Personal pronouns Verb “to be”

1. -

1. Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns tell which person or thing we are speakingabout. The personal pronouns inEnglish are:

Singular Plural

IYouHeSheIt

ятыонона

он/она/оно

(неоду-шевленные

иживотные)

WeYouThey

мывыони

2. Verb "to be"

The verb "to be" means to exist. It is a linking verb, itlinks a subject and a thing connected with that subject. The present simple forms of "tobe" are as follow:

Singular Plural

I am

Youare

He is

Я (есть)

Ты (есть)

Он (есть)

We are

Youare

Мыесть

Выесть

2.

Alex

Alex

3.

I'm fine thanks. How are you?

I'm very well!

Hi, my

name's

Alex.

It's nice to meet you too. Kate.

Hi, Alex! How are you?

Oh, I'm OK. How about

you?

I'm great, thanks.

Alex

Kate

Kate

Nice to meet you, Alex. My name's Kate.

Kate

Kate Alex

Hi, Kate! How are you?

She is

It is

Она(есть)

он/она/оно

(есть)(неоду-шевленные

иживотные)

Theyare Они

есть

3. First Sentences

English is a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) language - meaningthat sentences are made with the subject first, then the verb,

and finally the object. Using the above grammar we can now make basic English

sentences, for example: - I am a teacher - She is happy - They are students

Languages like French and Chinese are also SVO languages, but other languages are different. For example, Japanese, Korean and Persian are Subject-Object-Verblanguages, so you wouldn't say"She is happy", you'd say "Shehappy is"!

4.

Iyounamemeetthank

Явыимявстречаться, видетьсяблагодарить

whatwherehowbeChina

чтогде, кудакакбытьКитай

My name's Kate. It's nice to meet

you, Alex.

Nice to meet you too. Where are

you from?

Alex

Alex

My name is Alex Saunders. What's your

name?

Kate

Kate

What's your name?

Hi! My name is Jane Anderson. I am twenty. I live in Manchester with my family. I learn Russian because I want to work for BBC Russian office.

He is Felice Arena. He was born in 1968 in Italy. He is in the Australian TVshow. The show is called “Neighbours”. It is very popular in Britain.

Part I

Write the correct form of the verb "to be"

Example: He is Example: I am a teacher.

1. I ………………

2. She ………….

3. He …………..

4. You …………..

5. We ……………..

1. He ……….a doctor.

2. She ………….a girl.

3. I………….. a teacher.

4. You……………… my sister.

5. We ………………boys.

6. They ………….

7. John ……………..

8. Mary …………..

9. Love ……………

10. Birds ………………

6. Mary and I …………….. students.

Part II

Put the words in the right order

(Note: You must finish your sentences with a period and start your sentences with a capital letter, or these exercises will be marked as incorrect.)

Example: I teacher a am. - I am a teacher.

1. They birds are.- ……………………………

2. Bob Alice and doctors are. - ……………………………..

3. car It is a. - …………………………

4. fire-fighter is a John. - ……………………………

5. apples They are. - …………………………….

6. students are We. - ………………………..

1. Hi, Kate! How .................

you?

I'm

fine, .......................... . How are you?

I'm .......................... well!

2.

Hi, ..................... name's Alex.

Nice to meet .................., Alex. My name's Kate.

It's nice to meet you ......................... Kate.

3. Hi, Alex! How are you?

Oh, I'm OK. How............... ....... you?

I'm ......................, thanks.

4. Excuse me,

what's .................... name?

My name is Alex Saunders. What's your name?

My name's Kate. It's nice to meet you, Alex.

Nice to ........................ youtoo.

Write about yourself.

Present Simple Verb ‘TO BE’ and Question

1.

1. Present Simple Negatives -Verb ‘to be’

Present Simple negatives and questions using the verb ‘to be’ are formed differently from other questions. To make negatives you simply insert ‘not’ after the verb ‘to be’.

- Statement: You are a doctor. - Negative: You are not a doctor.- Statement: They are cats. - Negative: They are not cats.

Here is the negative form of the verb "to be" in the Simple Present:

Singular PluralI am not

You are not He is not

She is not

It is not

We are not

You are not

They are not

2. Present Simple Questions

To make questions you simply invert thesubject and the verb.

- Statement: You are a doctor. - Question: Are you a doctor?- Statement: They are cats.

2.

3.

Alex No, I'm not. I'm a

doctor.

How are you?That's great!

What does your friend look like,

Kate?

Is he kind?

So Alex, what do you

do?I'm a

businessman. How about

you?I'm a

singer.

Alex Kate

Kate

Oh, he's tall,

handsome, and he has brown hair.

Kate

Alex

Kate, are you a teacher?

Alex

AlexYes, he's very

kind. He's really nice!

Kate

- Question: Are they cats?

Simple Present Question verbs are as follows:

Singular PluralAm I (a teacher) ?

Are you ...?

Is he ...?

Is she ...?

Is it ...?

Are we ...?

Are you ...?

Are they ...?

3. Short Answers

We can often answer these questions with a short answer using the verb "to be". For example:- Are you a teacher?- Yes, I am / No, I am not.

- Is he a student?- Yes, he is. / No, he is not.

Note that in spoken English we usually use contractions with the negative form. For example:- No, I am not = No, I'm not.

These contractions will be studied in a later Unit.

4.

teacherdoctorgreatdobusinessmansingerfriendlook liketallhandsome

учительдокторвеликолепный, восхитительный делатьбизнесменпевецдругвыглядеть похожимвысокийкрасивый (обычно о

hairbrownkindfunnyhappyweb designercutesmartreallyguitar

волосыкоричневый добрыйзабавныйсчастливыйразработчик web-страницпрелестныйтолковый, сообразительный, находчивый

Wow, that's great!

Alex

Alex

Hi, my name is Alex. I'm tall, I'm funny, and I'm

really happy. I'm a teacher and web designer. My friend's

name is Kate, she's very cute, tall, and kind. She's a

teacher, too. She's also really smart. It's nice to

meet you!

Kate

Ireland мужчине)Ирландия

drum действительногитарабарабан

U2 – Irish rock superstarsBono (singer)The Edge (guitar)Adam Clayton (bass)Larry Mullen (drums)

The band gets together in Dublin, Ireland in 1976. At the beginning of the 1980s they start to have hits in the UK and America.

They appear in the Live Aid concert in 1985, and after that they are international superstars. Their album The Joshua Tree comes out in 1987, and for nine weeks is at the top of the American charts. In Britain it sells 250,000 copies in two days. A year later the album Rattle and Hum has the same success. In the early 1990s they make a series of interestingand original CDs including Zooropa and Achtung Baby – and continue to sell millions of copies.Is their music Irish? Not really. Bono likes Irish folk songsvery much, but the band hasn’t got an Irish sound. It is sometimes American, sometimes British, sometimes pure U2.

But U2 are rather different from other big rock bands. For one thing, three of them are Christians – and sometimes theirconcerts have a religious atmosphere. Bono says: ‘We are Christians. But it’s a very private thing. We are not comfortable talking about it.’Also, they talk about serious problems. The song New Year’s Day is about the Polish anti-communist organization Solidarnosc in 1983. They support Amnesty International and Greenpeace.The group is well known for their political songs. Their message is peace and understanding. Even the name of the bandis about sharing this message with others: ‘U2’ also means ‘You too’.

Part I Make negative sentences

Example: I am not a baby.

1. You ..................... an animal.

2. John ....................... a girl.

3. Mike and Emily ...................... sick.

4. She ........................... sixteen.

5. We ........................ from Japan.

6. I .................... sad.

Part II

Make questions from the following sentences Note: You must finish your questions with a questions mark and

start your sentences with a capital letter, or these exercises will be marked as incorrect.

Example: You are a doctor. - Are you a doctor?

1. I am a student. - ........................

2. It is a bird. - .............................

3. It is a plane. - ...........................

4. We are friends. - ...............................

5. They are farmers. - ..............................

6. Jenny and Simon are from America. - ...........................

1. Kate, are you a......................?

No, I'm not. I'm a........................

That's great!

2. What does your........................ look like,Kate?

Oh, he's tall, handsome, and he hasbrown hair.

Is he ........................?

Yes, he's very kind. He's really nice!

3.

So Alex,

..................

. do you do?

I'm a.................... . How about

you?

I'm a ..........................

Wow, that's great!

4. Hi, my............................ is Alex. I'm tall, I'm funny, and I'm really happy. I'm a..................... and web designer. My friend's name is Kate, she's very cute, tall, and kind. She's a teacher, too. She'salso really smart. It's nice to.......................... you!

Write about your favourite music band.

Present Simple Spelling Rules

1.

Hi, let me tell you about my daily routine.

First, I get up at 8.00, then I brush my teeth,

have a shower, and eat breakfast. I go to work

at 8.50, and I start work at 9.30. Then I have

lunch at 1.00, and finish work at 5.30. I go to

bed at 11.00. That's my day!

1. Present Simple

The Simple Present is used to make statements about the present time. It is used in the following ways.- Permanent facts: These sentences give facts which are always true.It is cold in winter. - Thesun shines. - Fish live in water.- Present facts: These sentences are true now.

2. I work at home. - She plays the piano. "I work at home" doesn't mean I am working right now,but it does mean that in my present condition I work at home.

- Habitual actions: I get upat 8.00. - They come here every day.

These actions are repeated

Alex, do you have a

hobby? Sure, I read

books.Oh, I like books as

well. Do you watch TV? Yes, I watch TV

every day. I like drama and comedy programs.

Kate

Kate

Alex

regularly, so they are considered a present realityand are expressed in the Simple Present.Here is the verb "to give” in the Simple Present:

Singular PluralI giveYou giveHe givesShe givesIt gives

We giveYou giveThey give

2. Spelling Rules for thePresent Simple

3.

Hi! My name is Kate. I come from Ukraine. I'm

24 years old, I'm tall and I have black hair.

I like music and films. I also like reading

books. I play sports and I study English. I'm

really happy to meet you!

If you look above you'll see the spelling doesn't change, except for the third person singular (He, She, It) which adds an "s" to the verb. For example "I eat - He eats".

Sometimes other spelling rules also apply to He, She and It. All the following verbs add "es" instead of "s":

The short forms for the negative verb "to be" are as follows:

Verb Endings Spelling Examples

Verbs ending in -o add –es

Verbs ending in -s add –es

Verbs ending in -x add –es

Verbs ending in -ch add –es

Verbs ending in -sh add –es

Verbs ending in a consonant and -y often change the -y to –ies

Verbs such as "buy" have no

do - does, go – goes

pass - passes, kiss – kisses

fix - fixes, mix – mixes

match - matches, catch – catches

push - pushes, rush – rushes

try - tries, cry – cries

I like the news. And I go to the gym as

well. Me too! Let's go together.

That sounds great!

Kate

Kate

Alex

Alex

consonant before the "y", so you simply add -sas usual.

buy - buys, pay - pays.

daily routinefirstget upbrushhaveshowereatbreakfastgoworkstart lunchfinishbeddaycome come from Korea

ежедневный порядокпервыйподниматьсящеткаиметьдушедазавтракидтиработатьначинать обедатьзаканчиватькроватьденьприходить, прибыватьбыть из Кореи

black musicfilmsalsoreadplaysportstudyhobbybookwatch TVdramacomedynewsgymlet's together

черныймузыкафильмытакжечитатьигратьспортизучатьхоббикнигасмотреть телевизордрама, трагедиякомедияновоститренажерный залдавайтевместе

In love with horses

Elizabeth is fifteen. She lives just outside Sydney, Australia. Her favorite sport is hors riding.

‘I go riding every weekend,’ says Elizabeth. ‘I started at the age of seven, and I am quite good now. I sometimes enter jumping competition, but I never win! I cam third in competition last year.‘I just live horses. I have a collection of model horses in my bedroom. I have horse posters on my wall. And I read horsebooks.‘My cousin Claire in England is horse-mad, too. But she livesin London, and it is expensive to go riding there. Here in Oz*, lots of people have horses. I ride my Auntie’s horse, Twinkle. So I don’t pay anything. I just help my Auntie with Twinkle – cleaning, feeding and so on.’

*Oz = Australia

A day at school with Alice

Alice goes to Kingsland Secondary School in Bristol, England. This is a typical Tuesday...

‘Our class teacher, Mrs Ghani, does the register at 9 o’clock. She’s also our Maths teacher. She’s nice, but she often gets angry about stupid little things, like uniform.‘Assembly is in the school hall. The head teacher, Mr Barry Simmons. Talks to the whole school. He is sometimes very funny. We call him ‘Big Barry.’ And “Mr Simmons’ of course, when we speak to him!‘Tuesday is a good day. We have my two favourite subjects – Music and Art. The first period is music. Most of the class do singing in the hall, but I am in the band. So I play electric guitar in special music studio. We play really loudly – it’s great!‘Period 2 is Maths. I was good at Maths last year, but this year it’s very difficult, and Mrs Ghani is impatient.‘After break we have two periods of English. The first half hour is boring – we always do spelling and punctuation (my spelling is terrible!), but then we do literature. At the moment we’re doing Shakespeare’s The Tempest – it’s very interesting.

‘From 2 o’clock to 3.30, we have Art. I love drawing and painting, and I’m the best in the class (I think!), the teacher, Miss Terry, is excellent. She wears beautiful colours – completely different from the other teachers!’

Part I Make sentences using the correct form of the

verb in the Present Simple.

Example: She walks home. (walk) 1. I …………. cereal for breakfast. (eat)

2. She ................... work at 9.00. (start)

3. Dave and Tim .......................... some candy. (have)

4. Charlie ........................... films. (like)

5. He ........................... the piano. (play)

6. You .......................... great! (look)

Part II Use the correct spelling of the 3rd person singular.

Example: The bird flies in the sky. (fly)

7. He ................................. homework in the evening. (do)

8. Sarah .......................... to English class. (go)

9. The boy ............................. the ball. (catch)

10. Jenny ................................. her family. (miss)

11. The teacher ............................. us. (teach)

12. The baby ............................. at night. (cry)

1. Hi, letme …………you about my daily

routine. First, I ……….up at 8.00, then I ………… my teeth, have a shower, and ……….. breakfast. I ………. to work at 8.50, and I …………… work at 9.30. Then I have lunch at 1.00, and ………….. work at 5.30. I …………… to

2. Hi! My nameis Kate. I……………. fromKorea. I'm24 yearsold, I'mtall and I have black hair. I ………………. music and films. I also …………. reading books. I ………….. sports and I study English. I'm really happy to meet you!

bed at 11.00. That's my day!

3.

Alex, do you have a hobby?

Sure, I ………………. books.

Oh, I …………… books as well. Do you ………….. TV?

Yes, I …………. TV every day. I ………….. drama andcomedy programs.

I …………… the news. And I ………….. to the gym as well.

Me too! Let's ………….. together.

That sounds great!

What’s your favourite animal? (write 150 words) What do you do at work every day?

Present Simple Negative

Present Simple Questions

1.1. Simple Present Negatives

Simple Present negatives and questions are used in the samesituations as Simple Present statements: for permanent facts, present fact, and habitual actions.

- Permanent facts: I do not speak Japanese. - Fish do not live in water.

- Present facts: I do not work at home. - She does not play the piano.

- Habitual actions: I do not get upat 8.00. - They do not come here every day.

To make a negative sentence weput do or does after the subject. Because of this, the verb that follows do/does + not is always in the bare infinitive form.

For example: "I do not like pizza." is correct, but"I do not likes pizza is incorrect" - you don't need toadd an "s" to the verb "like".Do and does come from the verb "to do", which is often used as an auxiliary verb in English.Here is the negative form of the verb "to give" in the Simple Present:

Singular PluralI do not give We do not

2.

Hi, how are you today? Fine,

thanks.

Do you have

English class?

Yes, I have English class.

It's very interesting.

Your English is good. Do

you understand the teacher?

Well, yes, I understand. English is

difficult, but I learn quickly.

Well done!

Alex, do you have

a brother?

Yes, I have one brother. He's 23.

Do you have a sister?

No, I don't have a

sister. How about you?

I have two sisters. They are 17 and

20.

Alex

Alex

Alex

Alex

Alex

Alex

Kate

Kate

Kate

Kate

Kate

You do not giveHe does not giveShe does not giveIt does not give

giveYou do not giveThey do not give

2. Simple Present Questions

To make a Simple Present Questions you put do or does before the subject. For example: - Statement: I speak Japanese.

- Questions: Do I speak Japanese?- Statement: She likes pizza. - Questions: Does she like pizza?

3. As with negatives, the verb after do or does (and the subject) is always in the bare infinitive form. It is the auxiliary verb "to do", do or does, which changes.

Simple Present Question verbs are as follows:

Singular PluralDo I like (pizza) ?

Do you like ...?

Does he like ...?

Does she like ...?

Does it like ...?

Do we like ...?

Do you like ...?

Do they like...?

Negative questions are also

What do you eat for

breakfast?I eat sausages,

bacon, and fried eggs.

Oh, that's not very healthy. I

have fruit juice and cereal. That's really good.

For lunch I eat french fries and a burger. Do you eat

fast food?No, I eat

chicken and rice for

lunch. It's delicious.

Wow, you're very healthy. Do you like sports?Yes, I play

tennis and soccer. Do you play sports?

Not really. I stay home and watch TV. I like films.

Oh, me too. Let's watch a film together!

Alex

Alex

Alex

Alex

Kate

Kate

Kate

Kate

Kate

possible but are used for several more advanced ways. We'll deal with them later!

haveveryinterestingyesyourgoodunderstandteacherdifficultlearnquicklybrotheronetwoeatbreakfastsausagesbacon

иметьоченьинтересныйдатвое, вашехорошийпониматьучительтрудныйучитьбыстробратодиндваедазавтраксосискибекон

friedeggshealthyfruit juicecereallunch French friesburgerfast foodsporttennissoccerplaystay homewatch TVlikefilms together

жареныйяйцаздоровый, полезныйфруктовый соккрупа, кашаленчкартофель фригамбургерэкспресс-закусочнаяспорттеннисфутболигратьоставаться домасмотреть телевизорнравитсякинофильмывместе

India

Alex

English is one of the official languages in India. (there

are fourteen others!) All government documents are in

English, and the bank notes are in Hindi and English. 15-

20% of the population of 850 million speak English. All

schools in towns teach English, but not those in small

villages in the country.

13-year-old Uma Sivagnanasuntharam lives in Madras,

capital of Tamil Nadu, in South India.

‘My parents speak English very well. Especially my

father,’ says Uma. ‘My mum is a doctor and she did her

medical studies in English. My dad has a business selling

paper and he travels all over India and Sri Lanka. He

uses English all the time in other parts of India;

obviously, they don’t speak Tamil everywhere. He says

that in every little village there is always one person

who speaks English.

‘At home we speak Tamil, the language of Tamil Nadu. But

we mix it with English quite a lot. Our neighbors are

from Punjab in the North of India, and we always speak

English with them.

‘Most of our newspapers and magazines are in English. I

think it’s good. English gives us a way into something

international. Not only films and music, but scientific

things like medicine. We don’t worry about losing our own

culture. It’s not really British or American. It’s our

own Indian English.’

Part IMake negatives from thesesentences.

Make questions from thesesentences.Note: You must finish your questions with a question mark and start your sentences with a capital letter, or these exercises will be marked as incorrect.

Example: She likes fruit. – She doesn't like fruit.

1. I like spaghetti. - .........................................2. He meets his friends. - .........................................3. Terry plays the violin. - .........................................4. Kate and I watch TV. - ........................................5. They start work at 9.00.- ........................................6. Jenny calls her grandmother. - ........................................

Example: She likes fruit. – Does she like fruit?

1. She needs a pen. – .............................................2. I have a car. - ..............................................3. They get up at 8.00. - ..............................................4. Jack sits with Lisa. - ..............................................5. She sends letters to herfriend. - ..............................................6. We play cards. - ..............................................

Part IIUnscramble these words tomake questions.

Complete the dialogues below. Use any kind of Present Simple sentence.

Example: She does fruit like. – Does she like fruit?.

Example: __________ a watch? (have) - Do you have a watch?

1. Jenny to school go does - ..............................2. like do films you - .................................3. want he does an apple - ...............................4. have a book do you - .....................................5. does taste good orange juice - ...................................6. he does in a supermarketwork - ......................................

A: ......................... (you/like) sports? – ...........................................

B: Sure, I really.............. (like) tennis, but I .............(not/like) football. How about you? - ………………………….................................................................

A: I ................ (love) running. It's my favourite sport. – ………………………................................................................

B: That's good. I.................. (not/run) a lot. I drive mycar. – …………………..............................................................

A: Well, I ................(have/not) a car. I run everywhere! – ……………………….................................................................

1. Hi, how are you today?

3. What …………….. you eat for breakfast?

I eat sausages, bacon, and fried

Fine, thanks.

………. you haveEnglish class?

Yes, I have English class. It's very

interesting.

Your English is good. ………………… you understand the teacher?

Well, yes, I understand. English is difficult, but I learn quickly.

Well done!

eggs.

Oh, that …………… very healthy. I have fruit juice and cereal.

That's really good. For lunch I eat french friesand a burger.……….. you eatfast food?

No, I eatchicken andrice for lunch.It's delicious.

Wow, you're very healthy. ………… you like sports?

Yes, I play tennis and soccer. …… you play sports?

Not really. I stay home and watch TV. I like films.

Oh, me too. Let's watch a film together!

2. Alex, …………. you have a brother?

Yes, I have one brother. He's 23.

………………… you have a sister?

No, I …………. have a sister. Howabout you?

I have two sisters. They are 4and 15.

Why do you want to learn English?

What is the official language of your country? What can you say about it?

Short Form of Verb ‘TO BE’

1.1. Short Forms Many verbs have short forms which are used particularly in spoken English. For example: "Iam happy today" = "I'm happy today". The short forms of the verb "to be" are as follows:

Singular PluralI am = I'm

You are = You're

He is = He's

She is = She's

It is = It's

We are = We're

You are= You're

They are = They're

Be careful not to confuse it's with its. It's means "it is", butits is a possessive form we'll study later.

2.2. Negative Short Forms - Simple Present Verb "to be"There are two main short forms for the negative of the verb "to be": "You are" becomes "You're not" or "you aren't". For example:- She is not happy = She isn't happy = She's not happy.- We are not singers = We aren't singers =We're not singersThe short forms for the negative verb "to be" are as follows:

Singular Plural

They are doctors.

No they're not,

they're teachers.

Oh, you're right!

Alex

Kate

Kate

Hi Kate, how's it going?

Oh, I'm OK, but I'm so tired. I don't want to

study.

Me too, these days we're very busy.

Let's study tomorrow. I want to go to the

cinema!Oh, I don't want to miss class. Let's study!

You're right, let's go to

class. Then we aren't busy, We're free!

Alex

Alex

Alex

Kate

Kate

I am not = I'mnot = I amn't*You are not = You're not = You aren'tHe is not = He's not = He isn'tShe is not = She's not = She isn'tIt is not = It's not = It isn't

We are = We're not = We aren'tYou are= You're not = You aren'tThey are = They're not =They aren't

* "I am" Negative Contraction

You can say "I am not", and you can say "I'm not", but you can't say "I amn't".

3. 3. Negative Short Forms - Simple PresentSimple Present negatives contract in two ways: "do not" becomes "don't" and "does not" becomes "doesn't". For example:- Statement: I do not like pizza = I don't like pizza.- Questions: He does not drive a car = He doesn't drive a car. And just in case you need it, here's a table of Simple Present contractions.

Singular PluralI do not =I don't

You do not = You don't

He does not = He doesn't

She does not =She doesn't

It does not = It doesn't

We do not = We don't

You do not = You don't

They do not =They don't

You're right, let's go to

class. Then we aren't busy, We're free!

That's great!

Kate

I am hungry.

AlexMe too, I'm

really hungry!

Kate

I’m hungry!

So, we’re hungry

together!

AlexLet's get some

food!

Kate

Hungrylet'sgetsome fooddoctorrightOKsotired

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Technology

1. The first computers were very bigand slow. In 1943, Britain had a computer called ‘Colossus’. It worked with electronic tubes – like light bulbs. The first American computer in 1946, ‘ENIAC’, had 18,000 tubes. It weighed 30 tons, and it filled a room of 160 m2!

The ENIAC computer could do 5000 operations per second. Today the Cray supercomputer can do 2 billion operations per second.

Today you can buy a personal organizer with more power than ENIAC. It costs about $150, and you can put it in your pocket!2. Martin Tse, ages sixteen, lives in Melborne, Australia.‘I really enjoy writing programs. It sounds difficult. But even an eight-year-old can write a simple program. One of my programs can play chess. It can beat me, but it can’t beat mymom. She’s an excellent chess-player!‘I sometimes write games. ‘Scramble’ is my latest word game –a bit like a crossword puzzle. You get points for each letter. It’s simple – but it works.’3. Mike Aghopian works for ICM, a computer company in California.‘As you probably known, the chip is the brain of the computer, the most important part. Why does it have to be small? Well, there are two reasons.‘Number one is convenience: we want nice, small, portable machines. Number two is speed: in a small circuit the electronic signals arrive faster, simply because they travel a shorter distance.‘Today’s chips are very small indeed. But we design the electronic circuit on big pieces of paper. Then we make a bigphotographic negative – as big as a table. Finally we print this picture on a piece of silicon, 250 times smaller than the negative. That’s the secret of making chips!‘We cut the pieces of silicon under a microscope. Then we test the chips. Only 30% work correctly, so we throw away about 70%. That’s why they are expensive.’

4. Electronic technology can change people’s lives. Jan is deaf, and she can’t use the telephone. She used tо ask her father to make phone calls for her. She spoke to him in sign language, and he ‘translated’. But many of Jan’s friends are deaf. So they needed a ‘translator’ to receive the phone call, too. All very complicated.‘The textphone is magic,’ says Jan. ‘Deaf people always dreams of something like this. Now I can use the phone myself! I simply type something on my keyboard and the other person can read it immediately on their textphone. They type an answer. And so on. We can have a conversation.‘I am excited about the next bit of technology – the ‘videophone’. It has a TV screen so you can see the other

person. That means deaf people can use sign language on the phone! At the moment, the picture is not good enough for that. But maybe in four of five years’ time...’

Part IRewrite these sentences using contractions of the verb "to be".Example: ______ a student. (She is) - She's a student.

1. ........................... happy today. (I am)

2. ........................... from Tokyo. (He is)

3. ........................... hungry. (We are)

4. Kate and I ........................... at home. (are not)

5. .......................... smart students. (They are)

6. .......................... a beautiful picture. (It is)

7. The weather ........................... good today. (is not)

8. You .............................. sad today. (are not)

9. We ............................... (are) Japanese students.

10. It ................................. (is not) my book.

Part IIComplete these sentences using contractions of the verb "to do" if it is possible.

Example: He ______ bread. (not like) - He doesn't like cheese.

1. I ........................ in Canada. (not live)

2. She .................... from Russia. (not come)

3. We ..................... TV at home. (not watch)

4. ........................... a pen? (you have)

5. ............................ to watch a film? (they want)

6. ............................ a bicycle? (he ride)

7. ............................. to the gym? (she go)

8. She ...................... to the gym. (not go)

9. ............................. a car? (they drive)

10. ........................... happy? (you feel)

1. Hi Kate, how's it going?

Oh, I'm OK, but ................ sotired. I .................... want to study.

Me too, these days .............. very busy. Let's study tomorrow. I want to go to the cinema!

Oh, I don't want to miss class. Let's study!

You're right, ................. go to class. Then we ................ busy, we're free!

2. They ............. doctors.

No ................... not, they'reteachers.

Oh, .............. right!

3. I .................. hungry.

Me too, ................ really hungry!

So, we’re hungry together!

Let's get some food!

What do you think about new technologies? Do we need them? Why? / Why not?

Directions and Addresses Prepositions of Place

1.

1. Prepositions of Place

Prepositions show relationships between things. For example: "The

Go straight, and it's next to the

bank.Thank you!Alex Kate

Excuse me, where is the post

office?Alex

lamp is on the table" contains the preposition "on". This word shows thespatial relationship between the lamp, and the table.The most common prepositions of place are: in, on, under, next to, in front of, behind, at.Look at the following pictures to learn their meaning:

In, on, under, in front of, and behind are clear from the pictures above. Example sentences are:- The dog is in the box.- The cat is under the table- The man is next to the building. At however is a more abstract concept - it is used to refer to a point in space, usually apoint on a line. See below formore explanation.

2. In, On, AtIn is used to show something that surrounds or encloses us.For example:- I sleep in my bedroom.- The desk is in the room.In is also used for geographical areas such as cities and countries, for example: "I live in London" or"I live in England".

On is used to show something that is on a surface. For example:- I sleep on my bed.- The paper is on the desk.On is also used for street

2.

3.

4.

No, it's not. It's not there.

Oh, sorry, it's in the cupboard next to the

soda.

Alex

Alex

It's in the refrigerator!

Kate

Thanks. And where is the

cereal?

Kate

Great! Let's have some breakfast!

where is the cereal?the

fruit juice?name?

Alex

Kate

Um, on the shelf, I think.

What's your

address?

And what's your zip code?

Where do you work? I work in a

bank, I'm a secretary. How about

you?I'm a shop assistant. I work

at the local store.

Hi Kate, where's the fruit juice?

I live at 34, East 39th Street,

New York.

Kate

Kate

Alex

My zipcode is NY 10061-2134

Thank you.

Alex

Where's that?

Kate

Alex

Alex

It's the yellow building on Green

Street, next to the clothes store.

Alex

Kate

Alex

names, for example: "I live onOrchard Road". At is used to show something that is at a particular point,often as part of a line. For example:- He is at the bus stop.The bus stop is one point in aline of bus stops.- John is at the bank.John is at a particular place or point, the bank. The bank is part of his journey and also part of a street, both ofwhich can be seen as lines.At is also used for complete addresses, for example: "I live at 22 Orchard Road, London, England."-----So why do we live "on a street" but "in a city"? And how can you know for sure whento use in, on, or at? It depends on the perspective of the speaker, and what is considered acceptable in English. These are questions that all English learners encounter and they cannot be completely answered through rote memorization or lists of rules. As your exposure to English grows you will gain enough experience to be able to decide for yourself which is correct. Simply keep tryingto understand, and eventually you will.

excuse mewhere post officego straightnext tobank

извинитегдепочтаидите прямоследующий забанк, берег

there cupboardsoda shelfworksecretary

тамтумбочкагазированная водаполка, стеллажработасекретарь

No, it's not. It's not there.

Oh, sorry, it's in the cupboard next to the

soda.

Alex

Alex

It's in the refrigerator!

Kate

Thanks. And where is the

cereal?

Kate

Great! Let's have some breakfast!

where is the cereal?the

fruit juice?name?

Alex

Alex

Kate

Um, on the shelf, I think.

addressstreetzip codethank yourefrigerator

адресулицапочтовый индексблагодарюхолодильник

shop assistantlocal storeyellowbuildingclothes store

продавецместный магазинжелтыйзданиемагазин одежды

PlacesTraveling in New Mexico

New Mexico is one of the federal states situated in the Southwest of the USA. It is very dry with many deserts & canyons. It borders with the state of Mexico. This is why many inhabitants speak Spanish as well as English. You will alsofind Native American Indians too. It is amixture of different races, cultures and traditions. It has a small population of one and a half million and is one of the most under populated states in the USA. Its capital is Santa Fe, the oldest city in the USA. Its houses are very old in style and colourful too. Many film directors live here, because they believeSanta Fe is the ideal setting for westerns films.

In the main square in Santa Fe, there is an old railway station terminal. Itstrains cross mid-America up to Missouri. There are still some old steam engines that are still working. They remind you of the Wild West. Thereare also saloon bars and cowboys who walk around in the streets. It’s like going back into the exciting past, of cowboys and native Americans, horses and cattle, saloons and sheriffs, deserts, mountains and canyons.

One incredible attraction in New Mexico is the Rio Grande, abigger canyon than the Grand Canyon in Arizona/Nevada. Itsopen spaces and brownish yellow colour is impressive.So, on your visit to the United States, don’t miss New Mexicobecause films and photos are not able to show its true beauty!

Find the 10 mistakes in the passage below.

New Mexico is in the north of the USA. It borders withMexico, in central America. None of the inhabitants speakSpanish, but there are many Spanish customs and traditions.It is very highly populated and full of different races.The capital city of New Mexico is Albuquerque. Under itspavilions you can see native Spaniards selling theirjewellery and craft to tourists. In the past, New Mexicobelonged to the Spanish colonialists. It was then taken overby the native Americans.If you walk down a city street, it seems as if you are back in the Wild East. At the station terminal you will find some electric trains that remind you of the 19th century. Trains from the city go right up to the state of Mississippi. And ifyou like big, open spaces you can visit the Grand Canyon.

Part I Add one of the following prepositions: in, on,

under, in front of, behind, at.

Example: He lives ______ Italy. - He lives in Italy.

1. He works .......................... a bank.A. onB. atC. under

2. The lamp is ..................... the table.A. in B. on C. under

3. I sleep ....................my bedroom.A. atB. on C. in

4. He lives .............. 26, Rosewood Street.A. in B. atC. on

5. She lives ..................... a farm.A. atB. on C. behind

6. The store is .........................the library.A. next toB. on C. in

7. The car is ............................. the house.A. onB. in front ofC. under

Part II Unscramble these sentences.

Example: lives in he Korea - He lives in Korea.

You must use proper punctuation where necessary.

1. my computer is my desk on - .....................................

2. friend my is hospital in - ..........................................

3. books table on are the - ........................................

4. tigers in Africa live don't - ........................................

5. you home at are? - .....................................

6. cat the in front is of fire the - ...................................

7. cookies are the plate on the - ............................................

8. buy you food a supermarket in - .............................................

9. next it is to the post office? - .........................................

10. 32, Park Road, London, at lives he - .........................................

1. Excuse me, ................. is thepost office?

Go straight, and it's ...................... the bank.

Thank you!

2.

What's your.......................?

I live ..................... 34, East 39th Street, New York.

And what's your zip code?

My zip code is NY 10061-2134

Thank you.

3. Hi Kate, where's the fruit juice?

4. Where do you work?

I work .................... a bank,I'm a secretary. How about you?

I'm a shop assistant. I work ......................... the local store.

It's ........................ the refrigerator!

No, it's not. It's not there.

Oh, sorry, it's in the cupboard ................ the soda.

Thanks. And where is the cereal?

Um, ........................ the shelf, I think.

Great! Let's have breakfast!

Where's that?

It's the yellow building ................... Green Street, next to the clothes store.

Where do you like going on holidays?

What are the most favourite tourist spots in your country?

Question Words What? Where? Who? Whose? Why? When? Which? How?

1.

1. Question Words

Question words are used to askwhat we are talking about.Questions using question wordsfollow this order: Question word- Auxiliary verb - Subject.

Here are some question words and example sentences:

Question

Word

Usage Example

What

Where

Who

Whose

Why

When

Which

How

To ask about the nature of things andsubstances.

To ask about location.

To ask about identity

Top ask about posession

To ask about reason andpurpose

To ask about time

To ask

What colordo you like?What time is it?

Where are you?

Who is he?

Whose pen is this?

Why are you happy?

When do you get up?

Which one do you want?

It's 724-0458.

Do you have a mobile phone?

Alex

Kate

Alex, what's your telephone

number?

Alex

Sure, it's 018 234 8679. Do you have a mobile?

I don't have a mobile phone. I have an email

address though.

Oh, OK. What's your email address?

Excellent, thanks!

It's Kate@1-language.com

Alex

Alex

Kate

Kate

Kate

about a set of choices.

How has several usages, including askingabout process and method.

How do you makecoffee?

2.

To make a question with question words in the Simple Present, you simply make a normal question, and then put a question word in front. For example:

With the verb "to be":- Statement: His name is Alex.- Question: Is his name Alex?- With a Question Word: What is his name?

With other verbs:- Statement: I like flowers.- Question: Do you like flowers?- With a Question Word: Why doyou like flowers?

3.

So firstly, what's your name?

It's Kate Waters.

How do you spell that?

K-A-T-E W-A-T-E-R-S

Thank you. And where do you

live?

19 Rosewood Street, Toronto.

And what's your postal code?

It's M1C 2P3.

OK, thanks for your time,

Hyun Ju.

Hey Alex, what's the

time?Alex, when's your

doctor's appointment?

Er, it's 12.18.

It's at 12.30.

Alex?

Alex

Alex

Kate

Alex

Kate

Yes?

What?... Oh no!

Kate

You're late!

Kate

Alex

OK, bye!

telephone numbermobile phoneemail addressexcellent you're welcometimedoctor's

номер телефонамобильный телефонэлектронный адресзамечательнодобро пожаловатьвремя

appointmentlatenamespellthatlivepostal code

должностьпозднийимяобаяние, заклинаниетожитьпочтовый индекс

The story of McDonald’s

1937 The McDonald brothers, Dick and Mack, open a little drive restaurant in Pasadena, California. They serve hot dogs and milk shakes.

Who open a little drive restaurant in Pasadena?

1945 They have 20 waiters. All the teenagers in town eat

hamburgers there.

What do the teenagers eat in town?

1948 They get paper boxes and bags for the hamburgers. Theyput the price down from 30 cents to 15 cents. They cut the menu down from 25 things to only 9. There are no more waiters – it is self-service. So it is cheaper and faster. And they have windows all around the kitchen – so everyone can see it is clean. Parents start bringing their children to the restaurant. Poor families eat at a restaurant for the first time.

Why parents start bringing their children to the restaurant?

1960s The McDonald’s company opens hundreds of McDonald’s restaurants all over the States.

Where does the McDonald’s company open hundreds of McDonald’srestaurants?

1971 They open restaurants in Japan, Germany and Australia.

When do they open restaurants in Japan, Germany and Australia?

Now... the McDonald’s company opens a new restaurant every 8 hours! There are more then 14,000 restaurants in over 70 countries. The largest restaurant is in Beijing in the People’s Republic of Chine and the smallest in Ginza, Tokyo. The northernmost restaurant is in Fairbanks, Alaska and the southernmost in Gibson, new Zealand.

Which is the southernmost restaurant?

McDonald’s restaurants serve almost exactly the same food in ever country. But in Italy they serve beer, in Norway the McLak (salmon burger) and in the Netherlands the Groenteburger (vegetarian)!

How do McDonald’s restaurants satisfy their customers in differentcountries?

The story of Coca-Cola (or ‘Coke’)

The Coca-Cola story begins in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1886. John S. Pemberton (picture) invents a new drink. Two of the ingredients are the South American coca leaf and the African cola nut. Pemberton can’t think of a good name for the drink. Finally. Dr Pemberton’s partner Frank M. Robinson suggests the name Coca-Cola and writes the new in a special way – and thatbecomes the famous trademark.

Thirty years later the famous Coca-Cola bottle design firstappear. The style of the bottle and the trademark are veryimportant for the success of the drink.For many years. They make only Coca-Cola. They onlyintroduce new drinks – Fanta. Sprite and TAB – in the1960s, and diet Coke in 1982.The recipe of Coca-Cola is a secret. In 1985 the company does something almost incredible, they change the recipe! But the public is very unhappy. And, soon after, they bring back the original recipe: ‘Coca-Cola Classic’.Today they sell Coca-Cola in 195 countries. Hundreds of millions of people, from Boston to Beijing. Drink it every day. It has the most famous trademark in the world.

Now try these exercises, using the correct question word and the correct

auxiliary verb .

Part I Add the correct question word: what, when, where,

who, whose, why, which, how.

Example: ______ is it? - What is it?

1. ................................ is your name?

2. ................................ are you from?

3................................. are you today?

4. ............................... is he?

5. ............................... are you tired?

6. ............................... pen is this?

7. ............................... do you get up?

8. ............................... fruit do you like, oranges or lemons?

9. ............................... does David have?

10. ............................. old is she?

Part II

Complete the questions and answers.

Example: Whose pen is this? - It's my pen.

1. ....................... time is it? - ...................... 7.30.

2. ...................... do you live? - I ......................... in New York.

3. ....................... car is this? - ........................ my car.

4. ....................... is John? - ........................... at home.

5. ....................... are you? - ......................... fine, thanks.

1.

Alex, .................. your telephone number?It's 724-0458.

Do you have a mobile phone?

Sure, it's 018 234 8679. Do you ................ a mobile?

I don't have a mobile phone. I have

2. Hey Alex, what's the ...................... ?

Er, it's 12.18.

Alex, ..................... your doctor's appointment?

It's at 12.30.

Alex?

Yes?

You're. ...................!

What?... Oh no!

an email .................. though.

Oh, OK. What's your email address?

It's Alex@1-language.com.

Excellent, thanks!

3. So firstly, what's your name?

Ha Hyun Ju.

..................... do you spell that?

H-A H-Y-U-N J-A.

Thank you.And .................. doyou ....................?

19 Rosewood Street,Toronto.

And ..................... 's your postal code?

It's M1C 2P3.

OK, thanks for your time, Hyun Ju.

OK, bye!

Write ten questions to ask your friend. Write about your friend using the answers you get.

Objective Pronouns ‘Like’ as a Verb ‘Like’ as a Preposition

1.Objective Pronouns

Subjects are what a sentence is about. For example:- I like rice.In this sentence I is the subject - I is what the sentence is about.Objects are what is affected by the action of the subject. For example:- I want a table.- I am reading a book.Object pronouns are used instead of object nouns, usually because we already know what the object is.- My friend's name is Hyun Ju. I really like her.- I like this book. I read it every day.

2.The Subject and Object Pronouns are as follows:

Singular PluralI - MeYou - YouHe - HimShe - HerIt - It

We - UsYou - YouThey - Them

Subject pronouns are not normally used on their own in short answers. We use object pronouns, for example:- Who want some candy? Me! / Not me!- Who wants some candy? I /

Do you know Andy?

Sure, he's in my class, I study with him. Why?

Hey Alex, do you like lemons?

Yea, I really like them.

And do you like rice?

Alex

Alex

Kate

Kate

Kate

Oh, nothing. I want him to help me, that's all.

Ok, thanks!

I have his 'phone

number. Call him!

Alex

Alex

Kate

Sure, I like it.

Yep, I like that too. Why do you ask me?

And how about chicken?

Kate

Alex

Alex

Not I! This is very unusual.

4.

What's that?

Oh, it's a photo of my family. Look, she's my Mum.

Oh yea, I know her. Who's he?

He's my brother, everybody likes him. Look, that's my father.

Wow, he looks like you. And look at the big dog!

Yea, he's really big. He looks like you!

knowwithwhyhimnothinghelpmehisphone numbercalllemonthem rice

знатьспочему, зачемемуничегопомощьмнеегономер телефоназвоноклимонимрис

sureitchickenaskdinnerphotofamilylookmyeverybodyfatherlooks likedog

конечноэтоцыпленок, курицаспрашиватьобедфотографиясемьясмотретьмойкаждыйотецвыглядеть каксобака

Sounds great!

I want to make lemon chicken for

dinner.

Kate

Alex

What do you like?

Phuoc Tien (‘Tony’ to his friends) lives in Melbourne, Australia. He is a very good dancer. He only listens to dance music.

‘If you can’t dance to it, what’s it for? I like Prince, Hammer, and quit a lit of good new bands, likeSilverfish.’ Tony can’t go to discos, because he’s not old enough. But he and his friends do a lot of dancing.

‘Some of my friends have really nice parents. They just go out and leave us alone so we can make a bit of noise. Or sometimes we put our money together, buy some batteries for the cassette player, and go dancing in the park. That’s OK. Other kids join in, and you make new friends!’

Maggie, from London, isn’t very interested in the latest fashions in music.

She hasn’t got pictures of Silverfish on her bedroom wall. She doesn’t like rap or indie groups. She prefers her parent’s record collection, and she knows alot about the history of rock.‘My all-time greats are Jimi Hendrix, Lanis Joplin, and The Beatles.’

Lee, from Liverpool, follows the latest fashions in music; if it’s not new, it’s no good.

‘Two years ago a lot of American groups weredoing really well. But that’s all finishes, right? The only good music now is coming from new British bands like Primal Scream, Nine Inch Nails and Mega City Four. They’re called ‘Indie’ bands. That means ‘independent’ – not with big record companies like Polygram and EMI. But not many people appreciate them. Old people justthink they’re dangerous.’

In Atlanta, Georgia, Mark listens toa lot of rap.‘Actually, I like all types of music. But at the moment rap is my number one. Call it ‘rap’, or call it ‘hip-hop’, it’s the same thing. Public Enemy are really good, and soare De La Soul. And I really respectsome of the first hip-hoppers, like Afrika Bambaataa. The words are important. It’s not just music – there’s a message. You can dance andthink at the same time!

Change the sentences using Object Pronouns.

Example: I like the teacher. - I like him.

1. She calls Mary. - She calls ..........................

2. You eat breakfast with David. - You eat breakfast with .................................

3. We don't like fast food. - We don't like .......................................

4. I miss my family. - I miss ......................................

5. He wants the book. - He wants............................?

6. Max likes David and me. - Max likes ................................

7. We give present to Mum at Christmas. - We give presents to .....................................

8. I want to see the film. - I want to see ...................................

9. We love to meet Peter and Julie. - We love to meet ......................................

10. I want to talk to Paul. - I want to talk to .................................

1. Do you knowAndy?

Sure, he's inmy class, Istudywith ..................... Why?

Oh, nothing. I want him to help ..................., that's all.

I have his 'phone number. Call .....................!

Ok, thanks!

2. Hey Alex, do you like lemons?

Yea, I really like ..........................

And do you like rice?

Sure, I

like ......................

And how about chicken?

Yep, I like that too. Why do you ask ....................?

I want to make lemon chicken for

dinner.

Sounds great!

3.

What's that?

Oh, it's a photo of my ............................ Look, she's my Mum.

Oh yea, I

know ........................ Who's he?

He's my brother, everybody likes ........................ Look, that's my father.

Wow, he looks like you. And look at the big dog!

Yea, he's really big. He looks like .......................!

Write about your favourite person:

a. what is he/she like?b. What does he/she like?

Countable / Uncountable Nouns How Much / How Many

1.

I have a brother and two sisters. I love my family. (Correct)

I have brother and two sisters. I love my a

family. (Incorrect)

1. Countable Nouns

All nouns are countable or uncountable. Countable nouns have the following properties.- They can be counted, for example 1 apple, 2 apples, ...etc.- They can be made plural. - They can take the indefinitearticle a/an.

2. Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns have the following properties.- They usually can't be counted, for example 1 money, 2 money, ...etc.- They usually can't be made plural. - They usually don't take the indefinite article a/an.Some is often used for plural nouns. For example:- I have some apples.- I have some food.

2.

She has a cheese sandwich, an apple, and some milk for lunch. (Correct)

She has some cheese sandwich, a apple, and a

milk for lunch. (Incorrect)

3.

My house is in London. It has a living-room and two bedrooms. In the morning I study English, and in the afternoon I work in a store. (Correct)

My house is in a London. (Incorrect)

In the morning I study an English, and in the afternoon I work in store. (Incorrect)

This is covered later in more detail.Here are some common countableand uncountable nouns. Countable Uncountab

leappletreepersondogkiloliter

timericebeefmoneyinformationhelp

Countable nouns often refer toindividual things, and

physical things. For example: a person, a tree, a kilo. Uncountable nouns often refer to non-individual things, and abstract things. For example rice is not an individual thing, it's seen as group of hundreds of small grains. Loveand sadness are abstract, not physical things.

3. Countable and Uncountable Nouns’

Some nouns can be countable and uncountable, depending on how they are used. For example: - Countable : A glass of milk. Here glass refers to one container made of glass. - Uncountable : You can see through glass. Here glass doesn't refer to one thing, it refers to glass as a substance.- Countable: He has many papers. Here papers refers to some of individual documents.- Uncountable: Paper is made from wood. Here paper is not an individual thing, but a general substance. Whether something is countable or uncountable takes time to learn and can only be achieved through long term exposure to English. Also, what may seem logical in your own language may seem completely illogical in English! Learning a language involves learning another culture's point of view, and as always, the guidelines above should be used to help your own understanding rather than as hard and fast grammar rules. Good luck!

lovecheesesandwichapplemilklunchhouse

любовьсырсэндвичяблокомолоколенчдом

inLondonliving roombedroommorningafternoonstore

вЛондонгостинаяспальняутрополденьзапас, склад

Fish’n’chips

150 years ago in England, mothers and fathers in poor families had to go out to work in factories. There was no time to shop and cook. So they bought fast food in the street. The most popular was fried fish with piece of bread.Then in the 1870s something new came from France – pommes de terre a la mode. The English called them ‘chips’*. Soon there were fish’n’chips in an old newspaper – with a lot of salt and vinegar on top. Today fish’n’chips are still very popularin Britain – but they come in clean white paper bags!

(* In the USA they call them ‘French fries’.)

Lent

Lent is the period of forty days before Easter. For Christians it’s a time to give up something – for example, to stop eating sweets. Then at Easter, children in Britain eata lit of sweet things – especially chocolate Easter eggs!

Lent begins on a Wednesday, and many people eat something special on the day before, ‘Shrove Tuesday’. In Britain they eat pancakes.

Pancake recipe

100 gramm of floura pinch of salt2 eggs200 ml milk with 75 ml water2 tablespoons melted butter or oila little oil for frying the pancakesome sugar and one lemon

Mix the flour and eggs with a fork.

Slowly mix in the milk and water. Put a little oil in the pan. Heat the pan (very hot). Pour in one and a half tablespoons of mixture. Cook for about 30 seconds. Toss* the pancake once. Serve with a little sugar and lemon juice.

(*Toss = throw in up so that it turns over.)

Part I

Write "c" if the noun is countable, "uc" if the noun is uncountable.

Example: tomato – c

1. tree - ..........

2. money - .........

3. rice - .........

4. water - ..........

5. cup - ..........

6. friend - ..........

7. school - ..........

8. love -.........

9. table - ........

10. time - ...........

Part II Use a singular or plural verb in the following

exercises. Remember uncountable nouns always take singular nouns.

Example: I like cheese. (like)

1. Milk ...................... healthy. (be)

2. Grape juice ..................... good. (taste)

3. Grapes ....................... delicious. (be)

4. A grape ......................... on the floor. (be)

5. Rome ......................... (be) a beautiful city.

6. Monkeys .......................... bananas. (eat)

7. Sandwiches ........................ good. (be)

8. You .......................... great pizza. (make)

9. The pictures .......................... beautiful. (look)

10. English .......................... interesting. (be)

1. I have ................... brother and two sisters. I love my family.

2. She has ................ cheese sandwich,................. apple, and .................. milk forlunch.

3. My house is in .................. London. It has................. living-room and two bedrooms. In the morning I study ................... English, and in................... afternoon I work in a store.

Write the recipe of the most favourite traditional food of your country.

Articles Definite Articles Indefinite Articles

1.

I play soccer and basketball. I like to study English but I don't like math. (Correct)

I play a soccer and a basketball. I like to

study a English but I don't like a math.

(Incorrect)

1. Articles

Articles are a kind of adjective, they show how particular or how general a noun is. There are three kinds of article: the, a/an, and havingno article, zero article.

2. A/An - Indefinite Article

A is used for indefinite things. For example: - I have a book. I don't have a specific book, just any book in general. - She lives in a house. Again, the house is just a general house,not a particular house.A is also used only for singular countable nouns. For example:- A book, a chair, a person, abuilding, etc.An has the same meaning as a. A is used in front of words starting with a consonant sound, such as b, c, d, g, p. An is used in front of words that start with a vowel sound such as a, e, i, o, or u. For example:

2.

My bedroom has a door and a window. (Correct)

My bedroom has the door and the window. (Incorrect)

Please open the door. (Correct)

Please open door. (Incorrect)

- a bear, a fox, a newspaper.- an apple, an egg, an umbrella.An can also be used before words starting with "h".

3.

Where do you live?

I live in Chicago. (Correct)(I live in a Chicago - Incorrect)

And what do you do?

I'm a vet. I help animals. (Correct)(I help an animals - Incorrect)

Sometimes this is optional, for example: a hotel, or "an hotel". Here the "h" sound in hotel is pronounced.Occasionally this is not optional, for example: an honor, not a honor. The "h" sound in honor is not pronounced, so this word actually starts with the vowelsound "o". As a result, we need to use an.

3. The - Definite Article

The is used for particular,definite things. For example:The is used for something already mentioned. particular, definite thing.For example:The is used for a particular, definite thing.For example:

4. Zero Article

Zero article is generally for when something is seen as neither definite or indefinite, it simply exists.Zero article is used in front of plural countable nouns. For example:I like eggs. I like an eggs.Flowers are beautiful. A flowers are beautiful.Zero article is used in front of singular uncountable nouns. For example:I like milk. I like a milk. Soccer is fun. The soccer is fun.Zero article is used in front of proper nouns. For example:My name is Jeremy. My name is a Jeremy.I live in London. I live in a London.

These are guidelines not rules, and usage of all articles depends entirely on the current context and perspective of the speaker. Articles take a long time to master, especially if your native language does not have articles such as in Korean or Japanese. Try to understand what things are definite and what things are not from an English perspective, and as you experience more English your confidence and ability with articles will grow. Good luck!

soccerbasketballmathbedroomdoorwindowplease

футболбаскетболматематикаспальнядверьокнопожалуйста

openliveChicagovethelp animal

открытьжитьЧикаговетеринарпомощьживотное, зверь

American football

You are at the Rose Bowlfootball stadium in Pasadenafor the biggest game of theyear – the Super Bowl. TheDallas Cowboys are playingthe Buffalo Bills. There are100,000 people in thestadium. You are eatingpopcorn and a hotdog, and youare waiting for the game.There’s music, and thecheerleaders are dancing.At the fifteen-minute breaks, there’s more music, and time toget dome more popcorn. At half time there is a really big show. Really big. With Bruce Springsteen, 700 dancers and incredible special effects.

The strange world of cricket

Cricket is a bit like baseball:the batter hits the ball and

runs. But there are some berry strange things about cricket...

People play it only in English-speaking countries. The big cricketing countries are England, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, New Zealand. South Africa and the ‘West Indies’ (that’s the name of the team; it includes many islands in the Caribbean – Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad etc.).Some countries, like USA, Canada and Ireland. Hardly play it at all, and have no national team.

Both teams wear the same color – white. It is a very slow game. Thirteen players are on the

field, but ten of these stand still most of the time. The matches are very long. International matches last

five days!It is a very popular summer game. In every town and village in England there is a match on Sunday. It is on TV and the radio all through the day. It is the same in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad. And in India, Australia and Sri Lanka.So it can’t be completely stupid!

Part I Use the correct article: "a", "the", or " " (zero

article).

Example: I like _____ oranges. (zero article) - I want an orange.

1. I have ..................... book.

2. .................. book is really interesting.

3. My pen is on ................... table.

4. I am .................... teacher.

5. ................ teacher at my school is really nice.

6. What is it? It's ...................... elephant.

7. We live in .................... Portugal.

8. I have ..................... rice and..................... chicken for lunch

9. A chick is ..................... baby chicken

Part II Use the correct article: "a", "the", or " " (zero

article).

Example: I like _____ oranges. (zero article) - I want an orange.

1. Do you want ......................... drink?

2. .................. writer writes books.

3. ....................... artist paints pictures.

4. Do you like ........................ soccer?

5. Let's go to .......................... department store.

6. I like listening to .......................... music.

7. I like listening to ....................... radio.

8. He studies ...................... art and............................ math.

9. I'm sick, I need to see ........................ doctor.

1. I play ................... soccer and basketball.

I like to study English but I don't like................... math.

2. My bedroom has ................. door and.................... window.

Please open .................... door.

3. Where do you live?

I live in.................. Chicago.

And what do you do?

I'm .................... vet. I help...................... animals.

What are your nationality stereotypes? Describe a typical person of your country.( 250 words)

Plural Nouns

1.Plural Nouns

-s ending - Plurals are generally made by adding -sto the noun. For example:

What's on your

shopping list? 4 tomatoes, some

carrots, 2 kilos of potatoes, 6 oranges, some cherries, 2

bottles of grape juice, a box of strawberries, 6

bottles of water, and some chicken. What about you?

Alex

Cat - cats, tree - trees, building - buildings.

There are a number of exceptions to this rule, here are some of the most common ones.

-es ending: Nouns ending with-o, -s, -x, -z, -ch, and -sh usually add -es to the noun. For example:tomatoes, dresses, foxes, quizzes, watches, stashes.

- ies ending: Nouns ending with a consonant + -y usually replace the -y with-ies. For example:country - countries, party - parties.

- ves ending: Some nouns ending in -f replace the -fwith -ves. For example:wife - wives, knife - knives, elf - elves.

.

2.

Er, 5 pizzas and some soda.

4 tomatoes, some carrots, 2 kilos of potatoes, 6 oranges, some cherries, 2

bottles of grape juice, a box of strawberries, 6

bottles of water, and some chicken. What about you?

Let's go to the supermarket

together. You need help!

I need some new clothes. Me too, I need

some trousers and shirts.

I need shoes, a couple of scarves for winter, and two dresses.

So let's go shopping this afternoon.

Good idea!

Alex

Alex

Alex

Kate

Kate

Kate

Kate

Kate

3.

What do we need for tonight?

We need French fries, burgers, and some soda.

How about some fruit and potato chips?

OK, sounds great.

As always, memorizing these rules isprobably less helpful and much less interesting than exposing yourself to real English usage and learning them at the same time

shoppinglisttomatoescarrotskilo potatoesorangescherriesbottlegrapejuiceboxstrawberrieswater pizzasoda

покупка товаровсписок, переченьпомидорыморковькилограммкартофельапельсинывишнибутылкавиноградсоккоробкаклубникаводапиццасода, газированная вода

supermarketneednew clothestrousersshirtshoescouplescarfscarveswinterdressthisgood ideatonightpotato chips

супермаркетнеобходимостьновая одеждабрюкирубашкатуфлипарашарфшарфызимаплатьеэтот, эта, этохорошая мысльсегодня вечеромкартофельные чипсы

Sandy, 15, comes from Seattle, USA

Sandy usually wears jeans. She has a black pair, a white pair and three blue pairs. ‘Iwear jeans to school. I wear them on the weekend. And for going out, I wear new white jeans.’‘They are comfortable, and they always lookgood. You can wear them with T-shirt and sneakers or with nice shoes and a jacket, fashion changes quickly, and you have to buy new things all the time. But jeans always stay in fashion. And they’re strong.I have a pair of my Mom’s old jeans – and Imean really old! They still look good.’

Athletics shoes

They are called ‘athletics shoes’ or ‘running shoes’ or ‘sports shoes’. But these days 95% of athletics shoes are in the street, in classrooms, and in the offices – not in the gym or on the sportsfield.

Everybody wears them. Young people, old people, kids, rock stars, even teachers – everybody!So are athletics shoes fashionable? The answer is yes... and no. To be fashionable, you have to get the right athletics shoes.For American school-kids two things are very important: 1) they have to be expensive. If you only spent $40 on your athletics shoes. Forget about fashion! 2) they have to have the right name on them. What is the right name? Sorry. We can’t tell you. That changes every year. Right now it may be Adidas. Nike, Puma, Head, Reebok, or something new. Ask an American kid!

Part I Write the plural form of these nouns.

Example: tree - trees

1. bird - ....................

2. girl - .....................

3. house - ......................

4. tomato - ..........................

5. fox - ............................

6. dress - ..........................

7. child - ..........................

8. woman - ..........................

9. country - .........................

10. building - ...........................

Part II Write the plural form of the nouns in brackets.

Example: I have some oranges. (orange)

1. Do you like .....................? (cherry)

2. Where are my ..........................? (key)

3. Tara goes to ........................ at the weekend.(party)

4. Don't play with ......................... (knife)

5. Jim has three ........................... at home.

(dog)

6. He needs new .............................. (shoe)

7. One fish, two ................................ (fish)

8. Italy has beautiful ............................. (city)

9. I like ............................, they're really fun. (quiz)

1. What's onyour shoppinglist?

4 .................., somecarrots, 2kilos of potatoes, 6....................., some cherries, 2 bottles of grape................, a box of strawberries, 6 bottles of water, and some chicken. What about you?

Er, 5 pizzas and some.....................

Let's go to the supermarket together. You need help!

2. I need some new..............................

Me too, Ineed sometrousers andshirts.

I need shoes, a couple of............. ...... forwinter, and two.......................

So let's go shopping this afternoon.

Good idea!

3.

What do we need for tonight?

We need French .................., burgers, andsome soda.

How about some .................... and potato.......................?

OK, sounds great.

Write an account and answer to these questions in it:

a. Do you like shopping? Why?/why not?b. How often do you go shopping?c. Where do you go shopping?d. What is the name of your most favourite shop?e. What is it like?

Demonstrative Pronounce This / That These / Those

1.Demonstratives - this, that, these, those

This/that/these/those show the relative distance between the speaker and a noun.

This refers to something nearto the speaker, that to something further away. Theseis the plural of this, and those is the plural of that.

Hey, these hot dogs look good.

OK. And what's this?

Yep, I like them too. Try some of those tacos as well, they're delicious.

bottles of grape juice, a box of strawberries, 6

bottles of water, and some chicken. What about you?That's chicken

soup, it's really good too. Eat up!

Alex

AlexKate

Kate

Sometimes demonstratives arepronouns, for example:- "This is my Mom." Mom is near to the speaker- "These are my books." The books are near the speaker.- "I don't like that." He doesn't like something that is further away.

Sometimes demonstratives canalso be adjectives, for example:- That man is a doctor. - I like those jackets.

2.

3.

Do you like this sweater? Yea, that

looks good. I like this one

as well.

Oh yea, that looks great! It goes well with these

shorts.

And these boots are cool as well.

Try them on!

Oh yea. I want the shorts,

boots, and the sweater.

Alex

Alex

Kate

Kate

These pants are really

big.

Kate

Look at these pants. They're so

small!

How about those shoes?

Which shoes?

Alex

Alex

Alex

Kate

Kate

Let's buy them!

Look, those. They look really

weird. Come on, let's go to a different

store. We need the right size!Kate

Alex

thesehot dogtrytacoas well asdeliciousandsoupsweaterlooks goodthis one

этогорячая сосискапопыткатако так же как, а такжеочень вкусныйисупсвитерхорошо выглядеть

shortsbootscoolpantssosmallwhichweirddifferentrightsize

шортыботинкипрохладабрюки, кальсонытоже, такжемаленькийкоторый

непохожий, другойправильность, праворазмер

Which one is your style?

Pat: ‘I’m a punk. And all punks have crazyhair, you known. I often change the color.Sometimes it’s pink or green.’Lee: ‘The hairdresser shaves it once a week. That’s expensive, but I don’t have to buy shampoo, conditioner or gel.’Jo: ‘I don’t look like a girl. Lots of menhave ponytails – look at Bono in U2.’Sam: ‘I never go to the hairdresser. I do to myself – I just cut the ends and the fringe in front of a mirror.’Robin: ‘It takes hours to do. I like it because it is traditional. African women wear their hair like this.’

Part I

Complete the sentences using this, that, these or those.

Example: I like this picture. (this, these)

1. .......................... is a red box.

2. ............................ is a blue box.

3. ................................ are boxes.

4. .............................. are boxes

5. .......................... is a red box and............................. is a blue box.

Part II

Complete the sentences using this, that, these or those.

Example: I like this picture. (this, these)

1. ...................... shirt looks great.(That, Those)

2. Look at .................... man over there.(this, that)

3. ...................... is a beautiful day today.(That, This)

4. Do you like ...................... flowers?(that, those)

5. What are the answers to ....................... questions?(this, these)

6. I love ......................... shoes but I don't like ......................... shirt.(these, that), (those, that)

7. Let's watch a film................................. a good idea.(This is, That's)

8. Whose house is ......................... ?(those, that)

9. This book isn't very good , but.......................... book's great. (that, this)

1. Hey, ................. hotdogs look good.

Yep, I like................. too. Trysome of.................. tacos aswell, they're delicious.

OK. And what's this?

.......................'s chicken soup, it's really good too. Eat up!

2. Do you like ................... sweater?

Yea, ..................... looks good. Ilike this oneas well.

Oh yea, thatlooks great! Itgoes well with................. shorts.

And these boots are cool as well. Try them on!

Oh yea. I want the shorts, boots, and the sweater.

Let's buy them!

3.

These pants are really big.

Look at .................. pants. They're so small!

How about ............... shoes?

Which shoes?

Look, those. ................. look really weird.

Write a dialogue between to friends who are going to buy several items of clothing.