SEMANTIC TYPES AND SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF ...

SEMANTIC TYPES AND SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF

ADJECTIVES IN WONDERFUL INDONESIA ARTICLES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

VERONIKA LOURU JAGA LADU

Student Number: 174214140

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2021

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii



AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By



DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2021


iii

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis



By



Approved by

Anna Fitriati, S.Pd, M.Hum February 22, 2021

Advisor

Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.Sc February 22, 2021

Co-Advisor


iv

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis



By



Defended before the Board of Examiners

On February 26, 2021

and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

NAME SIGNATURE

Chairperson : Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. ____________

Secretary : Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.Sc. ____________

Member 1 : Arina Isti‟anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. ____________

Member 2 : Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. ____________

Member 3 : Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.Sc. ____________

Yogyakarta, February 26, 2021

Faculty of Letters

Universitas Sanata Dharma

Dean

Dr. Tatang Iskarna


v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously

submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of

my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by

any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate

thesis.

February 21, 2021

Veronika Louru Jaga Ladu


vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Veronika Louru Jaga Ladu

Nomor Mahasiswa : 174214140

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul



beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan

dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,

mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain

untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun royalti

kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 21 Februari 2021

Yang menyatakan,



vii

I called upon the LORD in distress:

The LORD answered me, and set me in a large place.

Psalm 118:5


viii

DEDICATED TO

MYSELF & MY BELOVED FAMILY


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank the Lord, Jesus Christ, because only by His

grace and blessing, I could eventually finish this undergraduate thesis. Next, I would

like to show my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum., who

had patiently guided, supported, and given me advices during the process of working

on this undergraduate thesis. I also would like to thank Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.Sc., as

my co-advisor.

My special gratitude goes to my beloved family, my father Hermanus Dappa,

my mother Sisilia Pawolung, and my siblings Tasya, Gisel, and Patrik, for supporting

and encouraging me since day one. The unconditional love that they give me is the

best thing I treasure the most. Furthermore, I would like to thank all the lecturers and

staffs of Universitas Sanata Dharma for all of the good things I have experienced on

every occasion.

Finally, I would like to send my special regards to the members of Dolan, Kos

Dahlia, and highschool friends in Jogja. My college life would not be the same

without you all. I will forever cherish all the beautiful memories we have made.

Additionally, to my closed friends since childhood, Hilda and Jelin, thank you so

much for always having my back and keeping up with me and my life.



x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................................. ii

APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE .............................................................................................. iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .......................................................................... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ........ vi

MOTTO PAGE ......................................................................................................... vii

DEDICATION PAGE .............................................................................................. viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ x

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xii

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. xiii

ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................. xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1

A. Background of the Study .................................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation ......................................................................................... 6

C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................... 6

D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................ 11

A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................... 11

B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................................. 15

1. Semantics .................................................................................................... 15

2. Syntax ......................................................................................................... 19

C. Theoretical framework ..................................................................................... 24


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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 25

A. Object of the Study........................................................................................... 25

B. Approach of the Study ..................................................................................... 26

C. Method of the Study ......................................................................................... 26

1. Data Collection ........................................................................................... 27

2. Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................. 31

A. Semantic Types of the Adjectives .................................................................... 31

1. Value ........................................................................................................... 32

2. Physical Property ........................................................................................ 37

3. Color ........................................................................................................... 40

4. Dimension ................................................................................................... 41

5. Age ............................................................................................................. 43

6. Human Propensity ...................................................................................... 44

B. Syntactic Functions of the Adjectives .............................................................. 46

1. Attributive Function ................................................................................... 46

2. Predicative Function ................................................................................... 49

C. The Distribution of Semantic Types of Adjectives Based on Their Syntactic

Functions ......................................................................................................... 51

1. Semantic Types of Adjectives based on Attributive Functions .................. 52

2. Semantic types of Adjectives Based on Predicative Functions .................. 59

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 63

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 65

APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... 67


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LIST OF TABLES

1. Table 1. Semantic Types of Adjectives........................................................... 32

2. Table 2. Syntactic Functions of the Adjectives. .............................................. 46

3. Table 3. The Distribution of Semantic Types Based on Their Syntactic

Functions. ........................................................................................................ 52


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ABSTRACT

LADU, VERONIKA LOURU JAGA. (2021). Semantic Types and Syntactic

Functions of Adjectives in Wonderful Indonesia Articles. Yogyakarta: Department

of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

The use of adjectives has been a prominent feature to use in language of

tourism. In describing a destination, adjectives are essential as they give the readers

vivid idea about the destination. The adjectives used in the articles are various in

types and patterns. Wonderful Indonesia, the official tourism website of Indonesia,

provides a lot of information regarding the tourism in Indonesia and employs positive

images of Indonesia by means of adjectives to boost the promotion.

There are three objectives in this analysis. The first one aims to figure out

what semantic types of the adjectives used in the Wonderful Indonesia articles. The

second objective is to identify what syntactic functions of the adjectives are used. The

third objective is to investigate the adjectives‟ semantic types based on their syntactic

functions. The theory of semantic and syntactic are used to comprehend the entire

analysis.

The objects of the study were three articles related to Mandalika Lombok,

taken from Wonderful Indonesia. Mandalika Lombok is getting its popularity due to

the beauty of its nature and culture. Moreover, this is a descriptive research, meaning

that the researcher had to describe categories of information and accumulate the

findings in numerical form. Furthermore, purposive sampling is used since the

researcher only selected certain articles as the data from the whole population.

The analysis results in several findings. In semantic types of adjectives, there

are six types identified, value, physical property, dimension, color, age and human

propensity. The most-dominant semantic type is value since it is associated with

appealing images constructed by one‟s personal evaluation towards the object.

Besides, related to patterns of the adjectives, two syntactic functions are found,

namely attributive and predicative. Attributive function which acts as the pre-

modifier in noun phrase has the highest percentage compared to predicative which

occurs in the form of sentence. Since attributive tends to express permanent meaning,

the abundant use of adjectives especially value in attributive function represents

permanent and authentic images and enchance the worth-visiting image of the

destination as well.

Keywords: Adjectives, Semantic Types, Syntactic Functions


xiv

ABSTRAK

LADU, VERONIKA LOURU JAGA. (2021). Semantic Types and Syntactic

Functions of Adjectives in Wonderful Indonesia Articles. Yogyakarta: Program

Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penggunaan kata sifat dalam bahasa pariwisata sudah menjadi salah satu

faktor yang penting. Dalam mendiskripsikan sebuah destinasi, kata sifat penting

karena para pembaca mendapat gambaran yang jelas tentang destinasi tersebut.

Penggunaan kata sifat bervariasi dalam jenis dan pola. Wonderful Indonesia, situs

web pariwisata resmi milik Indonesia, menyuguhkan banyak sekali informasi wisata

di Indonesia dan seringkali menggunakan banyak kata sifat untuk memberikan

gambaran positif mengenai pariwisata Indonesia.

Terdapat tiga tujuan dalam penilitian ini. Pertama, bertujuan untuk menelisik

jenis-jenis semantik dari kata sifat yang dipakai dalam beberapa artikel Wonderful

Indonesia. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengidentifikasi fungsi-fungsi sintaksis dari

kata sifat yang digunakan. Tujuan ketiga adalah untuk megidentifikasi jenis-jenis

semantic dari kata sifat berdasarkan fungsi sintaksis mereka. Teori semantik dan

sintaks diaplikasikan untuk mengerjakan seluruh analisis.

Objek yang diteliti adalah tiga artikel yang berkaitan dengan Mandalika

Lombok yang diambil dari Wonderful Indonesia. Mandalika Lombok adalah destinasi

yang sedang popular karena keindahan alam dan kebudayaannya. Lebih lanjut, Ini

adalah penilitian deskriptif dimana peneliti harus menjelaskan kategori informasi dan

menghitung hasil temuan dalam bentuk angka. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini

menggunakan metode sampel bertujuan karena peneliti hanya memilih beberapa

artikel tertentu dari seluruh populasi.

Terdapat beberapa hasil temuan dalam analisis ini. Dalam jenis-jenis semantik

kata sifat, ada enam jenis yang digunakan yaitu value, physical property, dimension,

color, age, dan human propensity. Jenis semantik yang paling dominan adalah value

karena berhubungan dengan gambaran menarik mengenai suatu objek yang

digagaskan oleh evaluasi pribadi seseorang. Di samping itu, berhubungan dengan

pola kata sifat, ada dua fungsi sintaksis yang ditemukan, yaitu atributif dan predikatif.

Atributif sebagai pre-modifier dalam frasa kata benda, memiliki persentase tertinggi

dibandingkan predikatif yang berada dalam kalimat. Karena fungsi atributif

cenderung menunjukkan arti permanen, penggunaan kata sifat yang melimpah dalam

pola ini memberikan gambaran permanen dan otentik dari sebuah destinasi dan juga

menambah kesan bahwa destinasi tersebut layak untuk dikunjungi.

Kata Kunci: Adjectives, Semantic Types, Snytactic Functions


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Tourism is essentially a major industry that continues to grow rapidly over the

years. Tourism accommodates a leisure activity that is solely or no more than what is

meant to fulfill one's desire to explore and experience a new world. Tourism has

paved its way to a broader scale until today. It undeniably cannot be separated from

the immense help of technology utilized by the tourism sector, particularly in

promoting and introducing tourism to any part of the world. Technological advances

in communication break the boundaries and make things more accessible for human.

In attempts to get to know a tourism destination, the website, as the most-used

reachable medium now, is a way to go. Pierini supports this idea by stating that "the

tourism industry is a global enterprise that has captured the relevance of the Web as a

new mass medium for contacting potential receivers all over the world and promoting

tourist products both in domestic and international markets" (2009, p. 95). This

strategy is then used by the official tourism website Wonderful Indonesia as a helpful

tool to boost its promotion.

The tourism website's existence has a significant point to provide much

information needed to reach many more global potential travelers to come. The

information should give a clear idea of what the destination or object looks like and

allow readers to picture it through the description given, hoping that it will appeal


2

totheir senses and give positive feedback in return. The ultimate strategy is to create a

language that could affect people's minds, feelings, and attitudes. Therefore, diction is

significant to shape the language even much more seducing and persuasive. Dann

believes that tourism has its nature of persuading and arising people's desire to do

something about it (1996, p. 55). In seducing millions of people into becoming

tourists, sufficient information about a destination is needed.

Concerning the information, Kolcun and Grabara give such enlightenment by

suggesting that "the first contact between a tourist and a touristic location is not the

location itself but a representation of it" (2014, p. 3). The representation meant by the

statement is reffering to the language. Language communicate the ideas of the

touristic location. Therefore, language is the fundamental part of it as words open our

vision of the world. After all, looking at the visual imagery of a destination would not

be enough. More than that, the image of the destination presented through the

language is worth concerning. Consequently, to deliver the information through

language, much attention has been paid to the linguistic features in shaping tourism‟s

language. Features in linguistics is a term used to refer to “any typical or noticeable

property of spoken or written language” (Crystal, 2008, p. 212). In the case of the

language of tourism for promotional purposes, several properties commonly used

include “imperatives, modal verbs, noun phrases, quality adjectives, personal

pronouns, and verbs” (Leech, as cited in Phongphon & Kardkarnklai, 2019, p. 124).

When it comes to describing something, the most noticeable linguistic feature

to use is adjective. Leech points out that the adjectives are the category of words that


3

specifically aim to "describe qualities of people, things, places, etc." (1966, p. 13).

Therefore, it is almost impossible not to use adjectives in the type of promotional

text. As a result, tourism mainly employs many adjectives. Adjectives employed in

tourism articles appear very positive, convincing, and strong. In line with the

statement, even though adjectives are quite disregarded as part of speech and less

attention has been paid to them. Again, Leech (1966) claims that adjectives are the

largest open word class after nouns and verbs. Not to mention, they have the same

degree of importance, linguistically. Hence, this category is regarded as descriptive

words.

When discussing adjectives as descriptive words, it matters to see how they

perform in text. From a semantic point of view, for example, that is to see the

meaning that they establish. Dixon asserts that “the lexical roots in every language

can be arranged in numbers of semantic types”, and not to mention that “certain types

have prototypical associations with a given word class” (1982, p. 11). Therefore,

there is a classification made for adjectives under some prototypical semantic types in

languages. The semantic types characterize what the adjectives concerning to, and it

is much easier to classify them through similarity of meaning that they establish. For

example, adjectives concerning dimension, value and physical property are some of

the prototypical semantic types for adjectives in general (Dixon, 1982, p. 11).

Meanwhile, from the syntactic viewpoint, adjectives can appear in texts in

several ways. The structures of adjectives are mainly there to modify nouns. Quirk,

Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvdc claim that since adjectives deal with structure, the


4

syntactic functions or the positions of adjectives can be either in the form of

attributive or predicative (1985, p. 402). Adjective functions as attributive when it

occurs right before the noun, for example the noun phrase beautiful panoramas.

Beautiful is the adjective that modifies and gives characteristic and quality to the

noun panoramas. Meanwhile, when an adjective is positioned after the predicate in a

sentence, it functions as predicative, eg. The skies are blue. Adjective blue comes

after the predicative are. Yet, it is there to describe the skies that have blue color.

As this analysis tries to show, adjectives have undoubtedly contributed much

to tourism's promotional communication purpose and created a positive and attractive

image of a particular destination. A central point to highlight here is that this study

attempts to bring attention to adjectives‟ frequent occurrence in tourism articles.

When it comes to describing something, adjectives are highly effective and

communicative tools to use. Adjectives, primarily in tourism-related text, present a

positive image and shape the identity of a particular object that they promote. Here is

an example of the use of adjectives in tourism text taken from Wonderful Indonesia.

How do you feel about starting your day watching the breathtaking sunrise peak over

Mount Rinjani? Well, you're in luck because Villa Nautilus has strategically located

itself at one of the best views of this glorious sunrise; and what a way to start a day at

one of the most beautiful islands in Indonesia. As well as having a prime spot for a

sunrise, Villa Nautilus also has excellent bungalows, with modern day furnishing that

will have you feeling very much at ease. A Cafe on site serves delightful Indonesian

and western cuisine that provides you as a guest with everything you need at your


5

beck and call. Interested? (5 Wonderful Hotels & Resorts to stay on Gili Meno,

Lombok, 22 Juli 2020).

Dann claims that language in tourism mainly "tends to speak only in positive

and glowing terms of the services and the attractions it seeks to promote" (1996, p.

65). Those existing adjectives above have added something interesting about the

destination because there are many positive values that the readers will experience

once they get there. Employing such adjectives means to impress them in a subtle

way. Language is the first thing that might change their attitude towards something.

The more appealing the words, the more people put interest in it, and it will help them

in the process of decision-making. Consequently, there should be a huge difference if

those adjective are dismissed from the text. The language in the text might sound

plain and less attractive. Moreover, the readers would not perceive the sense of the

destination that is being promoted. Hence, it shall make them less curious or even not

interested at all.

In this respect, the adjectives are worth observing and analyzing. Very little

work has been undertaken to investigate the significance of adjectives. Yet, it should

be considered that adjectives matter for promotional purposes. Mastering the way

how to communicate through language and compose a tourism text with proper use of

adjectives surely can be useful for the needs of tourism professionals. Adjectives need

more recognition and appreciation. By studying the importance of the adjectives, this

shall shed some light on the students or lecturers who want to conduct the same


6

research and help readers to be able to understand better the use and significance of

adjectives.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the explanation written in the background above, this analysis of

semantic types and syntactic functions of adjectives in tourism website articles will

be drawn into these three following research questions:

1. What are the semantic types of adjectives used in Wonderful Indonesia

articles?

2. What are the syntactic functions of adjectives used in Wonderful

Indonesia articles?

3. How are the semantic types of adjectives distributed based on their

syntactic functions?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulation above, the principal aim of this analysis is

to disclose and analyze the use of adjectives in three articles from Wonderful

Indonesia entitled Mandalika: The Ultimate Paradise in the Heart of Lombok, Going

to Mandalika for A Holiday? Try These 8 Trip Ideas, and 10 Wonderful Beaches in

Mandalika for You to explore. First of all, by analyzing the articles related to tourism,

this research investigates and identifies the semantic types of adjectives used in

Wonderful Indonesia under Dixon‟s theory of semantic types of adjectives. Going

further, since adjectives' nature describes the quality, the following part is to


7

comprehend the syntactic functions of adjectives to see the patterns of adjectives in

sentences by following the theory of syntactic functions proposed by Quirk et al.

D. Definition of Terms

Hurford defines adjective in general as "a word typically used to modify a

noun and describes some property of the thing referred to by the noun, such as its

shape, color, age, value, size, origin or the impression it gives" (2000: p. 8). In any

language, adjectives are one of the parts of speech that commonly deal with

characteristic description. Hence, adjectives in a particular sentence structure tend to

add up additional information regarding the object‟s quality signified. Crystal (2004)

also asserts the main characteristics of adjectives as follows. They can be premodified

by intensifying adverbs such as very, somewhat, and slightly and express the degree

of comparison using either inflectional morphemes -er/-est endings or more/most (p.

256).

Semantic types are notions in linguistic applications that refer to “a set of

entities sharing formal or semantic properties” (Crystal, 2008, p. 103). Meanwhile,

Dixon defines semantic types as a “conceptual basis” (1982, p. 11), meaning that

words or languages may be categorized into certain semantic types as long as they are

compatible with the characteristics in meaning and concept that the types denote.

Types can also refer to a superordinate category, showing hierarchy in terms of its

entity. As the types suggest general concepts, words (as subtypes) will be later

classified into each type. Therefore, there is a classification made for adjectives under

some prototypical semantic types in languages. The semantic types characterize what


8

the adjectives concerning to, and it is much easier to classify them through similarity

of meaning that they establish under some of the prototypical semantic types. Given

the explanation, it can be concluded that semantic types involve a meaning-based

relationship of word class, pointing out meanings as the central element. Therefore,

semantic types of adjectives here explain adjectives that inherit the same concept and

meaning by putting them together into categories.

Crystal (2008) asserts that syntactic functions are corresponding with

„syntactic relations‟ or „grammatical relations‟. He also suggests that those terms in

the linguistic analysis “have been used to characterize theories which treat the notion

of function as central” (p. 227). In grammar, the notion primarily is in terms of the

position in clause structure of a constituent. For example, a noun phrase; it

grammatically can „function‟ in sentence structure as the subject or object. Therefore,

syntactic functions of adjectives, in this case, will pretty much relate to the position of

adjectives employed in the tourism texts. The functions of adjectives in a text can be

either pre-modifier in phrasal level and subject complement in a sentencial level.

According to Jovicic (2016), Tourism Website can be considered as a

medium in "which tourists get important information on cultural attractions before

taking tourist trips." (p. 608). Tourism Website is the result of technological

advancements in a promotion. It heavily contributes to increase travel activities'

demand by providing exciting information about a destination for potential travelers

to come and visit the destination that is being promoted.


11

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three parts; review of related studies, review of

related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related theories explains

previous researches done by other researchers. The present research reviews three

previous research in the form of journals done by Isabel Durán Muñoz (2019), Ni

Luh Rara Tian Anyar Sari (2018) and Fransisca Kristanti (2015). The review reveals

similarities and differences between the present study and each reviewed journal.

Besides, the review of related theories covers the relevant theories that can be used to

undergo the present research. Furthermore, the theoretical framework is to point out

the contribution of the reviewed studies and theories in attempts to solve the present

research problems.

A. Review of Related Studies

In this section, the researcher provides three previous studies with similarity

in analysis or approach to support this study. There are three journal articles utilized

in this study.

The first analysis was conducted by Isabel Durán Muñoz (2019) entitled

Adjectives and their Keyness: A Corpus-based Analysis of Tourism discourse in

English. The objectives of her study were to show the significance of adjectives in

use compared to general language and prove that adjectives have contributed to the

linguistic characterization of tourism discourse. In doing so, Muñoz made a


12

comparison by measuring the frequency of the adjectives in the two most relevant

references corpora of English, namely Corpus of Contemporary American English

(COCA) and the British National Corpus (BNC). This study concentrated specifically

on evaluative adjectives using the lexico-semantic viewpoint. Based on the findings,

the research revealed the distinctiveness of using adjectives to characterize tourism

discourse compared to the general language by paying attention to the selected

adjectives as well as the adjectival patterns. Also, it confirmed the previous

assumptions of the use of evaluative adjectives in tourism discourse that evaluative

adjectives are the key roles to persuade potential visitors and make the object worth

visiting.

The major similarity between previous research and this research is that both

attempt to show how significant the adjectives, specifically when it relates to tourism

for promotional purposes. The difference is the focus of the analysis. Previous

research only paid attention to one type of adjective that is evaluative adjectives.

Meanwhile, this current research focuses on the occurrence of the semantic types of

adjectives in general. This previous research has been a huge help for the researcher

to carry out the analysis process on the understanding of adjectives concerning value.

The research‟s thorough explanation about adjectivisation in the tourism domain

makes it very helpful for the researcher to understand the contribution made by

adjectives for promotional communication in the tourism field.

The second analysis entitled English Compound Adjective with Special

Reference to Tourism Website was conducted by Ni Luh Rara Tian Anyar Sari


13

(2018). There are three objectives analyzed by this previous research; to identify the

constructions of the compound adjective, syntactic functions and the types of

meanings. The theories used are word formation (Bauer, 1983), syntactic functions

(Quirk et al, 1973), and theory of meaning (Palmer, 1984). Those several tourism

websites are Discover Hong Kong, Wonderful Indonesia, Italian Tourism Official

Website, and Visit the USA. Based on the final findings, the research found out that

the function of compound adjectives is mostly attributive and used as a pre-modifier

to modify a noun. Only a few of them have a predicative function while none have a

postpositive function. Moreover, mostly the meanings are transparent and can be

predicted from the components that construct the compound.

The similarities of the previous study with this research are seen from the

objective that is to seek an understanding of the syntactic functions of adjectives such

as attributive and predicative function. Also, the previous study used the tourism

website as the object such as Wonderful Indonesia, the same website as this

research‟s object. On the other hand, the difference can be seen from the aspect that

both researchers focus on. Previous research focuses on compound adjectives. In

contrast, this present research only focuses on the basic adjectives in general.

Nevertheless, this previous research has contributed to the syntactic functions

analysis process of the adjectives. It becomes guidance for the present research to

understand the functions and how to analyze them.

The third related study was conducted by Fransisca Kristanti (2015) entitled

Comparative Forms of Adjectives: the Semantic Classes and Syntactic Functions. In


14

that research, she identified the real-life distribution of the comparative forms of

adjectives. The analysis she conducted was a corpus-based analysis which discussed

comparative forms of adjectives from the linguistics perspectives. She used British

National Corpus (BNC) as the object with semantics and syntax as the approaches.

Ninety out of two hundred sentences containing comparative adjectives were

analyzed. From her analysis, Kristanti would like to confirmed the most predictable

semantic classes and syntactic functions. First, the comparative adjectives contained

descriptors as the most frequent occurrence. Second, comparative adjectives in

syntactic functions highlighted that the pre-modifier occurred the most.

Kristanti‟s analysis is quite similar with this present research in terms of the

objectives and the approaches used. Both researches identify the semantic types and

syntactic functions of the adjectives and apply theories of semantics and syntax as the

approaches. On the contrary, the previous analysis took comparative adjectives in

British National Corpus (BNC), while this present analysis analyzes the adjectives as

a whole within the selected tourism articles. Nonetheless, this previous research is

still relevant to the present researcher because it offers wider understanding of the

concept of semantic types and syntactic functions. It helps the researcher to be able to

carry out the classification of the types of adjectives and the syntactic functions. As a

result, the analysis process in this current research becomes much easier to do,

following this previous analysis as guidance.

In general, those three reviewed researches are mainly similar to this present

research. There is the same goal that all of them want to achieve that is to investigate


15

the adjectives from both semantic and syntactic point of view. Still, this present

research offers new point that wants to be achieved. It is to seek all semantic types of

the adjectives and examine how the adjectives appear in the text based on their

syntactic functions.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part provides the related theories utilized to answer the research

questions. The theories used by the researcher are semantics and syntax.

1. Semantics

In general, semantics is “the study of word meaning and sentence meaning”

(Griffiths, 2006, p. 15). Meaning in semantics is what comes from the basis of one‟s

knowledge of a language. Studying semantics helps to understand the knowledge of

the meaning and be clear on the aspect of the meaning conveyed in a language.

Griffiths claims that every word has meaning, and when words are constructed to

become sentences, the construction can influence the meaning as a whole (2006, p.

11).

Furthermore, Griffiths claims that “the sense of a word determines what it

denotes” (2006, p. 22). As he mentioned, what has been said about the meaning can

be employed in adjectives as well. Adjectives, in terms of semantic sense, aim “to

express property concepts”. Adjective includes word class “whose most prototypical

representatives denote object concepts and event concepts, respectively” (Pustet, as

cited in Jitpranee, 2017, p. 9). That is enough to conclude that adjectives by their very

own nature have their meaning and concept that they denote.


16

Dixon, in his book Where Have All the Adjectives Gone? (1982, p. 115), has

set seven semantic types of adjectives concerning meaning. They are adjective

meaning concerning value, adjective meaning concerning dimension, adjective

meaning concerning color, adjective meaning concerning age, adjective meaning

concerning physical property, adjective meaning concerning human propensity, and

adjective meaning concerning speed. Dixon, however, does not explain the definition

of each type in detail. Therefore, the researcher is going to use any other helpful

sources to define each type thoroughly.

a. Value

Dixon asserts that the value in adjective refers to personal evaluation (1982, p.

15). Value parallels to evaluative adjectives. This type of adjective is considered as

subjective as it is resulted from one‟s point of view. Adjectives concerning value

mostly imply one‟s personal judgment or opinion towards something. Using value to

describe things means that a person gives something or someone a value or quality

based on preference and perception. Also, values are essential, "as it may enhance the

truth value of the information on destinations and services, and, additionally, it

induces a 'worth-visiting' image in prospective tourists" (Kiss, 2018, p. 150). Here are

some examples that can be used to describe value: beautiful, amazing, wonderful, and

outstanding.

b. Dimension

Dimension is defined as “measurement in space, for example, the height,

width, or length of something” (Hornby, 2015, p. 416). It may be easy to know what


17

adjective words belong to this type. By its very nature, this type of adjective pictures

the clear insight about any measurable proportions possessed by an object in

particular. When used in tourism language, it mainly characterizes the features

concerning the spatial extent. Those measurements are usually in the form of height,

width, and length. Height explains the extent of an object from vertical extent or

position, for example high, low, short, tall. Width explains the measurement of

horizontal extent, from side to side, for example, wide, narrow, small, big, large,

spacious). Length is concerned with the measurement of the distance between one

point to the other point, for example, far, near, long.

c. Color

According to Hornby & Turnbull (2010, p. 286), color is “the appearance that

things have that results from the way in which they reflect light.” Therefore, humans

can see various kinds of colors only when there is a light. Once the light shines on an

object, the colors will be reflected. As a result, humans can see and distinguish

different colors. There are several common colors that humans must be familiar with

such as yellow, red, white, pink, blue, black, orange, purple and green. Therefore,

employing the adjectives colors in this article is to show what color that the object

has.

d. Physical Property

Sinclair claims that physical property in adjectives primarily refers to the

physical characteristics of properties that can be described through human sense

(2001, p. 1155). This physical property should be something that can be perceived by


18

human sensory perceptions such as sense of touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste.

Touch deals with the structure, texture, or weight of an object for example, soft,

smooth, rough, light, and heavy. Sight is concerned with what can be seen through the

eyes, for example, bright and dark. Hearing enables humans to perceive sound

through the ears; some adjectives can be used are noisy, loud, melodic, and silent.

Smell is a human sense that can be perceived through the nose with a process that

takes place when breathing in. Some examples of adjectives concerning sense of

smell are fragrant and fresh. Lastly, taste can be explained through the tongue to

distinguish various flavors, for example bitter, sweet, salty, and sour.

e. Human Propensity

Sinclair defines propensity as “a natural tendency that people have to behave

in a particular way” (Sinclair, 2001, p. 1230). The point of this type is to show

humans‟ traits when they are contributing to or dealing with something. This type of

adjective mainly is to explain the attitude of mind and feeling, for example angry,

jealous, proud, sad, happy, afraid. Besides, it can also indicate one‟s common traits

such as kind, generous, humorous, cruel, funny, and nice.

f. Age

As suggested by its name, this type of adjective referring to age reveals a

particular time when a person or thing has existed (Hornby, 2015, p. 28). Time

indicates the amount of time of the existing object. Some adjectives concerning age

are new, young, ancient, old.


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g. Speed

Speed in semantics deals with the rate of motion at which a thing moves or

performs (Hornby, 2015, p. 1452). It indicates the progress and pace of something

within a specific amount of time. This type of adjective can be used to rate the

performance by using these few adjectives such as quick, fast, and slow.

2. Syntax

Burton-Roberts (2011) states that “the primary concept of syntax is the study

of the structure” (p. 6). The structure can be in the form of phrase, clause, or sentence.

Structure is always something important to note. Recognizing the structures will be

very helpful in determining their functions.

In syntax, we learn that structures are the central part. A combination when

adjectives are established with other constituents whether in a phrase or sentence, that

projection will result in the creation of a new role or function. Also, there will be

more elaboration of meanings, in relation to semantics (Martinez, 1997 p. 309-310).

As adjectives are mainly to describe, a common function of adjectives is to modify

nouns (Griffiths, 2006, p. 55). The relationships established in the combination of

adjectives plus nouns make the adjective as the base of the new meaning that wants to

be conveyed.

The theory of syntax in adjectives contributes to apprehend the distribution of

adjectives based on their syntactic functions. These functions are to show the role and

positions of the adjectives in use especially when it comes to modify nouns. There are

two syntactic functions of adjectives that have been proposed by Quirk et al (1985).


20

They are attributive function and predicative function (p. 402–403). Crystal (2004)

states that most adjectives in general can appear either in attributive or predicative

position (p. 258). Nonetheless, there are still some exeptions worth noting that will be

explained in each function.

a. Attributive Function

Functioning as a modifier, the construction of adjectives occurs right before

the noun that they modify in Noun Phrase (NP) structure (Huddleston & Pullum,

2005, p. 18). The aim of putting adjectives as the pre-modifier is to characterize the

object or thing they denote directly. Here is an example.

Mandalika Lombok offers wonderful panoramas.

In the sentence, the underlined phrase contains adjective and the noun head. This

combination has formed a noun phrase. Here, adjective wonderful occurs before the

noun. Therefore, it premodifies the noun head panoramas.

Usually, there is a use of only single adjective that modifies noun in

attributive position. However, there is still a case when a noun is modified by two or

three adjectives at once. It is a detail given to present the nouns in quick succession

(Crystal, 2004, p. 259). In other words, the use of this attributive position is to avoid

using a lot of words, which is wasteful.

In relation to semantics, different position of adjective, whether attributive or

predicative, sometimes could result to the change of meanings (Crystal, 2004, p.

260). Accordingly, it is worth noting that the positions of adjectives also have

purpose. There are some semantic types of adjectives found in attributive position


21

only. When adjectives are placed attributively, they tend to express inherent

meanings. Inherent means that the adjective that modifies the noun gives the noun a

permanent characteristic.

Crystal points out some several adjectives that tends to only perform

attributively (Crystal, 2004, p. 262). First, adjectives express an absolute notion of

quantity of the head noun such as total in total mess and complete in complete fault.

Second, adjectives that are used to express a time or place relationship of the noun,

for instance former in former president and old in old friend. Third, adjectives that is

to identify a group or topic or what part of the noun is such as chemical in chemical

ingredient and medical in medical doctor. Fourth, adjectives that express the manner

or degree of a process such as strong in strong believer. Fifth, adjectives that is used

to express modal meaning such as would-be in woul-be model. Sixth, adjectives that

is to delimit or particularize rank such as main in main reason and first in first cause.

Last, adjectives to express a strong emotion (expletives) such as bloody in bloody

fool.

b. Predicative function

The predicative function is also to modify the noun, but usually, it comes after

copula “be”, or linking verbs such as become, feel, seem, and taste (Quirk et al, 1985,

p. 418). Unlike attributive which performs in noun phrases, predicative function

occurs in sentencial level instead. By means of sentence, adjectives come after the

predicate. Thus, adjectives in this function are regarded as subject complement.


22

Some examples are: the view is great, It feels good, the beach is clean, and the sun

becomes bright.

Adjectives can appear in predicative position if there is more than one

adjectives at once. This position is more suitable for longer sequences of adjectives

especially when it also coordinates with another complement such as adverb (Crsytal,

2004, p. 258). Using adjective predicatively means to give more “leisurely passage of

description” (p.259), for example: The beach is still completely clean and quiet

because not so many people knows it. The two adjectives clean and quiet are

positioned predicatively because they appear after the predicative is. Moreover, there

is another complement adverb completely before the adjectives that strengthen or

emphasize the adjectives.

Predicative functions in relation to semantics tend to express non-inherent

meaning or temporal meanings. There are also several characteristics of adjectives

that are used only as predicative (Crystal, 2004, p. 262). First, adjectives that express

a temporary state of poor health or physical condition such as unwell in he is feeling

unwell and drunk in she was drunk last night. Second, adjectives that begin with

prefix a- which also show temporary states such as asleep in she falls asleep and

alone in I am alone. Last, adjectives that require postmodification, prepositional

phrases, or infinitives, usually expressing a state of affairs existing at a particular time

such as bound in she is bound for South Korea and inclined in She seems inclined to

talk.


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c. Semantic Meaning of Adjectives in Relation to Syntatic Functions

Many adjectives can appear in attributive and predicative. Nonetheless, this

could evoke question whether a same single adjective that is used attributively and

predicatively can result to different meaning. To semantic considerations, however, a

few adjectives have tendency in changing the meaning when they are placed

attributively and predicatively. It should be noted once again that attributive tends to

show permanent characteristic and predicative usually reflect temporary states or

specific events (Celca-Murcia & Larsen Freeman, 1999, p. 388). There is an example

below that can help us to compare and understand the sytantic functions and change

of meaning caused by the position of the adjectives.

The beach is beautiful. VS. It is a beautiful beach.

The sentences given have different patterns of adjectives but using the same

single adjectives beautiful. Syntactically, this adjective indeed can be put in

attributive and predicative.

The first sentence “The beach is beautiful” is predicative as it comes right

after the verb and functions as a complement of the subject. Here, the adjective

beautiful appears after verb is and beach as the subject. Thus, beautiful is the

complement of the subject the beach. The second sentence “It is a beautiful beach.”

is attributive. Beautiful beach forms a noun phrase, in which the adjective beautiful

premodifies and gives vivid detail to the word beach.

To semantic considerations, different position result in the change in the sense of

the meaning. Predicative function tends to show temporary meaning, thus, the beach


24

is beautiful can later change into the beach is no longer beautiful. On the contrary,

noun phrase beautiful beach in It is a beautiful beach shows the permanent

characteristic given by the adjective to the noun as it premodifies the noun directly,

making it as a one permanent unit. The meaning itself is the beach is beautiful and

will always stay the beautiful.

C. Theoretical Framework

In attempting to analyze the semantic types and syntactic functions of

adjectives in Wonderful Indonesia articles, the researcher applies theories that can

support the whole analysis process. There are two theories applied; theory of

semantics and theory of syntax. Before carrying on the analysis, the researcher

provides the readers enlightenment of the definition of semantic types and syntactic

functions using Crystal (2008), and so it becomes easier to follow up and understand

the entire analysis. Therefore, the theories of semantics and syntax can be used for

further discussion.

The theory of semantics is used to answer the first problem. The researcher

uses semantic theory proposed by Griffiths (2006) to define and elaborate more the

semantic theory. Later, the theory of semantic types by Dixon (1982) is applied in

order to figure out what types of adjectives are employed in the articles. The

researcher classifies them into seven types of adjectives, as follows: dimension, age,

value, color, physical property, human propensity, and speed.

In comprehending the second problem about the syntactic functions, there are

some sources used. The definition and explanation of the theory of syntax are


25

explained using Burton Roberts (2011). Quirk et al (1985) has contributed to the

elaboration of syntactic functions. Based on the syntactic functions of adjectives, they

categorized them in two aspects: attributive and predicative function.

In attempting to answer the two problems formulated, the theories proposed

by Dixon (1982) and Quirk et al (1985) have given a significant contribution as they

map the whole analysis process thoroughly. Theory of semantic types by Dixon

(1982) guides the researcher to figure out and classify the adjectives based on their

types. On the other hand, syntactic theory has led the researcher to examine the

position of adjectives in use, by using the theory of syntactic functions by Quirk et al

(1985). Additionally, some other helpful references are taken from Hornby (2015),

Sinclair (2006), Huddleston & Pullum (2005), and Crystal (2008 & 2004). Those

references enrich the elaboration of some lacking theories and add some supporting

ideas thus strengthening the theories.


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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is structured into three prominent parts: object of the study,

approach of the study, and research method. The object of the study explains what

object is analyzed. The approach of the study presents the approaches used to

undertake the analysis. The method of the study shows the steps done by the

researcher to collect, arrange, and analyze the entire data.

A. Object of the Study

This analysis concentrates on the adjectives found in tourism articles. The

object analyzed is taken from Indonesia's official tourism website that is Wonderful

Indonesia. Wonderful Indonesia is part of Indonesia‟s government idea and effort to

introduce and promote the natural beauty of almost all regions in Indonesia to attract

either domestic or foreign tourists to come.

There are three articles used in this analysis, which are all related to

Mandalika, Lombok. The primary reason for choosing these articles is pure because

Mandalika, Lombok has a lot to offer to the tourists. Mandalika is developing over

the years and getting more popular as a must-visit destination in Lombok. The articles

are as follows: Mandalika: The Ultimate Paradise in the Heart of Lombok, Going to

Mandalika for A Holiday? Try These 8 Trip Ideas, and 10 Wonderful Beaches in

Mandalika for You to explore. Those three articles were published in October 2019


26

and have been read by approximately 3000s, which were the highest among all the

articles related to Mandalika Lombok.

B. Approach of the Study

Semantic and syntactic approaches are chosen in attempts to undertake this

entire analysis. Semantics is the study of word meaning and sentence meaning

(Griffiths, 2006, p. 15). Based on the definition given, semantic theory is applicable

for this study since this analysis aims to figure out the adjectives that belong to some

semantic types which is in accordance with their meanings. It will help the researcher

to reveal the meaning of the adjectives in the articles and classify them into the seven

types that have the same concept in meaning, following Dixon‟s theory (1982).

On the other hand, syntactic approach is also used in this analysis to identify

syntactic functions of the adjectives based on their patterns in distribution. The

pattern itself can be seen when the adjectives are combined with another word class

to be either phrase, clause, or sentence. It is in line with the concept of syntax as it

primarily deals with structures of word, phrase, and sentence (Burton-Roberts, 2011,

p. 6). This approach guides the researcher to see how adjectives are used in the article

based on their functions in syntax. The functions are either attributive or predicative.

C. Method of the Study

In conducting this research, there are two steps done; data collection and data

analysis. Data collection explains the steps of how the researcher identifies and

collects the data. Whereas, data analysis shows the way how the data is analyzed.


27

1. Data Collection

This is a descriptive research. According to Glass and Hopkins (1984),

descriptive research “involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes,

tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection”. Descriptive research involves

both qualitative and quantitative aspects because this analysis needs to describe

categories of information and still have to accumulate the findings in numerical form.

Furthermore, purposive sampling method suits the best in collecting the data. That it

because the researcher is able to choose any specific data from the whole population

to be the sample. As Creswell (2007) has asserted that “purposive sampling can

purposefully inform an understanding of the research problem and central

phenomenon in the study” (p. 224). Therefore, the researcher chose articles under a

consideration that the articles should have the most readers.

In doing so, there are some steps done. Firstly, the researcher selected only

three articles related to Mandalika Lombok from the Wonderful Indonesia website.

The three articles chosen were the most-read ones from six articles related to

Mandalika Lombok. The researcher then read the selected articles thoroughly. Next

step was marking and listing all the existing adjectives in the articles. Every sentence

from the three articles that contains adjective were splitted afterwards to be more

organized.

2. Data Analysis

In order to answer the first problem about semantic types, the researcher did

these following steps. After accomplishing the previous step in data collection, the


28

first thing to do in data collecting was comprehending their semantic and syntactic

level. The researcher collected and classified the adjectives into Dixon‟s seven types

of meaning, such as adjective concerning value, dimension, color, age, physical

property, human propensity, and speed. At the same time, the researcher also

identified the adjectives‟ position whether attributive or predicative, by following the

theory proposed by Quirk et al (1985).

In deciding whether an adjective belongs to one of the semantic type and

syntactic function, the researcher compared and explained the semantic property of

the adjectives with the characteristic of each semantic type. The researcher used the

Oxford Dictionary in the process of revealing and categorizing the meaning of the

adjectives.

The adjective blue in the noun phrase blue sky, for instance. Blue is associated

with color and it characterizes the color of the sky. Therefore, blue is the adjective

concerning color. Color is defined as aspect of the appearance of the objects reflected

by the light, in which it can be described in terms of hue, saturation, and lightness. In

relation to semantic property of blue, it is the color whose hue is similar to clear sky.

Therefore, the shared semantic property of blue is (+hue). On the other hand, in terms

of the position, the adjective counts as attributive as blue premodifies the noun head

sky. This process of classifying the semantic types and syntactic functions works the

same to all existing adjectives.

Here is exactly way how the researcher identified the adjectives. Every

sentence that includes adjective(s) will be listed down. For an easier identification of


29

adjective(s) within a text and sentence, there is a code used, just like the example of

code used below. The researcher also typed the adjective(s) identified in bold. After

marking the existing adjective(s) concerning the types of adjective, the researcher

then will explain and add more elaboration of the meaning and the semantic property.

The example is as follows:

T1.S1. Along the south coast of the beautiful Lombok island lies a long and wide

stretch of beautiful white sand beach facing the glistening Indian Ocean.

The adjective beautiful means having something that is pleasing the eye and

mind. With this definition given, beautiful alludes to the positive judgment, thus, it

has the semantic property (+goodness) in terms of beauty.

In the example of sentence given, there are actually more than one adjective,

but since it intends to show the adjective concerning value, then the adjective

beautiful is the only adjective typed in bold while the other are not. It goes the same

to other types. Only the adjectives associated with one type will be typed in bold

and discussed further within the analysis.

Abrreviation:

T1.S1 : Text 1, Sentence 1*

*Since there are three articles analyzed, the code number will be adjusted

coherently according to which text and sentence that the adjective(s) is in.

Answering the second problem related to syntactic functions, the researcher

still needs to categorize and calculate the numbers and percentage of syntactic


30

functions of the adjectives and present them in a table. Again, the order is from the

most dominant to the least one.

After the classification is made, the researcher will give explanation about

both functions; attributive and predicative, by taking examples from the articles. The

researcher takes some of the examples by putting the code of the sentence in the first

place, and thoroughly elaborate the explanations of the positions. The analysis of

syntactic function should be like this following example below.



The example taken is still identified by the use of code, to show in which text

and sentence the sentence is. The researcher will identify the adjectives by typing

them in bold, underlining the NP structure (if it is attributive) or sentence structure (if

it is predicative). Later, the researcher is also going to explain it deeper in the

discussion part. For example, the adjectives given below are attributive.

The third problem matters to see distribution of each semantic type in both

syntactic function; attibutive and predicative. By doing this last cycle of analysis, the

researcher intended to highlight the most dominant semantic type and syntactic

function of adjectives in the selected tourism texts. Additionally, it aims to see how

the adjectives are manifested due to the applications of the semantic types and

syntactic functions. As language in tourism is persuasive by its very nature, it is

worth investigating how significant the frequent use of certain semantic type and

syntactic function within the tourism articles as a promotional context.


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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter will include the findings and discussion that aim to answer the

problem formulation made in chapter I. Hence, there are three major parts of the

entire analyses. The first part will answer and discuss about the first problem

formulation; semantic types of adjectives that are used in the article. The second part

will cover to the second problem formulation; the patterns of the adjectives based on

their syntactic funtions. The last part will concern the distribution of semantic types

of adjectives based on the syntactic functions.

A. Semantic Types of the Adjectives

This part is intended to answer the semantic types of the adjectives used in the

three Wonderful Indonesia website articles related to Mandalika Lombok. The theory

of semantics and semantic types of adjectives have been thoroughly explained in the

previous chapter.

In comprehending the adjectives in each semantic type, the researcher types

the adjectives in bold. In a sentence, however, there could be more than one existing

adjective. As to avoid any misunderstanding, only adjective that is associated with the

given type will be typed in bold. For the rest adjectives in the sentence that do not

correspond with the type will be skipped unless they are compatible with the type that

is being analyzed.


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The result of semantic types of adjectives shows that out of the seven

semantic types of adjectives analyzed, only six types of adjectives are identified.

They are value, physical property, color, dimension, age, human propensity. From the

overall data, no adjectives concerning speed seem to appear in those three articles.

The distribution of the semantic types of adjectives is displayed in the table below.

The order of the occurences is made from the highest to the least type of adjectives.

Table 1. Semantic Types of Adjectives.

Semantic

Types

1 Text 2 Text 3

Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

Value 22 78,6% 23 56,1% 40 50%

Physical

Property

1 3,6% 9 22% 18 22,5%

Color 2 7,1% 5 12,1% 10 12,5%

Dimension 2 7,1% 2 4,9% 7 8,75%

Age 1 3,6% 2 4,9% 3 3,75%

Human

Propensity

- - - - 2 2,5

TOTAL 28 100% 41 100% 80 100%

The following part discusses each semantic type and the meanings revealed.

1. Value

From the three text analyzed, value places the first position in terms of the

number and percentage. As what has been explained in the theory of semantic types

regarding value, adjectives concerning value mostly imply one‟s personal judgment

or opinion towards something. Using value to describe things means that a person

gives something or someone a value or quality based on preference and perception.

Also, values are essential, "as it may enhance the truth value of the information on


33

destinations and services, and, additionally, it induces a 'worth-visiting' image in

prospective tourists" (Kiss, 2018, p. 150). Rather than stating facts, adjectives that

belong to this type are usually regarded as relative words because they are abstract

and might different in the judgement of people.

Since the tourism article aims to persuade and lure the readers to become

tourists, this semantic type is undeniably the most frequent type used. Adjectives

employed in tourism articles tends to have positive connotation. Therefore, adjectives

concerning value convey the implicit message for the readers to imagine a pleasant

experiences. Adjectives concerning value produce thought-provoking ideas to ensure

and encourage the readers.

All the adjectives concerning value in the examples given below present the

destinations in a subtle way. The adjectives concerning value highlights the good

images that the destination offers to the readers. These adjectives indicate personal

bias of a thing.

Below is the examples of the adjectives concerning value taken from the articles.

T1.S11. Blessed with beautiful nature and enhanced by the hands of

professionals, Mandalika is designed to make your dream vacation a

reality.

In these sentences, there is only one adjective concerning value found, that is

beautiful. Beautiful is used to express the quality of the nature, in which the nature

itself refers to the nature in Mandalika. The nature in Mandalika is valued by the

adjective beautiful. The adjective beautiful, according to Oxford Dictionary, means

having beauty and pleasing to sense or mind. By putting the word beautiful, the


34

article wants to say that the nature in Mandalika is a good environtment to be at and

pleasing the eyes of everyone. As suggested by the definition, the semantic property

of the adjective beautiful is corresponding with (+quality) of something that is

visually pleasing.

T1.S12. With all its exceptional splendors, a trip here will be unforgettable and

will make you long for more.

There are two adjectives concerning value found in the sentence; exceptional

and unforgettable. Firstly, the adjective exceptional values the word splendors in

Mandalika. Exceptional describes something that is having unusually good or

outstanding quality. Therefore, exceptional in exceptional splendors describes the

splendors in Mandalika that is outstanding and extremely good. Execptional has the

shared semantic property (+worth) in matters of good sense. This goes along with the

characteristic of semantic type value which involves assessment of the worth of

something. Secondly, the adjective unforgettable values the trip to Mandalika.

Unforgettable means memorable; that something is hard to forget usually because it

leaves good impression for you. With this saying, it indicates that the trip to

Mandalika is the memorable experience because it is so interesting. Unforgettable

here also indicates the (+worth) of coming to Mandalika as it offers an experience

that will leave good memories.


35

T2.S7. From a sumptuous array of international cuisines to tempting

traditional local meals, there‟s something for everyone when it comes

to the options of eateries on Kuta Street.

In this sentence, there are four adjectives concerning value found; sumptuous,

tempting, traditional, and local. Both adjectives belong to the adjective concerning

value. The adjective sumptuous value the array of international cuisines. Sumptuos

means looking expensive and very impressive. It means that the array of international

cuisines haves the expensive-looking, thus leaving a good impression for everyone.

On the other hand, the adjective tempting values the meals. Tempting means

something that is enticing or attractive and makes people who see it want to have it.

Putting adjective tempting indicates that the meals is appealing and will make people

want to eat or try it. Based on the definition of sumptuous and tempting, both

indicates the semantic property (+worth) and (+quality) that the meals render.

Traditional, in relation to the context it associated with, indicates the value it gives to

the meals. Traditional means something that is part of the beliefs. Meanwhile, local

indicates something that is belonging to or connected with the particular place that is

being talked. Traditional and local share the similar semantic properties of

(+importance) of the meals which have been the part of the beliefs of some particular

group of people who live in the same place.

T3.S1. Heaven for tourists from all over the world looking for peace, serenity and

beach fun, Mandalika is the perfect vacation spot!

Perfect is the adjective concerning value found in this sentence. Perfect gives

value to the phrase vacation spot, that is Mandalika. Perfect, according to Oxford


36

Dictionary, means that something has everything that is necessary. In other words, it

completes all the characteristics or qualities required or desired. By saying perfect

vacation spot, it wants to praise the quality of Mandalika as the vacation spot.

Mandalika has everything that is necessary and passes the qualities required. Perfect

indicates the goodness and desirability of something, thus, it shares the semantic

property (+worth) or (+quality).

T3.S18. Selong Belanak Beach is most admired by tourists, especially in the

months of the holidays like June, July, and August. Even with their many

visitors, they still maintain their extraordinary scenery.

The adjective found in this sentence is extraordinary. Extraordinary here

values the word scenery in Selong Belanak Beach. Extraordinary explains the quality

of something that is greater or better than usual, somewhat unexpected as it is

incredible. By saying extraordinary scenery, it implies that the scenery in Senong

Belanak Beach is surprisingly incredible. Extraordinary implies the semantic

property (+quality) or (+worth) since it talks about the positive judgment of the

scenery.

T2.S9. It‟s not difficult to find a unique accommodation option in Mandalika that

suits your travel style. From homestays to world-class resorts, from budget

hotels to splurge-worthy villas.

There are four adjectives appear in the sentences; unique, world-class, budget,

and splurge-worthy. They are adjectives concerning value. Firstly, unique values the

accommodation option in Mandalika. Unique means special; being the only one of its

kind or unusual; unlike anything else. The adjective unique in accommodation option


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indicates the distinctiveness of the accommodation option offered in Mandalika. This

adjective wants to emphasize that Mandalika is one of a kind, no other places would

offer the same thing as Mandalika does. Secondly, world-class values the resorts.

World-class means something has the quality as good as the best in the world. This is

meaning to say that the resorts in Mandalika offers international quality, as good as

the best in the world. Thirdly, the adjective budget values the hotels. Budget in word

class adjective means low in price; cheap. Budget explains the hotels in Mandalika

that is inexpensive or affordable with low price. Lastly, the compound adjective

splurge-worthy, from the word splurge and worthy. Splurge is from word class noun

that explains an act of spending a lot of money freely on something expensive.

Meanwhile, worthy is an adjective that when used in compound means deserving or

suitable for the thing mentioned. Therefore, the meaning of splurge-worthy in

splurge-worthy villas can be concluded as villas that is worth or deserving the money

extravagantly spent. The four adjectives specifically deal with the good things offered

by Mandalika in terms of its accommodation, resorts, hotels, and villas. All of them

have shared some similar semantic properties such as (+worth), (+quality), and

(+benefit).

2. Physical Property

Physical property in adjectives primarily refers to the physical characteristics

of properties that can be described through human sense such as sense of touch, sight,

hearing, smell, and taste. Touch deals with the structure, texture, or weight of an

object for example, soft. Sight is concerned with what can be seen through the eyes,


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for example, clean, clear, crystal clear, and shady. Hearing enables humans to

perceive sound through the ears; some adjectives can be used are quiet. Smell is a

human sense that can be perceived through the nose with a process that takes place

when breathing in. Some examples of adjectives concerning sense of smell are fresh.

Lastly, taste can be explained through the tongue to distinguish various flavors or

describe how something tastes, for example fresh. Below are the examples of the

adjectives concerning physical property taken from the articles.

T2.S1. Breathe in the scenic beauty of the secluded Seger Beach from the hilltop,

take selfies on the bamboo bridge, enjoy a fresh coconut, snorkel or go

surfing.

The adjective concerning physical property found in this sentence is fresh.

Fresh describes the coconut especially how it tastes or looks. From the way it looks,

the adjective fresh in fresh coconut has meaning that the coconut is new or recently

picked. On the other hand, fresh in relation to taste means that the coconut leaves nice

taste in your mouth and body that makes you feel satisfied. From these two

interpretation, fresh obviously belongs to physical property since it can be perceived

through human sense such as sight and taste. Therefore, for the semantic property,

fresh implies both (+taste) and (+new).

T2.S3. Find your own quiet spot at Tanjung Aan, one of the best beaches in

Mandalika, Lombok. Relax on the pristine white sand under a shady palm

tree or lounge under a bamboo parasol as you soak in amazing views of the

clear blue water.

The sentences above has four adjectives concerning physical property. They

are quiet, pristine, shady, and clear. Firstly, the adjective quiet proceeds the word


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spot at Tanjung Aan. Quiet describes the environtment of the spot that can be found

at Tanjung Aan, a beach in Mandalika. Quiet deals with the human sense of hearing.

Quiet means having very little noise because no many people around or activity done.

Quiet, thus, has the semantic property (+sound). Secondly, the adjective pristine

describes the white sand. Pristine relates to the condition, revealing that something is

fresh and clean like new. Therefore, pristine in pristine white sand alludes to the

condition of the white sand that is clean as if new, perceived by human sense that is

sight as people can judge whether it is clean or not based on what they see. Thirdly,

the adjective shady describes the palm tree. Shady means protected from direct

sunlight, either by trees or buildings. In this text, shady in shady palm tree describes

the palm tree that is providing shade from the sun. Lastly, the adjective clear

describes the blue water. Clear means easy to see through; transparent. Clear in clear

blue water explains that the blue waters can be easily seen through that people could

see everything in it. The semantic property of pristine, shady, and clear is (+view)

which deals with human sense sight.

T3.S4. Mandalika is a sheltered beach with crystal clear waters and soft white

sand.

Two adjectives found in this sentence are crystal clear and soft. Crystal clear

relates to something that can be easily seen through by the eyes. Crystal clear

describes the waters of the Mandalika beach. Crystal clear, in relation to water,

explains the water condition that is completely clear and bright that enables human to

easily see it through. Crystal clear has the semantic property (+vision) as it alludes to


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human eyesight. Whereas, soft alludes to the texture of something smooth and

pleasant to touch. Soft describes the white sand of Mandalika that has smooth texture

when touched. Soft has the semantic property (+texture) which is used to describe the

sensation of touching something.

3. Color

Color is “the appearance that things have that results from the way in which

they reflect light” (Hornby & Turnbull (2010, p. 286). Therefore, humans can see

various kinds of colors only when there is a light. Once the light shines on an object,

the colors will be reflected. As a result, humans can see and distinguish different

colors. There are several common colors that humans must be familiar with such as

yellow, red, white, pink, blue, black, orange, purple and green. Therefore, employing

the adjectives colors in this article is to show what color that the object has. Through

all the data analyzed, there are numbers of colors used such as green, blue, white, red,

orange, and gold.

T2.S6. Watch the stunning the coastline immersed in the gold, orange, and red

hues of the sky as the sun sinks into the ocean.

Gold, orange and red are the adjectives concerning colors found in the

sentences. These three colors describe the hue of the sky. Firstly, the adjective gold

explains the color bright yellow, like the color of gold. Secondly, orange is the color

between red and yellow, just like orange fruit. Lastly, red color is having the color of

blood or fire. Gold, orange, and red have the semantic properties (+hues) in order to

explain the color of the sunset.


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T3.S6. The weather in Mandalika is fantastic and you would enjoy the view of

green lush hills and the blue waters.

There are two adjectives in this sentence; green and blue. Firstly, green

describes the lush hills. Green means having the color of grass or leaves of plants and

trees. Green in green lush hills explains the hills covered by the grass/plants that are

naturally and normally having green colors. Green explains the semantic property

(+tone) of the leaves. Secondly, the adjective blue refers to the color of clear sky.

Blue in blue waters explain the color that the beach has. The color blue itself is

resulted from the reflection of the blue sky. Blue colors explain the semantic

property (+hue) of the blue waters.

T3.S15. This beach looks like a private beach and you can experience the

sparkling waters and white sand as its highlighted by the sun.

The adjective found in this sentence is white. White describes the sand. The

characteristic of white is having the color of fresh snow or milk. Therefore, white in

white sand refers to the sand that has the color of fresh snow and milk. White shares

the semantic property (+shade) or (+tone) which is naturally possessed by the sand.

4. Dimension

By its very nature, this type of adjective pictures the clear insight about any

measurable proportions possessed by an object in particular. When used in tourism

language, it mainly characterizes the features concerning the spatial extent. Those

measurements are usually in the form of height, width, and length. Height explains

the extent of an object from vertical extent or position. Width explains the

measurement of horizontal extent, from side to side. Length is concerned with the


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measurement of the distance between one point to the other point. Below, there are

adjectives identified such as long, wide, shallow, and deep.



The sentence above contains two adjectives concerning dimension, they are

long and wide. Both of the adjectives are obviously dealing with the measurement of

space or distance. In this case, they describe the stretch of the beach. Firstly, long

means the great length or distance. This adjective clarifies the length of the beach,

saying that the beach has much distance from one point to another. Secondly, the

adjective wide measures the large extent from one side to another. Therefore, these

two adjective belong to the adjective concerning dimension. Both long and wide

have the same semantic property, that is (+measurement) or (+sizing).

T3.S32. Tanjung Aan Beach is the perfect place for those who enjoy snorkeling

and swimming because the waves are quite calm and the depth of the sea

is quite shallow.

Another adjective concerning dimension found in the sentence above is

shallow. Shallow describes the depth of the sea. Shallow, in relation to area such as

sea, lake, or river, explains the measumerent of the distance between the top or

surface and the bottom. Shallow means not having much distance between the surface

of the water with the bottom; not very deep. This means that the sea has short

distance from the top to the bottom; not very deep. Shallow has the semantic property

(+measurement) specifically in length.


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T3.S12. Under the hills on each side of the Mawun beach, the water is relatively

calm and quite shallow. Meanwhile, in the center, the water is quite deep

with rather strong waves.

There are two adjectives concerning dimension found in the sentences. They

are shallow and deep. On previous example, shallow has been explained. Shallow

means having short distance from the surface to the bottom. In the sentence, shallow

describes the measure of the water under the hills on each side of the Mawun beach.

On the other hand, deep is the opposite of shallow. Deep is an adjective used to

explain the large distance from the surface to the bottom of particular area such as

sea, lake, or river. In the sentence, deep describes the water in the center of the

Mawun Beach. Shallow and deep share the same semantic property in matter of

(+measurement) of space especially in length.

5. Age

Age reveals a particular time when a person or thing has existed. Time

indicates the amount of time of the existing object or things that have connection with

particular period of time. Some adjectives concerning age found in the articles are

annual, legendary, and traditional.

T1.S10. For a one of a kind cultural experience, head down to Seger Beach during

the annual tradition of Bau Nyale Ritual and join in the local festivity you

won‟t find elsewhere.

In this sentence, the adjective concerning age found is annual. Annual deals

with the particular time of one year. It explains the even that is happening or held

once every year. Therefore, adjective annual here describes the tradition of Bau


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Nyale Ritual that that happens once a year. Since annual here deals with yearly

moment, it has the semantic property (+time) that can be described as once-a-year.

T3.S28. This beautiful place is called Tanjung Aan, the birthplace of the

legendary princess Mandalika.

The word legendary in this sentence counts as adjective concerning age. The

adjective legendary describes the princess Mandalika. Legendary means that

someone or something mentioned and talked about by many people in stories from

ancient times. Legendary princess Mandalika alludes to the figure or story of the

princess Mandalika that is well-known from ancient times. Legendary has the

semantic property (+past) in which it alludes to the old story which passes from time

to time.

T2.S12. Pamper yourself with traditional treatments or get a relaxing massage at

the local spas in Mandalika, Lombok.

The word traditional above is the adjective found in the sentence. Traditional

adds description to the word treatments. Traditional belongs to the adjective

concerning age because it indicates the time. Traditional means old or conventional;

prefer old methods to modern ones, for instance. Therefore, traditional treatments

means using old methods for the treatments. The adjective traditional has the

semantic property (+old), alluding to the customs of life which is still maintained and

have not changed since long time.

6. Human Propensity

Human propensity is regarded as a natural tendency for people to behave in a

particular way. The point of this type is to show humans‟ traits when they are


45

contributing to or dealing with something. This type of adjective mainly is to explain

the attitude of mind and feeling experienced by human beings such as aware and

indicate one‟s common traits, for instance adventurous. Below are the explanation of

the examples.

T3.S17. If you‟re a go-to adventurous person, you will enjoy the water sports

activities like snorkeling, diving, and surfing. Just bring everything you

need for your perfect beach day - Semeti awaits.

Adventurous is the adjective concerning human propensity found in the

sentence. In the sentence it is written “adventurous person”. The word person is

characterized by the adjective adventurous. Adventurous explains the trait that the

potential tourist is or might be. Adventurous describes a person who is willing to take

risks and enjoy trying new ideas. Adventurous has the semantic property (+trait) or

(+character) of human beings.

T3.S21. Not many tourists are aware of this hidden gem that offers a breathtaking

view. Just before the more popular Seger Beach, Serenting Beach awaits

you with a scene like never before.

The adjective concerning human propensity found in the sentence is aware.

Aware describes human trait in knowing or noticing something that exists or is

happening around them. In the sentence, it says that not many tourists are aware of

this hidden gem. By this saying, it means that only few people notice or know the

hidden gem, Serenting Beach. Aware has the semantic property (+consciousness).


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B. Syntactic Functions of the Adjectives

In this part, the syntactic functions of the adjectives will be discussed. The

theory of syntax and syntactic functions have been thoroughly explained in the

previous chapter.

The result of analyzed adjectives from the collected data show two syntactic

functions. The first identified function is attributive or commonly regarded as

modifiers in a Noun Phrase. This function dominates the distribution with the highest

frequency in article 1,2, and 3. The second identified function is predicative, in which

the adjective becomes the complement of the subject. in a sentence. In contrast to the

high percentage of the attributive function in a Noun Phrase, this function appears

only several times from the overall data analyzed in all three articles. The numbers

and percentage of the data can be seen from table displayed below. The order is from

the highest to the lowest.

Table 2. Syntactic Functions of the Adjectives.

Syntactic

Functions

Text 1 Text 2 Text 3

Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Pecentage

Attributive

functions

26 92,9% 39 95,1% 63 78,8%

Predicative

functions

2 7,1% 2 4,9% 17 21,2%

TOTAL 28 100% 41 100% 80 100%

1. Attributive Function

Functioning as a modifier, the construction of adjectives usually occurs right

before the noun that they modify in Noun Phrase (NP) structure (Huddleston &


47

Pullum, 2005, p. 18). In an NP structure, the adjectives are commonly regarded as

pre-modifiers. The aim of putting adjectives as the pre-modifier is to characterize the

object or thing they denote directly. Attributive function tends to give permanent

characteristics to the head noun. Also, putting adjective right in the front of the noun

aims to avoid many words used.

Below are the examples of the adjectives that are placed in attributive functions,

taken from the articles.



T2.S2. On the background are lush green hills and mesmerizing landscapes.

T3.S3. This is Mandalika, once a surfers‟ best-kept secret, now it has emerged as

the island‟s capital of leisure. Mandalika shouts heaven from all of its

enchanting corners.

The paragraph above contains three sentences with numbers of adjectives, in

which all of them function as attributive. As what has been explained, ,adjectives in

attributive function are in the forms of noun phrase (NP) structures. From the

examples taken, here are the adjectives in attributive position in the form of noun

phrases such as the beautiful Lombok island, a long and wide stretch of beautiful

white sand beach, glistening Indian Ocean, lush green hills, mesmerizing

landscapes, best-kept secret, and enchanting corners. This paragraph has all the head

nouns modified by adjectives. Each of the adjective gives specific description to the

head noun which makes them attributive. The paragraph itself has so many things to

tell about the destination. Therefore, the use of attributive function eases the process


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of describing the object mentioned. All the adjectives focus on characterizing each of

the different head noun that they proceeds. Adjective beautiful describes the Lombok

island. Long and wide describes the stretch of the beautiful white sand beach, while

there are also beautiful white sand beach, in which beautiful describes the white sand

beach and white itself characterizes the color of the sand. Glistening also visualizes

the Indian Ocean. Lush green characterizes the hills. Mesmerizing describes the

landscapes. Coumpund word best-kept explains the secret, and enchanting explains

the corners.

T1.S5. The special tourism economic zone boasts vibrant bars and nightclubs,

thrilling racing circuits, exciting water parks, luxurious hotels and resorts,

fascinating golf courses, rejuvenating spas, and plenty more; there‟s

everything for everyone at this 1,250-hectare paradise.

This paragraph also has numbers of adjectives functioning as predicative such

as vibrant, thrilling, exciting, luxurious, fascinating,and rejuvenating. Those

adjectives are united with the noun heads and then produce noun phrases vibrant bars

and nightclubs, thrilling racing circuits, exciting water parks, luxurious hotels and

resorts, fascinating golf courses,and rejuvenating spas. Similar with the first

example above, these adjectives are used to give each noun head specific

characteristics as each of the noun heads refers to different things. Vibrant modifies

the noun heads bars and nightclubs. Thrilling modifies the racing circuits. Exciting

describes the water parks. Luxurious characterizes the word hotels. Fascinating

describes the golf courses. Lastly, the word spas is modified by adjective

rejuvenating.


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T2.S5. Climb the Merese Hills and let the dramatic sunset view steal your heart.

Watch the stunning coastline immersed in the gold, orange, and red hues

of the sky as the sun sinks into the ocean.

The adjectives found in the sentences above are dramatic, stunning, gold,

orange, and red. Those adjective are in the forms of noun phrases as they modify the

noun heads which become the dramatic sunset view, stunning coastline, and the

gold, orange, and red hues of the sky. Dramatic describes the sunset view. Stunning

modifies the coastline. Meanwhile, gold, orange, and red visualize the hues of the

sky.

T2.S11. Awaken your senses; practice yoga in Mandalika‟s serene environment.

Pamper yourself with traditional treatments or get a relaxing massage at

the local spas in Mandalika, Lombok.

A few of the adjectives in attributive functions found in the sentences are

serene, traditional, and relaxing. These adjectives proceeds the noun heads and

become serene environtment, traditional treatments, and relaxing massage. Similar

with other previous examples, the serene describe the environtment, traditional

explains the treatments, and relaxing characterizes the massage.

2. Predicative Function

The predicative function is also to modify the noun, but usually, it comes after

a linking verb or copula “be”and other verbs such as become, feel, and taste.

Predicative function occur in the form of sentence. Therefore, adjectives in attributive

position are the subject complements. Adjectives can appear in predicative position if

there is more than one adjectives at once. This position is more suitable for longer

sequences of adjectives especially when it also coordinates with another complement


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such as adverb (Crsytal, 2004, p. 258). Using adjective predicatively means to give

more “leisurely passage of description” (p.259). Adjectives that are distributed in

predicative position tend to show temporary meanings. Here are the following

examples taken from the articles.

T1.S12. With all its exceptional splendors, a trip here will be unforgettable and

will make you long for more.

This sentence contains one adjective that is positioned as predicative, that is

unforgettable. Unforgettable here characterizes the word trip as the subject.

Unforgettable comes after the modal will and copula verb “be” as in “a trip here will

be unforgettable. It indicates the future tense. Syntactically, the adjective is placed in

the predicative position to emphasize something that is going to be achieved in the

future. Since the articles want to seduce the readers to come to the destination, the use

of pattern a trip here will be unforgettable is understood as a way to convince or

guarantee the readers that they would experience such thing once they go there.

T2.S15. Stop by at Bazaar Mandalika where all kinds of local products are

available.

The adjective found in the sentence above is available. Available in the

sentence is put after the verb “are”. This means that available shows predicative

function. Remember that predicative function shows the tendency of the temporary

meaning. Therefore, available is put after the verb because it implies the temporary

meaning. Available describes the local products at the Bazaar Mandalika. This could


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mean that the products will not always be available. There should be a time when

they will run out of stocks or unavailable.

T3.S21. Not many tourists are aware of this hidden gem that offers a breathtaking

view. Just before the more popular Seger Beach, Serenting Beach awaits

you with a scene like never before.

The adjective aware is the adjective showing predicative function that is

found in the sentence. Aware is describing the subject tourists. Here, aware is put

after the verb and then followed by the prepositional of. As what have been

explained before, there are adjectives that can only be predicative, and one of the

categories is the adjective that must be followed by a prepositional. Aware and of

become a one unit that cannot be separated. It cannot be placed before the noun head

as in “aware tourists” since the adjective is not directly describing the tourists but the

trait of the tourists. Therefore, since it has to come with the prepositional of and a

long sequence of words after it, the word aware is naturally in the predicative

position.

C. The Distribution of Semantic Types of Adjectives Based on Their Syntactic

Functions

This is the final part made in attempts to see how the semantic types of

adjectives are distributed based on the syntactic functions. Those semantic types are

value, physical property, dimension, color, age, and human propensity. Moreover, by

carrying on this part, it specifically intends to uncover the reasons why those

adjectives are positioned as attributive and predicative and why certain type is


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absence in one syntactic function. Below, the table shows the frequency of each

semantic type within each syntactic function.

Table 3. The Distribution of Semantic Types Based on Their Syntactic

Functions.

Semantic Types Attributive function Predicative function

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Value 75 58,59% 10 47,61

Physical property 23 17,98% 5 23,80

Color 17 13,28% - -

Dimension 7 5,46% 4 19,04

Age 5 3,90% 1 4,76

Human

propensity

1 0,78% 1 4,76

TOTAL 128 100% 21 100%

1. Semantic Types of Adjectives based on Attributive Functions

Adjectives that are distributed in attributive position are in the form of Noun

Phrase. Hence, they can be regarded as pre-modifiers. As the pre-modifiers in noun

phrases, adjectives can take six semantic types. From the table shown above, all

semantic types of adjectives take attributive position. Moreover, the distribution of

this function is dominated by the semantic types of value.

It is understandable that value has the most dominant occurences compared to

other types, considering the promotional context of the tourism itself. Frequent use

of adjectives concerning value means to create impressive image of the destination.

As it suggests, value highlights the quality and makes the destination more desirable


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and worth the visit. Value exploits appealing words that means to attract the readers

so they can expect and become more curious and about the destination being

promoted. Value, in relation to attributive position, eases the process of describing or

modifying the noun heads. Moreover, all the adjectives concerning value in the

articles indicate the permanent meanings as attributive function tends to do so. Let us

see how adjectives concerning value appear in the example below.

T3.S26. The rustic ocean side, stunning blue waters and the waves crashing

through the beach surrounded by hills prove to be the perfect recipe for a

relaxing day out.

The adjectives given bold mark above are adjectives concerning value

positioned as attributive, identified by the underlined noun phrases. Trough it, the

adjectives give every head noun a permanent appealing image.

Stunning is associated with something that is having extremely attractive

charm that impress people. When adjective stunning unites with the head noun blue

waters, it compliments the blue waters, color of the beach. Thus, people who see it

will find it attractive and impressive. Whereas, the second adjective perfect means

having the best quality and desirable characteristics of its kind. In other words,

perfect describes something that is having everything necessary, complete, and no

weaknesses. The adjective perfect pre-modifies the noun head recipe and become

perfect recipe. Recipe here describes the previous things mentioned before “the rustic

ocean side, stunning blue waters and the waves crashing through the beach

surrounded by hills”. By stating that it is a perfect recipe, it aims ato compliment


54

them as best and complete especially for having everything necessary. Lastly, there

is an adjective relaxing in a noun phrase relaxing day out. Relaxing here describes the

noun head day out. Semantically, relaxing means being free from tension and feeling

relieved or less anxious. Hence, relaxing day out means a day spent with “the rustic

ocean side, stunning blue waters and the waves crashing through the beach

surrounded by hills prove to be the perfect recipe” makes the person feeling relieved

and free from any tension.

As all the adjectives concerning value above are in attributive position, they

are expressing the sense of permanent meanings of the adjectives. The abundant use

of adjectives concerning value in the forms of noun phrases, depict the engaging

image of the destination and arouse the temptation for the readers to visit the

destination promoted.

On the other hand, physical property has the second highest frequency in

semantic type as well as frequency in the attributive position. Semantically, it aims to

give each noun head a specific factual characteristic that can be perceived by human

sense. Using physical property alludes to something that actually exist there in the

destination. It describes the destination by telling the readers about the things that can

be seen, heard, touched, tasted, or smelled. Here is an example for adjective

concerning physical property.

T3.S3. Located at the south side of Lombok, this glowing beach has clean

white sands, crystal clear waters and healthy reefs that would catch your

hearts.


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There are three adjectives identified; glowing, clean, and crystal clear. These

adjectives express the physical property which all of them relates to human sense of

sight. Firstly, adjective glowing modifies the noun head beach, becoming glowing

beach. Glowing means something that is producing or emitting a steady bright light.

Glowing beach then means the beach produces a steady bright light. This glowing

beach, biologically, alludes to the natural phenomenon when there is light produced

by living things in the water, such as algae and plankton. This is usually called as

bioluminescence.

The second adjective is clean. Clean pre-modifies the noun head white sands.

Clean, when refers to the condition of an object, means looking pleasant and fresh;

not dirty; free from any harmful or unpleasant substances. Judging an object whether

it is clean or not is an absolute thing because it results from the sight of ours.

Therefore, clean in clean white sands describe the condition of the white sands that

looks pleasant and free from dirt. The last adjective is crystal clear. It pre-modifies

the noun head waters of the sea. Crystal clear, that is used to describe water, means

transparent or looking completely clear and bright; easy to see through. Hence,

crystal clear waters explains the condition of the waters of the sea that looks clear

and bright that even people can easily see through what is in it.

Syntactically, those adjectives concerning physical property are in attributive

position in order to be specific and clear with each desription of the noun heads.

Furthermore, by putting those adjectives concerning physical property in attributive

position, it strengthen the authentic description of the objects. Moreover, it helps the


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readers to easily grasp the vivid idea of what is really happening there. Thus, it will

lift up their expectations to experience the reality offered by the destination.

Meanwhile, to semantic consideration, a plus point for the destination as it is able to

successfully occupy a permanent characteristics the long term. By putting those

adjectives in attributive position, the permanent characeristics of the resources is

mantained. Therefore, it makes the destination more tempting and desirable for

tourists.

All of the semantic types of adjectives except adjectives concerning color can

take two syntactic functions. Nonetheless, adjectives concerning color here only

happen in attributive position, in which they directly pre-modify the noun heads.

Semantically, color indicates the permanent meaning that they denote. A few

examples displayed below to show the position of color in attributive position.

T3.S9. The bay has white sands surrounded by hills.

T3.S23. The blue waters and big waves are great for surfers and also for families

looking to chill at the seaside.

T3.S6. The weather is fantastic and you would enjoy the view of green lush hills

and the blue waters.

These three adjectives; white, blue, and green appear many times in the

articles. Mostly they are associated with the color of the sands, waters and the lush

hills. The adjective white has characteristic an object is visually having the color of

fresh snow or of milk. Therefore, white in noun phrase white sands explains that the

sands have the color white. Adjective white, in a deeper meaning, also depicts the


57

cleanliness of the sands. Not just saying that the sands emit white as its color but also

express the cleanliness of the sands.

The adjective blue pre-modifies the waters. Blue is the color intermediate

between grey and violet. In daily life, this blue color has the exact color of the blue

sky. The seawater is originally clear not blue but it results from the absorption and

reflection of the blue sky. Since blue color has shorter wavelengths, it becomes easier

to be absorbed until deeper depths of the seawater, making it looks blue. Lastly, the

green in noun phrase green lush hills. Green color has the same color of the grass or

the leaves of most plants and trees which we easily find in daily life. Green also

means that something is covered with grass or other plants. Thus, green in green lush

hills explains the hills that is covered with plants naturally having the green color.

The adjectives concerning colors in attributive position express a deeper level

of detail and emphasize the permanent characteristics in terms of the color that the

resources have. In attributive position, this adjective easily describes the noun heads

without using too much words as in predicative. The description of color given

directly to the object makes it one inseparable unit.

Adjective concerning age appear more attributive function. It has already been

explained in the related theories that adjectives related to time or relationship are

naturally in attributive position.

These following adjectives below are taken as the examples.

T2.S16. The scenic Narmada Park, the historical Nusa Tenggara Barat Museum,

and the tranquil Ratu Bolong Temple are other spots to explore beyond the

Mandalika area.


58

T3.S11. The best time to visit Mawi Beach is during the dry season.

The examples taken identify two adjectives concerning age; historical and

dry. Firstly, the adjective historical means established and connected to the ancient

times of certain history or the past events. In here historical preceds the Nusa

Tenggara Barat Museum. Thus, the Nusa Tenggara Barat museum is considered as

having connection with the past events, or has been established since long time ago.

The second adjective is dry in noun phrase dry season. It is also belongs to adjective

concerning age because dry relates to certain period in a year; a season when the a

country is having very little rain or not at all.

This type of adjective has the frequency most in attributive for emphasizing

the permanent meaning of the noun heads. For the adjective concerning age itself,

since it higlights time or relationship is should be in attributive position. Take a look

at the second adjective dry. It will totally change the meaning if it is put in predicative

position as in the season is dry. Since dry itself does not directly explain the season

that is dry but refers more to the condition happens within the season itself. With this

attributive position it is in, a permanent characteristic of the yearly season is obtained.

For the adjectives concerning dimension and human propensity, both types

also show take positions in both attributive and predicative position but show

dominance in attributive position. Regarding that, the permanent meaning associated

with the attributive position has cleary proven by the use of all semantic types.


59

Regarding the fact that mostly semantic types of adjectives are in attributive

position, it has come to the main point of the tourism articles. Speaking of truth,

tourism articles provide lots of information about the destination with a goal to attract

readers becoming tourists. As to give them vivid ideas of the destination, adjectives

successfully contribute to it. The six semantic types of adjectives identified add

descriptive explanation of the destination needed by the readers. Loads of positive

adjectives fully stimulate and convince the readers.

2. Semantic types of Adjectives Based on Predicative Functions

From the table shown above, the adjectives‟ semantic types based on

predicative functions occur only several times. Five out of six semantic types appear

at least one time in predicative position. The adjective concerning color is dismissed.

This can be a major concern on what has been explained in the related theories about

the predicative function itself. Some of the adjectives that take predicative position in

the articles can refer to two points. Firstly, they want to give a longer description of

the destination or secondly, the adjectives require a prepositional.

Predicative function emphasizes the meanings of adjectives as temporary, as

what has been claimed by Crystal (2004) in previous chapters. Given the reason, this

would be more or less, once again, reflects to the temporary meanings that the

predicative function gives to the subjects. Even though most adjectives can use

predicative function as well in order to give a more leasury passage to describe the

objects, however, this cannot be separated from the relation of syntactic position that

is associated with the semantic meaning mentioned. Moreover, using the adjectives as


60

compliment in predicative position is seemingly lack of specific details of the

particular objects.

Nevertheless, among all the existing semantic types, the adjectives concerning

value still show dominance in the predicative function. Regardless of the huge

contrast between the frequency of the two functions, value can still manage to be

consistent in taking the first place. This proves how value are fully exploited in both

functions as well as the other semantic types. Here are examples of adjectives

concerning value in predicative position.

T3.S6. The weather is fantastic and you would enjoy the view of green lush hills

and the blue waters.

T1.S7. Here, the tourism industry fused seamlessly with the unique and colorful

culture of the local people that is still well preserved for generations.

Both of the The adjectives fantastic in the first sentence is the subject

complement of the subject weather due to its position, that is predicative. Fantastic

means looking extremely good; excellent; great. This judgment belongs to adjective

concerning value as it talks about the evaluation. The second adjective in the second

sentence is well preserved. It is a compound adjective that is put attributely. Being

well preserved means something is kept in good condition. There is no signs of

damage and even though from long time ago, it still looks good regardless.

Despite of the temporary meaning associated with predicative function, the

use of predicative function that alternates with attributive position somehow makes

the adjectives more variative in the description.


61

In relation to the previous studies reviewed in related studies, this entire

analysis wants to highlight the frequent use of semantic types especially value and

attributive function. In the first previous study, the adjective concerning value or

evaluative adjectives has significant impact on the language of tourism as it occurs

most of the time. The primary reason why the evaluative adjective appears the most

is that they are responsible for the positive judgment or evaluation towards the

destination. By employing lots of evaluative adjectives, it increases the engaging

impression of the destination and stimulates the readers‟ mind to become tourists.

Similar with the finding of the first previous study, this analysis also proves

the frequent use of adjectives concerning value. Here, value is getting the most

dominant occurences in the three articles. Thus, it strengthens the idea of language of

tourism which tends to speak in positive and convincing images by means of the

personal evaluation in the form of adjectives concerning value. The second previous

study confirms that adjectives in tourism texts mostly perform in attributive function.

The third previous study is also proving the same thing that the adjectives occur most

as pre-modifier in noun phrase. Just like the two previous studies mentioned, this also

goes the same with this current analysis which figures out that attributive function is

highly used as it tends to express permanent meaning. Also, in semantic level, the

meanings of the adjectives are transparent and can be easily predicted.

With the similarities in findings, this analysis highlight the adjectives

concerning value and attributive position in the articles. By means of value, the

destination are carefully described and given positive images. The position of the


62

adjectives in attributive position makes the description more detailed and authentic.

Finally, with the abundant use of adjectives concerning value in attributive position,

the articles are supposed to give the readers positive and appealing images of the

destination and represent the authentic concepts of the destination.


63

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapters covers the conclusion of the analysis on the three research

questions discussed in the previous chapter. The first point is what semantic types of

adjectives are found in the articles. The second point is what syntactic functions of

adjectives are used. The third point is how semantic classes of adjectives are

distributed based on their syntactic functions.

Based on the analysis done in the previous chapter, the researcher comes to

the conclusion as follows. In semantic types of adjectives, there are six out seven

types of adjectives identified. They are adjectives concerning value, physical

property, color, dimension, age, and human propensity. Only adjective concerning

speed is absence from the whole data. The adjectives are easy to distinguish and

categorize as they are transparent in meanings and concepts that they denote.

The result on the semantic types shows that value has the most dominant

occurences, shown by the highest number and percentage on each article. Using value

to describe the quality is the strategy used in attempt to emphasize the worth-visiting

image of the destination. Whereas, physical property comes in the second place. This

is acceptable as this type relates to something that can be perceived by human senses,

it aims to let the readers easily imagine the situation in reality just like what exactly

happens in the destination.


64

On the analysis of the syntactic functions, there are two functions identified;

attributive function and predicative functions. Attributive function is when the

adjective modifies the noun before the noun, while predicative function is when the

adjectives modify noun comes after the copula verb be or other linking verbs.

The result on this syntactic functions shows that attributive function is the-

most-used position. The adjectives are mostly using attributives since it is more

efficient to characterize the nouns in such a quick succession. Moreover it is to

express permanent meanings. On the contrary, predicative position is suitable for the

longer description or when an adjective needs any complement followed behind. In

predicative position, however, the frequency is low with only small numbers of

adjectives identified as it indicates temporary meanings.

The third point shows the distribution of semantic types in syntactic functions.

Based on the result, all semantic types are dominant in attributive position with value

dominating almost half of the frequency. The sequence of appealing words in the

form of value is to build and develop the readers‟ curiosity and interests. Thus far,

with those semantic types most in attributive position, it alludes to the emphasis of

permanent meaning or characteristic of the noun heads, making it more appealing and

rich in description. Finally, by means of loads of positive adjectives in attributive

function, they have carefully construct the authentic representation of the destination.

Language in tourism by its very nature is persuasive. Hence, adjectives matter in

shaping the language of tourism as they convey appealing and engaging images and,

as a consequence, persuade more tourists to visit the destination being promoted.


65

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Semantic Types and Syntactic Functions of Adjectives

Code Sentences Adjectives Meanings Semantic

Types

Syntactic

Functions

T1.S1 Along the south coast of

the beautiful Lombok

island lies a long and wide

stretch of beautiful white

sand beach facing the

glistening Indian Ocean.

Beautiful

Giving pleasure to the senses

of or to the mind. Something is

very pleasant to look at.

Value

Attributive

Long

Great length or distance of a

particular object.

Dimension

Attributive

Wide

A particular distance from one

side to the other.

Dimension

Attributive

Beautiful




Value

Attributive

White

Related to the visual. Having

the color of fresh snow or of

milk. White refers to the color

of the sand of the beach.

Color Attributive


68

Glistening A sparkling light (of

something wet) that shines.

Physical

property

Attributive

T1.S2 On the background are lush

green hills and

mesmerizing landscapes.

Lush

(Of plants, gardens, etc.)

Growing thickly and strongly

in a way that is attractive,

beautiful and making people

feel pleasure.

Value

Attributive

Green

Having the color of the grass

or the leaves of most plants

and trees. Green also means

that something is covered with

grass or other plants.

Color

Attributive

Mesmerizing Having such a strong effect to

make people keep paying

attention to it.

Value Attributive

TS.S3 This is Mandalika, once a

surfers‟ best-kept secret,

now it has emerged as the

island‟s capital of leisure.

Best-kept (of a secret) known only to a

few people.

Value Attributive


69

T1.S4 Mandalika shouts heaven

from all of its enchanting

corners.

Enchanting Attractive and pleasant to see. Value Attributive

T1.S5 The special tourism

economic zone boasts

vibrant bars and

nightclubs, thrilling racing

circuits, exciting water

parks, luxurious hotels and

resorts, fascinating golf

courses, rejuvenating spas,

and plenty more; there‟s

everything for everyone at

this 1,250-hectare paradise.

Special

Not ordinary or usual,

deserving more attention

Value

Attributive

Vibrant

Having atmosphere that is full

of life and energy.

Value Attributive

Thrilling

(Of feeling) describing a

moment or experience that

causes excitement; exciting

and a lot of fun.

Value

Attributive

Exciting

(Of feeling) that comes before

or after experiencing

something interesting or fun.

Value

Attributive

Luxurious

Containing expensive things

that give comfort and pleasure.

Value

Attributive


70

Fascinating

(of an object/abstract thing)

Extremely interesting and

attractive that makes people

want to do something about it.

Value

Attributive

Rejuvenating

(Of an object) making

something or someone feel

younger.

Value

Attributive

T1.S6 Here, the tourism industry

fused seamlessly with the

unique and colorful culture

of the local people that is

still well preserved for

generations.

Unique Having an unusual

characteristic that makes it one

of a kind and very special.

Value Attributive

Colorful

Full of variety that makes a

particular thing more

interesting.

Value

Attributive

Well

preserved

Kept in good condition; no

signs of damage; still looks

good regardless.

Value Predicative


71

T1.S7 Mandalika is also

conveniently located near

some of Lombok‟s most

outstanding beaches.

Outstanding

(of object) Looking extremely

good or excellent.

Value Attributive

T1.S8 From the top of the Merese

Hill and Batu Payung

Beach, you are presented

with some of the most

amazing panoramas of

Lombok.

Amazing Very impressive that makes

people will like or admire it.

Value Attributive

T1.S9 All kinds of fun water

sports activities await at

Kuta Beach.

Fun (Feeling) excitement of

enjoying something

Value Attributive

T1.S10 For a one of a kind cultural

experience, head down to

Seger Beach during the

annual tradition of Bau

Nyale Ritual and join in the

local festivity you won‟t

Annual (of event) happening or held

once every year

Age Attributive


72

find elsewhere.

T1.S11 Blessed with beautiful

nature and enhanced by the

hands of professionals,

Mandalika is designed to

make your dream vacation

a reality.

Beautiful




Value Attributive

T1.S12 With all its exceptional

splendors, a trip here will

be unforgettable and will

make you long for more.

Exceptional

Very unusually excellent;

outstanding.

Value

Attributive

Unforgettable (of moment or experience)

Feeling hard to forget usually

because it is something

beautiful and leaves good

memories for people

Value Predicative

T2.S1 Breathe in the scenic

beauty of the secluded

Seger Beach from the

hilltop, take selfies on the

Scenic

Having beautiful natural

scenery.

Value Attributive

Secluded

(Of a place) quiet and private;

not many people know it yet.

Value

Attributive


73

bamboo bridge, enjoy a

fresh coconut, snorkel or

go surfing.

Fresh (Of drinks) recently produced

or picked.

Physical

property

Attributive

T2.S2 Join the Bau Nyale Festival

to discover exciting surfing

competitions that are held

every year at the beach.

Exciting (Of feeling) that comes after

experiencing something

interesting or fun.

Value Attributive

T2.S3 Find your own quiet spot at

Tanjung Aan, one of the

best beaches in Mandalika,

Lombok.

Quiet (Of place, moment, etc.)

Peaceful; not many people or

activities happen; very little

noise.

Physical

property

Attributive

Best Having the most excellent

quality that gives pleasure.

Value Attributive

T2.S4 Relax on the pristine white

sand under a shady palm

tree or lounge under a

bamboo parasol as you

soak in amazing views of

the clear blue water.

Pristine

(Of beach) Having natural or

original condition; still fresh

and clean.

Value

Attributive

White Related to the visual. Having



Color AttributIve


74


Shady

(Of spot or place) protected

from direct light of the sun by

trees, building, etc.

Physical

property

Attributive

Amazing

Very impressive that makes

people will like or admire it.

Value

Attributive

Clear

Easy to see through or to look

at; transparent; nothing is

blocking/covering the surface

of something.

Physical

property

Attributive

Blue Having the color of the sea on

a clear day; just like the color

of the sky. Blue is the color

intermediate between grey and

violet.

Color Attributive

T2.S5 Climb the Merese Hills and

let the dramatic sunset

view steal your heart.

Dramatic (Of event, change, etc.)

Looking good in surprising

way and leave a very good

impression for people who see

Value Attributive


75

it.

T2.S6 Watch the stunning the

coastline immersed in the

gold, orange, and red hues

of the sky as the sun sinks

into the ocean.

Stunning

Having extremely attractive

charm that impress people.

Value

Attributive

Gold Having the color of gold;

yellow-brown color.

Color Attributive

Orange

Having bright color between

red and yellow.

Color

Attributive

Red Having the color of blood and

fire.

Color Attributive

T2.S7 From a sumptuous array of

international cuisines to

tempting traditional local

meals, there‟s something

for everyone when it

comes to the options of

eateries on Kuta Street.

Sumptuous

(Of object, place, etc.) Looking

very expensive and making

good impression

Value Attributive

Tempting Looking attractive and

appealing that makes people

want to have it or do it.

Value Attributive

Traditional Being part of the belief of

particular group of people.

Value Attributive

Local Belonging to a particular group

of people

Value Attributive


76

T2.S8 Hang out at the cozy cafés,

experience the lively vibes,

and have a fun food

adventure. Bon appétit!

Cozy

(Of feeling) Warm,

comfortable, and safe

Value

Attributive

Lively (Of a place, event, etc.) Full of

interest, excitement, and

energy.

Value Attributive

Fun (Of feeling) excitement of

enjoying something

Value Attributive

T2.S9 It‟s not difficult to find a

unique accommodation

option in Mandalika that

suits your travel style.

Unique Having an unusual



Value Attributive

T2.S10 From homestays to world-

class resorts, from budget

hotels to splurge-worthy

villas, Mandalika offers a

vast array of lodging

choices.

World class

(particularly of place, person,

and activity) Impressive; as

good as the best in the world.

Value

Attributive

Budget Low in price; not expensive or

affordable.

Value Attributive

Splurge-

worthy

Something that deserves the

money extravagantly spent.

Value Attributive

Vast (Of area, size, etc.) Extremely Dimension Attributive


77

large; huge; massive.

T2.S11 Awaken your senses;

practice yoga in

Mandalika‟s serene

environment.

Serene (Of environment) calm and

peaceful. It is synonym with

quiet.

Physical

property

Attributive

T2.S12 Pamper yourself with

traditional treatments or get

a relaxing massage at the

local spas in Mandalika,

Lombok.

Traditional

(Of method or way) Long-

established; old method since

long time ago that is still used

in this present day; have not

changed for a long time.

Age

Attributive

Relaxing (Of feeling) Becoming less

anxious; helping people to rest.

Value Attributive

T2.S13 Buy the traditional

souvenirs that include

jewellery, handicrafts, and

Tenun, a hand-woven

fabric that‟s a signature

souvenir of Lombok.

Traditional (Of goods) Part of the beliefs

or customs owned by

particular group of people.

Value Attributive

Hand-woven Something that is woven

manually using hand rather

than using machine.

Physical

property

Attributive


78

T2.S14 Hang out at the busy beach

for a lovely afternoon,

enjoy a host of water

activities, have fun at the

playground with your

family, rejoice in the

glorious sunset hours, or

chill in the nearby cafes.

Busy

(Of place or activity) full of

people and activities done.

Physical

property

Attributive

Lovely

Having attractive or beautiful

charm.

Value

Attributive

Glorious

Having a beauty that makes

something is worth admiring.

Value

Attributive

Nearby (Of position) not far away;

easy to reach.

Dimension Attributive

T2.S15 Stop by at Bazaar

Mandalika where all kinds

of local products are

available.

available (Of goods, resources, etc.)

Able to get or buy.

Physical

property

Predicative

T2.S16 The scenic Narmada Park,

the historical Nusa

Tenggara Barat Museum,

and the tranquil Ratu

Bolong Temple are other

spots to explore beyond the

Mandalika area.

Scenic (Of place) Having beautiful or

attractive scenery.

Value Attributive

Historical Established in and connected

with the past.

Age Attributive

Tranquil Quiet and peaceful. Physical

property

Attributive


79

T3.S1 Heaven for tourists from

all over the world looking

for peace, serenity and

beach fun, Mandalika is the

perfect vacation spot!

Perfect Having the best quality and

desirable characteristics of its

kind; having everything that is

necessary, complete, and no

weaknesses.

Value Attributive

T3.S2 This integrated resort area

in Central Lombok of West

Nusa Tenggara Indonesia

is known for its stunning

beaches and natural

landscapes that can cure

your craving for vitamin

sea.

Stunning

Having extremely attractive


Value

Attributive

Natural (Of nature) existing in nature

without human intervention.

Value Attributive

T3.S3 Located at the south side of

Lombok, this glowing

beach has clean white

Glowing

Something that is producing or

emitting a steady bright light

Physical

property

Attributive


80

sands, crystal clear waters

and healthy reefs that

would catch your hearts.

Clean (Of object, condition, etc.)

Looking pleasant and fresh;

not dirty; free from any

harmful or unpleasant

substances.

Physical

property

Attributive

White

Related to the visual. Having




Color

Attributive

Crystal

Clear

(Of glass, water, etc.) Looking

completely clear and bright;

easy to see through.

Physical

property

Attributive

Healthy (Of part of the body of

something/someone) Having

good condition; not diseased.

Showing normal and sensible

action.

Value Attributive

T3.S4 It‟s a sheltered beach with

crystal clear waters and

Crystal clear

(Of glass, water, weather, etc.)

Looking completely clear and

Physical

property

Attributive


81

soft white sand. bright; easy to see through.

Soft

(Of condition, shape, etc.)

Having smooth and pleasant

texture to touch; not rough or

stiff.

Physical

property

Attributive





Color Attributive

T3.S5 It is also pretty quiet

because it is not known by

many, making it a little

private beach.

Quiet

(Of place, moment, etc.)

Peaceful; not many people or

activities happen; very little

noise.

Physical

property

Predicative

Private (Of place, condition, etc.)

Quiet and peaceful. Not having

many people around.

Physical

property.

Attributive

T3.S6 The weather is fantastic

and you would enjoy the

view of green lush hills and

Fantastic

(Of condition) Looking

extremely good; excellent;

great.

Value

Predicative


82

the blue waters. Green

Having the color of the grass

or the leaves of most plants

and trees. Green also means

that something is covered with

grass or other plants.

Color

Attributive

Lush

(Of plants, gardens, etc.)

Growing thickly and strongly

in a way that is attractive,

beautiful and making people

feel pleasure.

Value

Attributive





violet.

Color Attributive

T3.S7 This beach is also popular

for surfing.

Popular Known by large number of

people. Having something

interesting that makes people

love or enjoy.

Value Predicative


83

T3.S8 Besides its popularity as a

surfing beach, Mawi Beach

has stunning scenery as

well.

Stunning Having extremely attractive

charm that impress people

Value Attributive

T3.S9 The bay has white sands

surrounded by hills.





Color Attributive

T3.S10 The best time to visit Mawi

Beach is during the dry

season.

Best

Having the most excellent

quality that gives pleasure.

Value

Attributive

Dry (Period of time in a year;

season) Having very little rain

or not at all.

Age Attributive

T3.S11 This beach is also not so

crowded and has beautiful

scenery, so enjoy your

peace and serenity here.

(Not so)

crowded

(Not) having a lot of people

around; full of people

Physical

property

Predicative

Beautiful Giving pleasure to the senses



Value Attributive

T3.S12 Under the hills on each Calm (Of the sea) No large waves; Physical Predicative


84

side of this beach, the

water is relatively calm and

quite shallow.

free from strong waves. property

Shallow (Measurement of the river, sea,

etc.) No much distance

between surface and the

bottom. It is not deep.

Dimension Predicative

T3.S13 Meanwhile, in the center,

the water is quite deep with

rather strong waves.

Deep

(Measurement of the ocean,

river, lake, etc.) Having a large

distance from the top or

surface to the bottom. Very far

down into the bottom.

Dimension

Predicative

Strong (Of a natural or physical force)

Having great power; very

powerful that can easily

destroy or attack.

Physical

property

Attributive

T3.S14

Another unique and

beautiful beach is Semeti

Beach, Lombok.

Unique

Having an unusual



Value

Attributive

Beautiful



Value

Attributive


85


T3.S15

This beach looks like a

private beach and you can

experience the sparkling

waters and white sand as

it‟s highlighted by the sun.

Private

(Of place, condition, etc.)

Quiet and peaceful. Not having

many people around.

Physical

property

Attributive

Sparkling (Of water) shining and flashing

with light.

Physical

property

Attributive




of the sand of the beach

Color Attributive

T3.S16 While you are enjoying the

natural panorama and the

beauty of its beaches, you

can also participate in

fishing activities.

Natural (Of nature) existing in nature


Value Attributive

T3.S17 If you‟re a go-to

adventurous person, you

will enjoy the water sports

activities like snorkeling,

Adventurous (Of a person) Willing to take

risks and try new ideas.

Enjoying and feeling excited to

experience something new and

Human

propensity

Attributive


86

diving, and surfing. Just

bring everything you need

for your perfect beach day

- Semeti awaits.

different.





weaknesses.

Value Attributive

T3.S18 Selong Belanak Beach is

most admired by tourists,

especially in the months of

the holidays like June,

July, and August. Even

with their many visitors,

they still maintain their

extraordinary scenery.

Extraordinary (Of event or moment) Looking

better than unusual; greater;

astonishing. Something that is

surprisingly beyond amazing.

Value Attributive

T3.S19

Uniquely the shops and

stalls around the beaches

are still very traditional

using bamboo and thatch.

Traditional

(Of method or way) Prefer

maintaining old method to

modern one until this present

day; have not changed for a

long time.

Age

Predicative


87

T3.S20 Grab a coconut for a fresh

drink as you dip your feet

in the water and enjoy the

island life to the fullest.

Fresh (Of drinks) recently produced

or made.

Physical

property

Attributive

T3.S21 Not many tourists are

aware of this hidden gem

that offers a breathtaking

view.

Aware (of) Knowing or realizing

something

Human

propensity

Predicative

Hidden (Of place) Secret place that no

one knows. Something that is

located in an area where not so

many people have not seen or

gone yet.

Physical

property

Attributive

Breathtaking (Of feeling) Pleasantly very

exciting and impressive that

makes people feel astonished

by.

Value Attributive

T3.S22 Just before the more

popular Seger Beach,

Serenting Beach awaits

you with a scene like never




love or enjoy.

Value Attributive


88

before.

T3.S23 The blue waters and big

waves are great for surfers

and also for families

looking to chill at the

seaside.

Blue (Of ocean) Having the color of

the sea on a clear day; just like

the color of the sky. Blue is the

color intermediate between

grey and violet.

Color Attributive

Big (Measurement) Considered

large in size or extent.


Great (Of moment or event)

Excellent or pleasant and

therefore liked and enjoyed by

many people.

Value Predicative

T3.S24 The hills surrounding it are

also a great spot for

looking at its beauty from

another angle.

Great (Of moment or event)

Excellent or pleasant and

therefore liked and enjoyed by

many people.

Value Attributive

T3.S25 One of the most popular

beaches in the Mandalika

tourism area, Seger beach




Value

Attributive


89

is known by surfers all

over the world.

love or enjoy.

Known Something that is recognized

by or familiar to all people;

famous.

Value Predicative

T3.S26 The rustic ocean side,

stunning blue waters and

the waves crashing through

the beach surrounded by

hills prove to be the perfect

recipe for a relaxing day

out.

Rustic (Of a condition) Having

natural and simple or

unsophisticated that somehow

is typical of the countryside.

Physical

property

Attributive



Value Attributive





violet.

Color Attributive

Perfect

Having the best quality and




Value Attributive


90

weaknesses.



Value Attributive

T3.S27 20-minutes east of Kuta

you‟ll find the most

incredible white sandy

beach consisting of two

bays.

Incredible Extremely good; hard to

believe because it is so

amazing.

Value Attributive




of the sand of the beach

Color Attributive

Sandy (Of beach) covered with or

containing full of sand.

Physical

property

Attributive

T3.S28 This beautiful place is

called Tanjung Aan, the

birthplace of the legendary

princess Mandalika.




Value Attributive

Legendary (Of person, place, etc.) From

ancient times that is very

famous and known by many

people.

Age Attributive


91

T3.S29 One can see beautiful

farms and villages along

the road while enjoying the

view of nearby beaches

and coconut trees.




Value Attributive

Nearby (Of position) not far away;

easy to reach.


T3.S30 Tanjung Aan beach will

serve you with its natural

beauty.

Natural

(Of nature) existing in nature


Physical

property

Attributive

T3.S31 Its white sand has a unique

texture because it is formed

by the formation of coral

fossils around the coast.





Color Attributive

Unique

Having an unusual



Value Attributive

T3.S32 Tanjung Aan Beach is the

perfect place for those who

enjoy snorkeling and

swimming because the





Value Attributive


92

waves are quite calm and

the depth of the sea is quite

shallow.

weaknesses.

Calm (Of the sea) Having no large

waves; free from strong waves.

Physical

property

Predicative

Shallow (Measurement of the river, sea,

etc.) No much distance

between surface and the

bottom. It is not deep.


T3.S33 During the afternoon, you

definitely have to surf the

waves. You can also enjoy

the sunset from this

beautiful spot.




Value Attributive

T3.S34 As you already see,

Lombok is well known for

its beautiful and stunning

beaches.

Well-known Popular and recognized well

by a lot of people

Value Predicative




Value Attributive



Value Attributive


93

T3.S35 The atmosphere on the

beach is very calming

because it is far from the

hustle and bustle of the

city, so you can relax here

and the view is going to

spoil you!

Calming Something that makes you feel

soothed.

Value Predicative

far Great distance between two

points of place.


T3.S36 With a wide array of

choices in beaches with

beautiful coastlines, no

wonder that the island

attracts tourists from

around the world.

wide A particular distance from one

side to the other.


Beautiful




Value Attributive

T3.S37 Embark on a beach-

hopping adventure to visit

these stunning views

around Mandalika.



Value Attributive

T3.S38 Bring your sunblock, hats,

sandals, and beachwear



Value Attributive


94

because the relaxing and

beautiful Lombok awaits

you!




Value Attributive


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