RETScreen Analysis: Showcase Guimarães 2020

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RETScreen Analysis REAP-PROJECT 3 Showcase Guimarães 2020 New Residential building

REAP

WS’

11/1

2

Daniel Bornmann Ismail Khater

DECISION SUPPORT AND PROJECT EVALUATION

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Contents: Introduction

Methodology RETScreen

PV Scenarios SWH

Conclusion

REAP

WS’

11/1

2 DECISION SUPPORT AND PROJECT EVALUATION

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INTRODUCTION

Vision and Objectives Transformation of the old factory site Guimarães was once the heart of Portugal’s largest textile-manufacturing industry until global competition drove business elsewhere. (Wilder, 2011). The site echoes the city’s traditional significance as the host of four, textile factories, three of which (Building B, C and D) are no longer in use. Building B & C exhibit a largely destroyed roof structures, from rapid deterioration, while Building A is still in use as a storehouse for textiles. In addition to the site’s historical industrial architecture, the site encompasses one of the largest green areas in the city. The poor condition of the unoccupied factories, high potential of creating public green space, onsite opportunities for water, energy and material reclamation, central location and the need for affordable housing (Mendoza, 2011) were the basis of the working group’s vision: to sustainably transform the former industrial area into a socially valuable space for living, recreation and cultural activity as a role model for the future development of Guimarães.

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INTRODUCTION

Showcase Guimarães 2020 New Residential building The new “Showcase Guimarães 2020” residential building will provide affordable high quality housing. Additionally, it will serve as one of the first sustainable best practice for the region, thereby attracting broad-based attention and creating value for the municipality. The building has a wide range of implemented features, which aim to attain the sustainability goals through a whole building design approach in accordance with the REAP guidelines. In this exercise we will focus on the renewable energy applied.

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INTRODUCTION

Renewable Energy PV & Solar Water Heaters The building has a wide range of implemented features, which aim to attain the sustainability goals through a whole building design approach in accordance with the REAP guidelines. We found that the best suitable form of renewable energy for the geographical location and on-site to be photovoltaic panels for the electricity use, and solar water heaters for domestic hot water. In this exercise we will focus on the PV technology applied, analyzing two scenarios, and also run an analysis on the used solar water heaters (SWH).

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INTRODUCTION

Efficient Building Implemented measures The reasons for such a low consumption rate estimate are the efficiency measures applied. These range from physical measures such as the high quality insulation walls and windows, shading devices, efficient appliances and user controlled mechanical ventilation, to soft measures such as awareness campaigns and user manuals.

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Methodology

The Data RETScreen & Climate Consultant For the purpose of verification and accuracy, climate consultant data has been used to support the RETScreen data. This has bee found useful and more efficient when it came to choosing the PV modules angle, as well as having the weather data updated. Data provided by Climate Consultant is: - Radiation range - Illumination range - Sky coverage and wind velocity - Sun shading charts - Psychometric chart - Weather data summary Additionally, for the water consumption estimate and efficiency measures, the tool wisewater has been used.

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THE SCENARIOS

The Scenarios horizontal or tilted? The main aim that we want to reach by running the analysis is to find out whether choosing a flat horizontal or tilted panels setting would be better. The results will be chosen according to a combination of the performance, maintenance and operation, cost and benefit analysis as well as the payback period. The same method is applied to both, PV and SWH.

angle Villa Real 0 1570

10 1693 20 1774 30 1811 35 1813 40 1804 50 1758 60 1670 70 1543 80 1383 90 1197

Roof Plan

Area for PV:

3090 m² Area for Solar Water Heaters: 300m² Terraces

Area for PV Flat: 3090 m²

Tilted(35º): 1545m²

Project name Project 3 - REAP

Project location Portugal - Guimarães

Prepared for Decision Support & Project Evaluation Prepared by Ismail Khater & Daniel Bornmann

Project type Power

Technology Photovoltaic

Grid type Central-grid

Analysis type Method 2

Heating value reference Lower heating value (LHV) Show settings False

Language - Langue English - Anglais User manual English - Anglais

Currency Euro

Symbol Units Metric units

Climate data location Vila Real 1

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RETScreen

Project information Project basics The first step done in RETScreen was to enter the project data, such as name, location, type and technology. Because the analysis is done in Europe, the currency has been set to Euro, and the units to metric units. The next step was choosing the climate data, which was verified with the climate consultant data as explained before.

Unit Climate data

location Project location

Latitude ˚N 41.3 41.3 Longitude ˚E -7.7 -7.7 Elevation m 481 100 Heating design temperature °C -0.6 Cooling design temperature °C 31.4

Earth temperature amplitude °C 18.9

Month Air

temperature Relative humidity

Daily solar radiation - horizontal

Atmospheric pressure Wind speed

Earth temperature

Heating degree-days

Cooling degree-days

°C % kWh/m²/d kPa m/s °C °C-d °C-d January 5.1 85.2% 2.13 95.5 1.4 7.0 400 0 February 7.3 79.5% 2.69 95.4 1.8 6.0 300 0 March 9.6 72.3% 3.93 95.2 2.0 6.0 260 0 April 11.0 73.5% 4.81 94.9 2.1 7.0 210 30 May 14.2 71.8% 5.79 94.9 1.9 11.0 118 130 June 18.3 68.7% 6.95 95.1 1.9 14.0 0 249 July 21.5 64.3% 7.11 95.1 1.7 16.0 0 357 August 21.0 63.3% 6.25 95.1 1.9 18.0 0 341 September 19.5 65.5% 4.65 95.1 1.6 17.0 0 285 October 13.7 77.9% 2.85 95.1 1.4 15.0 133 115 November 9.4 85.2% 1.92 95.1 1.5 12.0 258 0 December 6.9 85.7% 1.53 95.3 1.5 9.0 344 0 Annual 13.2 74.4% 4.23 95.2 1.7 11.5 2,023 1,506

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RETScreen – Scenario 1

Resource assessment Photovoltaic – Scenario 1 (tilted) The Photovoltaics used are poly-Si by Sharp. The model chosen is “poly-si – NT-R5E3H”. This model has an efficiency of 13.5%, a frame area of 1.3m2, and a capacity of 175W per unit. As the usable area of the roof for tilted PV panels is 1545m2, the number of units installed are 1188. An assumption of 5% miscellaneous losses has been proposed. This includes, for example, losses due to the presence of dirt or snow on the modules, or mismatch and wiring losses. The result for Scenario 1 is 364.04 MWh of exported electricity.

Azimuth Solar tracking mode

35.0 Slope

Month Daily solar radiation

- horizontal Daily solar

radiation - tilted Electricity export rate

Electricity exported to

grid kWh/m²/d kWh/m²/d €/MWh MWh

January 2.13 4.15 450.0 22.97 February 2.69 4.27 450.0 21.18

March 3.93 5.62 450.0 30.37 April 4.81 6.26 450.0 32.61 May 5.79 7.14 450.0 37.87 June 6.95 8.60 450.0 43.12 July 7.11 9.02 450.0 45.89

August 6.25 8.37 450.0 42.65 September 4.65 6.47 450.0 32.30

October 2.85 4.12 450.0 22.06 November 1.92 3.27 450.0 17.35 December 1.53 2.82 450.0 15.68

Annual 4.23 5.85 450.00 364.04

Annual solar radiation - horizontal MWh/m² 1.54

Annual solar radiation - tilted MWh/m² 2.14

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Resource assessment Photovoltaic – Scenario 2 (flat) The Photovoltaics used are poly-Si by Sharp. The model chosen is “poly-si – NT-R5E3H”. This model has an efficiency of 13.5%, a frame area of 1.3m2, and a capacity of 175W per unit. As the usable area of the roof for flat PV panels is 3090m2, the number of units installed are 2138, leaving 10% of the roof area for accessibility and maintenance. An assumption of 5% miscellaneous losses has been proposed. This includes, for example, losses due to the presence of dirt or snow on the modules, or mismatch and wiring losses. The result for Scenario 2 is 477.04 MWh of exported electricity.

Azimuth Solar tracking mode

0 Slope

Month Daily solar radiation

- horizontal Daily solar

radiation - tilted Electricity export rate

Electricity exported to

grid kWh/m²/d kWh/m²/d €/MWh MWh

January 2.13 2.13 450.0 21.85 February 2.69 2.69 450.0 24.56

March 3.93 3.93 450.0 38.89 April 4.81 4.81 450.0 45.50 May 5.79 5.79 450.0 55.46 June 6.95 6.95 450.0 62.74 July 7.11 7.11 450.0 65.26

August 6.25 6.25 450.0 57.79 September 4.65 4.65 450.0 42.44

October 2.85 2.85 450.0 28.04 November 1.92 1.92 450.0 18.80 December 1.53 1.53 450.0 15.71

Annual 4.23 4.23 450.00 477.04

Annual solar radiation - horizontal MWh/m² 1.54

Annual solar radiation - tilted MWh/m² 2.14

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Cost Analysis Photovoltaic – Scenario 1 (tilted) The total initial cost for the PV is estimated at 14.6 Euro/kW installed. This value is based on RETScreens’ estimates, includes both equipment and installation costs. Added to that are spare parts, contingencies of 5%, and the interest rate during construction. For this type of project, it is estimated to install all parts within 1 month. The total initial cost for Scenario 1 is 1,196,131Euro. This excludes an annual operation and maintenance cost of 330Euro.

Initial costs (credits) Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount Relative costs Power system

Photovoltaic kW 374.15 € 5,472

€ 1,137,629

Sub-total: € 1,137,629 95.1%

Balance of system & miscellaneous

Spare parts % 5.0% € 10,000

€ 500

Contingencies % 5.0% € 2,048,349

€ 56,906

Interest during construction 2.20% 1 month(s) € 2,150,766

€ 1,095

Sub-total: € 58,502 4.9%

Total initial costs € 1,196,131 100.0%

Annual costs (credits) Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount O&M

Parts & labour project 1 € 300

€ 300

Contingencies % 10.0% € 300

€ 30

Sub-total: € 330

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Cost Analysis Photovoltaic – Scenario 2 (flat) The total initial cost for the PV is estimated at 14.6 Euro/kW installed. This value is based on RETScreens’ estimates, includes both equipment and installation costs. Added to that are spare parts, contingencies of 5%, and the interest rate during construction. For this type of project, it is estimated to install all parts within 1 month. The total initial cost for Scenario 2 is 2,152,738 Euro. This excludes an annual operation and maintenance cost of 660 Euro.

Initial costs (credits) Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount Relative costs Power system

Photovoltaic kW 374.15 € 5,472

€ 2,047,349

Sub-total: € 2,047,349 95.1%

Balance of system & miscellaneous

Spare parts % 5.0% € 20000

€ 1000

Contingencies % 5.0% € 2,048,349

€ 102,417

Interest during construction 2.20% 1 month(s) € 2,150,766

€ 1,972

Sub-total: € 105,389 4.9%

Total initial costs € 2,152,738 100.0%

Annual costs (credits) Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount O&M

Parts & labour project 1 € 600

€ 600

Contingencies % 10.0% € 600

€ 60

Sub-total: € 660

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Emission reduction Photovoltaic – Scenario 2 (tilted) In this section the emission reductions are described, first in the form of a comparison between the base case (using coal) and the proposed case (PV). As a second step, those emission reductions are shown in different forms for comprehensibility.

Base case

GHG emission Proposed case GHG emission

Net annual GHG emission

reduction Power project

tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 326.1 26.1 300

Net annual GHG emission reduction 393 tCO2 is equivalent to: 45.9 Cars & light trucks not used 128,902 Liters of gasoline not consumed 698 Barrels of crude oil not consumed 300 People reducing energy use by 20% 68.2 Acres of forest absorbing carbon 103 Tons of waste recycled

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Emission reduction Photovoltaic – Scenario 2 (flat) In this section the emission reductions are described, first in the form of a comparison between the base case (using coal) and the proposed case (PV). As a second step, those emission reductions are shown in different forms for comprehensibility.

Base case



reduction Power project

tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 427.3 34.2 393.1

Net annual GHG emission reduction 393 tCO2 is equivalent to: 72.0 Cars & light trucks not used 168,861 Liters of gasoline not consumed 914 Barrels of crude oil not consumed 393 People reducing energy use by 20% 89.3 Acres of forest absorbing carbon 136 Tons of waste recycled

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Financial analysis Photovoltaic – Scenario 1 (tilted) In this section the financial analysis is shown, in the case that the developer and/or the tenants pay for the initial cost themselves (without a loan).

Fuel cost escalation rate % 3.0% Inflation rate % 2.2% Discount rate % 4.0% Project life yr 25

Project costs and savings/income summary Initial costs Power system 95.1% € 1,137,629 Balance of system & misc. 4.9% € 58,502 Total initial costs 100.0% € 1,196,131 Annual costs and debt payments O&M € 330 Annual savings and income Electricity export income € 163,816

Yearly cash flows Year After-tax Cumulative

# € € 0 -1,196,131 -1,196,131

25 163,248 2,888,196

Annual income Electricity export income Electricity exported to grid MWh 364 Electricity export rate €/MWh 450.00

Financial viability IRR - assets % 13.0% Equity payback yr 7.3 Net Present Value (NPV) € 1,356,395 Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratio 2.13 Debt service coverage --

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Project costs and savings/income summary Initial costs Power system 95.1% € 2,047,349 Balance of system & misc. 4.9% € 105,389 Total initial costs 100.0% € 2,152,738 Annual costs and debt payments O&M € 660 Annual savings and income Electricity export income € 214,666


# € € 0 -2,152,738 -2,152,738

25 213,529 3,191,746

Annual income Electricity export income Electricity exported to grid MWh 477 Electricity export rate €/MWh 450.00

Financial viability IRR - assets % 8.7% Equity payback yr 10.1 Net Present Value (NPV) € 1,187,537 Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratio 1.55 Debt service coverage --

Financial analysis Photovoltaic – Scenario 2 (flat) In this section the financial analysis is shown, in the case that the developer and/or the tenants pay for the initial cost themselves (without a loan).

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Project costs and savings/income summary Initial costs Power system 95.1% € 1,137,629

Balance of system & misc. 4.9% € 58,502

Total initial costs 100.0% € 1,196,131 Annual costs and debt payments O&M € 330 Debt payments - 25 years € 68,691

Total annual costs 69,021 Annual savings and income Electricity export income € 163,816


# € € 0 0 0

25 94,557 2,367,045

Financial viability IRR - assets % 6.1% Equity payback yr immediate Net Present Value (NPV) € 1,479,425 Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratio -- Debt service coverage 2.38

Financial analysis Photovoltaic – Scenario 1 (tilted) In this section the financial analysis is shown, where having the total cost financed with a debt interest rate of 3.0% over the debt term of 25 years

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Financial analysis Photovoltaic – Scenario 2 (flat) In this section the financial analysis is shown, where having the total cost financed with a debt interest rate of 3.0% over the debt term of 25 years


Project costs and savings/income summary Initial costs Power system 95.1% € 2,047,349

Balance of system & misc. 4.9% € 105,389

Total initial costs 100.0% € 2,152,738 Annual costs and debt payments O&M € 660 Debt payments - 25 years € 123,627

Total annual costs 214,287 Annual savings and income Electricity export income € 214,666


# € € 0 0 0

25 89,902 2,253,805

Financial viability IRR - assets % 0.4% Equity payback yr immediate Net Present Value (NPV) € 1,408,962 Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratio -- Debt service coverage 1.37

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Solar Water Heaters

Project information Project basics The first step done in RETScreen was to enter the project data, such as name, location, type and technology. Because the analysis is done in Europe, the currency has been set to Euro, and the units to metric units. The next step was choosing the climate data, which was verified with the climate consultant data as explained before.

Unit Climate data

location Project location

Latitude ˚N 41.3 41.3 Longitude ˚E -7.7 -7.7 Elevation m 481 100 Heating design temperature °C -0.6 Cooling design temperature °C 31.4

Earth temperature amplitude °C 18.9

Month Air

temperature Relative humidity

Daily solar radiation - horizontal

Atmospheric pressure Wind speed

Earth temperature

Heating degree-days

Cooling degree-days

°C % kWh/m²/d kPa m/s °C °C-d °C-d January 5.1 85.2% 2.13 95.5 1.4 7.0 400 0 February 7.3 79.5% 2.69 95.4 1.8 6.0 300 0 March 9.6 72.3% 3.93 95.2 2.0 6.0 260 0 April 11.0 73.5% 4.81 94.9 2.1 7.0 210 30 May 14.2 71.8% 5.79 94.9 1.9 11.0 118 130 June 18.3 68.7% 6.95 95.1 1.9 14.0 0 249 July 21.5 64.3% 7.11 95.1 1.7 16.0 0 357 August 21.0 63.3% 6.25 95.1 1.9 18.0 0 341 September 19.5 65.5% 4.65 95.1 1.6 17.0 0 285 October 13.7 77.9% 2.85 95.1 1.4 15.0 133 115 November 9.4 85.2% 1.92 95.1 1.5 12.0 258 0 December 6.9 85.7% 1.53 95.3 1.5 9.0 344 0 Annual 13.2 74.4% 4.23 95.2 1.7 11.5 2,023 1,506

Project name Project 3 - REAP Project location Portugal - Guimarães

Prepared for Decision Support & Project Evaluation Prepared by Ismail Khater & Daniel Bornmann

Project type Heating

Technology Solar water heater

Analysis type Method 2

Heating value reference Lower heating value (LHV)

Language - Langue English - Anglais User manual English - Anglais

Currency Euro

Symbol Units Metric units

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RETScreen – Energy Model – Solar Water Heater

Resource assessment Photovoltaic – Scenario 1 (tilted) The Solar Heaters used are glazed, by the manufacturer “thermo dynamics. The model chosen is “G32”. The area covered will be 148m, having a capacity of 97.3 kW. An assumption of 5% miscellaneous losses has been proposed. This includes, for example, losses due to the presence of dirt or snow on the modules, or mismatch and wiring losses.

Heating project Unit Base case Load type Apartment Number of units Unit 101 Occupancy rate % 100% Daily hot water use – estimated L/d 17,114 Daily hot water use L/d 5,704 Temperature °C 60 Operating days per week d 7 Percent of month used Month Supply temperature method Formula Water temperature - minimum °C 10.3 Water temperature - maximum °C 16.1 Unit Base case Heating MWh 189.7 Resource assessment Solar tracking mode Azimuth Slope ˚ 35.0 Balance of system & miscellaneous Storage Yes Storage capacity / solar collector area L/m² 125 Storage capacity L 17,375.0 Heat exchanger yes/no Yes Heat exchanger efficiency % 80.0% Miscellaneous losses % 1.5% Pump power / solar collector area W/m² 15.00 Electricity rate €/kWh 0.180 Summary Electricity - pump MWh 4.2 Heating delivered MWh 114.1 Solar fraction % 60%

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Cost Analysis SWH (tilted) The total initial cost for the SWH is estimated at 14.6 Euro/kW installed. This value includes both equipment and installation costs. Added to that are spare parts, contingencies of 5%, and the interest rate during construction. For this type of project, it is estimated to install all parts within 1 month. The total initial cost is 39,419 Euro. This excludes an annual operation and maintenance cost of 165Euro, and 2,542 Euro fuel cost.

Initial costs (credits) Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount Heating system Solar water heater € - User-defined cost 50 750 € 37,500 Sub-total: € 37,500 Balance of system & miscellaneous Spare parts % 5.0% 150 € 8 Contingencies % 5.0% 37,508 € 1,875 Interest during construction 2.20% 1 month(s) 39,383 € 36 Sub-total: € 1,919 Total initial costs € 39,419 Annual costs (credits) Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount O&M Parts & labour project 1 150 € 150 User-defined cost € - Contingencies % 10.0% 150 € 15 Sub-total: € 165 Fuel cost - proposed case Natural gas kWh 28,287 0.068 € 1,935 Electricity MWh 3 180.000 € 607 Sub-total: € 2,542 Annual savings Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount Fuel cost - base case Natural gas kWh 133,840 0.068 € 9,155 Sub-total: € 9,155

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Emission reduction SWH (tilted) In this section the emission reductions are described, first in the form of a comparison between the base case (using Natural Gas) and the proposed case (SWH). As a second step, those emission reductions are shown in different forms for comprehensibility.

Net annual GHG emission reduction 393 tCO2 is equivalent to: 3.6 Cars & light trucks not used 8,422 Liters of gasoline not consumed 45.6 Barrels of crude oil not consumed 19.6 People reducing energy use by 20% 4.5 Acres of forest absorbing carbon 6.8 Tons of waste recycled

Base case



reduction

Heating project tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 26.4 6.8 19.6

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Financial analysis SWH (tilted) In this section the financial analysis is shown, in the case that the developer and/or the tenants pay for the initial cost themselves (without a loan).


Yearly cash flows Year Cumulative

# € € 0 -39,419 -39,419 1 6,642 -32,777 2 6,843 -25,934 3 7,049 -18,885 4 7,262 -11,622 5 7,482 -4,141 6 7,708 3,567 7 7,940 11,507 8 8,180 19,687 9 8,427 28,114 10 8,681 36,795 11 8,943 45,739 12 9,213 54,952 13 9,492 64,444 14 9,778 74,222 15 10,073 84,295 16 10,377 94,672 17 10,690 105,363 18 11,013 116,376 19 11,345 127,721 20 11,688 139,409 21 12,040 151,449 22 12,404 163,853 23 12,778 176,631 24 13,163 189,794 25 13,561 203,355

Financial viability IRR - assets % 19.5% Net Present Value (NPV) € 103,419 Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratio 3.62

Project costs and savings/income summary

Initial costs Heating system 95.1% € 37,500 Balance of system & misc. 4.9% € 1,919

Total initial costs 100.0

% € 39,419 Annual costs and debt payments O&M € 165 Fuel cost - proposed case € 2,542 Total annual costs € 2,707 Annual savings and income Fuel cost - base case € 9,155 Total annual savings and income € 9,155

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What could be concluded?

Photovoltaic: Scenario 1 showed to be financially more favorable, with less risk, and a higher return than scenario 2. It would make more sense to try to look for other project sites to invest in rather than oversizing the project with lower financial and environmental revenues.

Solar Water Heater: Relatively, we concluded that SWH technology is reasonably safe, with a lower investment cost and a higher return.

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RETScreen: Tools of economical, technical and environmental assessment proof to be very useful for project evaluation, helping decision makers see the right choice. Instead of trying hard with high-tech solutions, focusing our energy on high-tech analysis could get us more efficient results. Each day the design of the process becomes more important than the design of the resulting individual products.

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TOOLS CONCEPT DETAILED CONSTRUCTION

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Thanks

“You Can't Manage What You Don't Measure” W. Edwards Deming

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References Climate Consultant. 2011. Climate Consultant 5.2. http://www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu/ [12.01.12]. Wilder, C. 2011. The Arts Take Root in Portugal’s ‘Cradle City. New York Times. http://travel.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/travel/guimaraes-becoming-a-cultural-center-of-portugal.html?pagewanted=all [18.11.2011]. Wise Water. 2011. http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/Water_Sanitation/EveryDropCounts/index.asp [12.01.12]. RETScreen. 2011. Natural Resources Canada. http://www.retscreen.net/ang/home.php [18.11.2011]. Mendoza, P. 2011. Professor at the University of Minho, interviewed by Lucy Price. Guimaraes, Portugal. November 2011. SHE. 2009. Economic and social issues of sustainable housing. Crdd la

Calada. http://www.federcasa.it/news/power_house/toolkit/finanziario/1_SHE_eco_soc_sust_housing_en.pdf [12.01.12]. SHE. 2003. The Matosinhos SHE Project – Porto, Portugal. Norbiceta, Uniao Cooperativas de Habitacao. http://www.she.coop/english/porto_cont_eng.asp?id=101 [12.01.12]. Energy data: http://www.energy.eu/, Europe's Energy Portal » Fuel Prices, Rates for Power & Natural Gas, January 2012. Roof design: http://www.greenrooftechnology.com/Modern%20Technology/PV_greenroof_detail_New.jpg Wall design: http://www.cres.gr/conference/pdf/proceedings/SESSION_4.pdf, p.71 Rodrigo Pedro. 2009 Solar energy in portugal,http://repositorio.iscte.pt/bitstream/10071/1797/1/Tese_Solar%20Energy%20in%20Portugal_Rodrigo%20Virgilio.pdf

RETScreen Analysis: Showcase Guimarães 2020

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