final Report on the Revision

Settlement of Orissa, 1922-1932, p.123.

2. Kanungo ,B. Gyanamandal, Vol.22, pp.

145-148.

3. Rath,S.B. Kanika Darshan, p.11.

4. Jena,A.C. Dukhini Kanika, pp. 2-28.

5. Das,Prafulla. Kanika Praja Andolanara

ItihasaRajkanika,1964 p.173.

6. Mallik,M.D. Biplabi Chakradhar, pp. 11-

15.

7. Proceedings of the National Seminar on

Role of Orissa in Freedom Struggle,

Choudwar College, 1999, pp 10-27. H.C.

Panda’s “The Kanika Agitation (1921-22):

A Critical Study”.

8. Search Light, 19 February 1922.

9. Mishra,H.K. Dasha Barshara Orissa, p.50.

10. Das, Prafulla. Kanika Praja Andolanara

Itihasa, op-cit,p.179.

11. Government Proceedings, Home

Department, Political, File No.18, April

1922.

12. Das, Prafulla. op-cit,, p.135.

13. The Samaja, 20 May 1922.

14. The Samaja, 3 July 1922 and 10 July 1922.

15. De, S.C. Story of Freedom Struggle in

Orissa, p.69.

16. Proceedings of the Legislative Council of

Bihar and Orissa, 1922, Vol.V, p.1006.

17. Mohapatra, C.S. op.cit., pp. 101-102.

18. The Samaja, dated 5.3.1922.

19. The Gandhian constructive programme

included hand spinning and hand

weaving, removal of untouchability,

promotion of communal harmony,

national education etc.

20. Mahatab, H.K. Sadhanara Pathe (Oriya)

(Cuttack, 1972), p.94.

21. The nationalists did not participate in the

elections.

22. Patnaik,L.M. Resurrected Orissa, p.13.

23. Mahatab, H.K. ,Sadhanara Pathe, op.cit.,

p.88.

24. Proceedings, Bihar and Orissa Legislative

Council, Vol-IX, 1925, p.282.






25. Sadhanara Pathe, op.cit., p.89.

26. Dasha Barashar Orissa, op.cit., p.65.

27. Bihar and Orissa in 1925-26, p.29.

28. Das,Prafulla. “Biplabara Banhiman

Kalamadhari Atandra Saraswata Pujari”

(Oriya), Janasudha, Cuttack, 2003, p.9.

29. Ibid.

30. Das,Basudev. “Bidrohi Biswamitra Prafulla

Das”, Lekha Lekhi, Bhubaneswar, 2007,

p.9.

31. Ibid, p.11.

32. Prafulla Das, op.cit., pp. 9-11.

33. Das, Basudev. op.cit., pp. 7-12.

34. Singh Deo, J.P. Character Assassination in

Modern History of Orissa, Calcutta, 2001,

pp. 138-139.

35. Ibid, p.143.






CONGRESS MOVEMENT IN BALASORE WITH SPECIAL ABSTRACT REFERENCE

TO QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Manasi Mohanty

Lect. in History, Regional Degree College, Rambag, Jajpur, Odisha

Abstract :- In the Saga of India’s Freedom

movement, Quit India movement forms a

landmark. In this historic movement Orissa in

general and Balasore in particular played an

illustrious role. Exhibiting unprecedented chivalry,

heroism, sacrifice and patriotism in a violent form

and hereby created a sensational chapter of flesh

and blook. The August revolution took an alarming

shape in the places of the district Balasore like

Bhardan Pokhari, Dhamnagar, Basudevpur, Iram

and Turigadia and converted to a blast furnace and

presented thus and heart to plug in to the ocean

of ‘Do or Die movement’ of Gandhijee.

The people of Balasore a coastal district in

colonial Orissa played significant role in the

struggle for freedom. The people of the district

participated in all phases of Gandhian struggle

with tremendous enthusiasm and by their

suffering and sacrifice wrote a glorious chapter in

the history of our freedom struggle.

It has been pointed out very often that

national level works on Indian Freedom movement

have not given due recognition to the sacrifices

and courage of the people of Orissa. In fact,

politically fragmented Orissa, steeped in poverty

and ignorance failed to draw nation’s attention. It

is the responsibility of the researchers, historians

of Orissa to project the freedom movement in

Orissa in right perspective and to present a

comprehensive history of the struggle.

Unfortunately it has not been done as yet, though

vast amount of historical literature is available at

present.

The failure of the Cripps Mission and the

fear of Japanese aggression led the congress to

adopt the famous ‘Quit India’ resolution in the

AICC at Bombay on 8 August 1942. The congress

took the final decision of launching a country wide

non-violent movement under the leadership of

Gandhi. The British authorities acted swiftly and

arrested members of the working committee

including Gandhi. H.K. Mahatab, the prominent

Congress leader from Orissa was arrested at

Bombay, but S.N Diwedy and Malati Devi returned

to Orissa Secretly. Congress was declared an illegal

organization.

In Orissa, all prominent Congress leaders

were arrested. Left leaderless, the people of

Orissa, suffering from war time restrictions

reacted strongly. The movement spread rapidly

from Balasore in the North to Koraput in the

South. Mob violence was witnessed in the districts

of Cuttack, Puri and Balasore.

In Balasore District, the people responded

to Gandhi’s call ‘do or die’ with tremendous

enthusiasm. Their reaction found expression in the

destruction of Government properties including

telegraph and telephone wires, attack on Police

stations, Post offices and establishment of parallel

Government. The Government struck hard and

police action and firing followed.

In Balasore Town, Motiganj Post Office

was burnt, which was barely 200 yards away from

the police station. Anti-British pamphlets were

circulated the public meetings were organized. Sri

Banchhanidhi Giri, Amulya Das, Maguni

Mahapatra, Golak Das, Pitamber Pani actively

participated in the movement. In Barabati area,

Gour Chandra Das operated a secret organization

whose members were engaged in circulating anti-

Britsh pamphlets to the interior areas. In fact two

anti-British bulletins ‘Congress Varta’ and ‘Satya

Sambad’ were edited by Sri S.N. Dwivedy who

directed the August movement in Orissa as a

underground leader. Gour Chaandra Das was

instrumental in circulating these bulletins in the

Balasore District, which inspired people almost to






a state of open rebellion. The patriotic songs

composed by banchhanidhi Mohanty acted as a

catalyst.7

Under the leadership of Muralidhar

Panda 500 people set fire to the police station at

Bhandari Pokhari and injured two police

constables. Dhushuri was declard an independent

area and a plan was chalked out to occupy

Bhadrak Katchery. The police resorted to firings at

Lunia on 22 September, 1942 which resulted on

the killing of nine persons.8 The Police also opened

fire at Khaira and Tudigadia on 28 Septemeber

killing 5 in Khaira and 3 in Tudigadia. However the

most tragic incident took place on 28 Spetember

at Eram in the Basudevpur Police station where

the police party opened fire on the unarmed

villagers and killed 29 persons on the spot and

some 55 people were injured.

In Eram area, the most significant

development was the formation of a parallel

Government. An area known as “Banchhanidhi

Chakia” was declared an independent area.9 The

local Zamindar became hostile to the movement

and requested the district authorities to station a

police force at Eram. The people hearing the news

of the arrival of the police assembled at Melan

Ground apprehending danger. The luggage of the

police force was snatched away by the Styagrahis.

The D.S.P. then ordered the March of the police

force to Melan Ground and instructed to open fire.

Some 29 people died on the spot and many were

injured. The police arrested the leader of the

movement Aniruddha Mohanty and Kamala

Prasad Kar. 10

No where in India were so many people

killed in a single police action during the Quit India

movement.11

The Government was bitterly

criticized for this inhuman incident and was

ultimately forced to institute an enquiry into the

matter. The incident at Eram created widespread

hatred among the people against the British

Government.12

The movement in Balasore District was

participated not only by Congress, but also by

Congress socialists, communists, Forward Block,

Kisan Sabha, students Federation, Youth

organization and common men. It turned out to be

truly a mass movement surpassing all other

movements in dimension and intensity, and open

rebellion with unbelievable enthusiasm of the

people.13

This was admitted by the viceroy

Lintithgow in his telegram to Churchill, the PM of

England on 31st

August 1942, “I am engaged here

in meeting by for the most serous rebellion since

that of 1857, the gravity and extent of which we

have so far concealed from the world for reasons

of Military security”.

It was a people’s revolt, popular initiative

asserting itself in the course of nationalist struggle.

People acted ‘on their own’ independent of elite

leadership.

Ranajit Guha of Subaltern school calls it

‘Politics of people’, which existed parallel to the

domain of ‘elite’ politics, in which the principal

adorn were nor the dominant groups of

indigenous society or the colonial authorities, but

the ‘subaltern’ classes or groups constitutions the

masses.

The participation of large number of

women in Balasore District was the striking feature

of the movement. No where in Orissa, such a large

number of women came out of veil to participate

in the movement. The movement presented the

first women martyr of Orissa, pari Bewa who died

in Police firing at Eram.

The movement witnessed a lot of violent

activities, followed by brutal police action, firing

and arrests. Highest number of Styagrahis died,

the number being 42, including as women at

Balasore in comparision to other district in police

action.

The high percentage of literacy was

responsible for the growth of political awareness

among the people who actively participated on the

movement.

North Balasore was relatively calm as it

was reeling under severe cyclone in 1942 and

exodus of people from the neighbouring

Midnapore District as a result of the disastrous

Bengal famine.

South Balasore where the movement

took a violent turn was under the spell of great

nationalist posts like Banchhanidhil, Laxmikanta






and prominent Congress Leaders like Mahatab,

Nandakishore and Nilamani.

With the fall of Rangoon and withdrawal

of British troops, apprehension of Japanese

invasion loomed large in Balasore especially in

Chandipur region. The pre-cautionary measures of

the Government hit the people of the coastal

district very hard. Congress exploited the war-time

situation and made the movement more

widespread and mass based.

Through the movement was crushed by

the end of 1942 it demonstrated the strength of

the common man and their hatred of alien rule.

NOTES AND REFERENCES :

01. Balasore acquired the status of a

district 1827, the erstwhile district

was divided and Bhadrak became a

separate district.

02. H.K. Mahatab, Sadhanara Pathe

(Oriya), Cuttack, 1972, p. 238.

03. S.N Dwibedi, Mo Jiban Sangram

(Oriya), Cuttack, 1984, p. 130-131.

04. S. Patnaik, Odisare Swadhinata

Andolanare Itihas, Oriya, Cuttack,

1972, p. 173.

05. M.N. Das (ed), Sidelights on the

History and Culture of Orissa,

Cuttack, 1977, p. 174

06. This fact was revealed by Sri

Pitamber Pani, a freedom fighter who

died recently.

07. The Samaj, dated 12.10.1942

08. The persons died as a result of police

action at Lunia are (1) Gopinath Jena,

(2) Gouri Jena, (3) Shankar Jena, (4)

Agani, (5) Nidhi Mahalik, (6) Shyam

Mahalik, (7) Naba Nyak, (8)

Chintamani Das.

09. This was revealed by Sri Girish

Chandra Padhi, a freedom fighter

who was injured in the police action

at Eram on 28th

September, 1942.

10. History of Freedom Movement in

Orissa, Vol. IV, p. 97

11. Cultural Heritage of Orissa, Vol-1,

Baleswar. P. 99.

12. N. Mansergh, Transfor or power, vol.-

II, London, 1971, PP835-855

13. R. Guha, (ed) Subalter studies, I, p. 4,

New Delhi, 1982.






India's Stance towards Iran's Nuclear Programme

and Impact on Indo-Iranian Relations

Dr. SHAMIM AHMAD WAGAY

Former Research Scholar, School of Studies in political Science and Public

Administration, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP

Abstract :- Indo-Iranian relations have been prey

to nuclear issue since the very inception of Iranian

nuclear pursuit. Though Iran is signatory to

Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT) India

believes that NPT signatories must follow the very

sprit of the treaty. On the other hand, India also

props up Iran's right and privilege to go in for

peaceful application of nuclear energy. India has

continuously voted against Iran in IAEA which

resulted in the imbalance of historical relations.

Key Words :- Atomic, Energy, Nuclear, Non-

proliferation.

IAEA Iran, India, US and Prism of NPT :- India has

taken on board what could best be expressed as

indistinguishable point of view on the Iranian

nuclear programme. Firstly, it positively does not

feel like another nuclear power in its

neighbourhood. Secondly, from several years

India and Iran have had differing views on the

global nuclear order. Though Iran is the signatory

to the NPT, but India is not. Iran has often called

for global acceptance of the NPT1, much to India's

disquiet. Iran has expressed disapproval of India's

nuclear tests in 1998 and supported United

Nations Security Council resolution 1172 asking

India and Pakistan to cap and roll back their

nuclear programme and become signatories to the

Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive

Test ban Treaty (CTBT). India's opposition to Iran's

nuclear programme can be to a degree explained

by its long standing standpoint that countries who

are party to the NPT must follow NPT safeguards

1 Harash V.Pant, 'The US-India Nuclear Pact: Policy,

Process, and Great Power Politics, Oxford

University Press, New Delhi, 2011, p.84.

and lay bare their facilities for International

Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspection. On the

other hand, India also props up Iran's right and

privilege to go in for peaceful application of

nuclear energy.

India has come under uncaring pressure

from several quarters to make clear its position

vis-a-vis its transactions with Iran due to its voting

three times alongside the country (Iran) in the

International Atomic energy Agency (IAEA)

resolutions. Since the US has been viewed as the

archival enemy of Iran, and India has bent down

beneath the US pressure to draw the latter's line

on the Iranian nuclear issue. The Indo-US civil

nuclear deal, signed in 2005, has been quoted as

the key bargaining plank by the US to bow India to

its policy line vis-a-vis Iran.

India has supported IAEA resolutions

against Iran in up to date times. Conversely, it is

the timing of India's support for the inspections

and sanctions against Iran that makes it

susceptible to declarations of US weight on its Iran

Policy. This is because India's vote against Iran on

September 24, 2005, came just after the 18 July

2005 joint statement in which India and the US

agreed to lend a hand in the civil nuclear field. The

transcript of the hearing on the Indo-US relations

held on 8 September, 2005, in the House

Committee on Intentional Relations makes public

the amount of pressure that was put on India

regarding Iran. To ensample, Tom Lantos

Democrat California (D-CA) wanted 'reciprocity'

from India on referring Iran's violations of the NPT

to the UN Security Council in returns for the

development of nuclear and security ties with the

US. He warned that 'anything less than full






support' for the US position on Iran would 'imperil

the expansion of U.S. Nuclear and security

cooperation with New Delhi'. He attached that if

the US was to have room for India, he wanted to

be in no doubt that India was 'mindful of United

states policies in critical areas', like the policy

towards Iran, and that 'India could not pursue a

policy towards Iran which did not take account of

US foreign policy objectives'.2 Dana Rohrabachar

Republican-California (R-CA) maintained that India

had to choose between a faster relationship with

Iran and radical Islam or with the US3.

The Bush administration also forewarned

that the nuclear deal would not be approved by

the US Congress if India voted against the EU and

US-sponsored resolution. India's vote was jumped

at by the US, which termed it a 'significant' move

and expressed 'gratitude' for India's support.4

India in due course voted Iran to be in

'noncompliance' of NPT safeguards obligations,

even while Russia and China sat on the fence.

However, the IAEA resolution was notably diluted

at India's doggedness and the finishing resolution

omitted any mention of immediately referring Iran

to the UN Security council5. In consequence,

despite domestic disagreement and holding

steadfastly to its claim that its vote had

jeopardising its strategic ties with Washington if it

acted otherwise. Another reason for India's vote

was that it wanted to expose A.Q. Khan's link with

Iran and China and Pakistan's role in nuclear

proliferation. The preliminary reactions from the

Iran was not too unsympathetic. They decided not

to surmise too much from India's vote in the IAEA

and for this reason reacted in a harmonious way.

The Iranian leader Ali Larijani, Secretary to the

2

http://www.commdocs.house.gov/documents/org

anization/intlrel/hfa.html. 3 Uma Purushothaman, 'American Shadow over

India-Iran Relations, strategic Analysis, Vol. 36, No.

6, November-December, 2012, p. 904. 4 ibid

5 Ibid N182, P84.

Supreme National Security Council (SNSC), said

that 'friends are not judged through one vote'6.

As a consequence of subterranean

concerns over Iran's uranium enrichment

programme, India's next vote against Iran in the

IAEA in February 2006, favoured referring Iran to

the UN Security Council. This took place when the

US congress was debating the Hyde Act. Several

Congressmen warned India that the deal pivoted

on India's support for America's Iran policy. The

US ambassador David Mulford warned that if India

did not vote along with the US at IAEA, the effect

on the nuclear deal would be ' devastating'. In his

view the 'US congress would stop considering the

matter' and the initiative would die.7 With the

purpose of winning over Congress to pass the

Hyde Act, the Bush Administration claimed that

the nuclear deal would be of assistance to keep

India away from Iranian oil gas by promoting the

Indian nuclear industry. The text of the Hyde Act

had a couple of sections on Iran which stated that

Washington should:

secure India's full and active participation

in United States' efforts to dissuade, isolate, and,

if necessary, sanctions and contain Iran for its

efforts to acquire weapons of mass destruction,

including a nuclear weapons capability to enrich

uranium or reprocess nuclear fuel, and the means

to deliver weapons of mass destruction8.

The above excerption reveals how much

Iran, and India's policy toward it, weighted on the

minds of US Congressmen even as they debated

and passed the nuclear deal. Although President

Bush said that the provisions of the Hyde Act were

only consultative in nature and not mandatory, it

was palpable that the US and India to follow its

position on Iran's nuclear programme, a fact that

6 Amit Baruah, 'Iran "Not Calling off" LNG Deal',

The Hindu, 29 September 2005. 7 Ibid, N184, p. 904.

8

http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext,xpd?bill

=h 109-5682.






provoked colossal domestic criticism inside India.

In response to domestic denigration that India had

voted in the IAEA under US pressure, the Prime

Minister said in Parliament that India had voted

keeping in mind Iran's 'right and obligation' and its

concerns regarding proliferation in its 'extended

neighbourhood'.

Minster, Dr Manmohan Singh gave the

cold shoulder to any attempts to bring together

the India-US nuclear energy cooperation with

Iran's nuclear programme, and said, "As a

signatory to the NPT, Iran has the legal right to

widen peaceful uses of nuclear energy, compatible

with its international commitments and

obligations. It is inescapable upon Iran to exercise

these rights in the context of safeguards that it

has voluntarily accepted upon its nuclear

programme under the IAEA for the reason that of

the "security concerns arising from proliferation

activities in [India] extended neighbours9."

The US-India bilateral Nuclear

Cooperation Agreement (also known as the 123

Agreement) was at long last signed on October 10,

2008, by India's External Affairs Minister Pranab

Mukherjee and the US Secretary of State

Condoleezza Rice in Washington DC10

. The Indian

government was criticised and even accused by

many strategic and security analysts and some

political parties of surrendering to the US for

"operationalizing the nuclear deal" with it11

, and

not following its self-determining foreign policy.

The critics of the Indian government perceived

that the Hyde Act which is binding on the Indo-US

civil nuclear cooperation, contained a good deal of

obscured stipulations.

9 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Statement in

Parliament on Iran, Strategic Digest, New Delhi,

Vol.36, No. 3, March 2006, pp. 293-95. 10

http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-

2008-10-10-vova-666731912.html. 11

"Conditions of Hyde Act Remain: karat, The

Hindu, New Delhi, September 7, 2008.

Braham Chellney, a distinguished

strategic intellectual and analyst, expressing one

such observation, wrote, "unlike the existing

Sections 123 agreement with other countries, the

Indo-US civil nuclear cooperation will be

exceptionally governed by a special, India-specific

US domestic law, the Hyde Act". Exposing what

Indian government critics feared, the US Secretary

of State Condoleezza Rice viewed during her

statement at the House of Foreign Affairs Panel,

"We will support nothing with India in the NSG

that is in contradiction to the Hyde Act. It will have

to be completely consistent with the obligations of

the Hyde Act"12

. The distributing fact about the

Henry J. Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic

Energy Cooperation Act of 2006 is that it contains

a prescriptive Article in SEC. 103. Statement of

Policy (b) with respect to South Asia, clause (4)

stating that the US will "secure India's full and

active participation in United States' efforts to

dissuade, isolate, and if necessary, sanctions and

contain Iran for its efforts to acquire weapons of

mass destruction, including a nuclear weapons

capability to enrich uranium or reprocess nuclear

fuel, and the means to deliver weapons of mass

destruction."

Astoundingly, the 123 Agreement signed

between the US and the India specifies

meticulously an assortment of issues like the

purpose of the agreement' the scope of

cooperation; the transfer and protection of

nuclear materials, non-nuclear material,

equipment and related technology; and the IAEA

safeguards, etc., but, there is no mention of Iran in

the agreement.

Indian Prime Minster Manmohan Singh

defended his government's policy of initiating civil

nuclear deal with the US, arguing, "If India has to

grow at the rate of 8 percent to 10 per cent and,

may be, more India needs rising amount of

energy." He further sated that by 2012, India's

12

"Hyde Act will Haunt Nuclear Deal at NSG too,"

The economic Times, New Delhi, February 15,

2008.






total production of nuclear power will not be

more than 3,000 MW, and though India has large

reserves of coal, it is low-grade coal, with high ash

content. Therefore, the increased use of coal is

likely to "run into environment hazards, like CO2

and other gas emissions13

". The political crisis

between Iran and the US not only affected their

relations but also impinged on the socio-economic

development and cooperation of the countries of

the region. A good example of it is the deferral in

the Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) gas pipeline project.

India's third vote against Iran at the IAEA came on

27 November 2009 when it endorsed, with the US,

a resolution censuring Iran's nuclear programme

and urging it to stop uranium enrichment. Even

though it voted against Iran in the IAEA, India has

continued to insist that the issue can only be

resolved through diplomacy, and punitive

sanctions that hurt the people of Iran are not the

right way to address the problem. India supports

Iran's right to peaceful uses of nuclear power but

it must fulfil the obligations and responsibilities

based on the safeguards Agreement that it

undertook willingly with the IAEA. This position

has been expressed several times. India also

comes home that a nuclear Iran would destabilise

the Middle East given the traditional Shia -Sunni

rivalry in the region and the hostility between the

Iran and Israel. It has even supported the Arab call

for a nuclear weapon-free Middle East, which

though initially targeted at Israel is now increasing

focused on Iran14

. Perchance the most short and

snappy statement on India's position on the issue

was made by Prime Minster, Manmohan Singh, at

a press conference in Washington following his

discussion with President Barrack Obama:

We do not favour Iran's nuclear weapon

ambition. I also said to him as a signatory of NPT

Iran is entitled to all the rights of members who

13

Statement of Prime Minister in Raja Sabha on

the Indian-US Nuclear Agreement," New Delhi,

August 17, 2006, Strategic Digest, Vol. 37, no. 9,

September 2007, pp. 1444-1155. 14

Harash V. Pant, 'Best of Half Options', Indian

Express, 14 November 2011.

have signed the treaty regarding to the peaceful

use of atomic energy. On the issue of sanctions I

said to him as fare as possible we are concerned,

we don't think sanctions really achieving their

objective. Very often the poor in the affected

country suffer more. As far as the ruling

establishment is concerned, they are not really

affected by these sanctions in any meaningful

way15

.

Conclusion :- it is noteworthy to conclude that

Iran being the signatory of NPT has to follow the

treaty with letter and spirit. India's opposition to

Iran's nuclear programme can be to a degree

explained by its long standing standpoint that

countries who are party to the NPT must follow

NPT safeguards and lay bare their facilities for

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

inspection. On the other hand, India also props up

Iran's right and privilege to go in for peaceful

application of nuclear energy.

15

http:// www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease. Asp x?

relid=60958.






CRYPTOCURRENCIES - A study of its impacts and future

Dr. Smriti Singh

Assistant Professor

Prof. Megha Gandhi

Assistant Professor

SJHS Gujarati Innovative College of Commerce and Science

Abstract :- Fiat currency has been the medium of

exchange since long. However it has its own

limitations and issues.with the objectives of

settling those issues, cryptocurrencies began to

emerge in 2009,using blockchain technology.With

the rising popularity of cryptocurrencies many

investors are now trying to determine how to

invest into this asset class. Before investment they

need to consider the impact of cryptocurrency on

the present world economies and assessing their

future too. In order to make smart investment one

must look in to the origin as well as the potential

application and limitation of cryptocurrencies in

the foreseeable future.The present paper provides

visibility and insight on the various aspects of

crypto currency particularly focussing on its impact

and its future in the coming years.

Keywords :- Fiat currency, Blockchain technology,

Cryptocurrencies, Impacts, Future.

Introduction :- In the last few years, the term

cryptocurrency has gained visibility pretty rapidly.

Today cryptocurrency led by Bitcoin, Litcoin,

Ethereum, Ripple etc. are taking global financial

world by storm as more and more people are

investing in these currencies. At the same time,

there are still apprehensions and confusions

regarding the effectiveness and robustness of

these cryptocurrencies. Considering that the price

movement of cryptocurrencies is pretty volatile in

nature, it is all the more important to make the

end user understand the underlying pros and cons

of investing in it. In this article, we will try to

provide a holistic outlook towards Cryptocurrency

and how it is affecting the economy.

Conceptual framework :- Cryptocurrency is a

growing and leading category of ‘money’created

and held electronically by the users.These are

digital asset, based on peer-to-peer technology,

carried out collectively by the users tied together

on the network. There is no central authority or

banks which owns or manage them.

cryptocurrencies are produced through computer

systems by people known as miners who verify

transactions and are paid mining fee. It is open-

source and uses the blockchain technology which

makes the system more transparent, reliable,

affordable, user-friendly, efficient and a unique

form of payment. Blockchain technology has a

potential to bring sweeping changes to financial

markets, B2B services, consumer services, publicly

held registers and individual transactions.

Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency

that enables digital transactions between two

parties without the need of an intermediary. Every

transaction is digitally recorded in blocks which act

like ledgers and once a block is filled a new block is

created.. Thus, it is highly secured and makes the

entire system tamper proof. The information of

the parties participating in the exchange is not

revealed and the money can only be tracked when

it is converted into cash. This has created the

possibility of a huge revolution in the banking

sector across the world. The economic power

which lies with the governments and financial

institutions is at stake which has made them wary

of cryptocurrencies.

Cryptocurrency is designed to take

advantage of the internet. Unlike fiat currencies

where reserve banks can print more money and

increase the money supply, there is no way to

increase the supply of a cryptocurrency by some

controlling authority. Since the currency is






protected and encrypted, it becomes impossible to

increase the money supply as it is governed by

predefined algorithmic rate. Since Cryptocurrency

is completely in the cloud and can be used for

digital payment equivalent of cash. Today steadily

increasing number of retailers and other

businesses are accepting different forms of

cryptocurrency.

Literature review :

Dr.Wealth (2018), suggests the growth of

technology has undoubtedly given birth to

unconventional ways of spending and earning

money.cryptocurrency is one of them.Either it is

physical or digital money one has to be very

careful.

Scott, Brett (2016), in their working paper

provides a primer on the basics of Bitcoin and

discussed the existent narratives about the

technology’s potential to facilitate remittances,

financial inclusion, cooperative structures and

even micro-insurance systems. It also flags up

potential points of concern and conflict; such as

the tech-from-above “solutionism” and

conservative libertarian political dynamics of some

of the technology start-up community that

surrounds Bitcoin.

Satoshi Nakamoto (2009) suggest peer-to-peer

version of electronic cash which helps in making

online payments directly from one party to

another without going through a financial

institution. He also proposes solution to the

double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer

network.

Aaron W. Baur et.al (2015) in their paper

examined cryptocurrencies as a potentially

disruptive method of payment. The results reveal

that Bitcoin has much future potential as a

payment method..Also, blockchain is seen as a

potential revolutionary way to create a more just

society based on open platforms and open data.

Garrick, Rauch (2017) explored that the current

number of unique active users of cryptocurrency

wallets is estimated to be between 2.9 million and

5.8 million. • The lines between the different

cryptocurrency industry sectors are increasingly

blurred: 31% of cryptocurrency companies

surveyed are operating across two cryptocurrency

industry sectors or more, giving rise to an

increasing number of universal cryptocurrency

companies. • At least 1,876 people are working

full-time in the cryptocurrency industry.

Evans W Charles (2015) This paper has put bitcoin

on the radar of many people previously far-

removed from cryptocurrency, resulting in a

surprising amount of attention from Muslims

worldwide.

Poon, Dryja (2015) presents their invention, the

Bitcoin Lightning Network, which is an extension of

two-party payment channels applied in such a way

so as to permit instant transactions between any

number of participants.These are normal bitcoin

transactions, but except for rare cases are not

actually posted to the Blockchain.Their vision may

soon be realized, as Blockstream continues to

work towards making the Lightning Network a

reality.

Beer, Weber(2014) The article highlights the

opinions of the Regulators and the Governments

especially European Central Bank, the European

Banking Authority and other regulators in

European countries like Austria, Italy and

France. This paper also touches upon the role of

Bitcoin in the Payment System as well as the

monetary system.

Objectives of the study

To collect information of crypto currency

market.

To study the functioning of various crypto

currencies and its impact on global economy.

To understand how cryptocurrency will work

in future.

To know the positive and negative impact of

cryptocurrency.

Research methodology :- This paper is prepared

through illustrative research which is based on

http://jibfnet.com/vol-3-no-1-june-2015-abstract-1-jibf






secondary data of journals, research articles,

newspapers and magazines. After taking into

account different aspects of the study a

descriptive research design is adopted to make the

research more accurate which will further provide

rigorous analysis of research study.

Importance of the study

The study will highlight the effect of

cryptocurrency on Economy as a whole.

It will prove to be of great help to a common

man to understand the concept

of cryptocurrency.

It will help us to understand positive and

negative impact of such currency on the

market.

Data Collection :- This paper is a descriptive paper

based on secondary data collected from different

books ,newspaper, online articles and research

journals.

Upsides of Cryptocurrency :- In recent years,

Bitcoin has seen an immense success. Apart from

bitcoin, a number of other cryptocurrencies such

as Litecoin, Ripple, Ethereum, etc. are available for

people to transact or invest in. Some of the

positive features of cryptocurrency include :

It can be converted into other forms of

currency and deposited into user's accounts

at a lightning speed.

Most Crypto currency can be transacted

anonymously, and can be used as discrete

digital money anywhere in the world. Users

therefore do not have to pay for any currency

conversion fees.

As cryptocurrencies works on decentralised

blockchain technology, they are generally

safe to use and difficult for malicious hackers

to break in. All the transactions are secured

using NSA created cryptography.

Bitcoin and other Crypto currency can be

saved offline either in a "paper" wallet or on

a removable storage hard drive which can be

disconnected from the internet when not in

use.

There is no centralised agency governing the

cryptocurrencies.

Unlike fiat currencies, cryptocurrencies do

not require any intermediaries or third party

like SWIFT, VISA, PAYPAL to transact.

Downsides of a Cryptocurrency

Dark web is the section of the web that is not

accessible through the search engine.It is

accessible only through special software like

Tor Browser which enables anonymous

searching of the internet. With crypto

currencies like Bitcoins, people can make

illegal transactions without giving any

information about themselves.

Cryptocurrencies are known to facilitate such

transactions across the globe which will fuels

cyber crime.

There have been many ups and downs in the

value of Bitcoins and this scenario is likely to

continue. On 14th January 2015, Bitcoin was

valued at $170 and in dec 2017, its value

touched $20,000. This extreme price volatility

presents a massive possibility for trading

speculation.

Another reason of speculation is the

increasing cost of investing in the stock

markets. A share in Apple or Facebook can

cost around $150 whereas Bitcoins can be

bought in fractions at a price as low as one-

tenth of a cent. This makes it an easy target

for speculative gains.

Having no centralised regulating agency can

be a big downside as well depending on

which side of the fence you are looking from.

Cryptocurrencies are not widely backed in

most of the countries. More and more

countries are coming up with some

framework or other to curb cryptocurrencies.

Lack of Legal Backing makes it unclear for an

investor in terms of what to expect in future,

as in the government can declare it illegal

https://coinpupil.com/2017/10/31/whats-sha-256/

http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/fb






anytime or ban it or maybe declare it as a

legal tender but trading might be allowed.

Impact of cryptocurrency on the global economy

Politicization of money :- Central banks has the

authority to control all the fiat money

transactions. With the evolution of Bitcoins and

other cryptocurrencies, the scenario is changing.

The power that was once vested only in the

government agencies and central banks is now

shifting to the people. It brings revolutionary

change in the economic structure of global

economies. Central banks and other financial

institutions maintain a record of all the

transactions undertaken by the people to ensure

security and enable scrutiny of all transactions.

With the advent of digital currencies, this

economic power is being challenged by people.

Thus cryptocurrencies can lead to the politicization

of money, if implemented on large scale.

Challenging the dollar standard :- It is a well

known fact that world economy relies on US

dollar. It is the defacto currency of the global

economy. US maintains its dominance in the global

market primarily because of the dollar standard.

This form of centralization is being massively

disrupted by cryptocurrency which are

predominantly decentralized in nature and are not

governed by any agency. This change the dynamics

of international trade, foreign relations, political

diplomacy and the impact of economic sanctions.

There have always been attempts to decouple the

global economy from US dollar unsuccessfully and

cryptocurrencies seem to be a stepping stone of

sorts towards achieving this goal. Countries like

Venezuela and Russia are considering creating

state-owned cryptocurrencies. It could be an

escape route for countries facing stiff economic

sanctions to come back into the global economic

platform. Emergence and popularity of

cryptocurrency is a massive attack on the dollar

and could have far reaching impact.

Cutting out the middleman :- The international

transfer transactions require various

intermediaries like banks, and SWIFT (Society for

Worldwide Interbank Financial

Telecommunication) to transmit information in a

secure and safe network. International money

transfer cannot happen without using the SWIFT

network. These intermediaries also charge a

transaction fees and takes few hours to few days

to complete the transaction. Cryptocurrencies are

suddenly challenging this protocol and

a middleman is no longer required for authorizing

and authenticating any financial transactions. The

transaction fees are also minimal with the added

advantage of anonymity and privacy. Now the

transaction can happen in the blink of an eye and

not days. One of the reasons of the centralized

payment processing protocol is to prevent funding

for money laundering, terrorist activities, and illicit

trade in drugs and ammunition. With

cryptocurrencies, it has become harder to trace

transactions and ascertain the identities of the

participants as central banks and other financial

agencies have no control over its operations. In

September 2017, Christine Lagarde, head of the

International Monetary Fund (IMF) warned that

cryptocurrencies have the potential to disrupt the

Central Banking system and to revolutionize the

concept of money.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies :- With the

increasing number of transactions of

cryptocurrencies in the recent years, central banks

have begun this ad hoc financial system under

control by exercising certain measures such as

regulating the currency supply and implementing a

tax system to prevent bitcoin’s growth. To

supervise the implementation of these measures,

certain institutions will have to be set up.

Simplifying the Crowdfunding Process :- In 2017,

For technology-based start-ups, ICOs (Initial coin

offering) have become the most preferred

crowdfunding method. Now developers and

entrepreneurs need not to spend their valuable

time to convince venture capitalists and banks, to

raise equity. These days, once an idea or a concept

is developed, it can be used to create tokens and

then sold to the public directly through ICOs.

There has been such a massive spike in ICOs that it

https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/13/bitcoin-get-serious-about-digital-currency-imf-christine-lagarde-says.html






has become one of the core watchlist items for the

government agencies around the world. Many

countries have either placed or deliberating to

place tighter restrictions on ICO. China in fact

banned ICOs in late 2017. If it wasn’t disrupting

the market, it wouldn’t have warranted this

attention from the agencies.

Impact on overseas remittances :- For economies

that depend heavily on its overseas workforce and

remittances,are what drives growth.At present,

money transfers are facilitated by banks that

charge extra in processing and transaction fees.

Also transaction time is relatively slow and it

would take seven days at least before the

receiving party can access the funds. With bitcoin,

people can get more from their money than what

traditional wire transfers entail. Currency

conversions through such transfers are costly,

whereas bitcoin conversions are much simpler and

do not entail any such costs. From this, we can

only expect overseas workers to depend heavily

on bitcoin as a more convenient and less costly

means to send money to their loved ones.

Environmentalism and the economy :- The mining

of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is done by

using complex computer hardware infrastructure.

Just like any other mining, bitcoin mining also

impacts the environment. The servers used for

mining consume a lots of power/energy. There are

theories which says amount of power being

consumed by cryptocurrency mining now exceeds

the power consumption of some of the smaller

nations. In response,a need for framing

environmental legislation have emerged to

address energy consumption related to bitcoin

mining.

Decentralization of the operation of the financial

system :- Russia has been at the forefront of

encouraging a national cryptocurrency as a way to

avoid Western sanctions and economic influence.

To this goal, Putin has met with Vitalik Buterin,

founder of the second largest cryptocurrency

Ethereum, and discussed its possible

implementation in Russia. On 15 October, 2018,

Russia announced that it will issue a blockchain-

based Crypto Ruble.

Conclusion :- Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin

and many other cryptocurrencies continue to

experience massive growth in price, market

capitalization, and mainstream adoption. The

cryptocurrencies are providing features and

functions that are changing the way we do

things.Still all the cryptocurrencies, existing or

upcoming, have to face a stiff battle legally as well

as technically. Cryptocurrencies need to become

acceptable by the merchants for goods and

services, just like any other currency. Though the

number of enterprises and companies who

accepts cryptocurrencies have increased

substantially, they are still pretty much in the

minority. For cryptocurrencies to become more

popular, they also need to gain widespread

acceptance among consumers. This has been a

challenge to other digital cash options, so it is hard

to say if and when bitcoin and the likes will be able

to break this barrier. In views of many, there has

always been a need of a decentralized currency

system and cryptocurrency surely is a huge step

towards censorship-resistant digital currency.

For a cryptocurrency to become part of the

mainstream global financial systems, it will have to

satisfy a large number of divergent criterias. It

would need to be complex enough and encrypted

to avoid fraud and hacker attacks and easy enough

for consumers to understand. It would need to be

decentralized but with adequate safeguards for

the end user and preserve user anonymity without

being involved in tax evasion, money laundering

and other criminal activities.

It is beyond doubt now that the

cryptocurrencies are disrupting global economy

but only the time can tell the level of impact of this

still unfolding revolution.

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Brett and Scott,Working Paper (2016) “ UNRISD

Workshop on Social and Solidarity Finance:

Tensions, Opportunities and Transformative

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https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/091013/future-cryptocurrency.asp






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bl v"Vkax ;ksx ds ekxZ ij pyus ls

fuf'pr gh 'kjhj] eu] vkRek dks lk/kk tk ldrk gSA

dsoy eu ;k fpÙk dh ofÙk;ksa dks jksdus ls gh y;

izkIr ugh gks ik;sxkA blhfy;s egksifu"kn~ esa ;ksx ds

fy;s dgk x;k gS %&

eu dks 'kkar djus dh fof/k dks ;ksx dgrs

gSaA egf"kZ ir¥~tfy ds vuqlkj ;ksx ds v"Vkax ekxksZa

dk vuq"Bku djus ls Kku dk izdk'k txexkrk gS

vkSj lk/kd foosd [;kfr] lekf/k vFkok dSoY; dks

izkIr djrk gSA

fd'kksjkoLFkk ekuo ds fodkl Øe esa thou

dk egRoiw.kZ laØe.k dky gS ftlesa ,d O;fDr

fofHkUu izdkj ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] euksnSfgd]

euksoSKkfud] lkekftd ifjorZukas dh izfØ;k ls

xqtjrk gqvk ckY;koLFkk ls O;Ld voLFkk dh vkSj

vxzlj gksrk gSA vkSj ;gha ls ,d Nk= ds thou esa

vkjaHk gksrk gS Lo;a dks tkuus dk u;k la?k"kZA ;gh ls

vkjaHk gksrk gS ;g U] fd og Hkfo"; esa D;k cusxk\

ifjokj] fe=ksa ,oa lekt ds ncko dks dSls laHkkyk

tk;s\ f'kkk D;k gks\ dSlh gks\ ftlls y; izkfIr

dh tk lds vkSj ewy iz'u& y; D;k gks\ ,sls

vufxur fu.kZ; ysus dk le; gksrk gS ;g fd'kksjo;

dkyA

bu voLFkk esa fd'kksjksa dks fu'fpr :i ls

mfpr ekxZn'kZu dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls og

viuh ÅtkZ dks lgh fn'kk iznku dj O;fDrRo esa

ldkjkRed xq.kksa dk lekos'k dj ldsA ;gh le; gS

tc mUgsa thou ds uSfrd ewY;ksa ,oa vkpkjksa&fopkjksa

dks le>uk gksrk gSA fo|ky;@egkfo|ky; ,d

lkekftd laxBu ds :i esa viuh egrh Hkwfedk fuHkk

jgs gSA tgk¡ ;ksx f'kkk dh vfuokZ;rk Hkh dh tkus

yxh gSA

;fn Hkkjr dh izkphudkyhu xq:dqy f'kkk

i)fr ij nf"V Mkyh tk;s rks vusd izek.k feyrs gSa

tgk¡ pkj iq:"kkFkksZ ¼;Fkk /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eksk½ dks

vftZr djus ds fy;s pkj vkJe czãp;Z] xgLFk]

okuizLFk ,ao lU;kl dh O;oLFkk ewyHkwr :i ls ;ksx

ij gh vk/kkfjr gSA fo|kFkhZ thou esa czãp;Z dk

ikyu djrs gqs vius lexz O;fDrRo dks fodflr

djrk gqvk x`gLFk thou esa izos'k djus ds fy;s rS;kj

gksrk FkkA czãp;Z dky esa og Lok/;k;] ;ksx] ri]

/;ku] lk/kuk vkSj vH;kl kjk eu ,oa 'kjhj dks

LoLFk] la;fer ,oa lqUnj cuk;s j[kus esa lQy gksrk

FkkA

;ksx kjk O;fDrRo esa lnkpkj] lR;] lUrks"k]

vfgalk vkfn Hkko rFkk 'kjhj dh LoPNrk vkRek la;e

¼czãp;Z½] funzk ,oa vkgkj laca/kh vPNh vknrksa dk

ladYi mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dgk tkrk gS fd Nk= thou esa fufeZr gq;h

;g vknrsa thou i;Zar cuh jgrh gS] vr% cpiu ls

gh ;fn f'kkk ds lkFk ;ksx dk lgh rkyesy cukdj

Nk=ksa dks f'kfkr@izf'kfkr fd;s tkus ls muds lexz

thou ds fy;s O;fDrRo dh ,d etcwr uhao j[kh tk

ldrh gSA

;ksx kjk Nk= thou esa 'kkjhfjd ÅtkZ dk

leqfpr fodkl ,oa lnqi;ksx laHko gksrk gSA Nk=

;ksx vH;kl kjk ncko vkSj ruko ls eqfDr]

vkUrfjd] 'kakfr] 'kjhj dk dn ,oa Hkkj esa lgh

larqyu] 'kkjhfjd yphykiu] 'kfDr ,oa vPNh xgjh

uhan dks Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSA ekufld Lrj ij &

dYiuk 'kfDr esa o`f)] Lej.k 'kfDr dk fodkl]

jpukRedrk rFkk n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr dk fuekZ.k gksrk

gSA v"Vkax ;ksx ls ckSf)d kerk dk Hkh leqfpr

fodkl gksrk gS cqf) dh rhozrk ,oa ,dkxzrk c<+rh gSA

HkkoukRed Lrj ij & laosnu'khyrk ij mi;qDr

fu;U=.k dh kerk fodflr gksrh gSA Øks/k] vdkj.k

Hk;] fpUrk] ruko] nqfopkj] udkjkRed Hkkouk,¡] bZ";kZ]






s"k] jkx vkfn dk Hkh 'keu gksrk gSA vk/;kfRed Lrj

ij&v"Vkax;ksx kjk lekf/kLFk gksdj vkRe lkkkrdkj

rd dh miyfC/k laHko gksrh gSA tc bu vkB vaxksa

dk fu;fer vH;kl fd;k tkrk gS rks Nk= thou esa

u dsoy O;fDrRo dk fodkl rhoz] larqfyr ,oa lgt

:i esa gksrk gS cfYd mls vius vfLrRo dk Hkh Kku

gksrk gSA ;g Kku izkfIr gh v"Vkax ;ksx dk ije

y; Hkh gSA

Sripriya Krishnan (2005), Personality development

through yoga practice, College of Allied Health

Sciences. Shri Ramchandra Medical College and

Research Centre, Tamilnadu.

gB;ksx iznhfidk] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj

iratfy ;ksx&lw=] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj






The Main Thrust of Mahima Cult

Dr. Surendra Kumar Biswal

H.O.D. (History), Srinibas Degree College, Mangalpur, Soro, Balasore

Abstract :– Orissa, the land of spiritual and cultural

glory was not separated from the historical tide of

this great movement. Mahima Gosain took the

leadership of this movement in Orissa to challenge

the evil practices and corrupt customs existing in

the society and religion. Orissa in the 19th

century

presented a gloomy picture of general decadence

in socio-economic and religious field. It came

under the British rule in 1803 after the tragic rule

of the Muslims and Marathas from 1568 to 1803

with unbroken continuity. The great famine of

1866 had devastated the economic backbone of

the people causing a colossal loss of lives and

property. Social life was extremely morbid and

contaminated due to the domination of the

Brahmins, practice of Sati, polytheism, infanticide,

Mariah sacrifice, animal sacrifice, child marriage,

rigidity of caste system and untouchability. The

Christian missionaries were striving to spread their

religious net secretly denouncing he antiquity and

glorious heritage of Hindu religion and philosophy.

At this critical hours there raised the Mahima

Movement with a view to raising the moral and

spiritual heights of the people through the worship

of one PARAM BRAHMA.

The renaissance heralded a new epoch in

the history of India in the form of Socio-Religious

Movement in the 19th

century. It was pioneered by

Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the herald of new age who

preached the unity of one god, condemned the

Hindu pragmatism and ritualistic worship of image

through his ‘Brahmo Samaj’ in 1830. It advocated

for the promotion of charity, morality, piety,

benevolence, virtue and strengthening of the

bonds of union between men of all religions and

creeds. The Samaj has attained spectacular results

in improving the status of women, abolition of the

seclusion, discouragement of child marriage and

polygamy, introduction of widow re-marriage,

provision of higher education, removal of casteism

and untouchability and other social taboos. After

Ram Mohan, the Brahma movement continued

under the dynamic leadership of Debendra Nath

Tagore, Akshaya Kumar Dutta, Kesab Chandra Sen

and Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, who revived the

crusade of social reform.

The national consciousness of the 19th

century was further strengthened by Ramakrishna

Paramhansa, who stood for selfless devotion to

God and proclaimed the unity of all the religions.

Swami Vivekananda, the staunch disciple of

Ramakrishna achieved tremendous success in

western countries by virtue of his masterly

presentation of Hindu religion and philosophy at

the Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893

A.D. The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by

Swami Vivekananda, which preached the gospel of

spiritualism, universal brotherhood and selfless

service of distressed humanity. As true

humanitarian, he condemned the dogmas and

superstitions and carried the message of

Ramakrishna throughout the world. He

announced, “I do not believe in a God of religion

that can not wipe the widow’s tears or bring a

piece of bead to the orphan’s mouth. I consider

that our great national sin is the neglect of the

masses and that is one of the causes of our

downfall. No amount of politics would be of any

use until the masses of India are once more well-

educated, well fed and well-cared for. If we want

to rejuvenate India, we must work for them. So

long as the millions live in hunger and ignorance, I

hold everyman a traitor.” Vivekananda contributed

richly towards raising mass consciousness by

unfolding the glorious heritage of Hindu culture.

Another brilliant religious luminary,

Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the “Arya

Samaj” in 1875 giving an emphatic call to humanity






“Go back to the Vedas”. Dayananda condemned

idol worship and preached unity of God. His views

were published in his famous book ‘Satyartha

Prakash’ (The True Exposition). Perhaps the most

phenomenal achievement of the Arya Samaj has

been concentrated in the field of social reform and

spread of education. Govind Ranade, the chief

architect of Prathana Samaj (1867) was one of the

spiritual fathers of the philosophy of religious

liberalism, who gave a new orientation to India’s

reform movement.

The Theosophical Society was founded by

westerners who drew inspiration from the Indian

glorious culture. Madam H.P. Blavatsky of Russo-

Germanbirth laid the foundation of the movement

in U.S.A. in 1875. The society became a great force

in Indian life and politics after its great protagonist

Annie Besant came and settled in India in 1893. In

India, under her guidance, Theosophy became a

movement of Hindu revival.(1)

In 1889 Mirza

Ghulam Ahmed founded the Ahmadiya

Movement, which criticized the theory of holy war

against the Non-Muslims and preached human

brotherhood. The ‘Aligarh Movement’ founded by

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan became the platform for

religious and cultural revival among the Muslim

community.

The intellectual resurgence of India

during 19th

century gave a great impetus to the

rise of Indian nationalism. The introduction of

English Education attracted the Indians towards

western science and literature.

The history of American War of

Independence, French Revolution, Italy

Unification, Germany Unification etc. brought

tremendous political consciousness. Writings of

Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Burke, Mill,

Spencer, Bentham, Tolstoy, Karl Marx, Hegel and

Charles Darwin imbibed into the hearts of the

Indians the value of democracy, liberalism, human

liberty and equality. Thus, the movement aimed at

extinguishing the social evils and inculcating in

men and women the spirit of sacrifice for the

welfare of the society. The aim of the social

reformers was to re-organize Indian society on the

basis of modern knowledge and ideas. The Social

and religious reforms can be taken as a prelude to

the political awakening of India.(2)

Orissa, the land of spiritual and cultural

glory was not separated from the historical tide of

this great movement. Mahima Gosain took the

leadership of this movement in Orissa to challenge

the evil practices and corrupt customs existing in

the society and religion. Orissa in the 19th

century

presented a gloomy picture of general decadence

in socio-economic and religious field. It came

under the British rule in 1803 after the tragic rule

of the Muslims and Marathas from 1568 to 1803

with unbroken continuity. The great Famine of

1866 had devastated the economic backbone of

the people causing a colossal loss of lives and

property. Social life was extremely morbid and

contaminated due to the domination of the

Brahmins, practice of Sati, polytheism, infanticide,

Mariah sacrifice, animal sacrifice, child marriage,

rigidity of caste system and untochability. The

Christian missionaries were striving to spread their

religious net secretly denouncing the antiquity and

glorious heritage of Hindu religion and philosophy.

At this critical hours there raised the Mahima

Movement with a view to raising the moral and

spiritual heights of the people through the worship

of one PARAM BRAHMA.

It is very difficult to have a scientific and

systematic study of the Mahima Movement and

religion as its founder has left no written religious

scripture of this latest faith. But the philosophy of

Mahima Dharma has been beautifully described by

Santha poet Bhima Bhoi, who was bestowed

poetic genius by the Guru at the age of 16. His

writings like ‘Stuti Chintamani, Bhajanamala,

Chautisa Granthamala, Adi-anta-Gita, Nirveda

Sadhan, Brahma Nirupan Gita, Sruti-Nishedha Gita

and Brahma Chalak’ are regarded as original and

authentic materials for the study of this region.

Renowned Mahima Sanyashi like Brahmabadhuta

Biswanath Baba, Khetrabasi Baba, Manindra Baba,

household devotees like Naran and Jayakrishna

and eminent scholars Prof. Ghanashyam Das,






Pandit Laxmi Narayan Sahu, Dr. Arta Ballav

Mohanty, Prof. Chittaranjan Das have contributed

to make further study of this religion.

It is said that Mahima Gosain spent many

years at the foothills of the Himalayas in Atma

yoga Samadhi. Travelling through many lands, he

appeared at Puri, the famous seat of Lord

Jagannath in 1826. He was then known as Dhulia

Gosain, because he used to sleep on the bare dust.

During His stay at Puri, He had captivated the

attention of the so-called scholars of Mukti

Mandap through His religious and philosophical

discourses on Brahma Swarupa. For long 12 years,

he travelled all over Puri, Udayagiri, Khandagiri,

Dhauligiri and Bhubaneswar living on water only

and therefore he was called ‘Niraari Gosain’. Then,

He came to Kapilas, the famous seat of Saivism in

Dhenkanal. He started Atma yoga Samadhi on a

chakrakar stone for 21 days. An Adivasi Sabar

named Sadananda of the village Deogan met

Mahima Gosain accidentally and lost his sense

beholding the yogic-appearance of the Swami

Mahima Gosain. Swami Mahima Gosain brought

him to sense by His magnetic touch, warned him

not to disclose his Atmayoga Samadhi anywhere.(3)

However with the request of Sadananda,

Mahima Gosain suggested him to supply fruits and

Dhuni Wood for 12 years. Blessed are the poor.

Sadananda was the first Adivasi proletarian to

receive the blessing of Mahima Gosain. Here He

performed Atmayoga Samadhi for long 24 years

during which, He put on the bark of Kumbhi tree

(carea Arborea roxb). The first 12 years He lived on

fruits and roots of the forest and therefore was

known as ‘Falahari Gosain’. The remaining 12 years

he lived on milk, which was being supplied by the

then king of Dhenkanal Bhagirathi Mahindra

Bahadur who became His disciple meeting Him at

Kapilas with his queen. During His stay at Kapilas

Govinda Das became His first disciple and the first

Brahmabadhut Sanyashi among the 64 Siddhas of

the first line in the Mahima order.

The Mahima Sanyashis identify Baba

Govinda Das with Lord Jagannath of Puri. They

demonstrate that due to corruption in the

Jagannath Dharma, Lord Jagannath left Puri and

embraced Mahima Dharma at Kapilas. The next

disciple of Mahima Gosain was Santhakavi Bhima

Bhoi, who belonged to Gramadiha of Rairakhol in

the district of Sambalpur. It is said that Bhima Bhoi

was born blind, though there are many proofs in

his writings that he was not blind. He was serving

in the house of Chaitanya Pradhan of Kankanpada

as a cowherd boy. One day while returning from

the forest Bhima fell into a well. When the people

rushed to save him, he denied and said, “My

Prabhu will come and save me”. Mahima Gosain

and Govinda Baba proceeded to Kankanapada

(Kandahra) and lifted devotee Bhima from the well

bestowing on him poetic genius. While coming

from the well catching the feet of Mahima Gosain,

Bhima uttered his first Bhajan spontaneously,

“Bandana Pada Padmaku”.(4)

Bhima Bhoi, the Adivasi poet, Saint,

prophet, and the uncompromising socio-religious

iconoclast is regarded as the first and foremost

missionary of Mahima Dharma. His vigorous ethics

and revolutionary messages and monotheistic

Bhajanas have brought the essences of Mahima

Dharma to the hearts of millions all over India. At

the age of 16, he was conferred on the gift of

poetry. Four sincere Brahmin disciples namely Hari

Panda, Basudev Panda, Markanda Das and

Dharmananda Das were engaged in taking down

the songs dictated by Bhima Bhoi. Bhima Bhoi’s

Bhajansas have come down as jewels in Oriya

literature. His writings provide a consistent,

coherent and graphic of Mahima Dharma and its

founder.

Mahima Swami left Kapilas in 1862 and

started preaching this new religion called Satya

Sanatan Mahima Dharma or Alekha Dharma. He

collected a large number of disciples all over

Orissa. He preached this religion in the districts of

Cuttack, Puri, Ganjam, Sambalpur and in the

feudatory states of Dhenkanal, Athagarh, Hindol,

Boudh and Sonpur. He established a large number

of Mahima Centres called “Alekha Tungis” at

different places like Brahmapur, Ranjagola, Hindol,






Angarbandha, Angul, Madhi, Jaka, Kasipur, Kateni,

Khuntuni and Joranda. It is after the docile of the

‘Bhagabat Tungis’ that the ‘Mahima Tungis’ have

played an important role in elevating the moral

standard and spiritual thoughts of the people.

Mahima Balyalilas were held in places like

Khuntuni in Athagarh, Malviharpur in Banki,

Baulpur in Dhenkanal etc. Some selfish Brahmins

played treachery during the Balyalila at Baulpur in

1866 by mixing Tulsi with Brahma Prasad. From

that day the village Baulpur is abandoned by the

Mahima Sanyashis.(5)

Mahima Swami recruited 92 Balkaldhari

Sanyashis of whom 64 were declared Siddha

including Govinda, Bhagaban, Krupasindhu, Aparti,

Sanatan, Anam and Nanda. He also recruited 60

Kaupindhari Sanyashis of whom 34 became Siddha

including Nrusingha, Pramananda, Vidyadhar,

Ghasiram, Bhagaban and Gangadhar. These were

called the Mahima Sanyashis of first order.

Mahima Swami has prophecy that the

main centre of this religion will be at Joranda,

where Mahima Gadi will be established. After

completing his missionary activities Mahima

Swami arrived at the Joranda Alekha Tungi and

gave up his mortal frames in 1876 A.D. The sad

demise of Mahima Swami was regretted and

people from different corners rushed towards

Joranda to offer their last homage to this great

soul. His dead body was cremated in the east side

of Joranda village, where later on the Sunya

temple was built. After the disappearance of

Mahima Swami, Harekrushna Das, the office

superintendent of political legend, Sambalpur

raided Joranda, tortured the Mahima Sanyyashis

threatening them to give up the Dharma leaving

the Samadhi spot. In spite of untold persecution,

the Sanyashis present were refused to leave the

place. Like Satagrahis, they continued their

mission, Mr. Dash perfected the Jhadas and sent

those to the Kapilas temple. He dug the grave but

could not find anything. Being irritated he

demolished the stone structure erected by the

dedicated and voted Sanyashis. It is said that

Haribabu, a man from Bentakar of Cuttack died on

the way while returning falling from the horse

back.(6)

However, Paramananda Baba and other

Sanyashis constructed a small temple on the

Samadhi place called ‘Sunya Mandir’ with 31½ ft.

height. The king of Dhenkanal, Bhagirathi

Brahmabatar was a strong patron of this region.

The Mahimagadi, the sacred seat of

Mahima Dharma got inaugurated by the selfless

sacrifice and dedication of the Mahima Sanyashis,

in course of time Gadi Mandir, Dhuni Mandir, Niti

Mandir, Ghantaghar, Four-sided-well, Jyoti Mandir

and many other monasteries were established,

which have enhanced the spiritual dignity of the

spot.

Mahima philosophy is revolutionary in

spirit and scientific in its exposition. There is only

one God, transgressing the limit of time, space,

and causation. He is Param Brahma, the creator of

everything animate and inanimate. The theory of

oneness of the supreme reality of the one and only

God is known in Indian philosophy as Advaitabada,

which has been the doctrine of many great

philosophers in our land like Sankarcharya,

Ramanuja and others. This old philosophy of Satya

Sanatan Dharma was presented in Mahima

Dharma in a refined form. This is called Bisudha

(pure) Advaitabada. He is Sachidananda Swarupa,

Alekha, Arupa, Adrushya, Anakshyar, Abyakta,

Anama, Adeha, Nirupadhi, Bibhu Pramaeswar,

Dayamaya, Sarbentarayami and Gayana

Bhaktidata. That Param Brahma is only reality. It is

nature of truth, knowledge and limitlessness. It is

devoid of any contradiction. It is the supreme most

being, self-luminous and exists in the beginning, in

the middle and in the end. So the sole objective of

Mahima Dharma is to make one realize the

supreme most being whom in one without a

second and substratum of all.(7)

The basis feature

of that Brahma has been elaborated in Bhima

Bhoi’s “Stuti Chintamani”.

Arupa Brahma se rupa nadisai nahin tara haai cai

Janama dinaru Ichhare badichi adhara pani nakhai.






Pita mata nahin ayonisambhuta nahin raja-birya

gandha

Ke-gadhi nahin apegadhi hoichi Anadi arupa

kanda.

Anamika sehu nama nahin tara na-base aksyar

pada

Can yuga mandhya tahara mahima barni naparila

veda.(8)

He is unattached and all pervading the

sky. He is eternal and one without a second. He is

without desire and such other blemishes. He is the

witness of activity of all beings. He is devoid of any

state such as eating drinking etc., and beyond the

three qualities namely Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. He

is regarded as the Supreme Preceptor; by attaining

him alone one gets rid of ignorance and sorrow.

Complete surrender before the lord is the primary

duty of a person. Hence Mahima Dharma

prescribes Saran two times a day. Since that

Brahma is present in the body of every man, He

should be felt, realized and relied upon. This

clearly advocated the concept of equality

irrespective of caste, sex and colour.

The Mahima Prayer is as follows “O thou

Supreme Brahma! Void of qualification, without

death, old age, without name, without body,

without end, indescribable, the abode of the

entire Universe, without support, without

attachment, Supreme soul and the Supreme Lord

and Brahma! The heaven and all other parts of the

universe animate from thine effulgence and thy

effulgence permeates everything without any

vestige of attachment. O thou Supreme Lord! And

supreme Brahma! O Supreme teacher possessed

of Supreme consciousness and Supreme joy. O

thou Alekha (Unwritten one) and Supreme soul

defying all description! Thou dost permeate every

part of the Universe, the heavens above, the

world’s below, water land and remaining beyond

the possibility of assuming any shape subjected to

the conditions of this mortal plane. This

insignificant being of mine is incapable of

describing thy Supreme power and thy

unparalleled glory. Thou art indescribable,

unthinkable, O Supreme Brahma! This entire

universe has emanated and still emanating from

thine Divine effulgence and this being of mine in

the form of the body of live elements represents a

particle of that effulgence of thine. Thou art the

Supreme Father, Mother, preceptor like breath,

Supreme good, giver of this life and the deliverer

of it from the fear of births and rebirths in this

world.”(9)

Mahima Dharma is of the poor, by the

poor and for the poor. The central theme of this

religion is common man. Hence there is no

consideration of caste, creed, colour, occupation,

social status, prestige, power, position and wealth

for admission to the Mahima faith and to realize

Brahma.(10)

It is indeed a movement for the

upliftment of the neglected mass. Its messages are

revolutionary. It aimed at creating a classless and

exploitation less society. It gives a fatal blow

towards feudalism rigidity of rituals, casteism,

untouchability, pilgrimage and all sorts of

sectarianism and communalism. Bhima Bhoi, the

Adivasi poet prophet takes a vow to demolish the

existing corrupted world, if the Sri Guru accords

permission. This Movement strives to bring a new

social order, unity, integrity, love, purity and

ultimately a world family embracing universalism.

Mahima Dharma is perhaps the latest

manifestation in Orissa purely indigenous in

character. Within a century this Dharma has

spread to different parts of the world due to its

humanitarian and magnetic appeal Mahima Tungi

(small cottages) got constructed at different places

where only Sanyashis are allowed to stay. 1354

Tungi in Orissa, 86 in Andhra, 74 in Madhya

Pradesh, 12 in Bihar, 72 in West Bengal and 41

Tungis in Assam have been constructed, which are

acting as the centres of bringing spiritual

integration conduct of Mahima fairs also

contribute to the gradual spread of this religion. A

great Mahima fair is held at Joranda every year on

the Maghasukla Chaturdasi, which is a symbol of

unity and universal brotherhood. The Atmayoga

Samadhi spot of Mahima Swami at Kapilas has






been discovered by Kaupindhari Sanyashi Srimat

Raghunath Das. It is called ‘Tapovari’ where

Mahima fair is held every year on the Kartik Sukla

Dasami.

Mahima Movement was revolt against

the privileged orthodoxy as it brought remarkable

social changes giving a direct support for the rise

of the common people in general. It championed

the cause of the oppressed and downtrodden who

were being exploited by the king and the

Brahmins. The inequality inflicted on them was

due to the rigidity of the caste-structure, idolatry

and vested interest of the kings and the Brahmins.

Bhima Bhoi, the angry poet in revolt was

threatened to be burned to death by the Raja of

Rirakhol as a result of which he migrated to

Khaliapali in 1877 and stayed there till the end of

his life. A Vaisya Gangadhar Sahu by name,

belonging to Kasipur on the bank of the Brahmani

in the district of Dhenkanal is the first lay disciple,

Jagadguru Mahima Swami spent the time in the

cowshed of Gangadhar, it is indeed a movement

for the upliftment of the common man, so far

neglected. One can easily see a change in their

lifestyle, dress, food, habits, attitude,

understanding etc. It brings hope, expansion and

expression for the silent majority.(11)

Mahima dharma discourages hoarding,

avoids pilgrimage and prescribes simplicity in

respect of worshipping Param Brahma. In

‘Mahima’ fair the devotees use limited musical

instruments like Gini and Khanjani while reciting

the Nigrum Bhajanas of Bhima Bhoi. In Balyalila

and Mahima Mahaprasad the easily available and

low cost articles are used such as pressed rice

(Chuda), Molasses, Ghee, Milk, Honey, Curd,

Coconut etc. No priest is there. Every individual

plays the role of priest. So the usual formalities

connected with traditional religious worship are

reduced to the minimum and no extravagant

expenditure is incurred. The simplicity of the

Sanyashis can be well known from a popular

saying – “Aile Jatadari, Khaile thungamari, soile

kuta pari, chalile thenga dhari.”

Thus, the Mahima Movement was the

first of its kind in Orissa to have undertaken the

job of reforming the society on progressive

lines.(12)

The main thrust of this unique movement

was to imbibe into the hearts of the people the

concept of monotheism and to liberate the

downtrodden and destitute men and women from

the bondage of superstition, ritualistic idolatry and

predominance of the priests. Hence, the central

theme of this movement has been reflected in the

valuable and immortal literature of Bhima Bhoi in

his following couplet –

“Praninka arata dukha apramita

Dekhu dek deba sahu

Mo yeevan pace narke padithau

Jagat udhar heu.”(13)

“The Sufferings of the humanity

The limitless miseries of the world

Who can tolerate,

Let my life remain doomed

But let the sufferings of the

Universe mitigate.”

But the spread of this religion is limited

due to internal conflict and division of the

Sanyashis into Kaupinidhari and Balkaldhari,

illiteracy among the Sanyashi, lack of proper

planning for propagation, scanty literature, leading

of luxurious life by the Sanyashis and disobedience

to the rules and regulation of this latest faith. In

spite of this, like the cosmopolitan cult of

Jagannath, the land of Orissa feels proud of this

Mahima religion whose messages are meant for

bringing world peace, prosperity and fraternity.






REFERENCES :-

1. B.L. Grover A new look on Modern Indian history, Ram Nagar, New Delhi – 1981, P-

371.

2. Iswari Prasad History of Modern India, Allahabad – 1974, P-304.

3. Mahindra Baba Satya Mahima Dharmara Samkhipta Itihas, Kaupinadhari Mahoma Samara

Mahimabda 132, P-10.

4. Ramesh Samantaroy Odiya Sahityara Bhima Bhoi, Dharmagrantha Store, Cuttack, 1976, P-10.

5. Mahindra Baba Satya Mahima Dharmara Samkhipta Itihas, Kaupinadhari Samaj,

Mahimabada 132, P-33-34.

6. Mahindra Baba Satya Mahima Dharmara Samkhipta Itihas, Kaupinadhari Samaj,

Mahimabada 132, P-50.

7. Biswanath Baba Philosophy of Mahoma Drama II, Satya Mahima Dharma Granthakosa

Samiti, Mahimagadi, 2005, P-257.

8. Bhima Bhoi Stuti Chintamani – Samyak Prakashan, Cuttack – 2006, P-173.

9. Biswanath Baba An Exposition of the Satya Mahima Dharma.

10. Satrughna Nath Mahima Dharmadhara, Hemalata Nath, Sahid Nagar, BBSR – 1990, P-75.

11. Satrughna Nath Maima Dharmadhara, Hemalata Nath, Sahid Nagar, BBSR – 1990, P-76.

12. S.H. Chinara Cultural Heritage of Orissa Vol-I, Centre for Advanced studies in History &

Culture.

13. Bhima Bhoi Stuti Chintamani – Samyak Prakashan, Cuttack – 2006, P-53.






ih&,p-Mh- n'kZu'kkL= foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ ¼m-iz-½

/keZ dk lEcU/k euq"; ds vkUrfjdrk ls

gSA /keZ ds tqM+us ls euq"; ds lkekftd thou dh

fn'kk dk ekxZ izlLr gkssrk gSA /keZ dks /kkj.k djus

okys euq"; gh gSA vxj /keZ u gks rks euq"; ds ÑR;

i'kqvksa dh rjg gksA lekt dk dksbZ Hkh <+k¡pk lgh

:iksa esa u fn[kkbZ nsA lkekftd :i ls vius lR;

:ih /keZ dks cPkkus ds fy, vlR; dk lgkjk ugha

fy;kA nwljs ds thou ds izfr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Lora=

ugha gSA ;g U;k; izfØ;k ykxw ugha djrh gSA /keZ

euq"; dks i'kqrk ls ckgj mBkrk gSSA u fd mlh esa

foyhu gkssus dh lykg nsrk gSaA O;fDr ds ikl bruk

cM+k g`n; bZ'oj us fn;k gSA fdlh Hkh tho dh gR;k

tc dksbZ djus yxrk gSA nwljk O;fDr ;gh dgrk

gSA fd bldks er ekfj;saA blh izdkj lkekftd U;k;

dh izfØ;k esa tc ifr&iRuh ds chp ?kjsyw fookn

gksrk gSA rc ogk¡ ds cqtqZx lEHkzkar O;fDr nksuksa ik

dks le>krs gaSA tc ogk¡ ls >xM+k 'kk¡r ugha gksrkA

rc U;k; iz.kkyh dh rjQ c<+rk gSA ogk¡ cgqr

le>k;k tkrk gSA fd vki ykssx ,slk u djsaA ftlls

lekt esa nwf"kr Hkkouk dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+saA Þn'kZu

dk dk;Z euq"; dh mu fØ;kvksa dk vuqfpUru djuk

gS ftUgsa og Lo;a vius esa egRoiw.kZ ekurk gSAÞ1

ekuo O;ogkj ds fo'ys"k.kkRed esa n'kZfud

fpUru ijEijk us O;fDr ds O;fDrRo ,oa oS;fDrdrk

dk izHkko ewY;ksa ij fufgr gSA ekuo dk O;ogkj ,d

lek;kstu ls O;fDrRo ds fy, ewY;oku gSA tcfd

euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS gksus ds ukrs og lekt

esa viuk LFkku O;ogkj dk vk/kkj ij cukrk gSA

blhdkj.k og ekuo izk.kh lekt ls vdsyk ugha jg

ldrk gSA vUrr% ekuo tUe ls ysdj e`R;q i;kZUr

rd nwljksa ds lkFk jgrk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk thou

ds vusd lEHkkouk,sa fNih gksrh gSA

bl 'kks/ki= esa frh; 'kks/k lkekxzh ds

kjk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA blds lkFk&lkFk

;Fkmfpr LFkku ij lUnHkZ fn;s x;saA ekuoh; ewY;ksa esa

lkekftd O;oLFkk uked fo"k; dk v/;;u fd;k

x;k gSA

ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk v/;;u djukA lekt

esa ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds v/;;u ls tx:drk vk;sxhA

ewY; ijd thou ls ekuo ds chp s"kq vkSj v'kkafr

dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl mÌs'; ls bl 'kks/k

i= dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA

,d ekuo nwljs ekuo ds lgkjs jgrk gSA

D;ksafd lkekftd ewY;kssa ds ca/ku esas c/kk gSA mldh

mi;ksfxrk dk ifj.kke gh ekuo dY;k.k gSA tc

vUr%fØ;k ds ijLifjd lg;ksx esa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks

gksuk vko';d gSA ekuoh; ewY; O;fDr ds lkekftd

thou esa O;ogkj dq'ky vkSj u;k eksM+ ykrs gSaA ekuo

ds ekuoh; O;ogkjksa dks lekt us tksM+ j[kk gSA n'kZu

dh Kkuehekalh; rF;ksa ls ekuo O;ogkjksa dk v/;;u

djuk lkekftd thou ds fy, vifjgk;Z gks tkrk gSA

ekuo ds O;ogkj dh vusd ?kVukvksa dks tkuus vkSj

le>us ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mlds ekuoh;

ewY;ksa ds O;ogkjksa dk v/;;u djuk pkfg,A n'kZu

vkSj lekt ,d&nwljs ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k j[krs gSA

n'kZu us gh lekt dks fn'kk fn[kk;k gSA blh izdkj

ekuo dk dY;k.k Hkh lekt esa fufgr gSA tcfd

euksfoKku fo'ys"k.k ekuo ds efLr"d dk oSKkfud

v/;;u djrk gSA egf"kZ ;kKoYD; ds erkuqlkj

Þlalkj esa vkRek ls fHkUu dqN Hkh ughaA vkRek ds Kku

ls lcdk Kku gks tkrk gSA vkRek gh czá gS vkSj bl

fLFkfr esa vkRe&Kku gh czá Kku gSAÞ2 n'kZu

lkekftd O;oLFkk dk dsUnz fcUnq gSA tcfd

euksoSKkfud ekuo O;ogkj ls O;fDrRo dh igpku dh

tkrh gSA ekuo dh :fp n'kZu esa gSA blhfy,

lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa us ekuo dks ,d O;ogkj ds

cy Hkh /kks[kk nsuk Hkh izkjEHk dj fn;kA tgk¡ ls

ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk kj.k gksuk izkjEHk gks x;kA tcfd

Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds ;ksx esa rRofpUru ds lkFk&lkFk

/;ku] dYiuk] cqf)] Le`fr] Luk;q iz.kkyh] ekuo

efLr"d bR;kfn dk v/;;u ekuo 'kjhj ds dY;k.k

gsrq fufeZr gSA

vk/kqfudrk dh ijEijkoknh laLÑfr us

if'peh ns'kksa dh udy rks fd;kA ftldk dkj.k ;g

gqvk fd og vfodflr :iksa esa ifjekftZr gksus yxhA






tgk¡ ekuo dk dY;k.k lkekftd ijEijkvksa vkSj

oSpkfjd folaxfr;ksa ij fuHkZj jgk ogk¡ lkekftd

O;oLFkk dk uke gh vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjk ij fufeZr gks

x;kA tcfd n'kZu dh nf"V ls lkekftd ijEijk ,d

vyx fopkj/kkjk ds :i eas fodflr gksrh jgh gSA

blds vfrfjDr ,d fopkj /kkjk vk/kqfud lekt ds

:Ik esa mRiUu gksrh gSA if'peh ns'kksa us vk/kqfudrk

dks tUe fn;k gSA fdUrq vk/kqfudrk ds lEcU/k esa

nk'kZfudksa dk er ,D; ugha gSA ßvk/kqfudrk if'peh

thou&ewY;ksa vkSj fons'kh izHkko dks vkRelkr djus

ek= esa ughaAÞ3 vk/kqfudrk ,slh fopkj /kkjk tgk¡

ewY;ksa dk kj.k gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh ijEijk,sa

Hkh izHkkfor gqbZ gSA blhfy, n'kZu vkSj laLÑfr

,sfrgkfldrk dh izekf.kdrk dk nkok ewY;ksa ls djrs

gSaA bu ewY;ksa dk nk;jk lekt esa jgdj gh fd;k tk

ldrk gSA vU;Fkk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA n'kZu

cká izfr:iksa esa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dks ewY;ksa ls

latksus dk iz;kl djrh gSA tcfd Kkuehekalh; ik

txr~ esa ns[kus ij ,d ladV lk eM+jk jgk gSA

D;ksafd lkekftd igyw ds ewY;ksa dks /;ku esa ugha

j[kk x;k gSA blh dkj.k lkekftd Un dh fLFkfr

vkt cuh gqbZ gSA vkfFkZd fLFkfr;k¡ lkekftd <+k¡ps dks

vfu"Vdkjd dj jgh gSaA tgk¡ ekuo thou dk

oSpfjd la?k"kZ dh /kjkry esa lekrk tk jgk gSA Bhd

mlh izdkj ls ekuoh; thou dk vk/kkj gh ekuo

ewY;ksa ij fufgr gSA ,d O;fDr nwljs O;fDr dks

ns[kdj vius vkidksa ckjkcj ykus dh dksf'kl djrk

gSA tgk¡ ekuo eu dh pksjh] gR;k vxtuh] ywV]

[klksV vkfn dk cksyckyk gksus dh n'kk esa ekuoh;

thou dk vkSfpR; gh cny Mkyrk gSA O;fDr dh

dqf.Br Hkkouk ekuo dks lekt esa ,d nwf"kr

okrkoj.k iSnk dj jgh gSA blls if'peh fopkj/kkjk

dks cy fey jgk gSA D;ksasfd ekuo ftl ifjos'k esa

jgrk gSA mu ewY;ksa dks NksM+ ns mls cgqr cM+s ladV

ls tw>uk iM+rk gSA ,slh folaxfr;ksa ds ewY;ksa ds

dkj.k gh ekuoh; thou dk vk/kkj ,d nk'kZfud

ijEijk dks ekuk tk ldrk gSA tcfd vk/kqfudrk

vkSj lkekftdrk nksuksa vyx&vyx gSA ledkyhu

ifjizs; ;fn ckr djrs gSa ogk¡ thou vkSj txr~ dh

vusd dfBukbZ mRiUu gks jgh gSA ekuo dh fopkj

/kkjk vk/kqfudrk ls ifjiw.kZ gks ;g t:jh ugha gSA

fdlh Hkh lkekftd ijEijk dh fojks/kh vk/kqfudrk

ugha gSA ;g ckr rks lR; gS fd vuSfrdrk ekuoh;

ewY;ksa dks gh cny Mkyrh gSA tgk¡ ekuo dh lfn;k¡

xqtj pqdh gSA ,sls Hkfo"; dks [kkstus ds fy,

vk/kqfudrk us ekuoh; thou dk vk/kkj gh lEiw.kZ

thou vkSj txr~ dh leL;kvksa ls fuiVus dh izfØ;k

dks dgk tk ldrk gSA tgk¡ lekt vkSj vk/kqfudrk

ds igyw ls oafpr ifjokj dk fodkl vo:) gks

ldrk gSA ,slh fopkj/kkjk ds ifjikyu esa ekuoh;

thou dk la?k"kZ lfn;ksa ls iyrk c<+rk jgk gSA tgk¡

foKku ls Js"B /keZ dh izekf.kdrk gSA D;ksafd ftl

izdkj ls iz;ksx kjk foKku lR; gSA mlh izdkj

iz;ksx dh rjg /keZ Hkh ;FkkFkZ ewyd gSA

ijekRek ds lR; dk Kku gksus ij gh bZ'oj

dks izkIr djus dh bPNk O;fDr esa tkxzr gksrh gSA

mlh vuqlkj O;fDr bZ'oj dk vuqdj.k djrk gSA

blhfy, dgk x;k gS fd ;g ekuo deZ bZ'oj izkfIr

dk lk/ku gSA bu 'kkL=ksa dh fuUnk deZghu iq:"k gh

djrs gSaA vU;Fkk bu xzUFkksa esa crk;s x;s ekxksZa dk

vuqlj.k djus okyk O;fDr lQyrk dh jkg ij

pyrk gSA ml O;fDr kjk fd;s x;s deZ Qy dk

ifj.kke vo'; izkIr gksrk gSA

n'kZu txr~ esa ekuo ds ledkyhu ijEijk;sa

vkSj thou i)fr laLdkjoku gksrh gSA D;ksafd ekuoh;

ewY;kas dh O;kiDrk us vk/kqfud rRoksa dk Kku izkIr

djus ds nkSjku gh ekuo dk dY;k.k leLr thou

vkSj txr ij fu:fir gksrk gSA ,slh fopkj/kkjk dk

ifj.kke gh ekuo dk Lo:Ik dgk tkrk gSA ,slh

folaxfr;ksa dk ewY; gh ekuo txr~ dk ifj.kke gSA

*QSlu;qDr* vk/kqfudrk dks Hkkjrh; lekt usa bruh

rxM+h ls idM+dj j[kk gSA mlds lkeus izR;sd

O;fDr dk eu vkSj efLr"d fpid x;k gSA ,slh n'kk

esa ewY;ksa dk fpUru djuk csgn dfBu yxrk gSA blh

dkj.k vU; yksxksa dk fojks/k Hkh vlQY gksrk tk jgk

gSA

vk/kqfudrk ds KkukRed igyw dks

udkjkRed ik ds lkFk tksM+us dh dM+h ,d fojks/k

dks izdV djrh gSA ogk¡ ekuo thou dk ik gh

udkjkRed nf"V ls cnyrk tk jgk gSA ,slh

fopkj/kkjk dk ldkjkRed ik vkReKku ij fufgr gks

tkrk gSA ,slh foosdiw.kZ i)fr us ekuo dks lQyrk

dh jkg ij ys tkus dk dk;Z djrh gSA

lh-,y- vkuUn ds erkuqlkj dgrs gSa fd

ßvk/kqfud thou dh ,d vfuok;Z fo'ks"krk ds :i esa






ifjorZu dks lkoZHkkSfed :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k

gS] fodkl vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k ds tqM+ok¡ ukjksa dh xw¡t

lkjs fo'o esa lquh tk ldrh gSAÞ5

blh dk ifj.kke jgk dh ekuo us

vk/kqfudrk ds izpyu esa vkus ds ckn 17 oha 'krkCnh

esa ,d Økafrdkjh ifjorZu lkeus vkus yxkA ,slh

fopkj/kkjk us ekuoh; thou dh vusd ?kVukvksa dk

ifj.kke gh thou vkSj txr~ dh leL;k ls tw>rk

jgk gSA bldk funku lEHko ugha gks ldkA vxs

pydj mUuhloha 'knha ds izkjfEHkd dky esa oSKkfud

;qx dk iznqHkZo gksrk gSA ;g ;qx vFkZ fodkl dk ;qx

ekuk tkrk gSA bUgha ifj.kkeksa ds nkSjku nk'kZfud]

jktuhfrd] bfrgkdkj] lekt'kkfL=;ksa us vkfFkZd

ifjorZuksa dh fn'kk dks vk/kqfudrk dh 'kq:vkr dk

vFkZ [kkstus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA tSls gh vFkZ dh

ckxM+ksj feyrh gSA ogk¡ ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks u"V djus

esa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+rs gSA ,slh folaxfr;ksa us

ekuoh; thou dk vk/kkj gh detksj oxZ ds da/kksa esa

canwd j[kdj viuk eryc fl) djrs gSaA tks vkt

xjhch ds :Ik esa mHkj dj lkeus vk;h gSA Msfu;y

yuZj ds vuqlkj ßvk/kqfudrk izxfr] mUufr dh vksj

lEiUurk rFkk vuqdwyu dh rkRi;Zrk ls lEcfU/kr

eu dh vkdkakkvksa dh ,d voLFkk gh gSAÞ6

fu"d"kZr% okLrfodrk ;g gS fd fo'o ds

Lrj ij vk/kqfudrk us tks ukp ekuo dks upk; gSA

mlls xjhc&xjhc gksrk x;kA vehj&vehj gksrk pyk

x;kA bl izdkj dh vusd ?kVukvksa us ekuo ds fny

dks ngyk fn;kA ftl izdkj ls O;fDrokn] ekuookn]

tkfrokn] LorU=rk] m|ksxokn] oxZHksn dh ijEijkvksa

us fu;kstu ds lkFk&lkFk lektokn tSlh /kkj.kk,sa

eu esa mRiUu gksus yxrh gSA

1. MkW- nsojkt]

fgUnh lfefr] lwpuk foHkkx] mÙkj izns'k 'kklu

y[kuÅ] 1972] i`"B 31 2. jtuh 'kekZ]

gfj;k.kk xzUFk vdkneh] iapdwyk] 2016] i`"B 12

3. iq"iiky flag]

fdrkc egy izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh]

2012] i"B 46

4. izks- egkohj] izxfr'khy

izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2014] i`"B 25

5. C.L. Anand, "Modernization and Tradition"

in P.R. Nayar. P.N. Dave and Kamla Arora

(eds.), The Teacher and Education in

Emerging Indian Society, P.61.

6. Deniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional

Society : Modernizing the Middle East , P. 62.






Lokeh foosdkuUn dh mn~?kks"k.kk gS fd

^^izR;sd vkRek ¼O;fDr½ esa ewyr% fnO;rk dh laHkkouk

gSA y; ;g gks fd ml vkRek ds ckg~; ,oa vkarfjd

izdfr dks lqfu;af=r dj bl varfuZfgr fnO;rk dks

vfHkO;Dr dj nksA bls rqe deZ ;k HkfDr ;k

euksfuxzg ;k Kku ¼n'kZu½ esa ls fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd

;k fQj bu lHkh lk/kuksa kjk lk/kks vkSj Lo;a eqDr

gks tkvksA**

vUrZfufgr laHkkO; fnO;rk dh vfHkO;fDr dh

bl vfrh; izfØ;k dks Jh vjfoUn us ;ksx dgk gS]

ftlesa Lo ds iw.kZRo dh vksj dh xfr gksrh gSA

egf"kZ ira~tfy kjk of.kZr ;ksx lw=ksa esa

v"Vkax ;ksx dh xgure O;k[;k dh x;h gSA ;g

vkB ;ksx bl izdkj gS ;e] fu;e] vklu] izk.kk;ke]

izR;kgkj] /kkj.kk] /;ku ,oa lekf/kA

mDr v"Vkax ;ksx euq"; dks mlds vfLrRo

ds rhuksa Lrjksa ;Fkk 'kjhj] eu ,oa vkRek dks larqfyr]

lefUor] fodflr ,oa vuqHkwr djus dh vrqfyr ÅtkZ

,oa vUrZn`f"V iznku djrs gSA ;g v"Vkax ;ksx gh gS

ftlls 'kjhj ,oa eu dks LoLFk j[kus ds lkFk gh

vkRek dh vuUr 'kfDr;ksa dks tkx`r dj flf);k¡

izkIr djuk Hkh lEHko gSA v"Vkax ;ksx esa lk/kd 'kwU;

ls vlhe dh ;k=k vH;kl kjk iw.kZ djrk gSA ;g

vH;kl gh O;fDr dks fu;fer ,oa vuq'kkflr Hkh

djrk gSA

oSfnddky ls pyh vk jgh ;ksx dh vusd

fof/k;k¡ O;fDro dks iw.kZ:is.k :ikUrfjr djus esa lke

gSA O;fDrRo fodkl esa ;ksx dh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk gSA ;ksx ls 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ,oa vkfRed

fodkl gksrk gSA ;ksx ls vPNs fopkj ,oa ldkjkRed

eu%fLFkfr fodflr gksrh gS ftlls vkRefo'okl Hkh

c<+rk gSA

O;fDrRo vFkkZr~ 'kjhj] eu ,oa vkRek dk

leUo;A 'kjhj dks LoLFk u j[kk tk;s rks jksx xzLr

gks tk,xkA ÅtkZoku LoLFk thou ;ksx ls lgt izkIr

gSA O;fDrRo dk ,d vksj Hkkx gS vkRekA ftl rd

igqapus ds fy;s Hkhrj dh vksj mrjuk gksxk] varZ;k=k

djuh gksxhA rc dgha vuqHkwfr ls vkRe lkkkRdkj dh

;g ;k=k iw.kZ gksxhA bu nksuksa ds e/; O;fDrRo dk

rhljk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gS euA

eu dk LoHkko gh papy gS ;k rks og Hkksx

dh vfr ij tkrk gS ;k ri dhA ,d izdkj ls ;g

vfr;ksa dh ;k=k djrk gSA Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; esa gh

fopfjr gksrk jgrk gS] e/; vFkkZr orZeku esa ugha

fVd ikrkA eu dh xfr vfrrhoz gS] blh xfr dks

lk/kus ij fu.kZ; kerk dk leqfpr fodkl gksrk gSA

iratfy ;ksx ds vuqlkj fpRr dh ofÙk;ksa dk fujks/k

gh ;ksx gSA

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esa lgk;d gSaA buds vH;kl ls ,d lnkpkjh ,oa

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Fkke ldrs gSaA

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/kkj.kk dh ;ksX;rk vkrh gS rFkk eu ij vf/kdkj

djus dh fLFkfr izkIr gksrh gSA






& HkkSfrd txr dh vfuR;rk dks tkuus dk

;g lgt ekxZ gSA

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tgk¡ pkj iq:"kkFkksZ ¼;Fkk /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eksk½ dks

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ikyu djrs gqs vius lexz O;fDrRo dks fodflr

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gksrk FkkA czãp;Z dky esa og Lok/;k;] ;ksx] ri]

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ladYi mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dgk tkrk gS fd Nk= thou esa fufeZr gq;h

;g vknrsa thou i;Zar cuh jgrh gS] vr% cpiu ls

gh ;fn f'kkk ds lkFk ;ksx dk lgh rkyesy cukdj

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ldrh gSA

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leqfpr fodkl ,oa lnqi;ksx laHko gksrk gSA Nk=

;ksx vH;kl kjk ncko vkSj ruko ls eqfDr]

vkUrfjd] 'kakfr] 'kjhj dk dn ,oa Hkkj esa lgh

larqyu] 'kkjhfjd yphykiu] 'kfDr ,oa vPNh xgjh

uhan dks Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSA ekufld Lrj ij &

dYiuk 'kfDr esa o`f)] Lej.k 'kfDr dk fodkl]

jpukRedrk rFkk n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr dk fuekZ.k gksrk

gSA v"Vkax ;ksx ls ckSf)d kerk dk Hkh leqfpr

fodkl gksrk gS cqf) dh rhozrk ,oa ,dkxzrk c<+rh gSA

HkkoukRed Lrj ij & laosnu'khyrk ij mi;qDr

fu;U=.k dh kerk fodflr gksrh gSA Øks/k] vdkj.k

Hk;] fpUrk] ruko] nqfopkj] udkjkRed Hkkouk,¡] bZ";kZ]






s"k] jkx vkfn dk Hkh 'keu gksrk gSA vk/;kfRed Lrj

ij & v"Vkax;ksx kjk lekf/kLFk gksdj vkRe

lkkkrdkj rd dh miyfC/k laHko gksrh gSA tc bu

vkB vaxksa dk fu;fer vH;kl fd;k tkrk gS rks Nk=

thou esa u dsoy O;fDrRo dk fodkl rhoz] larqfyr

,oa lgt :i esa gksrk gS cfYd mls vius vfLrRo

dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA ;g Kku izkfIr gh v"Vkax ;ksx

dk ije y; Hkh gSA

Sripriya Krishnan (2005), Personality

development through yoga practice,

College of Allied Health Sciences. Shri

Ramchandra Medical College and

Research Centre, Tamilnadu.

gB;ksx iznhfidk] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj

iratfy ;ksx&lw=] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj






POSITIVE SPILL OVER TOURISM IN PEACE BUILDING PROCESS: A

COMMUNITY APPROACH

Ms. Priyanka Sharma

Research Scholar, School of Hospitality and Tourism Management (SHTM) University of Jammu, (J&K)

India – 180006

Mr. Trilochan Kumar

Research Scholar (JRF) School of Hospitality and Tourism Management (SHTM) University of Jammu,

(J&K) India – 180006

Abstract : This paper signifies the importance of

tourism and local community for peace building in

Jammu and Kashmir, India. The peace through

tourism proposition stands on the belief that

cultural perceptions can promote behavioural

changes and hence facilitate peace. Peace

building can generate social harmony and equal

participation in development mainstreaming

creating the foundation for lasting peace. This

type of tourism favours a contact with the local

community and the experimentation of different

sensations. In this study indicates the opinions that

the local residents have in order to develop a

culture of peace based on the border area people,

and the significance of tourism in initatiting peace

on uniting the roots by promoting youth driven

programs for the exchange of ideas and cultures.

This paper highlights the importance of tourism in

promoting culture through peace tourism and

local communities’ perception towards building a

culture of peace through tourism.

Key Words : Community approach, Tourism,

Peace.

Introduction : Tourism industry is one of the

world’s leading industries in terms of source of

income and employment (UNWTO, 2016).

Tourism also plays an important role in bridging

the gap between various cultures and religions at a

global level and thus helps in cross cultural

communication which is directly fostering peace

among various nations. Cross-cultural interaction

results in tolerance, national integration,

compassion, goodwill, educational standards,

justice and mutual respect for each other. The

relationship between peace and tourism is very

interesting because both are complimentary to each

other; tourism can be essential force for peace and

alternatively tourism needs peace for its expansion

and prosperity. The tourism could further bring

desired level of closeness among the people and

may go a long way in creating peaceful

environment. Tourism doesn’t involve any borders

or hatred and offers positive experiences to the

tourists. This paper is focusing on the community’s

perceptions and approach regarding tourism

development across the countries which could play

a significant role in destination development along

with inducing peace perspectives across the

nations. The growth of tourism industry with the

help of community participation can have a

significant impact on the overall growth of a region

and maintaining peace, reason being, its capability

to generate employment and trade. This paper is

investigating the role of tourism and local

community in peace building process.

In a competitive era, tourism is an approach for

promoting peace and communal understanding. It

is considered as a force to encourage social justice

and resolution within a divided society. Peace can’t

be definite as an exact situation. “Peace is a vital

prerequisite for travel and tourism and all aspects

of human growth and development.” The

relationship between peace and tourism is very

interesting because both are complimentary to each

other. Tourism can be essential force for peace and

alternatively tourism needs peace for its expansion

and prosperity. Now-a-days tourism is affected by

war, terrorism and state violence to a great extent

and countries highly dependent on tourism for






nation economy growth which are reduced by the

decline number of visitors. Tourists are generally

sensitive to event of war, violent behaviour because

“such events risk a peaceful and undisturbed

holiday.” They avoid visiting places with a

negative reflection and simply switch to another

destination when they find there is no serenity in

their destination. There are many countries

throughout the world where heinous violent

incidents have resulted into negative impact on the

tourist’s inflow to those countries. Peace is an

intangible attribute that is complicated to measure.

Peace refers as peaceful relationships not only

between nations, but also between groups and

communities, between individuals, between people

personality and nature. The conceptualization of

culture and peace cannot be imported or imposed

from outside but must develop out of the culture of

the people concerned. The importance of culture

and tourism as drivers of attractiveness and

competitiveness. Many regions are now actively

developing their tangible and intangible cultural

assets as a means of developing comparative

advantage in an increasingly competitive tourism

marketplace, and to create local uniqueness in the

face of globalisation. Culture and tourism have a

mutually valuable relationship which can build up

the attractiveness and competitiveness of places,

regions and countries. Culture is a progressively

more essential element of the tourism product as it

creates uniqueness in a crowded global

marketplace.

Culture and tourism are linked because of their

obvious synergies and their growth potential.

Cultural tourism is one of the largest and fastest

growing global tourism markets and the cultural

and creative industries are increasingly being used

to promote destinations. The increasing use of

culture and creativity to market destinations is also

adding to the pressure of differentiating regional

identities and images, and a growing range of

cultural elements are being employed to brand and

market regions. The peace through tourism scheme

stands on the belief that cultural perceptions can

promote attitude change and hence facilitate peace

(Jimenez & Kloeze 2014). Peace building can

generate social harmony and equal participation in

development main streaming creating the

foundation for lasting peace (Liu & Pratt, 2015)

.Tourism is beneficiary for both negative and

positive peace. Positive Peace is the absence or

reduction of violence of all kinds, whereas negative

peace leads to violence and conflict. Satani, K.

(2003). The tourism could further bring desired

level of closeness among the people and may go a

long way in creating peaceful environment.

Community participation in local affairs, including

tourism, is not alike among traditional

communities. There were communities in which

the provision for public involvement is engraved in

their cultural mores. Participatory culture is not a

feature similar to all communities. Cultural

remoteness of communities to tourism is, in fact, a

limitation to local participation in most of the

north-eastern states of India. The removal of

cultural barriers to participatory tourism

development is not an easy development attempt; it

requires extensive educational process. Flexibility

is an essential ingredient of any form of

participatory tourism development approach.

In other words, tourism for peace (TFP) brings

hosts and guests together in a particular country.

Those visiting it, mutually learn about peace by

understanding and realizing varied cultural beliefs,

art, music, foods, stories, spiritual ceremonies, and

by linking with the natural world. Further,

responsible tourism is also a principle of

sustainable tourism as well as world peace (Wai

Leong, 2008). Besides this, tourism is making

contribution for peace when it contributes towards

(works) abolishment of war, elimination of

violence, awareness and action for expansion of

global and environmental issues (Satani, 2004).

Tourists are also sensitive to wars because violence

in their holiday destination can be threat to their

lives and can deprive them of relaxed and carefree

holidays (Neumayer, 2004). They avoid visiting

any place with violence and might choose any

alternative destination with stable conditions.

Tourism should be considered in such a way that

local community should be at advantage and if

every member performs their role actively tourism

must lead to peace. Every traveller must keep in

mind that every place has their own way of life,

values and beliefs which they should respect and

this would develop harmonious relationship among

the hosts and the travelers and its impact on peace






building process. The growth of tourism industry

can have significant impact on the overall growth

of a region, reason being, its capability to generate

employment and trade. Tourists are conflict

sensitive and response positively to peace. Peace

and sustainability, measured as the indicator of

expansion are vulnerable due to a numerous of

conflicts-Social, economic, political, cultural and

environmental. Tourism which holds the key for

the promotion of peace and sustainability. This

paper examines the importance of sustainable

development as an essential element for building

peace to promote tourism and community

participation in it. Peace through tourism is the

reduction and eventual elimination of the

conditions that lead to the violence. Thus, the

purpose of the study is to understand examining the

role of community in the development of peace

culture through tourism.

Review of literature : Jimenez and Kloeze (2014)

revealed that peace through tourism is not only

about nurturing understanding, but it is also linked

to poverty alleviation, conservation of heritage,

safety and security of environment and

sustainability. The authors also suggested that to

explore the links between environment protection,

poverty alleviation and heritage protection with

peace. Further, Aghazamani and Hunt (2015)

identified that tourism as a vehicle for promoting

peace, diplomacy and human security. They also

believed that tourism could greater contribute to

peace between historical adversaries. Besides this,

tourism visitation is more beneficial for economic,

social and environmental developmental which

needs to be further explored. Moreover, Shin

(2005) explored that the relationship between

safety, security and peace tourism. The finding of

this study is that peace is a mechanism for tourism

development in DMZ (Korean Demilitaized Zone)

area. They also suggested that the same topic

should be explored. Pratt and Liu (2015)

recognised that the relationship between tourism

and peace across the different countries. The

authors found that the impact of peace on tourism

is much greater than the impact of tourism on

peace. The authors suggested that the bilateral

relationship between peace and tourism should be

explored. Upadhayaya et al. (2011) explored the

relationship between tourism, conflict, and peace in

Nepal. They stated that tourism can be an effective

tool in coping with and responding to conflict and

can be a mediator for peace by assisting in the

development of supportive environment. They

believed that sustainability of tourism highly

dependent on peace, security and safety which need

to be further explored. Kim and Colemen (2015)

examined that the combined effect of individualism

– collectivism on conflict styles and satisfaction.

Future research agenda remarks that the ordinal

effect of individualism and collectivism on conflict

resolution. Yang et al. (2013) examined that social

conflict in communities impacted by tourism. The

authors suggested there is a need to establish a

systematic theory about social conflict in tourism

that comprises such elements as the nature of

conflict, conflict management, conflict resolution,

etc. Serto (2013) identified that role of community

in maintaining peace and security. The finding of

this study is that community plays a significant role

in maintaining peace and security. Future research

agenda remarks that there is a lack of research on

stability, security, peace and sustainable

development. Further, Jaffar et al. (2015) explored

that local community involvement in a rural

tourism development in Kinabalu National Park,

Sabah. Authors found that local communities enjoy

being involved in the tourism sector because it

enhances their key income resources and quality of

life. The authors suggested that lack of local

involvement in tourism development which needs

to be further explored.

Local people attitudes were crucial for successful

and sustainable tourism development because an

understanding of resident’s attitudes and

perceptions and how these perceptions were

formed regarding tourism development would be

valuable information for decision makers. Local

people were the most important party, since it is

they who will be most affected either positively or

negatively by tourism planning and development.

Therefore by identifying the attitudes of local

populations, programs can be set up to minimize

friction between tourists and residents (Zhang et

al., 2006). Zhang and Lai Lei (2009) had stressed

the issue that the differences between development

local people environmental attitudes and






behavioural intention of tourism development

suggest that promoting local people environmental

attitudes may had influences in local people

involvement with tourism development, which may

be a fundamental necessity for sustainable tourism

development. The factors which influence

resident’s perceptions and attitudes, as well as the

environment and the degree of the impact were

likely to be different in each society. Social

structure of a local community had a major bearing

on its ability to absorb positively the different

norms and values brought by tourists (Mansfeld,

1992 p 379). Nzama (2008) had stated that there is

a strong positive relationship between the extent of

the local people in tourism development and their

perceptions towards an increase in tourism

development. Harrill (2004) highlights Residents

with the most economic gain were the most

supportive of the tourism industry. Because tourism

development usually involves a tradeoff between

economic benefits and environmental or cultural

costs, residents cope by downplaying the negative

impacts based and emphasizing the economic gains

to maintain satisfaction with their local people

(Dyer et al., 2007; Cavus and Tanrisevdi, 2003;

Faulkner and Tideswell, 1997). Interactions

between local people and tourists can impact

positively in terms of creating opportunities,

bringing societal peace, integration of different

cultures and negative manners in the form of

associated problems. Tourism can improve the

quality of life in an area it can be done by

increasing the number of attractions, recreational

opportunities, and services. Tourism also offers

community opportunities to meet interesting

people, make friendships, learn about the world,

and expose themselves to new perspectives (Kumar

et al 2009).

Peace through tourism stands on the

belief that cultural understanding can promote

attitude change and thus facilitate peace. This study

also emphasis on the notion of peace through

tourism encompassing poverty alleviation,

International understanding, Preservation of

heritage, protection of the environment, and

sustainability, thereby highlighted the positive

approach or way of looking at tourism and the

positive roles of travel in regards to peace. The

importance of reconstruction of current framework

of tourism across the globe so that global peace can

be prevailed (Satani 2004). This paper commenced

with the definition of peace and tourism, and

eventually discussed the impact; tourism has on the

lives and environment of both tourists and people

in the destinations. Further, this study also

explained the possibilities that tourism can be

catalyst to promote track one diplomacy and to

develop or maintain negative peace, at the same

time it emphasis on the importance of channelling

the efforts in tourism towards positive peace. In

addition to this, tourism plays a major role in

spreading peace, as it operates at the most basic

level by spreading information about personalities,

beliefs, aspirations, perspective, culture and politics

of one country to the citizens of another. Besides

this, “Tourism as a catalyst for peace”, therefore,

the aim of the study was to establish the fact that

tourism fosters peace on the ground that it brings

people together, promotes mutual respect and

understanding, creates a base for culture exchange,

offers economic and social benefits and even

reduces the chances of possible tension

(Neupane,2013) Diverse communities had their

own culture and traditions. In budding countries

there is a require for local community to contribute

and supervise tourist performance (Cater, 1994).

Community contribution in the decision making

method in developing countries is always limited

(Dola and Mijan, 2006). Expansion of tourism

through community contribution not only relates to

the decision making method, but also helps in its

sustainability (D’ Amore, 1992; Green, 1995;

Leslie, 1993; Murphy, 1988).

Community attitudes were significant for

sustainable tourism development because the

attitudes and perceptions of a community which are

created regarding tourism development would be of

precious information for decision makers. Thus by

identifying the attitude and perception of local

community, programs can be set up to minimize

clashes between tourists and residents (Zhang et al.,

2006). In addition to this, Zhao and Ritchie (2007)

recognised that communities as a way of

contribution and as the input of the local workers

may pursue tourism-related economic activities as

paid or self-employed workers. The term

‘communities’ means "one needs to know what






makes a community" (Agrawal and Gibson 1999).

Community has been described by various

literatures as a homogenous social structure with

collective norms and universal interest (Agrawal

and Gibson 1999; Olsder and Van der Donk 2006).

Saarinen, (2011) depicts that local communities as

groups of people with a general identity and who

may be concerned in a collection of related aspects

of livelihoods. In additional note that local resident

people frequently have expected rights related to

the area and its natural resources and a strong

affiliation with the area culturally, socially,

economically. According to Bushel and McCool

(2007), local communities have historically

coexisted with the restricted areas - the key tourism

attractions. Tourism development and upkeep of a

particular destination that doesn't involve the local

communities’ rights will not be able to succeed;

hence the participation of local communities cannot

be overshadowed because of their important role

(Figgis and Bushell, 2007). Local communities are

considered as an important asset in tourism

development as it is inside their premises that these

activities take place. Local communities are also

regarded as legal and moral stakeholders in tourism

development (Haukeland 2011) because their

interests affects and are affected by decisions of

key policy makers (Mc Cool 2009). Timothy and

Tosun (2003) Observed that there should a direct

participation of local communities towards decision

making process through which specific profit can

be distributed to local community. Need of the hour

for local communities is to actively contribute in

the endorsement of tourist destination without

which it will not be possible to promote the

destination and in turn developing the local

community. Pongponrat (2011) noted that “local

tourism development ensures that the needs of the

local community. They require people who are

affected by tourism to be concerned in both the

planning process and the execution of policies and

action plans. Local communities can aggressively

take part in identifying and promoting tourist

resources and attractions that form the basis of

community tourism development. To attain long-

lasting result, communities need to be active

participants rather than reactive observers.

(Niezgoda and Czernek (2008).

Objectives :

To analyse the relationship between peace

and tourism.

To evaluate the impact of tourism on

peace building process.

To explore the role of local community in

tourism development of Jammu region.

Relationship between Peace and Tourism :

Peace and tourism can be considered as a term

which declines or remove the situation that leads to

violence. This concept increases the belief that

these circumstances can be avoided through

channels of tourism (Kelly, 2006). In other words,

peace and tourism proposition stands on the belief

that cultural understanding can promote attitude

and can facilitate peace (Dovido et al., 2002).

Further, the relation between tourism and peace is

symbiotic. Tourism plays a vital role in promoting

peace. Peace is a condition that not only indicates

the absence of violence but also sustains peaceful

relationships among all levels of society. It was

also found to have a direct relationship with

tourism (Bhattari and Dahal, 2007; Grandon, 2007;

Upadhayaya, 2009). Tourism is perceived as an

approach which can supplement social and political

reconciliation efforts in conflict settings. If tourism

is functioning with sustainable principles and

practices, so it can have positive impacts in

reducing the tension between visitors and host

communities (Upadhayaya and Sharma 2010).

Tourism can surpass government boundaries by

bringing people together through the understanding

of different cultures, heritages and beliefs. Infact, it

is potentially one of the most important vehicles for

promoting peace among the people of the world

(Minho Cho, 2006). It was generally considered

that tourism and peace were inseparable. The

forces unleashed by tourism are so powerful that

they change apparently situations and bring about

settlement where none was considered possible

(Frangialli, 2004). The scope of peace and tourism

initiatives contribute to international understanding

and cooperation, an approved quality of

environment, the preservation of heritage, and

these initiatives help to bring about a peaceful and

sustainable world. Besides this, tourism refers to






the virtue of travelling and promoting international

understanding and infused by culture in its various

dimensions, and influenced throughout by

relationships of power. Further, D’Amore (1988)

viewed that tourists can take part by explaining the

premise of two tracks of diplomacy. Track one

referred to government to government interactions

whereas track two refers people to people relations.

Tourism works at the track two diplomacy level,

creating the opportunities for tourists to get first

hand experiences from ethnically different hosts,

personalities, beliefs, aspirations, culture, political

inclinations and life perspective (D’Amore, 1988).

The notion of peace used in this conception is

positive peace. Positive peace not only refers to the

absence of violence (negative Peace) but also

considers equity, social justice, harmony,

cooperation among humans from different cultural

patterns, and absence of cultural and structural

violence (sandy and Perkins, 2002). Tourism and

peace are two inter-related terms. Tourism is a

means for unease reduction and peace building (Yu

& Chung, 2001). ‘Tourism and Peace: The State of

the Art’ – it would be extremely immature to

believe that these contacts automatically lead to a

refuse of injustices, a new, more liberal world view

and better understanding each other. Peace through

Tourism is precisely the reduction and hopeful

elimination of the conditions that lead to the

violence (Jimenez & Kloeze, 2014). Tourism as an

approach which promotes peace by solving the

problems of poverty, unemployment, etc. Tourism

plays an essential role in promoting world peace

(Salazaz 2012). Further, tourism interventions are

sets of expressions, language, and behaviours that

depict places and peoples, and turn sites into easily

consumable attractions. In other words, tourism is a

social creation which deals with the many desires

of people of the modern industrialized world.

Besides this, tourism is a ground in which many

individuals interact and discuss with one-another

which creates a sense of brotherhood. (ibid. 329).

Based on above discussion the following

hypothesis has been framed:

H1: There is a significant relationship between

tourism and peace.

Community and tourism development

Local communities are considered as an important

asset in tourism development as it is inside their

premises that these activities take place. Local

communities are also regarded as legal and moral

stakeholders in tourism development (Haukeland

2011) because their interests affects and are

affected by decisions of key policy makers (Mc

Cool 2009). Timothy and Tosun, C. (2003).

Observed that there should a direct participation of

local communities towards decision making

process through which specific profit can be

distributed to local community. Need of the hour

for local communities is to actively participate in

the promotion of tourist destination without which

it will not be possible to promote the destination

and in turn developing the local community. Local

communities can take part in identifying and

promoting tourist resources and attractions that

form the basis of community tourism development.

There are diverse actors included in tourism

development, like private sector, government,

donor agencies, civil societies and local people

themselves. Local communities are regarded as

important asset, legitimate and moral stakeholders

in tourism development. (Haukeland 2011. Mayers

(2005) has divided stakeholders into sub

categories: viz a viz stakeholders who influence

decisions and the second group are those

stakeholders who are influenced by decisions. The

degree of involvement of local communities in

diverse decision making and policy issues is

determined by the extent to which they affect or are

affected by these decisions and policies. In the

same way, Pongponrat (2011) noted that local

tourism development entails individuals who are

influenced by tourism to be mixed up in both the

planning process and the implementation of

policies and action plans. This ensures that

development channelize with the local people. If

decisions concerning development of tourism in a

region are not made in consultation with the local

communities during the design stage, it will be

impossible for the local communities to be

involved during implementation (Niezgoda and

Czernek 2008). There will be a very less support of

local people in terms of developing tourism in the

region so it is necessary to identify the stakeholders

who would help in the development process.

Failure to do so can cause technical or political






difficulties during implementation, and can

significantly influence the success and outcome of

the process. In fact wide participation of various

stakeholders in the decision making process, would

help in enhancing the knowledge and new ideas

which, in turn, fosters understanding of regional

problems and allows for generation of new and

innovative solutions (Niezgoda and Czernek, 2008.

Cultural refers to ‘ways of life’ and everyday

traditions as well as its manifestation in the form of

buildings, sites and monuments. Majority of the

people within an mysterious culture travelling

across the world and have been exposed to so many

different cultures. The interaction between the

traveller and the host result in respect and mutual

understanding, it brings for peaceful nations.

Tourism brings people of different places closer;

this cross cultural interactions helps to build mutual

trust, cultures, aspirations, offerings, requirements

which pave way for dialogue and treaties among

cultures, countries and classes. Iran and India also

signed a Memorandum of understanding on

tourism and started a cultural exchange program to

improve people contacts between the two countries

through the cultural program that give people an

opportunity to understand each other’s culture well.

A culture of peace is intimately linked with a

culture of rights and democracies. Peace cannot be

preserved if the basic rights and fundamental

freedoms of individuals or groups are violated and

when discrimination and exclusion generate

conflict. Education is at the heart of any strategy

for construction of a culture of peace. It is through

education that the broadest possible introduction

can be provided to the values, skills, and

knowledge that form the basis of respect for peace,

human rights and democratic principles. The today

world is search of an innovative culture and a

familiar system of values and new behavioural

outline for individuals, groups and nations,

because, lacking them these values peace cannot be

solved.

Perceptions of various stakeholders and local

community toward the development of tourism in a

society should be taken as a first pace in tourism

planning in order to make certain trust,

cooperation, harmony and mutual benefit for all

(Kuvan & Akan 2012). Although initially

developed to help understand factors shaping

people’s behaviour and perceptions, both of the

above studies support the idea of intercultural

contact and experiences helping to dissipate

stereotypes and misconceptions. In the light of this

findings and considering tourism as means of

contact, it is possible to say that it does foster

understanding. However, it is necessary to

recognize that intercultural understanding in

tourism is not always granted, as not all types of

tourism create opportunities of real contact with the

hosts.

first, the type of tourism needs to offer

these ‘cultural understanding opportunities’ (small

scale tourism), second, the tourist needs to be

willing to interact with the host and be interested in

getting to know their culture and hearing what they

got to say (conscious or ethical traveller), and third,

the host community must be willing to interact and

share its cultural view with foreign tourists

(welcoming hosts). Based on above discussion next


H2: Community significantly and positively affects

tourism development.

Tourism and peace building process : As tourism

is a beneficiary of peace and peace conveys hope

for travel boom, tourism reciprocally has a key role

in peacebuilding by transforming itself in

sustainable and participatory forms (Upreti and

Upadhayaya, 2010). Tourism is a medium for trust

and goodwill. Cultural considerate can transform

attitudes and build peace. Tourism’s role in peace

building is also enacted through its involvement to

poverty alleviation, cultural preservation and

environmental conservation. Tourism involves

cross- cultural interface among people of different

nations and hence helps in building better

understanding and peaceful relations. As a

universal phenomenon and integral part of

globalization, tourism seeks peace, stability, and

tranquillity for its development and prosperity

(Mihalic, 1996; Tarlow, 2006). On the other hand,

tourism being a powerful socio-economic force and

approachable to peace can also play a potential role

of benefactor to diminish conflict and support post-






conflict peace-building process. ). Hence the next


H3: Tourism significantly and positively affects

Peace building process.

Research Methodology : The sampling of this

study took place in the tourism and community in

peace building process. The sample size of 156

samples was taken from the population residing

near border areas of Jammu and Kashmir in the

month of March, 2017. The structured

questionnaire is used on the basis of constructs

required after applying the 5-Point Likert Scale

instrument. Whereas secondary data was collected

from published journals, books, articles and

reports. The mean and standard deviation of

different constructs are given in table 1

Data Interpretation : The reliability test for the

structured questionnaire was conducted using SPSS

version 16. Data collection with sample of 156

respondents took place at Jammu city (J&K state)

in North India in which it was found that 74% are

males while as 82% are females.

Results :

Exploratory Factor Analysis :

Exploratory factor analysis has been used to

identify the factor and purification of scale. For the

purpose of this study, factor analysis was used on

27 variables. Initially the EFA is conducted on

tweleve items of tourism under converged into

three factors, namely, Cross cultural Relations,

Peace Sustenance, Destination Rebuilding. EFA is

conducted on seven items of peace conflict

resolution, Peace initiatives. Finally EFA is run on

eight items of community that got reduced to seven

items under two factors i.e. Community

participation and Community perception. Further,

the value of KMO is above the threshold criteria

i.e. 0.7 and Eigen value is also greater than one for

all the constructs (Hair et al. 2010)

(Table 1, 2, & 3).

Table 1: Exploratory Factor Analysis (Tourism)

Factor Mean SD FL CV EV V.E (%) KMO Cronbach's

Alpha

Tourism 80.97 .93 .958

F1:Cross cultural

relations

4.80 43.707 .907

S4 3.84 .95 .94 .95

S6 4.46 .74 .83 .83

S8 4.30 .72 .62 .67

S9 4.23 1.12 .79 .73

S10 4.30 .82 .60 .68

S11 4.46 .74 .83 .71

S12 4.46 .63 .90 .93

F2:peace

Sustenance

2.28 .761

S1 .763 .937 20.737

S2 .885 .953

S3 .598 .960

F3:Destination

Rebuilding

S5 .717 .826

S7 .831 .864

1.81 16.533 .937






Table 2: Exploratory Factor Analysis (Peace)

Table 3: Exploratory Factor Analysis (community)


Alpha

Community 71.427 .788 .783

F1

Community

participation

3.168 45.258

S23 4.2308 .89332 .831 .823

S24 4.0769 .73211 .802 .649

S26 3.9231 .61737 .734 .540

S25 3.3077 1.06931 .730 .576

S22 3.7692 .97614 .623 .718

F2

Community

Perception

1.832 26.169

S21 3.0769 1.33217 .941 .926

S20 4.1538 .66385 .659 .768


Alpha

Peace 87.420 .934

F1:

Conflict

resolution

3.198 45.691

S17 4.2308 1.05247 .912 .842

S13 3.8462 .77171 .861 .847

S15 3.6154 .92605 .812 .901

S16 4.0000 .96386 .678 .854

F2:Peace

initiatives

2.921 41.729

S18 4.1538 .77171 .960 .954

S19 4.0000 1.04109 .933 .976

S14 3.7692 .89332 .614 .746






Discussions : Community play a major role in

influential the development and promotion of

sustainable destination. Our study finding shows

that there is significant and positive relationship

between peace and tourism. Further, this study

reveals that community and tourism are

significantly and positively related. Most of the

respondents feel that there is an opportunity to

learn from other people and Cultures. Community

is expected to coordinate and assists the

participation processes. However results revealed

that representation of limited support from the

government or local authority. Further, finding of

this study is that tourism contributes positively to

Guest-Host relationship, regional economy;

increase in income and cross cultural

understanding. This somewhere shows that tourism

can be an effective tool for promoting peace, which

in turn leads to cross-cultural interaction resulting

in tolerance, national integration, compassion,

goodwill, educational standards, justice and mutual

respect for each other. This study shows that local

services have ability to cater with user demand.

There is moderate increase in level of change in

local services. The major implications of our study

is that tourism awareness programs among the host

community should be conducted timely so that the

locals can take benefits from tourism and will

contribute towards the tourism development.

Besides this, tour operators should suggest the

border-tourism destinations of Jammu region to the

tourists and they should include these border tourist

attractions in tour packages as well.

There must be cultural related activities,

events in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Provide basic infrastructural facilities

including local planning and zoning

arrangements to enhance the tourism

potential.

The local community must be involved in

tourism projects and ensure that the

benefits of tourism accumulate to them in

right measure.

Provide the essential support facilities and

motivation to both domestic and foreign

investors to encourage private investment

in the tourism sector.

Organize overseas promotion and

marketing of Jammu and Kashmir

tourism.

Commence specific measures to ensure

safety and security of tourists and efficient

facilitation services.

Conclusion : The relationship between tourism

and peace is reciprocal. There is a symbolic

relationship in which both benefit each other. As

tourism is a major player in spreading peace, as it

operates at the most basic level by spreading

information about the personalities, beliefs,

aspirations, perspective, culture and politics of one

country to the citizens of another. Besides this,

stakeholders play an integral part in formation of

tourist friendly destination concept inculcating

tourists, industries and hosts. Tourism is beneficial

in peace building process which is also explained

by Kelly (2006). Cross border peace building

process is challenging due to the complexities in

perception among communities. It will be possible

to establish a connection between peace and

trade relations among nations. The study

highlights that there is a difference in opinion

regarding tourism and peace building process

between local community and tourists. Tourism

contributes positively to Guest-Host relationship,

regional economy; increase in income and cross

cultural understanding. This somewhere shows

that tourism can be an effective tool for promoting

peace, which in turn leads to cross-cultural

interaction resulting in tolerance, national

integration, compassion, goodwill, educational

standards, justice and mutual respect for each

other. All these factors further leads to fewer

tensions among the residents and tourists relating

to the attitudinal change. On the other hand,

tourism leads to the overall societal development

due to poverty alleviation, boosting up of regional

economy employment creation and income

redistribution. The J&K state is disturbed due to

cross-border terrorism which affected the tourism

industry. Therefore apart from the nature of the

problem, other factors like geo-political, culture,






demographics, intra & inter-regional diversity and

so forth can also be considered for the scope of

future research.

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Gandhi on Gender-Based Violence

Miss. Archita Singh

Research Scholar, Dept. of Political science & Public Administration

Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, M.P.

ABSTRACT : Gandhi was a huge proponent of

the concept of gender equality. He not only

worked for the political emancipation of the

nation, but for liberation of all the suppressed

and oppressed sections of society. According to

him women formed the major part of the most –

deprived and exploited echelon of the Indian

society. Gandhi by defying the attitudes and

thinking of his times bluntly blamed and chided

men for denying women their rights and equal

position and status in the society. The cause of

women had a very important place in his life.

For Gandhi, "When woman, whom we all call

abala becomes sabala, all those who are helpless

will become powerful". He even went to the

extent of prioritizing social ends over political

ends and had no qualms about it as he firmly

believed that by postponing social reforms for

the attainment of Swaraj is to undermine the

very validity and relevance of ‘Swaraj’. It was

the work of Gandhi that truly freed the women

from all kinds of shackles that society had

unfairly imposed on them. This paper proposes

to throw light on Gandhian thought on women

as well as men and how the notion that women

are cerebrally inferior to men which was widely

prevalent in those times and still finds its

supporters in current times is not only factually

and morally wrong but whose very origin is

hidden in the beastliness of men and who under

the garb of pseudo masculinity subject women

to all kinds of oppression and exploitation.

Keywords : Women, Violence, Gender Based

Discrimination, Assault, Gender Equality,

Purdah, Chastity, Child-marriage, Traditions.

Introduction : Mahatma Gandhi, one of the

most revered leaders of India, did not only

become a torch-bearer for the Indian society but

also woke the world from its slumber and

showed them the power of his ‘Non-Violence’,

‘Satyagraha’, and ‘Swadeshi’. At present he is

regarded as a cult figure and this cult status is

due to the sole fact that throughout his life,

Gandhi did not restrict himself to the political

activities but emerged as a full-fledged social

reformer in the true sense. Political

emancipation and liberation from British rule

was not his sole aim but upliftment of all and

sundry and especially the most oppressed

classes along with freedom was what he really

desired for. It is often said that Gandhi was one

of those rare saints in politics for whom means

were more important than ends. While he was

fully aware of the exploitation of India at the

hands of British, he was not blind to the social

evils present in Indian society and believed that

unless and until we uproot these evils

completely, the very idea of independence

would appear to be farce. Gandhi was

particularly aware of the plight of the most

underprivileged and exploited sections of the

society. According to him, women formed the

major and most deprived chunk of these

sections. It did not matter whether she belonged

to upper class or lower class, rich or poor, but

the degree of exploitation received at the hands

of society was more or less the same. Gandhi

objected to the rampant gender based

discrimination and gender-based violence

existing in the society and vehemently stressed

on the principle of gender equality.

Gandhi’s Stance on Gender Equality : Gandhi

was a very vocal proponent of the principle of

gender-equality. He regarded women not only

equal to men but also superior to them in many

respects. First and foremost women were

morally superior to men as virtues like self-

sacrifice, self-control, non-aggression were

intrinsically present in women. In fact the

principle of ahimsa and could be more easily

brought into practice by women as compared to






men due to the presence of these inherent

virtues.

Gandhi was uncompromising in the matter of

woman's rights. Aptly put by Rajkumari

Amritkaur ‘According to him (Gandhi) women

should labour under no legal disability not

suffered by man. He treated daughters and sons

on a footing of perfect equality. Those who tried

to argue with him on the basis of what the Hindu

law-giver Manu is supposed to have said that

‘for woman there can be no freedom’ were met

with scant attention. Such sayings or texts were

not sacrosanct to him. They could command no

respect from men who cherish the liberty of

woman as their own and who regard her as the

mother of the race. He upbraided those who on

behalf of orthodoxy resorted to quoting such

texts as if they were part of religion. He

recommended that some authoritative body

should revise all that passes under the name of

scriptures, expurgate all the texts that have no

moral value or are contrary to the fundamentals

of religion and morality and present such an

edition for the guidance of Hindus.’ While a

Sanatanist Hindu in the highest sense of the

term Gandhiji was wise and good and big

enough to realise that ‘the letter killeth but the

spirit giveth life.’(Gandhi…Women, 1988)

Gandhi on women as an individual : Gandhi

respected traditions of the society, but not at the

cost of loss of individual dignity. His practical

and dynamic advice was "It is good to swim in

the waters of tradition, but to sink in them is

suicide".(Breaking Women, 2017) He never

hesitated to criticize the evils which had gripped

the Indian society, and tried to mobilize public

opinion against such evils. He realised that there

were deep-rooted customs hampering the

development of women, and women's freedom

from such shackles was necessary for the

emancipation of the nation.

Wife not subservient to her husband but his

equal : Gandhi considered only that marriage as

successful where the status of wife is at par with

her husband. A wife is an ‘ardhangini’ (better

half) or ‘sahdharmini’(equal partner) and both

husband and wife are mutually dependent on

one another. He rejected the notion that a wife

should be subservient or subordinate to her

husband and should be treated as equal partner

and comrade. According to him "Woman is the

companion of man, gifted with equal mental

capacities. She has the right to participate in the

very minutest details in the activities of man and

she has an equal right of freedom and liberty

with him. She is entitled to a supreme place in

her own sphere of activity as man is in

his”.(Joshi, 2011) Gandhi was clear that "Woman

must cease to consider herself the object of

man's lust. The remedy is more in her hands as

compared to men. She must refuse to adorn

herself for men including her husband, if she

will be an equal partner with man". When

Gandhi was asked whether a wife could go

against the will of her husband to take up

national service, he supported the claim of a

wife to devote herself to a noble purpose. He

cited the example of Mirabai in support of his

argument In his opinion, every wife" has a

perfect right to take her own course and meekly

brave the consequences when she knows herself

to be in the right and when her resistance is for

a nobler purpose".(Parekh, 1999) According to

him, the only honorable terms in marriage are

mutual love and mutual consent. Wives should

not be dolls and objects of indulgence but

should be treated as honored comrades in

common service. The educationally illdisposed

should be educated by their husbands. The

customary and legal status of women is bad and

demands radical change.(Taneja, 1999)

Gandhi as a Vehement Opponent of

Polygamy : Gandhi viewed marriage as a

sacrament imposing discipline on both the

partners, not a license for physical union and

emphasized spiritual union in marriage. He

insisted on monogamous marriages and even

put forward a plea for inter communal

marriages between caste Hindus and Harijans.

He believed a true marriage is a spiritual union

between two souls so the practice of polygamy

must be aborted and condemned in the most

serious manner.






Gandhi’s views on chastity : Gandhi bluntly

and forcibly asked "Why is there all this morbid

anxiety about female purity? Have women any

say in the matter of male purity? We hear

nothing of women's anxiety about men's

chastity. Why should men arrogate to

themselves the right to regulate female purity?

It cannot be superimposed from without. It is a

matter of evolution from within and, therefore,

of individual self-effort.”(Gandhi, 1942)

He called prostitution "moral leprosy" but

blamed men more than woman for this

reprehensible system. He rebuked men and held

them directly responsible as most of the women

were forced in this profession because of abject

poverty but men had no other reason other than

satisfying their carnal desires and animal

instincts. He despised the fact that" the beast in

man has made the detestable crime a lucrative

profession". He appealed to prostitutes to give

up their "unworthy profession" and become

"sanyasinis" of India.

Gandhi on Violence Against Women : Gandhi,

in spite of being a deeply religious man, did not

support any religious act which was derogatory

towards women and was an assault on her life

as an individual. He respected traditions of the

society, but not at the cost of loss of individual

dignity. He never hesitated to criticize the evils

which had gripped the Indian society, and tried

to mobilize public opinion against such evils. He

realised that there were deep-rooted customs

hampering the development of women, and

women's freedom from such shackles was

necessary for the emancipation of the nation. He

was of the view that women from the time

immemorial have been exploited and mistreated

by men. She had always been given a raw deal in

almost every sphere of life. He held many facets

of religion, culture and traditions responsible

for relegating women to a subordinate position.

Women are gifted with equal mental capacities

and therefore she has equal rights. However,

due to the force of custom, ignorant and

worthless men have been enjoying superiority

over women.(Hardiman,2003)

Child-Marriages : He condemned child-

marriages in the most severe manner and held it

responsible for stagnating the life of girl and

creating insurmountable hurdles in her proper

growth and development. He even nullified such

marriages because they were never real

marriages in the first place.(Gandhi, 2000) They

were in fact the most severe assault possible on

the childhood and should be done away

immediately. Gandhi was very concerned about

the widows of childhood marriages and made it

very clear that they should not suffer any social

stigma associated with widowhood as they were

never truly married and supported their

marriage to good and brave men at an adult age.

Gandhi was very careful to not use the word

‘remarriage’ for child widows as it was not

marriage in the true sense of the word.

Dowry : Gandhi was very critical of the dowry

system which was widely prevalent in India. It

shook the very foundations of marriage as it

involved only give and take and nothing else. In

fact this made the true goal of marriage that was

spiritual union between two souls almost

impossible. Relations made on the basis of

monetary benefits are never relations in the

true sense and such relations are very

derogatory towards the women as it brings

them on the same level as that of inanimate

objects. He stressed on the importance of

education so that women become aware of their

rights and refuse to marry such greedy men

because a relationship based on greed was

never a genuine relationship. Men should, too,

refrain from taking dowry in marriage and they

should be courageous enough to say no to their

family members and put up an example for

other youngsters to follow. This would be the

true mark of a brave man.

Purdah : Gandhi in one of his articles in Young

India said “Chastity cannot be protected by the

surrounding wall of the Purdah. It must grow

from within and it must be capable of

withstanding every unsought temptation (Young

India, 3rd February, 1927). Why is there all this

morbid anxiety about female purity? Have

women any say in the matter of male purity?






Female or male purity cannot be superimposed

from without. It is a matter of evolution from

within and therefore of individual self-effort

(Young India, 25th November, 1926).” He chided

the Indian men for being unduly obsessed with

female chastity right from the ancient times. The

Mahatma was different to the extent that he

demanded male chastity also. That the Hindu

Purdah or the Muslim Purdah cannot protect

chastity and that only selfcontrol and purity of

mind can do that is absolutely

right.”(Gandhi…Empowerment, 2017)

Women’s Education and Sex Education :

Gandhi stressed on the importance of education

in a woman’s life and through which they can

break free from the shackles of ignorance and

slavery which the society in general and men in

particular have imposed on them. He further

added that sex education to an extent should be

given to young boys and girls. However, he did

not favour co-ed education and was also against

the kind of sex-education that was imparted in

the West. (Prabhu, 2011) He rather preferred

such education which enables the adolescents to

understand that the only purpose of sex is

procreation and not the satisfaction of one’s

passion or sexual desires. Though this idea

might seem very outdated and obsolete today

but his honesty could never be doubted. He in

fact believed that if the youngsters could be

directed away from physical attraction and

directed towards spiritual and moral union,

crimes arising out of passion and carnal desires

could be greatly controlled. Gandhi was a purist

himself and therefore he wanted complete

purification of the society itself. It must be noted

that in his heart, he had the best interests for

women as he considered that a pure society

would prove to be the most fertile ground for

her proper growth and development and

emancipation from all social evils.

Violence Against Women : Gandhi held

women’s honour of supreme importance and

any man who violated it or attempts to violate it

has committed the most despicable and

unpardonable it. Women must fight to protect

their honour till the last breadth. They must

keep the principle of non-violence aside and

must fight the perpetrators of such crimes with

all their might and courage. God has given them

tooth and nails and therefore they must not

remain docile but fight with full vigor and

bravery. While many critics feel that Gandhi’s

idea that death is better than losing honor is

unjust and in fact undermining women’s right to

life as an individual, we must remember that

Gandhi like everyone else was a child of his

times and so he was also influenced by

conservative thinking. It must be to the credit of

Gandhi that he was extremely honest in his

thinking and even went to the extent of

discarding his own widely acclaimed and

significantly successful principle of ahimsa and

even exhorted women to fight with all force and

strength.

Conclusion : It must be noted that though

Gandhi was progressive, he could not give up

entirely the widely prevalent conservatism of

his times, still he was leaps and bounds ahead of

his contemporaries regarding the betterment

and upliftment of women. He was, indeed, the

biggest proponent of gender equality in those

times and only his words and acts were

powerful enough to bring women outside of

their homes and participate in the national

movement in a full-fledged manner. He in fact

accorded women a status of utmost respect and

honour. He even declared very strongly that the

feminine force of Indian national movement

would ultimately defeat the masculine brute

force of British imperialism. Some of his views

regarding women might not hold up in the

present times but his dedication and

devotedness to the cause of women could never

be doubted. Gandhi was a purist and ‘karmayogi’

himself. He never preached anything which he

himself could not follow. He regarded women as

too sacred and too pure to view them anything

other than a mother, sister, daughter and a

wholly devoted wife. Unfortunately he could not

view women outside the family or home-life but

it doesn’t in any manner mar his good

intentions. Gandhian thought are still as much

relevant in a country like India as it was in those

times because the principle of gender equality






has still not been attained and in spite of legal

equality social scenario paints a much different

and darker picture and true equality between

the sexes still appears to be a distant dream.

Gandhian thought exhorts all and sundry to be

respectful towards women and first and

foremost treat her as human and not as slave,

follower, dependent or an inferior person.

References :

1.Gandhi on Women: Collection of Mahatma

Gandhi's Writings and Speeches on Women,

Navjivan (1988), Ahmedabad, India.385 pages

2.Breaking the Shackles : Gandhi's Views on

Women (2010), www.mkgandhi.org, Accessed

on 16.02.2017.

3.Joshi, P (2011), Gandhi on Women, Navjeevan

Publishing House, India.

4.Parekh, B (1999), Colonialism, Tradition, and

Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi's Political

Discourse, SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd, New

Delhi, India.

5.Taneja,A (1999), Gandhi, Women, and the

National Movement, 1920-47, Har Anand

Publications Pvt Limited, New Delhi, India.

6.Gandhi, M.K, Women and Social

Injustice(1942),Navjivan Publishing House, new

Delhi, India.

7.Hardiman, D. (2003), Gandhi in His Time and

Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas, Columbia

university press, U.S.A.

8.Gandhi,R (2000), The Good Boatman: A

Portrait of Gandhi, Penguin, New Delhi, India.

9.Gandhi on Women Empowerment,(2010),

www.mkgandhi.org, accessed on 17.02.2017.

10.Prabhu, R.K. (2011),India of My Dreams, A

compilation of Gandhian Writings, Navjivan

Publishing House, Ahmedabad, India.






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ia0 'kkjaxnso kjk jfpr xzUFk

**laxhrjRukdj** dks Hkkjrh; laxhr dk vk/kkj xzUFk

ekuk x;k gSA laxhrjRukdj ds iape ^rkyk/;k;^ ds

124 i`"Bks esa ia0 'kkajxnso us ml le; vkSj iwoZ ds

Ápfyr rkyksa dk fo'kn foospu fd;k gSA ^rky^ 'kCn

dh mRifÙk ,oa rky ds nl Ák.kksa dk foLr`r foospu

fd;k gSA ek=k ds dky dk fu/kkZj.k ik¡p y?kq vkjksa

ds mPpkj.k le; ls fd;k gS rFkk prqjL= vkSj «;L=

rkyksa ds nks er Áfrikfnr fd;s gSaA bu nksuksa

tkfr;ksa dk ewy rky mUgksaus pPpriqV ¼··A·ss½ vkSj

pkpiqV ¼·AA·½ ekuk gSA 'kkajxnso us laxhr jRukdj

esa iap ekxZ rky ekus gSa rFkk 120 ns'kh rkyksa ds uke]

yk.k ,oa ladsr fpUg fn;s gSaA

pPpqRiqV] pkpiqV] folftZrk] ÁR;;]

ekxhZ ,oa ns'kh] nzqres:] gLrikV] vkfn rky

13oha

'krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ esa ia0 'kkjaxnso

fojfpr ;g ogn xzUFk laL—r Hkk"kk esa miyC/k xzUFkksa

esa loksZifj gSA bl egkxzUFk esa foku ys[kd us

laxhr&lEcU/kh lHkh fo"k;ksa dk fo'kn fo'ys"k.k fd;k

gSA bls vkt laxhr dk ,d Ákekf.kd xzUFk Lohdkj

fd;k tkrk gSA vusd fokuksa us bl ij Vhdk,a fy[kh

gSa] ijUrq dfYyukFk —r *dykfuf/k* vkSj flagHkwiky

—r *lq/kkdj* dh Vhdk,a foLrr vkSj Ákekf.kd ekuh

xbZ gSaA

dgrs gSa fd jktuSfrd mFky&iqFky ds

dkj.k mÙkj Hkkjr ds vusd foku cgqewY; xzUFkksa dks

ysdj nfk.k esa tk cls] ,sls gh le; esa jktuSfrd

vLr&O;Lrrk ds dkj.k fc[kjs gq, xzUFkksa dks ,df=r

fd;k iafMr 'kkjaxnso us] mudk v/;;u vkSj euu

fd;k rFkk muds lkjrRo dks xzUFk dk :i ns fn;kA

mÙkjh rFkk nfk.kh dgha dk xzUFkdkj D;ksa u gks]

laxhrjRukdj ds 'yksdksa dk m)j.k fn;s fcuk dksbZ

xzUFkdkj vius fopkjksa dh iqf"V ugha djrk gSA1

laxhr jRukdj ds ÁkjEHk esa 'kkajxnso us tks

viuk ifjp; fn;k gS] mlds vuqlkj og d'ehj ds

ewy fuoklh rFkk o"kx.k _f"kdqy ds FksA muds firk

dk uke lks<y FkkA mUgsa nfk.k Hkkjr ds

;kno&oa'kh; jktk fla?k.k dk vkJ; ÁkIr Fkk] ftUgksaus

lu~ 1210 ls 1247 rd nsofxfj esa jkT; fd;kA

rsjgoha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ esa mUgksaus ^laxhr jRukdj^

xzUFk dh jpuk dhA2 laxhrjRukdj ds vkjEHk esa gh

laxhr dh ifjHkk"kk fuEuor~ nh xbZ gS &

laxhrjRukdj xzUFk esa fuEufyf[kr dqy lkr

v/;k; gSa %&

1- Lojk/;k;

2- jkxfoosdk/;k;

3- Ádh.kkZ/;k;

4- ÁcU/kk/;k;

5- rkyk/;k;

6- ok|k/;k;

7- urZuk/;k;4

rkyk/;k; ds ÁkjEHk esa gh 'kkajxnso us rky

dh O;k[;k djrs gq, fy[kk gS&

vFkkZr~ rky ¼'kCn½ vk/kkj vFkZ okyh *ry*

/kkrq ls ^?k¥~^ izR;; yxkus ij ekuk x;k gS D;ksafd

xhr] ok| vkSj u`R; rky esa vk/kkj ik;s gq, gSA

laxhrjRukdj ds iapek/;k; esa rRdkyhu o

rRiwoZ rkyksa dk fo'kn foospu gqvk gSA *rky* 'kCn

dh O;qRifÙk ds ckn n'kÁk.kksa dk foLr`r ,oa cks/kxE;






foospu fd;k x;k gSA iap y?kq vkjksa ds mPpkj.k

dky dks *ek=k* fu:fir djrs gq, mUgksaus prqjlz

rFkk f«;lz rkyksa ds nks er Áfrikfnr fd;s gS ,oa

pPpRiqV o pkpiqV dks bu nksuks tkfr;ksa dk ewyrky

ekurs gq, muds ;Fkkkj] fdy o prq"dy Lo:iksa

dks fpUgksa kjk le>k;k gSA6

y?kq vkfn Áek.k dh fØ;kvksa kjk ekik tkus

okyk vkSj xhrkfn ds ifjek.kksa dks /kkj.k djus okyk

*rky* gh gksrk gSaA rkyksa ds nks Hksn crk;s gSa ekxhZ ,oa

ns'khA 'kkajxnso us Hkh Hkjr ds leku FkksM+k vUrj

djrs gq, ekxhZ rkyksa dk rFkk n'k Ák.kksa dk mYys[k

fd;k gSA

1- dky& ek=k Áek.k ;g rky dk le; ¼dky½

ekid gksrk gSaA ,d ek=k dky 5 y?kq

vkjksPpkj.k dky ds cjkcj gksrk gSA

2- ekxZ& Hkjr ds leku gh ekxZ crk;s gSaA ekxksZ esa

Á;qDr 8 ek=kvksa ds /k`odk] lfiZ.kh] —".kk]

ifn~euh] folftZrk] fofkIrk] irkdk] ifrrk uke

fn;s x;s gSA

3- fØ;k& vkpk;Z Hkjr ds leku gh fØ;k ds nks Hksn

crk;s gSA

¼1½ l'kCn fØ;k ¼2½

fu%'kCn fØ;kA

¼1½ l'kCn fØ;k ds pkj Hksn gksrs

gS ;Fkk& /kzqo] 'kE;k] rky] lfUuikrA

¼2½ fu%'kCn fØ;k ds pkj Hksn&

vkoki] fu"dke] foksi] Áos'kdA

4- vax& rkyukeksa ds ;Fkkkj ds vuqlkj nzqr] y?kq]

xq:] Iyqr vkfn dks vax dgk x;k gSA

5- xzg& Hkjr ds leku gh leikf.k ¼lexzg½

voikf.k ¼vrhr½ vkSj mifjikf.k ¼vukxr½ ;s

xzg crk;s x;s gSaA

6- tkfr& Hkjr ds leku gh ekxhZ rkyksa dh eq[; 2

tkfr;k¡ «;L= vkSj prqjL= crkbZ gS]

;qXe ¼pPpRiqV½ ds 3 rFkk v;qXe ¼pkpiqV½ ds 6

Hksn crk;s gSA bu nksuksa ds feJ.k ls

feJ o ladh.kZ Hksn crk;s gSA

7- dyk& 'kkajxnso us fu%'kCn fØ;k dks Hkh dyk

dgk gS] rFkkfi Hkjr ds vuqlkj gh ;Fkkkj]

fdy] prq"dy bl Ádkj dyk Áek.k ij rkyksa

ds Hksn crk;s gSA

8- y;& fØ;k ds ckn foJkafr gh y; gksrh gSa

vFkkZr~ nks ek=kvksa ds chp dk dky gh y;

crkrk gSA y; 3 Ádkj dh nzqr] e/; rFkk

foyfEcr crkbZ gSA

9- ;fr& y; Á;ksx ds fu;eksa dks ;fr dgrs gSaA

;fr 3 Ádkj dh lek] L=ksrxrk rFkk xksiqPNk

crkbZ gSA

10- ÁLrkj& ekxhZ rkyksa ds ÁLrkj Hkjr ds leku gh

crk;s gSA

ia0 “kkjaxnso us ns'kh dh O;k[;k djrs gq,

dgk gS fd tu&tu esa Á;qDr] :fpiw.kZ ,oa eu dks

Hkkus okys yksdfÁ; xk;u] oknu o u`R; ns'kh dgs

tkrs gSaA fofHkUu tkfr] laÁnk; vkfn esa O;kIr laxhr

ns'kh laxhr dgk gSA 'kkjaxnso us vyx&vyx jkT;ksa

esa ?kwe&?kwedj ogk¡ ds xq.khtuksa ls vyx&vyx

Ádkj ds xk;u] oknu rFkk u`R; o rkyksa dk v/;;u

fd;k vkSj mlh vk/kkj ij 120 ns'kh rkyksa dh jpuk

dhA

rkyks dh jpuk ds fy, fyfi&fpUgksa dh

vko';drk eglwl gqbZA 'kkM+Zxnso us nzqr&1@2

ek=kdky] y?kq&1 ek=kdky] xq:&nks ek=kdky]

Iyqr&3 ek=kdky bl Ádkj fpUg crk;sA blds

vfrfjDr fojke fpUg Hkh crk;kA fpUg bl Ádkj

ekus&

nzqr ¾ 0] y?kq ¾ 1] xq: ¾ ·] Iyqr ¾ ·s fojke ¾ 1 ia0 “kkjaxnso us 120 rkyksa vkSj muds Hksnksa

dks tkuus ds fy, 19 ÁR;; ¼fu;e½ crk;s gSA 19

ÁR;; bl Ádkj gS&

1- ÁLrkj

2- la[;k

3- u"V

4- mfÌ"V

5- ikrkyd

6- n`res:

7- y?kqes:

8- xq:es:

9- Iyqres:

10- la;ksxes:

11- [k.M ÁLrkj

12- y?kqes: u"V

13- y?kqes: mfÌ"V

14- n`res: u"V

15- n`res: mfÌ"V

16- xq:es: u"V

17- xq:es: mfÌ"V






18- Iyqres: u"V

19- Iyqres: mfÌ"VA

’kkjaxnso us Hkjr ds leku gh rkyfyfi

gksuk crk;k gSA ns'kh rkyksa esa dqN fpUg vyx ls

crk;s gSaA rkyksa ds fuf'pr Bsds ugha crk;s gSA

'kkM+Zxnso th us dqy 88 gLrikV fn;s gSA ;s gLrikV

16 o.kksZa ds la;ksx ls curs gSA gLrikVksa dks fuf'pr

dky ds vuqlkj crk;k gS ftlls mUgs fofHkUu xhr]

xhrd] NUn vkfn ds lkFk mudh ek=kvksa ds vuqlkj

oknu Á;ksx esa yk;k tk ldsA7

’kkjaxnso us laxhrjRukdj ds ^rkyk/;k;* ds

'yksd 240 x ls 255 rd rkyksa ds uke fn;s gSa] tks

fuEuor~ gSa&

1- vkfnrky] 41- jktfo|k/kj]

81- ikoZrhykspu]

2- frh;] 42- t;eaxy]

82- jfr]

3- r`rh;] 43- efYydkeksn]

83- yhyk]

4- prqFkZ] 44- fot;kuUn]

84- dj.k;fr]

5- iape] 45- ØhMk]

85- yfyr]

6- fu%'kadyhy] 46- t;Jh]

86- xk:fx]

7- niZ.k] 47- edjUn]

87- jktukjk;.k]

8- flagfoØe] 48- dhfrZrky]

88- yeh'k]

9 jfryhy] 49- JhdhfrZ]

89- yfyrfÁ;]

10- flagyhy] 50- Áfrrky]

90- JhuUn]

11- dUniZ] 51- fot;]

91- tud]

12- ohjfoØe] 52- fcUnqekyh]

92- o/kZu]

13- jax] 53- le]

93- jkxo/kZu]

14- Jhjax] 54- uUnu]

94- "kV~rky]

15- pPpjh] 55- ef.Bdk]

95- vUrjØhMk]

16- ÁR;ax] 56- nhid

96- gal]

17- ;fryXu] 57- mnhk.k]

97- mRlo]

18- xtyhy] 58- <sadh]

98- foyksfdr]

19- galyhy] 59- fo"ke]

99- xt]

20- o.kZfHkUu] 60- o.kZef.Bdk]

100- o.kZ;fr]

21- f=fHkUu] 61- vfHkuUn]

101- flag]

22- jktpwMkef.k] 62- vuax]

102- dj.k]

23- jaxks|ksr] 63- ukUnh]

103- lkjl]

24- jaxÁnhi] 64- eYy]

104- p.Mrky]

25- jktrky] 65- dadky]

105- pUnzdyk]

26- o.kZrky] 66- dUnqd]

106- y;]

27- flagfoØhfMr] 67- ,drkyks]

107- LdUn]

28- t;] 68- dqeqn]

108- vÏrkyh]

29- ouekyh] 69- prqLrky]

109- ?kÙkk]

30- galukn] 70- MksEcqyh]

110+ U]

31- flagukn] 71- vHkax]

111- eqdqUn]

32- dqMqDd] 72- jk;oadksy]

112- dqfoUn]

33- rqjaxyhy] 73- olUr]

113- dy/ofu]

34- 'kjHkyhy] 74- y?kq'ks[kj]

114- xkSjh]

35- flaguUnu] 75- Árki'ks[kj

115- ljLorhd.BkHkj.k]

36- f=Hkafx] 76- >Eik]

116- HkXurky]






37- jaxkHkj.k] 77- xt>Ei]

117- jkte`xkad]

38- e.B] 78- prqeqZ[k]

118- jktekrZ.M]

39- dksfdykfÁ;] 79- enu]

119- fu%'kad

40- fu%lk: 80- Áfre.B]

120- “kkjaxnso8

s bl Ádkj ;s

chl vf/kd lkS ¼vFkkZr~ ,d lkS chl½

ns'khrky lks<y ds iq= ¼’kkjaxnso½ ds

kjk vkns'k fd;s x;s ¼vFkkZr~ fuf'pr

fd;s x;s½A

" "

mijksDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij ge dg

ldrs gSa fd ’kkjaxnso—r laxhrjRukdj ds iape

v/;k; ^rkyk/;k;^ esa rky dh fo” kn O;k[;k] ç;ksx

,oa rky ds fofo/k ikksa ij çdk’k Mkyk x;k gS] ftl

dkj.k Hkh laxhrjRukdj ,d dkyt;h jpuk gSA

1- 'kekZ MkW0 Lora=@Hkkjrh; laxhr ,d

,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k@Vh0,u0 HkkxZo]

byk0@f0la0&1995@i`"B&87&88

2- JhokLro fxjh'kpUnz@rky&dks'k@:ch

Ádk'ku]byk0@uohu la0@i`"B&232

3- 'kekZ MkW0 Lora=@Hkkjrh; laxhr ,d

,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k@Vh0,u0 HkkxZo]

byk0@f0la0&1995@i`"B&88

4- JhokLro fxjh'kpUnz@rky&dks'k@:ch

Ádk'ku] byk0@uohu la0@i`"B&232

5- pkS/kjh lqHknzk@'kkajxnso—r laxhrjRukdj]

r`rh; [k.M@jk/kk ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyh@

Á0la0 &2006@i`"B&2

6- lsu MkW0 v:.k dqekj@Hkkjrh; rkyksa dk

“kkL=h; foospu@e/;çns’k fgUnh xzUFk

vdkneh] Hkksiky@r`0l0 2005@i`’B&338

7- ejkBs euksgj

HkkypUnzjko@rky&ok|'kkL=@'kekZ iqLrd

lnu] Xokfy;j@i`"B&42&44] 47

8- pkS/kjh lqHknzk@'kkajxnso—r laxhrjRukdj]

r`rh; [k.M@jk/kk ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyh@

Á0la0 &2006@i`"B&155






Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa cqansy[k.M dk tks

;ksxnku jgk gS] mlesa izR;sd ks= ds i=dkjksa dh

la?k"kZ'khyrk dk lg;ksx de ugha jgkA cqansy[k.M dh

ohj izlwrk Hkwfe le;≤ ij jk"Vªh; Lrj ds

jpukdkjksa] dfo;ksa] miU;kldkjksa] i=dkjksa] dykdkjksa

vkfn dks tUe nsrh jgh gS] ftlls ns'k dk ;'k lkr

leqnz ikj dj varjkZ"Vªh; fkfrt rd igq¡pk gSA vkt

ds e/;izns'k vkSj mÙkj izns'k jkT;ksa esa fc[kjk

cqansy[k.M vius xkSjoe; bfrgkl dks egkjkt

N=lky dh ohjrk vkSj lkfgfR;d izfrHkkvksa ds :i esa

igys gh Lo.kkZkjksa esa vafdr djk pqdk FkkA

Hkkjr ds Lok/khurk laxzke esa cqansy[k.M ds

ohjksa vkSj cqansys gjcksyksa kjk txkbZ xbZ jktuhfrd]

lkekftd vkSj yksd midkjh psruk dks ;fn

cqansy[k.M ds ,sfrgkfld i"Bksa esa [kkstk tk,] rks

fu"d"kZ ;g fudyrk gS fd tgk¡ egkjkt N=lky us

eqxy lezkV vkSjaxtsc ls viuh Lok/khurk ds fy,

lQy la?k"kZ fd;k] ogha >k¡lh dh jkuh yehckbZ

vaxzst lkezkTokfn;ksa ds fo#) Lok/khurk dh yM+kbZ dks

vkSj vkxs rd ysdj xbZ] ftls lu~ 1838 bZ- esa >k¡lh

ds vo;Ld jktk jkepanz jko dh 'kklu dh 'kklu

izca/k lajfkdk jktekrk vFkkZr~ jkuh yeh ckbZ us

vaxzst lsuk ls tcnZLr ekspkZ ysdj cqjh rjg gjk;k

vkSj viuh lhekvksa ls [knsM+ fn;k FkkA rnqijkar lu~

1840&42 ds nkSjku cqansy[k.M dh NksVh&NksVh

fj;klrksa] ghjkiqj] tSriqj] fpjxk¡o] >ha>u vkfn ds

jktkvksa & fgjns'kkg] ikjhNr] clar flag rFkk

ns'kiky cqansyk us Hkh vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ cxkor dj

nhA ;gha ls Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk laxzke dk izFke ;q)

vkjEHk gqvk] ftls vkxs pydj >k¡lh dh jkuh

yehckbZ ds usrRo esa cqansy[k.M ds vusd lsukfu;ksa us

vkxs c<+k;kA

1857 dh Økafr esa e/;çns'k dh Hkwfedk d¨

Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrkA ;gka cqansyk 'kkld vaxzst a ls

dkQh ukjkt FksA blds QyLo:i 1824 esa paæiqj

¼lkxj½ ds tokgj flag cqansyk] ujgqr ds e/kqdj 'kkg]

enuiqj ds x¨aM eqf[k;k fnYyh 'kkg us vaxzst¨a ds

f[kykQ cxkor dj nhA bl çdkj lkxj] ne¨g]

ujflagiqj ls ysdj tcyiqj] eaMyk vkSj g¨'kaxkckn ds

lkjs ks= esa foæ¨g dh vkx HkM+dh] ysfdu vkilh

lkeatL; vkSj rkyesy ds vHkko esa vaxzst bUgsa nckus

esa lQy g¨ x,A

bfrgkl lkkh gS fd Hkkjr dh Lok/khurk dh

izFke j.kHksjh cqansy[k.M dh ohj izlq Hkwfe esa gh xw¡th

FkhA jkuh yehckbZ ds fy, Lok/khurk dk ekxZ iwoZ ls

gh cqansy[k.M ds izeq[k fonzksgh uokc vyh cgknqj

frh; ck¡nk] jktk c[kroyh 'kkgx<+] jktk enZu flag

ckuiqj] jktk ikfjfNr tSriqj] >ha>u ds tkxhjnkj

nhoku ns'kir flag cqansyk] >k¡lh ds c['kh vyh vkSj

QSt vyh vkfn us iz'kLr dj fn;k FkkA blls igys

cqansy[k.M ds gh vusd NksVs&cM+s jktkvksa tkxhjnkjksa

us lu~ 1836 bZ- esa cukjl esa ,d ,sfrgkfld lEesyu

fd;k] ftldh izsj.kk iék jkT; dh NksVh lh fj;klr

tSriqj ds tkxhjnkj jktk ikjhfNr us nh FkhA bl

lEesyu esa x, lHkh jktkvksa vkSj tkxhjnkjksa us

vaxzstksa dk izHkqRo u ekuus dh 'kiFk yh vkSj

loZlEefr ls jktk ikjhfNr ds usr`Ro esa vaxzstksa dk

lkeuk djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA lu~ 1839 bZ- esa jktk

ikjhfNr us vius lkFkh jktkvksa dh lgk;rk ls jkB

ftyk gehjiqj ds fudV fczfV'k ,tsalh ij geyk dj

fn;kA

;q) dbZa o"kksZa rd pyk vkSj dbZ ckj vaxzst

lsuk ijkftr gqbZA bUgha fnuksa x<+e.Myk ftyk

tcyiqj ds jktk 'kadj'kkg vkSj muds iq=

j?kqukFk'kkg us Hkh vaxzstksa ds fo#) Lora=rk dh

vy[k txkuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA 'kadj'kkg us viuh

vkjk/; nsoh dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, ;g izkFkZuk

fy[kdj vius lSfudksa vkSj tu&tu ds chp Økafr

dk Hkko txk;k] ftlls lSfudksa vkSj ns'kHkä ukxfjdksa

esa LokfHkeku rFkk ns'kizse dh Hkkouk,¡ tkx mBhaA

bl izdkj vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ tkxh fonzksg

dh vy[k Økafr dh ygj lEiw.kZ cqansy[k.M esa vkx

dh rjg QSy xbZA QyLo:i vaxzst ljdkj us

cqansy[k.M ds lSdM+ksa Økafrohjksa dks idM+us ds fy,

500 ls ysdj 20000 #i;s rd ds bukeksa dh ?kks"k.kk






dhA buesa lokZf/kd chl gtkj #i;s >k¡lh dh jkuh

yehckbZ ds fy, FksA ck¡nk ds uokc vyh] cgknqj

frh; vkSj 'kkgx<+ ds jktk c[r vyh ij nl&nl

gtkj #i;s rFkk ckuiqj ds jktk ljtwizlkn ij rhu

gtkj #i;s ds buke ?kksf"kr fd, x, FksA

eSgj ds c['k vyh vkSj QSt vyh] eudgjh

ds j.ker flag] nqoysgk tkykSu ds nkSyr flag rFkk

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[k.M 2






Make in India Programme and its Role in Growth of

Manufacturing Sector of India

Anubha Chaturvedi

Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad

Abstract :- India is one of the world’s fastest

growing economies, the tenth largest in the world

by nominal GDP and the third largest by

purchasing power parity (PPP). India needs to

identify the steps being taken to give more

financial powers to states, increased investment

on infrastructure, emphasis on manufacturing

which enables to open the door for investment.

This scheme focuses on acceleration of economic

growth to the new heights and to pull back the

economy from clutches of recession. Currently

India’s GDP is heavily tilted in favour of service

sector. In this paper my objective is to study the

role of Make in India as a driver of growth in

different sectors and its opportunities, challenges,

changes needed and used the Secondary data for

the purpose of the study. The secondary data

collected from journals, magazines articles,

brochures, annual report etc.

Keywords :- Manufacturing Sector, Economic

growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Skill

Development, Research and Development.

Introduction :- On September 25, 2014 the

Government of India launched the ambitious

“Make in India” scheme. The campaign Make in

India is a major national programme designed to

facilitate investment, foster innovation, enhance

skill development, protect intellectual property

and build best in class manufacturing

infrastructure. The aim is to take a share of

manufacturing in GDP from stagnant 16%

currently to 25% by 2022, as stated in

manufacturing policy, to create 100 million jobs by

2022. The major objective behind the initiative is

to focus on 25 sectors of the economy for job

creation and skill enhancement. Make in India is

the key to revitalization of Indian economy. The

initiative aims to correct the composition of Indian

GDP which is the root cause of recession. Currently

India’s GDP is heavily titled in favor of service

sector.

Major objective of this scheme focuses on

25 sectors. These sectors are automobiles, textile

and garments, biotechnology, wellness, defence,

manufacturing, mining, food processing, media

and entertainment, IT and BPM, pharmaceuticals,

renewable energy, roads and highways, railways,

thermal power, oil and gas, space, leather,

aviation, construction automobile components,

chemicals and electronic system. The scheme also

aims to provide employment opportunities for the

people of India. Since the contribution of

manufacturing sector to GDP is around 16%,

lowest compared to other two prime sectors of

any economy i.e. agriculture and service sector.

And to complete the above objectives of the

scheme a huge amount of investment is needed.

So the Prime Minister has urged both local and

foreign companies to invest in India.

Advantages of investing in industry sector :-

1. Make in India scheme will create large scale

employment opportunities to low skill

workforce since majority of workers in India

are low skilled.

2. India is hugely dependent on FDI to keep the

economy going. Make in India scheme will

attract more FDI to revitalize the Indian

economy.

3. In the process of making India, manufacturing

hub, India will need supply of parts which is

boon for MSME’s. Make in India in this way,

will help to generate indirect employment

through MSME’s.






4. Since manufacturing sector comprises a larger

share in India’s exports hence the growth of

the manufacturing sector helps India to

reduce trade deficit.

5. India is largest consumer market. Any

company investing in India under Make in

India initiative will directly get access to huge

market of 125 crore people.

Policy for new initiatives :- This initiative is to

improve the ease of doing business in India, which

includes increasing the speed with which protocols

are met with, and increasing transparency in

administration. Under this policy the government

has already rolled out:

Environment clearances can be sought online.

All income tax returns can be filled online.

Validity of industrial license is extended up to

three years.

Demographic dividend :- Notwithstanding the

challenges faced in making India a manufacturing

hub, the country is poised to reap rich dividend for

being one of the youngest in the world. According

to reports by 2020, India is set to become the

world’s youngest county with 64% of its

population in the working age group. With the

western countries, Japan and even China is aging,

this demographic potential offers India and its

growing economy an edge that economist believe

could add a significant 2% growth rate to the GDP

annually. Prime Minister had also said that India is

the only country in the world which offers the

unique combination of democracy, demography

and demand from a rising middle class.

The GDP is based on different sectors

including agriculture and allied services, industry,

mining and quarrying, manufacturing, services

performance. The data below depicts the trend of

manufacturing sector as compared to GDP of India

and its growth rate.

Year Declining manufacturing as

percent of GDP (%)

Declining manufacturing

growth rate (%)

2004-05 15.25 7.38

2005-06 15.34 10.10

2006-07 16.00 14.32

2007-08 16.14 10.28

2008-09 15.78 4.33

2009-10 16.17 11.30

2010-11 16.23 9.73

2011-12 15.70 2.69

2012-13 15.23 1.89

2013-14 14.9 -0.7

From the above table it can clearly be seen

that the share of manufacturing sector as percent

of GDP is declining as well as the growth rate of

manufacturing sector is also decreasing. Thus it

can be said that India needs to grow its shrunken

manufacturing sector to increase its share in GDP

and create jobs.

India’s manufacturing exports-imports

India’s imports of manufacturing goods at

global level :- From the table given below

it can be seen that India’s imports of

manufacturing goods at global level and

exports both have increased over the

period. From 1990-91 to 2005-06 the share

of exports were more than imports, but

again in 2013-14 imports were more than

the exports and this had a negative effect

on both balance of trade and balance of

payment.






Year Exports of manufacturing goods at

global level

Imports of manufacturing goods at

global level

1990-91 0.5% 1.3%

2005-06 1.8% 1.75%

2013-14 1.76% 2.5%

The following table shows the growth of

exports of manufacturing sector of India. It is clear

that the growth rate of exports was highest in the

year 2008-12. But after that there was a steep

decline in the growth rate of exports of

manufacturing sector in 2012-13 from 2008-12,

and it was negative .and again the growth rate of

exports was positive but it was lower than the

growth rate of 1990-91 to 2001-02 period which

was +8%.

Year Growth rate of exports of manufacturing sector

1991-2002 +8%

2003-07 -24%

2008-12 +16%

2012-13 -1.8%

2013-14 +4.4%

From the above tables it can be said that

the India’s manufacturing sector needs revival to

increase its share in GDP of the economy. That’s

why, such progammes like Make in India and Skill

India is the need of the hour

Saving-investment profiles :- The aim of Make in

India programme is to increase the share of;

manufacturing in country’s GDP would be

achieved only when adequate investment in

manufacturing sector would be done. And for

making investment there must be high rate of

savings in the economy. The steep rise in the gross

domestic saving was witnessed from 2004

onwards and the rate of gross domestic saving was

highest in 2007-08.and from then the rate of gross

domestic saving again started to decrease.

But to achieve the goal of Make in India

programme the rate of growth of gross domestic

saving should be positive not negative. But it can

be clearly seen from table 1 from the year 2007-08

it started to decrease.it can also be seen that the

share of each sector whether it is household

sector, private sector or public c the share of

savings in gross domestic saving of the economy is

decreasing.

Table1: domestic saving relative to GDP at market prices

(% to GDP at current market prices)

year Gross

domestic

saving

Household

sector

Financial

saving

Saving in

physical

assets

Private

corporate

sector

Public

sector

2000-01 23.68 21.30 9.88 11.41 3.72 -1.34

2001-02 24.85 23.15 10.51 12.64 3.26 -1.56

2002-03 25.87 22.24 9.99 12.26 3.91 -0.28

2003-04 28.99 23.14 11.02 12.12 4.57 1.28

2004-05 32.41 23.55 10.12 13.44 6.56 2.30

2005-06 33.44 23.53 11.87 11.66 7.51 2.41

2006-07 34.60 23.15 11.28 11.88 7.88 3.56






2007-08 36.82 22.43 11.63 10.79 9.41 4.99

2008-09 32.02 23.64 10.14 13.50 7.42 0.96

2009-10 33.69 25.18 11.96 13.22 8.35 0.16

2010-11 33.68 23.13 9.94 13.19 7.97 2.59

2011-12 31.35 22.81 7.02 15.79 7.31 1.24

2012-13 30.09 21.88 7.09 14.79 7.05 1.17

2012-13

minus

2007-08

-6.73 -0.55 -4.54 +3.99 -2.35 -3.83

Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India

Only the share of savings in physical

assets to GDS had been increasing since 2007-

08.savings in physical assets had been increased

from 10.79% of GDP to 14.79%in 2012-13.But

savings in physical assets would not increase

investment in economy. It only increases

speculation activities in economy.

The share of gross capital formation to

GDP has witnessed a rise from 2004-05 to 2007-

08. But later it also started to decline. And the

share of gross fixed capital formation to GDP was

hovering around an average 31% to GDP to 2012 -

13.

Table2: Fixed Capital Formation relative to GDP at current market prices

year Gross capital formation Gross fixed capital formation

2000-01 24.26 22.74

2001-02 24.24 25.05

2002-03 24.75 23.70

2003-04 26.83 24.55

2004-05 32.82 28.72

2005-06 34.65 30.33

2006-07 35.66 31.29

2007-08 38.11 32.92

2008-09 34.30 32.35

2009-10 36.48 31.74

2010-11 36.50 30.92

2011-12 35.52 31.76

2012-13 34.82 30.37

2013-14 34.19 31.24

2014-15 34.18 30.26

2015-16 32.74 29.16

Source: World Development Indicators

However, the increase in gross fixed

capital formation to GDP shows that

manufacturing is moving towards capital intensity.

From seeing the sectoral composition of fixed

investment it is clear that the share of private of

corporate sector in fixed investment is declining. It

decreased from 10.73% to GDP in 2007-08 to

4.82% to GDP in 2012-13. However, the public






sector and household sector witnessed a net

positive growth in share of fixed investment to

GDP.

If the share in fixed investment is

observed at 2004-05 prices, then also the private

corporate sector had witnessed decline in share of

fixed investment to GDP (table 3).

Table3: Sectoral Composition of Fixed Investment (%to GDP at current market prices)

Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India

Conclusion :- The government of India is right to

prioritize creation of high quality jobs as a key to

economic inclusion. India needs to achieve two

objectives: creating new jobs and shifting more

workers to high productivity sectors. Meeting both

can provide large economic headwinds to the

Indian economy for several decades.

The goal of the programme can be

achieved but it has been the implementation part

of the most of the government programme which

is lagging. So the implementation of the

programme must be done in effective manner.

Reference :-

Ahluwalia, I. (1991), Productivity and Growth

in Indian Manufacturing, Oxford University

Press, New Delhi.

Abrol, Dinesh (2014), ‘Technological

Upgrading, Manufacturing and Innovation:

Lessons from Indian

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com

/2015-07-23/news/64772859_1_m

sipsmotherson-

Sumi-systems-investment-proposals|

http://www.livemint.com/ |

http://www.oneindia.com/india/manufacturin

g-entrepreneurship-crucial-make-indiaexperts

1831762:html|

12th

five year plan

Central Statistical Organization. Various years,

Annual Survey of Industries, New Delhi,

Department of Statistics, Government of India

year Public sector Private

corporate

sector

Household

sector

Net fixed capital

formation

2004-05 3.55 6.04 9.26 18.85

2005-06 4.11 8.60 7.77 2048

2006-07 4.85 9.13 7.56 21.54

2007-08 5.14 10.73 7.33 23.20

2008-09 5.65 6.67 9.99 22.31

2009-10 5.46 6.51 9.58 21.55

2010-11 5.18 6.84 9.14 21.16

2011-12 4.51 5.85 11.63 21.99

2012-13 5.21 4.82 10.29 20.32

2013-14 4.57 7.43 8.97 20.97

2014-15 5.08 7.88 7.13 20.09

http://www.oneindia.com/india/manufacturing-entrepreneurship-crucial-make-indiaexperts%201831762:html








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vkgkj iz.kkyh ij iM+dj eu ij iM+rk gS vkSj vkarks

dh ladqpu o izlkj.k fdz;k esa varj ikdj vkgkj dk

vif'k"V inkFkZ dks vkxs /kdsyus dh 'kfDrr dk vkarksa

dh ekalisf'k;ksa esa ãkl gks tkrk gS vkSj dCt O;kf/k

LFkkfir djrh gSA vlR; vkoj.k dks viukus ls

LoHkkor% eqag lw[krk gSA ykj xzafFk;ksa viuk L=ko ugha

djrh vkSj vkek'k; dh LokHkkfod fdz;k esa varj

vkdj ;dr rFkk fiRrk'k; o vXuk'kd viuk

LokHkkfod dk;Z ugha dj ikrs blls ikpu izHkkfor

gksrk gSA lkFk gh ey R;kx ds le; Hkh v'kkafr dk

vuqHko gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k eykojks/k dh fLFkfr

iSnk gks tkrh gSA

;e dk rhljk mikax gSA bldk 'kkfCnd

vFkZ gS pksjh u djuk fdUrq gekjs /keZ'kkL=ksa eas ftl

vLrs; dks izeq[krk nh xbZ gS mleas fcuk ifjJe ds

/kuksiktZu rFkk FkksM+s Je ds cnys cgqr ykHk mBkus

dh fu;fr izeq[k gSA O;kolkf;;ksa esa rFkk vkylh

O;fDr;ksaa esa bl izofRr dh vf/kdrk jgrh gSA O;fDr

dks cscdwQ cukdj iSlk ysuk buesa odhy o

fpfdRld vkrs gSA ogha ljdkjh mfpr dk;Z djus esa

yksx O;o/kku Mkydj vuqfpr rjhds ls /ku dh ekax

djrs gSA ;g vknr Hkh bl vax dk mYy?kau gSA

vkfFkZd mijk/kh dh ekufld fLFkfr Hk;;qDr jgrh gSA

bl pksjh dh vknr dk eq[; vk'k; yksHk o ykyp gS

vkSj ;s iru dh vksj rks ys gh tkrs gS cfYd vkgkj

ds ikpu esa ck/kk mRiUu djrs gSA ifj.kke Lo:i

vkar dh vkarfjd isf'k;ka ladqpu vkSj izlkj.k dh

lkekU; kerk [kks nsrh gSA bl dkj.k Hkh dCt O;kf/k

dk tUe gksrk gSA lkFk gh yksHk dks iki dk;Z dk ewy

Hkh dgk x;k gSA lkFk gh vijk/kh dks gj le; fpark

Hkh lrkrh gSA lekt ds pgaqeq[kh izxfr dk vk/kkj

cgqeq[kh lg;ksx ls ykHkkafor gksrk gSA lekt ds

izxfr ds dk;ksZ dh miskk djuk drZO; deZ dh pksjh

gSA pksjh fdlh Hkh Lrj dh gks mlls cpuk Hkh vLrs;

gSA vLkR; dk mYYka?ku dCt dh mRifRr esa lgk;d

gSA

ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS vkgkj ls fufeZr

lIr/kkrq dh vafre /kkrq 'kqØ dks O;; u dj /kkj.k

djuk vkSj ;g rHkh laHko gksxk tc ge lHkh dks

viuk le>sA viuk le>us esa vuhfr ugha gksrh Hkys

gh fyax Hksn D;ksa u gksA D;ksafd ge tc ,d gh

ifjokj esa fofHkUu vk;q oxZ ds L=h&iq:"k]

;qod&;qorh jgrs gS ij muesa ,d nwljs ds izfr

lEeku ds vykok nqjkHkko ;k vuSfrd vkpj.k dk

yS'k ek= 'kjhfjd o ekufld varj ugha vkrk vkSj

tgka ijk;k Hkko tkxzr gqvk ogha ifo=rk dh nhokj

<g tkrh gS vkSj vk;q Hksn dk fparu mHkjrs gh

vukpkj dk Hkko mBus yxrk gSA vukpkj vkSj

nqjkHkko ls vifo=rk vk tkrh gS ftl dkj.k vkgkj

dk ikpu O;ofLFkr ugha gks ikrk vkSj lIr/kkrqvksa ds

fuekZ.k esa O;o/kku mRiUu gksdj ey cM+h vka= esa

tkdj :d tkrk gSA ;g fLFkfr 'kkjhfjd o ekufld

:iks ls lftr gksrh gS vkSj ;g l`tu 'kkjhfjd o

ekufld foksi mRiUu djsxk rFkk vkf/k&O;kf/k;ksa dk

tUe gksxkA ekufld :i ls O;fHkpkjh vkSj 'kkjhfjd

O;fHkpkjh mu lHkh ykHkks ls oafpr jgrs gS tks czãp;Z

esa crk;s tkrs gS lkFkh czãp;Z ozr dk ikyu u djus

okys O;fDr ekufld o 'kkjhfjd nksuksa izdkjksa dh

dCt dh fxj¶r esa gksrs gSA dkeqd fparu dCt ds

fy;s fo'ks"k mRrjknk;h gSA izokg Øe izdfr dk fu;e

gS vkSj ;gha fujksxh thou dk lPp vFkZ gSA vUu ds

mRiknu ls ysdj Hkkstu ds ek/;e ls ikpu iz.kkyh

ls xqtjrs gq, ey :i esa ckgj gks tkuk] vxj bl

xfr esa vijks/k gksrk gS rks O;kf/k dk mn; gksxk gh

;gh dCt gSA

%& lEiUurk vkSj foiUurk esa bZZ";kZ dk Hkko

mRiUu gksrk gSA dHkh vkos'k esa vkdj vuhfr Hkh gksrh

gSA bl laxzg dh izofRr esa bZ";kZ ds lkFk s"k Hkh tqM+k

gSA ,d dk laxzg nwljs dh vlqfo/kk o nfjnzrk dk

dkj.k curk gS vkSj tgka vuhfr] laxzg] bZ";kZ] s"k

vkfn dk lekxe gqvk vkSj izokg dze dk vo:)






gqvk rks ;gh ihM+k dCt O;kf/k gSA vLrq vifjxzg dh

Hkkouk dks ges'kk vkpj.k esa ykuk gh Js;"dj gSA

eyhurk dk ters jguk izdfr dze gSA

Ropk ls ilhuk] vka[k ls eSy] eq[k ls xanh ok;q] dku

ls ekse] nkarks ls eSy] rFkk ew= o ey ds :i esaa

xanxh ds foltZu dh fujrajrk ls ckã o vkaarfjd

lqanjrk o 'kqfprk cuh jgrh gS vkSj buds vojks/k ls

gh O;kf/k ds mn; dh dgkuh izkjaHk gksrh gSA eyhurk

dgha Hkh vPNh ugha gksrhA blfy, 'kkjhfjd vaxksa dh

fuR; izfr lQkbZ gksuh pkfg,A bl dk;Z esa ukxk ugha

gksuk pkfg,A D;ksafd xanxh dh lgksnj cguksa esa izFke

O;kf/k gh gSA tgka rd bl dCt O;kf/k dh mRifRr

dk iz'u gSA ge ;ksxkax ds frh; lksiku fu;e ds

izFke mikax ifo=rk ij nf"Vikr djrs gS rc ,slk

yxrk gS fd efyurk pkgs 'kkjhfjd gks ;k ekufld

nksuks ls gh bl O;kf/k ds l`tu dh dFkk izkjaHk gksrh

gSA vkyL; vkSj izekn blds izFke yk.k gSA xanxh

'kqfprk nksuksa gh vko';d gSA eyhurk ;k vifo=rk

xq.k deZ LoHkko ea fud`"Vrk dk lekos'k gkssus ls

c<+rh gSA ykyph] yksHkh] vgadkjh vkfn LokFkZiwfrZ ds

fy;s Ny iziap dk feF;k lgkjk ysrs gS ftlls dyg]

ifjokj esa dksgjke] ?kqVu] fo"kSyk fparu ls mRiUu

volkn ds dkj.k vUu dk ikpu u gksus ,oa le; ls

ey foltZu ugha gksus ls vip vkSj dCt jksx mRiUu

gksrk gSA bl O;kf/k ls futkr ds fy;s 'kqfprk dh

vko';drk gSA vkgkj dh 'kqfprk ds lkFk fopkjkas dh

Hkh 'kqfprk gksuk pkfg;s bl O;kf/k mRifRr dh xanxh

vkn`'; jgrh gS ek= vuqHko o yk.kksa ds ek/;e ls

le>us ds lkFk gh dqN le; O;rhr gksus ij

O;ogkfjdrk esa vkrh gSA

;ksx fpfdRld 'kkL= esa vlarks"kh ds

cjkcj fdlh vU; dks nfjnzh ugha crk;k x;k gS rFkk

vlarks"kh dks fofHkUu O;kf/k;ksa ls xzflr crk;k x;k

gSA bl fLFkfr dk fuekZ.k eu ds vkos'kksa ls gksrk gSA

larks"k dks lHkh lq[kksa dh [kku ekuk tkrk gSA larks"k

ls vfHkizk; larqyu ls gSA euq"; dh okLrfod

vko';drk larqfyr gSA [kkuk] oL=] fuokl ;s dfBu

ugha gSA drZO; dh miskk vkSj vf/kdkj dh izcyrk

gksus ij loZ= dyg eprk gSA oSls lknk thou mPp

fopkj dh uhfr viukus ij larks"k cuk jg ldrk gSA

larks"kh cuus dk vFkZ vuqRiknd ;k vkylh cuuk ugha

gs iq:"kkFkZ rks gj ks= esa fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA vkfRed

Hkw[k tc fodr gksrh gs rc og r`".kk] okluk] vgark]

eerk vkfn ds :i esa QwVrh gS vkSj cSpsuh vk tkrh

gSA ykylk O;fDr dks vlarks"kh cukrh gSA vkyL;

vkSj izekn dk lh/kk izHkko ikpu fdz;k ij iM+rk gS

vkSj og fod`r gks tkrh gS vkSj dCt dh mRifRr

gksrh gS vko';drk ,oa Hkksx esa laqrqyu dh fLFkfr

viukdj lnk lq[kh jgdj bl O;kf/k ls cpk tk

ldrk gSA

ri lk/kuk dk ije iq:"kkFkZ gSA blls 'kjhj

dks 'kksf/kr dj O;kf/k;ksa ls eqDr jg ldrs gSA ysfdu

mlds fy;s lguk iM+sxkA ;ksxkaxksa dh dqaty fdz;k o

'ka[k izkkyu rFkk cfLr ds ek/;e ls ;fn vkgkj

iz.kkyh dk 'kks/ku dj fy;k tk;s rc vkgkj viuh

voLFkk o l;e ds vuqlkj gh vkxs c<+sxk rFkk lIr

/kkrqvksa dk fuekZ.k dj ey inkFkZ ds :i esa 'kjhj ls

ckgj fudy tk;sxkA rd dk ifj.kke ys[kek= Hkh

'kadk ;qDr ugha gSA ri dk ifj.kke ges'kk ldkjkRed

vkrk gSA ;ksx lk/kuk ds ri ls 'kjhj esaa lksbZ 'kfDr;ka

tkx`r gksrh gSA d"V&lfg".kqrk dk vH;kl tc fdlh

egku mn~ns'; ls fd;k tkrk gS rks mls gh riL;k

dgrs gS fujksxrk vkSj nh?kZ thou dh dqath

Je'khyrk ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gSA la;e vkSj lk/kuk ds

fy;s iz;Ru'khy jgdj fujksxh jgk tk ldrk gS

D;ksafd fcuk ri ds O;kf/k;ka pgqa vksj ls ?ksj ysrh gSA

Lok/;k; ls lc dqN Bhd gks tkrk gSA

blesa izekn u djsaA Lo;a ds var%dj.k dk v/;;u

djsa vkSj jksx :ih vojks/k dks gVkdj fujksxh thou

ft;sA eu] opu vkSj 'kjhj esa ifo=rk /kkj.k djsaA

,slk ekuk x;k gS fd eu dh ifo=rk ds fy;s

Lok/;k;] opu dh ifo=rk ds fy;s lR; vkSj 'kjhj

dh ifo=rk ds fy;s 'kkSp crk;k x;k gS LokLF; esa

vkRelRrk vkSj mldh egRrk dk cks/k gksrk gS ftlls

drZO; iFk dh tkudkjh ,oa izsj.kk feyrh gSA lkFk gh

Lo;a ds fy;s uqdlku ns; rFkk Qynk;h voLFkk oLrq

fopkj] O;ogkj D;k gS bldh tkudkjh vftZr dj

lifj.kke] voLFkk fopkj O;ogkj dk vuqlj.k dj

thou i;ZUr fujksxh jguk gh Lok/;k; dk ewy ea=

gSA

eu&opu o deZ ls ijekRdk dks

lefiZr gksdj 'kkafr vkSj lq[ke; thou ;kiu djuk

pkfg;s fcu fo'okl u dcusgq flf) dgk x;k gSA

ijekRek ls feyu dk lcls mRre mik; izkFkZuk gSA

Lej.k gS D;ksafd lf"V esa deZQy O;oLFkk gSA






vKkurk ds dkj.k og nwj izrhr gksrk gSA foosd

mHkjus ij og vfr lehi nf"Vxkspj gksus yxrk gSA

bZ'oj izf.k/kku ls v'kkar eu 'kkar gks tkrk gSA

ifj.kker% og lq[k dk Hkkxh curk gSA

'kjhj ds Hkhrj tkus vkSj

ckgj fudyus okyh tks izk.kkas dh LokHkkfod xfr gS

mls iz;RuiwoZd ckgj ;k Hkhrj fudyus ;k ys tkus

dk vH;kl djds izk.kok;q LoHko ls ckgj fudyk gks

x;k Hkhrj x;k gks] tgka gks] ogha mldh xfr dks

LrfEHkr dj nsuk ¼jksd nsuk½ vkSj ;g ns[krs jguk fd

izk.k fdl ns'k esa :dk gS] fdrus le; rd lq[k

iwoZd :dk jgrk gS] vkSj bl :ds gq, le; fd

LokHkkfod xfr dh la[;k fdruh gksrh gSA ;g

^^LrEHkofRr** izk.kk;ke gS] bls ^^dqEHkd** izk.kk;ke Hkh

dgrs gSA

izk.kksa dks vanj vUr%dqHkad dgykrk gS ,oa

izk.kksa dks ¼jspu djds½ ckgj fudkydj 'okl dks

ckgj jksduk cãdqHkad dgykrk gSA

tSls&tSls lk/kd izk.kk;ke dk vH;kl djrk

gS] oSls gh oSls mlds lafpr deZ&laLdkj vkSj

vfo|kfn Dys'k nqcZy gksrs tkrs gSA ;s deZ] laLdkj

vkSj vfo|kfn gh vKku dk vkoj.k ¼ijnk½ gSA bl

ijns ds dkj.k gh euq"; dk Kku <dk jgrk gS] vr%

og ckf/kr cuk jgrk gSA tc ;g ijnk nqcZy

gksrs&gksrs loZFkk kh.k gks tkrk gS] rc lk/kd dk

Kku lw;Z dh Hkkafr izdkf'kr gks tkrk gSA bl dkj.k

lk/kd dks izk.kk;ke djrs jguk pkfg,A

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd egf"kZ

iartfy us izk.kk;ke ds 3$1¾4 Hksn dks loZ&lk/kkj.k

ds fy;s vkxeksa esa fy[kk ;k o.kZu fd;kA

%& bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd 'kjhj

ds vkarfjd eyksa ,oa nks"kkas dks nwj djus rFkk

var%dj.k dh 'kqf) djds lekf/k kjk iw.kkZuan dh

izkfIr gsrq _f"k eqfu rFkk fl) ;ksfx;ksa us ;kSfxd

izfdz;k dk vfo"dkj fd;kA blh dkj.k ;ksx

izfdz;kvksa ds varxZr izk.kk;ke dk ,d vfrfof'k"V

egRo gS] izk.kkke ds fl) gks tkus ij lk/kd dqN gn

rd f=dkyn'khZ gks tkrk gSA

egf"kZ iartfy us euq"; ek= ds dY;k.k gsrq

v"Vkax ;ksx dk fo/kku crk;k gS] ftlesa ;e] fu;e]

vklu&cfgjax ;ksx ds varxZr gS rks izk.kk;ke ,oa

izR;kgkj varjax ;ksx ds lsrq ds :i esa lh<+h dk dk;Z

djrs gS vkSj lk/kd dks /kkj.kk] /;ku] lekf/k kjk

varjax dh ;k=k esa lg;ksx dj vkReksRFkku ,oa

dSoY;kUkUn dh izkfIr esa lg;ksx iznku djrs gSA bl

izdkj izk.kk;ke cfgjax ,oa varjax ;ksx ds chp lsrq

dk dk;Z dj 'kjhj o eu dks LoLFk ,oa jksx eqDr

djrk gS ,oa eu dks ifo= ;k vkRek dks fueZy djrk

gSA izk.kk;ke ds kjk fpRr dh ofRr;kasa dk fujks/k

djds vkSj vkReLFk gskdj gh lk/kd thoueqfDr dh

voLFkk dks izkIr gks ldrk gSA ,slk esjk ekuuk gSA

%&

1- iartfy ;ksx n'kZu uanyky n'kksjk j.k/khj izdk'ku

gfjkjk

2- iartfy ;ksx iznhi xhrkizsl xksj[kiqj

3- iratfy ;ksx lw= osnkuan ljLorh ;ksx fo|ky;

eqxsj fcgkj

4- /ksj.; lafgrk Loeh fujtaukuan ;ksx ifCyds'ku

Vª"V fcgkj Ldwy vkWQ ;ksx eqxsajA






oLrqr% foosd ls oSHko gksrk gS vkSj oSHko ls

laL—fr iuirh gSA oSHko ls foosd gS ;k ugha bldk

ifj.kke nksuksa ds lfEefyr Lo#i ds lkFk Li"V Hkh

gksrk gSA tc Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa ds fodkl dk fo'ys"k.k

mudh leL;kvksa ds fo"k; esa lksprs gSa rc gekjs

lkeus loky mBrk gS fd fodkl ds dkSu ls :i dh

ifjdYiuk gekjs eu esa gSA chloha 'krkCnh ds iwoZ

tc ik'pkr lH;rk cgqr çHkko'kkyh Fkh rc

MsoyiesaV boSY;w,'ku vkSj çksxzsl 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx

O;kogkfjd ç;ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk FkkA lokZf/kd

fparuh; ;g gS fd vkS|ksfxd lH;rk dk dzhM+k ;g

ugha tkurk fd mudh otg ls mls lukru :i ls

vfHk'kkfir fd;k x;k gSA og igkM+h ij cM+h pêku

ij p<+rk jgs vkSj ges'kk fQly dj uhps vkrk jgsA

/kuh O;fä;ksa dk vga ijekFkZokn dk vkHkkl xzg.k dj

ysrk gS tks mUgsa vfodflr yksxksa dks fodflr djus

ds fy, çsfjr djrk gSA ,slk djrs le; os ;g

fopkj ugha djrs fd ;g fodkl okNauh; gS vFkok

ughaA nwljh vksj vkfnoklh yksx fllkfQl dh fLFkfr

esa ugha gS D;ksafd ftanxh dh jkg ikj djrs le;

mudk ,d iSj dBksj lPpkbZ esa gksrk gS vkSj nwljk

iSj feFkdh; fo” okl esaA muds ikl iSlk gS gh ugha

vkSj mUgsa bldh T;knk t:jr Hkh ugha gSA

dHkh&dHkh mUgas ckgjh lH;rk dh ped

vk—"V djrh gS vkSj os e`xr`’.kk esa nkSM+ iM++us dks

mRlqd gks tkrs gSa vkSj rc os 'kgjh yksxksa kjk muds

fy, vfHkdfYir rFkkdfFkr fodkl ds fy, cuk, x,

ek;k tky esa vius dks lkSai nsrs gSaA bl rjg esa

rduhdh çxfr kjk mRiUu ped ned dh e`xr`’.k

ds ihNs ukprs&xkrs nkSM+uk 'kq: dj nsrs gSa vkSj

muds xhr rFkk uR; vf/kdkf/kd e'khuh cu tkrs gSaA

tks ftanxh dks lekjksfgr djus esa iwjh rjg vlke

gksrs gSA og ,d cM+k loky gS fd mUgsa vdsyk NksM+

fn;k tk, ;k muesa ls gj ,d fllkfQl cuk fn;k

tk,A

Lok/khurk çkfIr ds mijkar ftys esa

yksdfgrS’k.kh dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk cukus dh

vko';drk eglwl dh xbZA ,slk yxk fd nklrk dh

nwf"kr okrkoj.k dks gVkus ds fy, lekt dh

iqulaZjpuk dk ladYi fy;k x;kA

igyh ckj uhfr fu/kkZj. tufgr dks /;ku esa

j[kdj fd;k x;kA bl nkSjku ;g le> esa vk;k fd

lekt esa vlekurk O;kIr gS vkSj fopkjdksa dk /;ku

fo'ks"k :i ls vkfFkZd lekurk ij x;kA blds fy,

uhfr fu/kkZjdksa us 1967 rd eaMyk ftys esa jg jgs

vkfnokfl;ksa dh vkokt vkSj muds Lrj mBkus ds

fy, yksdlHkk vkSj fo/kkulHkk esa vf/kdka'k lhVksa dks

vkjfkr dj fn;k ysfdu nqHkkZX;o'k ç'kklu ds lq/kkj

vke xjhc ,oa fiNM+s yksxksa rd ugha igqap ik,A

ç'kklu ds u, lq/kkj ,oa ;ksX;rk ç'kklu dh

ykyQhrk'kkgh ds da/kksa esa tdM+dj NViVk dj jg

xbZA fodkl nj] f'kkk dk Lrj ,oa vkfFkZd mUufr

ij bruk çHkko ifjorZu ugha gqvk ftrus dh vk'kk

dh xbZ FkhA eSaus ftys ds lanHkZ esa 'kks/k fd;k rks

'kklu kjk lapkfyr Lora=rk ds igys vkSj mlds

ckn 1947 ls 1967 rd dh lHkh dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk

ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA mlesa

lkaf[;dh leadks rFkk rF;ksa ds ladyu esa 'kkldh;

,oa v'kkldh; lgk;rk dk vkdyu fd;k ftlesa ;g

iw.kZ :i ls lkeus vkrk gS fd çxfr lkekftd vkSj

vkfFkZd çxfr dk çHkko mruk ugha Fkk ftruk lkspk

x;k FkkA

vkfnokfl;ksa ,oa ftys ds xzkeh.kksa ds dY;k.k

gsrq 'kklu kjk fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds varxZr

fuf'pr jkf'k fu/kkZfjr djds ;g fl) dj fn;k x;k

'kklu bu ds çfr dk;ZØeksa ds :i esa iw.kZrk ltx

gSA ;g jkf'k vkfnoklh tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl

dk;ZØeksa ls lacaf/kr] —f"k] lgdkfjrk] y?kq m|ksx]

lapkj lk/ku] f'kkk] LokLF;] ty iwfrZ] vkokl fofHkUu

ks=ksa ds fodkl dk;ZØe ls lacaf/kr jghA ;gka bl

le; gj laHko ç;kl fd;k x;k fd ftys dh

cgqla[;d vkfnoklh fodkl dh /kkjk ls vius vki

dks tksM+ lds A eaMyk dh vFkZO;oLFkk eq[;rk —f"k

ij vk/kkfjr gS vr% —f"k dk fodkl vkSj mlds tqM+s

oxZ dk fodkl dY;k.kdkjh Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds

fodkl dh fn'kk esa ,d vfuok;Z 'krZ cu tkrhA






egkRek xka/kh us dgk Fkk fd Hkkjr pan 'kgjksa esa ugha

cfYd 700000 xkao esa clk gS ;fn xkao cckZn gksaxs rks

Hkkjr dk fouk'k gks tk,xkA ;g fopkj xyr u gksxk

fd vkfnoklh Hkkjrh; lekt esa vfoHkkT; vax rHkh

gksaxs tc og gekjs tSls gks tk,A nwljh rjQ

vkfnoklh laL—fr;ksa dks vk/kqfud çHkko ls cpkdj

j[kus ds ç;kl esa lQy gksus ds fy, vko';d

vk/kqfud vkfnoklh yksxksa dks vk/kqfud foKku ,oa

rduhdksa ds leLr lacaf/kr djuk mfpr gSA

;kstuk dky esa vkfnoklh dY;k.k Lora=rk

çkfIr ds ckn ljdkj us tutkfr;ksa esa lq/kkj ,oa

mudh leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, fo'ks"k ç;kl

fd,A blds fy, 'kklu kjk iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds

varxZr fo'ks"k O;oLFkk dh xbZ rkfd ftys dh

lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj lkaL—frd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjk

tk ldsA bu ;kstukvksa dk eq[; mís'; ftys ds

fiNM+s ,oa xjhc yksxksa ds thou Lrj dks Åapk mBkuk

FkkA iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk fooj.k fuEukuqlkj gS çFke

iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1951 ls 1956 bl ;kstuk esa

tutkfr;ksa ds fy, dY;k.k ;kstuk esa yxHkx 35

djksM #i, dh jkf'k esa gqbZA ;kstuk ds varxZr

tutkfr ks=ksa ds fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks eksVs rkSj ij 4

Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA lapkj]

f'kkk]vkfFkZd lq/kkj ] f'kkk] LokLF; edku vkSj ty

iwfrZ ;kstukA 1956&1961 ;kstuk ds varxZr fiNM+s

oxksaZ ds fodkl gsrq ,d djksM+ dk çko/kku Fkk ftlesa

ls ,d djksM+ tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl ij O;; fd;k

x;kA

rhljh ;kstuk 1961& 19 66 ds ;kstuk

dky esa vkfnoklh ks=ksa ds fodkl dk y; j[kk x;k

blds fy, yxHkx 100 djksM :i;s O;; fd, tkus

dk çko/kku Fkk vkSj O;; Hkh yxHkx ;gh jgkA bl

dky esa 1-4 djksM+ vkfnoklh yksx —f"k dk;Z esa yxs

Fks ftuesa ls 33 izfr’kr —f"k etnwj ds :i esa dke

djrs FksA iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds çFke 3 o"kksaZ esa 51-017

,dM+ Hkwfe Hkwfe tutkfr dks forfjr dh xbZ blesa

47-814 ifjokj ykHkkfUor gq,A ;kstuk dky esa

tutkrh; ks=ksa ds fy, 450 fodkl[kaMksa dh LFkkiuk

dh xbZA

rhu o"khZ; ;kstuk,a1966&1967]1967&68 ,oa

1968&69 esa vkfnoklh lkekftd mRFkku dh fn'kk esa

le; le; ij HkkxhjFk ç;kl fd, x,A vkfnoklh

Nk= Nk=kvksa dks Nk=ofÙk jgus ,oa fu'kqYd çkjafHkd

f'kkk miyC/k djkus ls f'kkk ds çfr #>ku c<+kA

vkfnokfl;ksa dks Hkwfe ,oa laifÙk ij voS/k gLrkarj.k

jksdus ds fy, laoS/kkfud –<+rk çnku dh xbZ rkfd

mudh vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr lqn`<+ gks ldsA

yksdfç; ljdkj kjk eaMyk ftys dh

xzkeh.k ,oa vkfnokfl;ksa ds fy, iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds

ek/;e ls fofHkUu ks=ksa esa çeq[krk ds lkFk vkfnoklh

vkfFkZd lg;ksx nsdj vkfFkZd mUufr ,oa lkekftd

Lrj Åij mBkus ds vo'; HkkbZ ç;kl fd, x,A

eaMyk ftyk vktknh ds 25 o"kksaZ ds ckn rd fu/kZurk]

f'kkk] LokLF;] iks"k.k] _.k xzLrrk tSlh ewyHkwr

leL;kvksa ls f?kjk gqvk fiNM+k ftyk jgkA

vko';drk gS fd bu ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj

ljdkj ,slk ç;kl djsa ;k fQj fodkl dh ,slh ubZ

;kstuk rS;kj dh tk, bl fodkl dh xaxk ftys ds

gj ks= esa cgsA rHkhs vkfnoklh cgqy ftys dk vkfFkZd

lkekftd 'kSkf.kd lkaL—frd fodkl rHkh laHko gks

ik,xkA






orZeku le; esa ekuo dks ykyp] yksHk]

r`".kk] dkeuk vkfn nkuoksa us bruk Hkh: cuk fn;k gS

fd d:.kk] lkgl] /kS;Z] ijksidkj] lR; ls og dkslksa

nwj gks x;k gSA buds ckjs esa ml ds ân; esa fopkj

rd ugha vkrsA vkReRo dks rks og folftZr dj pqdk

gSA vius thou esa LokFkZ ls vksr&izksr gS fcuk ifjJe

ds og viuk ije dY;k.k pkgrk gSA tcfd

ijksidkjh dÙkZO; dks vkpj.k esa ugha ykuk pkgrk

vFkkZr fcuk dEkZ ds dY;k.k pkgrk gSA tcfd lk/kuk

iFk ds fy, vkpj.k dk 'kqHk gksuk ijksidkjh gksuk

fo|ktfur gksuk vfr vko’;d gSA vkt opuksa ls ;g

Hkh lquk gS fd ije dY;k.k ds fy;s ;k rqjh[k

voLFkk ds fy, eksk ds fy, deZ vko’;d ugha gSA

bl ds fy, dgk x;k gS fd og vn’; ije lÙkk

ftl tho ls tks djkuk pkgrh gSA og mls mlh vksj

izsfjr djrh gSA ftlls lgt deZ ls gh tho dks

eqfDr dk oj.k gks tkrk gSA ijUrq bl ekuo 'kjhj

dks /kkj.k djus dk Hkh dqN dkj.k jgk gksuk bl

jgL; dks lgt esa ugha tkuk tk ldrkA bl eeZ dks

tkuus ds fy, vFkkZr bl nsg /kkj.k djus dk tks ewy

dkj.k vfo|k jgh gksxhA bl ds [kkst ds fy, blh

'kjhj ls lk/kuk dk iFk viukuk gksxkA ;ksx esa xfr

ds lkFk gh 'kkjhfjd o ekufld lk/kuk dks vkpj.k

esa mrkjuk gksxk D;ksafd Hkxoku us JhenHkkxor xhrk

;ksx xzaFk esa dgk gS fd tho ftl dh mikluk djrk

gSA og mlh dks izkIr gksrk gSA blfy, ;ksx ds ;e

ds mik;ksa vFkkZr vfga’kk] lR;] vLrs;] CkzEºp;Z]

vifjxzg dks fu"Bk ds lkFk thou esa mrkjuk gksxkA

lalkj ds leLr thoksa ds fy, eu] opu] deZ ls

fgalk dk R;kx djuk gksxk vkSj ân; esa vfga’kk dh

Hkkouk n`<+ djus ls pjkpj ds leLr izk.kh fuHkZ;

gksdj vki ds lkfu/; esa fuokl djus yxsaxs vkSj

vkilh fn’kk dks Hkh folftZr dj nsaxsA ,sls okrkoj.k

ds fufeZr gksus ls lR; dh izfr"Bk gksxhA ftlesa fpÙk

ok.kh 'kjhj ls lR;a on LkR;a pj dh LFkkiuk gksdj

eu opu deZ ls yksHk ,oa dkeuk dh Hkkouk Lor% gh

iyk;u dj tk,xh vkSj okrkoj.k esa pgqqa vkSj yksHk

vkSj ykyp fpÙk dh izofr dk uk’k gks tk,xk ds iFk

esa lk/kd viuh leLr bfUnz;ksa dh cykr~ voLFkk dk

uk’k dj mUgsa bu nq’izofr;ksa ls i`Fkd dj vkRe

la;e dh Hkkouk ds lkFk ekufld o 'kkjhfjd

cfy"Brk dh izkfIr dj ns’k] tkfr /keZ lekt ds fgr

esa vius dks lk/kd lekfgr djsxk D;ksafd og viuh

orZeku vko’;drk ds vuqlkj gh eu opu o deZ ds

fy, ;k iwfrZ gsrq inkFkkZa dks xzg.k dj izFke vn’;

lÙkk dks lefiZr dj gh mi;ksx esa ysxkA bUgsa ;ksx

'kkL=ksa esa lkoZHkkSe crkrs gq, egkor dh laKk nh xbZ

gSA ;e ds mikaxksa dk vuqlj.k ekufld 'kqfprk ls

lEiUu gksuk bl vuqlj.k ds fy, lk/kd n<+ izfrK

gksuk furkar vko’;d gSA ;ksx lk/kuk ds fy,

ekufld o 'kkjhfjd n`+<+ bPNk/kkjh lk/kd ds gh

lQyrk dne pwerh gSA lk/kd dks fu;e ds mikaxksa

ds ikyu esa ifo=rk eu ,oar u dh ftl dh izkfIr

ds fy, nku] ri] ijksidkj dk gksuk vko’;d gSA

e`frdk dk iz;ksx fuR; 'kjhj 'kqf) ds fy, vko’;d

gSA lk/kd dks izR;sd le; ije larks"k dh fLFkfr dks

viukuk gksxkA lk/kuk dky esa gh ;fn foijhr

ifjfLFkfr dk lkeuk djuk iM+sA ml le; dh v/khj

fLFkfr dks u viukdj /kS;Z dk ifjp; ije vko’;d

gSA lk/kd dks vius lEiw.kZ vkpj.k dk fuR; ijhk.k

djrs gq, vfo|k tfur deksZa ds R;kx ds lkFk gh

fo|k tfur vkpj.k dk vuqdj.k dj lEiw.kZ dky ds

dekZsa dk leiZ.k vn’; 'kfDr ds izfr djuk gksxkA

bl fo’o esa nks 'kfDr;ksa ds kjk gh leLr n`’;

vn`’; inkFkkZsa dk lapkyu gksrk gSA izFke czEºk.Mh;

ÅtkZ 'kfDr rFkk frh; vkRe 'kfDr tks tho ds

vfLrRo dks cuk;s j[ks gSaA ije lÙkk ls lkkkRdkj ds

eq[; nks jkLrs gSaA ,d ek/;e Kku dk gS vkSj frh;

ek/;e pfj= dk gSA ysfdu izse esa vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr

'kh?kzrk lfgr lk/ku gSaA Kku esa vgadkj dh tkxfr

gksus ls ije lÙkk dk Kku gks tkrk gS vkSj vge

czEºk.Mh; dh /ofu dk ?kks"k gksus yxrk gSA lR;rk

rks gS ysfdu txr ds fy, ugha Lo;a ds fy, gSA

HkfDr dh lR;rk dk lkkRdkj txr djrk gSA thou

esa lq[k ,oa nq[k ,d flDds ds igyw gSaA lq[k ls

lkekU; tho ds vUnj vge dh Hkkouk dk mn; gks

tkrk gS vkSj ogh nq[k esa tho mfpr jkg HkVd tkrk

gSA ysfdu ml ije lÙkk dk vuqxzg gksrk gSA rc

vgadkj 'kwU; voLFkk esa tho jgrk gSA ogh nq[k esa

Ñik gksus ls vkLFkk thfor jgrh gSA ;g 'kjhj rhu






Lrjksa esa foHkkftr gSA HkkSfrd 'kjhj tks n`f"Vxkspj

gksrk gS tks izÑfr ds iap rRoksa ls fufeZr gS ftl

rRo dk tks xq.k o lwerk gS og mlesa fo|eku jgrh

gSA ftl dk izk.k vUu dks ekuk x;k gSA blh ls bl

HkkSfrd 'kjhj dk ikyu gksrk gSA izÑfr dk xq.k

ifjorZu gSA ogh bl 'kjhj dk /keZ gSA bl dk nwljk

Lo:i lwe 'kjhj dgk tkrk gSA ;g bfUnz;ksa ls

fufeZr gSA ogh dkj.k 'kjhj fpÙk :i esa fo|eku gSA

bldh Hkkjrh; vk/;kRe esa gh feyrh gSA D;kssafd iq:"k

o izÑfr ds la;ksx dks gh tho dk LoHkko dgk tkrk

gSA iq:"k psru gSA izÑfr tM+ gSA tgka tM o psru

ds e/; xzafFk iM+ tkrh gSA bl dk ewy dkj.k vfo|k

gS vkSj bl vfo|k ;qDr fd;s gq, dekZsa ds dkj.k gh

tho dks tUe ysuk gksrk gSA ekrk dk jt o firk dk

oh;Z la;ksx ek= gSA ysfdu lekt ds izR;sd ekuo

dh ftKklk ;g jgrh gS fd ;fn izÑfr tM+ gSA

ftlesa bfUnz;ka Hkh lekfgr gSaA fQj bu esa papyrk

dk dkj.k D;k gS ;k izR;sd ekuo ds 'kjhj dh jpuk

i`Fkd&iFkd vkSj O;ofLFkr dSls gSA bl :i jl

LoHkko lHkh ;qx vyx& vyx dSls gSaA ;g dkSu

djrk gS ij lR; rks ;g gS fd ekuo 'kjhj ,d

bdkbZ gS vkSj fofHkUu ?kVdksa kjk fufeZr gSA ftl

izdkj ,d e’khu fofHkUu dyiqtksZa ls fufeZr gksdj

curh gS vkSj fdlh ,d iqtZs dk vHkko gksus ls

O;ofLFkr lapkfyr ugha gks ldrhA mlh izdkj ;g

'kjhj Hkh fofHkUu HkkSfrd lkefxz;ksa ls fufeZr gSA ftl

izdkj e’khu ds lapkyu ds fy, HkkSfrd ÅtkZ dh

vko’;drk jgrh gSA mlh izdkj 'kjhj ds lapkyu ds

fy, vkfRed ÅtkZ furkar vko’;d gS vFkkZr psru

ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk jgrh gSA tks lHkh thoksa esa

lekfgr gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd vkfRed

ÅtkZ ,oa czEºk.Mh; ÅtkZ dh la;qDrrk dk ifj.kke

gh thou thus dh 'kfDr dk ewy gS vkSj blh ds kjk

fofHkUu vo;o fufeZr gksrs gSaA bu vo;o esa lcls

egRoiw.kZ ?kVd eu gSA ;g tM+ o psru dh

e/;LFkrk djrk gS vkSj vkfRed ÅtkZ dks xzg.k dj

fofHkUu vo;oksa dks iznku djrk gSA lkFk gh 'kkjhfjd

vkSj lkalkfjd vuqHkoksa dks xzg.k dj thou dh

;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gS rFkk leLr fØ;kvksa dk

Lokeh gSA LFkwy 'kjhj bfUnz;ksa ds lg;ksx ls lHkh

dekZsa dk laiknudrkZ gSA gekjk ;g 'kjhj ;a=or eu

ds funsZ’kksa dk ikyudrkZ gS vkSj tc veu voLFkk

fufeZr gks tkrh gSA rc deksZa dk lk/ku bfUnz; gksrh

gSA euq";ksa dh Js"Brk bfUnz;ksa ds dkj.k gh gksrh gSA

vU; thoksa ls euq"; dk 'kjhj iapdks"kksa ls Hkh ;qDr

gSA tks gesa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA og vUre; dks"k

dgykrk gSA vxj bl 'kjhj dk vk/kkj vUr ty ,oa

ok;q gSA buls tks ÅtkZ feyrh gSA mlh ls bldk

fuoZgu gksrk gSA blds vUnj lfØ;rk dh mRifRr ds

fy, nwljk izk.ke; dks"k gSA Lianu o xfr bl izk.k

'kfDr ds gh dkj.k gSA tho dks thfor dgus dk

vf/kdkj iznku djrh gSA bl 'kjhj ds vUnj eukse;

dks"k dks rhljk dks"k crk;k tkrk gSA ;g 'kjhj ds

ÅtkZ izokg dks fu;af=r djus ds lkFk gh leLr deksZa

dk lapkyu gS rFkk ;kstukdkj gSA ;g Lefr;ksa dk

laxzgdrkZ gSA prqFkZ dks"k ds :i esa foKku e; dks"k

dk uke vkrk gSA ;g cqf) dh iz/kkurk dk [ktkuk

gSA lkFk gh vgadkj dk dkj.k cudj viuk vfLrRo

i`Fkd le>us yxrk gS vkSj deksZa dk dÙkkZ o HkksDrk

cu tkrk gS vkSj eukse; dks"k ls mRiUu ladYi

fodYi dk fu.kZ; djrk gSA eu blh dk vkns’k

ekurk gSA vfUre dks"k vkuUne; gSA bl ds xq.kksa esa

fiz; vkSj izeksn vkrs gSaA bls gh vkuUnkuqHkwfr lqnhfIr

voLFkk esa gksrh gSA bl fy, ekuo dh ijhkk ds fy,

nq[k ;k ijs’kkuh dh iz;ksx’kkyk gSA tgk¡ lk/kd ds

vkRefo’okl dks ij[kk tkrk gSA blfy, lk/kd dks

lkSHkkX; ds fy, ifjJe rFkk fdlh dks nsus ds fy,

nku vkSj ysus ds fy, Kku ds fy;s lrr iz;kljr

jguk pkfg, vkSj ;g rHkh laHko gksxk tc ge

vfHkeku dk R;kx dj ldsaxsA lk/kd dh lk/kuk le

voLFkk esa gksuk pkfg, dHkh dqN vfiz; gks rc efr

nks"k ls fnu cqjk gks ldrk gS ftUnxh ugha bl dk

/;ku j[kuk pkfg, D;ksafd le; o fLFkfr dHkh Hkh

cny ldrh gS ij lk/kd vius vUnj izfr’kks/k ds

vadqjksa dk tUe u gksus ns D;ksafd lk/kd dk tks izk.k

e; dks"k gSA og ofr;ksa ls ikap uke ls tkuk tkrk gS

D;ksafd izk.k dk LFkku uke ls igpkuk tkrk gSA daB

fLFkr izk.k dks mnku uke ls tkurs gSaA ftldk dk;Z

ok.kh gSA daB rFkk ukfHk izns’k ds e/; fLFkr izk.k dks

ewy uke izk.k ds uke ls gh tkurs gSaA ftl ewy

dk;Z 'okal iz’okl gSA xqnk izns’k o ukfHk ds e/;

fLFkr izk.k dks miku izk.k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

ftldk ewy dk;Z ew= o ey dk foltZu gSA ukfHk

izns’k fLFkr izk.k dks leku i zk.k ds uke ls tkurs gSaA

ftldk eq[; dk;Z izk.k vkSj miku ds e/; esa larqyu

cuk;s j[kuk gS vkSj tks izk.k lEiw.kZ 'kjhj esa O;kIr

gSA mls C;ku uke ls tkurs gSaA tks 'kjhj esa jDr

lapkyu dk dk;Z djrk gSA 'kjhj dh psruk blh izk.k

ds v/khu gSA vkRek blh psruk 'kfDr ds lkFk dk;Z

laikfnr djrh gSA blfy, thou esa deZ dh iz/kkurk






gSA deZ ls lk/kd dks Mjuk pkfg, D;ksafd ftl

izdkj gtkj xk;ksa ds chp esa cNM+k viuh ek¡ dks <wa<+

ysrk gSA mlh izdkj deZ dÙkkZ dks [kkst ysrk gSA

ijekRek ekQ dj ldrk gS ijUrq deZ ughaA ;g

vVy lR; gSA vVy dh bl HkkSfrd 'kjhj esa ,d

lksbZ gqbZ 'kfDr dq.Myh dh uke ls fo[;kr gSA ;g

,d vfr lqjfkr Hk.Mkj 'kfDr dk gSA thou esa

vko’;drk u iM+us ij bl lqlqfIr 'kfDr dks fofHkUu

;kSfxd izfØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls tkxzr dj mi;ksx esa

yk;k tk ldrk gSA bl ds tkxus ij lk/kd dks

vfr bfUnz; gok,a izkIr gks tkrh gSaA og vfr ekuo

dh Js.kh esa vkdj fofHkUu flf);ksa dk Lokeh cu

tkrk gS vkSj ekuosUrj fØ;k,a lEiUu djus yxrk gSA

bu lHkh dh la;qDrrk gh euq"; ds rhuksa 'kjhjksa dk

fuekZ.k djrh gSA izFke dkj.k 'kjhj ftlesa vkRek gS

tks n`"V;k gS vkSj lkkhx.k gS bl dh izÑfr ek;k

Lo:i gS tks r`; xq.k ;qDr gSA

lr] jt] re ckdh gS tks O;Dr ugha gksrh

ij fo|eku gSA og vO;Dr voLFkk esa jgrh gSA ;gh

vkRek dk dkj.k 'kjhj gSA blh ds vUnj vkRek

fuokljr gSA vO;Dr izÑfr dh vfHkO;fDr ds pkj

:i gSaA eu] cqf)] fpÙk rFkk vgadkj ladYi fodYi

dh voLFkk eu dh gS vkSj inkFkZ dk fu’p; djus

okyh o`fr cqf) gS rFkk bl dk fpUru djus okyh

o`fr dks fpÙk dgk x;k gS vkSj bUgsa vius esa iFk ds

dkj.k vgadkj dgk x;k gSA tc bl dh la;qDrrk

dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA rc mls vUr%dj.k dgk

tkrk gSA blfy, 'kjhj fpÙk ladYi ds dkj.k gh

vgaHkko ls bPNk rFkk okluk dk tUe gksrk gSA blh

dh iwfrZ gsrq lwe 'kjhj dk tUe gksrk gSA tks ikapksa

KkusfUnz;ksa RkFkk ikapksa dkesfUnz;ka iap izk.k rFkk iapHkwr

o vUr%dj.k prq"V; vfo|k deZ vkSj deZ feykdj

gh bl lwe 'kjhj dks fufeZr djrs gSaA tksfd dkeuk

;qDr gksdj deksZa dk drkZ rFkk deZQy dk HkksDrk cu

tkrk gSA ;g vkRek dk gh Lo:i gSA ysfdu bls

vius fut Lo:i dk Kku u gksus ls ;gka vkRek ls

i`Fkd thokRek okyk gks tkrk gSA bUgha rRoksa dk LFkwy

:i LFkwy 'kjhj gSA gekjs 'kjhj esa tks dq.Mfyuh

'kfDr fLFkr gS mls ra= xazFkksa esa rhFkZjkt ;k

vk/;kfRed f=os.kh dgrs gSaA ftl esa /;ku ds kjk

eu ,oa izk.k la;qDr :i ls fueTtu ¼Luku½ djrk

gSA rc tho 'kjhj ds leLr ikrdksa ls fuo`r gks

tkrk gSA ysfdu ;g rHkh laHko gSA tc lk/kd

euksfuxzg dks izkIr gks vkSj euksfuxzg gsrq gh ozr]

miokl] Hktu] iwtu] /;ku] iz.kk;ke] dhrZu] euu]

uekt] jkstk] rhFkkZVu] lRlax] Lok/;k;] ea=tki ;k

v"Vkax ;ksx dh lk/kuk gh D;ksa u Hkjrk gksA lHkh

euksfuxzg dh gh fof/k;ka gSaA buls eu Hkksxksa dh vksj

vkdf"kZr u gksdj /;s; izkfIr dh vksj yx tk;s vkSj

thou vFkkZr tUe ysuk lkFkZd cu tk, ;k ;ksa Hkh

dgsa fd tks vkRek ;k bZ’ojh; lÙkk dk Kku pkgrk

gSA rc fu’p; gh eu ds bl >wBs eq[kkSVs dks vius

ls i`Fkd djuk gksxkA ugh arks tUe tUekarj rd e`R;q

o tUe ds ca/kuksa esa ca/kdj nq[kksa dks Hkksxuk gksxkA

bldks tkuus ds fy, bl fof/k dk iz;ksx viukuk

gksxk fd eu dh fØ;kvksa dks tkudj bldh ofr;ksa

ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k djuk gS ftl dkj.k eu 'kkar o

fuf"Ø; gks tk;s bl ds ckn gh vkRek dk fcEc mls

fn[kkbZ nsxkA tks tho dk vlyh Lo:i gS ysfdu

tho dh vgadkj ofr eu dh okluk;sa ,oa bPNk,as

Hkksxksa ds izfr izcy vklfDr ls eu foÑr gks tkrk gS

vkSj mlesa dbZ xzafFk;ka mRiUu gks tkrh gSaA ftl

dkj.k gh euksfodkjksa dk mn; gksrk gS vkSj bu

fodkjksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i 'kjhj ij eu dk fu;a=.k

de gks tkrk gS vkSj ÅtkZ izokg esa deh vkus ls

fofHkUu izdkj dh 'kkjhfjd O;kf/k;ka mRiUu gks tkrh

gSaA ;s e ugh foÑfr;ksa dk ewy gSA blfy, 'kjhj dh

jpuk ls ysdj ml ij fu;a=.k o dk;Z iz.kkyh vkfn

dks fLFkj j[kus ds fy, eu gh iz/kku gSA blfy, eu

dks vkRek dk izfrfcEc dgk x;k gSA ;g 'kjhj vkRek

dk e/; lsrq gSA blfy, bl lsrq dks ikj fd;s fcuk

vkRe vuqHkwfr laHko ugha gSA euq"; tM+ ugha psru gSA

blfy, psru rRo vkRek bl dk fut Lo:i gSA

bldks igpkuus esa eu gh ,d ek+= ck/kk gSA blfy,

Hkksx dh ,d lk/kuk ek= izk.k ds vkokxeu ij

fu;a=.k ls gh eu fu;af=r gksdj ÅtkZ ds izokg esa

lfEefyr gksdj 'kfDr ds tkxj.k esa ,oa thou dh

miyfC/k esa ije lg;ksxh gS vkSj ;g ewyk/kkj pØ

Hksnu dj Lokf/k"Bku pØ ef.kiqj vUugr fo’kqf0 dk

Hksnu djrs gq, vk’kk ij igqapus ls lk/kd deZ kh.k

gks tkrs gSa vkSj ÅtkZ 'kfDr vius f’koRo esa yhu

gksdj lk/kd ds thou ;k=k dks iw.kZrk iznku djrh

gSA ;gh ;ksx 'kfDRk dh thou esa efgek gS ;k

miyfC/k nksuksa ds lkFk gh vfUre ;k=k gSA ;ksx ds

,d vax ds vuq"Bku ls ,oa lk/kd dh ladYi lk/kuk

ls gh tho dh fuofr gSA






3 'kjhj izFke HkkSfrd v"Vny

frh; lwe 16 ny gB

r`rh; dkj.k 32 ny ?ksj.M

56

56 izdkj ds izlkn ¼Ñik½ dks izkIr dj gh

56 izdkj dh Hkksx ls vkuUn dh izkfIr laHko gSA

blfy, Hkxoku dks bl izdkj ls 56 izdkj tho

budk ine gB ?kjs.M dk vuqdj.k dj Hkxoku dh

56 O;atu Lo:i bu vuq"Bkuksa dh ijekRek dks

lefiZr djrk gSA

bl ls 'kfDr dk izokg rFkk T;ksfr dk

mn~xe gksrk gSA fnO; n’kZu vUrZn`f"V rFkk larqyu

dk dsUnz gSa bl ds tkxzr gksus ij lk/kuk iFk

vyksfdr gks tkrk gSa vkSj thou ds ije y; dh

izkfIr lk/kd dks gks tkrh gSA ;g pØ nksuksa dks gh

e/; vfLFk ds vkpj.k ls vkPNkfnr jgrk gSA bl dk

vkdkj csj dh xqByh ln`’k gksrk gSA lk/kd izkr%

v:.kksn; ds le; dq’kklu ;k dEcy ds vklu ij

ineklu esa cSBdj es:n.M lh/kk j[k dj lw;Z ij

=kV dj djds yxHkx ikap feuV Ik’pkr us= Hksn

dj vk/kk feuV :ddj iqu% =kVd izfØ;k dk

vuqlj.k djsaA ,slk rhoz vkHkk vkus ds iwoZ rd lk/kd

xk;=h ea= dk tki ;fn djrk gS rks vfr mÙke

gksxkA Hkkouk esa /;ku ds le; vglkl djuk pkfg,A

fo|eku HkkSfrd lwe o dkj.k 'kjhj fnO; T;ksfr dh

vkHkk ls ifjiw.kZ gks jgk gS vkSj vk’kk pØ fLFkr fnO;

T;ksfr tkxzr gks xbZ gSA lk/kd bl lk/kuk ds le;

vius vUnj ds d"kk; nqxZ.k dYHk"k Li"V fn[krs gSa

rFkk mUgsa lekIr djus dh izfØ;k Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS

rFkk HkwxHkZ esa fNih leLr oLrq,a fn[kkbZ iM+us yxrh

gSaA bl pØ ij izk.k o dq.Mfydh 'kfDr ds igqapus

ij lk/kd vikj kerkoku gks tkrk gSA bl dsUnz dk

LFkku Hkwe/; ;a=kÑfr T;ksfrxZefyax gSA 'osr dey

dh nks ia[kqfM;ksa ds ln`’; gSA cht ea= Å¡ ny o.kZ

ga la okgu Hkn gSA bl pØ ds Åij lgL=kj pØ

gSaA lk/kd pkSng 'okalksa dks R;kx dj vkjk/kuk izkjaHk

djs bls dh lk/kuk ls lk/kd f’ko ds vfr lehi gks

tkrk gSA iki iq.; u"V gks tkrs gSaA ladYi ij

fu;a=.k gksus ls lHkh ofr;ksa dk fojks/k gksdj

vlaizkkr lEkkfgr dh izkfIr gks tkrh gS vkSj vKku

o eksg dk uk’k gks tkrk gS rFkk lafpr deZ u"V gks

tkrs gSaA ;g pØ efLr"d ds Åijh Hkkx esa lgL=

ny dey ds ln`’k gS vkSj vuar 'kfDr lEiUu gSA

nsg volku i'pkr bl dh lk/kuk ls lEiUu lk/kd

dk iqu% tUe ugha gksrk chtea= fulxZ gSA o.kZ rks

thou nyksa ds vkj valk rd okgu fcanq gSA

leLr pØ psruk dk dsUnz gSA HkkSfrd :i

esa ns[kuk laHko ugha gSA os izk.k 'kfDr dh vfHkO;fDr

eka gSA ;s izk.k’kfDr;ka gh fo’o esa O;kIr gSaA ;g 'kjhj

HkkSfrd lalkj ds foHkwesa vc ln`’k gSA tks lk/kd

gekjs 'kjhj fLdy pØksa gSa ij fu;a=./k 'kfDr;ka dj

ldus esa leFkZ gks tkrs gSaA og fo’o ij fu;a=.k dj

ldrk gSA bl pØ dk xq.k izR;sd flf) blesa izR;sd

:i izR;sd rRo izR;sd jax efLr"d deZ bfUnz;

lekf/k Kku yksd lR; ok;q xzg 'kfu nso ijczEgk

'kfDr egk’kfDr 'kfDr o.kZ gh deZny lgL= ny o.kZ

'osr eqnzk ;ksfu Lokna vo.kZuh; izgjh nSoa v/kZukjh 'oj

ea= ,d gtkjA

1- ekufld jksx dkj.k o mipkj MkW0 'kkL=h dSoY; /kke iq.ks

2- lPpk lq[k vkSj fujksxhdk;k lqn'kZu HkkfV;k dSoY; /kke iq.ks

3- gn~; jksx dkj.k o mipkj MkW0 nso 'kfDr dSoY; /kke iq.ks

4- vkjksX; thou vkpk;Z pUnz'ks[kj dSoY; /kke iq.ks

5- ekufld jksx dkj.k o mipkj MkW0 'kkL=h dSoY; /kke iq.ks






6- leL;k isVh dh lek/kku ;ksx dk Lokeh lR;kuan

ljLorh

;ksx ifCyds'ku VªLV

fcgkj Ldwy ,oa ;ksx eqxsj

7- jksx vkSj ;ksx Lokeh lR;kuan

ljLorh



1998

8 nek e/kqesg o ;ksx Lokeh lR;kuan

ljLorh



9- /;ku ;ksx n;kaun oekZ Lokeh vjfoan lkfgR;

10-- vklu izk.kk;ke Lokeh vkRe fcUnq Lokeh vjfoan lkfgR;

11- fujksxh thou egkek;k Lokeh vjfoan lkfgR;

12- vkgkj gh vkS"k/kh gS lqjfHk 'kekZ Lokeh vjfoan lkfgR;

13- vklu izk.kk;ke eqnzk ca/k Lokeh lR;kuan

ljLorh



2005

14- vklu dc D;ksa vkSj dSls vks-ih- frokjh dSoY; /kke iq.ks 2005

15- ?ksj.M lagrk Lokeh fujatukuan ;ksx ifCyds'ku VªLV


2004

16- lw;Z ueLdkj Lokeh lR;kuan

ljLorh



17- LoLFko`r foKku jkeg"kZ flag pkS[kack laLd`r izfr"Bku 1985

18- ;ksx n'kZu Lokeh fujatukuank

ljLorh

fc-Ldwy vkQ ;ksxk 2004

Swadeshi Research Foundation

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