Researching Professional Officials in Brazil: Challenges and Breaking Paradigms

Researching Professional Soccer Officials in Brazil: How Passionate are they?

Gustavo KorteFederação Paulista de Futebol

São Paulo - Brazil

Introduction• Why would you be in a game where the objective of

the team is not be noticed?

• Why is that someone would be willing to be in the middle of a soccer field holding a whistle two

colored cards and dressing like a player but running after the ball without touching it?

• Ah… and many times being accused of the loss of a team, called bad names by thousands of people and

even suffering aggressions?

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• Is Passion one of the answers?

• If yes, how does passion relate to other aspects of the official’s life?

• Aspects such as: Ranking (performance), years of practice, level of study, type of work

outside refereeing, social status and kids.

The Passion Concept

• Is defined as “strong inclination or desire towards one activity that people like, dedicate time and

resources”(Vallerand et al.,2003).

• The activity become part of their identity. The internalization process into the identity can occur

either through a controlled (intra or inter personal) or a autonomous process.

• Controlled Process: obsessive passion (OP).

• Autonomous Process: harmonious passion (HP)

Harmonious Passion

• the individuals have freely accepted the activity as important for them without any contingencies attached to it (Sheldon, 2002, Vallerand, 1997).

• activity occupies a significant but not overpowering space in the person’s identity

• in harmony with other aspects of the person’s life

• the person is in control of the activity (evaluates and chooses when or not to engage x other life activities)

• the person is in the activity for the pleasure that is being drawn from being in the activity

Obsessive Passion

• The activity controls the individuals . A strong (uncontrollable) desire to engage in the activity

• the activity was internalized through a controlled intra and/or interpersonal pressure and certain contingencies are attached to the mental representations of the activity, such as feelings of social acceptance or self-esteem.

• The relationships and the behaviors related to the activity are very controlling, independent of the outcome that can be negative emotions/affects or emotional outcomes and even conflicts with other areas of life.

• Rigid persistance

PASSION

• Considering that passion for one activity is the way one person manifests one aspect of his identity, one may have different types of passions for different activities (OP for soccer, HP for tennis) and non passionate activities (reading novels).

• The way they emphasize their emotions can improve or undermine the quality of their relationships (Philippe et al., 2009).

• When more OP for the activity, they act more controlled, when HP more harmonious.

Method

Participants• From around 600 active referees from the Sao Paulo

State Soccer Federation(FPF), 509 started to answer the questionnaire and four hundred and eighty nine finished it. Ages ranged from 19 to 45 years old with a M=31,17 and SD= 3,77 years, 488 were males and 21 females. Distributed in 4 rankings : trainee (63), Bronze (176), Silver (187) and Gold (83). Gold is considered the highest level that includes National and FIFA levels referees.

Instrument: – The Passion Scale Vallerand et al, 2003 (adapted to refereeing in

Portuguese).

• consists of two six-item subscales (HP and OP)

• 7-point scale ranging from 1 (do not agree at all) to 7 (completely agree).

– Scale have show adequate levels or reliability and validity.

Procedure :

- FPF gave us a list of 600 emails from referees

- Using Survey Monkey we sent a letter asking the referees to reply to the questionnaire. It was not mandatory and we promised to give them a written feedback on the results. It took about two months to get 489 questionnaires fully filled.

Method

PASSION and TYPE OF REFEREE

p=<.027for OP

PASSION and RANKING

P< .001 for OP

PASSION and STUDY LEVEL

p=<.001 for OP

n = very small

PASSION and OTHER ACTIVITIES

Non sign.

PASSION and SOCIAL STATUS

Non sign.

PASSION and KIDS

p=< .003For HP

PASSION and YEARS OF PRACTICE

p=<.027

P< .001for OP

SUMMARY OF RESULTS• Type of Referee OP (p< .021)

• Ranking OP (p< .000)

• Years of Practice OP (p< .001)

• Level of Study OP (p< .027)

• Type of Work Not Significant

• Work other activities Not Significant

• Social Status Not Significant

• Kids HP(N=3) (p< .003) for referees with 4 kids.

Comparison of Studies

Passion and Type of RefereeTable 1 - ANOVA for OP, HP and Type of Referee

6,726 1 6,726 5,355 ,021

611,647 487 1,256

618,373 488

,350 1 ,350 ,505 ,477

337,370 487 ,693

337,720 488

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Obssesive Passion

Harmonious Passion

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Tabela 1(a) - Linear Regression using ANOVA for HP, OP (IV's) and Type of Referee (DV)b

1,489 2 ,744 3,076 ,047a

117,571 486 ,242

119,059 488

Regression

Residual

Total

1Model

Sum of


Predictors: (Constant), Obssesive Passion, Harmonious Passiona.

Dependent Variable: Type of Refereb.

Passion and RankingTable 2 - ANOVA for HP, OP and Ranking

25,177 3 8,392 6,862 ,000

593,196 485 1,223

618,373 488

,222 3 ,074 ,106 ,956

337,498 485 ,696

337,720 488

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Obssesive Passion

Harmonious Passion

Sum of


Table 8 - Linear Regression with ANOVA for OP (IV) and Rank ing (DV)b

14,676 1 14,676 18,259 ,000a

391,414 487 ,804

406,090 488

Regression

Residual

Total

1Model

Sum of


Predictors: (Constant), Obssesive Passiona.

Dependent Variable : Rankingb.

Passion and Years of Practice

Table 3(a) - Linear Regression using ANOVA for HP, OP and Years of Practiceb

21,823 2 10,911 7,361 ,001a

720,423 486 1,482

742,245 488

Regression

Residual

Total

1Model

Sum of


Predictors: (Constant), Obssesive Passion, Harmonious Passiona.

Dependent Variable: Years of Practiceb.

ANOVA for OP, HP and Social Status

,669 4 ,167 ,674 ,610

106,177 428 ,248

106,846 432

,101 4 ,025 ,091 ,985

118,787 428 ,278

118,888 432

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

EGO Orientation

Task Orientation

Sum of


Passion, Level of Study & KidsTable 4 - ANOVA for HP, OP and Study Level

21,759 8 2,720 2,188 ,027

596,614 480 1,243

618,373 488

3,419 8 ,427 ,614 ,767

334,301 480 ,696

337,720 488

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Obssesive Passion

Harmonious Passion

Sum of


Samples uneaven. TheDifference wassignificant (?!?!) for a sample of four?

PASSION and Type of Work PASSION and Work Outside of Refereeing

Table 6 - ANOVA for HP, OP and Type of Work

3,566 4 ,891 ,702 ,591

614,807 484 1,270

618,373 488

1,620 4 ,405 ,583 ,675

336,100 484 ,694

337,720 488

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Obssesive Passion

Harmonious Passion

Sum of


Table 7 - ANOVA for HP, OP and Type of Work outside of refereeing

9,602 5 1,920 1,524 ,181

608,771 483 1,260

618,373 488

4,104 5 ,821 1,188 ,314

333,616 483 ,691

337,720 488

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Obssesive Passion

Harmonious Passion

Sum of


DISCUSSIONThe results of the analysis indicates and also comparing to other studies (Phillipe et al, 2009) where we found similar results, OP shall be considered a predictor and or have some influence when referee make their decision to be a R or AR..In the process of internalization of the activity, OP is the result of an intra/inter personal process, generating controlling attitudes, rigid persistence, negative affect (Vallerand et al, 2003) and some important referee skills are considered to be: team work, flexibility , adaptability and lower levels of OP means lesser controllability, rigidity and could be considered as an indicator for higher performance, persistence and even participating in choosing the type of work or to be a referee or an assistant referee…

Questions??

Thank you for your attention

Live your life with (harmonious) passion!

Gustavo KorteSport Performance and well being PsychologistFederação Paulista de FutebolE-mail: [email protected]: gustavokorteTel: +5511987765555São Paulo - Brazil

mailto:[email protected]

Researching Professional Officials in Brazil: Challenges and Breaking Paradigms

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