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R E P O R T

T H E T R A D E A N D E E S O U R C E S

OF THE COUNTRIES

ON TiIE NORTH-WBSTERN BOUNDARY

L A I I O R E : 1)hLSTED AT THE l3OVEBNACEST PRMS.

YDCCCLXIi,

PREFACE.

TEE following report has been compiled under the directions of

Sir Robert Montgomery, K.c.B., the Lieutenant Governor of the

Punjab.

An attempt has been xnade to bring into one view the princi-

pal facts which have been recorded by former travellers, or are now

derivable from other sources, concerning the trade and resources of

t he countries beyond the north-western boundary of British India,

with throbject of furnishing information auxiliaxy to the future

improvement of the existing intercourse between them and our

ow-n territories,

Whilst the greater portion of what is set forth must necessarily

be a cursory recapitulation borrowed from well known, though not,

perhaps, very acccssiblc works; if anywhere an ddi t ion has been

made to the stock of knowlcdge, i t is duo to the investigations of

the public officers who have been consulted.

Valuable maps have been furnished by Major Walker, Superin-

tendent of the Great Trigonometricid Survey, Captain hfontgomerie,

Superintendent of the ~~igonometrical Survey in Kashmir, and

Captain P. Lumsden, Assistant Adjutant General of t,he Army.

These maps have been lithographed under the direction of Lieutenant

Colonel Thuillier, Surveyor General of India.

The aid rendered in the compilation of the report by Extra

Assistant Commissioner Pundit 3iunphoo1, acting as hiir M6nshi

to the Punjab Government ; and by Mahomed Amin, a native of

Yarkand, deserves to be prominently aclinomled,ned.

Sccretnrg fo G ' o r e r i ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ t Pa~ijat. l r t Jrrlj 1808.

S Y N O P S I S .

-9-

PART I.

Estimate of the value of the tmdc between lnd i a and ... Central Asia, ... ... ... ... ...

Asafcctida and JVool excluded from the estimate, ... ... Value of Russian t r d e with Central Asia, ...

Conntries and ~eople under contemplation, ... ... begpee of civilization, ... ... ... ... ... Bilkhistan ; Khilat ; Quetta ; Bolan and Mulla Passes,

... ... Agriculttlral products, ... ... ... Brahbis ; their tomans, furniture, physical appearance,

... ... descent, and language, ... ... Bil6chis ; 'their appearance, origin, arms, and feuds, ... 33Sbis j Dehwars, ... ... ... ... ...

... ... Custonls ; occupations, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Suhurban tillage, , . .

... ... ... Arts and handicrafts, ... ... ... Mglianistan, ... ... ... ... ... ... Climate of Kandahar ; of Kabul, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Balkh and KiindGz, ...

Population ; Afghans, Tsjalis, Parsivans, himrtks, and ... ... ... ... Kizilbashes ; nambel*, ... ... ... ... Herat ; census of, . . . ... ... ... Huzaras ; their tenets, ... . . .

... ... ... ... Avocatiol~~ of the Afghans,

... ... ... ... Products ; manufactures,

... ... ... ... Foreign imports, ... . . .

... ... ... ... ... Articles in demand. 8

... Commercial routes through Afghanistan. ... .)

Customs duties on foreign imports. ... ... ... 9

Small Uzbak States. ... ... ... ... ... .. Ralkh. ... ... ... ... ... ... . . )1

... Kiindb ; population ; customs duties. ... ... 10

... Mashad. ... ... ... ... ... ... a )

... ... ... ... NishapGr. ... ... ... 11

... Merv. ... ... ... ... ... ... 11

Plains of the 0x11s and Jaxartes. ... ... ... ... 37

Khiva ; mounted plunderers ; area; population ; slaves. 12

... Routes from Khiva t o Orenburg. ... ... JJ

Peroffski's expedition ; its failure. ... ... ... 1)

Manufactures of Khiva. ... ... ... ... ... 13

Bukhfin ; its arm. position. cultivation. and dwellings. ... ll

Pop;lation.-1Jzbaks. Arabs. Tajaks. Persians. Khirgiz ... and Karakalpacs. ... ... ... ... 11

River Oxus; its rise and course. 'breadth. depthl and

velocity. ... ... ... ... ... ... 14

... ... ... Boats and navigation. ... ... 9 )

... ... Climate of BukhLa. ... ... ... 1-1.

... Gardens and Arboriculture. ... ... ... y7

... Silk worms ; how reared ; quality of the silk. ... 14-15

... ... Horticulture. farming. and live stock. ... 15

... ... ... ... Districts of Bukhha. ... )J

City of BukhCira ; colleges ; priesthood ; bigotry of kings ; Syurls and Khojas ; population ; streets and buildings ; Uzbaks ; slaves ; costume ; fruits,-kc., 16-17

... ... ... Internal communications. ... 17

Situation of BukhAra. centrical for trade between Eastern ... ... ... and Western Asia. ... . . . . .

iii

Puge.

... Relation to Rulssia, ... . . . ... ... 17

Caravans from Bukhara, to Troitska, to Orcnburgh ; other ... ... ... ... caravans, ... ... 18

... ... ... ... ... Samarkand, ... 19

... ... ... ... ... Khokand, ... ... ),

... ... Caravan route to Semapalatinsk, ... . . . 20

... ... ... ... Russian Fort of Ak Masjid, 13

... ... ... ... ... ... Kopal, ... )I

Trade at Semapalatinsk with the Kirghiz tribes; articles sent from China, Khokand, and Russia ; homed cattle received in exchange by the Russians driven to Sihria and consumed at the gold mines, ... ... ))

M e n i p of a Kirghiz chief; dress ; summer' costume, ... 22

Opinm smoking ; Chinese smugglers, ... ... ... > J

... Wants of the Kirghiz, ... ... ... ... )I

Russian t ~ m s of Kopal and Vernoje, ... ... Caravan from Yarkand ; commodities, ... ... Pdmir mountains, or " Barn-i-Dunia " ; the Piryakh,

Eastern Turkistin ; its provinces, 12 in number,

... Chinese garrisons in Kwhgar and Yarkand,

Aktaghees of Kashgar, ... . . . ... ... Khojas of Inqijan, ... ... ... ... Y arkand,. ... ... ... ... ... Khutan, ... e ... ... ... ... ... 3 3

Route from Yarkand to Elchi, the chief town of Khutan, 27

Products of Kllutnn ; animals ; manufactures, ... ... Jl

... ... ... ..a Trade in silk and horses, 2s

Trade between Khutan and Hindustan formerly extensive, ,, Opinions of Moorcroft, Strachey, Vans Agnew, and

Cunningham, regarding a royal road said to have existed between Yarkand and Hindustan, ... - . )J

... A. Schlagentweit's route in 1557, ... ... 29

Principal rivers of Khutan, ... ... ... ... IY

... Shawl wool the chief article of trade, ... ... )>

Export of the wool long monopolized by Kashmir, ... 30

Pastures of the shawl goats, ... ... ... ... 19

Valley of RGpshd (in Ladakh) ; dimate ; soil ; vegetation ; pasturage ; shepherds ;-their tents and furniture, 30-31

Chinese province of Nari-khormm; great jealousy of E u r o p ~ n travellers evinced by the local authorities ;

... districts, ... ... ... ... ... 31

Shipki ; its position ; crops ; elevation ; harv* ; dress ... of the men and women ; Tatar picket,, ... 32

Chaprang, ... ... ... ... ... ... 33

Trade between Le' and L'hassa ; distance, ... ... 3,

Districts of Ladakh subject to Kahmir, ... ... 91

Districts under British Government, ; race ; creed ; food ; dress ; manufactures ; imports, ... ... ... 33

Hanawar ; its extent, climate, products, people, trade, ... 34

Government agency formerly at Kotgurh to encourage ... ... export of wool, ... ... ... 33

PART 11.

... Trade through Afghanistan and Biliichistan, ... 37

Routes ;-Bolan, Gl~uwailrq and Aljkana passes, ... 9 ,

Bolan Pass ; length, width ; plunderers, ... ... 37-38

Trnde between Shikarpoor and IIerat diminished j f i r - ... ... ... quoises ; Indigo, ... ... 35

\

Kurachee ; value of imports, exports, and customs duties, ,, ... ... Exports from ~fghanistan and Kashmir, 93

Imports from England to Kurachee largely increased, especially cotton piece goods, ... ... ... 03

Asafcctida ; Madder ; Raw Silk, ... ... ... 40

Increased export of wool, ... ... ... .-. Y)

... ... Trade in howes ; breeding districts, ... 41

h i t s ; Sugar; Cotton, ... ... ... .-. a ,

Management of Kandahar trade with India ; Herat, . . . , , Trade by (fhumailm pass ; distances, ... ... ... 42

Povindah merchants ; their summer resort : descent to the Derajat ; journcys; disposaI of goods; return investments ;-go by rail but not by steamers ;

... ... causes of their long journeys, ... 43

Trade by the pmses leading to Peshawur considenbly increased ; value and dctail of importa and exports, ... 44-46

Progress of English piece goods a t Bukhtin; of tea> ... sugar, indigo, . . . ... ... ... 4G

Routes to Central Asia from Peshamr ; distance to Kabul, Bukhbra, Khokand, Knshgar, and Yarkancl ; Khyber pass avoided, on account of Afridi robbers; other routes protected, and open throughout the year; passes ; secnrity of routes ; customs duties moderate, 4G-47

... Russian goods at Bukhha, ... ... m e 47

... Bukhlira goods sent to Russia, ... ... ... 48

13ukhka trade with Khokand and Persia; Kirmani sllnml ... ... gooh, ... ... ... . . a ,J

W e through the Pesha\rur passes largely increawl ... since annexation ; causcs, ... .., . 49

Government of Ameer Dost Itlahomed Klian, commer- ... ... cially good, ... ,.. ... ... 2,

English gods reach P e a h a m principally ail2 Amritsar, ... not by the Indus, ... ... . . . . . . . N

... Trade from Yarkand and Wcat,ern China, ... 50

Territory of the Maharaja of .T:qmmii and Kashmir : decrease of population ; mnnufactures ; sharvls, swords,

... matchlocks ; condition of the people, ... 50-51

Page.

... Colonies in the Punjab of Kashmir immigrants, 52

... Monopdy of shawl wool by Kashmir, ... ... J J

Increased demand for shawl wool; importance of tho . . a ... ... ... ... ... f l l ~ p ~ l ~ , 52-53

Trade between the British territories and the countries within and beyond the dominions of the Maliaqja of Kashmir ; the subject subdivided into (1) Routes, (2) Exports and Imports, (3) Customs duties, ... 53

Ro~~~s . -Capta in Montgomeriejs accouat of their comparative dvantages, ... ... ... ... ... 53, 4, 5

... Kulu route preferred because within British territory, 56

Course of trade during the Sikh rule, .,.. ... ... ilid.

Necessity for a bridge over the Chenab a t Koksur ; present rude structure dangerous ; avalanches, . . . . .

Passes between Sultanpur and L&, ... ... ... I )

Summer and winter routes from Le' to Ynrkand ; junction ... and divergence of the two routes, ... ... 57-5

Routes between tlie Punjah and Kaslmir ; increase of , customs duties on all but that by Jammd, ... 5s

Routes from Peshnwur ; Rodokh to Le'; Ramptir to Le'; Chumurti to RampGr, ... ... . . . ... 50

Proposed route from Gardokh to Lahoul, ... ... 60

... ... Object of the annexation of Spiti, - * a ,, Spiti favor:hle to shawl goats, ... ... ... ... )>

... Paths betwen Ramp$ and Spiti, ... ... . 3,

... ... Barter of sheep wool for grain, ... ... J )

KotP~rh wool agency; cause of its failure; necessary to deal with the shepherds in the higher mountains, ... 61

Junction a t Dnnkhur of routes from Kunawur to Spiti ,... 62

Route from f i m p h r to Shipki, Chaprang and Gardokh, G2-3

... Hindustnn and Tllibet road, ... ... ... 64

EXPORTS AND I3fron~s.-The subjecb divitled into (a) trade of the British, Kashmir, and JammC territories with

Ladalih, Chantlian, and Yarkand ; and (6) trade of ... the British territories with Kashmir afid Jammh, 65

(N) Concentration of trade a t L6 ; chief exports, ... 11

Opium, .quantity ; increased exportation and con- sumpt~on ; the drug smuggled by Chinese, . . . , . '

Goat and other skins ; cotton piecc goods ; pmlimina ; lGngis ; sugar candy ; indigo ; tobacco ; woollens ;

... . iron, and saffron, ... ... ... 91

... Prime cost of exports, ... ... ... 06

Chief imports into Kashmir and the Punjab ;-pashm; charat; ; cotton cloths ; bullion ; tea ; pashminas ;

... ... ... ... ponies, ... ... 67-3

Other imports ;-carpets ; felts ; sables ; hroad cloths ; ... ... brocades ; tobacco ; silk, ... ... G S

Staplc trade from Ld to Rampiir, ... ... .,a JJ

Maharaja's monopoly of salt imported from the east, ,, ... ... ... Borax ; sulphur ; brick tea, ... 69

l'radc of L6 considerably diminished; causes; unprotected state of the road between L6 and Yarkand ; road from Yarkaud to Khokand protected, ... ... 69

(b ) Valuc of exports to Jammii and to Kasllmir ; value of imports fiom Jammh and from Kashmir, . . . . . . 70

Chief exports from the Punjab ;-English piecc goods ; native cloths ; jewels ; rock salt ; ot,lier exports, ... ... ... ... ... ... 70

... Imports into British territory, ... ... 71

Pashmina fabrics ; their destination ; the manufac- ... ... ture attempted a t Jammh, ... 71

Trade of Amrikar ; estimated value ; its distribution, 71-2

Shawl trade ; its comparative profits in Kashmir and the,Punjab ; superiority of the Kashmir workmanship; greater coarseness and cheapness of Punjab shawls ; Kirmani wool mixed with the genuine pashm ; difficulty of detecting the admixture, . 73

Distaste of English merchants with the Arnritsat. shawls recently signified j consequent reduction in

... the market price, ... ... . . . ... Value of trade in English piece goods, .... ... Silk trade ; raw material where produced, ... ... Other items of trade ;-sugar ; rice ; iron j tea, &c.,

Comparison of the trade by may of Afghanistan and of that through the Maharaja's territory, with Amritsar ; estimate of values, ... ... . . ,

Raw silk by may of Kabul, and pashmina fallrics from Kashmir, exceed half the value of entire trade

... of both countries, ... ... ... ... imports 'through Kabul ;-wool ; dried fruits ; mad-

... der ; drugs ; spices, &c., ... ... ... Exports from Amritsar cia Kabul ;--cotton picce

goods ; drugs; spices ; su,w ; cotton thread ; Punjab silks ; tea ; hardware ; woollens ; cochineal,

Imports from the Maharaja's territory to Amritsar ; exports from Amritsar, ... ... ... ...

Growing importance of Amritsar, ... ... ... The Maharaja's customs duties; farmed to a con-

tractor ; l~osts ; procedure ;. tariff; method of levying ; export duty on pashmina p o d s moderate,

... High stamp duty; horn levied and paid, ... Export duty on s3me articles frequently excessive,

.

Duty on imports from British territory to Kashmir excessively heavy; duties on goods not passing beyond Jammii considerably lower ; abatement of' duties made in favor of influential merchants, ...

Engagement of the Maharaja to levy duties according to ancient custom ; expected re-opening of routes,

'l'ra.de increased, in spite of high rates of duty, ... Customs duties a t L6 generally light ; contracted for,

Traders complain of the exactions of the- officials at ... te' ; Bleha Busti Ram ; a.nd his nephew,, . .

Page.

Menopolies of the Kwhmir State in skawl wool, tea, ... salt, and sulphur, ... ... ... ... 80

PART 111.

Question concerning competition with Russia, ... ... Trade with Russia still carried on by means of' caravans,

Distance from Bukhfira to Orenburgh and Peshawnr compared ; distance from Kurachee to Yarkand ; advantages on the side of the British trade, ... ...

'Increase of British export trade to Afghanistan and Buk hkra, ... ... ... ... ... ...

British cotton stuffs preferred to Russian, but not broad ... ... cloths, ... ... ... ...

Questio~l as to the best route to Yarkand ; that by Kabul and Bukhbra now preferred by traders, ... ...

The Indus little used for conveyance of goods ; transport ... chiefly by means of camels, ... ,.. ...

... Steamers about to run on the Upper Indus, ... Tramway between Kotree and Mooltan suggested, owing

to the difficulties of navigation; length and mat ; ... ... ... ... utility, ... ...

Lahorn and Peshamur Road ; its importance increased by difficulties of navigating the Jhelum river ; increase of Amritsar trade predicted when the r o d to Peshawur shall be completed ; evcry effort being made to complete communications of Peshawur with the sea

... ... ... ... b a r d , ... ... I

Establishment of 3 fair at Pcshawur advocated by Major James ; extract from Major James' report, ... ...

... Fair established a t Kurachee ; its effects, ... ... ... ... ... ... Fairs in Russia, ...

Possihilit.y of establishing fairs in India ; objections to a ..a ... fair a t Mooltan, ... . m a ...

Routes between Amritsar and Kashmir sufficiently prac- ... ... ticable for laden animals, ... ... 87

Works in progrw to improve the road to Li, and the ... ... Hindusten and Thibet rod, ... JJ

Insecurity of the road between Lk and Yarkand a principal cause of the decline in trade; inefficiency of the Maharaja's representative at Yarkand; suggestion ... ... concerning protection of the road, ... 88

Suggeetion to procure abolition of the customs duties on the U route, when a fair degree of safety for travellers shall have been secured, ... ... ... 89

Desirability of a revision of the customs duties on the ... frontier between Kashmir and the Punjab, ... 89-90

R E P O R T

T H E T B A D E A N D R E S O U R C E S

' OF THE COUNTRIES

ON THE NORTH-WESTERN BOUNDARY

OF

B R I T I S H I N D I A .

PART I.

The following estimate of the value of the trade between India and the countries beyond the mountain

Estimate of the value of the trade betwe.een India and frontier of the Punjab, has been framed Central .Asia.

after detailed enquiries from the most

competent authorities :-

111lpwts into

British India.

-- s

156,513

l 3 0 , ~

31,870

199,950

9,170

-- 527,503

E q w t s from

' British India.

s 120,643

1 6 4 , m

18,892

184,900

14,434

Fmm Afghanis- I tan and the coun- ( tries beyond, ... I

J a m & Kashmir,

Irlrdak & Yarkand,

-- s

277,166

2 9 4 , ~

k0,762

384,850

23,604

By the Ta'ra Abkhana Paases,

By the Ghawailn] or Goleri Paas,

Ry the Bolm Pass,

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . I 502,869 1,030,372 I

, I n round numbers the value of the trade amounts to a million

~ ~ ~ f ~ ~ i b and wool ex- sterling. This does not, however, included. clude the Asafcetida and Wool taken to

Kurrachee by the Khozdar and Peer Muggur route. The A s h -

t i h is ~alued at $2,200, and the Woo1 at %315,000* at Kurrsrchee.

A minute description of Ruesian articlea sold in the Bazaar of

Kabul mas furnished, in 1838, by Sir Alesander B n m d Millsion,

and is'annexed to this report,? together with Dr. Lord1 remarks on

the kind of goods most in demand in the markets of Bukhira and

Klind6z.S The Russian exports to Khokand and Eastern Turkis- tan are of similar qlality.

Baron Meyendorff, who +kited Bukhfua in 1820, estimated

vdue of ~~~i~ the number of camels employed in the with Central A ~ i a trade at 9,000, and the value of commo-

ditiea nent to Russia .at 2333,333.11 The exports were lew, the

differeioe being made up in gold. Khanikoff, writ& in 1843,

reckoner1 the number of camels at between 5,000 and 6,000 ; the

value of the articles sent from BukhGa at g160,418 ; and the

exports thereto a t LlG0,600.

The latter estimrte may be adopted as approximately more

correct, ss the detail of the increasing exports from Russia for several

years is given. It shows that the value of the whole trade does not

e x 4 2510,916.

I t rpay here be not uninteresting to contemplate the countries

Corntrim *dPple der and the people concerned in this com- contemplation. I

I merce, i d the mndner in which the

The returns for 1881-62 shew the valw of this trade h$ risen to i2517,102 t ConoUy, voL 11. p. 871-2. 3 A p p e d u I. 11 Append= lI.

$ys id difiicaies still hindering its development have hitherto beetl overcome.

I n relation to Europe these nationalities form the rear-guard

of the Mahomedan host, and their Degrgc of civilization.

position has, as yet, exempted them from

the European influence to which the mind of the Turkish and Persian nations has, in some degree, succumbed.

Bilochistsn, extending from the sea to the mountains north of Quetta, is about 340 miles in length, and

Bilochi~th. extends from 2 5 O to 300 40 north ht i-

hde. The breadth varies ; but from the plains of Kachhee to the borders of the Siestan desert is about 150 miles. Kilbt, the cspital,

is 7,000 feet above the sea ; Quetta, 5,900 ; Killt and Qnetta.

whilst the province of Lus is but slightly

elevated above the plains of Sindh. A succession of mountain

ranges, having a general direction from N.N.E. to S.S.W., is broken

through by the Bolin pass on the north, Bolm and llulla Passes.

and by t,he Mulla pass near Gandava.

The first is the great pass through which the trade of AfTganisth

passes to Sindh. Of the Mulla paes, Masson observe@, that i t i s not

only e u y and safe, but may be travelled at all seasons, and is the

only camel route through the hills intermediate between S & h w m

and Jhglawbn and Kachhi, from the latitude of Shall. It is level

throughout, the road either tracing the bed of tho stream or leading

t o its left bank. The agricultural products, art3cially irrigated,

are wheat, barley, millet, jonr, lucerne, Crops.

vegetables, and melons. Fruits abound,

such as peaches, apples, quinces, figs, and Fruits.

plums, and the grapes of Mastung are

&lebm.irted. !he hill climate is excessively cold in winter, but the

population then, for the most part, migrate to the plains. The main

tribal divisions are the BrahGs, and BrahliEs.

the Biluchis. The Brahiiis inhabit the mountain districts, but change their abode in summer, a d a t

all times roam about in search of pas- Pastoral and Migratory.

turage for their flocks. They live in to.

mgns, or collections of tents, made of goat's Their tombns, furniture,

physical appearance, des- hah, black or striped; and of which, metal cent, and lapguago.

cooking pbts, -stone hand-&, rough

rugs, spinning distaffs, and hookahs, me the scanty furniture. They

have short thick bones, with round flat faoes. Fottinger supposes

them to be descended from Tartar mountaineers. Their language is

of tho Tamalian family, which gives color to their own assertion that they are the aborigines of the coimtry. The Biluchis are

found in the lower slopes of the moun- . Biluchis ; their appow-

mce ; orisin ; army nnd hiri ran,- and in the plains. They are feuds.

t.&, with long, marked faces, qnd long

hair and beards. Thc main body are probably the posterity of

Saljak Tartars, driven out of Persia, but some may be of Arab

origin. Liko the Brahliis, all carry arms--sabre, shield, and match.

lock ; and their blood feuds axe numerous and enduring. The

Bhbis. BfiVu are merchanh, or ipa l ly from

Dehwars. Affghanisth, and reputed wd thy . Tho Dehmars may be descendants af the

Thjaks. !l%eir language is Persian ; they live in villages, and do

not emigrate, but are ngricultu$ts, hard-working and poor. The

dress of the lower orders comprises a

long tunic, trawsers, loose a t the feet,

Mack or brown cloak, usually of felt ; a waistbaad and sandals ;

scull or dome shaped caps, sometimes ornamented with gold lace,

are worn ; and more rarely, large turbans of white muslin. Liingis, or scarfs, thrown round the shoulders complete the attire. The men

Occupations. of. a to& tend their flocks, cultivate

the ground, and arc fond of sporting.

The women spin wwl, and weave by hand coarse carpets and

adcipg for tents.

The agriculture round about towns ia of a better description.

Suburban tillage. The arts of working in iron and copper,

Arb and h a n d i h . brick making, tanning, dyeing, &., are

&o practised. Troughs, hand-mills, and vases of blue limestone, are

made by a tribe. But silk md cotton fabrics me imported

fiom Persia, AfTghanisth add In&*

The country of Afghslnisttin, including Herat, lies between

30' and 360 north latitude, and 60° and BfgldsBtAn.

6S0 of cast longitude. Its southern pro- \

vinm K a n a & adjoins Bilochisth and the sandy desert of

Skttin. The temperature varies. At Climate of Km*. I

Kandahar tho thermometer in the shade

about noon ranges from 4!1° in winter to 8 7 O in summer.? I n the

town of Kiibul the climate is temperafa Climate of K h b d

during the summer, but for five mon th

of the year the frost is constant and some of the ronds are impassabIe.

The conquered provinces of 13alkh and 3alkh and KGndbz.

K d n d h lie to the north of the great

mountsin chain of the Hind6 Kush and extend to the Oxus.

* This sketch of Biluchietkn is abridged from a paper b Assistant Sur eon H. h k , xn., in medicial charge Kilkt Agency, publi~hodl in No. VI, Qsn seriea) Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Bombay.

t Dr. Bellow's report on Kanda&,

The po1)ulation is divided into Afghkns, the present ruling mc,

and Thjaks of Persian origin, who are Population.-Xfghhs ;

Tcaks; Persirtins; AimhLtc; again subdivided into the Parsivhns, or and Kizilbashea. inhabitants of towns, and Aimaks* or

nomads. There are also in Kribul 18,000 families of KizilbLshest

or Persians, who mere there settled by Nadir Shkh, and, like their

ancestors, are Shihhs.

Numbers. Ferrier gives the follo~vhg cstinlatex and

classificatiou of the population :-

AjgAdtrs., Pa'rsictc'~!a nrul others.

Province of Kanciahh, . , . G00,000 S ~ O , O O O

Ditto KQbul, ... 1,600,000 SOO,O~IU

- - The province of Herat is under a distinct Afghiln pve'rnmcnt,

but otherwise resembles the above men- h i t .

tioned principalities. Eerrier's census is

as follo\vs :- .- AfgRcijt~. PGrsiriins, &c.

Herht, ... 300,000 000,000

-- - --

* Subdivisions of the Aim&~ : I. Jamslicdi. 11. Firozkolii. 111. Tainlani. IV. Taimiui.

f The principal subdivisions of the Kizil lhh tribe are ; I. JaWbnshair. IT. Afshirr. I XI. MurirdkhLni. In these are included soveml minor " UL5" or designations, auch Bagat,

KacharlJ, Shahmeneb, Kurt, &G

$ This ia considerably above Lt. Cot. Lumsden'e estimate.

Between HerAt and Kiibul lies the mountainous country of the

Hazhras. The road between is occasionally

travelled by Khfilb in summer, but owing

to its difficulties those by Maimianna and Kandahhr are commonly

used. The Hazhras near Herit are of Toneta.

Tatar descent, and are Siinnis ; thosc to-

tvards Khbul Shihhs, and adherents of the Kizilbhhes. The kind of trade carried on is thus described in one of Arthur Conolly's

reports :-'( Neither among Hazzhras nor Aim& is money current,

and sheep form the prime standard of barter with the traders,

who come among them from - Afghanistiin and Tartary. Thcse

merchants establish a fiiendly undershnding with chiefs of different

districts, to whose forts they repair and open shop, giving thcir

hosts two and a half yards of come narrow cotton clot5 for the

value of each sheep received in barter ; and being furnished, till

their bargains are concluded, with straw for their imts, and gcnc-

rally bread for themselves and thcir people. Traders from HerBt,

Qndahb, and Kiibul, bring their checked turbans, coarse cotton

cloths, and chintzes, tobacco, felt, and carpet dyes, iron spades, and

plough ends, molasses, and a few raisins. %rkish merchants bring

similar articles from their own country, with a little rice, cotton,

and salt, occasi~nally horses, which they prefer to exchange for

slaves. The articles which the HazBns bring to market are men

and women, small black oxen, cows and sheep, clarified butter, some

woven woollens for clothing, gain sacks and carpet bagfi, felts for

ho~se-clothing, and patterned wrpcts, all made from the produce of

their flocks, for they export no raw wool. They also furnish lead

and sulphur."

Of the l i f g h b thb B&& in the south of Kandahhr and Shy-

Babiis, ads alone engage in commercd affairs.

Avocations. The m a s of the nation are devoted to a m or plunder. Trading Hind& axe

found, like the Jews in Europe of old, rich though despised, but , the PBrsivllns are the great majority of the industrial class.

Silk is produced at ~~(andahhr and Herht. Wool in the

Products. mountainous districts. Vegetables and

fruits abound.

The common manufactures comprise inferior sabresJ glass, delf,

coarse cloths of goats' hair called kirk, Manufactures ; Kdrk ;

Camels' hair doth; Sheep- a d of camels' hair called 6arak-aAutd, skins.

which are made into cloaks and exported

to ThkistAn and Persia. A coarser fabric is used for nomad tents.

Cotton cloths we woven for shirts and trowsers. Sheep-skins with

the wool on are skilfully prepared and embroidered a t Khbul, and

sent all over Central Asia. Metah, Bulihtim silk goods, cloth,

Foreign imports. muslins, woollens and cottops, principdly

of European manufwture, are amongst the

chief imports. Geneml Ferrier states that fowling pieces, watches,

delf, cutlery, spectacles, rich and heavy Articles in domand.

silk goods, voollen or cotton for turbans,

m d sashes for the waist: paper and s&g, might h offered for sale with advantage.

Commercial rods. The great commercial routes through Af- ghanistan are these :-

1. Frcm Persia, by Teherau and M ~ h d to Her%.

I?. From Western Tiirkisthn, by Bukhkb, Merv, B1wgh&bJ

to IIcrLt.

3. From Eastern Turlristhn, 1~y Bukhkh, Kmhee, B&b, nnd Khulm,

4. Fiom the Puxljab, by Pesham~r to Kiibul.

5. From the sea and Sindh, by the BolRn Pam to KandahRr.

Cuatoms duties are taken on f o r e i ~ n impcrts a t the nominal

rate of 24 per cent. at Her6t and Kanda- Customs duties,

h h , but actually the exactions consider-

ably exceed these rates.

To the north west of Kabul, separated by the Bamian or Koh-

i.l,&ha mountains, lie the petty Uzhak . , Small O z b k S t a b

states of RTurghLb, Xaimanna, Andkho,

Shibargh6m, and Siripd. Of these chiefships Burnes observes I

that, together with Ballch, " they are situated in the plain country,

which is well-\vateted by rills or canals, and have abundance of

forage for chmels and horses, which are numerous. The soil is dr!,

but there are many gardens near the towns." Conolly mentions I

t ha t near Meimanna an old man offered him his horse for sale for

a young male sla\-e and a pony. Being asked if he xere not asham-

e d to deal in the KhatR 1-Zlah (~;od's creatures), he replied that

h e could only do as every hody round him did, but that he did not

require the actual slave, only the value of one ; showiug that men

rue here a standard of barter, as sheep are among the IIazaras."

Ralkh itself, formerly tributary in name to BukhLra, tias since I

1550 been pverned ljy Mahammad Afznl Balkh.

Khan, son of the Amir of Kabul. It is

noted for its trees, fruits, and corn, but the town does not now

contain mbre than 2,000 souh.

The same chief in 1859 conquered the province of Khnclhz,

which lies to the east of,Balkh, and com- K6ndiu Districts ; Tribes.

prises the districts of Kdndiiz, Talikkn,

Asiatic Jutullal. Vul. X, part I. page 1%.

10 Q

and Hazrat Imam. The population is chiefly compoeed of descen-

. h n t s of the invading Uzbaks who crossed the Sir at thecom-

mencement of the 16th century, and Tajalia, together with some

scattered families of Afghiins and Arabs. The valleys of the Hin-

dd Kiish are inhabited by Haztziras. The Uzbak~c are of the Kut-

aghan tribe, which, on the diasoldion of the Afghan power, under

the successors of Ahmad Shah, Abdali, became supreme, and an-

nexed Badakhshln to the country now overrun by the Afghans.

Previous to the Uzbak irruption the Thjaks mere in possession of

the plains, and,they still form the w i n population of Badabrhshhn.

I .

Numbers. The three districts of Ktinddz, Talikhn,

and.Hazmt Imiim, were estimated by Dr.

Lord in 1838 to contain about 400,000 ' Customs dutiw. souls. The customs and transit duties on

the roads between Bukhfira and Klbul

were then farmed for 40,000 rupees. Kdsddz produces both rice

and silk, but the climate is so bad that there is a saying I f ,you

wish to die go to Ktindliz." The mountainous province of Bdakh-

shRn t o the east is famed for its beauty and salubrity. In i t are - the celebrated ruby mines, and lapis lazuli quarries," and through it

a tra5c between Yarkand and Uukhtim, occupying sixty-five days, t

still continues to pass. . The ancient city of Mashhad (latitude 36O N. long. 5g0-35 E.) on

the route to Teheran contains some 60,000 Mashhad.

residents. It is visited annually by about

50,000 Xahomedan pilgrims. Situated onthe confines f the Persian,

Tatar and Afghan ststes, i t is a principal entrep6t of commerce. I t s

carpet and shawl manufactues are noted :-Sugars from Yezd,

,every kind of European silk and cotton fabrics, glass, delf, and

PPC Appeudix =I11 A. /

poroelain, from Teheran, shawls from Kashmir, black Iamb skins from h k k , asafetida, barak shutti and fur cloaks from Kabul,

camels from Khiva, and horses from the Turkaman steppes, f ~ r m the

subject of negothtion between the merchants of various and dis-

tant nations, who at noon-day, in sight of the blue dome of Gohur

Shah's mosque and the gilded minarets of Imam Reza's to~nb,

throng the plane-shaded promenade of the Khyaban.

Thirty-five miles west is Nishapur, formerly one of the largest

' Nishapur. cities of Persia, now containing only 5,000

inhabitants, though still the seat of the

Government of Khurasan. The district around is celebrated for its fruits, and produces silk, cotton, and grain. The turquoise mines

are famous." .

The old town of Merv is situated on the Upper Murghab be-

tween Bukhhra and Mashhad. The site Merv.

is still marked by s mosque and some

forts. h e country around w a formerly fertile, being irrigated

by means of a dam across the MurEfhab. At present a bazar of

mud huts stand6 abont twelve miles from the ancient city.

Yezd (I&. 3a020 N. long. 56010 E.)., situated about 400 miles

to the eon&-west of Mashhad, has a considerable trade. Persian

come in great numbers from thence to the tomb of Imam

B,eza s t Mashhad, over a saline desert, much infested by plundering

hordes, both Bilochi and Turkaman. The wool of. the neighbour-

ing Jietriat of Kirman is of the finest quality.

To the north of Afghanistan and Kiindliz are the vast plai;tcr

thtough which the Osus .and Jaxartw Plains of the Oxus and

Jararb. flow to the sea of ArJ, w5ich are

* Vide Appendix No. IIL

divided politically into the three' p a t U z h k states of Khiva,

Bukhka and Khokand; and which are traversed by the caravan

routes between India and the Russian Khiva.

settlements. Khiva or Urganj, situated

41°40 north lat., 53O23 east long., a t the Delta of tbe OXUS, is poorly cultivated, and inhabited chiefly hy Uzbak and T u r h m a n

hordes, who, clothed in coarse linen or woollen, subsisting on a little

corn, millet, and milk, and mounted on the high-bred horses of the Turkaman steppes, are notorious for the

3lounted plunderers. lengthand rapidity of their plunclering ex-

peditions. Al~hott reckons the area of this State at 4 50JU00 square

miles, and the population a t 2,2.50,000 souls. The Goverpment is

thorouglily barbarous. Foreigners, particularly the Persians, are

constantly kidnapped aud sold as slaves. Slaves.

General Mouraviev (lSl9) stated the

number of Russian d a m in the Khanat to be :30,000. Abbott gives

the total number a t 700,000. It was to check the depredations of

this State that the Russians in 1835 estaWisbed a fort near Mangas-

lak an the east coast of tbe Cwpian. The journey from Khiva to

'Orenburg '(lat. 5 1°46 N., long. 5jSQi E.), Routes to Orenburg.

occupies from 25 to 30 days. One rcute

lies between the Aral a d Caqpian seas, and the other almg the east,

shore of'the Arnl. The first is that taken by General Peroffski in

the severe winter of 1840. The time Peroff~ki's expedition.

mas selected for the expedition as that io

whichthe want of water in the arid steppes would least 'be felt.

Its failure. But the cold was so intense that the force,

consisting of 6,000 men with some 10,000

baggage camels, was forced to return from Ak Bulak, after lorring

great numbers.

The manufactures of Kllivs consist of inferior felts, swords and

daggers. The natives barter their flocks Manufactures

and her& with the Russians a t Man,--

lak for sugar, cooking utensils, knives, kc. These, with apples,

and hides, are sent on to Bukhlra.

The Khanat of BokhLa contains some 5,600 square miles,

lying between the 37th and 4drd degrees . -

Khanat of BulihLra ; its area and position ; cultiva- of north latitude, and the 80th and 88th tion ; and ilwellhrp. degrees of east longitude. Only five or

six hundred square miles are inhabited

by a stationary population ; the remainder consists of steppe or

desert, on which the wandering UzGaks pitch their felt kilitLi, and

tend their flocks of horses and sheep. The total population is

popolation.-~zba~s ; A- estimated a t two millions. It is compos-

' ; Tiiaks ; and Persians. ed of Uzbaks of various chns, some

of whom live in villages, and others are nomad ; of black skinned

Ar:bs, who are chiefly engaged in breeding sheep ; of the aboriginal

Tajaks, chiefly inhabiting the city of BukhAra j a d of the descend-

ants of the Persians, formerly transported from Merv. The Uz-

baka greatly preponderate, and the ruling family is of this trihe.

'Their dress consists of flowing robes of coarse silk stuff, or

camel-hair choghas, and of large shawl Dreas.

turban's, I n the towns are found several Jews ; Khirgiz and KG

rakalpacs. Jewish families. Like other , dkyentere from the established Mahornedan religion, they are prohibited ,from

wearing turbans or sashes, or to ride within cities on horses. The Khirgiz and Karakalpacs are found to the north of the Kllanat,

and have large flocks of camels. . , ,

The territory is watered by the river Amn, JihGn, or OXLIS,

and its tributaries, the Zar-afshan and River Orlia ; its rise and

course ; breadth ; depth and Ahi-Shahr-i-saLz. Having its sources in - velocity.

the Karakorum and Pamir mountains,

the Amu r b with generally north west course, through moun-

tains. I t then flows for five hundred miles through sandy deeerts to

the Sea of Aral, having at Khojasalu, where i t was measured by

Burnes, a width of 823 yards, an average depth of 9 feet, and a

mean swiftness of th-ee and a half miles per hour. Although

there are boats at the principal ferries, Boats and nrvigation.

the river ie very imperfectly navigated.

The inland situation of Bukhkra renders it liable to the ex-

tremes of cold and heat. In minter the Cllmab.

Oxus is frozen for two or three weeks.

Great at.tention is paid to gardens, in which the silver poplar

is interspersed amongst fruit trees, the Gardens and axboricu\ture.

vine, pomegranate, fig, apricot, apple,~ear,

cherry, and sinJ'id. The m d b e t ~ y is largely grown for rearing

silk worms.

About ten days or a fortnight after the mulberry trees put ' forth their leaves, the eggs of the silk

Silk worms ; how reared. worms are removed from the place where

they had been preserved durihg the winter,';md being ' wrapped in

a cloth are carried against the naked breast, or still oftener under the

~rm-pit. Three or five days are quite sufficient for the little insect'

tn be hatched. They are then placed in a vessel, and fed with the

leavea gathered from the mulberry ; after ten days, the worms,

according to the expression of the Bukh6riansJ fall into their first

sleep .or tranue, ir e,, they tate no nourishment three daya . run-

ning : repeating the same prooesa every ten days until the time it

b n s to spin the cocoon. When these are finished, the worm

inside is destroyed by exposing the cocoon to the heat of the sun.

That done, sthe Bukhhrians proceed to ml adf the silk threads.

"The quality of the silk of Bukhbra is much inferior to .that of

China, and even to the French and h- Quality of a i k

bard silks, as well in colour as in the soft- I #

ness of the thread."

Great quantities of vegetables, pumpkins, and melons are

grow, ae well, as tobacco and lucerhe. Horticulture ; farming ;

and live atock. Cotton k extensively grown for export to

the Rusaian market. Wheat, rice, barley, millet, and jtiughar, are

r d . The wline efflorescence of the ta$l is corrected by ,the '

application of lime taken from old buildings,, snd by manure.

Horses and sheep are bred in great numbers, as well as horned

cattle, which are used in ploughing.

The subdivisions of Bukhhra are Bukhkra, Samarkand, Kata- Kurghan, Karmina, Jizzhk, Karshi,

Districts. Banks of the Oxw, called Lab-i-Ab,

and Karakul. Of these, Karakul is noted for its black lamb skins.

The capital, (lat. 8gC 40 north ; long. 64" 45 east) in past

ages successively destroyed by Chengbk City of Bukhha

Khan, restored by Taimur Lang, and

spared by Nadir Shah, is about 15 days' journey' from Khiva.

I t has a religious celebrity amongst the Mahomedans, and con-

tains numerous double-storied colleges, \vith open yuadraagles,

i n which the study of the law, according to the Suni . in-

* Khanikoff s Bukhkra, from which work much of the information here given ia derived.

I . t e~pe ta t ion ; nf the Arabic language ; Colleges.

and of the l l i kwiak , (worldly wisdom) ;

js pursued, undet the superintendence of lecturers. About half the land retenue is alienated in behalf of these institutions. The

.administration of the Government is regulated according to the pre-

' Pdesthood. - .

scriptions of the koran. The priesthood

have immense influence. Since the year

A. D. 1800, succeeding kings, Shah Murhd, his son Haidar Khan,

and hi grandson Nasir Ulla Khan, have all been remarkable for

bigotry. The only aristocracy f hich Bigutly of kings.

exists draws its origin from the foundem

of Islnm. The Syuds are the descendante Syrldn and Khqjos.

of Osman and Ali, by the daughters

of Ifahornet. The Khojas are the desceudants of Abu Bekr and

Ofiar by other wives. - I

The population is estimated by KhanikufT at between 60,000

and 70,000 souls ; by Burnes a t 150,000.

A mud wall surrounds the city. There

are 3G0 streets and Innes, but few are Ftreeb and buildings. paved. There are no less than 3GO

mosques, hut only 8 of any size. Tlle .colleges exceed one hun-

dred. The karavanserais are 38 in number. Hamams are much

frequented. I u the square named the Registan, formed by the

palace, colleges, and market atnlls, there is a daily concourse of

traders from all parts of Asia. Burnes UzSnlia.

remnrks that " the UxLak of Bukhsra is

hardly to he distinguished as a Tlirk or Tatar, from his intermix-

ture of Persian blood. Those fi-om the neighbouring country of

Khokand are less changed ; and the natives of Urganj, the ancient

Kharmm, have yet a harshness of feature peculiar to' themselves."

The number of slaves iq the Khanat is estimated at 100,000. I n Bukhara there

are a few Hindu merchants, lnostly from Shikarpur.

The dress of tho higher' Mahomedam about the Court L fre.

quently of R G i a n brocade. Whether

m~unted or on foot, men and women wear

boots with small high heels. The women, when abroad, wear veils

of black hair-cloth. Grapes, melons, FruiO tea, and ice con-

mmed. peaches, pears, and plums, are constantly

o p sale at the stalls. Tea, sugared or salted, witb grease or with

milk, ie universally drank. In the summer, ice, ' pitted in winter,

may be cheaply purchased. Light carte

drawn by horses traverse the broad streets,

ae well riding horse and fine asees.

f i e internal roads are &owed by the bordering cultiva-

tion. The bridges are dilapidated, and Commnnications.

the copmunication is often interrupted

when rain falls. Trade is carried on by means of fairs.

B u k h h L centrically placed for the trade between Eastern gnd

Situation. Western Asia. Situated almost on the

edge of the Russian steppes, it is a conve-

nient entrep8t for merchandize brought from the south. Burnes

mentions that " the land route between Relation to Ruasia

Russia and Bukhsra was first opened in

the reign of Peter the Great. I n the reign of Alexander, about the

year 1820, the Russians endeavoured to cultivate a closer connec-

tion, and despatched an ambassador to Bukh&a."*

I t is probable that this route was known to the Romans, aa they were aaqaaintd with the geography of Khiva and Bnkhira. Hallam also mentions, on the authorit of a Florentine writer, that " the route to China war from AZO& t.tr&an, and thence to Kambalu, or Pekin. The journey was rather more than 8 months going and returning ; and WAS perfectly secure, not only for caravans, but for a single traveller, with a couple of interpreten, and a m r v ~ t "

The hfi caravan leaves Bulnhha about the vernal equinox. / "

The river 'sir is crossed when frozen. Caravan to Troitska

'&is caravan readhm .Trbitska ,@ti, 949

aorth, long. blo%O eeet) in about 65 days.

The m n d etartsla month h r , but does not reach the Sir till May, the merchants joining it in the +

' ' l o Orenburgh. ' terim. Its destination is Orenburgh.

The third and l d r p t leaf& about the middle of Mayl and

To Novo Iletsk. reaches %he Russian 'kontier a t 'N&b

Iletsk in bOrty.Avd* fn',$f't~y dhys, kt& course is by the north-east extremity of the sea of Anl, and over

. ,

the Mugajar mountah to the sakes ot the Ilek.

The oar;rpaos from Bussia w t off from the middle . . of Seglpmber

to the middle of November. That from Roturn Car~vma.

Troitska, with iron mare bought in the

government of Orenburgh, is the earliest. Merchanp w+ hqvg

attended the fair at Nijni-Novgorod, send their $u& by the great

caravans which leave Orenburgh and Orsk in the first half of No-

vember. The want of he1 obliges them to scatter in the kus-

sian steppea, but elsewhere the eakuaub gtows. abundantly. Tb Khirghiz are the prinbyal carriers.

There is a caravan route from B-B, tO Petropavalosk,, ,OF

Other caravans. Kizziljar, (lat. 54" 30 north, long, 69"

east) on the ~ssim, by Tashlund. % is a journey of 90 days. Russian iron is brought by t k r k ,

and i sent to Hissar, Badakhshan, Khulm, and JZnimanaa, . Twp

caravans arrive yearly f r m Khokand with Chinese goo& ;, a d

three from Mashhad.

I A h t 190 milea to the e a t of Bukhfira is the once famous

town of Samarlmnd. Including its nu- Saznarkand

A > metous gardens, its circuit is very e5ten-

&re. , population is reckoned by qhanikoff a t 25,000. It cop- tains the tomb of Taimlir ; and several buildings ornamented with

the v ~ n i b e d pottery introduced by Taimdr'p Chinese wife. The

pllege which f o r q d the observatory of Ulugh Beg still stands in

~ d r rep&.

: $ b ~ b ~ r f ([at, 41° north, loag. 70C east) is about 300 miles

from Bukhira, and is situated near the

Sir. The " Khan Jiazrat," as the chief

+o b o ~ t s , a descent from the Emperor h b e r is designated,

qeoeives, by permission of thq Chinese governmwt, the customs

duties miz zed on the d e d i n g of 3Iahomedans a t Tarkand and

@&ghar, and is thus intercDtzd in the preservation of the

aopmaerce. , The ~ u l q s of this state have shewn themselves less

bigoted and exclusive than those of Bukhirra. They have pccasionr

ally sent envoys to Constantinople, Pekin and India. Colonies of

Jews hare found refuge under them, and have introduced the ar t

of dyeing. The exiles of 13ndalillshan also formerly sought the same

asy]vm fFom the tyranny of Dlurpd Beg, of K1ind6z. The capital

is wdl. populated, and adorned with spacious bazars and colleges.

JVheded arts, or '< ara;l)ahs," are common. The people of the dis-

frjo&:cowiSt of Khirgliz, Kazlil;s, and KipchBks. The revenue of . . ,

the state is estimated a t al)out twenty-seven lalihs of rupees.*

The trade b t r e e n , i s , 9 KhokauJ and . China ha. been long estab-

, Jt is related by Berishta, that " when B a b a was prince of

Ferghan, a rich caravan of Chitt,a and China, which was crossing

" '' * m,k$mowing are the sob-did~ions of Khknnd : K$okand, Xar&ilnn. An+, Narm b, Shah-i-ILhSn, Khojand, s o u , Urctappa, Clhbst, E(6sk1, Iapinb, ~elx~?itrslichi, TsaLliand, H u d 8ul$Ln, Gultala, and yesksk.

the mountains of Andijan, was buried in the snow. He ordered all

the goods to be oollected, and sent messengers to Chha to proclaim

the accident, and bring the owners or their heirs h his court.

Upon their murival, at the end of two yeam, he ente~tained them

Besides the rods to BukhLra, Kabul, and Yarkand, there is a

caravan route of 70 daysJ journey to Caravan routes. To Semipalatinek. Sexpipalatinsk, kt, 50° 30 north, long.

80° east) on the Irtisch, one of the principal seata of Russian'brade i

f,o which there is a shorter road, of 50 or 55 days, from Tqshkaud,

Oat. 43O north, long, 6 9 O eqt) one of the chief t o m of Khob;aqd.+

The direct routes to Peshawur over the Ptimir steppe are extremely

difficult, and can be attexppted only in summer, About 300 OF 350

miles from Rhokand, and about 400 miles Ak Nanjid,

from the sea of Aral, is the Russian fort of

Ak Mwjid, on the Sir. Steqmers can apprs+cb within th i rq ~ i ) e s of'

Tashkasd.

Kopql cat. 4Q0 north, long. 8 2 O east) is the most southern.

ly post possessed by the Rqssians, and is K o p 4

only three daysJ journey fram the Chinese 11%

to- of Kulja, (Qhulja) or 11% containing

40,000 iqhabltanta, It is placed amongst the " great hordeJJ af

mountain Kirghiz, the descendants of those Kilmkk tribes who, in

A. D. 1771, to the number of 600JOo0, pigrated Pram the bwks af

the Volga.

The trade oarried on by the Tatar Trade with the Kirghiz,.

merchants a t Semipalatinsk with the

Birghiz tribes, is thus described by Atkinsan 1- I

" They supply them with silk dresses, tea, raisins, and wooden . * See A t b ' e " boor ,"

bowls from China ; khalatr, of priated Artides eent from China,

Woksnd and R w i a ualicoee from Khokand ; Russian hard-

ware> iron, copper, leather ; for which they receive in exchange,

black and grey fox skim, horses, oxen, and sheep. The horses and

oxen are driven into Eastern Siberia to Cattle driven to Siboria

the different gold mines. One of these

1\8tar~traders told me that 'he imported 50,000 hortltd cattle into

Siberia annually, and. these are chiefly Consumed at the gold minea.

mnsumed at the gold mines. I have met

the Kighiz with herds of from 3,000 to 4,000 oxen, 1,500 m i h

from their homes and 500 from their destination. ' When the cattle

are delivered at the mines, the men remain a few days and thew

start on their return,-a very long ride. Their journey home ia by

the post ILR far as Semipalatinsk, and then to their hovels in

the steppe on horseback. The sheep are driven acrose the steppe to

Petropavalosk, on the frontier of Siberia, and thence to Ekaterine-

burg, where they are killed and their fat Tallow manufactory ab

Xaterinebnrg. melted down into tallow. More than one

million sheep are brought from the Kirghiz steppe yearly, which are

disposed of in this manner. The whole of the tallow was (till within

the last 6ve years) forwarded to Europe ; now the bulk is converted

into sterine at the large works near Ekaterineburg. This establish-

ment supplies all Siberia with candles, besides sending a great

quantity into Russia."

Entertained in the steppe by a ahief, Mr. Atkinson observed

the ground inside the dwelling covered J&mige of a &;phi Chief.

. withBukbGa carpets. Teg dried apricots,

snd raisins, formed the refreshments, together with boiled mutton

wrved up on a wooden tray with boiled rice. ' The chief wore a

Press. Chinese silk khilat of viuied colors, a tine

dawl round hie waist, s b r o m aonical asp turned up a t the sides, ' .

add 8 p i r of green h t h e t boob, with overshoes or ~lippers.~' . .,

' The summer costume of both men and women cohsists of two,'

I t I

sometimes of three, silk or mtton khilats, , Bupllqer eostume.

long dressing gowns. . . . '

Opium smoking is prevalent. The drug is sold by the: %taA' O p k smoking. merchante for its weight in silver. Before

We ctbtavah reaeh the tomn of Kulja (Ila) and Khoubachak they

k n ~ ~ l i n g . are met by Chinese, wh'o p l r i . c h ~ ~ t h e k

d o l e stbck, paying for it in silver, and these ' men smugglQ th&

d&~inlifito the towns.

I n the Appendix P o . IV.) is a list by 'Mr. Atkinson of th;

principal articles in demand aniangst the, ' W d of the Kitghiz.

Kirghiz. 1 ' 1 I f I

The county about Kopd is said to shew traces of former

Kopal. civilization, and the new town has now a I

popilntion of 11,000 souls. About 200 miles south west 6f it is Vernoje. another Russian tom named Vernoje. The'

I Tatar rnercliants established here carry on a profitable trade with

the'homad tribes. J f

~ t k i n s o n has described from personal observation the arriuab

Karevan from Yarliand. at K ~ p a l of a caravan from Yarkarid :-

. " They were going to Gemipalatinsk, but the bad weather , , and '

Route. ' deep snow stopped them. On their way

hither t h b had ~as ikd through Kashpr , Khokand, md ~ u l j a ,

" Commoditiee. traded a t each place. 'Among &he+ FIT&:

ducts. they carried were tea, silks, and dried fruits ; for the first and

3sd of thew they fomd a e e t , and theil elironkre (dried +dots)

aad kislaie ( s u l u ) &aided u~ a great 111xlu-y. I 1- frsm two.of t h w merchsnte that, they had been in Kabul and as&

in the summer, and from the latter place had obtained shawls and

other merchandize. They were with us a fortnight, and then pro-

ceeded on their journey ; but i t is doubtful if they WOJA be

in time to reach the fair a t Irhit ; if not, their p o d s would be for: a

I I ' - I

warded to Nijni-Nbvgorod." ) '4

The sources of the Oxus and Kashghar rivers are sep&ate'd'bf

the Pamir mountains,* fitly designate8 Barn-i-dunia " Barn-i-Dunia," the " roof of the world."

/

Ascending to a stupendous elevation, they present at the k m m i t

table-land . extending several days' journey. Here the Kirgbiz in summer pasture their flocks and herds, living in felt tents called

khirgahs," and trading with ~udakhsimn and Yarkaud. Shawl 3 4

wool is abundqntly produced. The cold is said to he ,much greater . ,

even than in ThiLet. height of the mountains above the Sar-

i-kul lake, from which issues one offla ent of the Osus, is give; by * I , I

Lieut. Wood a t 19,000 feet. But, according to hiahomd Amin, I

the higllest source of that riber is near Pqakh.

the Piqalrh mountain, in the K1aaak6rhm

range. The P4mir mountains shoot off from the Karakoram chain, I 4 -. I 5 , I 1 ' 1

until they are met from the east by the Kob-i-Mazat, or Alustau . . I,, #

mountains. in \ihich the 88luents of the dar in and Sir bav. their I I i

-*e, , I n the valleys of Kashgbar and Yarkand, flanked 'I;' the* , * .

lofty ranges, lie the provinces of Turkish Eastern Turkista ,

China or Eastern TurIiistan.' They ark i

I . . m - i ,

TlJe chain is de~ignaM in aome maps '' Bolor," but aa Cunuingliam haa nhewn (p. 49) u~wrrectly.

6

twel+e in n&ber, and take 'their nameafrom the plinoipal towns,

via., Kashghar, Yarkand, Khutan, Ush Tnrfan, A h , Bai Sairam ;

Bigar and Kurli ; Kuchar ; Turfan ; Karashar ; and Kummul,

The Chinese have garrisons in Kashghar and Yarkand, but

otherwise do not interfere directly in the Chineee garrisons.

administration, although the Government

ie represented by cctAmbans." The population, with the exception

of Chinese and Kilmaks, is Mahomedan, speaking the Turk; lang-

uage. They are mostly of Turk descent, but in the towns there is a mixed throng of people from the surrounding countries.

A large portion of the people of Kashghar, designated

" Aktaghees," are under the spiritual in-

fluence of the Khojas of Andijall. These military priests, who appezir to be of the same stock as those of

BnkhLa, pretend to be descended from the Caliph 'j!!@+ T"F formerly ruled at Kashghar. They are revered by the people ae

sainta, and supposed to be invulnerable in battle. The Chinese,

when formerly called upon to mediate in some of their internal I

,disputes, took the opportunity of deposing t,hem. They have made

repeated attempts to regain their power,

but without success. On one occasion

one of the family was put to death on taking refuge in

Badakhshan. A deficit in the Chinese revenue in 1833 was officid-

ly attributed to the expense of suppressing a rebellion among the

Mahomedan Tatas, adherenb of Jehangir Kwajeh," who was ul-

timately captured and sent in a cart to Pekia Attacks bvtf

been periodidy renewed! and it was during one of them that

Adolphe Scldngentweit recently met his death.

90 at lesst it is stated by Burnas; but Mohammad Amin alleges that their ~ n w d o r was ZynuSbdin, grandson of the C&ph bli.

\

A t Kaehghmr %e revenues are collected on moun t of the Khan

of Khokand by a resident AkskBil, (pep beard) or coneul, who is also

q o n s i b l e for the conduct of all Andijanis.

Yarkand, the principal town, contains a population pro-

bably exceeding 50,000. The ascend- .

ancy of the Mahomedan creed isi there

as visible as at Bukhtlra, in the number and solidity of the en-

dowed colleges ; but the women generally go abroad unveil-

ed. It is also an entrepdt of the China and B u k h h trade.

Jab is found in the rivers, and a large number of people are em-

ployed in collecting it. Cotton grows in the neighbourhood, and is

manufactured and sold to the Kirghiz, who are said to prefer the

fabric to*English calico, on account of its durability. Cotton is

plso sent to Ruwia, to be used in candle wicks. Yarkand has five

gates, and a mud wall all round, on the top of which a w t might be

driven. It is loopholed, but has no ditoh. There are no wells :

waber is supplied by means of tanks. The frost in minter is se-

vere, but snow and rain are rare. Bullocks are used in plough- '

ing, horses for draught, and camcls in trade.

The district of Khutan, to the south-east of Yarkand, is very

productive in silk and fruits. The people

are more in subjection to the Chinese.

EIchi, the capital, is a town of considerable size. A variety of

minerals are found in the neighbouring hills, jade, sulphur,

copper, lead, emeralds, touchstone, rock salt, &c. Manufactures of

cotton, silk, and woollens, are carried on. The momen of Khutan

are noted for their beauty.

From Yarkand, a caravan route goes by Kuchar (Kontche),

where the roads from Semipalatinsk and Kulja (IL) on the north,

and Maimatchin, (Kiachta) the capital of Mongolia, on the north east, meet. Maimatchin is one of the frontier depOts of Chinese trade,

and tea to the amount of six million Russian pounds is thence

annually exported. I

The route from Jalalabad up the Ieft bank of the Kunar river,

over tlle Karakorarn rauge, and across the Prirnir mountain to the

town of Yarlcand, is given from 3f:rhomed Amin's information in

the Appendix ITT. B. There are 43 stages.

The districts of Ush Turfan, Aksu, Turfan, and ICummui,

' are situated a t the foot of tlie ?lfush,nl~ mountains, and are inhdit-

ed by a mixed population of Turl<s, Kliirgiz and KazAks. Shnwl-

wool is produced in the hills. Large herds of hones, camels, oxen,

and sheep are kept. Bai-Sairam, Bigur-Kurli, and Kuohnr are

loss hilly, bat in these pmrinees the people attend much k graz-

ing. Flax is dso grown and exported to China. Irrigation ie

carried on, as in Affghsnistan, by means of Kareres. The distriot

of ~ L r a s h a r is almost entirely peopled by Kilmaks. Residents of

Khutan, Ynrkand, Kashghar, Badakbelian and Khokaud, are not

to entor the town ; but this prohibition does not exclude

the inhabitants of the cther districts, thpugh even they are not

permitted to settle. A large Chinese garrison is maintained a t

Karshar , and a s~lperior civil anthority, called '( Gurz Amban."

Karnshar produces shawl moo1 and flax ; nnd is noted for tho

production af black vitriol ; also for " sd ammonia." The above

are articles of export.

The district of Ila lies to the north of the Koh-i-muzat. It

is under the direct government of tllu Chinese, but the population

is chiefly ~ i l m a g It is ustd as a pend eolony for the Chinese.

The Khakrr are Budhists, worshipping the great Lama of L'hasa.

Ila is a great horse-breeding district.

The capital, called by the Chinese Kuljn or Gulja, is said to

contain 75,000 inhabitants.* Amongst them are numerous Andi-

jnni merchants. Yarkand sends cotton cloths and thread turbans,

go&skins and opium ; and receives in return, nankins, furs from

the Altai mountains, tea, Bulghar leather, rhubrb, horses, sheep,.

and oxen. But the main trade between Peliin and Yarkand does

not pass throngh ~ l l j a . Thc Kilrnaks rare great purchasers of

cotton cloths. " Kiltnalia huiz, Khatzi-ga suiz " is a Turki pro-

verb, meaning " to the Kilmalr cotton cloth, to the Chinaman

sweet words."

From Yarkand there is n route to Le (lat. MO-9-30, n. Ion.

770-36-42), and from thence t o Kashrnir and the Brit,ish provinces,

which will be discussed in detail further on.

There is also an easy communication of seven days journey

with the large t ~ w n af Elchi or Ilitsi Route to Elchi.

(about lat. 37O, long. 80°56 east), the Producta of Khutan.

chief town of ~ h i t n n . I n this province

p i n , vegetables and fruit abound. The mulberry flourishes, a'nd fur-

nishes sustenance to the silk-worm, which is very generally reared.

Horses, p k s , and sheep, are numerous,

and the fleeces of the shawl goats are

equal to those of Chan-than. The manufactuies comprise woollen

camlets, cottons, and silks, and the silk

fabrics are celebrated. From Russia are

received broad-cloths, seal skins, furs, green velvet, gold and silver

Burnes.

thread for emdmidery, Bulghar leather, hardwam, spades, haes, log

wood, loaf sugar, and castor oil.

Raw sill;, both white and yellow, is first taken ta BnkhBm,

where it is dyed. I t is then purchased

Trade in rilk and horsea. by Nogai traders, and.arrried to various

parts of Russia. I

There was formerly an extensive trade between Khutad and Hindwtan. " It is said there waa form-

Former trade with H i d ~ e b . erly a royal road from Najibabad to Sati-

kia, (Sarighont) half wag between Yar- .

kand and Khutan, and that it led through Moorcroft's opinion.

Gurdokh and Rodokh." Captain H.

~ t r ach& also states that he waa well assured of t,he existence

of direct; passages from Nari-Worsum H. S).rachoy's.

to Khutan, though they were entirely Vans-Agnew's.

unused. Mr. Vans-Agnew a p i n eays, in

his report on the Boundary of L d a k h (para. 41), that he mas

informed that there is another road from Yarkand east of.the

Shayok river to Rodokh, but that i t wsri prohibited by the Chinese

Cunningham's. Government. Cunningham, however,

(page 147) is of opinion that " the r o d

from India to the Niti p a (on the boundary of British Garhwal)

through Garoo rand Rodokh tu Yarkand, L the same as that from

L'hassa to Yarkand by the valley of the Indns. The two routes

join at Garoo, and follow the Indus to Kakjung, from whence the

traveller may proceed either down the Indus to L6 and across the

mountains to the Shayok river, or he may across the Tsaka Le and

proceed direct to the Shayok by Chushal or Pangkong." Thb opinion may be correct ; but it ia very desirable that a direct route

a h d be opened W e e n Bodokh end mi. The route whiah I Adolphe Schhgentweit travelled in 1857

A. Schlagentweit's route to Khatan. . w not previously well known. He avoided LQ for fear of being impeded, and went to Chang-

Chanmo, which is almost due north of Chushal, and " crossed the

Karakoram chain by the pass north of Aksai chin* which lies three

marches muth-east of the Karakoram p w by a new and entirely

mfkequented route."?

I Tbe route between Chang-Chamno and Elchi, isgiven in the Ap-

pendix, IV. A. Mahomed Amin, his wide, states that Adolphe

Schlagentweit from Bninges followed the Karalrssh river to Sumgal,

on the route to YarLand. He describes the Chang Chanmo pass

over the Karakoram mountains as much eaaierthan that usually taken

to Yantand, and accounta for ite disuse by the route not leading to

L6, to which all merchandize must h t be taken. The pose over the

Kuen Luen mountains, which he calls " Piryakh," is, he says, com-

paratively low, and open for the whole year, the snow being crusted.

f i e principal rivers of Khutaa sre the Karakfish, Yarang-

Rivera of Khatan. kash, and the Karia ; in the beds of ths '

two first are found the yasbam " stones, ar jasper agate.

The chief article of trade in this region m d in Ladakh consists

of the fleece beneath the under coat of the Shawl Wool.

hair of the shawl goats. I t is cut once a Bow obtained.

year; the wool picked out is sent to

Kashmir, bnt the hair is m'ade into ropes, coarse s ~ l i s , and blan-

kete. After the hair of the goat has been cut short with a knife in

+ Name of a large barren plain. t Solalagenweit.-Volume I, page 88.

the direction of its growth; or from the head towards tKe tail, e sort

of comb is passed in the reverse direction, and brings away the

finer wool almost unmixed with the coarse hair. If not shorn as the

Bummer commences, the animals themaelves rub off the wool. - .

Moorcroft (valuine 11, page 347) mentions that '' by aflcient

custom.and engagemente, the export of Long monopolized by

Kanhmir. the wool is exclusively confined t o Kash-

mir, and all attempts to convey i t to other countries are punished

by confisktion. In like madner i t is considered illegal in Itodokh

and dhan-than to allow a M e in s h a d wool except threugh

Ldakh ; and in the latter country considerable impediments are

opposed to the t d c in wool from Yarkand, although it is of

superior quality and cheapness." But in theee days a good deal of

shawl wmlis b~ought by different paths on abeep t6 Rampor, aud sent from thence to the Kashmir colonies in the Punjab.

The goats are found domesticated d over the mountainone

country of Western Thibet, particularly P P B ~ ~ of the ehawl pate.

in the provinm of Ladakh, Rodokb, and

b o o . Chan-than is the name given to the elevated plateaux, ,

where innumerable flocks are paetured, and which the following

description will exemplify :- i .

cc The valley of R6psh6 (in Ladalrh) variea in . breadth, and

occasionally expands into a broad plain, RGpshri.

but in general it is not m a e then five

hundred to seven hundred paces in breadth. The hills on either

side were covered on the 12th of June Climate, soil and vegetatien.

with the winter's snow, and we had

occasional f& of h d and snow.in the plain. The soil of the latter

31

m e at loose clay, and afterwards consisted chiefly of micaceone

sand, scattered over with stones, and thinly patched with stunted

furze ; eeverlrl rivulets crossed it, and in their beds and on ,their

banks a small quantity of grass was growing, which affords pastur- . age to the flocks of the shepherds of the

Pasturage ; shepherds ; tenta ; furnitura wore exposed districts. Near our encamp-

ment, a champg or shepherd and his family, had encnmped, and

several other tents were near. The tents are of ragged black blan-

ket, about four feet hgh, and open all along the top. Their interior

is furnished usually with abundance of dirty sheep and goat skins,

Rome sewed into coats ; two or three iron pots, and one or two of

brass or copper ; some iron spoone, e chum for tea-not for butter-

and some wooden milk pails. The rest of the shepherd's equipment

is carried about his persori, as .his tea oup, pipe, tobacco pouch,

chakmak, or flint, and tinder, knives, and n small spoon, and several

needles.*"

Of the Chinese province of Nari-khorsum, of which Bodokh

Nari-khorsum. and Gardokh are the principal places,

Chineee jedousy of E m - little is known. The local authorities pean travellers.

Districts have always evinced great jealousy of

Europeans, and travellers after a day or

twoare unable to procure supplies. The district 2tod0rE.R~ on the

north, is said to be encircled by lakes ; G u g i , on the south-west, by

rocka ; and Para'ng, on the east, by glaciers or snowy m0untains.t

The Indus on tho east, and the Sutlej on the Gest, have their early

counre in this province ; the Indus passing through Ladakh, and the

Sutlej through Bashaihr. Of the Chinese town of Shipki, which is

. Moorcpft.-Vol. 2, p. 46-48. t H. Strachey, Phyaid Geography of Weatern Thibet, page 12.

Shipki. cloae to the Bashaihr frontier, we hrwe

the following description b i Alexander Gerard :-

,'< Shipki ie a populoua tom of several separate diirisions, occu-

Ih disposition. pying the left bank of a rivulet rising in

the perpetual snow, noteight miles distant.

The extent of cultivition surrounding the village is considerable ;

Crops. the crops luxuriant. They are wheat,

barley, phapnr, turnips separated by r o m of apricot trees. Although

10,600 feet above the sea, part of the Elevation ; harvest ; local

fktival ; dress of the men grain mas cut, (Angust 8th) and what and women.

remained mas yellow. .The Sutlej %oms

past at the ditance of a mile. The great autumnal femt held ' in

consearation of harvest had just concluded on, my arrival.. .. ..... .. . Crowds of people were dancing, singing, and playing on musical

,instruments, such as cymbals, drums, and 'double- flageolets. The

men are stout and well clothed ; they wear necklaces, on which are

strung aeveral large pieces of a substance like amber-called poshil-

beads of coral, and some that looked like rubies and emeralds. The

females are also stout, and are covered from head to foot with

ornaments, as large bracelets, and anklets of pewter or silver, and

numerous chains hanging from their. shoulders, strung with cowrie

shells, and beads of pewter, brass, coral, and colored glass." Gerard

was prevented from visiting Behknr, a town a little higher up the

Sutlej, " by a Tartar picket of about SO I Tartar Piaket.

people. They all had hones, which were

mining about grazing, and were stout, muscular men, with the

Chinese features, all well and comfortably dressed in suklat, or thick

woollen cloth ; their outer garment reached below the knees, and

had long sleeves ; trousers, and boats with a leather sole ; the part

petticoats, and over them ie thrown a eheep~kln %th the wod

inside. . The head-dreas consists of a pieoe eF d o h , jewelled, lying

flat on the head, with aa appendage lined with fur covaihg 'the

ears. Th faod of the lower d ~ e e is made of scrup und barley

cakes. Tea is eomnmrly dnt& by the highem oI&sses, nrld 'spLibr noue liquor called " ohmg,? extracted from barley, is in gsherd

me. The ppr3ation has, h c e the Sikh invasion and c6nqueat in. ,

1834, diminished, and is estimated by Cunningham not to eaeeed

leripoo BO&, whilet the area is blchhted a t 38,000 equard miles.

The home manufaeture4 consist of coarse blankets and woollens, and

of blaelt mohair tente from the hair of yaks. But L6 is aim the

entrepdt of a considerable trade between the cohbtfiea arbnnd it. '

Shawl wool of tbe finest wrt is n a l impopted from Ynrkadd, as

well as Chan-than. Brick tea, ie square lumps of 8 Ibs. weight,

is brought by caravan8 from LJhaesa. Borax received from Puga is

refined at Kulu and Chamba, and bought by the s$vmmiths- h d

b z i e r s horn the plaine. Sdphur and Black Salt are imported' from '

Chaa.than J Cbarrrs, Tobacco, Felts, Steel, RussianLeather, Brocadee, I

and Wts, from Yarkand ; Opium, and Red Goat skins pass through

from the .British territory to Parrkand ; Shawls and Saffmn from

Keshniir,; Chintree and Copper tinned vessels h the Punjab,.

Immediately ta the south oP Spiti and Lahd is the district of

Kmawar, which forms the latgwst &b- Kpnawar ; i t , extent ;

cfimato ; producb ;. people ; division of the Rishaibr principality, and tde8.

consist8 of a series of rocky bnd ' precii-

tous ravli&, descen&ng mpidly to the bed of the rivel: 8ntlej.

district is about seventy miles lolig, hy foHy m d tmenby broad a t

its northern and southern ,extremities respectively. In middle

Kunawar the cultivated spots have an average elevation of 7,000

fW.1 ' The climritk ' id 'phial, being. beyond the infliend. of the , periodical rain's of ~nd ia , i n d the winters' are coiriparatively ~ i l d .

u p p d K ~ n a w a r n b r e resembles the alpine region oPTbibet. lorain

and fruit: are prddaced abundantly ;. ihhe' poppy a h a flouiishei.'

' ~ ~ n a & a r i s : a r e p&bably 05 Ihdian r&, though J n ,manners ,'and

ieligkn' they parti~lly assimilate to the .~hibebks. ' ' The people of

h e n o d are active traders, prickeding fo ~ 6 , f o t chard, ind to

a t d o k d for.shawl ivohl, givink in exchhnge. money,!' cloth* and

' The,rnount~in @+s are ~arcd.y;praotimble for laden mulee,

and rnerchandize.is 'carried chiefly oh the baclrs,of sheep and goats.

An annual fair is held in November a t the capital, RampGr, on

the Sutlej. The town is of some importance, as the point where the

commercial routes from LB, Gardokh, and Simla meet ; and also as

a seat of thelpashmina manufacture. I n 1840 the value of paJm.

imported was valued by Cunningham at about Rs. 90,000.

The Government agency established a t Rotgurh in 1820, was

intended to encourage the export of shawl wool to the British terri-

tory, whence it wrrs sent to England to be manufactured. I n

exchange, small quantities of copper, steel, chintzes, and woollens,

were bartered. The project did not succeed, and was abandoned.

Since t,hat time extensive manufactories have arisen in the Punjab

itself, and compete with those of Kashmir for the supply of pasiim.

The countries nnd ~eople beyond the mountain boundary of

Northern India have now been hastily surveyed. They are, for the most part, still in the nomad state of society, though occasion-

ally large towns are to be found. Thmgh isolated by chains of

mountains and deserts from nations more advanced in civilizatiob

much energy is exhibited in overcoming these obstacles to inter-

course. The camels of the Povindahs, wending towards Kurrnchea

or W a r e s bden with the carpete of H q a t or the fruite of Kands-

bar ; the kafilas crossing the Hindu Kush with silk from Blil&fim

tb thossandsof cattde driven towards the Siberian frontier. by the

Kirghizd t%e tea sept from China ~ver1;tnd to Russia ; the " Kkaye- kaahes" following over the Karakoram pass their ponies bearing

go& fmm Yqrkand ; the hill men of Busheihr descending the

paths of the Sutlej with their sheep carrying shawl

wool ;--are aU so many instances sf the tradisg spirit. Endeavour

.will now be made to shew what irnpedirpents obstruct, and what

xneaaures play mist, these adventurous aerchants.

I

I

I

4 ,

PART 11.

The commerce passing through Affghanistan and Bilachistan de-

, scends by natunal avenues to bhe vallq.of Trade through ~ f f d a n i a -

tan d Biluchietan. . bhe Indue. It has been seen B h d i the

two wuntries nearly resemble each. other in their indigenous prod-

tions, and in t,he charac-ter of their popplation. Commercially, they

may be regarded as one region, inhabited by cognate tribes. The

Boutpa principal outlets of trsde are by the Bolan

pass, opposite to Shikarpoo~, the Ghuwailra or Goleri pass, opposite

to Dera Isqael Khan, and the Tataro and Ablrhiins passes opppkite

' . . 0

The distance from ShikarpCr to Kandahar by the Bolan pass

is about 400 miles.* The pass, com, By the Bolan pass ; length

of paso ; width. mencing at Kudta rtnd ending at Kar-

lakee, is about 60 kos long,? and is passable either to An army

with artillery or to a caravan throughout the year. I t is generally

level, and, though considerably covered with loose sdnea, offers in np

portion a serious obstacle. It narrow, after leaving Machk, tq the

$readth of fodr horsemen, but in general i t averages one hundred - 1 /

I

+ A pnd ix XI. t &or Hough gives the distance at 69 mila.

yards. Caravans are sometimes detained by the snow falling

beyopd Machk, but, i t does not fall heavy in the pass. There are

Plunderem two castes of plunderers that the caravans

etand much in dread of, the Doda Mareea,

amounting to 5,000, and the D a d Kakars, amounting to 5,000."

Shikarpdr still carries on a trade? with Herat, which ia 346

Trade between sh ikRrph miles beyond Kandahar ; S but since and Herat ; ita decline. Major Leech reported on the subject

the value has considerably diininished. I n particular, the turquoises

T w w ~ , frod N ~ s h q t i r am now duedb ,in thou-

uandrl instead of lakhs. The expbrt of -Indigo, then said to be

hdiga o ' decliniag f r m ten lakhs' worth, on ac-

count of the Ben$ Indigo being mht by way d Yazd, is noso

little above one lnkh'a mbrth.

Kt i rkhk ' is &idly rising i n oomniercial importance. B e t k n , t

I the years 1855-58 and 1859-60, the im- Kurachee ; value of im-

ports, exports, and custvms port8 increrrsed in value from £629,813 dutiee.

to L1,7 12,75 1, the exports from L604,CbO

to $947,938, the customs duties from $8,905 to &52,492.$ < a

I Amongst the exborts tLe following are brought down chiefly I ( I :

* Leech. 3lnic)r Cirecm, P o l i t i d A g e d at Xilat, states that " it ie a nia- tal<e to ~rnnginc t h ~t the 1:olnn scrs offers noy ditficultiea either for tru-Kc or for the rn.lrrh c,t troop* to or tmm.hdia The X h , r h d inhabit the ~ u u n d n s 1)urtlrr111< the I I J I ~ I ~ ~ I . por11011, pre a miserable race of petty thieves, ytterly con- t t~rr~pti l~lt~, nncl 11\ rlo nil. Ins numetoas ; the lower podion was fomerly mvlested 1,) t l ~ r J l~~rrecs , I n ~ t ktnc.c the K h n ' s march through their country, a ~ i d the kut,~rsi~i~cnt :irr.lngr~ncnt. 'which have 'been made, they havo wlrecd to ruo! lest ~ t . " . I t Cnnollr.

7

~ ~ ~ ~ e n ; l i s SII. 3 TIlc rct urnq filr l~(i'1-62 ehew that the 'exports increseed to &1;361,?&

whilst tile irnporta dccreabed.

through the Bildch and Affghan moun- Eqmrtn h m Affghanistan.

tains :-

L l u e .

Madder, ... ... ... £ 12,228

Assafcetida, ... ... 2,296

Rsw Silk, ... ... 17,975

Sheep's Wool, ... ... 315,104

Horses, ... ... 02,651

Fruit, ... ... 14,914

The following are h m the territories of the Maharajah of

From Knshmir. Kashmir, or Chenthan :-

Borax or 'I'ind, . . . ... c@6,204

Koot Lakri, ... ... 17,336"

The direct imports froni England to Kurrachee have largely

I ~ ~ ~ , + ~ hm England.- increased, especially of cotton ~ i e c e goods, Cotton piece w. of which a considerable portion goes to

Affghanistan. No wool or a s a f d d a come down the Bolan

paw. The caravans bringing these articlea go by Kilat, Khozdar,

and Pir-Iiuggur. The increase in the export of wool is remarkable.

Ten years ago ite value was only 17,651 rupees. The sheep are

shorn twice a year, and the boo1 is imperfectly cleaned. It ia esti-

mated that there is a saving of 12 days in time, and 2 rupees in cost

per camel load, by adopting the land route from Shawl to Kdrrachee,

instead of going to the Indm at Sukkur. I n 1861-62 the value

of wool exported from Kurrachee increased by nearly %1!30,000.

The plant yielding the gum resin known as XaitAea asaf~tida,

* Exported to China for incense, oi& Bombay.

grows wild in the hills about Herat and Furrah. It is never cultivated, though

hundreds of the Kakar tribe from the Boree valley, who collect the

gum, remain in the deserts to tend and water the plant.*

Madder is cultivated in the Ghuzni and Kandahar districts,

Madder. and takes three years to come to maturity.+

Its black berries are also seen growing

wild in the Himalayas, near Joshienath. Moorcroft states that the

root contains abundant coloring matter, and is used by the Bhotias

to dye woollen cloths.$ Two descriptions are brought from Mghan-

istan, " Ilodung kuhree," grown near Kandahar, and " Rodung

phurreah," which is'inferior.

Silk is produced in the western parts of the country, and great

Raw Silk. quantities are exported from Bukhara for

the Indian markets.

Wool obtained from the fat, hiled variety of sheep is used in

Wool. the manufacture of clothes and carpets,

and also exported to 1ndia.Q Kilat and

the surrounding country produces sheep's wool in great abundance. It is a remark of Burnes', '' that our early

Increased export thereof. commercial connection with the countries

on the Indus was sought to find vent for British woollens, while the

existing trade is almost confined to cottons, and this ie the more

singular as there is good reason to believe that in return for those

cottons we shall shortly receive raw wool from the countries of the

Indus." This anticipation has now been completely fulfilled.

* Dr. Bellew's report. Appendix No. VII. Lnmsden.

f Mmrcmil.-VoI. 11, p. 67. . 8 '8i)pndix No. VIII.

The t d e in how@ is for the most part in the hands of the

Biluchis. It ceases during the minter. Horsea

About 9,000 or 3,000 are said to pass

through Kandahar yearly. The chief breeding districts are

Sharakhs, Maimunna, and Hazarah. Breeding diatricta

On the spot, the price of an average horse

ranges from 60 to 120 rupees. The native breed has been improved

by the mixture of Arab blood.

The abundance and variety of the fruits need no recapitulation.

They form the principal part of the food Fruits

of a large clam in Mghanistan through-

out the year, both in a fresh and preserved state ; and in the latter

condition are exported in large qual;tities.*

It may be noted that ' sugar, so generally gown in the Sugar. Eastern Punjab, is not produced in

Cotton. Affghanigtan or ~ u k h h a . Cotton is

scantily in same districts. The raw material does not

appear in Colonel Lumeden's list+ of imported or exported articles

a t Kandahar; cotton fabrics are in great demand. The raw

cotton of B u k h h is bought up by the Russians.

The Indian trade is principally negotiated by Hindu merchants

x.nrgemaot of K.ndbu from Shikarpur and elsewhere ; but the trade with India ; commerce between Kandahar, Herat, and

Maahad,. is d e d on by Persians, who bring down silk, arms,

turquoises, homes, carpets, kc., and take back wool, skins, and

woollen fabrics.$

* Dr. Bellew. t Appendix No. IX. $ Dr. Bellew. .

42

The distance from Dem Ismael Khan to Ghuzni by Durra-

bund and the Ghumailra pass is about Trade by Ghuwailw Pass.

323 miles.* The caravan route bet men Distances.

Ohuzni and Kabul i reckoned at 88

miles, and between Ghuzni and Kmdahar by Kilat-i-Ghilzi at 227

mi1es.t The route between Kandahar and Kabul in closed for four

months by snow.

The severity of the mountain, winter and the insecurity of

the oomkewial mads have given Povindah merchants.

rise to a peculiar claw af Afghan

tradere called Povindaha. They possees large numhem of camels.

Some are merchants, whilst others m merely carriers or retail

agents. There are five sub-divisions, wha Sub-division.

descend to the plains and return to the hills

in the following orderf :-

I. The Nasir Povipdaha, who come down in successive group,

designated-

( a ) The Ghawaiwal.

( 6 ) The Gosfandwal.

( c ) Nasirs with amall means,

( d ) Nasirs with large stack.

Of these i t is estimatsd that 5,000 men come to Indiato trade,

with 18,000 Camels.

11. " Niazi MithiJJ 800 men, with 3,000 camels,

111. " Kharothi " 1,800 men, with 6,000 camels.

IV. " Dutani " 600 men, with 4,000 camels.

* Appendix XIY. t Appendix XV. Appendix XVI.

V. (' Mian Khel " (a branch of the Lohanis, the rest of

whom have settled as agriculturists) 1,400 men, with 6,000 camels.

I n the summer, living in tenta, they pasture their flocks and

Snmmer resort. he& on the plateaux of Ghuzni and

Kilat-i-Ghilzi, and pay to the d i n g

chiefs a tribute, which is assessed in proportion to the number of

camels, cattle, sheep and goate omed by individuals. About

October the K a h commence moving Descent to the Derajat.

towards the plains. Some are slso e n g s g Varions journeys. ed in the salt trade between Ghnzni and

the British minee at Bahadur Khel. The Kharotis again ply between

Kandahar and Herat; others towards To Herat; B n k h h ;

Mooltsn ; Delhi ; Cal- Bukhira and Kabul. Leaving. their fa- " cutto ; and to Kurachee.

milies in tents, a t the foot of the hills,

the largest kafilas proceed to Mooltan, whence parties branch off

by way of Bhawulpur to Rajputana, through Sirsa and Delhi to '

Benares and Calcutta, and to Lahore and Amrihar. Some of these

traders have houses at Mooltan, and reside there until in the spring

the passes are re-opened. Both there and Dispoeal of goods.

a t Kurrachee goods are disposed of

through commissioned agenb. Others proceed to the eastern

of Hindustan, thus obtaining higher prices. On return-

ing @bout April they will sometimes find, a t Jhung or Cbuniot,

investments of cotton piece goods purchas- Beturn inveetmente. .

ed during their absence by agents, and

these they take on to Afghanistan. Others again return with their

camels laden from Benaree and Delhi. Latterly they have availed

Go by rail but not by themeelves of the railway from Ranee-

steamere. gunge to Calcutta. They do not use the

steamers on the Ganges or Indus, but alwaya go by thoae between

Kurachee and Bombay. Their camels being their own property,

and return to their own country being Causes of long journeys.

prevented by the snow, they fhd it cheaper not to make use of other carriage.

The trade through the passe8 leading to Peshawur haa of late

Dade by the Peaham years considerably increased. It has ex- pwea. cited the jealousy of the Povindahs who

follow the pwes leading into the Derajat.

Masson thne describes the commercial character of Kabul :-

" The city has scarcely any manufactures of home fabric to offer

for sale. Indeed the manufactures do not rise to mediocrity, and

are suitable only to the consumption of the lower and less wealthy

classes. If great wealth does not prevail, people in easy circum-

stances are very numerous. A ~pi r i t of fashion predominates, and

with i t an appetite for the novelties and superior fabrics of foreign

countries. From the middle classes upwards it would be difficult

to find an individual clad in the produce of his native looms. Even

amongst the lower many are found little satisfied unless they

carry on their heads the lunghis (turbans,) or hide their feet in the

shoes of Peshamr."

The exports from India through the Peshawur 'passes are

valued at 2120,643, the imports a t 1 Value of impoh and ex- 81 56,5 13. Gold and silver coins and

ports- gold dust find their way from Russia and

the Uzbak statea to India. But it ia probable that a good deal o f

silver bullion goes from India to Kabul.

A list of the exports from and imports to Peshawur, furnished

by the Native Revenue Collector, will be Detail of imports and ex-

ports by Peshawm pesea. found in the Appendix XVIII. The

value of the trade ia considered by the

eminent merchant Ngir Khairoolla, of Peshawur, to be rather under estimated :-

Exporte. The principal items of export are-

Cotton, woollen, and 8'3 goods

fiom England and India, { ] 8 51,000

Sugar from the Punjab, J ) L 7,200

Indigo from Mooltan & Hindustan, I, t 17,500"

The brocades of Benares, gold thread and lace of Delhi, scarves

and leather from the Punjabj groceriee and drugs of all sorts and

from all quarters, form the bulk of the minor exports.

I ~ P * The principal items of import are :-

Raw silk and' silk L 79,602

B u k h h ,

Horses and Ponies from Turkistan, J ) 10,000

Almonds and Raisins from Kabul, ,J 25,115

Bullion, >) 42,387

* Appendix XVIII.

Russian furs and leather, Kabul Kunawez or silk, fox and sheep

skins, fresh and dried fruits, groceries, and timber, from Kabul, are

amongst the remainiqg items. But a very small quantity of mad-

der or asafetida reaches Peshawur. -

English cotton piece goods sent by wny of Peshamur have to

omnglish piecg a great extent displaced those forwarded goods at B u k h h through Russia, in the Bukhira and

neighbouring markets. This result is the more aat isf~tory because

in Burnes' time the Peshawur route was completely closed to trade

by the high duties levied by Sultan Mahomed Khan ; and even

Khanikoff represents the amount of English manufactures

coming to Bukhhra from Mashhad as larger than that reaching

by way of Kabul. Tea sent by Peshawnr competes advantage-

Of Tea; ously with that sent by the overland

route from China. The suga~ from the

Punjab is one of the most profitable exports. Most of theother arti-

cles are mob or less sent to Turkistan. Indigo in some quantities

goes to Khokand.

The routes to Kabul and Bukhira from Peshawur are by the

Rantea to Central Aais K h ~ b % Tatra vd Abkhana passes, from Peehawur. which unite at Dakka in the Jalalabad

district. The distance is about 110 kos, equal to 193 miles, to

Kabul ; and in all 492 kos, equal to 829 D i n c a to Kabul ; Rnk-

him ; Khokand ; Raehgar ; miles, to BukhPra by the Bamian route ;- and Yarkand.

being forty days joumey.t The route by

the Koushan pass is three days shorter but more difficult. R o m

Bukhira to Khokand is 15 days journey ; thence to Rashgar

eighteen ; and on to Yarkand five. The Khybur is g e n c d y

t Vide Appendix XIX A. B. and Appendix XX A. B. C. D.

avoided by caravans. Tile Afridis even Xhvbur Pass avoided.

Afridi robbers. when subsidized will not refrain from

plunder, apd the Amir of Kabul has therefore recently discontinued the allowances hitllcrto paid to

them. Otherwise the Khyhur is by far the easiest route. The

others are protected by the Momund chief of Lalpoora, who hol&

his lands on this condition. A t the Other routes protected.

passes tolls are levied on llorsemon and

foot passengers. The road from Peshswur to Kabul is fit for

camels throughout, and possesses .the great advantage of being

practicable throughout the year, but kafilas seldom travel in the

And throughout the months of January and February. Be- year. tween Kabul and Khulm the highest

Passee. passes are Hajigak (11,700 feet)* Kalu,

and Dundan Shilran. In traversing these, provisions must be car-

ried. This portion of the Hindu Khush is entirely destitute of

trees. Camels and ponies are used in the summer. But the for-

mer, 3 ~ ~ 0 r d i . q to Khanikoff, have only come into use duriug the

last forty years. On this route caravans enjoy a fair degree of se-

curity. Several members of the Amir's Security of routes.

family are personally engaged in the

trade, nnd it will be seen from the table of duties in the Appcndixt

that the authorized duties are uot exces- Customs duties modcrate.

sive, though the exactions of minor 0%

cids smell the nomkal rates.

The broad-cloths and nanliins of Russia still hold their

ground in the Bukhira market. The liussian goods at Bukhka.

iron, copper, furs, and other articles which

a Lieutenant Wood. f Appendia XU.

come on to Kabul are also in great demand. BukhLra feturns

B,lkhira goods sent to about &10,000 wor€h of raw cotton, a Russia. large quantity of cotton thread, lamb-

skins, fosskins, turquoises, lapis lazuli, kc. The following remarks

of Khanikoff may be quoted :-'< What our traders should avoid

most &siduously is not to be over anxious about the cheapness of

their merchandize, to the detriment of the solidity of its texture

end colours ; for although the low price of a merchandize may in

tile heginning attract a greater number of purchasers, its want of

ciurability will got fail in the long run to cool their ardour.

" Manufacturers who work chiefly for the markets of Central

Asia must also study more diligently the prevailing tastes of

the Asiatics. Thus, for instance, muslin turbans, with gold

borders a t both ends, as they are manufactured with us, are

more sought after than muslins brought from other quarters.

The muslins from Glasgow, for example, which have birdsre-

represented on them, eannot'be used by Mussdmans in making

their ~zonraz, for they represent the figure of a living creatureJJ.

The reccipta from the direction of Khokand q e shawl wool,

BukhLa trado withKhokand. tea, and raw silk ; in exchange for

which are sent part of the goods received from India. About 86,000

worth of black lamb skins' are sent to Persia by way if Alashhad,

With Persia and' a few Kashmir shawls and jamiwars,

Russian goods, and tea. The returns are

opium from Ispahan, turquoises, some English broad cloth from

Constantinople, Kunamez of Tabriz, and K i r d n i shawl goods,

some of which find their way to Pesha- K h a n i shawl goods.

wur, and which in Bukhilra and Persia

have to a great extent superseded the shawls of Kashmir. m e -

collars of Afghan chogas are invariably lined with Kirmani work.

?t is very satisfactory to observe that the trade through the

Peshawur passes has largely increased Increase, since annexation

of the Punjab, of hnhawur since the annexation of the Punjab. The trade. abolition of the frontier duties, and the

C a w s . security of the roads in the Punjab, have

greatly conduced to this result. But the Government of the

Government of AmirDdet Amir, in restraining the depredations of Vahomed Khan, the Ghilzyes 'bet,ween the Khybur and

Kabul, of the Deh Zingi Hazarahs between Kabul and Khulm, and

of the Uzbak U k a s beyond, has also effectually promoted traffic.

When the marauding character of the population of Afghanistan is

considered, the comparative safety of the Commercial good.

routes through the Amir's dominions

denotes a wise and strong rule."

It is stated by Nazir Khairoollah that four-fifths of the.

English and Indian goods entering Pes- English goods reach Rs-

hawnr principally via Am- h a m r come by way of Delhi, Amritsar ritsar, not by the Indue.

and the Grand Trunk Road, and only

one-fifth by Bombay, Kurrachee, 3Iooltan and the Derajat. I t is

probable that the Bombay trade goes principally by the Bolan pass

ahd by Pir Muggur, Khozdar, kc. The Peshawur traders occasionaIly

make use of country boats in the downward traffic, and of camels in

returning, but the great bulk of their merchandize goes by land to

Arnritsar.

The trade from Yarkand and the western provinces of China

* Vide Appendix XXIII.

- ~~d~ from yarkand passes, for the most part, througl~ the Wedern China. territory of the Maharaja of Jummu and

Kashmir. This territory lies between north lat. 3% 50,,and

cast long. 740 and 790. It comprehends Territory of the Maharaja

the districts of Balti, Ldakh, Jammu,

and the valley of Kashmir. Of these Kshmir is commercialIy the

most importcult.

Thc valley, situated about; 5,000 feet above the ma, ia enclosed

by lofty mountains, and extends over Kwhmir.

4,500 square miles. I t is intersected by

the river Jhelum, which escapes through the Batammla p m . The

chief t o m is Shrinagnr, which stands'on

thc margili of the principal lake. Tlie

following extract will shew that the district has, during the

present century, suffercd some calamitous visitations :-

" The population of the valley is calculated at present not to

exceed 200,000 persons,* to which number Decrease of population.

i t has in thirty years been reduced

from 800,000, by the awful dispensations of earthquake, pestilence,

and famine. In 1828 a drendftd earthquake destroyed 12,000

persons, and was in two months followed by cholera, by which

100,000 perished in the course of forty days. In 1833 an unsenson-

able fall of snow caused the failure of four-fifths of the rice crop.

Thc roads merc covered wit.h the corpses of those who perished of

want in attempting to emigrate. Pestilence followed. The popn-

lation of Shiinqar, which was estimated l ~ y Elphinstone at from

150,000 to 200,000, is now not more than 40,000" -t But since

* E'. VOII 1IugeI.-11-358. t Thornton's Ciuetteer.-Yol, I, p. 286,

this was written there must have been .a large increase. A recent

observer has stated the present population of the city, from native

informntion, at 250,000.* Half that number may not, perhaps, be

too high an estimate.

I t is here that the rr pushm" of the domesticated goat, and

- 1 the finer croroli &' of wild animals J-9 I\lanufacturc of Shawls. from the tlle-lands of Chan-than and ?

Khutan, and from the markets of Yarkand and Gardokh, is manu-

factured into the celebrated shawls and other fabrics. Moorcroft's

elaborate description of the process is given in the Appendix No. V.

Swords and ~atchlocks. Kashmir is also noted for the excellence

of its swords and matchlocks, m u g h t of the iron from Bajour ; for

lather, saddlery, and .papier mach6 work. Physically strong, the

people are politidly tractable, and their Condition of the people.

industry is not less than their ingenuity.

The worst points of their condition may be collected from the fol-

lowing statements by Moorcroft :-" I had at one time no fewer

than six thousand eight hundred patients on my list, (at Shrinagar)

a hrge proport,ion of whom were suffering from the most loathsome

diseases, brought on by scant and unwholesome food, dark, damp,

and ill ventilated lodgings, excessive dirtiness, and gross immorality.

. ........ The people are rapidly thinning, though less from emigration

than poverty and disease.. . . ...... Not one-sixteenth of the culturable

surface is under cultivation.. ........ The cultivators are in a condition

of extreme wretchedness." The govcr~lment share of the produce is

&old at a high rate, below which no individwl may offer his own.

Their dress consists of a long loose mrappcr of woollen cloth, and

eotton trousers and turban. Inigated rice is the staple of cultivat,ion ;

* Calcutta Heview.-Xo, LXV, p. 109,

fruits and vegetables are grown, as well as saffron, in which tribute

was paid to the Emperor Akbar on his subjugation of the valley.*

Both sugar and salt are principally imporhxl from the Punjab, but

on inferior salt is also imported from the banks of the Pong Kong

lake, in Rodokh.

At different times colonies of Kashmiris have emigrated, and

settled in the British dominions, where Colonies in the Punjab.

they puissue the manufacture of shawls.

They are to be found in considerable numbers at Amritsar and

Nurpnr, as well as at Ludianah, Tiloknath, and Jalalpur. But the

shawls made at these plrtces are inferior to those of Kashmir. The

value of shawls sold at the annual auction in London is reported to

have risen from L103,OOO in 1850, to 2,264,586 in 1860.t .A tem-

porary depression has reeulted from increased production, repetition

of the same patterns, and inferior work.

The interests of the Maharaja and his manufacturers are identified

in the endeavour to retain the monopoly of the shawl wool ;

mohopo~y of conseptently none of the Tilrfani wool s h a ~ l wool. from Yarkand, which is the finest, is

allowed $0 pass into British territory, which is entirely supplied from

Chan-than.

It is probable that, on the whole, the deinand for ohaml moo1

has of late years much increased. Native Increased demand for it.

accounts represent that the use of the

Thfani wool has arisen within the last quarter of a century. It is

* Dow's Ferishta-Vol. 11, p, 281. t Published proceedings of a meeting of ahawl merchant8 held at Amritsnr

24th August 1861.

evidently of the highest importance that Importance of tho supply.

the supply of the ram material of the

exquisite manufacture, peculiar to IGshmir and the Punjab, sllould

be eRectually facilitated and protected. There is no doubt that i t is

inexhaustible ; and i t is impossible not to admire the felicitous

conjunct,ion, in the same region, of a n a t d product so valuable

and of workmen so artistic.

The trade between the British territories and the 'countries

within and beyond the dominions of Subdivinion of the srtbject

into (1) out^^, (2) ~ x p o r t s the Maharaja of Krashmir mill now be arid Imports, (3) Customs duties. considered, under the following heads :-

1. Routes.

2. Exports and Import$. * 3. Customs duties.

1. A list of routes will be found in the Appendix XXIV.

Routes. The following account of their corn- parative advantages is supported by the competent authority of

Opinion of Csptain Mont- Captain Montgomerie, Superintendent gomerie. of the Trigonometrical Survey in Kwh-

mir.

" Taking Yarkand . (the chief town of Eastern Turkistan) as

Route fro,,, the sea by the the point to be aimed at, i t is apparent, Illdus SkardO to . from esamination of the general map, that kand.

Kurrachce is the nearest sea-port. The

most direct route from Kurnchee to Yarkand, taking the water

carriage line as far as i t goes, mould be cia" Mooltan, Jheluni,

Kaslunir, and Skardo.

" A reference to the more detailed information of the lqute

map shews that this is by far the Marches. ... Jhelum to Shrinagar, 16 most direct, and that a mdifica- -

Gkardo, . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . Yarknnd, 25 tion of this route is, undoubhdly, - Total, 52 the one best suited for trafiic, viz., - that from Kurachee, via" Mooltan,

Jhelum to Shrinngar. ' . . . 15 Jhelum, and LB, to Lk, ... 19 Yarkmd, ... 33 Yarkand.. .......... .The roads from -

Total, 67 Lahore, Amritsar, Jalandur, Ho- - shiarpur, Ludhiana, and Amballah,

Amritanr to Lt? by Nurpur, 41 in the route ,

LB to Yarkand, 33 meet at Mandi, which is, in fact, - Total, 74 as its name implies, a mart or -

place of exchange. From Mandi Route by X ~ d i md L6.

the road to Yarkand is wonderfully

direct, considering the gigantic mountains that have to be crossed .... '( The Kashmir mute from Amritsar to LB is actually somewhat

~ ~ ~ h ~ i ~ ronto ehortest shorter than the route by Xlandi and and easiest. Kulu. It is, moreover, much easier, in

so much as between the plains and LB the Kashmir route crosses no

~~~~~~i~~~ of the above pass higher than 13,450 feet, and the road routes. is, with trifling exceptions, good through- '. out for laden ponies. There are villages close to every halting place,

except one on the Kaahmirroad; whereas the Mandi-Kulu route

. crosses three passes of from 1G,200 to 18,100 feet above the sea,

and for ten days the road is hardly ever below 15,000 feet. Finally,

on the Mandi-Kulu rod , at 10 or 11 of the halting places, there

are no villages of any sort, and only at two or threc of them is

there any chance of meeting camps of wandering Tartars ; consc-

quently provisions for two days have to be carried by the traders,

both for men and cattle. Little calculation is required to shorn

that this item alone must add greatly to the cost of carriage on this

route, without taking intd cousideration the difficulties about fire-

uood, and at some halting places as to fresh water. Again, the 8

Kashmir route is open for two or three months longer than the

Iiulu one, according to the season.

" The question as to the best route between the Punjab and

Fuperiority ofabovo Eastern Turkistan, in my opinion, lies ovcr others. between the Emhrnir and Kulu roads to

L6, no others bearing any comparison with them, either as to facility

or directness. !l!houffh the Kulu road has K ~ h x t ~ i r ro~ltc the hest

aereit not for the Custolns tolerill)ly easy slopes throughout, yet, con- duties. - sidering the natural difference between the

two, I think it may fairly be inferred that the customs dues and

other things being equal on all lines, the traders would select the

" Prom Shrinag~gnr to LE the distance is about 213 miles. The

D~~~~~~ bu- route is open for laden animals from May tween "lrinqar ''Id LE. to November, and for foot travellers from

February. The following passes are crossed :-

... Zoj-i-la, ... ... 11,500

... Naniy ikala, ... 15,570

... J?oto-la, ... ... 13j4-1.6"*

' h i s r o d , made by the Sikh General Zoramur Singh in 153 I,

is comparatively -y, and provisions can he procured at nearly all

the halting places.

The gelieral usc of the Aiandi-Kulu route is entirely to be

Kulll prcfcrrd be- traced to the security of travelling> and Dritkhterrito~. the exemption from customs duties, en-

joyed under British administration. (' The route by Chamba enjoy&

c~~~~~ ,,f M~ during tho the largeat trade during the Sikh rule ; Sikh rule. next came that by Bmhaihr; and hdly,

the Kulu route. Now the order of their prosperity is inveM,

Kulu drawing by far the lar,pt portion ; Bwhih r being a little

less prosperous than it used to be ; and the trade through Chamba,

between Nurpur and L&h, having entirely ceased."*

I n British territory the chief obstacle to t d c is the passage

it^ for briw of the Chandra (Chenab) river a t Koksur, Koksur. 10,000 feet above the sea. Foot p m n -

gem and M e n sheep can cross by a bridge of twisted birchen twigs,

Present dnngers to p-n. but mules and oxen must be tied with gem md .animals. ropes and swim across the ?miR md fiigid

torrent, in which they arc frequently lost. A pcrmme~lt bridge

Avalanches. would be swcpt away in the winter by

avalanches,'but one that can be taken to

pieces is being devised.

The passes between Sultanpur and L6, though elivvnted, are

Passes betweon Sultnnpur W Y . nc the-- and LB.

... &tang Pass, ... 15,300 feet.

I3am Lacha, ... ... 16,221 ,, ... Langa Lacha, ... 17,000 ,,

Thang Lang, . , . ... 18,042 ,,t

The Barn Lacha and Rotang Parses are generally closed at the

* Report of Co~nmr. of Trans-Sutlcj States, (Mr. P. S. Nelvill) Appendix B. t Montgomcrie.

5 7

end of October, and are not open a,aai11 until t l ~ c end of May or

beginning of June.* ,.

a The summer nnd winter routes from LB to Yarkand are give11

Routos to Yarkand. in the Appendix XX1V.t

The summer route is the shorter, and by the bat native acco~~nts

is about 490 miles jomey. It is passable S ~ l m e r route.

for only three or four months of the year.

It cn>ases six lofty paeses, of which the Karakorlyq is 18,600 feet

Xarakom Pass. high. The Hindn h, in the Kuen

Luen range, according to Mahomed Amin,

the guide of'the Schlaggntmeits, is much less distressing and difficult than the Karakorum pass, and fit for camels. Men m d ponies

Shayok river. are sometimes carried away in crossing

the Shayok.

The mintcr route is used from November to February. It pwses

thro&h an uninhabited mountainous Winter route.

country, m d travellers are obliged to

carry provisions with them for the whole distance. The journcy is

facilitated in winter by the streams being frozen. In this wason

travellers wear garments of sheepskin with sleeves, the fleecy side

inmuds, and the exterior covered with sooklat, or blanket; trouscts

of tho same, and long woollen stockings : above them boots with 3

. leather shoc stuffed for two inches with wool : gloves of tllick

flannel, reaching almve the elbows: a blanket round the waist,

, another over the shoulders, and a s h k l wrapped about the head and

fme. The camp is oftcn in the snow.$ Both routes unite at the

* Cunninyham, pago 154. t Appndis XXlV. Table of routes, No. 1, and 1 A. $ Gerard.-Vol. 11, pages 229-30.

Junction and divergence Karakorum pa.s, but diverge &gain after- of' the two routes. wards. The heights nscended and the

difioulties of the journey are extremely trying l o t h to man and

beast. Mr. Vans Agnew re.marks that the miserable condition of

the cattle on arrival a t Lk attested the severity of the journey from

Yarkand. The carrying trade is in the hands of Yarkandis, known

as " Karaya k u s h e ~ , ~ each of whom has a score or two of posies.

They occasionally carry " Kiriana" for sale on their own account.

'Dey travel armed, and form themselves into caravans, but are never-

theless occasionally attacked by the robber Kirghiz of Kunjud, in

Wonnza, on the Bdakshan Lorder. The distance by the winter

route is reported to be 526 miles.

There are several go.od routes from the Punjab to Kashmir,

Rontes btween punjab will be found in the Appendix* and Kashmir. XSIV. But the Maharaja lately increasecl

Tncrrnse of customs duties the custom duties on all except on that On but that by Jammu. via" Jarnrnu and the Runihal pass ; his

object being to make Jammu the great mart of his kingdom, but a t

the beginning of 1SG2 he rccluced the duties on the BIiimbur route

to tlie old rates.

The t d e from Peshamir goes by the MuzuFarahad route, RTo,

~ o u t e from Pesl~amur. X, which is open for laden mules all the

year round.

Of the route leading to LB from beyond Rodokh, Cunninghmn

from beyond Ro- says :-" Nothing whatever is known dokh to Lk. escept that by it the Mongol tribe of

Sokpo invaded Lda l ih in 1686 and 1GS7 ; and again in the begin-

* Table of Routes.-Nos. VII, VIII, IX, and X. .

ning of 1841, immediately after Zorawur SingllJs death, about three

thousand Cliangpas are said to hare entered Larlakh fir the purpose

of assisting the young Oyalpo."

A route from Kampur to Lk, which hm been much improved

Road connecting RRmpur since the nnneratioli of the Punjab, joins

with the to LE. the Kulu route a t Sooltanpur. Therc ale

two other routes from Rampur to Le': the longer,* 356 miles

crossing the Sutlej a t the Wangtu bridge, traverses the Tari pnss,

(15,252 feet) and proceeds by Danghkar and the Rulzum pass

(14,821 feet) to the Bara Laclla pass ; the shorter and more &ficuIt,

310 miles, by the 'Parang pass, (18,502 feet, the Tshomoruri lake,

the Nagpo Gonrling, (18,000 feet) arid Polokonka (16,500 Get,)

passes to tlie pass of Thanglang.

A difficult route from Gardokh to h m p u r , across the Chinese

Route from Chumnrti to district of Chumurti, and along the right . Rampor. bank of tlie Sutlej, is a 'good deal used t?y

t d e r s , from its avoiding the Maharaja's territory. Cunningham

also mentions a smuggling road, which k followed over the B6dhpu

pass to the bed of the Para river. From thence a rugged path leads

over a lofty mountain to the upper course of the river, which is

crossed a second time, and over another range of mountains to the

head of the Charpa river. From the bed of the Charpa different

routes are followed over the mountains to the upper and uninhabited

course of the Chandra river, fiom whence the northern road leads

over the Ran Lacha pass into Lahoul, and the southern road direct

into Kudu.

Mr. Vans Agnew (1847) recommended that s road should be

* Route No. 11 of table of Routes. Appendix XXIV.

proDose~ r o r l ~ from G; ,~- opened out from Garclokh to Lahoul from tlokh to Lahoul. the vicinity of Aktse, on the Para river,

via" the Pirsi and Charpa rivers.

The diitrict of Spiti, geographically part of Ladiikh, was

Object of the annexation purposely annexed to the British tcrri- of Spiti. tory in 1846-4#7 in order to prevcnt tho

interposition of a foreign State b?tween lbmpur and the shawl-wool

districts of Chan-than.

The shawl-goat thrives in Spiti, though the'wool is not reckon-

Spiti fSvourable to shawl- ed equal to that of Chan-than. Tho pate. Maharaja was, in 1M7, excused from

rendering shawl-goats under tho stipulation of the treaty, in

consequen& of the animals dying at D h u d a , where they were

kept. It is apprehended that sufficient pasturage for any l a r p

number could not be found in Spiti.

The mountain paths between Rampur and Spiti are so preci-

pitous that shecp, more sure-footed than Paths boheen Rsmpur

and Spiti, and use of sheep larger beasts, arc commonly used to carry for burdens.

burthens of from 16 to 20 Ibs. "The

sheep are driven from village to village with the wool 06, and as

the required quantity is cut from their backs, they are M e n with the

grain which is received in exchange, and which, when the fleece is

all disposed of, is carried into Chinese Tartary and sold at a prof table

Barter of sheep-wool and rate."* " It is the custom for thc shep- grain. herds of Chumurti to give an order

while the crops are yet green, and on the ground, for any amount

of grain they mny require, which, when the crop is ripe, is stored

* Journal of a trip into Kunamr, by Captain H11tton.-Journal Asiatic Society, part I, pw 192.

up by the cultivator until thc summer of the cnsuing y q when

the shepherd arrives with his flock, gives t.hc wool in exchange and

receives his grain, which 'he puts into small bags, and drives back

his flock thus laden."* " Many of these sheep were formerly par-

~ ( ~ ~ ~ ~ h wool agency, and chased by the British Government by an cam of iite failure. agent tippointed for that purpose at Kot-

. p h , but the speculation was abandoned. I have been told 'that

a difficulty existed in inducing .the Tatars to sell to the British

agwnt, they preferring to trade with the people of the higher tracts.

At prescnt the Tatars would glndly supply any amount required.

H d the apn t , instead of remaining in the lower hills, paid an

s n n d visit to Tartary, and purchased Necessary to deal with

the shepherds in the higher his wool directly from the shepherds monutains.

themsclves, instead of taking i t from the

hands of the traders, hc would not only have procured a better but

a cheaper article. The speculator would not probably he allowed

to enter the country under the protection of China,. but he might

with ease and safety every summer' repair to Hungrung or to Spiti,

where the Chinese shepherds would not fail to meet him by appoint-

ment, and furnish any quantity of wool he might have ordered in

the preceding year. He would thus be able to select his own

fleece and sw i t shorn before him. For carriage i t would be neces- - sary to purchase a large flock of sheep, which, during the winter

seaeon would find an abundant pasture in thc lower tracts, or even

in the plains, and in the summer or rainy season wodd be roaming

over the grassy tracts of the upper hills. With the flock might be

tiken flour, grain, d t , iron, ghec, butter, cloth, s u p , and othcr

articles in demand among the people."t

The several routes from Kunawur into Spit,; appear a11 to unite

ti^^ of at D ~ ~ - a t the fort and village of Dunlrhur, situ- khur. ated a t the junction of the Pin river with

Ule Spiti, and thither also come the. shepherds of Chdmlirti. A

small fair might perhaps be established either here or a t the large

yillagc of Changgo, in the district of Hangrang of Knnau-r,

an outlying camp of which, nanied Changre'zin, 12,000 feet higlt, is

on the a a n - t h a n b0undar.y. The traffic, Improvcmcnt of paths.

which is mostly by bartcr, might possibly

thus be facilitated;-at the same time i t would be necessary to

improve the csisting routes so as to make them pasable for yaks

and mules. \

The route from Ramplir to the Taiar tonas of Shipki, Chap-

rang, and GBru or Gardokh proceeds by the lcft bank of the S u t l ~ j as

far as Wangtu, where the river, a t the nartowest point 92 feet wide, is

crossed by a (' sungha " or wooden bridge ;-and by the right bhnk

from Pooaree, opposite to wvI~ich the river is re-crossecl. It is gene-

rally unfit for laden mules, and the slender traffic is carried on by

means of sheep, and even thcse sure-footed animals when laden . occasionally slip off thc precipitous path and are lost. Some miles

above IVangtu thc Buspa falls into the Sutlej, and some traffic

comes down the valley. Gerard states "that Sung1~1~, the chief,

place, altlthougli consisting of no more than forty houses, isiof

great note ; i t is situated a t the base of the outer range of t l ~ a

H i m a l i ~ ~ a , and from i t lead across the passes to the soutll, south-

cast, and south-west, no less than tnelve in nnmber, besides one to

Chinesc Tartary, and two to the interior on the north ; tile southe1.n

passes lead to the upper parts of Gurhwal arid different portions of

Bnshiilu. All articles from the plains are imported to Sungla, and

the exports are principally salt, a little borax, and some m-001, it-hich

come from Stango, Bakhur, and Chungsa in Chinese Tarhry. The

traders repair to those places by different-rods, accordiug to the

season ; in favourable weather they ~roceed up the dell of the Buspa

to Chungsa or Nilang, or by Chitklil and Kbmi to S t a n p ; but in

the rains they frequently make a circuit vid IIBrang Ghat, JLumng,

and Nisang to Bekhur."" I n the winter traders go on the Sutlej,

which is then partly frozen.

On the right bank of the Sutlej, some accessipn to the trade

is obtained from the valley of Spiti. Besides the Tari (lj,O,SB feet)

and Manerang (18,618 feet), by which this valley may be approsch-

ed from the Sutlej, Gerard mentions another pass near Leeye, " by

the gorge of the Pijnr, which loaded horses and yaks can travel

with ease. The crest is very elevated, but the approach is not im-

peded by precipitous points, yet there has been no communic n t' lon

by this route for the last fifty years. Formerly, a t a period of war

between Bushaihr and Spiti, the' facility of access favored inroads

to p1under;"t and the access to the pass was barred. The exports

from Spiti are wool, blankets, borax, lead and salt, \vhicli are cs-

changed for iron .and the produce of the plains. Droves of horses,

yaks, sheep, and goata are to be seen, and according to Gerard the

wool of the latter is as fine as that of Chanthan.

With the design of facilitating the traffic with thc Ch' lnese

provinces, the Marquis of Dalhousie in 1350 projected the Hindlistan

and Thibet road. This is now completed for wheeled carriages from -

the plains to Simla, and on that section is generally used by t r d e n

and passengers. Towards the interior of the hills i t is narrower. It

* Gerard. Vol. 2, page 275. t Gerard. VoL 11, page 266.

avoicls b n ~ p u r . I t is completed to a'tviclth of six feet only so f ir

as Sunhurl, (7,000 feet) the summer rcsidcnce of the Raja. There

rcmain sixty miles to Chini, the distauce completed being ilS

miles. From Chini to Shiplri is 70 miles. Of the wisdom df bhe

project there can be no doubt. It is certain that the eonstruct'ion

I of a main road, into which rnigllt flow the trade f~mm tNe markets

of Garu and Rodokh, and the vallpys of the Spiti, the Sutlej, and

the Buspa mould, in spite of political reetriat~ons, largely attrsat

the ~ncrehallts cf IChutan and Saii. The \vork, as o i i g i d l y de-

signed, \vould have Lecn costly. Strict adherence to nq easy gra- 1

dient would also greatly have increased the distancc to be travelled,

The new roacl Lcing ~~nfiuished, hm not been commonly used, except

by the Englial~ tmi.elling for pleasure. I n 1859 flnaneial wlses

occasioned the cessation of all expenditure evcepb l ~ u p c s .%,000 per

annum for repairs. The outlay had pro~iously,amounted to 24 Ialihs,

exclusive of the labor afforded by the Ilajah of BasbaiLr. Sir Ro- \

bert Montgomery has determined 'that, a t , the presebt time, it ib

expedient to improve the native routvs already in use, and the mea-

sures taken with this object mill be n o t i d hereafter.

From an exnmiuation of the routes.it may be observed, that

ihc Lest approdhcs from British territory to Ka~limir have of late

bcen barred to all commodities c'sccpt salt by the policy'of the : i

hlahnrnja; that the best route to Le', passihg tbo~&Ii Srin~igar, is

avoided oil account of the liig11 customs cluti~s ; that th6 route to

LB by Kulu, though more tedious and depopulated; is consequently

resorted to ; that a ce~tain arnount of tradogroeg by the very diffi-

cult routes of tho Spiti a ~ d Sutlej to rrcape cntzkng the Ifaharaja's

territory a t all ; and that the route from Lk to Yarkand, in addition

to its natural hardships, is infthsted hy plunderem.

It is neccwary to treat sepamtely of (a) the trade of the

ExpolLt and ' imports; British, Kashmir and Jammu territories, anb-dioi~ion of the aub~~c t , with L:ldal;h, Cllanthnn, and yorkand ;

and (6) the tradu of the British territolies with Kashmir and

(a) The' t n d e f m h Raslshmir, the h n j a b , Rulu, Parlist~d,

Concentration of t rdo at and Chanthan, is concentrated a t L6, and U. from tbence disperser1 again. Tbe chicf

Chief exports from Kmh- exports * from the west and soutli are mir and tho l'unjab to LE.

Opium, grown in Knlu, Brtshaihr, and Opium.

, Kishtwar, and consumed in Ynrkund. Quantity. . , The quantity exported amounts to 210

q u n d s . The drug isprobably largely smuggled, and all accountg

IncreRRod exper;thtioa w e e that the export has increased in consumption.

I spitq+of thg imperial prohibition of 1539.

Atkinson j- states that opium smoking hw h o m e prevalent amongst

the wealthy Rirghiz. Few caravan i r d e r s are without a supply.

They are met outside thz towas by tlle Chinese, who purchase the

whole stock and smuggle the drug, whilst Smuggling.

the merchant enters with the rest of his

wares. Goat-skins dyed red at Nlirp6r Red god-gkina ; otter and used for boots and saddlery a t LB

akine : cottcrn I I ~ ~ ' ~ u L ' O O ~ Y : paehmina ; and l'unjzb 1 ~ 1 1 1 and Yarkand ; of late p a r t i d y supplant- gi8 (for turl1hs).

ed by the Yarkand manufacture. Otter skins from the hills and Kashmir, morn as Postins by the Yarlrandis.

Cotton piece goods ,(Englkh and country) from the Punjab to

Yarkand. Russian fi:~brics and others are dso introduced vid An-

' Appendix A. t Page 1G9.

cli,jAn and Kashghar. Coarse country cloth is sent from Ya~kand

to L5. Pashmina from Kasllmir €0 Yarkand very little in demand.

Ldngis from the Punjab compete in Yar- Iiirinna : sugar candy ; in-

diqo; tobacco : wool l~n f'ab- kand with those sent from Peshnw~tr vid rics ; iron ; and xaIYroll.

Kashghar. Spices and drugs sold it

Yarkand to the value of about 11,000 Rupees. Fine sugar candy

from Biknnir to Chan-than and L'hassa for presentation to the

Lamas. Yarkand is supplied with sugar from the Chinese pro-

vinces, and Russian loaf sugar is occasiot~nlly seen in the market.

Indigo about 100 maunds. Tobacco from Kashmir. Woollen

fabrics of small value, chiefly worn by Lad&&. The Iron from

Mancli, declining. Saffron from Kashmir to Chan-than, used

a t L'hassa in religious rites, declining owing to increased ex-

portation to Europe ;-sells a t Kwhmir for 900 Rupees per rnannd.

The total prime cost of the exports from Prilne cost of cxport.9.

the British and Kwhmir territories es-

coeds a lak11 and a quarter of rupees.

I n the commodities brought from Yarkand * there has of la t i

chief imports illto Knsh- years been an increase of shawl-wwl. mir and the Punjnb. This is the produce of the Karalcoram,

Phmir, m d Maziit or Mastan mountains, of whichCaptainII. Strmhey

remarks-" Mr. Wood's description of Badaklihshan and Pamir pre-

sents n remarkable likeness to a p:ovince of the Indian lIimalaya

(such as Kunawpr), communicating by a valley gorge (as that of

Tsotso) with a Tllibetan upland (like Rdpshd). On both the sun)-

mits \\.ellave 15,000 feat lakes embedded in 10,000 aet mouiltains, dfiil; I with the same zoology of domestic Yak and \I ildA and the Kirglliz

even is cousin-german of the Champa of Nari.'' Moorcroft reports*

that the fleeces of the &awl-goah of Khutan are a t least equal to

those of Ladalih. Tke Pashm from Yarkand known as Ttqfani

ahd KhucAari is of the finest description, and is entirely consumed

in the manufacture of the best shawls in the Maharaja's territories.

It has there to a certain extent superseded the Chanthan wool, which

is less fine. It is stated that the ar t of cleaning the raw wool has only

been communicated to the Yarkandis since the Dogra conquest of

Ladakh, hence the increased export. Charas, (extract of hemp) con-

sumed in the Punjab and Hindustan, has charm. also increased. The same may be said of

. Cotton cloths. coarse cotton cloths, which during 1 the last few years have partly displaced

those from the Panjab. They are bought by the people of Lad&h,

and it is difficult to account for the preference which they have

obtained, except by admitting the superiority of earnatin and zciil

over the Ludiana garla and gdzi. I n other articles fromayarkand

there has been a marked decline;-the f o l l o ~ ~ i u ~ may be

specified :-

Cunningham' (1546-47) mentionst that Yarkandi Bullion

' was constantly brought into the La- Bullion.

dakh market. The Chinwe silver ingot,

called y a m h or kurus, each worth 166 company's iupees, was

greatly in demand by the MahGjans of India. Little or none of

this bullion is now brought. The price has trebled, and the , Chinese garrison is paid in local currency. Gold coins and dust are still imported.

/

Volume 1. pngc 370. t Pagr 263.

Tea, formerly brought from LJhassa, is being supplanted by

Tea the sea borne teas from Amritsur. P s h -

minas, Nankins, Silks, and Spices have

greatly decliued in quantity. Ponias still

arrive in about the same number, and Ponies.

are bought by the Maharaja for hie Other imports. Artillery. A few carpcts go to the Pun-

jab ; felts to Kashmir. Russian sablcs, broad cloths, and imitation

brocades, to Chanthan and Vhassa. Bulglmr or Russian Ieather

appears now to come more frequently by Peshawur. Tobacco in

small quytities from Yarkand is c~nsumed Ly the Kawyakashks.

According to native information, C\lnningharn, (whose general ac-

curacy ie remarkable) has apparently ovcr estimated this article.

It is to be regretted that tho silk from Khutau has much decreased.

~ i u t s n silk. . A fern turguoises from Persia vi$ Dukh+a

still go to LJliassa. An inferior stone

called Yu" brought, from L'bassa is used to ornament the Pcraks, or head-dresses, of the women.,

A large quantity of salt is imported from the C1iantha;n Lakes,

and sold or barked exclusively t,o the Staple trade from Chan-

than. Maharaja's agents, for the use of his

~ ~ h ~ ~ r ; j ~ ' s monopoly of army and of the population generally. d t imported from the Bast.

\ The natron, or sub-arbonatc of so&,

which comes from the " Thogji Chanmo," or salt covered plan

in Ldkah, and in tho'midst'of which lies the " Whitc ace," is not

edible." The water is exceedingly' brackish and bitter, and the

Borax. ' . ground glitte4 with a saline matter

xhich forms a thick crust of some ex-

tent.* Borax goes to Karhmir, but in larger quantities to RampGp and from thence to Kurachee. Sulphur is sold exclusively to tha

Maharaja's agents. Both these minerals 8uIpbur.

are also fonnd a t Puga in Ladkah, (N. lat. 3 3 O 12, .and E. long. 7SQl5 ) .* About 2G;L'maunds of

Brick tea are brought from L'hassa and Brick tea

consumed in Ld:rkh, Kashmir and Jamu,

qrith a few bundles of some aromatic which is burned as incense in temples. To facilitate the slight t r d e b&y;ce!~ the JLaharajaJs dominions and L'hassa, the wiavans are allomed to press the native &ens without payment.

There is every reason to believe that the trade of LQ has, with. in the last fifteen years, considerably

Trade of LB declined. diminished. m e civil war in China is

one principal cause of the decline. It does not appear that the Maharaja's customs duties are oppressive-

Ca~lses. ly high, except on the routes mhich he

desires to close to traffic. But the road Unprotected state at the

road between Lb and Yar- between LQ and Yarknnd is not efficient- Land.

ly protected as formerly, and the Hirghiz robbers from Klinjd, in the winter frequently attack the armed caravans. The r o d frbm Yarkand to Western Turkista:~ is under

from ,-arkand to the protection of the chief of Khokand; Khokaad protected. a circumstance mhich facilitates the intro-

duation of Russian goods. If, like them, the Maharaja were efficient- . ly represented a t Yarkand bb an " AkskalJJ (" grey bcardJ' or older) and collected the customs duties on the trade with liis territory, he mould prol~nbly like t!iem provide for the security of tlie road. JIis attempts to negotiate with the authorities have hitherto been weak and ineffectual.

Appelidix VI.

( ) I n the Appendix will be found a detaileil estimate of the value of the esports and importa between

Trade between the British territories nnd K ~ ~ h m i r and the Xaharaja's andthe British territories.* Janimu.

This has been drawn up by Extra Assist- ant commissioner Pundit Jlunphool, after careful enquiries both a t

Value of to Jammo. Jammu and Amritsur. I t will be observ- From Kashmir. ed that the exports fromBritish territory to

Jammu are rated a t c@132,030, and those to Kashmir proper a t only

value of impo& from &52,000. The imports from thoseprovinces Jammu. are in an inverse ratio, viz., from Jammu,

From Kashmir. £ G i , G O O , from Kashmir, g135,350. The

difference is partly due to the fact that the Maharaja himself and his court are the principal consumers, and their residence' has hitherto been fked a t Jammu. The chief exports are English piece

Chief fromthe Pun- goods, sent from Amritsar and Lahore, jab.-Eng'ish piece goods. the consumption of which has steadily

, increased since annexation, and is now valued a t some four Jalrhs of

rupees. Nore than three quarters go to Jammu ; and it is allege2

that the climate of Kashmir leads the people to prefer homespun

Native Cloths. , woollen clothing. The fabrics of Hindu-

stan are distributed in much the same proportion, the value being

Jewels. rather above a lakh and a half. Jewels

from Amritsar, to the value of three quarters of a lakh, are ' bought

Rock Salt. up by the court a t Jamrnu. The largest

item of export is rock salt, from the mines a t Pind Dadun Khan,

amounting to five lakhs and a half, of which two are paid by Knsh-

mir. The greater part of this sum is a direct contribution to tlie

Othor expoits. British Government, as the owner of the

salt mines. Sugar, indigo, lac, dyes, drugs, copper and tin utensils,

Appendix ?iXXIV, Table A, Nos. I11 and IV.

iron from Bajour, fruits, gtc., arc amongst the remaining cxports

from the Punjab. It is ohemable that the only items for which

~ ~ ~ k l ~ ~ moFe largely ex- the demand in Kashmir exceeds that in ' ported to Kashmir. Jammu, are tea, porcelain, snuff from pahaw, indigo and lac.

. Nearly three-fourths of the imports. into the British terri-

tory consist of Pushmina fabrics, and Importa into British tem-

tory- chiefly of the finest shawls. Of these Pnshmina trbrica ; their fabrics only about one lakh's worth is sent

deatinatio~. to Hindustan, the remainder go to Europo

oics" Bombay. The Maharaja has endeavoured to introduce the

Their manufacture at Jammu, but the out-turn &tare d Jammu. as yet does not amount to half a hkh. For the remaining items of import, consisting of woollen cloths,

cbb-i-hot, (sent to China as s'kind of incense) s&n, quince

seed, apples and pears, raw silk, Kashmir paper, drugs, we are in-

debted almost exclusively to Kashmir. But about three W s

worth of timber are the growth of the mountains which form so

large a portion of the Maharaja's country.

In this place a short notice af the trade of b r i t s s r may not

we of ~~~i~~~ ; esti. be inappropriate. Itk total vaIue, accord- mete of ite value. ing to the estimate of Pundit Munphool,

founded on t5e stafement of the best informed merchants of the

Its distribution. city, exceede one million sterlng." The subjoined figwes will indicate its distribution :-

a The value of the t r d e haa been officially estimated so high aa three millions and a half &ding. But this appears to be greatly in e x w s of the ordina~y annd average. Tho estimate given in the text agree8 very closely with the registered data on which the collection of tho Octroi in 1858 was based. Still,

'8 considerable margin may bo allowed, as all dealings in bullion ore omitted

Khokand and Kirmani wool. t BnkUra silks. deemgot or Ruminn silver and gold threrrd. This sum does not include the jewels made ,lt Cmritsur and consumed thoro or

in other districts of the Punjtth. I\ I'roduced in Xila Dern Ismael Khau. Ti l'.arkand churua. pe i'ersi~n 6aEron. tf Kabul, kc., pomegranates.

Xamcs of Articles.

---- l'usl~mina (shawl fabrim)

Pushtn" (shawl wool), Raw Silk, . . . . . .

. . . ~ i a r i Cotton piece goo&. ... Cotton and cotton tlircad (Europe and country),

RToollcn cloths, blankets. kc., ...

Gold thread :;ti lace, Seemgot, kc., ...

.Icwels, . . . . . . Kirmdana (Cochineal), Jladder, . . . . . . Alnm, . . . . . . Indigo, . . . . . . Tea, . . . . . . . . . op1un1 . . . . . . . . . . . Churus, . . . . . . Saffron, . . . . . . " Kiriana" Spices, Gro.

cery, &., Drngs, Cc., Ixaberdashery, h.,

Pans, . . . . . . . . . . . Sugar nnd augar candy, Molasses and cowso sugal Salt, . . . . . . Metals and Utensils, ...

. . . . . . . 0 ,

. . . . . . . . . Grain, Ghce, . . . . . . . . . Oil, ... ...

... Tobacco and snk, Leather, . . . . . . Paper, ... ... Wood, Cc., ~hobcliikrce, Chobkoot, Chob Thooth, and Chobchok, ...

Yeern, Pulnng, kc., ... Ropes . . . . . . . . . . Limo . . . . . . . . . . Corn-mill stones, ...

. . . . . . Re&, &c, Fruits, . . . . . . Cattle, . . . . . . . . .

Total, ...

Total Annual Value.

--- 23,50,000 1,3zt.M)n

1473,950 4,86,000

23,16,000

1,64,500

64,000

3;12,981 3 75,000

66,500 50,000

11 20,000

1,03,000 40,000 3,000

13.300

6,60,660 2,825

6,00,000 1,74,,000 1,40,840 2,50,480 1,75,337 3,93,000 2,30,200

11,200 34,830 47,457 17,900

1,76,405 37,105 18,48& 45,314 1,082 14,300 90,970

3,50,787 -__ 1,12,68,307

*fghanistan,

Exported to ---- ... ... ... 10,500

469,200

17,000

3,000

. . . . ... 3,500 ... ...

260 37,500 ... ...

2,00,500

~ , M , o 4,000

1 0 2,900 ... ...

700 ... 4,500 '650

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ---- 8,47,590.

kc. .

Imported from -- * 9i:oo0

12,36,750 t 1,000 ... ... lr0OO

3 7,700 ... 60~000 ... ... ...

4<700

2 6 , m ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 200

... . - a

... ... ... ...

... 8i690 ...

15.0kW

Jummo and Knshmir territories.

-- - --

~~?; tad I 1y;:ted

... 12,30,000 , , .

2,800 &ooo *.. I ... 3,15,700

...

... 20,000 75,000

2,100 ... ...

%:750 ..a

-900 ...

1,$3,500

3<~00

&:OOO 50,530 7,975

11,250 ...

350 1,991 ... ...

...

...

...

... ... 6 1 5 6 ...

7,75,201

...

... 24,500

...

... ...

...

...

...

... 3.000

7 1,800 12,500

15,656 ... ., , ... ... ... ... iijm ... ... ...

700

31,000 ..a ... ... ... ... 2,000 ...

113,40,356

The shawl t r d e bears the highest value, and the profits seem

to be equally divided between the Maha- Shawl t ~ d o ; itA compara-

t ive profits in Kaahmir and raja's and our own territory. It might the Punjab.

be thought impossible for the manufac-

turers of Kashmir, who have to pay not only a heavy stamp duty

on their shawls, but also a customs duty on export, to compete with

superiofity of the ~ ~ ~ h . the free induetry of the looms in t,he mir workmanship. , Punjab, but the fact is, that the fabrim

of the valley have as yet retained the preference of European pur-

chasers. It is said that the weavers in ~ash rn i r axe more skilful,

their wages lower, and the water and air of Kashmir conservative

of the brilliancy of the dyes and the softness of the wool ; and i t is

certain that the genuine Kashmir shawls far surpass those macle in

the Punjab, both in beauty of design and fineness of texture. But,

on the other hand, i t does not appear that the manufacturers in the

Greater coarsenese and Punjab have directed their efforts to the cheapneas of Ponjnb fabrication of chef d'ceuvre8. They have,

as yet, found it' more profitable to produce a number of coarse

shawls. It is in evidence that the quan- Use of mixed wool.

tity of shawl-goat's wool imported into

Amritsar has, for several years p d , decreased. In its stead, sheepYa

Kimaui wool. wool from Kirman, in Persia, has been

largely introduced into the manufacture of shawls. This wool is

Its nse in Pereia ; in the fine of its kind, and long in ,the staple. Punjab. I t is much more easily and quickly worked

than the more delicate goat-wool. I t is largely wed in Persia in

the fabrication of jarnetcars, which have superseded the use of

Kashmir shawls in that country. Being more or less mixed up by

the Punjab weavers with the gcnuinepuslrm, inexperienced persons

Difficulty of the hare some difficulty in detecting the in- admixture . feriority of the shawls made from it,

particularly before they me washed, though the greater weight and

coarseness may raise suspicion; and i t was only in the year 1861 . Distasb of Eng~is,, mcr- that the decided distaste of the English

si@ified. merchants mas rnanifesteil. At the last. Consequent in auctions there w a a fall of from 30 to 60

the market priceof Arnritsnr shawls. per cent. in the prices realized ; and the

loss thus causcd will probably I d to a greater use of goat's wool

in the better kind of shawls.

The item of English piece goods almost e q d s the value of the

of trade in Enghh shawl trade. The bulk is brought by piece goode. may of Calcutta, but the K n r a c h rode

f intea of import. is beginning to gain favor.

The silk trade is third in point o i d u e , being n e e 8%00,000. This is an important bmch of mann- .

Value of silk W e . facture at Amritsar, and still more so at

Lahore and MooItan ; the raw sfi being Raw siIk where produced.

imported from Kokand, Bukhgra, BaIkh,

Khulm, Akhcha, Shibberghaum, Andkho, mid Kashmir; from

Saidabad, Moorshedabad, Rampoor Baolia, and Radhanagri in

Bengal ; and from China, via" Bombay. No silk hm been imported from Khutan for the last four or five years, The raw silk is eent

from Amritsar t o all parts of the Punjab for mandwture. Silk

fabrics to the value of three lakhs are mannfactured a t Amribar.

imported from Europe, Lahore, Bukhh, Bengal, and

Benares, 'are rated a t £4,000, £3,500, 28,500, ma &2,500 respec-

tively. It would be tedious to go through Other items of t d a

the remaining ikms, but the .prominence

of sugar, rice, iron, and d, mill not escape notice.

Comparing the trade of both Mghanistan and Turliishn, and

of Kashmir and Jammu with Amritsar, Comparison of the trnila Iny

way of Affghanistnn, and of i t will be observed that, notwithstanding that through the Maharaja's territory, *th A m r i k . their greater distance, there is a balance in favor of the former ; the trade with Amritsar, by may of Kabul,

E~~~~~~ of compmative being valued a t E235,253, and that with vnlues. the Maharaja's territory, a t $211,555.

Raw silk is the great staple import by may of Kabul, and

pushmina fabrics from Kashmir; and Raw Silk.

these items exceed half the value of the

trade of both conntries. Nearly one Iakh's worth of fine wool

comes from Bukhbra by way of Kabul; Knbnl wool ; drird froits ;

mdder; druP md spices; about the same value of dried' fruits, half other articles. a Iakh's worth of madder, a quarter of a

lakh of drugs and spices, together with a few bales of Bukhka silk

cloths ; gold thread from Russia, and a little saffron from Persia.

EIport,, from. ~~~i~ I n return me sent by way of Kabul 4% vib Kabul. lakhs' worth of cotton piece goods, two

lakhs of drugs and spices, three quarters of a lakh of Punjab sugar ;

cotton thread ; silks of Punjab manufacture ; tea, hardware, wool-

len cloths, cochineal, &.

Except pushmins goods, no import from the Maharaja's terri-

Im rts to AmritsRr from tory into Amritsar is valued a t more that Aaraja'8 half s lahh of rupees. But raw silk,

woollen cloths, opium, chum, saffron, drugs and spices, ghee,

paper and chob-i-koot, are sent in small quantities, and indicate that

. a much larger trade than now exists might be developed.

More than three lakhs worth of cotton piece goods go to the

E ,+, from to Maharaja's territory ; one lakh and a quar- the Esaja'8 tCrritor~. ter of spices ; half a lakh of hardware ; half

a lakh of salt ;* more tllan that value of Punjab silks ; and a quarter

of a lakh of Punjab sugar ; three qnartcrs of a lakh of jewels ; golct

t h r d ; cochineal ; tea ; iron ; grain ; tobacco, kc.

The importance of Amritsnr arc a centre of commerce is prom-

importance of inently exhihibited by the foregoing Amritsar. details. This rising city already mono-

polizes the import of raw silk. Until lately i t monopolized the impqrt of shawls ; but for the last two years, the Maharaja, anxious

to attract trade to Jummd, has sent many direct to Bombay.

Amritaar is the principal mart in the Punjab for the cotton fabrics

of Manchester, the gold thread of Agra and Delhi, the metal

utensils of Hindustan, the sugar grown in the somounding allnvid

plains, and the grain and cattle of the neighbourhood. , Founded

a b u t one hundred years ago, the town is now the terminus of

a railway, and the seat of shawl and silk manufactures, and is

advancing yearly in wealth and population.

The customs duties on goods crossing the boundary be-

tween British and the Maharaja's iRrritory The MnharajCa cnstome

dntierr. Farmed; pets ; and are farmed by His Highness to a con- procedure.

- tractor. The agents of the contractor are

posted a t twenty-four places on the frontier, extending from Md-

zufferabM, on the Kihan-Gunga river, to Budrawkr, on the boun-

d a y of the Chamba State. At these posts account is taken of t h e

value or weight of goods; and the duty is generally paid at once

by small traders, but the wealthier merchants frequently pay at

if; at Jnmm6, and Shrinagar or Jummd. A tariff is fixed Shrinegar. by the Maharaja. It will be wen from . - the statement given in the Appendix No. XXV, that the rates are

comparatively favorable a t Jnmm6. At some places beyond, an

* This is from Amritsar only ; a much larger qumtity goes by other routes.

atldition is made to the rate4 ; and a t Shrinagar, i t will be observed,

they fall extremely heavy. It has previously been explained that

the Maharaja, in his anxiety to attract trade to Jumm6, has recently

lowered the duties on goods entering that town, whilst those pro-

ceeding to Kashmir are exorbitantly taxed.

Tablest will be found in the Appendices exhibiting the various

methods of levying the duties whether Method of levying duties.

by weight or tale or value. It wilr suf-

fice here to note how they fall on some of the principal srticlcs en-

tering the Kashmir province.

It will be observed that the ratea on all kinds of pashmina

Moderata e ~ . * duty on goods exported are comparatively moder- plahmina gw ate, rarely rising to ten per cent ad va- stamp duty ; how levied, and paid. ' lorem. But it must be remembered that

a stamp duty is previously taken at Shrinagar. The mode of aa-

sessing this duty formerly, and, as is believed, still in force, is this :

-when any description of shawl web has been advanced to (L width

.of five or six inches, i t is officially inspected and valued, md a tax

equal to twenty-five per cent, payable in three months, is assessed.

T h e duty ia paid by the capitalist, md of course added by him to

the price of the article.

O n other exported goods i t wil l be seen that the Maharaja's

duty on ar- rates are frequently excessive : but they titles. form but a fraction of the trade compared

with the pushmina goods.

The duties on imports from British territory destined for

Duty on imports destined Kashmir are excessively heavy. The for Kmshmir. following may be quoted :-

t Appcndicea XXVI and XXVII.

RB. .A. P. Long cloth, &c., ... ... ... 30 3 0 per cent.

... Broad cloth, ... ... 29 11 0 ,, Sugar candy, ... ... 8 5 0 0 ,,

... ... ... S u m 126 14 0 ,,

... Molasses, ... ... 150 0 0 ,,

... Coarse sugar, ... ... 100 0 0 ,,

... ... ... Tw, 78 0 0 ,, ... ... ... 56 0 0 ,, ... Turmeric, ... ... 40 10 0 ,, ... ... ... Indigo, 38 9 0 ,, ... ... Lac, ... 56 4 0 ,, ... Tobacco (Punjab), ... ... 09 7 8 ,,

The duties on goods not passing beyond Jummii are conside-

ably lower, but that they me not light Import duties at JnmmJ.

may be judged from that on sugar, which

is 3% per cent.

After the oriental fashion, an abatement of the duties is made

in favor of influential merchants, who Ahtamenta.

thus find their interest in upholding thia

prohibitory tariff.

When Sir Henry Lawrene was Resident in Lahore in 1846-

47, the Jummii minister, Dewan Jowds Engagement to levy du-

ties according to anaient Suhai entered into an engagement on the cuetom.

part of the Maharaja to the effect that

customs duties should be levied according to ancient custom."

It has not been found practicable to ascertain what this ancient

custom was, and probabli it was never systematized, but advantage

has been taken of the clawd to induce the 3 f h j s to rescind the

p m b i k i i w Pgainst goo& being taken hy the Bhimbur and Aknour

routes'direct t9 Kashmir ; and it is hoped ~ x ~ e c t e d re-opening of

mnter. that the present hot season will see those

r&.r&opened to t4ers . l . Still the mteo will remain as above

I I

But, in ~ p i t e , of their eeverity, trade seems to have increeeed

during the lnst t e ~ years, and the Mahai - In- of M e .

raja h$e raised the contract for the u s -

toms duties for 1861-6g, frorq three to four lakhs of Company's , I '

Rupees. The merchants of Amritsar do , gilertb of .memhantr COQ.

cerningdatiea ; their tanden- not complain of the ,duties being exces- ey. 2

sive. Yet i t cannot be doubted that'thev 1

obstruct without necessity the prosperity of Kashmir, for the same

amount of revenue might easily be raised from the increnaed con-

sukpt;on khich would ensue if the duties were lowered.

A table of the cl~stoms duties a t LB will be found in the Appen-

dices XXIV A and B. They are geaerally Coetome dntiwat LB.

. in the nature of a light transit duty on , Genwally light,

' British articlep. But on sugar, goor, and

iron, they are excessiiely high, and prevent these articles passing

beyond Lk. The duties on articles brought f ~ ~ m Yarkand are, on

the contrary, lighter: seldom rising to five per cent. On the whole,

(with the exceptions specified above) these rates of duty must be

pronounced moderate. These cuetoms duties are included in *

the contra& given for the whole of the Contract.

Maharaja's territories. The proceeds

h h d d b d to exceed 40,000 rupees, which is RB,800 iupees

'beydud the amoant they fielded, accordifig to Cunningham, to the I

$ Thew r o w were re-opened in May 1862.

Gyalpos. Owing to the difficultiee 'of the route, any duty is

felt by the ttders. They have for Complaints of traders.

many years complained of the exac-

tions of the officials at LB. Mehta Busti Ram, a Kirar Bania

Mehts Busti Ram. of the Punjab, for many years held the

first post. He was engaged in the conquest of Ladakh under

His 0haract.p Zorawur Singh, and is described by

Cunningham as a shrewd inteyigent man. But the traders univer-

sally complain of his exactions. He has been allowed to trade on

his own account, and there om be little doubt that he has made an

Hie nephew. undue use of his opportunities. He has

lately been succeeded by his nephew, whose character and tempta-

tions appear to be similar to those of his uncle. It is probable that

Exsctione. the eaact,ions of the officials are much in

excess of the oustoms duties, asd, under the present government,

one will not be abolished without the other.

Besides the customs duties, half the shawl wool imparted from

Chantban, amountixig to about 345 Maharqja's personal inter-

est in shawl wool. English maunds, is purchased and sold

in Kashmir 09 account of the Maharaja. I n the same way tea

imported from China by way of L'hassa, In &a, salt, and snlph~r.

salt from the margin of lakes, and sul-

phur, are state monopolies.

PART 111.

It ha frequently been debated whether British India can

compete with Russia in trading with the Question concerning COY?-

petition with Russia countries of Central Ash. Time hae

already begun to solve thia question. Although the Volgs, the

Caepian, the Aral, and tlic Osus afford great facilities of water

c~rnmunication, i t seems certain, from Tr.do with Russia still

camedon by means of e m - Mr. Atkinson's accounts, that the tradc vana.

with BukliBra is still carriccl on by means

of caravans to Orenlmrg and other frontier towns. Tlie journey

: occ~~piea from forty-five to sixty days, Diatance from Bi~kahra to

Orenburg and , Pcshawur and twenty-eight days* more to Nijni compared.

Noogorod. I t has bcen shewn that from

Peshamur to BukI~lira takes only forty-five days,t and from Peshnwur

=istsnce from ~~~d~~ to Kurachee is, taking boat a t Attok, to Tnrkand. 1,107 miles ; or proceeding 11y land as far as Mooltan, 1,188 miles. Again, from Kurachcc to 1-mknnd is only

74 marches. So far as distance is concerned, Captain Montgornerie's

dtlrantngea on the side of would appear to be just, that 3,

the British trade. glance a t the map is suficie~lt to shew

that British goods from India have a very fair chance of undcr-

eelling Russian goods in Enstern and Central Affghanistan, and also

in Eastern Turkistan or Littlc Bukhiirn, and in the more easterly

touas of Western Turkistan, or BukhiLra Proper." It has been

Increase of x t i s h tde shewn that already an increasing amount of late y e w .

, of British and Indian goo& is annually

exported to Affghnistan and Bukhira. A prefkrence has been

obtained for English cotton stuffs; but British cotton stuffs pre-

ferred to Russian, b:t not except the broad-cloth known as " Banat- broad cIoths.

i-Rum," (Turkish cloth) whicll is sent by

may of Constan.ntinoyle to the port of h h t , on the Caspian, and

thence to Mashhad, none from England reaclles Bukhha. It is

possible t,hat the quality of the cloth sent to India is inferior, as i t

is otherwise dificult to account for its exclmion. Indeed, Russiala

* Lord. t Major James.

broad-cloth is still brought to LB. Still, it may be concluded that,

whether in point of distance or of price, our trade has the advantage

over that of Russia. The route from Bukl~im to Orenburg is cer-

tainly not less difficult than that from ~ u k h S i to Peshawur. It

is descrilted as crossing successively the Batak-Hm, the Kizil-

l n h , and the Kara-k6m deserts, each from 90 to 170 miles

broad, and wherein pasture and drinking water are only found a t

Iong intervals. It also crosses the Mupja r mountains. On the

other hand, the route to P e s h a m is through a well

watered and cultivated conntry. The laborious passage of the

IIindoo Kiish ils the main difficulty.

A second controversy has existed concerning the relative

Question t14 to the best advantages of the route to Yarkand, route to Yarkand. through Mghanistan and Bukhtira, and

of those through Kashmir and Ladakh. It has been proved. that,

under present circumstances, the former The mute by Kabul and

~ u k l l b a now preferred by is far more frequented, and that the trade traders. by the latter is now insipficant. Still

the routes by LB are the more direct to Yarkand and Khutan.

Formerly, notwithstanding the extraordinary difliculties, they wcre

much more extensively used. They form the avenues by which an

overland trade from Western China mould naturally come to

Northern India ; and it is stated by Mr. Atkinmn that '5t is a

well known fact that the caravans that travel from Kulja (Ila) into

some of the interior provinces of China, encounter greater dangers

than mi!l be met with between Yarkand, Kaahgar, and tbe Indus."

With regard to the communications within our own territory,

~h~ indue little for the observation of Burnes still holds conveyance of goods. good :--'' The trade is liy the Indus

not 0% it." Althougl~ steamers have been runniug between

Knrachee and Mithunkote for the last twenty years, by far the

' T~~~~ *fiefly by means greater amount of goods still goes on of - e E camels. This is partly on account of the

cnmels being owned by the merchants, and in a less degree on

W u n t of the delays and uncertainties of the navigation. Sir

Smem to run on Robert Montgomery has recently obtained the Upper Indus. the sanction of the Supreme Government

to run stekere Letween Mithunkote and Kalabagh, or Mukhud; from thence country boats will continue the line of water miage

to Attock and Pubbeh, within 14 miles of Peshawur.

For the conveyance of military stores these will be useful, but

the Povindah traders will still probably Will be used for conveg-

ance of Government storee, carry their goods on camels, and the not for the A!Tghan trade.

connection of the Peshawur merchants

with Amritsar is too strong to be quickly broken. The employment

of steamers on the lower Indus has not proved pecuniarily profitable

to Government. But there are now two independent steam naviga-

tion companies on that section of the river, one of which (Mr.

Bourne's) intends running vessels to Ferozepoor. The difficulties

of navigation have suggested the expe- Project of a tramway.

diency of cbnstructu~g a tramway between Length a d coat ; utility. Katree and Mooltan. The distance is

about three hunched and fifty miles, and the expense of such

project would be considerable ; but were it consummated, the tram-

way would immensely enhance the utility of the railroads from

Kurrachee to Kotree, and from Jklooltan to Lahore and Umritsur, -. the former of which is completed, and the latter in course of con-

~~~d from L * ~ ~ ~ to construction. The distance from Lahoro Peshawur. to Peshawur is 260 milea. The outlay

on the r o d hhas d r d j exceeded a million sterling, and in 1863 i t

mill be completely metalled. The importance of ihis road is in-

creased by the very groat impediments Difficulties of navignting

the Jhelum. which prevent the successful navigation

by steamers of the shallow and obstnict- "

Increwe of Amritsar trade ~redicted when rod to Pe- ed channel of the Jhelum river.. When ihawur tihnll be completed.

finished tlJs r o d mill greatly facilitate

the trade between Amritsar and Peshawur, and 1t.s steady increase

may be predicted. A further impulse will be imparted by the

construction of a Railway between Amritsar and DelLi, which is

about to be commenced.

So far then w tlie Afghan trade is concerned; every possible

effort is being made to improve the copl- Every effort being m d e

to complete comrnunicat.iona munications both by land and water from of Peshawur with the sea board. Peshawur to Calcutta and Kurachee.

Tl.de not hmpered by It has previously been shewn that i t is not customs duties. impeded to any great extent by fiscal

exactions.

Major James has expressed an opinion in favour of the es-

tablishment of an annual fair a t Pesha- Establishment of a fair at

Peshawur advocated by Ma- m r . The Povindahs from Ghnzni, pre- jor James.

vented by the snow from returning to Difference of the t rde lbp

peshawur and tllat canied Kandahar or Kabul, and having their on by the Povindahs. own camels, may prefer to carry their

goods to distant markets; but Major James hm point.& out the

different circumstances of the trade by ~es1,awur. P

" The Peshmur trade differs in its characteristics from that

~d~~~ from ~~j~~ Jam,,, of t l e Derajat. I t is carried on in the Report. usual manner by resident firms of Am-

ritsar, Lahore, Pesham, Kabul, ancl Buh-bra, and by the wcI1

known trading tribe of P&rachas of Affghanishtan, Turkistan and

Peshawur.

" It is evident that such a trade is capable of any amount of

expansion, and that a fair conveniently Trade capable of expansion.

established would tend to facilitate the

exchange. To t h a e men time is important, as every march by which

their route is decreased lessens their expenses, and if the spaoe to

be traversed can be sufficiently reduced i t mould be possible to make two trips instead of one. Instead of being dependent, as in the

Derajat, on the migratory Lohanees (for by no other means can

merchandize be taken through those passes) we possess in the Pe-

Advantsges of Peshawor shawur route all the elements of an in- route. creasing traffic.-We are nearer the mar-

kets we wish to supply ; large trading communities are met with all

along the route, containing the capitalists and traders whose deal-

iw we wish to facilitate ; and the circumstances of the traffic

render a decrease of clishnce all important,-the very object with

which we contemplate the establishment of a fair.

fc I agrke with the chief traders with whom I have conversed

in thinking that Peshamur itself is the Fnir at Poshwnr.

most suitable locality. Established agen-

cies afford facilities for mercantile transactions, wyhich a place of

less note would not afford ; the fair mould attract the traders of

Bajour, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir and the tribes of the Upper Indus,

and the Kabul river would bring some ltinds of mcrchandize from

Jalalabad and Dacca, on the rafts now used for that purpose, to

within six milcs of thc fair."

Such a fair has been established for some years a t Kunachee.

There is reason to believe that it has Fair at Kurrachee.

quickened the development of traffic, Its effects.

though it has not secured the concurse

of traders at one time. The accommodation provided has not been

generally made use of. Traders prefer dealing through brokers

and by means of samples, ta any public exhibstion of their goods,

and they have suited their own convenience aa to the time of their

arrival. 'They appear to be of the same class ss the Povindahs.

Fairs have long been established in Russia. That a t Nijni

Noogorod is known throughout Asia.*

The commercial transactions of that at

Irbit amounted in one year to m )re than 22,000,000 sterling.

Now i t is to bc observed that the very people who send mer-

possihilit. of establishing chandize to these fairs are thosc who fairs in India also purchase the commodities exported

from India. If they attend fairs in Russia, it may be assumed that

they will attend fairs in India, which may be approached in a

shorter time and by less d=cult routes. Familiar with the inetitu-

tion, they probably require only t~ be made acquainted with its

existence, the locality in which i t is established, and the kind of

rnerchan& for sale. Information of this nature may easily be

disseminated with the aid of the chiefs of Kabul and Kokand. And

such a fair might not be without beneficial effects on the character

of the tribes on the frontier.

But one precaution must be observed.-Unless the fair be well supplied with the merchandize in demand, great disappointment

+ See Appendix U V I I I .

and dissatisfaction m h ensue, and i t may hereafter be difficult to

procure the attendance . ~ f traders from Central Asia.

It is also possible that with the assistance of the Amir Dost

Mahomed the Commissioner of P e s h a m may be able to provide

for the safety of the route through the K h ~ b e r pass, which would

be of the greatest advantage.

There do not seem to be the same k i l i t ies for establishing a

Objectione to a fair at fair at Mooltan. The traders would not Mooltan. be enabled by the speedy sale of their

goods to return to Kandahar before the paasea would be olosed.

Hence they'would probably prefer as a t present to take their mer- '

chandize to the hest markets without reference to distance.

Between Amritaar and Kashmir the routee are sufi5ciently

practicable for laden animals. A bridge Ronten to Kashmir.

over the Chenab has been projected by

the Maharnja, in aid of his favorite soheme of making the trade

pass through Jammu by the Bunnihal route.

With the object af improvirig the mad to L6 ao far as i t lies

within British territory, Sir Robert Route to LC.

Montgomery has appointed an Executive To Chinese Tartmy.

Engineer, with a staff of assistants, who

will at the same time direct the works on the Hindustan and Thibet

road. A bridge will be immediately thrown over the Chandra-

bhaga river at Koksur, which is at present a main impediment to

travellers. Another bri&e will be erected over the Sutlej st

Whangtu, and the r o d to either Shealkur or to Shipki* will be made

* The main traffic oes at present to Shealkur, and from thence, apparently, by the Bodbpr Pass to &higong, which is rituated about half wiy between Rodokh and Garoo. But there is also a route from Shipki b Bekhur and Chaprang to (iaroo. The forn~er is probably tha best eo~omerci~l ine .

practicable for laden mules as early as practicable. A memoranduni

detailing the steps which have been taken towards opening outrthese

di5cult routes will be found in the Appendix F. It is hoped that

the direct conveyance of the shawl-wool to our markets will thus be

greatly facilitated.

It has previously been shewn that the insecurity of the road

Cause of decline to trade between Le' and Yarkand is a principal between LB and Yarkand. cause of the decline of the trade between

those places. Nominally the Maharaja is represented at Yarkand

Inefficiency of the Maha- by an Akskal," but in practice this r rajaa " Akskal." man is regardless of orders received from

Jammu, and the Maharaja's influence with the chief authorities at

Yarkand &.not su5cient to procure his dismissal and the substitu-

ti^^ mncerning tion of another. Under these circum- protection of the road. stances i t becomes a question whether

i t would not be advisable to endeavour, through the British Minis-

ter at Pekin, to direct the attention of the local authorities to the

injury caused to trade by the absence of proper protective arrange-

ments. So far as can be ascertained, the authority of the Chinese

6' AmbansJJ over the " WangJJ of Yarkand is unimpaired, and

i t is probable that due regard would be paid to the imperial man-

date. The same opportunity might be taken to procure the re-

opening of the route between Radokh and Khutan, which is stated

to be closed at present by orders of the Chinese Government, but

which if re-opened would admit of trade being carried on between

the British and Chinese territories without pas~ing through the

Maharaja's dominions.

Until a fair degree of safety for travellers is secured, i t is not

to be expected that other measures for increasing traffic will have

mu& effect.? But -when this prelimin,uy object shall hare been

zccomplished, it may then be worth consideratioll if some steps m y

not be taken towards the abolition of customs duties on the L6 route, which, as has been explained, is at present the line of trade

Wween the British provinces and Eastern Turkistan. The value

of the duties is now small, and might, perhaps, be surrendered by

the Maharaja in exchange for territory yielding the same amolmt,

which the great end in view, of securing a ncw market for the

products of India and England, might justify the Government in

transferring. Freed from these duties, and from the exactions for

which they form the pretence, and under the protection of the

British Government, with the physical difficulties of the road par-

tially removed, and the attacks of freebooters it is

probable that the trade woulld considerably expand.

An object even more to be desired, but far less easy of attain-

ment, is a revision of the customs duties on the frontier between the

Kmhmir and Jammu territory and the Punjab.

I t has been shewn that the Kashmir import duties are so

excessive as to be almost prohibitory. This is probably a principal

cause of the comparatively small value of British articles sent to

Kashmir. Jammu takes four times the quantity of Fnglish piece

goods sent to Kashmir ; double as much sugar ; nearly double as much salt ; and more than double as much drugs and spices ;-

whilst the exports from Kashmir are four times as valuable as those

from Jammu, which, indeed, except timber, produces little worth

exporting. Making fall dowance for the colder climate of

Kashmir, and for the residence of the court at Jammu, it m;ay be

+ Recent successes in Giljit have furni~hed the Maharaja with the means o f influencing Guxunfur, the ruler of'the petty canton of ~ d n j u d , and the insti- gator of tho Kirghiz robbers.

inferred that the consumption of British goods is much contracted

by the Maharaja's tariff. Although it may be aasumed that the

population of the Jammu provinces is much the more numerous,

still the natives of Kashmir are so favored in their soil and climate,

and so industrious and skilful in their occupations, that, under more

fortunad circumstances, they might form the wealthier community,

and the readier purchasers of foreign commodities. Shrinagar, too,

occupies an advantageous position for trading with Affghanistan

and FH1stern Turkistan, but this is neutralized by the high customs

duties.

The Kashmir duty on English long-cloth and broad-doth is 30

per cent ; that on Punjab sugars of different qualities range s

from 85 to 150 per cent. The duties on spices aa-e in the same

ratio, Under these circumstances i t is not surprising that the

trade with Affghanistan and Bukhha, notwithstanding the i m m w

distance to be travelled, should be more flourishing, or that the

easier road through Kashmir to L6 should be abendoned for the

circuitous and difficult route by Ku?li. There is no reason to doubt t h ~ t the revenue of the Maharaja

mould increase if he would consent to moderate his demands, but

it will be difficult to persuade His Highness of the correctness

of this view.

I n the mean-time, these duties operate prejudicalIy to the in-

dustry of the Punjab. Jammu and Kashmir form natural markets

for the sugar grown in the British territory, and the heavy duties

imposed must directly discourage cultiva$ion. It is, also, remark-

able that the manufactures of Great Britain should be subject to excessive taxation by one of its o m feudatories, more especially

i n other parts of India such duties have been commuted.

LIST OF APPENDICES.

A to E. Official reports on trade with Central Asia, 1 to 61

I. Description of articles, mostly Russian, found

in the Bazar of Cabul, and brought to it by tlle

way of Bukh&ra, by the mission to Cabul of

1838, ... .. . i-xii

11. Extract from Dr. P. B. Lord's " P:ospects of

Trade with Turkistan, in reference to the con- '

templated establishment of an Annual Fair on /

the Indus," ... . . . sii-xvi

III. Note concerning the Turquoise mines a t

Nishapoor, by M. Alexander Chodsko. (From

Ferrier's Caravan Journeys "), ... xvii-xx

IV. List of the principal articles in demand among

the Kirghiz, from "Atkinson's Regions of the

Amoor," ... . . . xxi-xxii

A. Route taken by Adolphe Schlagentweit in ' 1857, from Sultlnpur, in KuU6, to Ykkand and

Khhghar, by the Chhangchhinmo Pass, over the

Karakoram range and the " Aksai Chin; given

by Mahemmad Amh, his guide, ... xxiia-Xxiic

. Road from Bran@& to Elchi, capital of ghu-

, tan, by the Elchi-duwh, ,.. xxiv

I V B. Itout,e from Jalalabhd to Yhrkand, through

Chitriil, Badakshhn and Pamer Khurd ; given

by Mahammad Amin of Yarliand, ... xxiig-xxiio

V. Account of the shawl manufacture in Cash-

meer. (From Moorcroft), ... xxiii-nix

VI. Note ooncerning tho production of Borax and

Sulphur, in Ldhkh. (From '' Cunningham's

Ladslih '3, ... ... x1 . VII. Extract regarding Asafcctida ; from a report

by Dr. BcLlewv, formerly attached to mission to

KandahBr, ... xli

VIII. Extract from Report on Randahar by Lieut.

Colonel H. 13. Lumsden, c. B., regarding the.

trade in wool, ... ... xlii-diii

IX. Ditto regarding Imports and Exports of

Kandnl~ar, ..- ... xliv-xlix

X. Stntcmcnt shewing thc increase of the Kura-

clice trade, ... ... 1

XI. Cnrnvnn Route from Shibpur t o Kandahar, '

by the Ilolan Pam, ... I ... li-lviii

... XII. Cararnn Route from Kandahar to Herat, lk-lxv

... A. Caravan Route from Herat to Bukhiira, lsvi

XIII. Statcmcnt of Imports from Turhisan, Maehad, Kabul, Kandahar, to Punjab, Scina, and Hin-

dustan, by the Bolan PUB, ,.. lxvii-lssi

3

A%. or Initial of Appendix. Page.

Statement of Exports from IIindustan, Scindh

and Punjab, by the Bolan Pass, . . . Irxii-lxxiv

XIV. Caravan Route from Dera Ismail Khsn to

Ghazni, by the Qhawaelra or Ghuleri Pw, also

called " Dora Gummul," . . . lixv-lxxv;;;

m. ' Route from Kandahar to Kabul, by Ghaz.

16, ... ... lxxix-Ixxxiv

XVI. N a m b Foujdar Khan's statement8 regarding

tnde carried on by the Povindah merchants, Ixxxv-xcv

XVII. , Memo by the Commissioner of Peshawur on

the establishment of a Fair on the Indus, and

the Route to Yarkand vi5 Ladakh, .. . xctri-cxi

XVI~I. List of ~ x ~ o r t s ' from Indin, d Peshawur,

through the A b k h m and Tatnra passes, to Af-

ghanistan and Turkitan, .. . cxii-cxxi

List of Importa into Punjab and Hindustan,

by the same routes, .. . cxxii-cxxix

XIX. Caravan butes from Peshawur to Kabul, and

from thence to Bukhiira :-

A. By the Khaibnr, the Tatara, and Abkhana

passes, and thence tb Bulihlra, by Damian, cxxx-cxliii

-B. From Kabul to B u k h h , by the Hindu

Bush (Koushan Puss), . . . cxliv-cxlvii

No. or b i t i a l of Appendix. Page.

XX. Caravan t n u k s through Tnrkistan :-

A. From Bulihkra to Khokand,. .. , cxlviii+xlix

B I. From Khokand to Kashghar, by Mur-

ghilan, given by Mahammad Amin, . . . cl-cliii

B II. From Khokand to Kashghar, vi$ An-

dijan, given by Mahammad Amin, - . .. cliii

C. Route taken by Moola Abdool Mujeed,

from Peshamur to Khokand, vill B d h a n and

Pamir, . . . cliv-clvi

D. Route from Kashghar to Yarkand, given

by Mahammd Amin, # ... clvii .

XXI. Table of Duties levied on the road from the

confines of Afghanistan, by the Tntara, Khybur

and Abkhann passes to Bukhkrs, ... c l~ i i i

XXII. Memo by Pundit Munphool, Extra Assistant

Commissioner, on the cultivation and agricul-

tural produce of Bukhara, the general employ-

ment of its people, its slaves, sheeps-wool, and

t,rade S t h Russia, Khokand, kc. ; from informa-

tion furnished by Nazir Khairoolla Khan, clix--chiv

XXIII. Memo by Ditto, on the Afghanistan trade

with India, ... ... clxv-clxrvi

XXIII A. Extract from Lieut. ~ o o d ' s Narrative of a

Journey to the source of the Ever Olrus : Bc-

cottat of t i e Lapis Lazuli and Bwly bliner, c h v i i - c h x i

No. or Inilial of A f l d i x . Page.

XXIII B. Table of Distances from Kruachee to Multnn

and Attok by water, and from Multan to Peeha-

wur by land; from information received from

Captain P. S. Lumsden, Assistant Quarter

... Master General, c l d

X X m C. Route from Kurachee to Kilat-i-Nmir in Bi-

lochistan, ... clxxxiii-clxxxv

Route from KalLt to Quetta, . ... clxxrvi

XXN. Memo by Pundit Munphool, Extra h i s t a n t

Commissioner, on Trade between the British

territories (Punjab), and the countries within .

and beyond the dominions of the Maharaja of

E h m i r , ... ... clxxxvii-ccii

. -

Abstract of Imports into and Exports from

Leh in Ladakh, ... ... cciii . , .

Totals of Exports and Imports between the

Punjab and Yarkund by Leh, , ... cciv

Table No. I, Exports from the Punjab and the

Jammoo and Kashmeer Provinces to Leh, Yar-

kand and Changthan, .. .CCV--CCH

No. B, Imports from Yarkand and Chang- than, through Leh, to the Punjab and the Jam-

... moo and Kashmir Provinces, ccxxi-ccxli

No. or Initial of Appendix. Page.

Abstract Statement cf Exports, Table No. I,?

Ditto ditto of Imports, ditto No. 11; I Table No. III, of Import Trade, betwen the

Punjab and the Kashmir and Jummoo territories,

No. fi of Export trade ditto, ... 1 ccfi

No. V, Statement of 3ferchandize brought

from Garo;in Changthan, Ladakh and Kunamr,

, to the Rampoor Fair in 1861, I Ditto brought from the Punjab, Ghoraal, [

and the Koolloo hills to ditto, ...j

... Lit of Routes, ccxlii-ccxliii

Route No. I. From Umritsnr, vilS Noorpoor,

" Soo l tqoor in Koolloo, to Leh in Ludakh, ccxliv-ccdv

Route No. . I A. From Leh to Yarkand,

compiled from information furnished by Maham-

mad Amin and some Ladakh merchants, ccxlvi--cclxii

Route No. 11. From Umritsur to Rampoor,

' aria thence to Leh, ... cclxiii-cclxvi

Route No. 111. From ~nmrnoo.to Leh, viil

sooroo, I ... ... cc l~vi i -cc lv i i i

Route No, N. From Rampoor to ching-

Route No. N A. From Mundi, vi& Rampur and Shipki, to Garo, , , , cchxi

Page.

Route No. I V B. From &ndi, viA Kulb,

Rampiir and the Kiobrang Pass, to Tsapreng

and Gar, . . . .. , cclxxii

Route No. I V C. Gerard's routa from Simla to Shiplii,'along left bank of the Sutlej, .. . cclxxiii

Route No. IV D. From Mandi, vi9 Kulli, '

Lahul and Spiti, to Rudok, ... ~c l rx iv

Route No. IV E. From hlandi, by Tashi-

liong, to Gar (Yarsa), ... cckxv

Route Wo. IV F. From Mandi? viA Chini

and Kuri, to Rudok, .. . c c h v

Route No. V. From Srinugur (Kashmir) to

Le in Ladakh, uiR Dras, . . . cclxxvi--cclxxix

Route No. VI. From Le to Changthan, by

Sakh tcc, ... ,. . cclxxx

Route No. VII. From Umritsu to Sreenu- gur, by Jammoo and Bapihal, . . . cclxxxi-cclxxxiii

Routc No. VIII. From Gjoojrat to Sreenupr,

by Bhimbur and Peer Panjd range, cclxxxivicclxxxvi

Route No. IX. ,l"rom Umritsur to Sreenu-

,gw, by Ukhnoor, . . . cchvii-ccxc

- ' Riouto No. X. From Peshsmr to Sreenugur,.

by Hureepoor, Mozuffurabad and Baramoola, , . , ccxci

nro, or b i t i a l of Appendix. Page.

A made r o d to Huzara frontier, from Hnri-

poor to Mozutbabad, .. . ocxcii

A Hill road practicable for M e n horses, from

Mozuffurahad to Sreenugur, .. . ccxciii

Route No. XI. From Mnrree to Sreenugnr, ccxciv

XKV. Table of rates of Customs Dutiee levied on

. certain goods exported from the Punjab, in the

~brnmoo and Kashmir territory, ... ccxciv #

XXVI. Table of Customs Duties levied oa goods ex-

ported from the Punjab, destined for Kashmir,

through the Maharaja's territory ; and the per-

centage of duty ad valorem, ... ccxcv--ccxcix

XXVII. Table of Customs Duties on articles of export

from Ksshmeer and Jammoo ; and per-centage of

of duty ad valorem, . . . ccc-cccvii

XXVII A. Table shewing the per-centage of import and

export duties, ad valorem, levied at Leh on . goods exported from the Punjab, by the Koolloo

route, for 'Leh and Yarliand, ... cccvii

XXVII B. Do. do. exported from Yarkand to the

Punjab, .. . . . . cccvii

XXVIII. Extract from M'CullochJs Commercial Dic-

tionary. regarding Russinn Fairs, . . . cccviii-cccxi

XXIX A. Geographical description of ! b k i ~ h Chi-

p;r, *** r e * d-

NO. 07

I d i a l of A ~ e n Jix. Page.

Geographical dcscri~tion of the Sar-i-kul or

Tshkurghsn territory, ... c c c x x v i - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 i i ~

XXIX B. Sketch of the Modern History of Turkish

.... China, ... cccxxxv-cccliii

XXX. Roads leading over the Passes of the Karnko-

ram or Hind6 Kush range from Western Thibet,

Kunjut and Gilgit, into the Sar-i-kul or Tash-

kurghan and Yarkand territories ; and from Af- ghauistan'and the north west frontier of the

Punjab, through Chitral into Badakhshan and

tlie Pamer steppes, and thence to Yarkand;

compiled by Pundit Munphool, from information

furnished by Mahammad Amin, ... cccliv-ccclxiv

XXXI. Caravan route from Kunduz to Yarkand,

through Badakhshan, tlie Pamer steppes, and

the Sar-i-kul or Tashkurghan territory, ditto

ditto, ... .. .ccclxv-ccclxviii

XXXII. Route from Yarkand to Aksii, (to the east of

Yarkand) ditto ditto, cccIxx--ccclxxi

XXXIII. Road from Yarkand to Elchi, the capital of I

Khutan, ditto ditto, ... ccclxxii

XXXIV. Extracts from letters from Dr. H. W. Bellew,

of the Guide Corps, and Dr. H. Cleghorn, Con-

servator of Forests, to the Secretary to Govern-

ment Punjab, regarding- the produce of Salep,

Asafcetida, &c., . . , ccclxxiv-ccchvii

OFFICIAL REPORTS.

APPENDIX A.

No. 1.-my o j a letter from Hajor I! a. Atbntgonlerie, Engineers, in

charge of the EasJamir Series-Q. T. Survey, to tHe Secretary to

Booernment Punjab, No. 173, dated 20th July 1861.

Agreeably to the request of the Ron'ble the Lieutenant Governor,

I have herewith the pleasure to send a memorandum on Central Asia.

TO illustrate the subject generally I enclose a map of all the countries

h m the Black Sea to Nankin ; and from north latitude 2!1° to 6 5 O

This map gives a rough out-line of the boundaries of the respective countries, the position of the chief places, the courses of the large rivers,

and the general direction of the most frequented routes. The map, thus

projected, on one sheet, and freed from all unnecessary detail, mill I hope

assist to put the geographical part of the question clearly before the

Lieutenant Governor. For the portion which haa come more immedi- #

ately under my own observation, I enclose a separate route map, on a

much larger scale, shewing the routes in use at the present time,

with the halting places, passes, &c.

Central Asia perhaps occupies rather an exaggerated space in the

eyes of the publio, ' and the very great wealth and general importance of

the cowtry has to a certain extent been taken for granted. The energy

for which its inhabitants are remarkable hw no, doubt tended to this,

assisted at the same time by taking the " omne ignotum pro magnifico."

I n drawing up my memorandum I thought i t necessary to Cry and define

Central Asia, and the conclusion arrived a t is that the area accessible

from India, and with which profitable commerce can be carried on, is not

very great ; and, although bossting of a good many large cities and towns,

its population cannot be put down as being very numeyous. A glance

at the general map is I think su5cient to show that British goods from

Indiu will have a vcry fair cllance of underselling Russian goods in East-

ern and Central Mghanistan, and also in Eastern Turkitan or Little

Bokhara, and in the more Easterly towns of Western Turkistan or Bo-

khara Proper. But from the proximity of the Caspian Sea, which is

conncctd by the navigable river Volga with the greater part of Russia,

and almost with the Black Sea, i t would appear that British gooda are

not likely to be able to compete on favorable t e~ma with those of Rus-

sia in the Western part of Afghanistan and in Bokhara, or Western

Turkistan generally. This is known to be the case, as Russian goo& of

every kind brought down by the Volga Some of these goods were

~ , , ~ l i ~ h , brought by !luwian river are to be had at moderate prices in merchant& Bokhara, and they are moreover I under-

stand sometimes actually old in the Peshawur* bazars.

, I suppose that detailed information as to the trade with AfTghanis-

tan and the countries beyond has been got from our own frontier offi-

cers and others ; I have consequently confined the remarks in my r n b

morandum chiefly to Eastern Turkistan or Little Bokhara, rre I have

more espec\lal acquaintance with its position and the routes leading to

and from it.

Though the Russians have secured a factory in Kashgar, one of the

towns of Eastern Turkistan, within 20 marches of our frontier, I still

think that British goods would have a fair chance of competing there

with those of Russia, if the existing restrictions were not so great.

The general map shows that, from Yarkund, (in Eastern Turkistan) the

nearest point to which there '%.water carriage is on the flide of India

(to Jhelum), little more than one-third of the distance from Yarkund - to a similar point on the Russian side (on the Caspian). Eastern Tur-

kistan or little Bokhara includes in its area a t least 15 large and well

known cities, besides numerous villages .and r i considerable nomadic popu-

lation, who own large herds of horses and yaks, and flocks of goats and

sheep, the latter producing a great amount of the very best shawl

T B ~ E WITH OENTBAL ASIA. 8

wool. Besides the wool, the country produces large quantities of silk,

cotton, hemp, horses and ponies, which they cxport, as also a great many

other articles for their own consumption.

From time immemorial there has always been a trade between Hin-

doostan and Little Bokhara, and although i t has undoubtedly decreased

of late years i t still possesses great vitality, as is in'my opinion proved

by the fact of its continued existence notwithstanding the great restric-

tions under which it is worked, and the very difticult routes by which i t

is carried on. Indeed I think that the wonder i.9 not that the trade

should have diminished, but that i t should still survive.

The trade between Hindoostan and Eastern Turkistan having in

my opinion undoubted vitality, I think i t would be worth while to en-

deavonr to develop i t as much as possible by giving i t all legitimate

encouragement, and by freeing i t from all restrictions m far as our owlx

and our protected territories are concerned.

I do not howcvor think that the twdc can ever be of such magni-

tude or importance as to call for any tliing further than that, and t h e

exercise of British influence as far as i t will go beyond the boundary.

Taking Yarkund (the chief town of Emtcrn Turkistan) as the

p i n t to be aimed at, i t is apparent from examination of the genera1

map, that Kurrachee is tho nearest sea-port. The most direct route

from Kurrachee to Yarliund, taking the water carriage line as far ae it.

goes, would be via Mooltan, Jhelum, Kashmir, and Skardo. .

A reference to the more detailed information of t l e route map

sllews that this is by far tho most direct,' and that a modification of

* LAND C ~ I A G E . Jhelnm to Maiclics.

... Srinagar ... ... ... 15 ' ... ... Skardo, ... ... 12

... Yarkuud, .., .,. 25 - Total Marches, 62'

4 OFFICIAL REPOBTS OX

this route is undoubtedly the one best suited for traffic ; viz, that from

Kurrachce, via Nooltan, Jhelum, Kashmir and Leh (Ladak), to

Yarkund.

The greater part of the t r d e between the Punjab and Emtern Tur-

kistan passes through Bk%ndi and KulIu. The roads from Lahore, Am-

ritsur, Jullundhur, Hoshiarpoor, Lodanah, and Urnballah, as shewn in

the route map, all meet at Mhdi , which is in fact, a s its name impiies,

simply a mart or place of exchange. From M b d i the road to Ywkund

is wonderfully direct considering the gigantic mountains that have to

be crossed.

Leh, tllo capital of Lad&, is another centre where the trade of the

hills would most probably * concentrate, a d even now it is not much

more than a place of exchange like Mbndi. The traders from Central

Asia bring their g o d s to Leh, and exchange them for those of Hindoos,

tan, and only a small number descend into the Punjab.

You ask whether the best way to open communication with Ladak

mould not be to finish the Hindoostan and Thibet rod. L have twme

personal acquaintance with that road, having been employed on i t for a

Rhort time. I am doubtful whether it is likely to aid much in a trade

hiween Hidoostau and Eastern Turkitan ; possibly the traffic on i t

has increased of late, but the extent of i t wau not very great in former

pm. It no doubt ir useful for the traffic in IIimIsyan products pro-

Jliehm to Srinqar, ... ... ... Leh (Ladnk), . I ... l'nrkund, ... ...

Total Marches,

Umritsnr to Leh by Nnrpur and Kullu, ... Leh to Yarkund, ... ...

Total Marches,

* At present a place in Chi= territory is very much wed ae a place d exchange.

curable in the upper basin of the Sutlej and !?om the Chinese districts

mund about, whose w 4 &., may be sent m d thati way fo avoid the

custom duties of Ladak, but before recommending any i n d expen-

diture it would be aa well to get a report se t o the present traffic in that

direction, its extent, and the exact mutes pderred by the traders. This

.route has at present every advantage, the Kashmir and Lad& roads be-

ing hindered by prohibitive duties.

Umritsur is the great centre of the Punjab trade, and at present the

traffic between the Punjab and Yarkund is chiefly carried on tllrough

%di, Kullu, and Ladak, or throe Mhdi, Rampoor and Western

Tibet, avoiding by the latter circuitom route La& and the Maharaja's

territory altogether.

The reason why these routes are chosen seems to be &lely due t o '

the fact that by taking the first, the custom duties in Kashmir aro

avoided ; and by taking the second, both the Kashmir and Lad& duties

are avoided.

The Kashmir route from Umritsur to Leh is actuaIly somewhat

shorter than the route by MPndi and Kullu. It is moreover much

easier, in so much as between the plains. and Leh, ttre Kashmir route

croeses no pass higher than 13,450 fed, and the road is with trifting ex-

ceptions good throughout for Men ponies. * There aro villages close to

every halting place except one on the Kashmir road, whereas the

MAndi-Kdu route crossa three passes of from 16,200 feet to 18J00

feet above the sea, and for 10 days the road is hardly ever below 15,000

From Umritsur, Marchee, To Kashmir, . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 To Leh, . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 - Total marches, . . . . . . . . . . . . 40. 615 miles.

Umritsur, To Kullu, . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 l'hence to W, . , , , . , . 82 -

41. 6% milea

feet. Finally, on the MAndi-KulIu road at 10 or 11 of the halting pla-

ces there are no villages of any sort, and only a t two or three of them

is there any chance of meeting camps of wandering Tartars, consequent-

ly proksiona for ten days have to be carried by the traders both for men

and cattle. Little calculation is requisite to show that this item done

must add greatly to the cost of carriage on this route, without taking

into consideration the difEculties about firewood, and a t some halting

places aa to fresh water. Again, the Kashmir route is open for two or

three months longer than the Kullu one, according to the season.

The question as to the best route between the Punjib md Eastern

Turkistan in my opinion lies between the Kashmir and Kullu ro+s to Lch, no others bearing any comparison with them either as to facility or

directness. Though the Kullu roa$ has tolerably easy slopes through-

out, yet considering the natural difference between the two, I think

it may be fairly inferred that the custom duw and othe; things being

equal on all lines, the traders would select the Kashmir route.

The routes by which merchants carry on traffic are not I am aware

chosen solely because they are the most direct, but also on account of

oertain conveniences which are not so apparent at first sight ; consider-

able deviations are often made o? such an account, such as to take en-

mute a town with which there is a trade connection, where baggage ani-

mals, kc. can be got easily, kt. Nurpur is an instance, a large portion

of the Umritsur trade going round that way en-route to Miindi instead

of going in a more direct route. A trade connection between two cities

would be sufficient to account for the selcction of a somewhat longer and

more difficult road, and might be urged as the reason why the trade be-

tween ~ m r i t s u r and Yarkund goes via Nurpur, Mitndi, &c, if it were

not well known that the trade connection between Umritsur and

Kashmir is very much stronger if not older than tlls$ between

Umritsur and Nurpur. Moreover more Yarkundies find their way to . Kashmir than to Nufpur, and a good many Kashmiriea always lire in

TILdbE WITH CENTRAL ASIA. 7

Yarkund. I consequently think that, all other t h i n e being equal, the

t r d e connection would favor the Kashmir route. Finally, I think i t is

only necessary to add the fact that camels can be taken for 16 marches

on the liashmir mad from Umritsur, and at the outaide only tenemar-

ches on the Kullu road, that is the Kashmir route is the cheapest. Sum-

ming up, I find that the Kashmir route between the Punjab and Eas-

tern Turkistsn is cheaper, easier, less exposed, crossing very much less

elevated ground, an4 more convenient both as to trade connection and

halting places than any other route. Kashmir itself a t present does not

consume very many British goods, but with ordinmy custom dues the

consumption might be considerable. The present t r d e between tho

Punjab on the one side and Eastern Turkiitan and Tibet on the other

is still considerable, and I am of opinion that, if the transit dues in

' Ladak and Kashmir are r e d u d to a reasonable amount, and if all the

intermediate reskctiona are removed, it will be sufficient fo make the

traffic expand to many t i e s its present amount.

Every endeavour should of course be made to improve the roads

where a small outlay is likely to be effectual, and if possible camels

should be taken as far as Kullu if they do not go there already. The

Kashmir road offers great facilities for anowing camels to pas , and a very small expenditure would be sufticient to.make the present roads

passable for camels. The double humped camel has been brought to

Leh several times, and it is capable of carrying burdens over tho highest

passee.+ La&& itself offers but few obstacles to the passage of mela,

and I am not without hope that when more enlightened ideas prevail

the camels of India may carry loads to Kashmirf or Leh, and tho dou-

* I have notras yet received sntisfact.ory information as to this point. The De- &ty Commiaaioners of Kangra and Kullu may be able to give it.

The double hnmpcd camel stands the anow well. ' f The Maharnjah hna a herd of camels in Kashmir originally about 11 j they

have thrived capitrlly and are now in large numbers.

8 OFTIOAE BEPOBTB OR

ble humped camels thence to Khntan, Yarkund, and all C e n t d Asian

countries. In order to make the most of the trade between the Punjab

and Eastern Turkbtan, i t is first necessary to equalize the custom dues

by reducing them to st, leaat a moderate amount on all the roads.

The Kashmir routes from the Sea at Kurachee, v 3 Jhelum, m d

that vih Umritsur; being the best, should if possible be freed from all

restrictions ; should there be any difficulty about that the Government

might find i t easier to free the MBndi-Kulu road ; and as the worst part

of this latter road is actually in British territory, there would be no cli-

5culty in improving the road if the increase of trade wmanted it.

~ ~ a n d z c m on Cmtral dsia and its trade with Hindoosh, by

Cbptain I! Q. Montgmerie, Bengal Engimeru, 2'. 3. Q. 8. #c., le t

dsslstant B. I! Surtry, in cHarge of tL Xashpnir &ria.

Central Asia is, I belive, generally understood to be made up by

the following countries, via., Canbul or AfTgha&tan, Western Tartary,

including Budakshas, Kokan, Rokhara, Khir&, &c., and Chineso Tartary

or Little Bokhara, including Kashgar, Yarkund, KhWn (or KotAn,) as

well as Aksoo, Ili, kc. These countries comprise an area of about 250 square degrees, (=950,000 square miles), including a large proportion

. of nearly desolate country and some actual desert. Possibly Ladak,

Little Tibet and Great Tibet might be added to the list, but i t is doubt-

ful whether tho worh Central Asia are used for anything more than a

general tarm to express the little known countries north and east of

Hindoostan that lic between i t and Russia.

I n order to give at a glance the relative positions of the various

places which I suppose to bo comprised in Central Asia, I have pmjejectad

the accompanying map, as all the maps I have hitherto met with are

either too smnll and'dofcctive.or so large that tho territory under discus-.

sion is generally given in three separate maps,

TBADE WITH CENTBAL ASIA. 0

By thus combining id one sheet all the countries under discussion,

the general direction and length of tho routes between Hiuldoostan and

Central Asia can a t once be made out, and comparisons can be made . inter se, and dso with those between Russia, China, &c. and Central Asia.

The trade between Hindoostan and Central Asia is a t prment car-

tied on by means of Kafilas, and in some few cases by independent par-

ties of traders. The following are, I believe, the great Mutes used for the

same :-1st.-From Sdckur, Fi% the Bolan pass, into Affghanistsu ; 2nd.

The route vih Dehra Ismail Khan, and the Derbund pass, into Aff-

ghaniatan ; 3rd.-Froin Peshawur, v 3 the Khyber pass, to Affgha-

&tan (or Caubul) ; 4th.-From Umritsur, vi8 Kashmir and Ladak, to

'Yarkund and Eastern Turkistan generally ; 5th.-From Umritsur, Jul-

lundhur or Loodianah, vi8 Nurpur, Mitndi and Kullu, thence by Ladak

to farkund and Eastern Turkistan generally ; 6th-Various other

routes from the plains across the Himalayas to Ladak; 7th-

Routes between Hindustan and Eastern Turkistan avoiding Ladak

and the Jamoo Maharajah's territories altogether ; 8th-Routes

between Hindustan and Lassa. As to the trafflc on the 4th, Bth, and

6th routes, I have made numerouq inquirim at different times, and from

various individuals. They all agreed in stating that the amount coming

through Ladak had diminished very much of late years, that with Yar-

kund being considerably less, and that with Lgssa being nearly extin-

guished ; the chief articles that are exported from Hindustan to Eastern

Turkistan are Opium, coarse Umrits'ur Shawls, various kinds of Brocades

or Kimkab, red leather, cottons, chintzes, sugar and spices. The chief

imports from Chinese territory and Turkistan consist of pnshm or shawl

wool, tea, charw (ertract of hemp), silk (made up and raw), silver,

gold, borru, sulphur, poniee,d;c. The exports through Ladak used to

amount to the value of about 3 lacs ; i t is doubtful whether it now reaches

to l-) lacs ; the g o d s exported are in excess of the imports, the difkr-

ence being mndc up by the importation of silrcr and gold. Though the

OFFICIAL EEPOBTB OX

traffic through Ladak has dimiihed, a large portion of it has only been

aiverted to other and more difficult mads, with of coum an increased

cost for carriage, but to what extent I have not the means of sscertain-

ing, though it is well known that the Chinese aend a good many things \

down the Sutlej, avoiding the Jamoo Maharajah's territories altogether.

From the general map it seems apparent that Hindustan would trade with Western Turkistan generally under more unfavorable circumstances than

Russia, for Khiva, ~okha'ra, Herat, Samarkund, KohAn, and Balkh can

communicate more w i l y 4ith the Caspian Sea than with Peshawur, and

indeed are generally closer to the Caspian than they are to Peshawur.

The Russians have a cspital communication with the Caspian by meam

of the Volga, and the navigation of the Caspian is entirely in their

hands. There is indeed little doubt but that they can land goode a t any

point of the Caspian at a very small coat for camage. The same applies

to the more westerly part of Affghanistan, and at present it is only in

tho centre and eastern part of Affghanistan that British goads are like-

ly to be able to compete favorably with Russian. In the eastern part of

Affghanistan and in Eastern T u r b t a n British goods ought to have the

best demand, though in the latter the Russians seem to have already es-

tablished their trade so- firmly that it will dways be a formidable rival,

not+thstanding the great distances the Russian goode have to travel by

land before reaching Eastern Turkistan. The R ~ e i e n s have already

secured a fwtory, kc., in Kashgw, and indeed hold the Northern portion

of Western T u r k i s h as their own territory. It is not neceesary for

me to dwell on the roptes to Caubul and Weatern Turkietan es they are

already generally very well known, sad all detailed information can be

got from our own frontier o$cers and others epecially acquainted with

those routes and their dvantages. The routes between Hindustan and

Eastern Turkistan or Little Bokhen are lese generally known, and as

I have a personal acquaintance with a portion of moat of them, and I have had the opportunity of making numerous inquiries, I am

enabled to'+e the following account of them. Tbe routes from Hin-

duston to Eastern Turkistsn consid of those Gom the Punjab and from

the North-West Provinces. There are several routes from the Punjab to

Eastern Turkistan, but three only are ever likely to be available for tra-

Bc, the fimt ir viA K ~ h a d r , 4 Leh ; the seoond vhi M&~di, KuUu, and

Leh ; and the third vi8 Bimlah, bra, and Radok. Tbe Keshmir m u 6

ir either direet, vik Skardo or by La& ; the M3ndlmad s t h i n g from

Nurpur, Umritsur, or Loodiamsh goes by Kullu, and the Simla route

either viil Sultanpur, Kullu ond the Baralacha pass, or by the P m q La

(paso), or avoidLl Ladak altogether, traversing the Chinese territories, but

all, except perhaps the latter, cross the Karakorum paw.

As to the merits of these routes, i t is apparent from a glance at the

map that the most direct to Yarkund, taking the sea at Kurrachee as the

starting point, ie the route vii4 Mooltan, Jhelum, Kashmir, and Skardo ;

and although the portion from gashmi; viL Skardo ta Yarkund is only

psesable at certain seasons, yet i t is, as may be seen from the ronte

map,* very much the ehortest road during the period that the weather

is favorable, but i t in not generally well adapted for t d c .

The next route to the east of t h b is a variation of the above, viz., , the one from Kurachee vib Mooltau, Jhelum, Kashmir, and Leh to Yar-

kund, and this is, in my.opinion, not only the s h o h s t but the best and

cheapest route for traffic from the eea bo Eastern Turkistan (i. e. to

Yarkund, &c.). Water communication exists between the sea and Jhe-

lum, and from thence to Leh (Ladak) the route through the mountains

io better than any other that tmvera B the Himalayas ; the road between

the plains and Leh croeses the Himalsyan mnge by e very remarkable

depression of only 11,300 feet, and none of the paese~ on i t exceed 13,300

feet in height, and they are moreover open for a t least 7 or 8 month8 in

the year, and could be crossed at any eeason in fine weather. There is

moreover between the plains and Leh but one, or at the matt two, halt-

* And the appendix to this memorandum.

12 OFFICAL EEPOBTPJ OR

ing places without a village in the vicinity, in itself s very greab

advantage.

The next p w are those viil Kiihtiwar and Nurpur by the Butkol,

Sachi and Amasi 'pa.seil, but they are very difficult and are consequently

seldom used for treffic, and are not in my opinion aidapted for it. The

next are the various roads starting from MIlndi and reaching Leh by the

Bara--ha pass ; the greater part of the traffic between the Punjab,

Leh and Chinme Turkistan, is camed on by the road ; and after the road

via Kashmir and Leh, i t is decidedly the beat route from the Punjab to

Eastern Turkistan, Yarkund, &c., thoqgh the passes between the Che-

nab (or Chandrah Baglla) and the Indus are very high on this route,

yet the slopes are so eaay that there is but little di$culty in crossing.

The route is open for about 5 or 6 months, being nearly 2 months less

than the Kashmir route. There are moreover nine or ten marchem over

very elevated bleak mountain land without any villages. To the east

of the Baralacha, there is qo route well adapted for traffic with Easteru

Turkistan, though at present, in order to avoid the duties in Ladak, some

of the easterly passes are used to convey goods.

T&c is ab present carried on between the Punjab and Eastern

Turkistan, and also with Lass, but between Eastern Turkistan in lati-

tude 36" and longitude 80°, and Cassa in latitude 2g0 longitude 92".

I know no other plam of any great importance at the baak or north of

the Himalayaa that would be likely to afford the base for a hrge traffic. Kafilaa come fmm Yarkund and Ehatan ta Leh ( L A k ) every year,

and one Kafila or more comes every year from Lassa to Leh, and if there

were any largo or important hwm between, i t is most probable that we

have heard of them. There is of course some traffic all along the

M a y a s in pwhm, bar=> &c,, which are exchanged for BritGh goo&

and the products of Hindustan. Lassa can be most conveniently reached

from Bengal by Darjwling, h a m , &c.

TRADE WITH C E ~ R A L ASIA. 1 3

If goods sent by the various routea from the Punjab to Yarkund

were freed from all excessive imposts, and some slight improvelnent was

made to the naturally goodhad, there would be every chance of com-

manding the greater part of the t d c of Eastern Turkistan and also of

a portion of Western Turkistan, more especially that of Kokan and

its cities.

I have confined my remarks chiefly to Eastern Turkistan or Little I

Bokhara, which has hitherto been taken little account of, but from its

position I think the trade between it and Hindustan wonld suit Eastern

Turkistan best, more especially as they consume many of the products

of Hindustan', which are not,prduced in Russia at any rate, such as

opium, sugar, spiues, $c. I n the first place, the capital Yarkund is (as

the crow flies) 890 miles from Jhelum, whereas the nearest point of the

Caspian is 1030 miles ; any similar point in C h i a in perhaps 3,000 miles,

and iY separated from Yarkund by the 30 marches across the great de-

sert of Gobi, and consequently there is but little doubt that the routes

to Yarkund favor the trade with Hindustan. As to the length of the ,

three best routes from the eea at Kurrachee to Yarkund, I have made

the following estimates :-

The 1st route from Kurachee, vi5 Mooltan, Jhelum, Kaehmir, and

Leh, is about 1,650 miles. The 2nd route from Kurachee, vi8 Mooltan,

Umritsur, Kashmir, and Leh is about 1,600 miles. The 3rd from Kur-

rachee, vi5 Moolton, Umritaur, MBndi-Kullu, and Leh, is about 1,610

mila.

As to Umritsur, which is the great centre of the Punjab, the dis-

tance to Leh by the h'aahmir route is 40 marches (615 miles) and by

the Miindi road is 41 marches, (625 miles), over a very much more diffi-

cult country.

1 s ~ . To Mwltan by river,

Thence to Jhelum by river,

Jhelum to Kwhmir,

Kuhmir to $eh,

1st Total.

, 2m.

To Mooltan, '

Thence to Lahore,

Lahore to Umritsur,

UmriLur to Binlkote, ,

S i o t a to Kaehmir,

Bashmir to Leh,

2nd Total.

As above to ~mri&ur, 1,086

Umritaar to Nmpur,

Sdtanpur to bgh.

8rd' Total.

Goode for Umritsur may be brought by the Sutlej to Hareekee Ghat.

TBADE K f i H CESTRAL ARIA.

&mte from Umrikltr to Sealkote.

% 2 6 %

0 2 --

1

2

3

4

6

6

NAME OF HAL- PLACE.

- - Umritsur to Balapind,

Ravee ( c m p on +he),

Mulhoke, ,... Kullalwala, ..,.

Budipore, .... Sealkote, ....

TOTAL, ....

% .s 4

% r39$ ;.$z

10

, 18

9

9

12

11

-- 6%

R E M A B K ~ .

- - - -

Cross the Ravee by boat.

16 OFFICIAL EEPOBTS ON

Ro7de from Un~rils~cr via" Nkr-zir

NO. of marches.

Ku'lld, to LeA.

REMABIKS.

---

There is also a more direct route to Komand the 18th halting place. Cross the Bias.

Cross Bias and a tributary.

Cross Tin pass.

Rotang pass. Cross the Rotang

piles, &the Chandra river by a rope- bridge, difficulty about crossivg ponies.

NAMES OF HALTING PLACES.

_ -

and Sultanpair,

."eight above sea in feet.

--

2,050 feet

3,C;o6

4,092

131300

I

Y %

. + - % gj .3 z

Total. Umritsur to Kuthoo

...

...

rj --

1 4 12 11 10 9

16

18

-- 14 3 9

13 17 13 1 6 15 12

...

... 10 1 5 11

- 14 9

14 19 13

3 4 5 6 7 8

Ei

90

... 112

-- 90

112 --

36

--

I-

3 ' Bideepoor, ... 4 Goordaspore, ... 5 Adinanuggur, . 6 Puthankote, ... 7 1 8 Nurpur, ...

I

1 0 11 12 1 3 14 15 1 6 17

1 8 1 9 20

21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-

- 1 2 3

- 1 2 3 4 5

--

... Tiloknath, . Shahpore, . Kangra, . . . Biwarna, ... Baijnath, .,. Haurbagh, .. Sauri(orHulu?) ... Mandi, .. .

Umritsur to Nurpur, Nurpur to Mandi ... Komand, ... Bajaura., . . . Sultanpur, . . .

Naggar, ... Jagut Sak, ... Phokchan, ... Koksar, ... Sisu, ...

TRADE WITH CENTEdL ASIA. 17

Rorte from Umritdur aid Nuspur.-(Cbntinued).

T. J. Moa~aovr~srq Captain, Engineem,

1st Assistant G. 21. Sumy.

N. B.-Leh to Yarkufid is 33 marches by the longer route.

NoTE.-The route marked in the Route Maps is the shorter

route. That by Shayuk not marked in the map is the longer route.

NAME OF HALTING PLACE.

Clandlu, ... Kardung, ... Kolung, ... Darchu, ... Mangba, ... Kilang, ... Charpa, ... Surndo, ... Sumgal, ... Morechu, ... Rukchin, ... Debring, ...

Gya, ... Ugshi, .. . Marchalang, ...

Chachot, ... Leh, ...

GRAND TOTAL,. . .

NO. of marches. xaYaans.

-

Left bank of B h w

Barnlacha Paw. Cmrm the B&ha

Paall.

k t foot of paw. Cross Laagalacha

pass to river. Pond of fresh water. Generally a Tertar

or Boti camp. The nearer t h Ta-

galungla the better.

roue the Tagalung- 'la paw. Atta-bagh, or Bagh beyond Atta

Golab-bagh. Crons the Indus by

bridg.

I

Total.

26 27 28 29 30 31 82 33 34

35 36

37

38 39 ' 40

4 1 42

Height hove sea ,feet.

16,221

17,000

18,'"

11,278

----

6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14

15 16

17

18 19 20

21 22

T3 2

- 4

% w3 a

11 12 13 11 18 I 6 10 14 18

10 8

15

17 15 9

11 10

. . .

287

525

From P. 8. 3felvill, Esquire, O$icialing Commb~ioner and S q m i n -

. te&b Trans-SuCtej StatesJ to t i e Secretary to l i e Government

Punjab, Ao. 118, dated 3188 Jdj 1861.

T HA\TE the lionor to reply to your letter No. 465, dated

19th .Tune 1860.

The trade between thiq division and the semi-China S t a h

passes almost entirely via Kooloo and Ludakh to Yarkond. ' h e

trade between Jullundhur and Cashinere is almost nomind. It is I

legs than it usecl to be ;* but such as i t is, it flows into one of the

channels further westward in the Punjab, and of its statistics in

common with those belonging to other districts nearer Lahore you

will rewive an account from the district officers statjoned on the

confines of Jummoo. I shall therefore restrict myself to the trade

vik Ludakh to Yarkund.

3. The ahslver to your first question is given in detail by

Captain MercerJ in an interesting report dated the 12th instant, which he has addressed to you direct. He haa omitted the sulphur

and antimony produced in Ladakh from his table of imports, and

has considerably over estimated the quantity of churus received

from Tarkund. H e puts if a t lSOO puka maunds, but Mr. Bailey,

Deputy Commissioner of Karqra, in a letter, No. 114, dated 31st

May 1855, estimated i t a t 600 maunds, and I am assured 300 ,

maunds is a fair avetage and 400 maunds the maximum.

4. Your second and third questions are regarding the state of

the trade now, eompared to what it mas, and the routes. There are

Authority Depu* Comlnissioner of Jullnudhur, who enquired Erom well informed traders.

\

TRADE WPTH OEX'llUL MIA. 19

three mutes for reaohing Ludakh and Yarkund from this divisisn

and its immediate neighbourhood ; viz, Noorpoore and Chumba, via

Kooloo, vil Bussahir.

5. Of these routm that by Chumba enjoyed the largest trade dur-

ing the Sikh rule; next &me that by Bnssahir, and W l y the Koollo~~

route. Now the order of their prosperity is exactly inverted, Koolloo

drawing by far the large& prt ion and making up for the def ci-

encies elsewhere ; Bussahir being a little less prosperous than it used

to be ; and trade throngh Chumba between Noorpoor and Ludakh

having entirely c e d . But the aggrega& traffic on the three routes

is not less than it mas during the time of the Sikhs. I n 1857 it

wae rudely checked, but it has again returned to it9 level. ' 6. The state and detail of the route via Kooloo are given in

Captain Mercer's report. Of that vi& Russahir I have but little

means of forming as opinion ; and as to Chumba i t hardly seems

worth while to ascertain the state of a dead tree, encircled as it is

Ly the Cashmeer dominions. No trade mill seek a c p m thr )ugh

petty native principalitia when i t can find an outlet throngh 'Bri-

tish possessions. l'he main reason however why the trade has' left

the Chutnba route is that Maharaja Goolab Sing imposed transit

duties at Zusliur and Padul, both on the route between LudAh

and Chumha.

7. With regard to the route by Kooloo, there are two physi-

cal di5culties which may be remedied by us, viz, the road through

Lahod and the passage of the Chundra Bhaga at Koksur. 8. 1 have no doubt the road throngh hhotl l is a ~ ' ~ o o d as any

where further onwards towards Yarkund, but attention. sho4d be

paid to its improvement, and I think it wodd be well $0 ptlt down

Bs. 690 in the b u k e t for nsxt y w . A reward d alnueh lees sum than this will probably mffice to induce the people to do all

20 OFFICIAL BEPORT% ON

that ia necessary. It is not desirable to introduce the practica of regular payment in this lowlity, the people, as in the hills general-

ly, being bound to keep their roads in r e p ~ r .

9. Captain Mercer makes a proposition for a superior kind of rope bridge. I have not seen the plan of it, but possibly it may be

' found too intricate, am inclined to think that the best kind of

bridge would be one k n ~ w n so commonly in the hills the " Suu-

ga," consisting of two or three layers of stumps,, eacb layer projecting beyond that below it, and trees of the required length rest- ing on the ends of the uppermost laycr. The people of the country are adept at making them. The width of the Chundra Bt~aga

at Koksur & easily manageable in this fashion j and as winter sets in with its avalanches the bridge might be taken ta pieces and the timber stored till next year. The Wuzeer Goshaon seeped to approve highly of this suggestion, and volunteered an offer to wake the bridge. The cost at the outside would not be more than 500

Rs. The stimulus of two or three hundred rupees held out as a reward would probably amply satisf'y the Lahouless for aonstmdt-

ing it. The W e p Tam Chand would I doubt not make all the wce$sav arrangements. I suggeot that 500 Rs. be put down i~ our Local Fund Bpqget for nert yew for this pqrpose. A tax of

$ annas per myle, donkey, or poqey, aqd sf f an anna per laden

, p a t or sheep would repay the greater pqrt of the outlay each year,

Foot passengers should pam over free, aa suggested by Captaiq Mercer, because they appear heretofore to hgve ha4 the gratuitous

w e of the frail rope bridge,

10. n e ttqswers of yaur 5th +nd 6th questions ere sqfacient, ly given by Captain Mercer, .

11. I n British territory there are none of the obstructions eonternplated in your 7th question. But in all probability Govern- ment will won be induced to impose an export duty on8 opium from

#mb, and an import duty on chums cpming fmm Yarkund.

TRADE wrm CEXTRAL ASIA. e l

1%. In Ladakh however, the obstructions are grevioub. Bus-

tee Ram, the Kardar of tbe Jummoo Chief, 'seems to be the demon

incarnate of oppression. He take^ from tradere any goods that

may seem advant8ggeoois to himself or his master at prices fixed by

himself, and sometimes bices back on the viotim worthless goode

which he has procured elsewhere. From what I have heard of the

man no,trade can flourish in Ladakh so long as he holds power there.

13. The transit dues in Ladakh are another impediment.

Captain Mercer has forwarded a statement of them.

14. Another evil, though forming indeed part of the bane of

Bustee Rarq, is the monopoly of the shawl wool appropriated by

the Maharaja of Jummoo. All the wool from Yarkund, all that

produced in Ldakh, goes to Cashmere, as far as the orders of the

Maharajq c a ~ make i t do so ; and I believe that no shawl wool from

those regions eqters oqr possessions.

15, The political obstructions are stated to be two, the robber

tribes between lja48kh and Yarkund, and the feuds of the Yarkun-

dees with neighbouring tribes, of which tb t cslled " IndjhnJ' is

the most pro~iqent. ~ h $ lqtter difficulty is, I hear, ndw removed,

peace having enssed. 4 s to the robber tribes, it must indeed be a

strong ngtive Government that will put them down.

,l6, Whether a rout$/ might, be found'from Yarkund skirting

the W a k h frostier, itnd reaching our boundary in Lahoul, or Spiti,

v& the Pongkong Gake and Rodakh, I am not aware ; but Mr.

Vans &pew h his report* o s the boundary between Maharaja

Goolab Singye territory and China, dated 13th May 1847, allude8

to the feasibility of d c h a route io his 48th, 58th and succeeding

Entitled "few remarks on Maharaja Qoolab Singh's boundary with (Thins," forwarded with letter No. 1635, dated Zlst 4sguet 1850, from Secretary to Board of Adqiniatratiqq,

paragraphe. At present the Yarkundem and aeighbouiing tribes

dothe themselves with Russian goode. Our Yanctreater stuffs are

debatred access by the mberable arrangements on the route through

Ladakh, Were that ronte avoided, and a line followed entirely

mhjeot to the Chinese Government, there would at all events be n . ohcance of a freer flow of trade. I am not eanguine that any ma&

rial improvement d l ever be made in the Ladakh roub bill the

Maharaja 'is pinched by the oontraction of the trade.

19. I do not think it would be of any use to appoint a native

ag3nt at Ladakh, as proposed by Captain Mercer.

20, The total vplue of the trade with Ladakh and Y d u n d viL Kooloo may be approximately estimated at 2& lakhs of Rs., viz.

linporta la lakhs. I

Exports lakh..

1 have made tgis estimate from' Captain Merqr's dtatditients,

excluding the Yarkund and Tibetan wool, of which none reaches

our provinces via Lxlalrh.

I

APPENDIX C.

From Caplain T. T. Mercer, &sishnt Commissioner Kooltsa, to tde

. , Secretary to Cfovern~nelrt Panjab, dated 12th July 1861.

- Para. 1,-T have the honor to ' a ~ o w l c d ~ e ~ the receipt of yourletterNo.468,dated19thJune,and~gladthatitaffords~ the opportunity of bringing to the notice of Government, Nome information I o1;tained during a recent tour into '~ahool , 'regardin& the

9 iesfrictiong put on foreign trade, by the servants of the Maharajah of Cashmere, in the province of Gndakh, also some other &stActioas to which traders are exposed both within Britieh dominion, and beyond i t on the main r o d to Ynrkund.

My .information mas ~btained from travelling memhants, whose names I am unable to give, from Tara Chund the Government Kardar or Head man in Lahod, from one Sunguroo a native of Lahaul, who resides chiefly at Sultanpore the chief toyn ixi Kulloo, and who himself trades extensively on this commercial line, and

from other merchants a t Sultanpore who have various interests iq

xoPi M~hommI ~ , , ~ k t & the trade, whose names are given in the N e n t of Yrrkund. (3001- bukah, resident of ~ ~ ~ k ~ h ~ , margin. The principal facts were fully L A k h . Oeer~ of confirmed by the >foravian Missic,naries pore. &I tmgul 'of do. , Hu- I

tub of do. in Lrahoul, the Reverend H. Jancbke

and W. Heyde, who seem to enjoy mucb of the confidence of the people In those parts, and whose intelligence and high professiond

character entitle them to credit.

I have endeavoured as much as possible to presefve the order

of the questions contained in your letter, treating each heading with as much brevity as the importance of the subject permits.

Question 1.-What trade formerly existed between the towns of

our territory and those of the Maharajah, including Leh and Yar- kund. Specify the exports \and imports 7

Para. %.-The annexed tabular statement No. 1, shows the chief

articles of import into British India from Leh and Yarkund, the

quantity believed to find its way i11to 'British towns, and the assum-

ed value of the same at average rates, calculated on a fair mean be-

tween the original wst price of the article in tbe foreign mark&, and

ite selling price in British markets.

Columns 7 and 8 show respectively the average cost price ofesch

article in the towns of import, and the price at which they'find a mar-

ket in British towns.

Para. 3.-Tabular statement No. 2, affords the wrme information

regarding the exports from the Punjab and other parts of British do-

minion. In this form column 6 shows the actual vahte in Punjab or I British markeb.

Question 2.-Has there been any falling off, and eince when ?

Para. $.-The decline in trade seems to datesimultaneously with

the internal commotions iu British Indm in 1857, but are not solely

attributable to this cause. It is possible that the disappointments and

losses which traders suffered during the first year of the mutiny, w h n

the roads were closed and the usual demand was for a time suspended, I

would effect the importa of the next year, but there is no reason why

trade should not have revived with the restoration of peace andprospe-

rity in India, if other causes had not been at work to prevent it.

The causes which have aIways operated to restrict the flow of

trade from Central Asia, and which have more particularly ~tendd

tb diminish it within the lust two or three years, may be clnssed un-

der the following he& :-

1st.-The natural obstructions offered by the state of the &mmer-

cial road from the Punjab to Yarkund, viaKulloo, Lahouland Ladakh.

TRADE WITH CEXTRAL A81A. 23

2nd.-The insecurity of the road through the Karakoram range of

mountains, which for several stages are infested with tribes of profes-

sional robbera.

3rd.-The disturbances and feuds which have been rife in the pro-

vince of Parkund, and other cont i ious chiefdoms subject to the Im-

perial Government of Chins.

4th.-The obstacles opposed to the free passage of trade through

Ladakh and the territories under the rule of the Maharajah of Csrehmere.

I propose to treat of each of these heads in their proper order under

questions 4 and 7. #

Question 3.-By what route were English and Punjabee goods

generally forwarded, say, from Umritsur P

Para. 5.--The route selected by merchants exporting goods direct

for &eh and Yarkund, is usually that via Kulloo and Lahoul, i t being a

great object with them to avoid the repeated transit duties and oppres-

sive demands they are subjected to in passing through Cashmere. The

Koolloo route is free from all imposts of this kind until i t enters Ladakh,

and life and property are both perfectly secure until the boundary of * .British dominion a t Lingtee is passed. Annexed is a detailed route

from Umritsur to Yarkund, showing the names and distance (approxi-

mate) of each st%% with brief remarks on the state of the road.

Question 4 . S t a t e the difficulties of the several routes, the number

of stages, approximate distance in miles to Srinuggnr, Leh and Yarkund.

Para . 6.-My remarks will be confined to the Koolloo route.

The road throughout the h i s from Kangra to the Rohtung pass

'which separates the small district of Lahoul from Koolloo is in very good

order, and bridged throughout. The worst parts are in the native terri-

tory of Mundee, where the advantage of level roads ie not much appre-

riated, but t.his whole diitance is quite practicable for laden mules or

oxen.

Para. 7.-After crossing the Rohtung 'pass, which is an easy day'e

Journey, and ar r iv i~g a t the foot of K on the northern side, we meet mith

by far 'the ntoh serious obstruction which preaents itself along the whole

length of the road from Umritsur to Leh, in the prssage of the Chundra

(Chenab) at Koksur.

The difficulties of thin passage offer the most serious hpediment t.6

trade .

The river is croased by foot travellera mer a frail mspension bridge,

' constructed of brushwood ingeniously l a d together, but is quite im-

practicable for beasts of burden, except sheep and goats.

The only way of crossing hmses and oxen is by tying a rope t o

them and swinning them across the river, a passage which owing to the

extreme rapidity of the torrent, and the intense coldness of the water, iLt

~ t k n d e d with the greatest risk to the lives of the animals. The day

before 1 arrived at this spot a travelling merchant lost two of his homee,

and I am told t,hia is a contingency which almost every owner of cattle

prepares himself for when starting with his merchandize. I am able to

state from personal observation that t he ' danpr of this passage is not

exaggerated, and there can be no doubt that of all the natural obstruc-'

fions this road offers within British territory this is the greatest, and is

more dreaded than crossing all :hi formidable passes which intervene.

I am told that Mr. Forsyth, when Deputy Commissioner of Kangra,

!*;sited Koksur some pears ago, with the object of determining on tjhe

practicnbilit~ of building d permaneat bridge orer the Chnadra a t this

place, but that he returned mith the impression that it wss fo be ac-

complished only a t an expense far exceeding what the Governmellt war#

prepared to sanction, and which the increase of t,rade i t might be suppoh

ed to produce would in no way recompense.

The difficult- is not in the construoeian of a bridge, but in its pre-

servation when built, from the effeots of the avalanches yhich slide fro111

the mountains that over-hmg it, ,yith a force and weight that nothing

can reaist, and whioh would certaiuly bear down the whole structure,

whether made of iron or masonry. When the snow begins to break up

in the spring, thefie ponderous masses are carried right down iato the

rirer, from a height of more than 6,000 feet, a t an angle of about 4s0,

the slope and distanoc of t l ~ e face lending an additional impetus to their

progress.

Were the rirer o~er-hung by preoipitous roeks, there would be no

such danger. I observed, honerer, an open and lerel space on either

side of the ri-ier not far from the present positian, which appeared to me

a favorable site for a bridge. But even dlowing that a permanent

bridge is impracticable, I Gee :lo reason why a superior kind of rope or

chain bridge should not be canstructed st a comparatively s r n d ex-

pense, capable of being 'removed hen the winter eets in, and set up

again when the road and pass re-opens in the spring.

I n 1819 Colonel Sturgeon, of the GtafT Corps with Lord Welling-

ton's army in Spaint p.as employed to restore tlie communication over a

broken arch of Trojan's bridge over t,he Tagus a t Alcantarr.

T11k was done and tlie bridge rendered practicable for heavy Artil-

lery by throwing over a superior kind of rope suspension bridge, a des-

cription ofwlaich will be found at pages 313 to 320 of Sir Howard

Douglas's essay on the principles and convtrl~tion of military bridges

and passage of rivers? and a sketch and plan of the same in figures 6

and 6. plate 8 a t the end of the work, rhioh for facility of reference, 1

have copied and at,tach for your information.

The impediment orercome by this bridge was 100 feet, (though tLe

kind of bridge was afterwards used over a rirer 143 feet wide) which is

about the breadth of the rirer Chundra at Koksur, and the nature of the

28 OFPIOAL RFZOBT8 OX

ground on either side of the river &or& the same facility for its con-

struction. The list of materialv used in the construction of Colonel

Sturgeon'e rope bridge, which is also furnished h e ~ w i t h , will enable you

to judge of the expense. Wood and rope coul& be provided at a very

small expense on the spot. The implemede and otlm materials muet

bc brought from the plains.

There are parts of the river near Koksur where the water is not dis-

turbed by boulders, and where notwithstanding the rapid current an or-

ninary pontoon might be thmwn across, but either of these would re-

quire the superintendence of & practised Engineer, arld I csn only re-

ctolmnend for the consideration of Government that the matter should

receive the attention it Jesemes, in order that this serious impediment

to commerce may be removed.

It ,might be considered hereafter expedient to estabIish s t,oIl here

wit11 a charge of 8 annaq on every laden mule or bunock, and one anna

on laden sheep and goats per heacL Foot passengers and village cattle

to 'pass free.

Pora. 8.-The road through Lahoul requires a HttIe additional

width here and t h e ; it might be completety repaired and rendered

very p o d a t a cost of Rs. 500. The peopIeofthe country w d d h glad

to undertake i t for such a reward.

Para. 9.-The next difficulty ia the Bsra Lacha pass, but this is

one requiring an exercise of patience only, and which cannot be reme-

died. Trade is not impeded by it.

para. 10.-Beyond this my illformation rrs to the state of the road

is not altogether reliable, but it seems to be generally allowed that

the r o d through Ladakb is quite pajsable fw l a d m animab, though i t

might be much improved a t a mall expense if the native &ciala

subordinate to the Cashmere Government were disposed t o do it.

Para. 11.-Beyond Latlakh the Karakorwn range of mountains

TRADE WITH CEHTBAL ASIA. 29

present the first real ob~tecles. Here the road is confined to a simple

track which the perseverance of travellers has trodden out, and for

4 or 5 stages neither life nor property are, secure from the violent

han& of the wild lawless tribes which inhabit these hills, and make . plunder their sole ocoupation.

I n order to pass the range in some degree of safety, merchants

usudly collect on either side into caravans with numerous armed

attendants, and even then h ~ v e often succymbed to the desperate

attacks of these ferocious robbers. Merchants are sometimes kidnapped

and taken to Toorkistan and Budukhshan, where they are sold as

slaves.

I am not able to state what immediate power these tribes are

to be subject to, but whoever it ie, little hiis been done to

dieperse them or bring them under control.

I t is rumoured that they have got head so much of h t e that the

Maharajah of Cashmere is now equipping a force to send against them,

and some other tribes who have opposed his authority and stopped

the trade in wool and pushum, and that the Mahmjah's troops already

occupy Gilgit and are pushing their way beyond. This information

is casually mentioned in a private letter received by Sungurco

from his correspondent at Leh.

Beyond the Karakoram range, the road is across a level plain to

Yarkund.

The a h v e remarks reply to question 41 of your letter, and diapose

of the first two heads adverted to in para. 2 of this letter. *

Question 5.-Mention the desckption of carriage in use on each

route ?

Para. 12.-The description of carriage chiefly wed on the Koolloo

route fur merchanilize of great bulkand weight are mules, ponies and small

30 OFFICIAL REPORTS OX

oxen. but between Kangra and Ladakh sheep and goats are muc11 wed

for light burdens, especially in the rice trade between Koolloo and

Ildak11. I have daily met flocks of these little hardy animals, skipping

over the rough and rooky roads and up and down their precipitous

sides with 1 2 to 16 seen on their backs, and they travel 10,12 or eren

15 miles a day without any apparent labor or fatigue.

These are used b- the poorer classer because they cost less in

keeping, but the larger beasts of burden are preferred by those who

can afford to keep them, because the!. require less watching at night

from the attacks of wild animals.

Coolies are used by those n-110 transport srtioles of d u e but lit,tle

bulk. such as opium, coral beads, otter skins, and even churns. They

are generallc engaged 3s servants, and paid in k i d , or by a share in tile

profits of the trade. The people of Koolloo are rarely to be found

carrying burdens of their own accord or for the sake of the wagen.

In Lahoiil the women chiefly carry loads, though not exceeding 35

Questions 6.-State cost of sending a mule l e d of English

broad-clot11 to Leh k c . \<a Kooloo ?

Para. 13.-The following memo. shows the cost of a train of 5

mules (Inden) from Gmritsur to Tarkond, being 753 miles. Hire of 5

mules, including pay of drivers and feed of mules &c. Rs. 335, or t annas

1 pie per mile for five mules. 335 di-iided by 5 equal to 67, cost of olle

mule for same distance, or 1-5 per mile for one mule.

From Uinritsur to Ldakh: 430 miles, 26 Rn. for one ~nule. or 11&

pies per mile.

From Umritsur to Sultanpore, 190 miles, 7 Rs, for one mule, or 7 f

pi- per mile.

Prod Sultanpore to LaQakh, 247 miles, 19 Rs. for one mula, of

1 anna 2 pies per mile.

From Ladakh 40 Yarkund, 323 miles, 411 Rs. for one mule, or 3

b;nnas pet mile.

N . B.--Somewhat higher rates are paid for the &ansport of

opium bcrond Ladakh.

Rate paid jbr carriage of one maurrd of arcrchandi.x,

when paid fw by t ~ v i g h t .

From Umritsur to Sultanpore, Rs. 2-8 per maund.

Sultanpore to,Ladakh, Bs. 8-5-4 per maund.

Ladakh to Yarkund, Rs. 13-1.8 per m ~ u n d . If opium Re. '18 per

tnaund.

If charged by weight it ia the same, whether conveyed by coolieri,

mules or pbnirs or ofen.

,V. B.-The rates for mules seem very high, but this information -

is obtained through the Tuhseeldar of Kulloo from all the chief merchant*

of Sultanpore and all coincide.

When mdes or ponies are hired, the ttader usually entera into a contract for the whole ttip, by the weight per maund.

A large number of ponies and mules are usually found grazing

on either side of the river Chundra ht Koksur, and 1 was told they were

the property of merchants who leave them there to avoid the risk of

crossing them, and take. them up on their roturn trip. They require

ro looking after, and find the richest pasturage on both sides. The

ponies of Lahoul and Ladakh are cheap and hardy.

Qwcrtion 7.-Detail the fiscal or political obstructions t,o which

traders are exposed.

Para, 14.-This brings lile t b the last questiun in your letter and

the last two heads of my report, which form by far the m o ~ t important

part of the subject, inasmuch as the present depression in trade is

I believe mainly attributable to these causes.

Para. 15.-My information regarding the nature and extent of

the internal feu& in the province, of Sarkund and those contiguous to 6

it, is very imperfect, and not very reliable. , All I can learn is that they have been fighting amongat themselves

for the last two years. That one Wullee Khan is said to be the

firebrand amongst them who sets them a t variance, and that he a t

the head of a tribe called the Indijans ha4 once looted Sarkund itself,

and another town of some opulence called Kashghur.

H e is said to have a rabble of 4,000 01 5,000 unscrupulous soldiers

with him, who rob and massacre a t will. For months he besieged

Tarkund and cut off all trade.

The authorities in Tarkulld waited for orders from the imperial

Government to fight, and these were so long delayed that Wullee

Khan had time to stengthen himself, and suddenly got pos~ession of

the city. H e is said to be the same chief who directed the murder of the

late Mr. Adolphe Schlagentweit, for some supposed want of respect t o

his person. The people of Yarkund have prayed to the imperial Govern-

ment for troops to defend themsdves'against the other factions, but the

G0rernmer.t have as much as they can do, holding the central pro.

vinces of China in support of the Manteleon dynasty, to take my

notice of such distant parts of the empire an Yarkund &c. It is

generally believed that theae civil wars have done much to diminish the

trade in silver ingots, precious stonea, coral &.; which are required by

the Government to sustain tho Treasury.

This information was only picked up in general convereation, and

must be taken pwntum ral, but I can quite believe that; the present

state of discord in China would be felt a t Yarkund, and that it is quite

as likely to stop trade aa the mutiny in India.

TRADE WITH CENTRAL ASIA. 33

Para. 16.-Next as regards the restrictions put on the free

pawsage of merchants by the authorities in Ladakh.

Throughout my journey I heard but one story of the oppressions of

t71e Maharajah's Government in Ladakh, the avaricious and grasping

character of the ruler hidself, and the utter corruptness of all his people

in authority. ,

It is said that he spares no pains, and sticks at no trifles, t o keep

the monopoly of the shawl trade in Cashmere, whereby of course he

derives a large revenue. Trders in wool are forced to sell their raw

materials to the Maharajah's agents in Leh at irremunerative prices.

Prohibitions are put on the transit of this article into British India,

and heavy duties imposed on those who are permitted to pass. AU the

auperior wods are made to go into Cashmere.

Bustee Ram, the Kardar a t Leh in Ladalih, is never mentioned by

merchants with any degree of toleration. Thcy rejoiced for a shod

time in his suspension from oflice, on account of his oppression and

corrupt practices, but he has been recently restored again to his former

place at Leh, and has returned to his evil ways with more effrontery

than ever. Every merchant has to pay a tribute to the Maharajah, and

another to Bustee Barn to keep that one within limits. ,

The horse merchants are spoken of as special victims. The best

horse of a batch is the perquisite of the Naharajah. The next to that

Bustee Ram offers to himself, and a few more are taken at little more

than cost pricea to speculate with amongst his friends in Cashmere, and

thus horses which would fetch a high price in the Punjab arc frittered

away on the route. Under such abuses what trade can flourish ! I

quote for your idonnation extract of a private letter I received from

the ave rend Mr. Jaeschhe, Moravran missionary, which hae reference to this favored deputy of the ruler of Cashmere.

a4 OFFICIAL REPORTS 08

" But of Bustee Ram we have not yet been told anything good

concerning his dealings with the inhabitants. Three years when

I ' during the greater part of the summer not one merchant arrived

'' from' Yarkund to Leh, this was said to be owing to Buvtee Ram

" having squeezed them so much that the Yarkundees had resolved to

.' punish him by not dowing him any opportunity of getting money

" from them. Laht year he w a said to have ineurred the Maharajah's

" displeasure, and in connguence of that removed fiom hia high place,

" but just now when I was with Mr. Hepde a t Patsoo, we heard that

" he had succeeded by means of bribes of a considerable amount to

" recover his former position, and hd.already imposed a new duty on

" borax. That during the latter yeam of his being Thanahdar a t Leh

' " lots of people have left their houses and fields to seek a new home

" in Lahoul and the neighbouring valleya, we 'can show by many

" examples, and they say unanimously that this was merely in order to

" escape his oppressions.

" How much of all this he is doing wit11 or without thc knowlodge

" and consent of his master we callnot tell, but I should think so much

" may be ccrtain; that such a rule as his ie not apt to enmurage

" cither agriculture or trade.

. , It is needless for me to say more. I believe that the oppressions

committed by this one man Bustee Ram are sufficient alone to account

for the decline in trade, and I would venture to hope that his restoration

to office in Ladakh may be animadverted upon in correspondence with

the Maharajah.

Para. 17.-The appointlnent of some vakeel ss a representative of

the British Government a t Leh in Ladakh would be reoeived by d '

merchants and others as an augur of great prosperity to them.

Tllcre is no doubt that the consciousness that the state of trade,

and the abuses of hi a~thofi t~y, were regularly reported to the Punjab

TRADE WITH CEXTRAL ASIA. 35

Government, would in a great measure keep a check upon Bustee Ram,

and the interests of traders from Britiah territory might be protected.

A tariff of all transit or other duties might be called for, and Bustee

Ram might then be called to account for any exactions, by his master,

on the representation of the Britiah Government.

For the present, one of the most respectable merchants' belonging

to Umritsur and resident a t Leh, of whom thcre are several, might

be accredited aq the Qovernment agent and news-writer, and should

be encouraged to correspond with Mr. Cope's Exchange a t Umritsur,

through whom the Government would obtain valnable information

regarding trade. Any person in such a position would be glad to

undertake the office without salary for the increased influence and

dignity it would give him.

Para. 18.-I have written to Tara Chund, Kardar of Lahoul, for a

return of all duties imposed on mcrchandize in transit through Ladaklb

and on receiving i t will forward i t to you ~ i t h o u t delay.

Para. 19.-Should His Honor the Lieutenant Governor approve

of the appointment of an agent as proposed above, I will make c~~quirics

as to the person who by his influence, respectability and char.ractcr, is

best qualified for the appointment (without salary) and submit his

name to you through the Commissioner for approval and proper crc-

dentials.

STATEMENT OF -IMPORTS. Q,

List of Articlesforming tLe chief imyort tmde froin IlarEund and Jz~dukh i tdo BriiisA territory, aili

Lalronl, Kooloo and Kangra, dztriflg t i e year 1856 and' p r e c e d i ? ~ yeur8.

c - - -

1 Chruus (a drug) ,.., Yarkund, ...

2 Coral beads, ... Ditto,

3 Chouriee, (yak tails, L m . Ladakh I and Thibet,

4 ailr Putr, I ... Ywkond, ..'. I

Umritsur and 1,800 mh., 10 t o 20 Rs. all large towns, per maund,

6

All parts, ... One maund, 10,WO Rs. per tola I I r

Gold nnggets 'and mhings,

Hill states, 6im- About 200 150 8 ans. to 1 la md Umritsur, Rs. each,

~!mrits ir and 6 or 6 mds. 800 80 Re. per other townss 1 / 1 to 800 1 baund,

H i l l s t n t e ~ a n d ~ l Q O O O Punjab, N. W. 16,000 worth U { . I ,.,

P., and Rengal.

Value in ~ r i - ' tish market. I REXARXS.

' I Sells in Hindoatan at n pm. 0 t of 25 to 30 8 8 , per cent,

I *i - 2

40 to 80 Re. per mannd,

8-8 per tola.

2-6 to 4 Ib. each.

150 to 100 Rs. per md.

k T h i ~ dcleteribne drug might

be well tared, Rs. 6 per md. taken s t Sultanpore would 8 yield a good revenue. a From Clrina. Report says the 3

mincs have failed ; very little is now imported. 8

Very few brought now, decline owing to less demand since British rule. Under native rule Inrge number given to chiefs &., as Xuzurs.

Unknown.

I

I 160 Rs. each, About a fourth part of what

100 Rs. per maund,

6

7

8

9

1-4 to 2-8 Rs.

Large rlunntities go into Lasea, Kepal and Bengal by t h a ~ route.

Horses, ,..

Mundale, ...

Precious stones Torquoiso, Onyx, Lapis lnzuli kc., 1 Pushm, or fine goats

hair,

I lrre brought from Yarkund rench British territorv, therest are sold to or seized by the Cwhmere authorities. taken as Nuzora, bribes &c., some nre lost or die on the road. Some bought in Mill etates.

There is an immense importation of this article from Yar- kund, but the Ruler of Cash- mere makes errry effort t o keep a monopoly of the manufacture of pushm woulen arti- clev in his onn province, and traders nre not per~uitted to pass Lndalih except under heavy and oppre3sive taxes and other exnctiona.

400 or 500

Ahout 500 piecen, each

2h by 14 yprds average size,

About 6,000 worth,

About 200 maunde,

I

Yarkund and Bokhnra,

Ynrknnd, also mad(, in Kulloo and hill states,

Lawa and Yar- kund.

Parliund, ...

I

Punjab, N. W. Proyincerr,

Umritsur and other towns,

Umritaur and Hill acatea,

Cmritsur, Loodiuna,

Noorpore, kc.

6,000 to 7,000

1,000

.

20,000

60 Ra, each

2 Rs. each,

Unknown,

60 Ra. per maund.

I

38 OFFICAL REPOETS OR

I I . ' a .a A S E . E ? S "'C .s .5 t gE.2

C s X $ . 5 z a $ &B2 O Idg E fi s a 33 . ; g f;" p u S d E Z S L & { $ 2

5 z.E+ g;.: z 1;. E " 2 2 . - a 5 6 zs2.- 6 & Q s g o 3 " . C Z . X&24'3 S" 3 * fi? z? ! i? .E.S ." .- - - 0 L ~ $ s 33 g+ a 14: 6 2 3 g 4 * B $ S z*c,

.pgs;g z d s z g $4 g g :;,s3r 3 ~ Z 2 e:? 3 ~2 0%' g z a g g 535 6 ~ : ~ ~ 2 B d 5 o I .h p e a 3 . E 6 d .e c: $

STATEXENT OF EXPORTS. List of Articles forming the cliief export trade from British territory (PunjaB) into rarkund, and other

tern'totieu nwtA of tlie Himalayas wid Kulloo.

2 3 4 5 6 7 . 8 9

Supposed

Value in place of ex. foreign REXABSS. portation. market.

... Profit to trader in Yarkund 25,000 eatimated at about 25 per cent worth, after paying all expenses.

Do. Do. About 200, ... ... Sells for double-wet price, "'

often more. Do. 200 mda ... ... . . . So high a duty is now im-

posed on iron in Ladakh that the exportation bas ceased.

Do. 60 m&. 12,00 20 Rs. p. md, 40Rs. p. md Do. 100 mds. 24000 230 11s. p. md. 350 to 400 Formcrly about 200 maunds

Rs. p. md. used to go to Yarkund, but the demand there is not so great. I t is an illicit article of trade there us on the sea coast of China, but is very largely smuggled in goat- skins kc.

A transit duty of 6-8 per maund is put on this article in Cashmere dominions (Leh.) -

OFFZCIAC BEPORTS Oh'

C

?t .d

k 4 E % ..

G, 5 8 3 2 'a * L a 3 t - -

0 J2 Zi

Q - *- j 1 E e

: i f i .- 3 ' 2 $ $

- _- 0 -- 2

i g Q . m

a * I

. . . . . .

- i: - - - --

m

-- - . . . . . . Z

E d

7 r: N

s P4 I d B a. t

.- z D4 1

p: m rn I j - " 2 ::

-

TBADE WITH C E Y T U L ABIA. 4 1

Ligt of Stages on the Chmerc ia l road frbm Ti,nriteur to 2';rrkund vid Koolloo, Lahoul and Ludakh.

1 2 3 4 5 (i 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23

24 5 36 27 38

29 30 31

32

33

34

Naves OF STAOEB.

----- E'rom LTmritsur to . . Kuthoo Nungul, ... Ruttala, ... Gwrdaqpore, ... Deentmuggur, ... Puthankote, .. Noorpoor, ... Kotla, ... Shahpoor, ... Kangra, ... Nugrota, ... Barwana, ... Puprola, ... Hurrebagh, ... Footalial, .. . Jujroo Kuproo, .. . Kumadh, ... Bajoura, . . . Sultanpore, . . . Dwsrtr, ... Kulat, ... Hurrva, ... Murree, . . . Koksar, ...

Susoo, ... Oondlah, ... Kardung, . . . Koolung, ... Darcha, ... Putseo, ... Zung Tringbur, ... Chundur Tulao, ...

Lingtee, ... Toorp, ... Long Sacha. . . .

Distance. 31iles.

11 11 14 9 13 12 13 8 9 10 10 9 12 9 11 7 12 10 8 B 9 8

9

9 8 11 11 8

11 11 10

11

11

12

~ ~ E Y A R K S .

-- -

i I n Ulnritaur and Goordaspore Districts. Excellent road.

1 (

Enter the hills. Road good.

llundee territory. Bad road, steep descent.

Cross Bajoura pass. Chief town in Koolloo, good road. Good road.

ditto. ditto.

Top of lthotang pass, 15,000 feet. Bad road.

Ddcend into Lahoul. Very bad road, and cross rope bridge imp~sah le for cattle, over river Chundra QChenab).

Road good. ditto.

Road narrow, bht safe. ditto. '

Bare hill, aud no habitations. Road good.

Good road.

I Cross Barra Lacha' pass, Sen- erally covered with snow, tho' not deep.

Boundary of British dominion, and enter Ladakh.

Cross two rivers, both bridged. Fair road.

A hard and difficult march to top of paas. Altitude 18,000 feet.

Lut of &ger.-(Continued). -

REYABPS.

I - -

Fair road. h large plain, and a thriving town. Another pass, not difficult. No

habitation. A large village. Road good. A village. An open

plain and well cultivated. b great place for Buddhist priests,

large village, good road. Good road. Village and gardens. Cross river Sund, bridged, the

chief tom in Ladakh, much trade. Bustee Ram Kardar resides here. 600 Cashmere troops garrisoned here. 430 miles from Umritsur.

Road indifferent, but paseable. Village.

ditto ditto. Village. ditto ditto. Village.

Road good No habitations. Boundary of Ladakh. No habita-

tions, desolate place. In Yarkund, leave the hills, but

not inhabitea. All plain, but very desolate.

ditto. ditto. ditto. ditto. ditto. ditto. Robbers.

In Karakoram range, infested with robbers, very dangerous to life and property.

ditto ditto. An open plain. No habitation.

ditto ditto. ditto ditto. ditto ditto. ditto ditto. ditto ditto. ditto ditto. ditto ditto.

Distance.

12 12 12

12 10

12

12 ' 10

6

15 5 12 13

14 . 13 17 9 7 7 13 16 11

7 20 6 12 13 14 14 14 12

35 36 37

38 39

40

41 42

43

45 46 47

48

49 50 51 62 53 64 65 66

57 68 69 60 ti1 62 63 64 65

NAMEB OF STAGES.

--- Pung, ... Rukshu, . . . Tugling, ... Cfya, . .. Pheroo, .. . Henne, ... Chachot, . . . Leh, .. .

Suboh, .. . Deega, ... Aghim, ... Logpa Somar, ... Lassa Kyantee, ... Chungtan Joolga, ... Doeen Uluk, . . . Mandah Lik, ... Yatwee, ... Katlig, ... Moorghee, ... Boorsee, ... Dowlut Beg ooh Dee, Oons Brungsa, ...

Mulik~hah, ... Kotak Jilgah, .. . Soogut, . . . Sayudoolla Khoja, ... Bostan, ... Sureejot Kullyan, ... Khutaeetoom, ... Sogul lih, ... Urpa lih, ...

TRADE WITH CEX!l!MZ ABIA.

Lict of stup.-(Cbncluded).

66 67 68 69

NAMES or STAGES.

-- Kullyan, . . . Aaan Boogreh, ... Beshurah, ... Karga lig, ...

Distance.

- 3 11 12 6 14 6

-- 763

70 1 Porpll' ...

71 Yarkund, ... -.--

Total miles, .. .

REMABKB.

------- A lar e town and police post. A vil age. ' f A large town. Alnrgetown. tl large town, famous for its

churus.

OFFICIAL BBEPOBTS OX

APPENDIX

Prom the Commissioner and fluperintendent Rawd Pindee Bicision,

to the Secrefrary to @ocernment Punjab, No. 95, dated 91et July 1561.

I n reply to your No. 468, dated 19th ultimo,. I have the honor to

submit in original, reports by the district oficers of the 'R+wul Pindee,

Jhelum, Goojrat, on the trade between 'Punjab and Cashmere, snd coun-

tries beyoud it. . 2. Reply of Deputy Commi~sioner, l t awd Pin&, only reached

me the day before yesterday, hence the delay in replying.

3. From the annexed reports i t is painfully evident that, o w i q to

the narrow minded and suicidal policy of the Cashmere nder, an enorm-

ous decrease in the trade between the Punjab and Cashmere has taken

place. The duty levied amounts almost to prohibition, and to make mat-

t e ~ worse the Maharajah endeavors to force trade through a certain

channel. Such a policy could not fail to affect the t r d e disrrdvantageous1y

and cause a loss equally t o the merchant and the ruler ; and in a civilisd

country, the evil would soon work its own cure, as the customs receipts

feu off from year to year, measures would be taken to revive the trade ;

obnoxious restridions would be removed, and prohibitory rates reduced ;

but in a native state Iike Cmhmere, there is no one probably, who dare

tell the Maharajah the whole truth.

The management of the Customs department may bc in the han&

of a clique, who find their gain in forcing the traders t o take the Jum-

moo route ; and even if more favorable rates were adopted and the former

routes thrown open, the trade would not revive rapidly and flourish un-

le& some guarantee were given that a liberal policy would be followed in -

future.

TRADE W I T E CEXTRAL ASIA. 45

4. It is not always sufficient to prove to a native government that ,

a certain policy mdst entail loss ; in illustration of which, I may mention

that the Scinde Camel Train as first started, ran through Bhamulpore

temtory to Mooltan ; the Nawab insisted on a ridiculously high transit

cluty, and rather than abate a jot of it, allowed the Camel Chokees to be

removed to the left bank of the Indus, when the train by making a very

short detour avoided duty altogether. The authorities, I believe, con-

sented to pay a reasonable Craneit rate, but no compromise could be

effected.

5. The authorities quotcd by Depnty Commissioner of Itawl

Yindee were some of them questioned by me also, and I am quite satis-

fied that a great decrease in trade has occurred. Only one person who wm

%lied, a Pind Dadun Khan merchant, denied that trade had decreaeed.

B o r n Captain J . W. Bristow, Deputy Commissioner, Jhelm, to *toin

E: R. Pol2ock, O$iciating Cbmmissioner nnd Svperinfmdent, Ram2

P i n h e Divieion, 3'0. 244, dated 10th JuZy 1861.

With reference to your docket No. 150, dated 26th ultimo, forward.

ing a printed letter NO. 408, dated 19th idem, on the subject of com-

merce between the British territories and Sirinugger, Leh and Yarkund,

I have the honor to reply ~erktunt to the 7 questions contained in the

printed letter.

1. Imports from Yarkund are Churus, Wool, and Puttoo. Froin

Sirinugger Woollen fabrics. Saffron, Cummin-seed, Riee and Tea, also

Ghee and Qoot, (Oms-root). Exports are Salt, common Cotton fabrics,

(country) Cotton, Thread, Indigo, Silks, Europe piece goods, Chintzes,

Muslins, h., Henna, dried Ginger, -Alum. These articles go to Siri-

nugger. No traders direct to Leh and Yarkund.

46 OFFICIAL BEPOBTB of

2. I cannot find this out satisfactorily.

3. From Jhelum by Bhimbur and the Peer Punjal,

4. By Bhimbur and the Peer Punjal. Many mountain torrente

to cross. Steep mountain tracts. 16 &ages by Bhimber. Distance to

Sirinugger from Jhelnm 140 miles. I cannot give even approximate

distance to Leh or Yarkund.

5. Oxen, Ponies and mules.

6. Hire of a mule from Jhelum to Tarkand, 75 .rupees. To Siri-

nugger, rate of hire charged by the maund, 3 rupees per maund. An

ordinary mule will carry two maunds, so the coat of carrying the load of

English broad-cloth to Sirinugger would be G rupees.

7. I cannot ascertain whether any political obstacles to trade ex-

ist, but those of a fiscal nature arise from the heavy foreign duty im-

posed by the Maharajah of Cashmere ; for inetance, 30 rupees per maund

on Indigo and Europe piece goode, and on Ginger 3 NpWS and 12 annas

per maund. On cloth of Hindoosbee manufacture 22 rupees per

maund. On Salt 4 rupees per maund. At Yarkund no duty is levied,

but something of the nature of nuzlrerana is paid to the ruler. .

11. The information about Tarkund I have got through the Tuh-

seeldar of Chukowd, who got it from a &tree of the village of Kuri- - 8 miles south of Chukowal, who visited his brother, after the latter

h d been 25 years trading at Yarkund, and stayed there 7 months. I regret not having seen this man myself, but time does not admit of

this now as Kuriala is 12 miles from this, and this answer is over due.

I think the information given is be relied on.

111. The information about trade with Cashmere, I have got Gom

Bhuggut Nikka of fielum, who wrts employed as Collector of Customs

dues by the Sikh Government. You may recollect my mentioning this

man, in connection with information in respect to the amount of duty

realized by the Sikhs, in tho trade with the countries north of the

Himalaya ranges, which was, some time ago, called for by the Financial

Commiseioner.

1V. I have replied in answer to question No. 2 that I cannot

answer i t satisfactorily. In the written report from Bhuggut Nikks,

i t is stated that the trade has diminished, and he gives as the reason for

this, that the Naharajah employs agents himself for the purpose of trade,

but this need not necessarily muse a diminution in trade. *1t would

merely change the directiori in which the prom arising out of it run ;

from the native British subject to the Maharajah's agents ; and what

further has rendered me unable to answer this question satisfactorily ie

this : I happened to be a t Pind Dadun Khan on the day I rewived

. the reference, and I sent for the principal trader of the place, Loomnda

Shah by name. This man deals extensively with Cashmere, and has

agents at Sirinugger ; one of these agents was then present at Pind

Dadun Khan, &id he assured me that trade has not diminished be-

tween the Punjab and Cashmere.

BawuZphdeo B s p d on tAe stcrte of trada b d w m the Punjob and

Cashmere.

Qwtim 1st.-What trade formerly existed between the towns of

our territories and those of the Maharajah (including Leh and Yarkund).

Specify the exports and imports ?

Anmer 1st.-The following is a list of the exports and imports of

goods, cornpriaing the principal portion of the trade which exists be-

tween our territories and those of the Naharajah :-

EXPOBT~ FBOX THPI ~ X U .

1. Cotton pieca goods, (country manufacture).

a. Gold thread for embroidery.

3. Silk fabrics.

4. Goolbudun.

5. Cotton piece goods, (English).

6. Broad Clothe, (English).

7. Turmeric.

8. Cardamums.

9. Pepper, black.

10. Cinnamon.

11. Cloves.

12. Dates, dried.

13. Nutmegs.

14. Senna.

15. Sheer khieht, ' Manna. 1 G . Turanjbeen,

17. Borax.

19, Brass.

20. Sal Ammoniac.

21. Mujeet, (Rubia Mujeet.)

22. Maeen, (a berry used for dyeing.)

23. Cochineal, (Kirmiz) . 24. Crockery (China).

25. Tea. . . 26. Morubbo, (-s): ,

4. r ' 27. Indigo. ,JC *, '% , -/hv+, , ; ,,- * r ~ - ;.. h- d

28. Sugar. c c r':

29. Sugar Candy.

30. Jagree.

31. Salt.

32. Ginger, (dried). 33. Mace.

34. Toorbud, (Convoloulus turpithuoo).

TIllBE t V I T I I CENTIIlL ASIA.

35. Alun.

36. Gujjcc, {Matron-impurc Corbonatc of soila).

37. Tin.

38. Sl tcd Copper.

39. Kmscc, (pewter).

4Q. Cotton thrcnd.

41. Cotton.

42. Goat skins, dycd, and moroccaq.

43. Tobacco.

4t. Shoes.

45. Opium.

LIST OF INPOIITS.

1. Pushme~las, including sliawls.

2. Wool.

3. Saffron.

4. Zecra, (Cumlnin sced).

3. Binufuha, (violet flower).

G. Goochcc-IihoomG, (Musl~room).

7. Bedana (Quince sccd).

8. P u t t m .

9. Loecs.

10. Ghce.

11. Gold Tillas, (a coin).

l a . Chob Chccnce.

13. Fcroza (Turquoise). 14. Ponics.

15. Fruits (fresh).

16. Paper.

17. Pen Cases, kc., Papior Mach;.

18. Books. 10. Tea (in cakes). 20. Kl&ocq (Apricots clricd).

Question 2nd.-Has tthcrc becn any falling off, and sincc when ?

Anszoer 2nd.-The trade has been rapidly diminishing for tlic last

four ycars.

The rciluction is due to tlic h n v y duties to mhicli all csports and

imports arc subject in the 3Tahar,?ja7s territories. Of the trade wliich

forrncrly existcd, only one-tcnth is said to be carricd on now.

Question 3rd.-By what routc were English and Punjahc goods

gcncrally fonvarded ?

Ansroer 3rd.-Bcforc anncration the usual route by which goods

from these parts mere conveyed to Cashmere was through Mozuffcrabad,

in thc Hazara district. The routc through Xurrec j s now generally

adopted.

Ques'tion 4t71.-State tllc difficulties of the scveral routes ; thc num-

ber of stagcs ; the ap~roximatc distance in miles to Sirinugger, Leh and

Tarkund.

~ n n & 4th.-The road from R a d Pindce to Sirinuggcr presents

no obstacles, and is open all the year round. The road from Sirinugger

to Leh is dso generally good, but tho route for fifteen marches runs

through mountainous country, with difficult passcs ; villages are not

mct with for three or four marches, and watcr is scarce, so that travellers

are obliged to carry cooked provisions sufficient, to last for thrce or four

days. The most favorable season for travelling is from June to Scptem-

ber. . From October snow begins to fall on the higher ranges of moun-

tains and eontinucs till February, but thc r o d is nevcr wliolly impass-

able. The route from Rawul Pindce to Sirinuggcr iy subjoined :-

1. From Ramul Pindee to Barirkow.

2. ?, Uar;~ltow to Trctc.

. 3. ,, Trt5tctoMurree.

TBADE WITTI CEXTRAL ARIA.

Murree t o Denlul.

Dewul t o Banks of Jhelum.

Banks of Jlielum to Dunria.

Dunna t o Millm.

Mihra t o Chukur.

Chukur t o ITuttcean.

ITuttc.c:ln t o Cliukotllcc.

Chukothce t o Esma.

Esma t o Oorcc.

Ooree t o Booncar.

Booiicar t o Barmmoolla.

Barramoolla t o Put tun.

Pu t tuu t o Sirinuggcr.

The estimated distance t o Sirinugger is 225 milcs ; thence t o Tar-

kund, 30 stages, about 300 milcs ; and from Yarkund t o Lcll, 14 st,agcs,

about 130 miles.

The above details have been obtained from Bukshee Hurrce Sing,

who has visited Laclali ; ICumula, Citshmceree, wlio hzs been to Yarkund

mid Leh ; and Bhaee Ootum Sing, and Hurrec Sing who Iiave been fre-

quently visited Sirinuggcr.

Questio~z 5th.-Nention the mcans of carringe in use on each routc ?

Amlcer 5th.-Coolies, hlulcs, Asses, and Bullocks, arc cinpIoy~d be-

t\\-ecn tliis and Cashmere. Towards Tarkund and Lell, Asses mil Goats

of a largo size are used for t ranspyt ing goods.

Question Gtk-State the cost of sending a Jfulc load of English

Broad Cloth from Amritsur to Lch and Ywliund, via Sirinuggur and

via Kooloo, or ally other routc 2

Answer G1h.-The estimated cost from Rawul Pindee to Siri~iuggcr

would Le Its. tli:it is Es. 8 on ncco.ut I~ire, alltl RH. 96 duty.

Tlic cost to Leli monld m o u n t to Rs. 132 only, as no duly is

uhargcd beyond thc Nrrl~~rajali's territories.

Q z r e s t h 7th.-Detail thc Fiscal or lu.ditiml ol~truetions to wlbiclb

trailers nrc crportccl ?

Anwer 7th.-1. Thc lrcavy duties to mltich cq)orts from our tcrri-

torics are subject, have rendcrcd thc trade to Cmtrhncrc unprofitable.

During Xalinrajnl~ Goolab Sing's reign, the customs dut;ic% mcre Errmcd

for Rs. 1,36,000 ; the dubies-have now bccn nupcn tcd to Ru. 375,000.

Thc cffcd haa bccn to dcpress, if not to annhi l~tc , tLc trulo which for-

mcrly existed.

2.-No nrticlcs can bo importcd to any tom in oar temtorics by

a direct routc. They must bc taken Co thc customs l~ousc which tlio

Maharajah has cstnbliskcd a t Jununoo, wherc thc prescribed dutics

arc lcricd. Ey this mcasurc thc cost of transit is g ~ ~ a t l y incrcasd, and 0

t r d c r s being cxpsed to the greatest inconvcnicnce by &tention kc.,

are unwdliug to import goods into our tcrritorics.

Thc answcrs to tIic abovc qncstions have been obtained from t he

Tchsccldnr of Rnwul Pindcc, Sirdnr Nund Sing ; Dabn Jecwun Doss,

I3ukulicc IIurrcc Sing, Iiumila C,aslimccrcc, Xlll~ac Oottum Sing, Wastca

Ram, Bhace Tullla Sing, and other tra(1m bctwcen tllis and C;~sl~incrc.

Rrl)lics of Deputy Comaissioncr Qoojrat, to fhc enguiries contained in a

Circular ATo. 468, of the 19th ultimo, from t7ce Secretory t o t i c PutQnjnlr

Governmenf, OB the stcbjcct o f dccrcasc of frmlc bclwccn the Rritis7t

territory nnd the countries within and Gcyontl t i c Jominims of the

&Anrajah of Cashm~re.

Question 1st.-What tradc f~rmerly cxistcd bctwccn thc t o m s of

our tcmtory and thosc of tlic Maharajah, (iiiclucling LcL nncl Yailiurul) 2 Specify t.kc csl~ol2s alld unportrc.

Ansurer 1st.-The export t r d c from C ~ h m c r c rind tlic countrics

beyond, was formerly cstimatcd a t a b u t 14 lacs pcr annum, and collsistcd

chicfly of Shawl and Pushmccnall to tho raluc of 10 lacs. Pushm wool,

Putto, Blankets, Saffron, Fruits, frcsh and dricd, Spiccs, Thibet-tca,

Lqucred-work and skins. The import tradc into Cashmere fiom Brit-

ish territory, cstimatd formcrly at 7 lacs, ond consisted of salt, vnluo

two lacs per annum ; Lincn and piece goods, vduc 2 lacs ; Sugar, Goor

Tcq Huldce, Lac a d Indigo. Thie information wm supplied by tho

Punchcs and most rcspccta1)lc tmdcrs of Qoojrat, by the Chowdries of

Cnshmccrccs in the town of Jclalpoor, and by otlicr wcll informed traders

of the district. I am of opinion that tliey halve undcr estimated both

the export; and import tradc as formerly existing.

I n April lmt when, by (lcsirc of thc Commissioncr, I mxlc enquiries

rc,mding tho tmdc with Cashmcrc, through Doss Null Tchsceldar,

* I sscertaind that thc csport tmdc from Cashmcrt: was vducd a t 23 lacs

per m u m ; and thc import a t 1G lacs per annum. I should tliink that

tho tmle as csisting four or fivo y c m ago might safely bc estimated a t

10 or 20 lacs exports from and 1 4 lacs imports into Cdmcrc .

It must be h r n c in mind that my informants, many of them con-

ncctcd with tho Cmlsllinerc tmdc, hnro no dcsirc that thc full extent of

that t r d c should bc known, for in tlicir minds tho more extcnsivc the

tradc, tho pcatcr will be mumcd by Government tho profits of tho

trilcrs, and tho Inrgcr thc aswasmcnts for Incomc T.u.

Qmtion 2nd.-Has thcrc h c n any falling off? and sincc when.

Answer 2nd.-There has bccn a falling off, to tho cstcnt of Qrdu ;

that is, thc t r d c is rctluccd to j of wllat i t mas formerly ; this decrcs,so

has tnkcn place \rithin tho last tmo ycm. My informants arc those

namcd in my rcply to question No. 1. Undoubtedly thcrc has bcon a

cousiderablc falling off, but not to thc crtcnt ststcd by my infol-mmits.

I ~ l ~ o u k l supposc that tradc may llare diminislrccl about onc-Ldf.

54 OFFICIAL BEPOBTS ON

Question 3rd.-By what route were English and Punjabee goo&

formerly forwarded, say from Umritsur ?

Answer 3rd.-The Goojrat and Bhimbur route mere always the

most popular, and the greater portion of English and Punjabce goods

merc fonvarded from Umritsur and other plxcs in the Punjab by this

route, until the Maharajah interdicted traders from adopting any other

than tlie Jummao routc. The same informants.

I credit this statement. I n talking with Cashmeerees and others

who frequent that territory, I find all prefer the Bhirnber routc.

Question 4th.-State the difficulties of the severaI i.outes, the num-

ber of stages, the approximate distance in miles to Sirinuggcr, Lch and

Yarkund ?

Answer 4th.-There appear to be Broutes from tho Pnnjab into

Cashmere, a t least as known to people in this part of the country. I u

detail these routes commencing in order with the most accessible.

l s t , the Nuzufrabad route. This is said to be the easiest as most prae-

ticable for beasts of burden, and the ascents less severe there than any

other route. From Goojrat to Sirinugger via Muzufrabad, is said to be

20 munzils or stage., or about 300 miles, from Sirinuggcr to Lch 15 mun-

zils, mid from Lch to Tarkund 12 munzils.

2nd. The next is the Bhimbur route, the distance from Goojrat

1 0 stages or 150 miles to Sirinuggcr. This is oonsidered an easy routc,

and is as I observed above, the most popular.

3rd. The " Poonch" route, distance 13 stages, cr about 200 milcs

from Goojrat. This ah0 is conaidered an easy route.

TILADE WITH CENTBAL ASIA. 65 '

4th. The " Jummoo" route, distance 12 stages or about 170 miles

from Goojrat to Sirinugger. This is considered a difficult route, tho

road bad, and vcry severe ascents.

5th. The Bodah route, about 13 stages or 190 miles from Goojnt

to Sirinugger. This is considered the most dificult, practicable only

for foot travellers.

The above are the only routes known in this part of the country.

My informane are those mentioned above. They appcared to hava

formed tolerably correct estimates of distanccs as far as Sirinugger, but

know littlc about the route from thence to Lch and Yarkund.

I n the table of routes and stages through the Punjab tenitorics,

lately supplied by the Punjab Government, much information is given

regarding the difficulties of the several routes, distances, kc., also in

the pinted memoranda on the progress of thc Trigonometrical Survey

in Cashmere, 11y Captain Nontgomerie, useful information is afforded,

both as to the route to and within the countries beyond Casllmcre, m d

also as regards trade. I should imagine that, if applied to, the officers of

this Survey now employed in the countries bcgond Cashmere, might fur-

nish valuable statistical information in regard to the trade in those

countries. . Question 5th.-Nention the means of carriage used on each route ?

Anszcer 5th.-No. 1, Mozufrabad route, ponies, mules, donkeys,

bullocks and coolies.

No. 2, Bhimber route, ponies, mules and coolies.

No. 3, I' Poonch" mute, ponies, mules and coolies.

No. 4, Jummoo route, ponies with difficulty, and eooliw. %

No. 5, Bodlah route, ponies part of the distance, and coolica.

Informants the same as above.

Quation 6th.-State the cost of sending a mule load of English

Broad-cloth, from Umritsur to Leh, Yarkmd, via Sirinugger.

CiG OFFICIAL XEPOBTS ON

d n s w e ~ GIh.-The hiro of a mulc from Umritsw to Sirinuggcr,

is about rupees 12, from Umritsur to Leh rupees 24, and from Umritsur

to Yarkund rupees 27.

Question 7th.-Detail thc f i s d or political obstructions to which

traders arc exposed ?

Answer 7th.--Thc chief obstructions which b v o led to the decrcasc

of trdde with Cashmere, and the coulltries beyond arc as followa :- a

1st. That for tho paat two years, the Xallarajall has been en-

deavouring to close all othcr routes, and to confillc all exports an& im-

ports trade to tho Jummoo routc, which is onc of thc most 'clifficult aud

unpopular of all the routes ; much mcrchanllizc takcn by othcr routes

is coufiscatccl or very heavily tared.

2nd. Thc very heavy duties levied along the Xaharajah's customs

l i e , has had a tendency to dccrcasc tndc.

3rd. Tllc Naharajah's attempts to securc the monopoly of tradc

for his own agents has had a depreciating effect upon general trade.

The Maharajah's agents arc in Umritsur, Lahore, Noorpoor, and in all

the largo t r d i g t o m in tllo Punjab. Tho trade carried on by thcsc . ,agents i8 highly taxed, while heavy duties arc levied on thc goods of

othcr foreign traders.

4th. Tho reduction of the statute of limitation in o& Civil Courts

to 3 yoam for eimplc dcbts and accounts has led to a decrcm of triulc with

distant countries. Traders and their agents visiting &eh, Ldak and Par-

kund, am frcqucntly absent for years, a d a feeling of insecurity has

crept in from the notion that a trader may send a consignment of goo&

to 3 distant country ;-years may elapse, beforc he rcecircs an account of

that consignment iiom hi agent, owing to &tancc and clifficult~ of com-

munication, and yet although the delay has arisen from causes, beyond

his control, he is liable to be barred from rcdress in our Courts in cwc of

diffcrcncc or disputc, owiug to the r c v d statutc of limitation.

TRADE WIT11 C E N T U L ASIA.

Thc above arc tlic obstructions pointcd ont by tho informants I

liavc dlucled to. I think myself tllesc obstructions do rcally exist in n

g a t measurc.

From frequent communications with t rde r s pwsing through this

district, I gather that thc J l ahmjah is undoubtedly endeavouring to make

Jummoo the one route for thc transit of d l t r d c to and from his domin-

ions, and that he is both capriciotu and exacting in tlic levy of trade

duties. To thcse measures, may I think in great part be attributed the

decrease of trade that has undoubtedly taken place during the past two

years. Thero is too, I think, some justice in the objection raised in re-

gard to tho statute of limitation. Certainly tho operation of this re-

vised statute llas crcated a feeling of insecurity in tho minds of large tra-

ders, and has led to thcir withdrawing in some mcasurc from trading

with forcign and (listant countrics. I think also, there arc other causcs

to which the decrcasc in traclc may be attributed. Commercc, a t least

as regads t d c with countries in Ccntral Asia, ha,!! scarcely yet rccovcr-

ed from the shock caused by thc mutinies in 1857. Our fiscal mange-

ments in regard to tho in t~duc t ion of tho cnhanced Octroi duties of 1859,

and thc Income Tex of 1860 liavo crent-d doubt in the minds of com-

mercial classes as to thc intentions of Govcrnmcnt, and have perhaps, in

some mcasurc led to tllc depression of trade. I fccl maurcd that a t prc-

scnt, through doubt, as to what may bo the Govemmcnt mcmurea of

taxation, it is thc dcsiro and object of tmling classes gcncrally tlirough-

out t.hc Punjab, to cnsurc the lowcst estimate being formed,as to thc

extent of tlicir trade and dealings, and in this ricw they arc intentional-

ly keeping t r d c more s l x k than it othcrwisc would be.

OFFICIAL BEPOBTS OX

APPENDIX E.

Xi12 roads beyond S i t n h in the valley of the &tlej, and through

Kooh.

The road called the Hindustan and Tibet road contemplated com-

munication from the plains of Rindustan a t Kalka, via Simla, to Chiii

on the right bank of the Sutlej. The project of extension beyond this

point seems not to have been taken up in the original propodtion. It

was proposed that the road should be on a largc scale, and with cesy

&pdicnts, for wheeled carriage traffic. It is complctcd for wheeled

carriages to Simla, and has been laid out and constructed (but not of

the full width) beyond Simla, on the approved gradicnts, to the Sutlej

a t Serahun. From Simla to Nagkhunda i t follows the previous road 9

From that point instead of descending to the Sutlej and keeping along

the river, passing through the town of Rampoor, the capital of Busahiu,

i t passes along thc south side of the hills rising over thc Sutlej and

makes the descent to thc river near tho town of Serahun, thus avoiding

Rampoor. Beyond Scrahun no mangcments had h e n made for con-

ti~luation of the road. It was intended to cross the Sutlej a t Wangho

and thence proeccd by the right bank of the river to Chilli.

Thc old road, bcyond C h i , continues to follow generaliy the

course of the river for some distance. It then divides. One branch

re-crosses tho Sut'lcj and takes a generally easterly direction to Shipkeo I

on tho Chinese frontier. The othcr retains a gcnerally northward

coursc to Shalliur on the Spiti rivcr, and thcncc proccedv via Dunkar to

Li.. The principal trllflic is on this northward road, to and from

LLdik. The other r o d is lcss practicable, and tho traffic comparatively

6rnal.l; goods carritd for tkc most part on sheep and g3ats.

The traffic on both lines direct8 itself towards Rampoor, where the

products of the hills and of the plains are interchanged.

It is proposed to open out and improvo the mad from NagkhundaO

through Rampoor to Serahun, whero i t is rejoined by the line of tile

Hindustan and Tibct road, and thence onward to improve the existing

r o d s to facilitate the traffic which takes the direction of ~ n m ~ o o r .

Two lines of road, ~3 abovo noticed, present thcmselvea. One nortll-

warct, ppassi~ig t o L&d&k,-onc eastward to the Chinese frontier. The

former cames, a t prescnt, the moro important traffic. The traffic with

LidLk also takes another line of communication between LC and the

plhins of Hindustan, viz., through Kooloo. From Subanpoor in Kooloo

there is communication with tho plains, (1.) via Kangm, and (2.) via

Rampoor and Simla. To meet and promote this traf6c i t is proposed

to improve the road from Sultanpoor to the Sutlej a t Rampoor, and

beyond SuItanpoor, to construct s bridge over the Chandra river a t

Koksur.

To facilitate and encourage the trade with the Chinese provinces on.

thc east i t is proposed to improve the road between Rampoor and

Shipkee. It has been obsewed that this road being common with tho

other for some distance, crosses the Sutlej ah Wangtoo. It thus has to

re-cross the river, to proceed to Shipkee. If the main traffic with

Lidbk can bo conducted by the Kooloo route, then in the Sutlej

valley only the road to Shipkee mould have to be considered I n this

case it would appear expedient to carry tho road from Rampoor by the

)eft bank of the Sutlcj all the way, and so avoid twicecroasing ti* river.

From Serahun to tlic confluence of the Buspa there is no frequented

road on thc left bank of the Sutkj. At that point (mouth of the

- Buspa) the road from thc plains by the Burendo pass comes down on

the Sutlej, and from the Buspa (wllich is crossed here by a sang3

(wooden bridge) the r o d is continued to Shipkee by the left bank of the

Sutlej generally, passing through the town of Pookee nearly oppofiite

Gc) OFFICIAL UEPOBTS ON

t o Cl~ini. To coml~lck thc r o d from ltnml~oor t o Sliipkee by the

lcft bank of the Sutlej and so avoid Ir iJging that llivcr twicc, a new

road would probably have t o be m d c bctwccn Scrithun aud thc mouth

of thc Buspa. It is not precisely k n o ~ n ' what kind of road a t present

cxists, and what degree of facility it presents for improvement. T h c

oficcr appointed t o the crecutive charge of thc roads undcr considcra-

tion, has been dircctcd t o report upon this point, aftcr starting work

on the section of thc road from X&khunda tb Rampoor. If thcre a m

peculiar d icu l t i es , it may be expedient t o acccpt the alternative routc

on the other side of thc Sutlcj ; i n favor of which t l ~ c r c is thc additional

argument tha t i t ,is common, for a considerable distance, with thc road

t o LAd6k. I f the L id& traffic can be cntircly turncd into t h e o t h e r

channcl, th rougl~ ICooloo, this argurncnt will losc its forcc, m d for

com~r.unication G t h the Chinesc prorinccs only, througli Shipkcc, tho'

lrcfcrcnce of t h c routc by the right or by the lcft *bank of tho river,

would turn upon the eomparalivc f:~cilities thcy prcscnt for speedily

opening out a good mule road.

The objects, then, in view, ~1.u t h e improvements, with rcfcrcncc t o

- existing means of carr iqp, of the lines of communication from Simla, (1)

1)y thc valley of the Sutlej t o t h e Chincsc frontier a t Shipkcc, (2)

tllrougli ICooloo t o tlic L a b fronticr, (3) (if found important, i n

ntldition to thc Kooloo routc) vi% Chini to\trards thc L U 6 k frontier.

Thc 1 s t and the 3rd arc in part common.

An Erccutive En,ninecr, of experience in hill road making, hm

bccn appointed t o the charge of carrying out thcsc measures ; ~ t h two

Assistant Enginccm ; onc, tvllo b~ for somc time h c n employed a s

Superintendent of Hill roatlti in the samc pal-t of the country, for t h e

works in the Sotlej valley lines ; thc second for thc Kooloo line, and

in t h e l i n t instance for the spccinl duty vf crccting thc bridge ovcr the

Chandm, a t or near Boksur.

TRADE WITII C E R T U L ASIA. 61

Tlle work on the r o d s is to be limited to thc improvcmcnt of cxist-

ing lines, cmy or uniform padicnts not h i i l g aimcd at, but tlie rcmoval

or avoidance of obstacles and difficulties,-the reducing of inconvenient

or dangerous wccnts,-and, generally, the provision of a fair practicable

r o d , for existing means of carriage, poncp, yaks, or mules. Tho

principles on which this work is ta be &cd out, are laid down in tho

inetructions to the Executive Engineer, of which a'copy is annexed.

Application has Lecn made to His Excellency the Commander in

Chief, for the scrviccs of Sappers and Pioneers to aid in the cxecution

of the work durjng this season.

The provision made in the budget of 1562-63 for the works con.

nected with these roads, is :-

Widening road, Simla to Nagkhunda, ... Re. 6,000

Improvement of r o d Nagkhunda to Sultanpoor in Koolob, ,, 10,oOo

Conditional on supplementary allotment being available.

Ditto K o t c p r h through Rampoor, to Serahun, ,, 10,000

Continuation, Scrahun to Chini, ,, 25,000

Eoacl from Sultanpoor to Rohtang pass, abovc Koksur, ,, 10,000

. . Ditto from Koksur to Lhdbli frontier, ,, ~~,~ ]?ridge over thc Sutlcj at Wangtoo, ,, 5,000

Ditto ditto ditto C h a n h a t Icoksur, ,, 3,350

E. Mac~aaan, Lieut. Colonel,

Secrciary to Qovt. Punjab, P. I T . D.

APPENDIX I.

Descriplion of artictes, mostly Rmsian, found in tb B U M ~ of Caboo2,

MQ brought to it by tuay of Bokhnra.

DUCATS, or Vendtiam, are a gold coin too well known to requiro dcs-

cfiption- They are known in this country by tlie names of Boodkou"

and " Boojeglee," the former distinction being applied to them on ac-

count of their having the stamp of an image. They a s taken most

exhnsively to India by the Lohanee and other merchants in exchange

for the British and Indian goods, which they bring. Two lacs of rupees

worth are imported annually into Cabool, and are thence re-exported to

Hindoostan to nearly the same amount. The value of a ducat is 6 Rs.

in Cal~ool, but it is liable to change, rising to 7 Ra. when gold is scarce,

and falling to 5 when the contrary is the case. The standard wcight

of each piece is 52b grains troy, tliough some venetians o&en weigh a

grain morc or less than it. They are exported aemetly, on account of

tlie ruler imposing a duty of 1 per Cent. on the import, and It per cent.

on export. Boodkees are sometimes strung necklaces, and worn by

the women for ornament, but the Affghann have an aversion for coins

with images stamped on them, declaring i t idolatrous to keep such

things. TILLAS are the gold coins current in Bokhara, Toorkistan, or

T d a r y , 2nd Cnbool, containing good gold, though the gold of the

Boo&ee is of superior quality, and valued a t 7 to 74 rupees, or about 15

shillings eaih. " SOOUE~" are roubles, the silver currency of the Russian

of which 3 are equal to a tilla in Bokhara. The coin is circular,

and wcighs G mkcals or a little less than one ounce. " YAXOO~" are

silver ingots, in the form of small l~oats, from China (Khita). They

c o r n chiefly from Yarkund, either by may of J3okha1.g or Koondooz, and

are used as bullion, being melted up for that purpose immediately on

hportation hcrc. They liavc generally a Chinese stamp in the middle,

a ~ l d arc rcccived as purc silver ;-om of thcsc ingots, whcn f ~ e d , scarcely

Fires a hundred grains of aUoy. l'hf,y ,are not all uniform in weight,

some exceeding a great deal, an& others falling nhort of the standard,

which ib 326 miscals or 43 lbs. troy, equivalent to 135 rupees in Cabool. *

GOLD DUST is found in the Oxus, aiid nther rivers, and comes also

from Russia. It is brought dhicfly frbm lioondooz, Khooloom, Kolab,

and Furdab, and is extracted from rivom, in the foml of sand, and of

bits froin 2 to 6 grains in a i q . lFrom>lO to 15,000 miscds, or from 80

to 130,000 rupee's worth. of it, is onnually exported t o India. The

price is 8 rupees per rniscal, a weight of 73 g a i n s troy.

PISTOLS ASD NVSK~TS that come from Russia, are pretty good, but

high Inbxl. They are generally snlall, neat, and of a good fashion, but

are not much used. Those of n superior kind are 'purchased only hy

the chiefs, and other great men ; the conlnlolt soldiers, who cannot

atford to buy them, uee the rough and clu~nsy arms i u a i ~ u f t c l ~ ~ r e d in

C'abool.

(;ox LOCKS come in large quaptities from Russia, there being a great

demdnd for this article in Cabool ;, but preference is given t o English

focks in all in>t.iiictis. Ilu.isian locks are ussally large, and of rough I

~vorhnlmship. 11ock.s which hare the Eiast Illdia. Compaily's stamp are

much prized, and readily bought.

S o good PADLO:.XS being made iu this country, t h y are extmsivelr

iriipofted 1 i . o ~ Russia. Tllese have generally some ingenious devite to

cIc.ccire apd puzzle straligel.~, with whom i t is a matter of great difficultr

and per1,lesity to bucceed ill unlocking them. T h ~ r c is usually a little

nxide solnexvliere in the lock, this on being pressed with the key

irnmediatcly opens the shutter of the key hole, as if by a spring, and

tlicn it may be unlocked in the unual \lay. They are rather strong . than good looking, bu t eren the best of them cannot be compared to

our English locks ; and i t i b certain, 110 Russian maker of locks, knives,

razors, kc., however ingenious, can rival a " Bramah" or a " S a r i e e " of

Britain.

The Kx~ysa tha t come f h m Russia are clumsy and blunt. but

better thaa the ru t i re ones, and have no more than two ])lades. Eng-

lisli knives are much admired on account of their sharpness, but are not

imported t o any quantity. I f brougl~t of a great variety. they promise

a god market, snd likely to defeat the Eussian in.;trutnentx 'L Juwil-

h u r d a " knivee, or those which are watered, are xnubll iiked l)y the

natives, they are m d e here, and are not so ' ahini i l~, but have a curioas

artificial paiiiting like 11ct work 011 the surface, which iu ~nucl l dnrired.

The Razons are pretty good, resembling those of Eilylish mt+nufaotwe,

a ~ ~ d well polihhe J but not so superior in quality. though they are 11luc11

better than the rough and gvod fur liothing iuutrummrta of Caboul. lu

fact no good specimens of cutlery are to be met wit11 in this country.

Inos AND nnaus WIXES are imported from Russ ia , being uscfiil for

making s t i i l~gr of guitars, se~itmrrj,+ and other musical instruments,

for winiling round hooka snakes, and for n ~ ~ k i n g ear rings, &c., worn by

the poor. They are also cmployecl in mnkii~g a netlvork of ariuour for

the body. ( I .

Almoot all the COPPER t o Le found i r ~ the bamr of Cahool is ici-

~ o r t e d from Rllssirt. l t comes in the foml OF tliin qruadrnng.lilar plztes

about a yard in length and two fret in hreadth, d r of' a smaller size.

It is manufrcctured info oookn:. ntensils.'waCer~~t.i. &c f c , anti is so!d

a t 10 Ra. per seer ; about 100 l o . \ d q . o r 20,000 rupees wortll, of it use:{

t o come annually, bu t for two or thn~c. yculrs past its ilnportation has

been discohtinued, in coiisequerlce of v l ~ i c h it is now rather dear. Only

eigllt or, ten loads were in~ported this year, incsluding t n o loads o i

" kopes," the copper currency of Russia, know11 in this wuutry the

name of " Bughrukcha." They are converted to the same uses as

copper.

Terious binds of R u a s i a ~ B o x ~ b arb t o bv found in Cabool, that have

a s h ~ y appearance. They are made of a sort of light wood, and

f Sentoor is s kind of Pianaforte pn a ~1n.tl1 scale, very co~nmon in Affglla- nistan. , I .

covered externally with the colored tin, fastened with iron clasps : there

we generally a great variety of colors diaplayed outside in pretky god

taste. They have each a lock and key, and a hook on the top for lifting

them up. Inside there is all open space, though sometimes a small

partition is made. They are used for keeping paper, ornaments, or pro-

rious articles, but generally for holding money. The size varies.

They are imported to the value of about 900 and 1,000 rupees annually.

The AfTghlmns, having learned the use of snuff, keep either small horns,

and nut shells finely polished, or little boxes for that purpose. The

latter come to a small extent from Rusaia, and are made of light wood

or paper, and sometimes set on pieces of mirror. They are, however, all

dew, and promise to sell well if imported fiom Bombay or Calcutta.

Russian NEEDLEE come to the great extent of Rs. 6,000 n year, none

being produced in this countm.. They are of various sizes, and soId a t

the rate of 3 rupees per thousand, but those of English manufacture

might under-sell them if introductld:

More than 4,000 Rs. worth of GLASS, SPECTACLES, AXD J ~ ~ I R R O R S

are imported every year into Cabool. The glass ware of Russia oonPists of

~ l a t e s , bottles, vials, cups, and inkstands of good fashion ; plate g 1 ~ is

generally in the form of tl$p small panes, used f ~ r making mirrors, and

but seldom for setting in windows. Each pane, about a h o t in length,

is sold for one rupee. S~nall a d thin lookhg g l w s e ~ set in wood am

Jso importzd, and bought by the oommon people. Tllo prioe of a sir

inch mirror is one rupee. The richer classes use nelhi mimrs that

have very thick glass, which ie much liked but dear. A Dehli mirror

one foot long cannot be had a t less than 8 rupees. A few pairs of spec-

tacles also come from Russia, but they are not good. The natives have

a liking for spectacles, which sell well here. These things are on the

whole very deer and difficult to be procured, only a limited quantity

I being imported on account of their liability ta break on the way. If

brought in boats by the Indus from Bombay, glass th ink , admired as

they generally are, will ensure a rapid sale.

Por?e~u.m of Russian manufacture comes yearly into Cabool to the

extent of 4,000 Re., consisting of teapots, cups, saucers, plates, bowls,

dishes, &c., elegantly flowered and gilt. These are wed for orcTmary

purposes, such as drinking water, tea, sherbet, (lemonade,) &c., and for

dining. It is very dear, and is therefore used only by the rich, the

poorer olmsee who eannot d o r d other purohaee a very inferior descrip-

tion of it made in Cabool. If brought from Bombay by a river route i t

might undersell Busian wue.

F ~ r n ~ e come both from Russia and India, but the latter are predom-

inant. They are also made in this country of late. A considerable

demand e d s b for this article.

Gtws B s a a of various kinds imported fiom Runsia are much used

for women's ornaments ; they are strung upon a thread, and worn as

bmelets and necklsce~ ; CORAL oomes from the same mutry to about-

rupees 8,000 a year, and is used for the same purposes. It is either in

tho form of square globul~r beads, or of sticks, and ie sent on to

India.

SEI~MAHEE, a kind of fish bone, (probably of the whale), is imported

from Russia to the amount of Rs. 1,000 a year. It has a smooth su-

face and a white greyish colour ; that of a shining white color is much

prized. I t ie used for making handles of knives and daggers, dso 'sword hiltg. A good bone is uot to be liad at less than Rs. 20. The

nati~cs have a curious notion regarding " Shirmahee ": they say a tm bone of the kind is of such a nature that it should freeze milk whm

dipped iu it,

Russian PUEB is found of 2 kinds, let, blue, polished and unpolish.

ed ; and 2x14 white, smooth and rough. These are about the size &

foolscap but not 80 good. At present its import is more than 6,000

Rupees annually, snd is sold a t i. rupee per quire. Paper that comes from

gokan and C a h e e r is mach used. No good paper is to be met wibh

in hbool : in fact, thin utkle of commerce, bad oe it is, i s a h dear,

6 - English, Portuguese, China, and Goorrattee papers, if good, and imported

from Bombay, will certainly be preferred to Rl~ssian paper, and are sure

to promise a good market. Some foolscap and )et$er p p e r s (gilt bor-

dcred) that were brought here lately by a man fro^ Bombay were uni-

versally admired for their superior degree of whiteness.

A kind of TEA soming from Russia; ealled " Banka Cha," is of a very

s~lporior quality, and reckoned by solne as better than that co~nitlg f m

Canton. It is not un1,ike our green tea, though approaching a little to

kla& ; i t has a strong and pleasing flavour. It is very dear ,and not

mmmon ; the price is exorbitant, being so much as Rs. 100 per seer. A

pretty good description of tea comesifronl Tarkund and the north-

western parts of China bordering on ~ a r t a b , via Kokan and Bokhsra,

or Koox~dooz and Khooloom. It is of three or four kinds, not' ,much

differing fw each other, known by the,names Kuzeil Kaghuz (red pa-

poi); Sheerehe, &., and has scsrmly any hvor , for it i ~ - 'not brought

mith that oare always necessary to prewrveit born being spoiled. It iy

extensively ubed, and anuuaUy imported to the atnount of about 10,000

rupees. I t s price is from 32 to 40 rupees per seer. Canton tea is also

irnporte'd in small quantities from India, via Ulnritsur and Bombay, and

is rather cheap, being wld a t from 24 to 32 rupees per swr.

' I I I. , i . S~LILB MIBBF.E, a medicine, c p e s a little fr-sjg: I t is con-

* 1

4 .--- , * 'iderect a good nutritive for the human cons!ltution, and is for this pur-

pose powdered asd taken with milk. It is in the foms of flat ~ v a l ' I I * I of &out 80 grains each, a ~ i d is not now easily yrocurablo in Ca-

1 , bool. It is sold at 2 or 3 rupees per ounce.

I

I , t ' . . KIMBAN is a kind of prepared leather from Russia, is imported to

, ;' R about 1,000 Rs. and is wed for. ma& shoes, s a ~ ~ d a b , b q e , k c . It is

dyed yellow, blue, crimsoo, &e., and finely polished. It ?: 3lc;o prepared

n Ba&b and Khooloom.

Kmmz or COCHIREAL comes from R m i a to theamount of &boa6 Re-

10,000 a year, and is like that of India, whereit is also sometimes amit

from Cabool. It is a very valuable dye, and i m p L a bright and czim-

son color $0 silks. It is disposed for sale a t fr6m.60 to !I0 rupees per

Mun-i,Tabriz, or 10 Ibs. English. .

BLUE STONE, or rather what is more appropriately called sdphate of

copper, is aleo imparted t o the amount of about 1,000 RY. every year-

It is used for medicine0 and as a dye.

A small quantity of IBO?; TRAYS are imported, and used for household

purposes. They are nicely painted and flowdred ; small ones are sold a t

2 or 4 rupees each, while larger ones bring $ or 1 0 rupees each. ,

Russian I~ALABUTOOS or WXBE is imported of several kinds, but chi&flfly

of two s o r t , first t r u k , and eecoud false. They are both distinguished

into yellow and white. The ttue gold wire has a superior degree of lus-

tre, but the false iY sometimes such as cannot be distinguished evecpt by

able judges. White and pellow wires of true gold are sold a t the Game

rate, v i ~ . , from half to three-fourths of a rupee per miseal, or about 4%

t o 5 rupees per ounce. False wire is very'cheap, and much conumned.

I t is used for ornarnentii~g almost all kinds of apparel, c a p , ahoe9, kc.

kc., for making tapes, lines, kc., and for ainding round hooka pipes.

Gold wire is most ext~n.sively employed iu embroidery, the AfTgllans

being very fhnd of ornaments of a showy nature. A great many persons

are dGly a t :ark with it in the Cabool bazar adorning gold flowers,

wreaths, kc., on garmrnts. This work is as dear as the gold wire it-

kelf. A finely embroidered " Choga" or pelkse, costs from 20 t o 100

rupees, and even more if the gold be closely fixed. It is generally caI]ed

lialabutoon, and it is preferred to that of India, which wenw away very

boon, while Chia doss not. It is cheaper, more durdble and good Iook1llg,

and is theref* much prized , i t cannot, I believe, be equalled by Indian

~ki. I t is annually imported d o G h o l t o the extent of 34,000 R ~ .

and is sf p r o Runsjsfi )manufacturte. It may bd mid t o be one of ehe

s ~ p l e a of Rusaia u~ltrqualled ?dl my other countl-y, and goes along with

" Simgote" to Zndu, and there competes with: its produce. Tickeh

qlways &xed to bundles of this e e , set t ing forth, i n Russian, the

names of the patentees, and of the place where it is manufactured.

StxaoTE is a Lint1 of 'thin flat lace, and differs from kala tu tom

(which is a wire) in form and texture only, but not in the subotancc.

It is also of two kinds, falee and true, but the former earCJ i s imported

in by far the greatest quantity, and much employed in we by the poorer

clases of Affghans, for those who can'dord it invariably use the gold

wire aboveme~itioned. It is useful for the same purposes as Kalabu- I

toon. The import exceeds 20,000 Rs. a year.

The R R O A ~ CLOTH of Russia is rathei. dear, and does not llow come

eomuch as before, on account of the Lohanee and other merchants who

bring in abundance of the same description of doth, but of English

manufacture from India, and which hae of late undersold the Russian.

Thb latter still wmes to the amount of Re. 4,000 ayear , and k sold at

from 10 to 20 rupeer per guz, a measure of one yard and four inches

Engliah. It in of fine close texture, but tho ndeiAfYgam are not gwd

judgee of thin or coarse articles. They want cheap goods, Blue, sky

blue, and green colors rue l i e d ,

Russian &rxTz is imported annually to the extent of Rs. 20,000,

and is liked on account of its having less starch (conjee) and being mucIl

more durable than English chintz, which is of a very thin texture,

lasts not even a year, while the former remains uninjured for two or

three years. The greatest variety of i t is to be seen in the bazar of

Cabool, but English patterns are more beautiful and alluring. Bmiall

chintz is dearer than English, and is therefore not much consumed ;

Chintzes concentrate here from all quarters, and are made to compete with

each other ; thoy are brought from M o o l h and the Punjab, Upper

Hindusta, Russia and England, but the greateet quantity cornea from

the former and latter countries. The import of chitlttzea from all parts

mounte about Rs. W,000 annually, which is a very large consumption,

Russian chintz is liked for its durabiitg and costheea, English for its

external beauty and inimitable daczfing patterns, and that of Punjab for

its permanence and cheapness. It is uaed chiefly by the middle and poorer

classes, and consnrncd t o about a 1% of rupees worth every year. Before

the appearance of English chintzes in C'aLool, the Russian and 121njab

manufwturers had .the chintz market solely in their hands, but sincc i ts

introdut!tion fium Britain, the industl-ious m:i~lufacturers of that cou~ltry

have by their superior skill a ~ l d ingenuity, not only rivalled, but, I rnay

safely say, defeated those foreigners, who possessed tefore pre-emiaence

in the conmlercial transactions of Affgmirt.an.

Russian velvet used to corne fornlerly in great quantities t o the' ex-

bent of 5,000 rupees annually, and even more, but sirlce the irltroductio~l

of British velvet its inlpo~.tation liar entirely reatled, the latter Iiaving

superseded it. Russian VELVET is very tllin, and of an inferior quality ;

scarlet, crimson, green, blue, arid black colours are prized.

Russian ATLAS or SATIN is preferred to Enqlisll, for the latter wears

away soon, and is of thin texture. Another kind of satin conles from

Hubub and Sliaw, and is reckoned as next in iuality t o that of Russia,

and better than English. Russian satin is sold a t 5 rupees per p z ,

Hububee a t 2 rupees, and English a t the same rate.

KHOODBAFT in a kind of soft and finely ornamccted silk clot11 made

in imitation of shanyls. It comes from Russia to the valuc of about

1,000 rupees, also from Perbin, tllc manllfact~~re of Yezd and Cashan.

E o cloth conlrs from Intli;t, though there is a great delnand for this

article in Affghal~istan, which can annually consunle a lac of rupees

worth of it. I t is 11sed by the rich, t h e price is 4 or 5 rlrpecs per guz.

SI~IILJA is a kind of colourcd clutll, very nloch lilic Natlka, and is

imI)ortea to the extent of about 3,000 rupres a, year.

h trifliug rppntity uf KUTLI 01 YUSLII is imported Boll, l lukia ,

and is used for woniens' sunlmer shifts. I t is nitrrle of ilss, and is likc

Indian gauze.

N l n e ~ is imported in the greatest quantity from Russia, and is

used for making the outer garmenth for the pcople, who liave a great I

liking t o it. It is similar to nankeen cloth that comes t o India from

China, and is of a strong, durable texture. It is imported every year t o

the vdue of about 50,000 rupees, is sold a t half a nlpee per yard, and

is partly scnt on to India and the I'unjab, where i t is used hy the Sikhs

for cloth.

NcarIy 4,000 rupced worth of WHITE SILK CLoTn comes from Russia,

and is known by the name" Luttai Feeringec." It is used for ladies'

shirts kc.

H A N D K E ~ C ~ I E F ~ that come t o thc Cabool market are of two kinds ;

l a t , chintz which comes from Russia ; and Znd, silken, from Bokhara ; t h e

former sort are used by the men, and the lattcr by the women. The

import k about 4,000 rupees yearly. English handkerchiefs from Bom-

bay are imparted and extensively consumed.

CH~PPUX-I-KARD is a kind of readj--made garment of wool, which

comes to o anla11 extent from Russia.

RAW BILK, chiefly of the fertile dietrids of Bokhara, Kohkan, and

Koondooz, is imported to the extent of about 4 lacs of rupees. About

. 200 camel loads of silk, each containing, at an aver*, Ui seera of Ca-

bool, arrive annually a t this great commercial mart from different par@. In its original state it is usually of a grey yellowish colonr, and is sold

a t from 90 ta 100 r u p e e per seer or 1 6 t Ibs. English. It & here sorted

into different kinds, dyed of various colom, and made into Shoojakhanec,

Kunavaiz, and other plain silk fabrics. It passes in transit to India and

the Punjab. I t is also imported from Herat, Meshid, Shuhri-Subz, Yar-

kunci, Khooloom, and Mnzar, and is reared at Cabool in smaIl quantities.

It is generally of 6 different sorts, viz., Emamee, Koondoozee, Churkhee,

Luh-i-aubee, Shuhr-i-Subzee, and Kobkanee.

The articles ahove enumerated in detail give an outline of the im-

ports into Ca1)ool from Russia. B u t Cabool, it may be observed, sen&

a still greater quantity of merchandize for consumptioll to Toorbtan

and R m i a , for which the returns are made partly in gold, and partly in

goo&.

(Signed) Nouaoz.rr:r: F ~ . r r u o o s ~ x ~ ,

f i ~ t of a;.tieles, mostly Rtrssian, found in the Barale of Cabool, an3

brought to it from Bokhara.

No. 1. Ducats, Tjllas, Soomand, T ~ m o o . * ,, 2. Gold d u t .

,, 3. Pistols and Muskets.

,, 4. Gun locks.

,, 6. Padlocks.

,, 6. Knives, Razors.

,, 7. Wires of iron and l~rass.

,, 8. Copper. +

,, 9. Russian bores, snuff boxes.

,, 10. Kedles.

,, 11. Glass, Spectacles, Mirrors.

,, 13. Porcelain.

,, 13. Flints.

,, 14. Beads ant1 C'oral.*

,, 15. Fish-bonc.

,, 16. I'aper.

,. 17. Tea.

,, 18. Saleb misree.

,, 19. Kimsan, a kind of leather.

,, 20. Kirmiz, or Cochineal.

,, 21. Blue stone, or s u l p l ~ d e of copper.

,, 22. Iron tmj-=.

,. 23. l in lab~~toon , two kinds.+

,, 34. Sirnqote.'

., 23. Broad cloth.

., 26. Chintz, of sorts.

,, 27. \-elvet.

,, 2s. Atla9 (Satill.)

., 29, Klioodbaft.

,, 30. Slrirja.

,, 31. Kaitan.

,, 38. N~n!ia.+

,, 33. Wliitr cloth.

,, 34. Handkerchief$.

,, 33. Chuypml-i-kartl.

,, 36. Silk of Bokhara and Koondooz.

T l ~ e articles marked t l i l~s + art. sent on to Tridia.

APPENDIX 11.

Exf~.mt f,.o)rr P. B. Lord's " Prosprct~ of Trwk with ILrkislan,

'' in r~feronce to the oontemphbd establishment of an Annunt Fair on

" t h ~ Indm."

11. Tlle kind of goals it may be most profital~le t o $end may in

general he illfirred from an inspection of the Appe~~dix, in which

the prices and quantities consumed are lmth entcred. I shall

therefore oIJy specify a fen- of the most important. Broad cloth

command a ready sale, and good price. Those that reach this market

are all of a v e r j inferior description ; but I am assurcd by Atma, the

principal Hindoo merchant in this country, and farmer uf all the cus.

toms and transit dutics, that n better description nould fetch a propor-

tionably higher price, and, in Rokliara particularly, meet with an exten-

sire demand. He says he himself purchased several pieces of fine cloth

brought here by poor Moorcroft, and immediately sold them to consider-

able advantage. The best colors are scarlet, sky, and garter blue, and

bottle green. Dark blue they do not distinguish from black, and dislike.

A drab is worn hy the graver sort of persons, and a bright yellow is

much used by thoar who have a taste for some tiling ga~ldy. This color

is also chosen for saddle cloth. The sale of broad cloth in this single

bazar amounts. it will be observed, to from 6,000 to 10,000 rupees a

year ; a better article sold at moderate profits would, I am inclined to

think, quickly double the sale.

12. mintzes and ntller piece goods already come in quantities

from India. Of course with water carriage at our command, there can

be no difficulty in supplying such goods a t a much cheaper rate than

when, as at present,.they have reached this market either from Bombay

via Pal?e, or from Calcutta via Umritsur. Under such circumstances a,

large increase in the eale of our cotton may be looked for.' The

stronger fabrics, nailkeens, fustians, it will be observed come chiefly from

Russia. This rlemaud must now be supplied at the Indus fair, and the

prices show that, even allowing the 30 per cent. profit which accotding

to 31. de Myendorff, the Bokhara merchant requires, the speculation

will still be advantageous. Fwtians with watered or damasked patterns

~imilar to what are seen on furniture moreens in England are at present

$1 request here, and suah should form part of an investment. Striped

patterns are aleo in goodrequeet. The total value of Russian cotton

goods, at present sold in the single bazar of Kundooz, amounh to about

15,000 rupee8 per annum, and a t least double that amount should be

estimated for the h . a m of Khooloom, Talikan, and Huzrut Imaum, also '

~ t h i i Mmad Beg's dominions. We may thus put down half a lakh of

rupees for the yearly falue of Russian cottons, consumed in this small

state? and not less than four times that amount, or two lakhs of rupees,

xiv

for the piece goods of England, Hindoostan, and the Punjab, which

principally reach this by the way of Mooltan, Dcra Cfhazee Khan, or

Dera Ismael Khan, and Kabul.

13. The silks of Bokhara, of wliich I send ~iumerou~ specimens,

next merit attention. It might seem hazardousto attempt a competi-

tion in silk manufacture with a silk growing and silk manufacturing

country, but the well known instance of our cotton fabrics un-

derselling those of India in the Indian market, shews the ~ r o j e d

' t o be not only femiblc but profitable. The silks of Bokllara sell

to the annual amount of not less than five lakhs of rupeea in this

country, and therefore well worthy of consideration. They all contain a

mixture of cotton, ar.d so should any that may be sent to rival them.

Sulwtance is particularly looked for, and fimsy articles would not sell.

We can a t least have no ditficulty in beating out of the field their hand-

kerchiefe, an article of very great consumption chiefly amongst women,

md without exception the most wretched fabrics I have ever m n .

Their manufeaturing akill ie so very low, that they cannot even weave

a handkerchief entire of more than '' alcheen" wide. I n each case it is

woven in breadths which we afterwards stitched together.

14. In the article Hardmare, cast iron pots are in great demand,

there being no house without one or more, and as they are fragile arti-

cles, the demand in constant. I can see no reason why the whole of

this trade should not at once fall into our hands, as the freight of a ton

of iron goods from England to the mouth of the Indw is considerably less

than the hire of a camel to brin'g quarter of a ton from. Orenbourg to

Bokhara : on the same grounds, bar iron, steel, copper, and tin, must be

all pur~haaed from us aa soon aa our I& is opened ; aud razc~re, pen-

knives and scissors, in moderata quantities, would form a tolerably @

investment, but the high prices (in proportion to their quality) a t whiah

they have hitherto been sold has prevenbd the habit of wing them

from being eatabliihed. It would be necessary therefore to avoid ghb

king the market a t once. A moderate -ply engenders a ' habit, which

in its tntn produces increased demund, whereas an overstock Iiea heavy

on the hallds of the native merchant, and detem him from similar spec-

ulations in future ; the best pen-knives t o send would be those with

many blades ; small sciesorv are preferred ; common razors, if neatly duue

up in Morocco cases, would take.

15. C h m m Q b . 9 and CAina Wbm, under the same mtrictionri,

would be found to ansver. The China Ware should be rnther bowls

than cups, the glass green and white bottles, 'with s n d l oommon I&-

rors. In Bokhara cast and cut glass is I am told highly esteemed, aid

would fetch a good price.

Tea is an article in the greatest rcquevt amongst tho whole nation,

and the consumption of which is only limited by their means of pro-

curing it. The whole wpply is a t present brought by Kafilas from

Kashgar and Yarkund, a journey of 25 dnya to Bokliara, and the greater

part of i t is of a description inferior to any I have ever seen in India.

Small quantities of Banca Tea, which ia of a very fine flavour, are

brought,, but the price is so ertravagant as to put it beyond the reach of

any but the Meer'and a few principal merchants. Ziracha, a tolerablo

good green tea, sella in Bokhrra for seven (7) tillas the Voneem seer, e

parcel weighing 400 tolas. This is equivalent to nearly 2 rupees the

pound, and better tea can be got in Bombay even by retail a t a lower

rate.

We are therefore fairly invited to competition here ; and as the tasto

for tea is not confined to the Uzbecks, but would doubtless extend to

the Afghans were the article placed within their reach, I seem to detect

in this establishment of a fair on the banks of the Indus, the commcnce-

ment of a considerable increasc to our already enormous Tea Trade.

16. Sugar, Paper, Idyo, and various other articles which i t is

unnecessary to particularize mpre fully, will suggest themselves on look-

xvi

inp over tllc Appendix.' One general remark may be added before leaving

this part of the subject. Rokhara is much further atlvanccd iu luxury

than the comparatively rude Uzhck states amongst which I am living,

and her merchants from long access to the Russia~l f'db luve bccoxue

fully aquai~lted with European articles of the best cludity, the t q t e for

which they have to a certain extent introduced amongst their country-

men. I n preparing an assortment for the Indus mart, this should 11-

ways be held in view, and while the general supply for the country

should be of the coarse and uubstax~tial nature I have indicated, a stock

of what is more rare and c o s t l ~ wil l be required for thc capital.

xvii u

APPENDIX 111.

Note cacernittg tL Turpuoiee mines at Nidppotw, by H. Akxander

Ch&ko. [Amn " &vier's Copman Jownqu," p. 106.1

" These celebrated mines are near the village of Madene, and the

only ones known in the world. This village is about 32 English miles

from Nishapoor ; the road to i t is, for the f i s t five miles, across a plain

of great extent, covered with villages, gardens, well cultivated fields

marvellonaly produotive, owing to the many streams which flow from

the Benaloo Koh and other mountains near. Approaching these the

country changes, and we found ourselves riding through hills of sand

and a reddish clay, devoid of ell vegetation ; their sterile appearance mae

accounted for by the traces of efflorescent dts , which were seen in large

quantitiw, and would prevent any cultivation.

" Salt abounds in this locality, and we passed the principal mine,

Dooletaly, about six miles frdm Madene. This is an enormous rock,

co~ered on its exterior surface with a thin layer or red clay, similar to

that I have already mentioned. Nothing can be ima,hed more simple

than the mode of working out the salt : the miner's mattock is the only

instrument used. These mines are the property of the Government,

who lease to the highest bidder. At present the rent is only 150

tomamis yearly. A good tiorkinan can extract about 800 lbs. a day.

The salt is beautifully white, and of a fine grain.

1L The road which led to the turquoise mines, the principal object

of our excursion, ran through some high and naked rocks, which, by

their d&k colour, seemed to be of porphyry : I think, however, they

were of n hard, compact, calcareous nature, strongly staiied, as I did not

sec any rocks of mother system. At their highest elevation they had . . a nietrrllic appearance, which made me think that iron was t l ~ c colour-

I

illg matter ; but, not bcing sufficielltly loasid in geology, 1 could not

xviii a

positively determine this. I n ttle middle of this rocky and broken

ground we came, a t length, in sight of two villages, one on the crest of

a hill, the ot,her in a pretty valley. Beneath they were fortified by a

loopholed wall, and inhabited by abouC 160 families, who emigrated

here from Badakshan under the protection of one of the l a ~ t of the Per-

sian kings. These colonists speak bad Persian, and have quite forgotten

t,heir o a n language : they shoK considerable tact and intalligence in

~vorking the mines.

" The turquoises are divided illto two clasees, according t o the poei-

tions in which they are found. The first, call& Sengui, or stony, are

t,hose mhicli are incrusted in the matrix, and which must be removed by

a blow of the pick or hammer ; the second are found in washing the

alluvial deposits, and are called khaki, or earthy : the former are of a

deep blue ; the latter though larger, from being paler and spotted with

white, are of less value. I f we are to beliere the minere, no turquoises

hare been found except in this group of rscks. The Persian Govern-

ment never makes any explorations on its own account, and is content

t o lease t,he lllilles at au annual rent of fire hundred tomauns. I under-

stood that the most valuable stolies are found amongst the debris of the

old worki~igs and at the bottom of shafts long since abandoned. Ex-

c~ra t ions have been made one abore t,he other, but for the most part

near the base of the mountain. Here are to be seen gallerias, tunnels,

and shafts, the largest of which are thus designated : Abdoorryzak,

Fhxhiperdar: Kharydji, Kemeri, Khaki, and Goor Sefid.

" TTaring given a largesse to the miners to strike a few blows with

their picks in honor.of t,he happy planet of the travcller, BQ-t&i-saheb,

we m-ere permitted to enter the first of these mines to witness the opera-

tions. These were simple enough ; the mattock was again the only in-

st.rument, but it was very skilfuliy used, and, when a layer of rock was

detached, great precautions were taken t o remove it without disturbing

t,he turquoises which might be met with. These are not found in the

hollow of an eagle-stone, like the amethyst, but are seen as if incruqted

or glued in the matrix to the number of from twenty-five to thirty, and

more or leas new one another. Eech of these stones is eilveloped in a

thin calcareoue covering, white on the side adhering next to the tur-

quoise, but brown on that next to the matrix. HOW ia it that the

colouring subetance has stopped precisely at the exterior, and that it

lias not injured the purity of the turquoise 2 BuC I will rather ielote

what I saw, and not undertake to explain ; I will simply state. that one

finds on the side of this very mountain of Benaloo Koh iridications of

the carbonate of copper, both blue and green, as are the best varieties oi

malachite.

" We were not very successful in our researches, but the best tur-

quoises are found, with the exception I have before stated, in this minc

Abdoorryzak ; those of Kharyji follow.

" We next examined the wa~hings in the valley. These are to the

south of the village. The rock is not met with here, and the soil is

composed of clay, gravel, sand, and rounded stones, evidently an alluvial

deposit. Hem I wee again obliged to try the influence of my planet,

after which several sieves were filled with the aoil and gmvel in quation

taken from a d& juet opened : thew were carried to a running stream

close a t hand, and the earthy substances waohed fiom them, md, the

stones being turned over, the turquoises were Boon recognised by their

azure tint. Of theee we found a, pretty good number and of fair size,

but they were unfortunately of a pale colour, and therefore of little va-

lue. The workmen called them by the name of TdzB-Madene, or of the

rlew nine, to distinguish them from those of a deeper colour found iu

the old workings.

" Tliese worthies a b e d that turquoises am similar to chcherries,

inasmuch as both one and the other acquire their colour as they ripen ; - and they added that, although o cherry comes to perfect maturity in one

season by the vivifying rays of the sun, a turquoi~e requires a thousand

to obtain the same result. The miners here do not enjoy o great re-

putation for honesty, and very fine turquoises are said to tnke their way

to Nihapoor instead of into the pockets of the owners of the mines, b

ing sometimes transferred for o consideration to partiea who visit the

minee. But here the uninitiated may be taken in, for the miners keep

them for some time in n, wet cloth, which deepens their colour ; and the

purchaser does not find how pale the stone is until ha ha parted with

his. money. E was informed thst turquoises of immenae aize are some-

times found in the washinga. Futteh Alli Shah, the predeoesaor of t h e

present monarch, had one made into a drinking-oup ; and i t is well

known that there was a turquoise in the treasury of Venice which

weighed several pounds. A nobleman's harness in Khorassan is fre-

quently ornamented with small turquoises, but these are, of course, of

comparatively little value.'!

APPENDIX IV.

List of tiepn'ncipal articles in demand among tL Riirgiiz.

Plain Calicoes.

Printed Calicoes of particular patterns, vivid colouring, and highly

glazed.

Good silks are obtained from China, but a common kind might sell.

Velveteens are much in request.

Long Shawls, for tying round the waiet, are greatly valued ; some of the Sultans have them from Cashmere. The Paisley shawls

wodd Be highly prized.

Woollen Cloths, of a bright scarlet, light blue, yellow, and green

would find a market ; but none of a sombre shade could be

sold.

Red and green baize.

Handkerchiefs, Turkey red.

Ribbons, in one shade, of either red, blue, yellow, or green.

Fringes.

Sewing cotton, white and red.

Thread.

Gilt, glass and fancy buttons.

Imitation pearls.

Coral beads are highly valued.

Imitation coral beads.

Ckss beads, crimson and yellow.

Birmingham trinkets, such as ear-rings, rings, and bracelets;

Cheap watches.

Small looking-glasses.

Knives, large and small.

Scissors, large and moderate size.

Needles of various sizes.

Thimbles, brass and steel.

Padlocks.

Axes.

Stirrup-irons.

Sabres. I Guns, single barrel. I Russia will not supply any of these

Rifles. articles.

Pistols. A fen bad rifles are brought from

Percussion caps.

I Gunpowder and shot. Persia with matchlocks.

I Tea ; that from the Himalayas would supersede brick-tea if brought

in cheap.

Loaf sugar ; that brought from Russia is sold at 3s. 2d. per lb.

Rice, common, which is brought from Kohkan, is sold a t 6d. per lb.

If this article could be obtained cheaper, great quantities would

be consumed.

Tobacco and Snuff.

Opium.

; . APPENDIX IV A. ROUTE taken ly Arlolpie ScAlqentweit in 1857, from Sult&qAr,

in Ku'ljk, to Yarhnd and KashyWar ly t i e Chhungcihinmopa88, over tRe Karakoram range, and tAe cL A b a i CAin,"gicen ly

NoAamntad Amin, Ais guide.

Estimat- ed distance in

miles.

14 9

141 19 13 11 18 l3 11 18 16 10 14 1 5 . 10 8

15

koa. miles. 135, 225

K.08. 15 N. E.

13 ,,

l5

No.

- 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 I7

18

ID

20

REMARKS.

--

. NAMES OF PLACES.

From SultAnfiur t o N a g q ...

Jagat sak, . . . Phaikchin, ... Koksar, ... Sisu, . . . Gandlak, . . . Khardang, ... Kulang, ... Dkcha, . . . hfogba, ... Rilang, . . . Charp6, . . . Samdo, . . . Samgal, ... Marecha, . . . Rukchin, ... Dabrang, ...

1

P@6, ,- .

Nyimo, . . .

Kiigh, "'

- -

'

,

The distances as far as No. 17 are taken from Captain

* Montgornerie's ronte, see Ap- pendix XXIV, Table of Routes. h u h ? 1.

.

Near the Taghlung Pass. The caravan route to Le proceeds westward from this place.

Rod in s wide valley, undulatin count,. Mines or ~ p h w an3 Borax at this place.

Village, 100 ~ O I L ~ C S . Road level in the valley. Cross the Chha- chot river on the r o d near Nyimo.

A hamlet. Road in the valley. a l o n ~ the Kigb stream, which runs In a weatarly direction. Fine pasture land whers large herds of shawl goats and sheep graze.

xxii. b,

APPENDIX IV A.--(Continued.)

NO.

- 21

22

23

24

25

26

27

1

Estimat- ed di- trtnCe in

kos. - - 15. N.

15. N.

'

13. N.

12. N.

19. N.

1%. N.

19. N.

NAUES OF PL~CES.

- C h h ~ ~ h u l , . .

Pong-kong, . ,

Foot of the Pong- kong pass, ...

Agha, . . . Chhangchhimmo, . . .

Foot of the Chhang- chhinmo pass, over the Karakoram range,

Beyond the pass, . . . -

R~sraass.

__I . -- A kotul, very easy pass, is

crosara on the road. Chhuahul, a vill e containing about !50 houses on %e Chllushul stream, which falls into the Pong-kong lake.

A road btrikes of1'here to Rodokh, and another to Le.

Ilod dono tho bank of the Pong-kong b e .

There are four villagar :- 1. Mhn,

4. Kong,

lies to the right.

on the road, which runs in a well cultivated plain. The lrke

Yaks, sheep and duwl goeta abound. Supplies plentiful.

A= eaRy PW. No hditation. Grwe,.watcr and fnel in abundance.

A cattle shed, in s pasture ground Road good.

An sghil " or pasture p u n d . A hot spring ; cross an m y mountain ; Pam on the road, about midway.

%ad good in a broad valley. ' The pass lies at a distance of six rnsrchea to the south-east of the Kwakornm paon.

~ ~ ~ e d ~ e K a r a k o ~ ranges the aswnt up the pass is rboat a mlle, thq deseent is gradual and eaa alopg the course of a stream whit E rises near the pass. No snow in summer. This pase is much easier then the Karakoram pees.

xxii, c.

APPENDIX IV A,-(Cm~tiiilzued,)

No.

-

28

29

30

+

REMARKS. r

- Beyond tho pass, I i i t b " Ak-

ski Chin," or as the term implies the great Chinese white desert or plain. It is sru~dy and gravelly, covercd with bmhwood. Ita breadth here fron~ muth to north may bc reckoned to be about sixty l(o9, i. e. from the Karakoram on the south to the Peer ynlrh, or Kuen lucnrnnge in the north. A low rango of hilL that shoots off from tho Knralioram until it joins the I'cer ynkh range 26 koa above Sum-

a" ,&ge37, is i tarnorto~~ boundary. t extends into chinese territory

to the east. It is watered by numerous streams from the K w k o - ram a d the Pocr yukh ranges. running in opponte direclionn. Thero are also several lakes and gold mines in it. The gold mino of lchidi in the direction of Karin, one of the principal towns of Kho- tan, is one of the largest, where 1,500 men (Khubnh) are constantly working for six months of tho yenr (June to November).

Euch man hns to piiy a tax of 1 " Scr " or 3 tolns of gold yearly for the Emperor of China.

The A h a i Chin tecms withh wild animals, such ae i"*" hrsesp musk deer, foxes, (b ack). Ducks UI large flocks aro seen on lakes.

In the Akssi Chin!' Tho old route taken by tho Moghul con- querors from Thhkand towarlls China, passed through the " Aksai Chin." T r w s of i t are still seer1 near the 2nd lake.

111 the " Aksai Chin." arms, fuel, in abundance. Springs of sweet water.

Ditto ditto.

NAMES cm PLACES.

- a q

'Lake the lst, about 20 km in urcum- f erence, . . .

Encmpe(i on the road, . . -

Lake 2nd; anextensive lake size not known,

Estimat- ed distance in

kos.

l j. N.

12. N, T,?.

8 ,

2 d . a. APPENDIX IV A.-( Cojntifiued).

Halting place No, .a0 of this route,

REMARKS.

----- Ditto ditto, water near the sur-

f a . Dried cakes of cowdung in abundance. I

Ditto. NO grass, no wood. The water of one of the lakes is

black and of the other reddish and brackish. They are about 100 paces distant from each other.

In the Aksai Chin. No grass. Water and fuel in plenty.

Here ore the remains of an old fort.

C~ossed over the range which forms the western boundary of the Aksai Chin, by an easy ass in- to the valley of the ~uplras! river. This river, rising from the Karako- ramrangetothe east of the Karako- ram and west ofthe Chhangchhinmo passes, kuns down northward between two ran of hills (viz. the one above a l l u s to andthe Kizil- karamrange), ra far as Suge t+(~ tqe No. 20 on the Tabietsnee routio between Leh m d Yarkand), thence turning to the north-east, flows to the city of KLrakash, one of the cities of Khotan, 7 kos to the west of Elchee (Ilitse) the capital of that province. Jade is found on the banks of this river.

A road from B n ~ n p a I d north- east and north to Elchee, across the Elchee Duaan wer the Peer yukh ran e (Kuedwn), 6 days journey. %he route is appended to this.

rn the v d e y 'of the Karakash river. This is the commence- nlcnt of a fore&. No habitation.

Estimat- ed dis-

tanoe in, kos.

lo . N. W.

8 ,,

12. W.

13. W.

12. N. W,

No.

31

32

33

34

35

NAMES OF PLACES.

- Encamped on the

road, . . .

Two lakes, ...

Kurghan-i-Isfundiar, or Mukam-i-Shn- dar, . . .

Brangsa, at the foot of the puss, in the Karakash valley,. . .

Balghunbaslii, .. .

xxii: e.

' REMARKS. '

- -- A ~tream falls down into the

Karakesh at this place. Good pwtarage-

An " Aghil" or cattle shed in good pssture land in the Karakash valley.

I n the Xarakseh valle . A tomb. Jade quarries and d t b e . in the vicinity. I

In the valley. Good sstumge. The road here separatm b m the tiver.

A staging place on the Tabi8- tanee route between Leh and Yar- kand. The river Kurakash is about two kos distant from this place to the east.

Hence Adolphe Schla$entmeit went to Yarkund by Killan, and thence to Kashghar, where he Was killed

\

Estimat- ed dis-

tadce in- kos. --

15. N. W.

15. ,,

12. ,,

'. JJ

5. ,,

419

I

No.

-

36

37

38

39

40

Naar~s OF PL-ICES.

---

k k h , . . .

Sumgal, ...

Gulbashar, ...

Bslackchi,

S u e t , ...

Total estimated distance, ...

APPENDIX nT A-(CdPicluded)

Xoad

No.

1

2

3

a

5

G

--

from Brangsa to ElcArl,

NAXES OF PLACES.

- Prom Brangsa to the

foot of the Kaen- luen or Peer yakh range, ... Urb K0ta1, beyond

the Elchi-duwan P ~ J . . .

Aghil, .. .

Unshs, . . .

Kumrtt, ...

Elchi, .. .

Total estimated distance from Brnngsa to Elchi, ...

Ditto from Sultan- PUP to Brungsa,. ..

Total from Sultan- pur to Elchi, , ..

capital of,KAutan, 6y the Elclri-(lkan. . Estimat- ed distance in

kos. -- 16. N. E.'

15. ,,

15. ,,

10. ,, 12.

15.

82

353

435

R E H A ~ S .

- - - - Here the Piryaklr or Kuenluen

range is joined by the range that shoots df from the Karakorarn and f o m ~ the western boundary of Aksai Chin.

Cros~ the Kuenlueh range by tho Elchi-Duwan pass. Ascent gradual for about three kos. The range is covered with perpetual wow, hence &led Pirymkb. Impassable for Iaden horses, yaks are forthcoming on the Elchee side of the PRSB.

Pasture p n d where patoral Mbes me their &lee Yaks, sheep, s&rl goats, &. hi mad lies dong the river Elchee (which r ises in the Piryskh range near the p,) IPB far as ~ u m s t , in a plain fertile country. Hem the stream divides itself into twe branches, one goes to Elchee and the other runs in an easterly di- rechion to Yurungkash, another largo town of Khutnn.

A villwe, 60 houses. Jade qnar- rien.

J d e quarries. The stone hero found is superior, and sells for its weight in silver.

Capital of Khutan.

Estimated distance.

gxii. g.

APPENDIX, IV B.

Roude from ETala'l&ad to Parkand, tArough Chitral, ~a t lakh-

&n, and Pamr Khur+iven by Hahammed Atnie ?f Yarkand.

- No.

1

2

3

4 5 6

'i 9

10

11

12

13

NAMES OF PLACES.

' -. Prom Jdalabad to

Kunar, . . . A&&, .;

. ' ,

ShQ, .. . Saughar, . . . Birkot, ... Narsat, ...

Rafak Zinbardar, . . .

K h h k , ... Kila Durus, ... Kis, . . Bur&, .. . Chumur Kun, ' ...

. Yughu~, . . . . *

E s t h t - ed distance.

' -

12 kos

2 JJ

,

8 ,, 4 ,, 4 ,, 8 ,,

3 ,,

5 JJ

4 , 6 J

8 ,, 5 ,, 3 ,,

REMARKS.

A large tom. River Kunar. A fort.

A large place. A fort. A Nalla or stream from the Bajour direction joins the Kuner river, near this plsce. Road along the left bank of the Kuner river re far ae stage No. 27, Chatteboi.

A fort. ~ b o n t 200 houses.

DO. do. 100 do. DO. do. 60 .do.

A large pleco containing about 600 houses, and a fort. Fcrtile wuhtry. Rice grown in gre& abunddnce.

steep ascent for about half a mile at thia place. The rivm " Bash- ghdok, ' which runs through tho SujaposhKahistan, j& the Kuner river at this place.

The Chitral territo commences. T A fort About 100 owes. A fort, a lar e plm, htving

abdut a thousanf bums.

A village. 100 houses.

Ditto 200 do.

D;L~, loo do.

Ditto do. do.

APPENDIX IVi B.-(Conliltwd.)

No.

- 14

15

16

17

18

19 I

130

21. ,

22

23

2%

25

26

' Nabs OP PLACES. EsGmat-

ed distance.

RE MA^.

Danin, . . .

Koghuz, . .

Maroi, . . . Barins, ... Reshun, . . . Bd, . . . Avi, , , ,

Mistuch,

Chivhj .. . Bepur, .. . (Bherup in the map.)

Khm'z, . .. Pour, . . . Darband, . . Kilu Ziabeg, or r' Sar-

i-Yarkhun," . . .

6 kos.

2 ,

6 ,, 6 ,,

12 ,, 12 , j ,,

15 9,

4 ,J

8 ,,

6 ,, 9 *,,

4 ,,

8 ,,

The city of C h i M ia abut a kos distant from this p h op the other bank of the river.

Dmin ie a yillege containing about 100 houaea.

A vill UW) h o ~ . On tbz rod are 2 & called " Rah and " Kari, where the road L very narrow.

A village. 100 hoasee. I

Do. do. do. , , , '

Do. 200 do. Road hahoe.

A village, UW) houses.

A large village. A road from this place across the river 1eed.a to Shagram, M m 2 large,plscer.

: i A fort. 200 h-.

A forf. 50 h o w .

A honses.

! A village. 50 honsea

I

DO. 100 do. I ;

A fort containing a amad garrison. No habipon. .

I

No habitation. Eieh vJ1Pg, ~abture. 1

2.7 Ab-i-garm, or " Chat tiboi," ...

APPENDIX IV B.-/C"otittued.)

Estimat- cd distance.

i I

From the base near Chattihoi to the summit, a gentle gradual ascent for a b u t 3 kos.

Thence a plateau or elevated level ain about 4 kcm wide, flanked b

E g h ridges on either side, throu& which the toad lies, in length from south to north about 6 kos.

The descent from the northern extremity of the plateau to the base on the other s ~ d e of the rango, equally gentle and slo ilig with the ascent. A staging ,$ace a t the bane called " Kampir pilat." 3 kos.

The plateau which is known by the name of the " Dwht-i-Biru-

hil " is a rich pastur e where fo th the Badakhshhi a s Chitral people* take large herds of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, camels and yaks, to graje in summer.

28

1 No habitation. A hot spring and 3 lake a t the foot of the C'hitrirl pus, wl~ich is a t timm closed, like the Kl~urndan (Shayuk) glacier nt the foot of the Karakorari~ pass. by avalanches from the pass (Chit- (ral) f i r 2 or 3 years continuouslg, aftcr which i t bunts fbl-tl~ in a torrent which falls into alld swells the river Kuner, that rises in tha pass (Chit~al) and rnns about a mile to the west of tho lake. I t is a small stream here, and is known by the name of the ass.

Nor..-The bouniary of Chilral ends here.

Beyond tho pus , which runs across the range (" Karakoram") for 11 kos : thus :-

Pir khar, (in the Bu- dakhshan territory,)

* Bnddthshan, or rather Wukhan, lies to the north, and Chitral to the

south of the p w .

15 ,,

APPENDIX IV B.-(Coatinmd.) -

NAXE OF PLACES.

-

Sarhadd lV11k113~,

Rank tho stream, . . .

9.

Langar Sirak-cho- pall, ...

Dasht-i-Mirza Mu- rad, (in P a m (! r Kluird, subject to the Babashbeg, or Rulcr of Sirikul or r1 Tuh- kurghnn "), ...

Karawan balssi, .. .

Estimnt- ed distancc.

5 kOg.

lo $3

6 ,,

6 ,,

G ,,

NO. REMARKS.

-- Laden camcls and horses l y e

throu;11 the " Darn. " (l'nss) with case, i t is practicable also for laden carts. It id closrd by snow for 8 ~r~ontlis : December, Jonunrg and February.

I n a plain open ronnt'ry. The river Osos, called here Iluyai " I'un.j," is crossed on the road. It is here fordahlc 111rongl:ho;tt .the year. " Purll:idd \Yulil~an 1s a town containing 1,000 houses. .

No hnl>iL~tion. A t tho foot of a ~ \

insulated rmge of the l p y l a r moun- taina.

Tho A k h o r stream which rises in tl~eso mountains, joius near th i s point tho liver Jihan, or Osns, w1iic.h is here cnllcd "1)uryai Pnn,j." Ibad in thc valley of tho Osu8 along the right bank of thc river.

Road as nbove. Much ;snow fitlls during winter,

but the roadis ncver closed. W:rtcr. grass, and fuel in plenty on tb r o d .

Road in a plain level county, ( P m c r eteppe) full of verduro.

Do. Do.

-

r

I 7 [

30

31 '

32

xxii k.

APPENDIX IV B.-(Cotiti~zued.) -

N o .

-

33

34

35

3G

37

NAMES OF PLACES. eel dis- REMARKS.

Ttco .road.s srparafe here to 7'ashX.~r!yhrtr,t : one to iAe ri h i I?y i i t , ~ r i l d a s h r jmn, the 0th. tu the l t f l fhrouyh Pizincr Khur t l .

TAe rood to ihr kfl, rahirh is both slrorler aaad easier, i s a s f u l - Iu1cs :-

Chakmnklig, I n the P:tmcr steppc. Road good. No httbihtion ; grw, water and

fuel, i n plenty.

A k t d i , As above. Several springs of water.

A road to Kashghar bran(-l~es off : ~ t this point due north. I t i q lid- lowed by zararans bouncl to K ~ I - ghirr.

Foot of' klie " Bar- 10 ,, As above.

zwh )) pass, or DD- m Sirikul,

Nizatash, Beyond the pass. Easy ascent nnd descent ; pnssd~le for kdcll jitLlis (1lorst.s) and camclu. No habitation.

Jangalak, No Ilabitation. The road lies a!ongastream (Ab-i-lln~znsl~") i n a vsllcy, full uf\~egctrtion, water md fuel.

A large placr contnining more than 100 llo~ueu.

Cnpitnl of the Siriliolol. Tmhkur- ghan territory licld I,? I:aba.ilibe~, who is nomir~ally subject to the Y ~ r l i ~ l l d Umba11. -

No.

-

39

SO

4

4.2

NAMES OF PLACES.

---

Dasht-i-Safarikho, (in llalin Tashkur- gllan) ,

Ayl~il, (DO.) . . .

Dahn-i-tangitarJ beyond the pass, a halting place onthe bank of tlie small stl.alm " Tan& f~l' ," (DO.) , . .

Pasrabut, (b.) . 1

Estimat- ed dis- taxwe.

} " 'o'

15 ,,

5 ,,

43

REMARKS.

-- Tire roads divide, one to the

right which pawes tlrrmcgh a dif- Jimlt mm~ntainow cotmtty with three hiyh pa.sse.9, viz. the " Kan- dar," roacredwilh perpetual mow : the "Arpatalluk" ; a d the " C hriut " : and the other to the &, which ia much eerier, and rU3l.S ls8 f0ll~X :-

I n n plain (valley of Tmhkur- glian). No habitation. Water, g m and fuel in abundance. Rod good.

A cattle shed in a pmture lnnd a t the Soot of the Yumbulak and Chachililik pass.

The pass which commences a t Aghil and ends a t Dahn-i-tangitar in about 4 kos wide, covered with vegetation, with gentle rrscent and descent. The road for the most part winds dong the course of the T:ulgitar stream (whioh rises in the Cllacllilak mountain) in the prfss. Little or no snow fdls in w~nter. Never closed.

No h;rbihtion.

A village containing about two

I . llsdlan, Ilcan IL ,, 1 a r h n d , ...

I

hundred llouscs of pastoral Klrghie, in 3 rich fertile valley (between two lorn ranges ofhille-the " Kizil- t:rli," and the " Cburling ") which extends to Kaiz-Aghzi, stage No. 44, fbllowin;: :-

Tile road between Nos. 41 and 4% lie along the Tangitar stream, which takes hero the name of Parabat , and running in an eas- ternly direction joins tho river Ynrltand a t Chiragbtang.

I n the valley. Road lies along the ~ l ~ ~ ~ l i ~ ~ stloam, ,vhicll is for. dable all the year round, as far as Kaiz Agkzi, No. Ba.

xxii m.

APPENDIX IV B.-(Conti~awcl.)

No.

-

44

45

46

NAMES OF PLACES.

*-

Kaiz Aghzi, at the foot of the Tik-i- Saghrik pass, . . .

Yulbmhi, (a spring of' water,) . . .

On a cut from the river Yarkand, ...

Estimat- ed dis- L~nce.

15 kos.

15 ' ,,

20 ,,

REMARKS.

-- Tuohan ia inhabited by pastoral

~ i r g l i z . An insulated mound or ridge covered with grass called tho " Chihil Gumbat" (udome containing 4Q tombs) is crossed on the road about 8 kos distant from Pas- rab'at.

Tho valley ends here. A t tho confiuenco of two streams, the " Kiziltagh " and the " Churling," which flowing in a south-cast direction for about 10 kos f d l into the Yarkakd river.

Beyond tho- Tik-i-S'vhrik pa98 (a low rango of hills, where little or no snow falls in winter,) which extends for about a ~nile. It is rather n difticult pars, with steep ascent and descent, not practicable for laden fnimals except tho Yak.

Yulbwh~. (1Iabitation of Nomacl Kirghizes,) lies in thel).wht-i-Shai- tangum, a large barren desert containing patcbcs of. greenish sand and hart1 gravelly mil, commencing a t the foot of the Tak-i-Snghrik rangc and running for about 40 rniles in the direction of Tarkand (north-east) to witliin a sh01.t dis- tsnncc of Yalirili, followi~ig stage. Tl~ere is s o habitation, and no water on the road through the desert cxcept a t Yulbnshi. Travel- lers carry water with them in n water bag ( " Kokowur," Turki name) made of Yak skin by the Kirghiz.

Road through the desert to nearly a kos of yalirik, a large "illw which h u an " Urthang or Chinese police post, and about 600 houses inhabited by Yarkandis.

APPENDIX IV B.-(Conti~aued.]

I NOTE ON THE 'ABOVE ROUTE.

The r o d fiom Jnldabad to Chattiboi lies in tho valley of the Kuner river

dong tho left bank of the river. The valley k thiclrly populated and well cul-

tivated.

REMARKS.

-- On the r o d t l~rre is a halting

place where travellrra put up 111ider u treey d l t d Tulghuz Tughrak.

A village containing nhout 200 houses in the plain of Ynrlinnd. Road dong a caual.

Cit . Road along tho Urpi c m d *

The Chitral pnss is perhaps tho crrsiest of all the passes over the Kan-

koram, or Hindu-ltush, rnngo that load from Ldakh, Iskarclo, Kunjud, Chitral,

&c., into Turkish Chinq ~uhulihehan, &., excepting the Changc hinmo pms,

for which see Appendix I V A.

Estimat- ed distance.

12 kos.

12 ,,

f

No.

47

48

There is no habitation &tween No. 31 Dashti-Mirza Nurid, to No. 35

Tiznif. Travellers talte provitjiolls for this journey from Sarhadd-i-Wulihnn,

No. 29.

Thc Shnitin-i-gum degcrt is another uninlidited tract. Travellers cnny

provisions from Tughan (43) or Raiz-Aghzl 044).

Po JJ

Naar~s OF PLACFS.

---

Khojerik, , ..

YBrkand, ...

Total estimated distance in kos,

The route is open throughout the year except for 2 or 3 months, Decemkr,

Jnnuary and Febru:~ry, when the Chitrd pass is closed by snow.

APPENDIX IV B.-( Conclzc&cl.) ROAD frotn AhWtash to KasAglar.

No.

- 1

2

3

4 5 G 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

NAME OF PLACES.

- From Aktash to

% n t i l , in a Icy, ...

Dasht-i-Alai, . . .

Y a g h ~ ~ h , ...

Nusharcliuldee, . . . Kurghan Rlmfikuil, Y s s c kuchik, . . . Kotal .Shah Maslref UksalGr, ... Kurgha Sliunkani, GhaujG Ghalik, ... Bash Kurawal, . . . Karawul Mingyel, Kiihghar, ' ... Total from Aktash to Kashghar, ...

From Julalabad to Aktlgh, . . .

from Julhhad bo KGshghar, . . .

Estimat- ed dis- timoc.

15 I~os. I ~ ~ ~ t h . ' 12 kos.

.

15 ,,

10 ,, (3 ,, 8 ,,

20 ,, 8 ,, 12 ,, 12 ,, 10 ,, 20 ,, ' 40 ,,

} ln2

) 280

) .$&3

RENNLKS.

--- R o d in t11o PAmer skppcs

(Phnler-i-kl~ard) dong the cuurau o t tho Aktash stream. T l~ i s in n smnH lnko of rcd water. 1'110 vallcy is i~lhabittd by nomad Kliir- ghiz.

Dusht-i-Alni, is a largo plain at, tho foot of the Alni mountain, full of vegcttion and w n t c r ~ l 11y nu- merour ~t r rnms. Inhabited by plwtoral K i r ~ l l i z who keep l a r q flocks of shawl goats, sllcep, girks, camcla, homrs, 6;c. Tlley are xub- ject to tho K h m of Khokand, who takes ono out of every 43 heat1 of cattle. There is a mino of rock salt in the U:ul~t.

The " Kixil gnrt " kotlll or rmgc, not vcr difficult, is pasred ou the r o d a L u t 3 kos d i b h l t to thu north o f " llankoil."

No$. 3 to 1 3 arc R ~ ~ P R Nofi. 16 to 24 of thc rollto bctwccn Bho- kwd md h'uhghar.

,

,

Estimated distancr.

Account of Ihc Slta~ul JLantfacturc in Cashtne~-e. [FI.O~IZ 3fooro.o ft.]

The first task of tllc sp i~ i i~er is to separate tlie W e r e n t nlaterials

of which the fleece consists, usually in about tlie followi~lg proportions :-

Coarse II;lir, ... ... l a seers.

... Secol~ds, or l'l~iri, ... 0;

... Du>t ;ind I:oreigu Substaiice~, 2b

E'i~ie \Vool, ... ... 2

G seers, or 1 tarak.

JI11th ;ittenti011 is rcqr~ircd to free t'lie wool from tlic Iiair, and tht.

ln~.~ccss is a tedious ollc. 'l'lic nest step is cleaning and soparating tlie

~vool. A rllla~ltity of 11rl.iltctl rice is stccped in clean cold water, for a

day and a, nig l~ t , or longcr, until i t bcconles soft, \ ~ l i c n it is ground or

Lruisell upon i\ stone slab to fine flortr. Tllill layers of this and of the

picked \\ .~ol are laid altcr~lately, and squeezed nit11 the hand ur~t i l tileS

colnpldtdy intcrnlisctl. A little water may be occnsionally sprinkl-

ed uycl- tho Ilc;ip, it' the \\.e;ttlier is hot and drx, else it is liot necessarj-.

soap is never used, a3 it iilakcs t l l ~ wool l~arsh ; and its employUlent ill

IIindustau being colnmunicated t o tlie Kasliniiria~is, induced thelll

t o boast that in this matter a t l c ~ q t tliey were more knowing thall

$:urol>eans. After being tlius treated for about an hour, tlie flour

is bllakcil out, tlie wool opened and tori1 t o pieces, chiefly by t l ~ c nails,

~nade into somewhat squarc, thin, elastic pads, called Tumbu. 111

this process the Phiri, or secondsmooI, is extricated. Though too coarse

for fine shawls, i t is used in the manufacture of those of inferior quality,

and of R strong shawl-cloth called Patu. The tumbn is then worked

out into a thin flat roving, about half a ja rd long, which is called

a Milk. The X4lii is folded up to the size of the tumbu, and deposited

in a deep pot of red earthenware, cdlcd a Taskas, to be out of the

way of dust or accident, till required for the spinning wheel.

The wheel is constructed on the same piinciple as that dsed in

Hindustan, but varying in neatness of form and fmish, according to its

price ; the rudest, the Takhtidar, or Pachimdar, costs a half rupee ;

the Katzker, which is the most serviceable, three or four rupees ; and the

Pakhchedar, which is used by those who spin for amusement only, costs

from six to sixteen ntpees. The iron spindle is enclosed in a cylindrical

tube of straw or reed-,pass, and instead of one line of radii or spokes,

supporting a continued circular. wooden rim, there are two circular and

parallel walls of flat spokes in contact a t their cdgcs, leaving between

them, a t their outer circumference, an empty space. A hair cord, fasten-

ed to the loose end of one of the spokes, is carried across the space or

trough, to the end of the next spoke but one on the opposite

sidc, and having been passed round, it returns to a spoke on the sidc from

which it began. By a continuation of this process a rim is formed of

a surface of hair-cord, over which runs a small band, that is said fieldom

to be cut by the friction to which i t in exposed. The principle kept.

in view by this arrangement of spindle and of rim, is to produce a con-

tinuance of soR elastic movements, without jerk or stiffness, t o prevent

the yam breaking on the occurrence of any slight intcrnlption in draw-

ing it out.

Women bcgin to work at day break, continue with little intenup-

tion the whole day, if not taken off by ot.her domestic affairs, and extend

their labour until very late in the night, spirining by moonlight, when

and when they cannot afford to purchase oil for a lamp. Tile

fine wool is spun commonly into about seven hundred gaz, each gaz

consisting of sixteen girahs, about equal to nails. This yarn is doubl-

ed and formed into twist, which is cut into two hundred lengths, each

length of tlirec guz and a half ;-this measure being suited to the length

of the warp for a shawl. From the Phiri, or seconds-wool, about one

hundred gaz of yarn are also produced. The yarn of the fine wool is sold sometilues by measwe and sometimes by weight. A huudrcd lengths

of yarn of fine wool doubled, and each three gaz and a half, bruig

ordinarily seven tangas, or about seven pence. But if the same kind

of yarn be aold without being doubled and twisted, the price is regulated

By weight, a pal bringing from twelve annas to one rupee four annas,

according to the demands of the market. The .yarn from Phiri, or

seconds-n,ool, is sold only by measure, but the gaz employcd co~isists of

no more than twelve girahs, or nails, that is, of four giwh less t h q the

gaz in ordinary use. A hundred yards of Phiri twist, and oacll of two

short gae, or of twenty-four girah, sell for one aud a half tanga three

pice, or about three half pence. Although calculations upon this matter

can be little more than approximatione, yet three pence or threc-penee-

half penny a day, or from three rupees to three rupees eight annas, or

from eix to seven shillings a month, may be taken as the general earn-

ings of an u~dustrious and expert spin~ier in Kmhmir, out of which,

however, must be subtracted the price of the wool,* leaving only one .

rupce eight muias for her labour.

If shawl-wool be furnished to a spinner to clean and to spin, eiglit

milas are paid for spinning one pal, or three and one-third rupees'

weight of yam of the requisite quality for shawls. Sheep's wool, spun

by contract, is paid for by the pm, or quarter of a seer, at thc rate of

from two tangas, or four pice, to twelve annas per pm, accordi~ig to the

fincuess of the yarn ; and the spinning of this quantity into yarn suited

for shawls will oci'upy a woman for eight days. There are several varie-

ties of thrcad, distinguished by different degrces of fineness. From one

pal of clean fine shabrrl-wool a spinner will draw from a hundred to a

thousmd thread^ of three and a hnlf gaz each. There is not such a

difference between the price of coarse and of fine y u n as might be ex-

* Thirty-two Tangae or annas, equal two rupees.

xxvi

pected. owing to the greater espenditure on the former of a materia1

tha t is dear, and on the latter, of labour that is cheap. Shawl-wool is

sometimes spun by men, with a loose spindle like that used in Ladikh.

These men are called Trdchans, and t.he ?-an1 thus spun is the finest ;

h i t \-err little of it is nolr made. Girls begin to spin a t the age of ten,

and a hunared thousand females .are employed in this occupatiorl in

Kashmir. About one-tenth of this number are supposed to spin for t h e

purpose of obtaining shawls for themselves, or for otlier members of their

ilmilies, and nine-tent'hs to earn their lirelihood. . The Y u i m a n p keeps a shop for tlie purchase of J-.wn, but also

sends people to collect it from t h e houses of t h e spinners, who give

notice of their approach by ringing a bell. Tlie yarn is sold t o the

weavers a t a profit of from one pice to a tanga in the rupee. As a

large stamp duty is levied on shnwl-goods whcn finished, the cxporta-

t,iou of the yarn is forbidden, and the prohibition is enforced by heavy

fine and imprisonment. Nuch of i t is, nevertheless, exported t o those I I $aces in the Punjab where the expatriated weavers have settlcd.

Having ascertained the Lind of pattern most likely t o suit tllc

market, the weaver applies to persons whose business i t is t o appor-

tion the yaru according to the colouls required ; and when this is settl-

~ d , he takes it t o another, whose function i t is to d i v i k the yarn into

hkeins accordb,oly, and each skein is delivered to the rangrez, or dyer.

When the body of the cloth is to be left plain, t h e Phiri, or seconds-

Tarn, is alone giren t o be dyed. This is generally about t h e thitkness

of common cotton sewing thread, is loosely twisted rf a coarser quality

than t h e yarn used for the cloth, and is preferred for employment in

i l k e r s , or other ornaments, from its standing highell) and k i n g , as it

were. embossed upon the ground.

The dyer prep&es the yarn by steeping in clean cold water. He

professes t,o he able to give i t eixty-four tints, most of which are perma-

nent. Each has a separate denomination ; as for instance, the crimson

is termed Ciulanar (pomegranate-flower) ; the best kind is derived fro111

cohineal, imported from Hiudustan ; inferior tints are from Lacand kirmi\

(chermes), distinguished as liirmisi, Kirmdana, aud Kirmiai lac, or

cochineal and lac chermes ; logwood is used for other red dyes : Llueq

and greens are dyed with indigo, or colouring matter extracted by boil-

ing froin European broad cloth. Logwood is imported from BIooitsii

and Indigo from India. Carthamus and saffron, growing in the province.

fiirnisli means of varioum tints of orange, yellow &c. The occupation of .L

dyer is invariably hereaitary. The whiter and finer the fibre of the

wool, and the tinel. the 3.3m into ullich it is made, the more capable

it is said to be of receiving a brilliant dye ; and this is one reason n l ~ y

tlie fine white wool of the goat is preferred to that of the sheep.

The Nakatu adjusts tlie yarn for the warp and for the weft. Tliat

intended for the former is double, and is cut into lengths of three gaz

and a half, any thing short of that measure being considered fraudulent.

The number of these lengths valies from two thousand to three thou-

sand, according to the closeness or openness of texture proposed, and

tlie fineness or coarseness of tlie yarn.

The weft is made of yarn wliicii is single, but a little thicker t h m

the double yarn or twist of the warp. The weight of the weft is esti-

xiiated ,at a half more than that of the warp. The Nakatu receives tire

yarn in hanks, but returns it in balls : he can prepare in one day the

warp and weft for two shawls.

- The Pennakamguru, or warp dresser, takes from the weaver the

yarn which has been cut and reeled, and stretching the lengths by

means of sticks into a band, of wliich the threads are shghtly separate,

dresses the whole by dipping i t into thick-boiled rice-water. After t i i s

the skein is slightly squeezed, and again stretched into a baud, which is

brushed and suffered to dry : by this process each length becomes stif-

fened, and set apart from the rest.

xxviii

Silk is generally wed for the warp on the border of tlie shawl, and

lias the advantage of shewing the darker colours of the dyed wool more

prominently than a warp of yarn, as well as hardening and strengthen-

ing, aud giving more body to the edge of the cloth. When the border

is very narrow it is woven with the body of the shawl ; but when

broader, i t is worked on a different loom, and afterwards sewn on the

edge of the shawl by tlie refugar, or fine drawer, with such nicety, that

the union can scarcely be detected. The silk is twisted for the border

warp by tlle tabgar. The warp differs in breadth, the na~~omeet consist-

ing of twecty, and tlie broadesteof a hundred threads. From the

tabgar the silk is handed to the Alakaband, who reels it, and cuts i t into

the proper lengths.

The operation of drawing or of pasfiing the yanls of the warp

tlirough the heddles, is performed preciselj in the same way as in

Europe, and the warp is then taken by the shal-baf, or weavel; to tlie

loom. The weavers are all males, commencing to lealn the art at the

age of ten years. I n all transactions there are two parties, the master, or

TJstad, and tlle scholar, or Shagird, the former being the capitalist, the

latter the mechanic. Work is executed under four different conditions.

First, for wages, when i t almost always happens that a system of ad-

vances has occurred, by which tlie workman in so deeply indebted to

his employer that he may, in some sort, be considered as his bond-slave.

Secondly, upon contract, of which the common term is, that one pice is

paid for every hundred needles c a ~ ~ y i n g coloured yarn that shall havp

been each once passed round as many yarns of the warp. Third, a

sort of in which the Ustid finds all the materials, and tlie

workmen give their laboar. When a shawl is sold the outlay of the

. Ustbd is deducted from the price, and the remainder is divided into five

shares, of which one goes to the master, and the other four to the

workmen. The fourth mode LI an equal diviaio~l of the proceeds ; in

*hich case tile master not only finds the materials, but fee& the work.

men. Three men are elnploycd upon an embroidered shawl of an ordi-

nary pattern for three months, but a very rich pair will occupy a h o p

for eighteen months.

The loonl differs not in principle from that of Europe, but is of in-

ferior workmanship. An usthd has from three to three hundred in his

est,ablishment, and they are generally crowded together in long low

apartments. When the warp is fixed in the loom, the nakash, or pattern L

drawer, and the tarah-guru, and talim-guru, or persous who determine

the proportion of yarn of m e r e n t colours to be empIoyed, are again

consulted. The first brings the drawing of the pattern in black and

white. The tarah-guru, having well considered it, points out the dis-

position of the cdouw, beginning at the foot of the pattern, and

calling out the colour, the number of threads to which i t is to extend, that

by which i t is to be followed, and so on in succession, until tLe whole

pattern has been described. From hL dictation, t b talim-guru writes

down the particulars in a kind of character or short hand, and delivers

a copy of the document to the wcavera.

Tlle workmen prepare the tujis, or needles, by wming cach with

coloured yarn of the weight of about four graius ; these needles, with-

out eyes, are made of light, smooth wood, and have both their sharp

ends slightly charred, to prevent their becoming rough or jagged

through working. Under the superintendence of the tarah-guru, the

weavers knot the yarn of the tuji to the ~varp. The face, or right side

of the cloth, is placed next to the ground, the'work being carried on at

the back or reverse, on which hang the needles in a row, and differing in

number from four hundred to fifteen hundred, according to the light-

ness or heaviness of the embroidery. As soon as the ustdd is satisfied

that the work of one line or woof is completed, the comb is, brought

down upon i t with a vigour and repetition, apparently very dispropor-

tionate to the delicacy of the materials.

The cloth of shawls, generally, is of two kinds, one plain, or of

two threads, one twilled, or of four. The former wm, in past times,

wrought to a great degree of fineness, but it has been, of late, less in

demand. The various twilled cloths are usually from five to twelve

or nails wide. Shawls are twilled, and are commonly about

twenty-four nail^ broad, and differ in their extent of field. Two persons

are employed in weaving a cloth of this breadth. One throws the

shuttle from the edge as far as he can across the warp, which is usually

about half way. It is there seized by the second weaver, who throws

j t onwards to the opposite edge, and then returns it to his*companion,

n-ho, in his turn, introducing his fingers into the warp, fofwards the

shuttle to the edge whence i t started, and then recommences the opera-

tion.- The cloth thus made is frequentl~ irregular, the th reab of some

parts of the woof being driven up tightly, and in others left open, from

which results a succession of bands, sufficiently distinguishable whilst

without colour, but still more obvious when dyed. The open texture

is, in a degree, remediable by the introduction of fresh t l ~ r e d s ; but

there is no sufficient cure for that which has been much compacted.

One might be led to suspect that there'eristed some radical defectiri-

ness in the principle of this mode of weaving not readily mastered, were

not pieces of cloth found occasionally of an almost prefect regularity

of texture. But the greatest irregularity is discoverable in those shawls

which have the deepest and heaviest borders, and a further examination

compels me to retract an observation somewhere made of the artist

being so much engrossed by attention to the work of the pattern as to

neglect the structure of the field. The edge of the warp in the loom

is filled with the heavy thread of the phiri, or seconds yarn, charged

also with colour, so that in a few lines the front of the worked part ad-

rances beyond that of the plain part or field, and an endeavour to

equalize this betrays the weaver into a work which proves f~uitless ;

and, in general, the heavier the embroidery on the border, and, of course,

the higher the price of the ahawl, the less regular is the structure of

the cloth. Such, indeed, in some instances, is the degradation of the

cloth in the field, as to induce some foreign merchants to cause i t to be

removed, and another piece to be engrafted within the edge of the

border. But in this case there is no other remedy than in a j~di&us

selection of a sheet of the same breadth and fineness ; for, although two

breadths of the narrow cloth might fit the vacant space, yet these must

be joined by the refugar in the middle ; and althougll t h k can be ao done

that the band differs not in tllickness fro111 the rest of the cloth, yet

the joint is discernible when held between thc eye and tlle light, fro111

the threads in the joined breadth behlg not contu~uor~s in the same line ;

whereas any irregularity of this nature is drowned in the edge of the

border. The best practice to ensure a good field seems to consist in

weaving the border, in every case, separately, and inserting the field bj-

the refugar.

IVhen finished, the sl~awls arc submitted to tllc purusgar, or

cleaner, ml~ose business it is to free the shawl from discoloured hairs or

yarn, and frorn ends or knots : he either pulls tlietll out sevcrdly with

a pair of tweezers, or shaves tl(C reverse face of' thc clot11 ~vith a, sharp

knife : any defects arising from either operation are immediately repair-

ed by the rcfugm. At this stage of the manufacture the shawls are

sent to the Collector of t i t stamp-duties, by whom an ad valorem duty

of twenty-su per cent. is levied, aud each piece is then stamped aud

registered.

The goods are now handed over to the wafarouh, or person who hss

advanced money on them to the manufacturer, and to thc mohkim, or

broker, and thcsc two settle the price, and effect tho sale to the mer-

chant ; the former charges i~lterest on his advances, the latter a com-

mission, varying from two to five per cent. Tlie purchaser takes the

qoods unwashed, and often in pieces, and the fine-drawer and washerman

have still to do their part.

When partly washed tfic dhobi brings the shawls to the merchant,

t ha t they ]nay be examined for any holes or imperfections ; should

such occu~, they are remedied a t the expense of the seller : if there are

none, the washing is completed. This is done with clear cold water,

using soap very cautiously to white parts alone, and never to em-

broidery : coloured shawls are dried in the shade ; white ones are

bleached in the open air, and their colour is improved by exposure to

f w e s of sulphur. After being washed, the shawls are stretched in

a manner which answers in some degree to calendering : a wooden

cylinder is two parts is employed for this purpose, round which the

shawl, folded so as not to be quite as broad as the cylinder is long, is

carefully wrapped, being occasionally damped to make it fold tighter ;

the cnd is sewn down : two wedges are then gradually driven between

the two parts of the cylinder a t the open e~t~remities, so as to force

them asunder, and the surrounding folds of the shawl are thus stretched

to as great an extent as is consistent with its texture. The piece re-

mains in this state for two days, when it is removed to be packed. The

packages are of various dimensions, but they are formed on one princi-

ple : the shawls are separated by shects of smooth, glazed, and coloured

paper, and they are placed betwcen two smooth planks af wood, with

exterior transverse bars, which projecting beyond the planks, offer ;L

purchase for cords to tie them together : the ~vhole is then placed in a

press, or under heavy weights for some days, when the planks are

withdrawn, the bale is sewed up in strong cloth and the whole

is sewed up as smoothly and lightly as possible in a raw hide, which,

contracting in drawing, gives to the contents of the package a remarka-

ble degree of compactness and protection.

- An immense variety of articles of shawl stuff are manufactured

in Kashmir, besides the shawls thenuelves : of them also tliere are two

chief varieties, those made in the manner described, and the worked

shawl (doshali amli), in which the whole of the embroidery is worketi

on the cloth, with needles having eyes, and with a particular kin6 of

woolen thread, instead of the silk employed in the usual embroidered

work. I n the amli shawl the pattern, which is ip every case delineated,

but, which at the loom is read off in certlin technical t e rn from a book,

is covered with transparent paper, upon which the outlines of the

composition are slightly traced with a charcoal twig, and the traced

lines are permanently defined by being pricked through with a small

needle. The cloth intended to receive the pattern is rubbed strongly

upon a smooth plank, with a piece of highly-polished agate or corne-

lian, until it is perfectly even and regular. Tlie pricked pattern is then

stretched upon the cloth, and some fine coloured powder, charcoal, or

chalk, is passed slightly over the paper, which penetrating through the

holes, trmefera the outline to the cloth underneath. Thia is next more

accurately delineated with some coloured powder, rendered tenacious by

mucilase of gum which, when the work is completed, is readily

detached in dust by the hand.

The use of patterns by the chain-stitch embroiderer, and the carpet

weaver of Kashmii, is more restricted to a confined number of forms,

by being transferred from a wooden block to the cloth, in regud to the

former, and to paper in respect to the latter.

The following are the chief articles of this mmufacture, with their

usual prices.

Shawls in pairs form the principd article of this miillufdure, and

have diierent names, according to their nature and quality, as plain

white wloured, embroidered in the loom, or by the hand with the 9

needle : via :

Patu Pashmini, sometimes made of Asalties, but more fi.cquentIy of

the coarse kinds of shawl-wool, is in length four gaz, and in breadth one

and a half gaz. This is thick, and used ns a blanket, or for outer

clothing. Price from 6 to 6 rupees per gaz.

Shalr phiri, as its name denotes, is made of phiri, or of secoph-

wool. I t s length is from three and a half t o four gaz, and breadth one

and a half gaz. Price from 20 to 30 rupees per piece.

Hahan, or plain white cloth, of h e ahawl-wool, without flower,

border, or other ornament, cliffera in length, but is twelve girrhs in

breadth, and is wed for turbans and for dyeing. Price from 3 to 8

rupees per gaz.

Jowhar Shala Sadu, or shawl with a narrow edging of colored yarn,

i s from three and e half to three an3. three-quarters gaz in length, and

one and a half in breadth. Price from 50 to 60 rupees per piece.

As all the following shawls are of the same dihiensione, uiz, three

and a half gaz in length, awl one and a half gaz in bredth, it is un-

necessary to affix the measures to their several Lames.

Shala Hashiadar, is edged by a single border, 60 to 70 rupees.

Shala Dohasiadar, ha^ a double border, 40 to 70 rupees.

Shala Chahar Hashiadar, has four borders, 60 to 70 rupees.

Hashiadar Khosar, or Khalil Khani, has two borders and two

tonga, sometimes ~ t h , at others without, a flower iu the corners, 40 to

50 rupees.

Hashiadar Kiungreedar. This has a border of the usual form with

another within-~ide, or nearer to the middle, resembling the crest of the

wall of Asiatic forts, furnished with narrow niches or embrasures for

wall pieces, or, matchlocks, whence its name, 100 to 150 rupeep.

Dhourdar, has an ornament running all round the shawl, between

the border and the field. 200 t w 2,200 rupees per pair.

Idathandar has flowers or decorations in the middle of the field. ' 300 to 1,800 rupees per pair.

Chanddar, has a circular ornament or moon in the centre of the

field. 500 to 1,500 rupees per pair.

Choutahidar, has four half moom, 300 to 1,500 rupees per pair.

Kunjbuthadar, hae a group of flowers at each corner. 200 to 900

rupee6 per pair.

Alifdar, ha8 green sprip without any other colour, on a white

ground or field. 120 to 1,150 rupees per pair.

Kaddar, has large groups of flowers somewllat in the form of the

cone of a pine, with the ends or points' straight, or curved downwards.

Dokaddar, has two heights of such groups ; Sekadhar, has three

rows ; and so on to five and upwards : in the latter case, however, the

cones are somewhat small. 100 to 800 rupees per pair.

The ornaments of shawls are distinguished by different names, as

Pala, Hashia, Zanjir, Dhour, &c., and these are divided into different

parts. By the $em Pala is meant the whole of the embroidery a t the

two ende, or, as they are technically called, the heads of the shawl.

The Hashia, or border, is diposed commonly one a t each side in

the whole length, and if double or triple, gives particular denopinations

to the sllawl.

The Zanjir, or chain, runs above and also below the principal mass

of the Pala, and as it were confines it.

The Dhour, or running oruament, is situated to the inside in regard

to the Hsshia and the Zujir , enveloping immediately the whole of the

field. . I

The Knnjbutha, is a corner ornament, or clustering of flowers.

The Mattan, is the decorated part of the field or ground.

Butha, is the generic term for flowen, but is specifically applied,

ahen used alone, to the large cone-like ornament which forms the most

prominent feature of the Pala. Sometimes there is only one line of

these ornaments, extending from the lower Zanjir to the upper one.

When there is a double row, one above the other, the Butha is called

Dokad, Sehkad, up to five, after which it takes the name 'of Tukaddar.

Each Butha consists of three parts ; o i l , the Pai or foot or pedi-

xxxvi I

ment of leaves generally ; the Shikam or M y , and the Sir or head.

The head is either erect, or straight, or curved, or inclined. I f the

Butha slope generally, i t is nained Butha kaj. The Shal, or net, is the

work \vliich sep:uates $he different Buthas, but solnetimes the interstice

is without or~iamciit.

Jamawar, signifies literally a gown pieca. The length of this cloth

is three and three-quarter gaz, and the breadth one and a half gaz. . C

T h i ~ article branches into many varieties, as Khirkhabutha, large

compound flowers, consisting of groups of smaller ones. This is used

by the Persians and Afghans.

Buyees per piece.

Rezabutha, snlall flowers thickly set, ... 200 to 700

Shaldar, n ~ t work, ... ... ... ... 500 1,700

Islirni, ... ... ... ... ... ... 250 400

Mehramat, ... ... ... ... ... 150 300

Khatherest, ... ... ... ... ... 150 750

... Narpech, ... ... ... ... 200 350

K-, ... ... ... ... ... 300 1,000

... ... ... Laklie A n p , ... ... 300 GOO

Chaporast, ... ... ... ... ... 300 7,000

... Dogul, Sehgul, Chtlhargul &c., ... ... 500 1,000

... Barghe bed, ... ... ... ... 280 4.00

Gulisaut, ... ... ... ... ... 200 900

Dunzdhe khat, ... ... ... ... ... 700 1,500

... Dunzdeh rang, ... ... ... ... 800 1,4,00

Cfule p m e , ... ... ... ... ... 300 450

... Kddhar, ... ... ... ... 300 3,000

Kayhama, Subakar, Safed, .. ... ... 120 130

These are made by the ahawl weaver alone, and go largely into IIin-

dustan, where they are dyed, the dl green flowen being previously

tied up in hard small knots, so ae t o be protected from the action of the dye, and are, of course, when untied, each surrounded by ,g small white

field. Small eyes of spots of yellow, red, and of other colours, are

supposed to harmonize with the green flowers and the new ground, and

theae are d d e d by embroiderers of Chikkandoz.

Kasabch, or Rumal-women's veils-square shawls. These am

from one and a half to two and a half gaz square, and are called

... ... Khathdar, ... 300 to 600 rupees

Mehramat, ... ... ... 150 to 300 do.

Ielimi, with' the thirteen other patterns of tfie Jarnawars ; and in

addition t,here aro

Chaharbagh, ... ... ... 300 to 350 rupeea

Hasliio, ... . . ... 100 to 115 do.

Chand, ... ... ... 6 0 to 200 do.

... Chautahi, ... ... 150 to 400 do.

Shwh Mantahi, ... . .. ... 250 to 200 do.

... Feringi, ... ... 100 to 500 rupees.

Exported chiefly to Russia,

Tara Armeni, 100 to 250 rupees ; exported chiefly to Armenia and

Persia.

Tars Rumi, 120 to 300 rupees ; exported cliiefly to Turkey.

S d a , 12 to 15 rupees ; for domestic use.

Sl~amlas, or girdles for the waist, worn by the Asiatics, me eight

gaz in length, and one and a half gaz broad, and of various colours and

patterns, and vary from GO to 2,000 rupees a piece, according t o the

richness of the rork.

~os l ia la , or shawls, which contail1 three palas instead of two, go

only to Tibet, and sell for 100 to 150 iupees.

Goshpech, or Patka, or turbms, &re in. length .from eight to ten

gaz, breaJth one g&, and of all colours. One variety has two palas,

two Zanjirs, and two hashias, 160 to 800 rupees.

Mandila, another variety, sometimes has a Zanjir, and sometimel; is

witllout this ornament. This latter is from eight to ten gaz in Icngth,

and abouf twelve giras broad, 45 to 70 rupees.

Khalin Pasl~mina, shawl carpets. This is sold a t 20 to a10 rupees

the square gaz of only three-quarters, and is made of any size in a

single piece.

Nakash, tromsers. Some are with, others without, seams. Tlle

former are made of two pieces, which are sewn together by the rafqar,

the latter by the jarab saz, or stocking maker, 200 to 500 rupees a pair.

Chaharkhana, netted cloth. Length indefinite, breadth one and a

half gaz, used by women. 5 to 10 rupees per gaz.

Lungi, girdles. Length three and a half gaz, breadth one and a

half gaz. These differ from Shadas by being in narrow check, and

bordered by Yules of different colours, 50 to 70 rupees.

Takhin, caps. 8 annas to 4 rupees. '

Jarhb, short stockiugs. Gulrlar and Mehramat, flowered and striped

1 to 5 rupees.

Moze Pashminq long stockings. 5 to 25 rupees.

Bakkab Posh, canopies. 300 to 1600 rupeee.

Darpwda, curtains for doors and windows. Same price 3s Jamawar

by measure.

Kajjari Asp, saddle-cloths, by memure.

Kajjari Fill, elephant's housing, ditto.

Balaposh, or Palsng Posh, quilt or coverlet. 300 to 1,000 rupees.

I Galaband, crava.6 12 to 300 rupees

- Pistanband, neckerchief, 6 t o 16 rupese.

Langota, waietbelts, 16 to 30 rupees.

Postin, cloths left long in the nap to line pelisses. 600 to 1,000 Re.

Paipedl~, leggings. Lengtli two gaz, breadth one gira, of ail colours.

2 to 10 rupees.

Yezar, or Izarband, wabt strings, 1 to 15 rupees.

Takkia, pillow-bier. Same price as Jamawar.

Khdita, bags or punies. 8 annas t o 2 rupees:

Kabbar Posh, shrouds or covers for tomb-stones. Same price as

Jamawar.

Takposh, covers or hangimp in front of recesses or cupboards.

And Khwanposh, dish eovers or napkins, of varions qualibies and

pabterns, from 30 to 500 rupees a piece.

APPENDIX VI.

Note concmiplg the production of Borax and Xu2pAur i n Luddkh.

[Prom C~nning?m.]*

'' Berm.-The Borax and Sulphur ?dines are found together a t sn

uninhabited spot named Puga, on the Rulang-chu, a small stream

which is full of hot springs, and which joins the Indus on its left bank,

miles above LB. Puga stands in North latitude 33 degs. 12 mins., and

Emt longitude 78 deg. 16 mins., at an elevation of 16,SM feet above the

sea. The borax is ejected in the bed of the stream by the numerous

hot springs at various temperatures, from 80 degs. upwards. The dt

(borate of Soda) is found dong both banks of the rivulet for about two

miles, in conjunction with Chloride of Soda It ie in a damp state, ow-

ing to the vapours emitted by the hot springs. In collecting the borax,

the surface of the salt, which is generally of a light pink creamy hue

(sometimes inclining to green), ie carefully scraped and colleoted in

bags. When dry, it is of a dull white colour. In this state it is col-

lected by the shepherds, who pasture their flocks on the rich summer

grass of the plains of Pukchu. The quantity of this borax annually ex-

ported is stated at 600 maunds, or 16,000 lbs. ; the value, at tho rate

of sixteen seers per hpee, being only rupees 500.

Sulphur.-The Puga Sulphur Mine is situated at a short distance

from the stream, at the foot of a gypsum cliff. The mineral occurs *

chiefly in the form of thin laminae disseminated throughout the rock ;

but in all the fissurea there are numerous detached crystals, quit? trans-

parent, and of all sizes, from that of a grain of sand to one-eighth of rn

inch. I n detaching the sulphur, the cryst& are mostly reduced to

powder, s ~ l d partially mixed with the gypsum rock ; and in this state i t is carried to the markets of Nurpur, Kangra, and Xampur. The vague statements of the shepherds make the annual ~upply about 500 maunds, or 3,200 lbs., but I should think thst it rarely amounted even to one-half of that quantity.

APPENDIX VII.

.E.ttmct concerning Asafmfidu f r m report hy DT. Bellem. (formerly

attached to di ission to Kandaka~..)

The frail vaginated stem, or the lower cluster of shcatliing leave^, the former belonging to old plants and the lntter to young ones, is removed a t its junction with the mot, around which is dug a small trench about six inches wide and as many dee . T h e e or fodr incisions l are then made round the hcad of the root, an fresh ones are repeated a t intervals of three or four days ; the sap continuing tu exude for a week or fortnight according to the calibre of the root. In all cases as soon as the incisions are made, the root head is covered over with a thick bundle of dried herbs or loose stones as a pt;otection against the sun ; where this is not done, the root withers in the first dn aiid little or no juice exudes. The quantity of asafetida, obtaine a' from each root varies froin a few ounces to a couple of pound's weight, accordi~ig to the size of the roots, some being ho bigger than a carrot whilst others attain the thickness of a man's leg. The udility of the pun differs much, and 1 it is always adulterated on the upot the collectors, before i t enters the market. The extent of adulteration varies from one-fifth to one- third, and wheat or barley flour or powdered gypsum are the 1 1 ~ ~ 3 1 adulterant?. The best sort, however, which is obtai~ied solely from the node or leaf-bud in the centre of the root head of the ncwly sprouting plant, is never adulterated. and sells a t a much higher price than the other kinds. The price of the pure drug a t Kandahar varics from four to seven Indian Rupees per " man-i-tabriz" (about 3 lbs.), and of the inferior kinds from onc and a half to three and a half Indian rupees per " man." The asafcedita is commonly used by the Mahommedan population of India afi a condiment in several of their dishes, and especially mired with " dal." It is not an article of general consumption in Affghanistan, though often prescribed as a warm remedy for cold dismes by the native physicians, who also use it rw a vermifuge. The fresh leaves of the plant, which have the same peculiar stench as ih secretion, when cooked, are commonly used as an article of diet by thoae near whose abodes i t grows. And the white inner part of the stem of the full grown plslit, which reaches tho stature of a man, ij considcreci a delicacy when roagted. and flavored wit11 salt a~ id butter.

APPENDIX VIII. . .

Extract rryardi~zg the trade in Wool, from w o r t on Ka~Lhar

by Lielctenaltt Colonel H. 3. Lurnsden c . B .

" Tlie follo~ving are a few particulars regarding this trade. At

Rirgand, IItlzara, Herat, and Kandahar. when d- Wool.

rinces are made ta the nomads on the future crop,

the price on the spot is about 13 Company's annas per Kandahsri

maund of 4 Compaliy's seers ; but if purchased a t the time of shearing,

it costs rupees 1-4-0 for the same weight ; and if taken on credit

rupees 1-8-0. A load of 49 niaunda Kandahari, or 192 comphny's seers,

ia carried to Kandd~ar from any of the other districts above mentioned

for company's Rupee3 12-8-0 ; and from this point to Kurrachi for the

salnc sum. The reduced rate for t l ~ c latter distance L accounted for by

the road being better, and, below Dadsr, perfectly safe. The go-hta

or agent proceeding with tlie investment receives 3 of the profits,

taking an equivalent share of risk ;hut if the arra~lgement with him is.

madc on the Mahommedan principle (known as Mozaribat) when the

went runs no risk, one-fifth of the profit is absorbed in his pay.

The agents ib Kandd~ar say that the tariff of boat-hire from

Kurrachi to Ho~llbay varies so much, that it is impossible to give even

a fair approxinlntion to the expenses of transit, but that the price in

Bolnbay may Le put down ;ls 192 rupees per kmdi of sixty Kandahari

maunds. Pure nliite wool ir t.he most marketable, but brown and

whitc arc frequelltly mixed. The wool of B i r p d and Herat is gene-

rally shorn twice a year, and if not exported is manufactured into csr-

pets, bala-zins, masnadi namads, and common felts. The fine wool

kllov-n as kurak is procured from goats in the Herat, Gazak, and

Hazarz d~strictb.

The Birgand and Herat carpets, sold in Hindnstan as Persian, are

woven in looms by G or S men a t each, much in CupctJ.

the same way that carpets are usually made in our ,

j d e , but of a much finer texture ; and the woo1 is always dyed before

being spun into thread, which is said fo make the carpets keep their

colour much longer. Carpets are purchased fro111 the ma~ufacturer a t

10 Herati rupees (each 4 Company's snnas) per square yard, and fetch

in Hindustan 10 Company's rupees.

I n making m3snadi namads, the great art is in having the woo1

thoroughly carded and cleaned first, and then lightly Naumda or Felts.

made up into a sort of half felt foundation, on

which are placed pieces of colored wool of the required pattern anointed

with soap ; the whole is placed on a frame of reeds, and rolled up and

out again till the wool is worked thoroughly into one homogenous sheet;

of the required firmness ; the namad is now opened out, and well rubbed

under the feet ; and lastly, after a second coating of soap, the whole is

finished by hand-rubbing. Each maanadi narnad sells a t from 7 to 15

rupees on the spot.

LI Bala-zim or saddle cloths are made as above, but without figured

patteterm of any sort, and are of the finest picked wool, or even coarse

kurak, and fetch 6 or 7 rupees each a t the manufactory. K w k is pro- , >

cured from goats by combing them once a year, with fine iron combs,

by which only the finer parts of the under coat is taken off; this wool

ia generally used for making warm under clothing for people of rank,

and is worked up like bala-zins, but in much thinner sheets, being little,

if at all, inferior to paehminahs, gelling a t from 7 to 20 kpees each oq

the spot."

APPENDIX IX .

Extract conccnling Exports aad Impdr, Porn &port an Xan-

dahar. by Lieutenant CoZmcE 8 . B . Lumden. C . B .

Ii The following ia a list of prices in the Kandabar market of arti-

cles imporbed from various quarters."

FROM BOMBAY . IMPORTS . PXICEE .

~\~auzes of drficler . Ei-o~n ta . ... ... Long cloths. per piece. 7 0 G 8 ... Ditto (unbleached.) ... 4 8 3 0

Xadapollams (whit C. ) ... 9 0 6 0

... Alwon (shawl stuffs) (red.) ... 10 0 8 0

... Ditto (orange.) ... 9 0 6 0

Ditto (green.) ... ... 9 0 5 0 .

Ditto (white.) . . ... 8 0 5 8

... ... Khasa. ... 3 0 2 0

Jaconet (grey.) ... ... ... 3 0 I * I t

Ditto (white.) ... ... 3 8 2 8

Dimib (white.) ... ... ... 4 0 3 0

... Ditto (rose.) ... ... 9 0 7 1 2

Flowered Muslins (all colours. ) ... 3 0 1 8

Foloured Muslins . ... 8 8 1 9

Net, per yard, ... ... I 0 0 7

... Drill, (white) per piece. ... 10 0 0 7

Flomereil biuslins (golden), ditto, ... ... 6 0 3 0

... Velvet (black, ) per ywd, ... 0 12 8 0

Ditto (red, ) per yard. ... ... 1 12 1 0

Majut Imported, per yard, ... ... 7 8 S O

Broad cloth, per prd. . . ... 7 8 6 0

Uhintz, scarlet. (red) a piece. ... ... Do . clo . (blwk) do.,

. Chintz, (scarlet and rose coloured. ) a piece . Ditto do . (white) a lpiece. ...

Chintz. black and other colours. a piece.

Do . Shakar kouz (a colour.) ditto.

Khasa. scarlet. a piece. ... Shawls. each. ... Merino. per yard. ... Molasses. per seer. ....

.... ST. per31seers.

.... Black pepper. ditto.

Sal Ammoniac. ditto. .... .... Cloves. ditto.

.... Green and black teas. ditto.

.... Turmeric. ditto.

Dry Ginger. ditto. . . . . . .... Preserved ginger. per 'jar.

.... Orpiment (yellow. ) per 3) aeera.

; Ditto (black. ) ditto. I .... .... Cinnamon. ditto. .... -rime, (small) 'ditto.

.... Ditto (large. ) ditto.

.... Thread. (per bundle). .... Cocoa nuts. per 3 1. seers.

.... Satin. per yard.

.... Flannel. do..

.... Russian Satin. do.,

.... Cambric. per piece.

Penknives. two bladed. 1-8 ; one blade 1 . Large Sailor's knives. 4 3n-e . Quantities of Pottery mare of all descriptions are imported ; 8s

all0 needle; and thread, and a few English medicines, which however

kill many more than they cure ; for being administered by a Native

h a k i who knows nothing of their properties, but tries the effect of the

firat which may be at hand, and regulates the qnantity given by the

price.

N. B.-The pieces of cloth above alluded to are of 311 sizes, 40,

81, and 29 yards, and the Affghan gaz (or yard) is 33 English feet.

The following are the Kandahri weights :-

A Kandahari seer weighs Company's Rupees, 8 0

A Charak ia 10 seers, or ditto 80 0

4 Charaks are one Maund.

1 Miskal is 4f Masha.

' L-Masha is 8 Ruttie.

Coxxa. 6 Cabuli Rupees 5 Company's Rupees.

1 Kandahari Rupee ditto.

12 Shahi make 1 Rupee Kandahar.

6 Pice Kandahari, or 4 Company's pice, 1 Shahi.

2 Shahiee Kandahari, 1 Xiskd.

4 .Shahies Kandahari, 1 Abbassi.

The whole of the copper coinage called in every two or three

months, at the will of the ruler of Kandahar (who regulates the vdue

of the Shahi, and usually brings them down to half price, for a

few daya before they are called in,) and taken at half price, stamped

and re-issued a t their full value. All which remain iu the market of the old supply (unstamped) are called ghaz.

* IMPORTS FROM UMRITSUR.

Parcm. Namea of Articles. From to

PdmGna Shawls, according to quality.

Holaeses, per Kandahar, maund .... 2 4 0 0

Turmeric, ,... .... .... 1 8 0 0

Punjab shoee. Penholders. Lungies. Cloth. Cashmir Shawls. Puttrl

C ~ h m i r i . Zinc. Saffron. Cashmiri 16 rupees r Kandahari maulid and.

Pchamur Lungies .

FROM MOOLTAN

Rough cloth. per100 yards .... 9 0 0 0

.... Colored sheets for women, 20 do.. 17 0 0 0

.... Chintz. Nasrkhani. 20 pieces or 160 do.. 20 0 0 0

Do . Lalgurie. do . do.. .... 8 0 0 0

Alacha. 4 yards .... 1 0 0 ' 0

Buffaloe's hides . cured. 20 do.. .... 60 . 0 0 0

. . . . Goats. 20 do 17 0 (I 0

Shoes. according to quality .

FROM BOKHARA .

.. Rusaian gold lace. per tola.

Bokhara silk. per Kandahar maund.

Labani Ditto Ditto

Kokani Ditto Ditto ... ... Qardanzi Ditto Ditto

Bokhara Tomujabin Ditto ...

Gold lace (imitation) per yard. ... Oulbadan (a silk cloth) Ditto ... Kanawez ~ i t ' t o Ditto ... Postins. (fox skin) each. ... Postins. (rat skin) each. ...

. . . Sinjaf Postins. each

. . . Sinabunda and Postina. Smuri .

Choghas. (dghani) ... Russian boxes of all sorts and prices .

FROM JlASHAD AX'D KHORASAN . Ninhapur ~ e r o z e s (Turquoises) at all price* . Opium. (Gunahad) per kandahar maund. 35 0

... Ditto (Teed) Ditto 45 0

Kanawx. per yard. ... ... 1 8

Silk Lungies. each. .... .... .... 9 0

.... .... .... Ditto (Yezd.) 5 0

.... .... Razaies from Yezd. .... 3 0

.... Silk handkerchiefs. (black) ..... 4 0

.... .... Bulghar skins. .... 15 0

.... .... Balazins. .... 20 0

.... .... Black boots. a pair. , .... 8 0

.... .... Abrak (rahdar. ) each . .- 280 0

Abrak (Mashadi. ) do .. .... .... 60 0

Ditto Kirmani do.. .... .... 9 0

Pittu. .... .... .... .... 12 0

Besides the above. Msshadi double barrelled guns. pistols. and

swords. choghas. namdas. sinabunds of kurk. white aud grey drills. and

chintz of all sorts and prices .

FRO31 CABUL .

Postins. each. .... .... .... 25 0 0 0

Sinabands. .... .... .... 10 0 6 0

..... .... P a t h . .... 30 0 15 0

Rice. per Kandahar maund . . . . . .... 1 0 12 0

Walnuts. do . do.. .... .... 0 8 0 0

Cabul Molas~es. do.. .... .... 1 0 0 0

Rerridcs t. he above . Lungies. Barrak, and Janab .

FROM ANARDARRAH . From this district are brought the famous pomegranates. which aro

porhaps the finest in the world. as also asafwdita : this trade is chiefly

in the llands of the Tajaks and Kakars .

dix

The Tajaks of Anardarrah are all under ~ i r Mahamud, Ahmud.

Kllan, and Syad Musa of their own clan, who arc respectively a t the

head of 600, 200 and 200 families. The lands of these Tajaks arc aU

laid out in fruit gardens, producing jujubes, pomegranates and figs, the

ralue of which may be estimated from the fact of t h e tribe paging

12,000 Herati rupees (Rupees 3.000) t o the Governor of the province

allnually.

Almost the whole of their produce is exported. The lo^ ranges

adjacent to the -4nardarrah basin are the q r e ~ t asafetida producing

tracts : during the three hottest months in the year. numbers of Kakars

resort there to collect tha t gum. All parties, previous t o proceeding to

t h e grouncl. are obliged to find ~ecrlritp t o the gorernoy of the province

for the payment of six ~vpeos privilege duty per head, and have to pay

a further tax of 3 anllas per maund upon the asafmtida collected.

The following articles exported, cost in Kandahar.

I<~pol'f 5.

Almonds, per Kandahar maulzd, ... . .... 1 0 0 0

Mashad and Herat silk, (cllatta) per maund .... 40 0 0 0

(Twela,) llitto .... 35 0 0 0

(Tuni,) Ditto .... 30 0 0 0

Anab (jujube fruit.) Ditto .... 1 0 0 0

Zerisk ( a berry from Herat) .... 1 8 0 0

Safion, from Birgand, .... 90 o 16 r)

APPENDIX X.

of the

1359-60.

------

33.91.7.54 1.27.2S.lS.i

15.(if;S 1,8l.H3Ci

3.509 6,929

87,102 1.16,865

51,096 ...

19.9% f .53.8:10 2,65,Y11

---- 1.71.27.917

----

3,G E.596 3,57,809

74$7.074 21,068

2,38:657 8.95 4

..k3.8139 1,26,858 B,P6,142

92,991 36,263 13,360

~ , S G , ~ S S ...

------ 0,79,388

STAT~~~TLELVT .shotoing

Cous.rulss.

IMPORTS.

. . . . . . . . . England, Bombay, . . . . . . . . . Concan, . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . Cutch,

. . . . . . . . . France. Goa and Domaun, ... Guzerattt . . . . . . . . . Kattiawar, . . . . . . . . . Malabar, . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . Maurit.ius, Mekrau, . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . Moulmein, Persian Gulf, ......

Tors, ...

EXPORTS. England, . . . . . . . . . France, . . . . . . . . . Bombay. . . . . . . . . . Calcutta, . . . . . . . . . . Concsn, . . . . . . . . . Cutcl~, . . . . . . . . . .

... Gos and Demaun, G-werat, . . . . . . . . . Kuttiawaz, . . . . . . . . . Malabar, . . . . . . . . . Mauritius, . . . . . . . . . Mekran. . . . . . . . . . Australia, . . . . . . . . . Persian Gulf, . . . . . . Singapore, Ceylon, &.,

TOTAL, ...

Kurrachce Irnde.

R x s u r . ~ OF lS59-60 CO3IPIHk>D WITH

the increase

1S55.56.

1,57,500 55,Hl.!2l2

2.'&64 71.,986 ... 4.532

57.(i08 2

97,632 1.801

11,065 ...

1,79,619

C;3,9S1131

35,139 ...

63,74.320 ...

, ~ , I ' z [ & o ~

... 1 7

1 . 2 1,63.15 i

17,568 35,805

i ,d~:694 ...

60,44,403

1865-56.

increase.

32,36.9H.k 71,-&6,!)-4:3

13.203 1,09:S70

3309 1,397

2'3;&9:1 ... ... ... 8.858

3,53.830 1

-- 1,05.90,280

---- 3,20,457 3.57,309

30,92,754 21,OGY ...

1,2~.286 3.954

32.142 . 5,373

3,55,988 75,4?23

868 13,369 21,404 ...

34,34,985

'~ecrertse . -

...

.. .

...

...

...

...

12,457 46,546

1,894 ... ... ...

60,597 i

...

...

...

... ~

...

... 1

...

...

... ~

...

...

...

... !

...

...

... - 1

li .

APPENDIX XI. -

CABAPAiV ROUTE from SAika'rpr to Kandaiar by M e Bokin Pasa. '

REMARKS.

---

In Sindh. Road through a jungle country. A village and a fort.

Do. Do. But little water. The country from this to Noushaihra, a desert for 9G miles.

Over the desert in Biloclris- tan. A large village.

A village in Do.

A town. Do. river. The villages of Syud Kazan- shah-ki- Jhok and Ustad, on the road.

A village in ditto. A place called Shahr Haji on the Road. A stage.

DO.

Large town. River.

1

2

3

4

5

6i 7

-2 ui 2

$ E k

17&

824

264

143

22

16

154

7

- 14114

NAMES OF PLACES.

- - - Erom Shikarpacr

to . . . . . . . . . Jagan,

......... Rojhan,

. . . . . . Barshori,

. . . . . . . . . . Mirpur

. . . . . . . . . Bhag,

...... Rlaheshur,

...... Noushaihra,

Dadur, 743 feet above the sea, ... Y

Total, ...

S d

104

134

16

84

13

10

9

44

I

lii

APPENDIX XI.- Co~~tinued. -

8

9

10

11

NAME OF PUCE*.

-------- Kohandilan (DO4

feet) or kandi, . . .

Kirts, (1,081 feet) or " Garmab" . . .

Bibi nani, . . . . . . Ab-i-gum, (2,540

feet,) . . . . . . . . .

REMARKS.

-- In the Bolan Pass. The entrance to the Bolan

Pass commences within a short distance from Dadur.

After entering the Pass, the road lies north-west. A t about 4 miles the mountains begin to close from north- east to south-west. The hills which immediately enclose the Pass are not very high- are irregular in height, and barren, their strata most con- fused, and their formation of coarse pudding stone changing near the surface to loose clay and pebbles. The distance from hill to hill on eac!~ side varies, but in few places within the command of musquetry. Road over rough loose stones and shingle. Bolan stream. At about 8 miles a spot called " Drabbi" where there is a small valley.

The valley here is from 3 to 4 miles broad; loose stones and shingle.

Valley barren. Bolan stream.

The road passes through 2 valleys, between which the distance of the hills which bind the r o d may be 2 to 300 yards in some places. -

.5 0 - 2 2.3 d

11

104'

3 a

9

84

APPENDIX XI.-/ Continued,)

12:

13

NAMES 03 ?LACES.

----- Sat-i-Wajur, or ' a c k . . . . . .

Say-i-Bolan (4,494 feet), . . . . . . . . .

Kharlake. Head of the Pass, ... ...

j

d .r(

z 5 a u

@ ?"

0

33

10

d o 24

. ' u , +I

REMARKS.

-- In the Pass. Here are some Khajdr trees

on the right of the road on a rising ground. A spring of water.

Inthepass. . A spring from which the

stream of Bolan has its source.

At about 5 miles some stunted trees. On each side of the r o d the precipices become more abrupt-the ascent considerable. Pass gradually narrows until i t winds through some high hills. For the last three miles to the head of the Pass. Road in many places good, but this 1s the most command- ing part of the Pass.-Road in some places 40 to 80 feet wide, with perpendicular rocks 100 feet high.

The ascent of the ghat or head of the Pass is gradual, and only about 100 yards in length. Loaded camels can walk up hnd down.

After the descent, which is not great, a plain or valley

I ( " Dash1 be dowlut" or

Dashl kuchute") .

liv

APPENDIX XI.-(Contirtued~

REMARKS.

------ Road through the Dsshl be-

dowlut. A t 2% miles from tile head of the Pass, the elevation above the level of the sea is 5,793 feet. The valley is extensive to the right and left after three miles.

No habitation at Sar-i-ab. Slight ascent in the country a t about 14 miles from l is t stage, where there are Karezes,

b a d in the valley, which is watered by numerous streamlets.

Shalkote, a town in Bilochis- tan, on a mound. Seat of a Hakim.

There are three roads to Candahar from this place. That followed by Caravans is here given.

Distance according to the account of this route, published in " Major Hough's army of the 1ndus."-pages 47 to 60 and 427 and 42Y, from which the information above givenismostlyderi~ed.

- 14

15

1.5

NAXES OF PGCES.

Sar-i-ab. ... ...

Shalkote, (Quetta) 6,637 feet ,... ...

From No. S to No. 15,

227 136

0 Uj

+ E i5

1 6 i

84

86

i 2 fi

APPENDIX XI.-(Continued. Fmm ShaLkot the Caravan route proceeds as follows, as give11

by the principal merchants of Shikupur :-

Lora . . . . . . . . .

I ... S 1T:tbit:~tion.

... 1 0 h stream. 1-i1l:igt..

Karez Gulistnn . . . . . . 10 A \-illn~r, and Karezes or

From No. 16 to 05, Sl~xlkot to Tian- daliar . . . . . .

From No. 1 to 15, Sliiknrpur

I Shnlkot, ...

......... Nari (2nd)

Chahi Nadir

. . . . . . . . . Registan

IIouz-i-3Indad Khan

1 Pd-i-puklita,

i Karez-i-Haji,

t Total distance from ) Shilrarpnr to Iinn- ! dahnr, . . . . . . I

. . . . . .

... ..,...

...... Kand:~hnr. Lat. 31040 ... I

12

12

7

12 .

11

12

snbterrm~rou.; ~vnter course*.

KO linhit:~tion. Tnllcy on the road.

DO. do. TTrnter from n well.

NO l~nbitntion.

ITillngc.

Rirrr Arql~asti~n crossed. A viIl:~qc~,

Village. Karczes.

10 I--

City.

APPENDIX XI.-(Contirzued.)

From Shalkot to Kandahar, as given by Major Leech.-Pages 59

and 90 of the printed reports of the Mission in Afghanistan (1839).

NABIES OF PLACES.

From Shalkot to ... Kuchalak Fort,

Lora, . . . . . . . . . Gulistan Karez, . . , Gundwan, . . . . . . Spintagh, ...... G hamaz, ...... Konchee, . . . . . . Kadni, . . . . . . . . . Ahmad Khan-ka-

houz, . . . . . . Walamda (or Mah-

mundn,) . . . . . . Tukh tapul, . . . . . . Chouki, . . . . . .

. . . . . . Arghastan,

Dehkhashuk, ... Kandahar, . . . . . .

200 houses. 500 do. A stream called Lora. 100 do. 3 canals. No houses. Stream. A difficult ascent.

... ... 12 houses. Plentiful stream. 500 scattered shepherds, plenty

bf well huts. 10 do. do. .

No houses. River water. Do. Do.

200 houses. Do. A fordable stream in the hot

weather. 400 houses. Stream. City.

' I

From Shalkot to ... Kandahar, ...

F ~ ~ h ~ ~ $ ~ r p O ~ ~ ) ... ,

96

136

lvii

NOTES ON TIIE ABOVE ROUTE BY MAJOR R. LEECH, Bornday E?~gilzeers,

(page 90 of thprintedpapers of the Mission in Afgianistan,)

(1839.)

The pass of Bolan, commencing a t Kudta and ending at Kharlaki, is 50 kos long* and is passable either to an army tvith

artillery or to a caravan throughout the year. It is generally

level, and though considerably covered with loose stones offers in

no portion a serious obstacle. It narrows once after leavingi\lachk

(Sar-i-Hhajur) to the breadth of four horsemen, but in general

i t averages 100 yards. Caravans are sometimes detained by thc

snow falling beyond Machk, but i t does not fall heavy in the pass.

There are two castes of plunderers that the kafilas stand in much

dread of, the Doda Maris and the D h u m d Kakars. The Shikar-

poor caravans proceeding up the Bolan pass entertain Brahuis

sometimes as a guard. The Brahuis are in possession of the pass,

and were formerly in the habit of guarding armies through.

Nole Iry tLe Slrikatpoor Mercliante.

The route is dpen throughout the year, but the portion on

the Sindh side of the pass is not traversed by caravans during

summer when the hot winds blow. The streams of Kutchi, which

intersect the road, are inundated during the rains. The only un-

safe portion of the road is from Dadar, No. 7, to Sar-i.-ab, No. 14.

* According to the route above given (No. 1 to 15) from Major EIough's

Army of the Indue, the Bolan pasa is only 59 miles, equal to 35 kos, long,-

commencing from near Dadar, No, 7 and terminatmg at No. 13.

From ShalLot, or Quetta., to K a j ~ d a L r by the KAojak yaes.

From Shalkot to Katchlak, . . . . . .

Haidarzai (5,258 feet above the sea), ...

Hykalzei (5,063 feet), Right bank of the

... Lorastream, Arambi, ...... Qills-i- Abdulla

NOTE.-The above muto from Shalkot to Kandahar by the Iihojak pa88

is taken from " Najor Hongh'e Amy of the Indna," 1840.

Khan, . . . . . . summit, 7,457 feet)

Khojak pass (the

Dandi-gulai (4,066 feet), . . . . . .

Killa-i-Futeh-Ulla Khan (3,918 feet),

Mahl Manda, ... Near the Dore river

(.'),638feet), ... Dehihaji, ... Khushab (3,484 feet)

Kandahar (3,484 ft.)

Total distance from Shalkot to Kandahar, ... 1

Total, ...

114

10t

109 7 8

8 7 4

The Katchlak pass 7 miles from Shalkot (Quetta) .

Bad Nulas to cross.

Cross a river. Cross the Lora stream, banks steep.

Road good. A Fort.

-1 11

14)

10 1 12

151

81 12

7h - 147

136 - 283

Foot of the main ascent, 6,454 feet. The valley of Kandahar at Chamman Choki, 5,677 feet.

First part road stony. An open plain.

Road over undulating stony pound.

Through a pass and thence over very stony and rocky ground.

First three miles over undulating ground, then over good road.

The road stony but good. Cross dry bed of Kadani river.

Road good. Country open. City.

miles, equal to 86 kos.

Add to Shalkot.

Measured distance.

APPENDIX XII. - Caf~daRAr lo Ic~ci t .

R~nranxs.

-----

The rivcr Arglianda a t within 600 yards to tho richt of t l ~ c high rod . After pns\illq Canda- llar, i t takcs a \vcsterly roilrse as far as No. 3, (IIouz-i-Aladad Khan) and the11 t n n ~ s to tho south. The road within this line passes througl~ a succession of fields, gardens and villqes, which cover tho fortilo vdl r~y of Candnhar, the breadth of wli~ch varies from 3 to I) miles. Nearly the whole of tho matcr of Ar- g\ian(\a is taken off by CanaL for tho purpose of irrigzztion, which arc crossed on tho r o d .

Kokaran, a village.

Tho road stony in some plnccs but generally good. An abrupt descent into the bed of tho river. Thc ford across tho Arghandrr eahy. Tho river during summer does not excecd 24 fiet in dcl)tll ; in times of floml if euceediug 3 fcet in depth must prove a serious obstruction to travellers.

Sauari , a villagc.

A mall town. Tho rod lics across a hard lovcl plain.

A small town (500 houses)-rich cultivation a i d sovcwl fine groves and gardens, in thq vicinity abundance of wator.

A hard level gmvolly mad without obstacle. At tho clistcmco of 10

-

CARA PAN IZOUTB from

I

Naar~s or PLACES.

From Cnndtlhar

to

Kokarm, . . . .. .

Sanjari, .. . . . .

IJIouz-i-Mdd Khan,

Kishk-i-nakhud, ...

Estimnt- ed dis- h,,ce in miles.

---

7 miles,

5

1%

15b

APPENDIX XI1.-(Contintzed.)

REXARKS.

-- miles from IIouz-i-Jiadad Khan, the road closely approachw a range of hills of trifling elevation, bejond which a higher rango runs in a north-east and south- west direction.

The ruins of an ancient fort called the Kla-i-Nadir, which must have been a place of considerable strength in itu da about 2 miles to the west of ~ i s b - i - n a k h u d .

The road generally good and level. No habitation here. A p v e of

mulberry trees. Water from " karezes " or watercourses.

Road generally good and hard, the firat part slightly undulating, and m e or two saady patches.

The river Hilmand, (the " Ely- mander" of the ancients) a broad rapid stream-crossed on the r o d a b u t a mile from Grishk, by boat when the stream is not fordable.

The Hilmand takes its rise in the mountaim to the west of Kabul, and a h r a courao of 600 miles, during which it is joined by several considerable streams, the principal of which are the Tarnak, tho Arghanda, the Shahbmd, and thc Khashrd, it Mls into the Lake of " IIamun " (in Seistan).

Tho City of " Grbhk, " 8 largo town.-Principal seat of the " Earakzais".

The fort of Grishk is built upon a mound, about 2 miles from the right bank of the IIilmand. Be- tween tho river and tho fort is a h e pasture land (" C h a m ") intemected by wAter cournes and do t td with gadens and villaplc. inhabitcd by Barduak (Maham- mahiis.)

---- - 1

NAMES OF PLACES.

! -

I

I I

I

i i 1 i I Khd-i-cllopan, . . . 1

I , Grishk ... .. . . I

!

I I i i I

Estimat- ed distance in miles.

'04 miles,

24

Ixi

APPENDIX XI1.-(Conli~tued)

REMARKS.

-- The fine six miles of' tho road

stony and undulating, the be& uf several torrent8 crossing the line ; thence level nnd ensy to the Fort of Sadat, 1 R miles from " Qrishk." Beyond Sadat tho road .ngain p ~ s e s over undulating ground within two stcep slopes till Zirak, which is a strongly planned Garhi.

Sadat is a small town seat of n Hakim, nnd a sking place for caravans. " Zirak " also a small town. Water from " Knrezes."

The r o d Itnrd and level. The v i l lxe of I' Lar "six miles from I< ~ i r a l i " on the road. Dnshakh is a small village ~unounded by a mud wall and towem. Water from " Karezes."

Villa o ~ i t h a stream from n " Znrez?

The road in some places ~ g g c d but passable for .cvh~vled carriages, No fresli water during the first ten or twelve miles. Wnsher, n town ;-seat of cr Hakim. Four forts situated on n fine strcnn~ and surrounded by rich cultivation and gardens.

Khnshrod, a fine stream running from the north, fordable, but formidablo during floods, detaining caravans for scvcr l day^. The m'd ~tony, and unevcn. A t tlte ilisbncc of a mile from Wnsher is a small stroam called the Asiab ; for nearly riis miles its course is f o l l o i ~ ~ d down a narrow vnlley lying between low hills. Tlle last four miles of thc march the road minds down a dry water course ; road not goml but prwtirable for artillery. Tho descent into tho bed of the river " Khasl~rod" is xterp ant1 bud. Khashrod j s alarge villwo. Hero the r o d sepnratcs ; the right leads to " nk-i-kwarmnn," not good ; . --the left is R R fi~llou.~ :

-

NA~IES OF PLACES.

Zirak, . . . . . . . . .

Du~llaIil;fi, ... ...

Biabannk, ... ... MTasLsher, . . . . . .

Khwhrod, ... ...

Egtimat- ed dis-

tance in miles.

-- 21 miles,

15

5

2 1

.

14

APPENDIX XU.-(ContinucJ.)

REX ARKS.

-

A I n ~ p tom. Seat of a Hakiln. A stream. Tho Da&t 13akwa is an cxtcnrivc pkin wabrcrl by the Khashrd and Joi Ibrahun, aid containing numerous villagg.

A urndl town. A police post or Chobi. A stream.

A large town-and fort. Tnjal;s and Afghans. " The Parah rod" rivcr, a very rapid stream, in food dchining caravans owasion:illy for wrcks on its banks. The district of Para, a great place for tho p r d u ~ t i o n of sdtpctrc.

A fern housm on the r o d . SmalI stream. A plixe c ;~ l ld " Khnt- i-Sufaitl " a b u t 8 kos d i s t n t from Parah on-the rod.

Two forts ou tho d,-V~Z :- 1. Kila-i-Nignr about 6 kos from

Jizan. 2. * Kila-i-Dukhtar, about 12

kos from Jizan, a b u t 200 houses in Kila-i-Dukhtnr. * Tho range of hills to tho south of Sabzwar teru~inates four koa from tho town in a long spur, aipo~l which t! remains of an extcnaivo fort RI'C vihil)le, cnlletl tho Kila-i-Dukhtar or Maid(1n's cutle ; and at a short distance from it on a mound in the plain are tho ruins of sootlicr o:istlc cnllnl " Kila-i-l'isr, " or tlie youtl1's fort.

Estimxt- ed distance in

miles.

-- Los. nziles.

12 20

13 22

7 1 I :

1 30

IG 2Gi

.

1 l

1 N h ~ r ~ s OF I'LICB. I 1

---

-----

: I a , . . . . . . . . .

Klinrmnlnk, . . . . . .

IP:ll-nh, . . . . . . . .

Jiztln, . , . . , , ,

Snl,z\\rar, . . . . .

-

lxiii

APPENDIX ~11.-(Co~tlinzled. )

-

,

Estimnt- cd distance in miles.

.J 1 miles.

Naar~s OF PLACES.

-

~ l , ~ ~ j ~ usn, . .

EEXARKS.

The fort of Snhzwnr is n s~nal l built of mud, 'UK) or 250 yards square, with 7 circulnr baqtinns.

Thc town of Subzwnr is sitllatcxl in the midst of n ricl~ly cultiv:~t.- d tract of' eountry studded with innmncrnblc villngcs inhabited by " Ndrzzyiq " (Afghans) ; each villngc is about C;O yards square u ~ r r o u n d ~ d by mud IV 11s with towers n t thc angles. J u c h saltpetre produceti in the district.

Thc roar1 bctwcen Sabzwnr and l i r r z t is generally good and pasu:~l)lc for whcclcil cnrringca of' ovcry description. Abrn~bnco of w:ltcr in every pnrt of this route.

A " Ziar~~ttgah " or place of p i lp i - mago-:r ruin p c r c l ~ d on tho summit of a rocky hill, a t Lho ibot of wllicli runs a s t r em, sliglit- ly brcrckish.

A rocky pass with s p r i n p of fresli wakr. A small town. Airauh- k m stream.

A rn&I stroan. No h o w .

Caravnnsurni, s u ~ ~ o u n d c d by cnl- tivation ; a fine stream of' water runs under the wall.

For 19 n~ilcs from tho Adrashban tho road is n continued, arccnt nmong hills, the elevation^ nttain- cd uup~)o~cd to bc f~111 1500 f i t higl~cr than the spot wllerc tho Adraslllinn is crossed, or 6,500 feet above the son. Water f'ooud at convenient distcmccs thc wholc way. Iloild stony and in some pl:rces difficult, but q ~ ~ i t e practicable for nrtillery. Tlie l t d - i - gaz, which f;illd into the Sdrwh- )tan on the road, runs parallel to a part of the march from Adrzsll- kan to Shahbcd. Thcrc iu a ruined cari~v;tus:\rai at tho latter plarc.

Admshlian, ... ...

Rod-i-gnz, ... ... hlir Allah, ... ... Shal~led, . . . , . .

I

6

G 6

18

--


12 miles.

11

8

niilcs. kos.

'3 16 208

APPENDIX

NANES OF PLACES.

- Mirdafid, . . . . . .

Rozn-i-bngh,. . . . . .

Irerat, . . . . . . . . .

Totd distance, . . .

XI1.-fCo~~tinz.teclJ

- -- Caravansnrai. On leaving the

Sarai Sh'ahbed, tho road aacends for about 3 miles attaining an elevation of about 700 feet above the last encamp in^ ground, t11c11 cornmenccs a gradual but regular and continued descent to the e ~ l d of the follo~viiig stage, ltozn-i- b q h , fallii~g it is conjecturtd 2,UtW) feet.

From this point-RIirdalicl-the eyo ranges orer great part of the u ~ l l c y of' Herat but tlie city itself is concoded hy an intervcn- ing range of hills wllcd t l ~ o " Koh-i-dosakh, " the distnnt mountains of the Hazara country are seen far overtoppin, a range of hills of considcrablo elevation on the otlicr side of the valley. The road is pd tlie whole way frorn the foot of' the hilL

Town and a garden. Numerouq artificial channels of excellent water.

Cross tho I' Hzri-rod " on t h e road four lnilcs distant from tho Eoza-i-ba~~h. The river runs in several clianncIs over a \rid0 shingly bed. I n seasons of flood, i t is deep and exceedingly difficult to cross. F o ~ ~ n c r l y a fine bridge of burnt brick spanned the stream.

Hcrat, a largo city. Snpplied with water from the TIari-rod with wooden trough running across the ditch. It i s stored in large rescrroirs of masonry of solid construction arched over.

- -- I _ _ -

APPENDIX XI1.-(CotzcttidCd.) . This route has been compiled from the accounts by Captain

E. Sanders, Engineers, ( A ) Major Todd, ( B) and Major R. Leech,

Bombay fibnineem, f C) as well as from information furnislicd by

certain native merchants. At short distances from the linc of road

throughout, particularly between Sadat and Sabzwar, numerous

Ghizdis (or Felt tents) occupitvl by pastoral tribes of Affiax~,

chiefly of the Nurzai, Achikzai and Bluulizai Branches of Duranis,

and others, are met with. These people &rd accommodation to

caravans and travellers, and supply them with provisions, fodder

&c., receiving from them w h , as well as articles of common use,

such as cloth, needles &c, in barter.

The towns are most inhabited by Tajaks.

A. Itoutc from Kaudahar to Herat, publish4 in Journal of the Asintic

Society, No. XIII, part I, 184%, pa,= 121 to 134.

B. Report of a journey from Herat to Simla, via Kandahar, Kabul md

Punjab, publiked in tho above journal, No. =I, part I , 1844, pagea 330

C. Route No. 7, published in t l e Printed Report and Popcrs of the

Blission in Afjjhaoirtan, page 01.

APPENDIX XI1 A.

6

Hmua country.

Ditto ditto.

Plain ope11 country. An Uzbak principality. A tawn.

Do. Silk produced in the country.

Do. do. do.

DO. A town,-Siik country.

-

From Hent To Bala-Murghab, 3

marches,

I 30 lies.

Deh-i-nou, 3 marches, 30 I Maimam, 2 marches, 20

I Andkho, 2 m~ches ,

Shibnrgham, 2 marches, . . . . . . . . .

Akhehn, . . . . . .

25

24

10

Karki, . . . . . . Bank of the river

OXUS, ...... Karshi, 2 marches,. .. 13ukhlra, 3 marches,

Total estimated distance, ..a

10 / A ~m.ll tam, 12

12

50

-

Plain-sandy.

"" {Vide Appcd ix XIX A.

Do. Do.

' I I I X X E a N 3 d d t r

I

'ON

'pm iod .pm lad , .pnr md 08'4 002 OZL . 009 'gem 8

.pauk aed

as wuus 01 182

0'22'9 9.1 '11 000'9

008'8

m'se

'ier1spns3

.oa

'[aqmx

-0a .

'oa

.oa

' ~ q a p u v ~ :

--

. h l l ~ ! S -!a0 p m q n

-ind OleqM

%"¶"Pi

q

( F ~ V S I

' P S Y ~ H

' oa

(quad n! punpna

' ~WH

' F J m l J e J ~ U ~ a0 p a ~ n p o ~ d

(ID!qM U! h l g ~ 1 1 ~ 3

"' ,,PNnq - ? m a ,, me h u g

%jaws aremar XI!@ I F ~ X $9

' oa

'oa 6.8

r t ' m

-nu*E,, '91OP XI16

"' 'unds 'ms

. wrra --------

' ~ ~ o n ~

080 .put rad om

. - -

- x u ~

-~00a

.Jq!qs lu on[w,i

000'8

0 0 0 % ~

-esaqama p

098 .prrr aad ow

J(, .(l!4uunl pawul!lsa

000'8

0 0 0 ' ~

aasltI p en[uA yo03 BOU!lJ

I l u n w ~

.pw .'ad 008

.pru lad OOP

- -C - - - -

01

009 .spuuwJq

I "Neoza" (" Pinns Gerardiana") Ghizni, I

I Apples, Quinces, Pomegranates, Candahar, I

1.2 ea?. each, !4 UX)

8 240

14 660

EXBBoIDEBY.

Fam.

sins, Almonb,

1 Dried grapes, ... I Mustang,

Rial (silver,) Mo. hnr, gold coins,. Muhad, I

Gold and silver thread, ...

Cups, embroidered,

Alwbookhara, ... Pishtschio nuts,

lsahad,

Candnhu,

Ohizni,

Kahnl,

Maahad,

Candahar,

Ghizni,

Kabul,

I Do. I Candahar,

280 tolas,

10C in No.

8 0 m d ~ .

40mda.

Burkee, silver coin, .. .

Cammin seed, , . .

I Saillower, ... ( Do,

Do.

Kabnl,

Do.

Ghizni,

Candahu,

Do. Shall and Moostung,

Moostung,

laahad,

Do.

Kabul,

Candnhar,

Do.

%OO mda

60 mda.

ZM) mda.

8,600 m&

60 mds.

1,000 in No.

5,000

800 mds.

200 mds.

20

t ~ t r x r x 2 : . a k P P

-Y m o? 2 2 - 2 g 2 ? a i 2 % sr

- ' 4 : Z t 2 x 2 2 2 x

APPENDIX XITI.-(Cmltcdedd

KO.

- __-_C_

K ~ ~ A , &c.,

~ T I C U

Cummin seed, ... Choh-Chinee (China

root), ... Iiuteera (gum), . . . R m L ... Quicksilver, ... Huskupoor (wmoaire

sublimate), . . . Umultas (cassia

fistula), ... Tin, ... Sunkoo zurd ...

Value at Afghanis- tan.

Total of exports, ...

Rate.

9 per md.

20 20 ,I

,9

120 ,S

200 3,

61

70 n 100 ,I

Value at place af purchase.

Amount.

360

600 LOO

180

8,400

10,000

900

7,000 ~,000 --

Annual cetimated Country in which

. . . I ... I- ... 1 1,88,9ZO I ...

Whore pur-

3,07.910

produced or manufactured.

chwed originally. quantity of

I I Amout.

UX)

620 600

9 0 6

7,000

7,600

160

6,300 600

40 mds.

40 ,, 60 ,,

- ----I_-

Shikarpoor, *.-I Bomhy, ... Sukkhnr, Shi- karpoor, ...

Loodhiana, I Shikarpoar, ... Do.

6 perm.

13 I.

12 I,

Bombay, ... Bombay, . ...

Snkkhnr and Shi- kmpwr, ...

Bombay, ... Do. .. .

30 ,, I 3 St

70 100 ,,

1 50 150 ,,

60 3 -

1 ,, 63 ,, 10 ,, 1 2 per sr.

Do.

Do.

... Sukkhnr Shi-

r r . Do.

APPENDIX XIV.

Curavan ronh fma Dera Is~nail Khan, to G h a d h j the GRamnelrca

-

No.

-

d o called

EETIUTED DISTANCE IR KOB.

---

14 kos.

Miloe. kos. 32 19

9 kos.

8 ,, 10 ,,

14 ,

9 ,,

7

or Chuh1.e'pm8,

NAMES OP PLACES.

From D e b Ismhi1 Khan to Draband, ...

Manjhigarh, or 'I'hatthi Manjhi, ...

Zernarikah; ...

Mashh i , ... Ghulcri, . ..

Kirkani, . . .

Kotghai, . . .

,

Itsumtaj, '. , . -

" Dera Grrnvnul."

REMAEKE.

--

A l ave p l a c e - A m d Lollidu. I n British Territory, Zila h k r a Zsmfiil Khan.

t t

A village in Rritieh Temtory, Zila Dchra Ismiril Khan--con-

' tains in its pldn llutsof Lohinis. Watered by canals. This is tho entrance of tho ~ h a w g r a or Gummal pase.

I n the pass. Through low barren hills, water from a b ~ k i s h 8phIg.

i

Ditto ditto ditto. a

Ditto ditto. Water ~ c e at this' stsga

Crow R very difficult Kow, and join the bed of the Giummpl.

1 Along tho bed of tho G w u l .

Seven kos from Kirka is the To1 Dara, a narrow but w "B 1 cultivated glen, inhabited by Taf- tsnI Povindahs, who rtre on friendly terms with the Wid- ris. *he first 7 kod df this march is notoriously snv& to W d r i raids.

Rod along tho bid of tho Gum- mul.

APPENDIX X1V.-(0onli~ued.l -

No.

-

,

1

NAMES OF PLACES.

- Kanzh, . . .

Damandar, ...

Husen Nikka, ...

Gusta, ...

ESTIMATED DISTANCE IW KOS.

-- 7 kos.

7 ,,

7 ,,

I

7 7,

REMAEKE.

-- Road along bed of Gummul. This

is the last halting place in the Wazfri couhtry, 011 the banks of the Gumlnul. Caraviine are frequcntl~ littacked b the \\'azirH in all the mute t k u g h their portion of the country, where thcre are no villagw. hut only well known halting places, ~ianied iu hcre shown.

Here are the remain of an old city called Kanzar, which seems by description to havo been destroyed and inverted by an earthquahe. In popular bellof it is said to be the city of Lot.

The road in this march ia first along the bed of the Gummu1 river and then up a steep ascent. Damandar ia a halting place, \vatel-ed from a s ring on the watemhed line tetween the Kandar and Gummal atreem.

A difficult march thmugh a rugged Dara.

This is a halting place at the Ximat of Hueain, where the Kholdadhhail, and other Sulai- mankh~il Ghilzsis come down to trade and barter with the Lo- hinie.

From here hvo roads strike off, one to Ghuleri and other to Zao.

Road along the Kundar stream. This spot, which is only an en-

ramping ground without houses, belo$ to the Pundukhd, da- cri es a astoral tribe in al- liance with %e Nbira, and generally able to defend their own ; they never molest Carav4na pius- ing through their country.

Ixxvii.

APPENDIX X1V.-(Ca~till&ed,)

No.

-- EBTIVATED DISTANCE IN KO81

-- 6 kos.

0 ,,

8 ,,

6 ,,

'I ,,

N ~ m e OF PLACES.

- Khurkhundi, . . .

Mamakhani, ...

Mukkal, ...

T r i k l ~ a h a x , ..a

Lari, ...

REMAEK~.

- Road along the bed of the stream.

Here are a few villages in the midfit of cultivatioh belonging to Mandekhails nnd Nbsirs.

Road genernlly throu h a hilly m w t r y along the & of the Knndur strerun. I n the Mima- khani plain occupid by Munda- k h i l and NLire.

An encamping ground, a long and t imlrne march-for tLe lust five koa through n narrow defile, commnoded by lofty heightu, which is entered a t about three miles from Blb- mdkhanl from the Mbm6khani plain.

A t this spot (Mukhal) three Dads open out, the Jhob, Knu- dur, and Gummal. The Kaknm hold Jhob, while the Kharotis Mundakhail, Sherdni~ and Wsl,fri.r arr to be found in the other two. W a h r procured from a ~rrlnll stream, a tributary of the Gum- mat.

T h i ~ place consisb of 30 or $0 houses of the Jhurian t ibe-- road passes through a defile. It weu, in the daysoftheMoghul Empiro, famouo for the manufacture of weighing ncalus m d e of raw hides, and although this trade has almost d i ~ n p ~ a r e t l . yet the mannfacture still exists! Country hilly and barren.

The name of a plain where kofilm usl~nlly encamp ; i t iq oe- cr~pied by a poor and inofen- sivc tribe of Kalinrs. Water from spr ing.

APPENDIX XPV.t(,CmrcEa&d.)

No~~.-This route is traversed by tho kafilru, of Porindal~ merchants in

85 dgs. The s&g are sl~ort on account of iho labor in constantly crossing I

and recmcsillg tlia G u m d river through tho v, which run9 for a b o ~ ~ t 117

kos = 195 miloe. The k & l ~ perform $him pwt uf the r o d in not Icss than 16

days, crurying with them grain, kc.

No. ESTIMATEXI DISTANCE IN K08.

- G kos. ,

. Miles. kos. 11 G

2 7

12 7 I

11 6

10 G

10 G

10 G

- KOR. miles'. 194 823

NAMES OF PLACES.

-__I_--

Cfbaribi D a n , . . .

Shilgllal, . . .

Karataz, , .

Fort of Langa, ...

Dd, ... Mashakki, .. .

Rarahagll, . . . Ghrrzni, ...

Total Estimated dis- tanco, ...

REIABKS.

Ifalting ground at tho moutl~ or tho psss. Water procurod by digging in tho bed of a ravine, Whore it is always be found doso to .the mrface. Road through n long Da-6 flanked by low hills.

A well cultivated plnin. Ghalzais. Springs of water. .

Ditto ditto.-Tho Lohfiniu tnko grain from this yli~ce to the pass.

2 Forts. 200 honses. Fertile, well ypulatad district. Suli- mnnk el Uhilznis. Springs of water.

Ditto ditto.

600 housecr of Tajaks and Hamm. Good water.

Ditto of Bayat Kazilbashes.

An old city.

(

APPENDIX XV. t

P

'XOUTE f r m Kawdnhr to KuCxZ Cy Ghnziti.

NOTB.-. The p h marked thus * arc halting pl- for kafilae.

NANES OF PUCES.

* From Kandahm to I 1 Count open and barren. A Abdulaziz, . . . 64 miles. amdl vX1age. ~ a b l o land, level

ma stonv. Water brackish. *

*

&timat- I

-The raid good. Fort. A broad and extensire plain to the right nnd broken chains of hills in front stretching to the left. A stream of brackish water.

Road good, rather stony. First part of the road over a dead flat skirted by broken ranges of mountains, then the ascent most considerable and the road rng ed, stony and narrow, ascents nn$ descents across the dry boda of streams and nvines, until the valley of tho Tarnak, which is narrow. Khail Akhund village on the right bank.

At three miles n narrow defile. Cross water courses. T a ~ a k river to the rear of the fort. Country low and veq- mild.

ed distance

miles.

Kilu Azim, aliaa Karez Aino, (8,915 feet),

Khel Akhund, (4,418 feet), . ...

lla

10)

114

*

*

*

*

At three miles water courses to cross, some very steep ascents. The Tarnak to the south. lied winding round the b s e oflow hills.

A minaret about 40 feet high on the right of the rod, said to mark the ~ p t whew an arrow of Ah- mad Shah's fell, is on the left of the road.

At three milm a defile, nt 6 bed of n Nnla The Tarnak to the ~outh. R o d winding and stony in parts, and generally bad.

R o d good, with the exception of a large ravine, wit11 steep sidcs.

REMARKS.

94

16)

Shar-i-=fa, (4,618 stc t) , ...

Tir andnz, (4,829 ft.)

Tiit gulqir, ...

Asia Huzara, or Kiahk, . .. 10

lxxx

APPENDIX XV.-( C~))aitita~d.)

- +

*

*

. m

*


--

124 miles.

...$Ti

1 o&

941

82

Gb.

lo*

7

NAMES OF PLACES.

Khilat-i-ghilzai, (6,773 feet), . . , ,

Total,

Sar-i-hzi, (5,973 ft.)

Naurak, (G,130 feet),

Ab-i-tazi, (G,321 ft.)

Slmftal, (6,5141 feet),

Chnshma-i-Shdi, (G,G(iS fc-t), ...

Bangak, (6,810 ft.),

- Half way cross a Nula. The

river 14 mile off. Road good, though stony in some places.

Kilnt-i-ghilzai fort wlth garrison on a hill. No town, but two small villages in the vicinity. Country inhabited by Ghilmis.

At threc miles a wet Nala-nt six water coumoe. At eight another wet Nala The river adjoins. Road good; but stony in some laces. Country open wit11 lorn h h .

Cross a broad water courae, ascents and descents. The river adjoins. Country barren, rod difficult and stony.

Cross a Nala at two miles, road along the brow of a hillock, cross water courses, slight ascents and dewmts. The river 4o ins . Country opeq.

Cross three ascents and descents. The river Tarnak adjoins. K o d over 3 pery precipitous line.

Half way cross a Nala The river adjoins. Road tolerable. Country open. Considerable extent of table land.

At 24 milea a Nala At 4 miles a water course. The river adjoins. Country open through a vldley h u t $0 miles in width. Numer-

ous villages.

APPENDIX FV.-( Continz~d.) '

ed dis- REMAEKS.

At five miles a dee ravino and ~ c v c r a ~ o t~ loa bad Por puna. At 7 n~iles a Nala ( Jdr ' a ) ; apringa of water. The river 3 or 4 miles off. Many vi1lage.a with orcharrls.

Mnhur, (7,091 feet), 124 I I ~t ten miles twenty or thirty karezes : i;lose ravinea. Here is the dource of the Tamak. ' Road good over a large $able land, to the right covered with nulnoroua mud walled villages.

Nukur, a small town. Karez-i-oha, (f,326 At sir and tell nliles cross a dry

feet), .. . 144 Naln The first with deep bapka. Springe of water. Road gel~erdly good over a flat and well cultivnted country. Numerous villagep.

Jamrud (district Ka- Cross ravines and dry Nalas two ralwgh,) (7,426 ft.),,l2f or three times. Road heavy for

p m 3 . Ilnlfwa k m , aqdaomo near ~amrud. kumomus vdages.

Mnshakki, (7,309 Road heavy first five milt%. Se- feet), . . 9 veral water conreee. Springa of . -

water. The whole lain covered with

forts and vdsges. ~ e i g ~ t . in h n t .

First five milea sandy.' Water corns . 'Heights in front.

Road sandy, heavy, and stony. At six miles aae 'between two lowrvoges of hiEs, Iltuvarda road over a table land crossed by drp bed8 of mountain torrents.

[NOTE.-TO the north of Nani, about 10 koa distant, is a place called Shergurh, where the Povin- da merchants leave their families while journeying with their @ to TurkistPn, Herat, &.I

L

APPENDIX XV.-(Continued.)

REXARKS .

-- Country undulating, but open.

Cross water courses. Ghazui, an old city. A fort.

Road undulating, a t 8 miles a pass 9,000 feet, 300 yards broad, with low hills on cach side ; the road thenee stony for two miles, the rest excellent and hard. Villages on the left. A stream of water to the rear and left. Some karezea. A fall of 300 feet from the defile, which is called '' Shairduhna"

[NOTE.-The Qhilzaia formerly used to plunder Caravans at the Shduhna-where the Hakim of Bhazni has now a chokee.]

At thrw and five milea 2 short defiles. Road much undulating. Stresme of water. March in a narrow valley. A fine tank at Haft Asiab, fcd by a crystal spring which arises from the mountains.

~ a l f way good, croes e dry Nal& the rest etony nnd bad, ~ r p s - sing several water courses m g through a narrow valley.

Road contraded and d i & d t , par- ticnlarly last part. Cross the river Kabul at Sydabad, halfway. Three rivers crossed, tho last of which, the Loghar, is near Shekhabad.

[The country between Shasg60 and Sydabad a h e valley between low hills. Villages at overy step. Abundance of wahr.]


--- 11 miles.

-- 140

134

8)

104

94

- *

*

* .

+ '

*

NAMES OF PLACES.

Ghazni, (7,72G ft.),

Totid, ... Sh~hgw, (8,609 fh.)

Haft Asiab, (8,420 ft.)

IG& Khail, (7,637 fmt,) .. .

Shekhabad, (7,473 feet), ...

lxxxili

' APPENDIX ~ ~ . - ( ~ o f i h u e d . )

REMARKS.

- -- Last half rather heavy and con-

fined. Crosa a defile. The river Kqhml is oroseed near Maidan. Thc valley of Maidan is bealdifal and well cultivated. Orcha~de. Killr Shcr Yahummud Khan, (8,050 ft.). A fob an the mad between Shekha- bad and Maidan.

Bemeen Shekhabad and Kila Sher Mahornmud is avilluge c&cd 'Top.' Cou~ttry inhabited by Vurdak M- ghane.

The r o d bad and conbed, intersected by deep ravines Water. Hills to the rear. A t 8 miles lies the valley of Arghandi.

The mad from Arghandi to Mug- hira is bad ae far the village 3 miles from Mughira, from thence tlm-vd- Icy L open.

Road ve stony, with many bad ravines hyf way cross the etonj bed of the Kabul river, thence the r o d in narrow bound& by low hills on each side. Village of Kila Ka- zi a b u t 5 miles from Mughira aud 9 miles froxu Kabul, on the ro.ul

.from which there in a slight fall, the elevation at Rnbur'e tomb at Kabul being 6,396 1L above the sea.

-

*

*

*

Nau& or ~LACES.

-- sIai&n, (7,747 feet,)

Mughira, '-.

Kabul, 6,396 feet (city), . .

i

Total, .

Estimat- ed a s - tanee id

miles.

Sf miles. ; '

"$ ,

14

88 miles.

I

Estimat- '

ed dis- NAMES OF PLACES. tance in REA~ABK~.

miles. I

m i h . h8. . :?

From Kandalar la) 87= 53 Kilat-i-ghilzai,

Kabul, .., I I

,Total distance from Kandahar to Ka- bul, . , .

NOTE.-The above route hlce been extracted from " Hough's Army of the

Indos."

I t is generally blocked up by snow durin$ four months of winter, but at

the other aeasons good and passublo for all descriptions d wheel carriages.

Water and supplies abundant. A' Caravan travels between Kandahar and

Kabul in fifteen days, but horsemen perform the journey in eight dnys, and

'couriers in aix.

Tribea on the road.-Puqjba Afghans, (Ghiizaia, h'urzai~, &.,) and

Tajaka

APPENDIX XVI.

Nmat Fo 19dur KAnn's State~nmts regarding trade carried 011 by

tAe Pomnrlal b lerchnts .

Replies of Nawab Foujdar Khan, of Dehra Ismael Khan,

assisted by certain heads of the Povi~dah Mankhail tribe, to the

queetions put by Brigadier Genepl Chamberlain, containing inform- . 4

ation regaiding the t ~ a d e carried on,by the Khorssan Povindahs

with India, in connection with the question of establishing a Fair

at Mooltan.

1.-The Census o f the Pouirrdalls, accmding to tribeb, with the

numder of tkeir iierds a.na?&cks.

2.-TAe order o f t b i r coming to, and relrcm fro?^^, the Dera&t.

Q~ceelion 8.-State the order in which the " Kafilm" of the

Povindahs, journeying from Khorasan, enter by the Ghuwaelra,"

or Goommool pass, with the number of their " Khans," (families)

men, herds and flocks ?

An.noer.-Five tribes of the Povindrhs come by the Ghumllelra pass, in the following order :-

Firat.-The " Nasir" Povindahs, in four different classes, who come one after the other in regular succession, vir. :-

1. The Ghuwaeewal. 2. T h e Gosfundwal. 3. Nanirs s s w i n g small mema. 4 NU& cv ing larger merchandize. A11 these five classes are corn of 2,000 families and 6,000 men-of

, v h m 3,000 bear arms. an^& are laborers. There a v other 3,- h i l i e s of Nasirs living in the Moolk oob hills.

The U t e r ponrwa 8,W cameh,+ tho former 10,000 buJocks and

Note &ow& &jbC K&*.--He in of opinion that the Povindllhs hare understated the number of familiw and men. He eat~matea tho number of hrnilies in Ywlkgwb a t 5,000 (khan88) end the m b e r of @en living in " Darnan," or foot of the hilla, a t 10,000. 5,000 families of Naeirs, he thinks) come to I n d i

t The number of cpmels he estimates at 16,000.

donkies : these gmz in the bills ; 43,009 sheep : a small number of these con~e down to graze at the foot of the hills.

Second.-Nswab F. K.'s I Second.-me Niazee Mittbe" estimate. I Povindabs.

- No. of fnmilielr, ... 376 NO. d families, ... 260 ,, men, ... 608 men, . ,, -eh, .. . 3,W ,, cameb, ... S , W

Third.-Nawab P. K.*B mtimak. No. of famiIies, . .. 1,050 No. of families, ... 700

*, men, ... 1,800- . 1,200 ,, carneb, ... 6,m n camels, ... 3,000

Fourth.-Nmab F. K.*s estimate. I ~ o u ~ - t h . - h k Do&tmn tibe. '

No. of families, . .. . 300 No. of families, , ... 200 ,, men, ... 800 ,, men, . 400 ,, camels, ... 4,000 ,, camels, ... 2,000

Fifth.-Nawab F. K,'a eetimate. Fifth.-The Mankhai " t n i . No. of famqiea, ... 1,000 No. of families, . 660

9, men, . 1.400 p8 men, ... 7 0 ,, earneb, . 6,000 ,, camels, ... a,aOQ

Theee tribea return in the oder tbmrg cama The above custom has obtained for aeven ~;ene>&iona past.

1Pof.e.--See also mply m&r head 4 rm regar& the rooter of the P a ~ i n b h Kadlaa from Khorvah - annually import into, and export from, India, a d Me ~elat ive value

'

of the export8 &y the three great hutea'of tke Bob., G4rmaelra, nrd

Qllestim 29.-Name the articles brought by the b i n d a h

merchants from ~ h o r a s k 3 I

dnnoe*.-Fm Bpkh6ra, Kokan, in Turkietan, they bring :-

, Raw Silk, ... ... Fmm Ri~lrhilm. Homes, , . ... , '... From Tlnqr~n l :~~ l ; l~n rn . C ~ U N B , . . . ... 3'rom Fnrnnr1:nnd in I l u k h too run^^, (Nannn) ... I'rnrn 1 : n l i b r n Shnwl 001 (Pat) ... From k'ol im~ through B & h . Bukhara Gold Coin& -

B&&n urtk&i p r c h a d at BakMra. Kulabatoan, CfoM or imitaGon. Tar Kalabntoo, ] Gold a d silver wire md tbrescl Hunaian (fold Coins, 1

Pure (Junjab).

Articles 2nrrc4aocd at Katul end tk Ku LuS Hilts. .

Pinl~tiwhio Nuts. " Kiahmish," dried pp. Almondq.

. I'omegannBs of Julalabad. Melons (" Kurbooza," " Surds") Grapes. " Nak," (Pears.) Mughz zurd a100 (Kernels of Apricote). Shcerkhisht, (a substance which rcsta like dew on certain trees-usod

as medicine). Amfatida Aloo-Bukham Cnmmin d e , black. 1. , S.&lower. Yushmeena Puttoos. Sheepskins (Posteens and Neemtuns).

, Burk (camel hair) and t '. . Rurk (goat wool) cloaks. Nundramee rupees, a silver coin of Kabul. Dalln Khafuk, &in. . s

h z g h w n j , a dye ased for colaring i l k .

drtickt prchctsed at Kandahnr. , .

Pomegranatee. F i e . Dried Fruits. Sheerkhisht (Manna).

Salub," Sale or orchis maecala 2 Asmfatidg r and white. Kwlah urkcheen, mbroidwed cape.

Articles from Meshid, Perak, Rmat, and Osrgacnj, pprcrchased at Kandahar.

Carpet! of Meshid, Persia, Herat, and Oorguqj. Turquo~sc, Firowh," from Persia

Oonnb," the jujube fruit from Herat. #' Zurishk," (oum~ta]. " Muatgee rwmee, Pushm thread ( e a t hair). Saffron. Asburg, a dye. Herat Silks (kunawee). , I

Rose Flowers. ShukakuL Catgut, for bowstrings. " Soorma," (Antimoqy). , .

a Q~~ilice~Seed. I I Violet Flowers (Goo1 banubha).

Articles parchased at Giuznee a id in the District of Ghuznec.

Rodung, or Mujeeth. Madder, a dye for coloring Pushmeena. Pushm, sheep ~vool. " Aloolcthee," (liquorice). Aloo-Bukhara. Kabui Rice.

~ u m u i h ((gum arabic): Chilghoza (Pinua Oerardiana). Podina (Nint). Shorapez. Ravund chinre (Rhubarb). ~ o o r t (dry whei of sheep milk).

. ,

Qwetion C.-What goods do the Povjudahs export from India ?

dnmer.--From Bombay, F u t b h y r h , and Cal~utth they take :-

English cotton piece goods. Silks of all colors. - -- - Chintz, of various colors. IJlwau (European c o l o d cloths]. , Merino. Broadcloth. Velvet. ((Qpper. Tln (" kuluel.") Tea. I' Pmtsugabee," otter skins. Cnrdamums, sxnall and large, from Bombay. Black Pepper do. Bate1 Nuts .-- do. Dried Ginger do.

Brocades (kumkhaf.) Doopatta, nimubtured at finarm. Benares Silks, worked in gold, for female drens.

'

Kinaree, old thread. Badla, ofd or silver thread.

1

Shoes, Ymrn Dehlre. Pusbeelm Shwls, &., from Umritsnr.

p;Ydud in the Tms-Sutlrj 8tat.e~~ bills and plain.; purchnsd mritaur.

CLuntry Muslins, from Belrar."

Articles purchnaed at Jiool(an.

Indigo.

~u~mume,-srna~.emt larQe, ~t imm -1.1 ---- Betel N u t ~ :do. Black Pepper do. Dry Ginger I do.

Artick8 purchased ire Mantat.

.Tnlunkur Cl~intz. Ulwar Chintz.

, Goojerat Broodeu. Cornelian~. " Ukerk." hropght from &mh:it ( C a ~ n b a ~ ?) Julunknr Tuklihaf, or paiCted covering for bedding. Julunkur Roomals. I

Fmnr India and the Punjab generally.

Amlrt (phyllnntl& emblik). .- .- - . - - - - Zard-i-chob (Turm~ric 1; R i b - i - m r k h WII sifa (wusma, or dye for the hair). dl %+. Zuinuch (a mordent). c)

I I Rfljjee (carbonate of potash). Black Salt.

* P ~ r t e r . Steel. Ch;rkwo (a medicine fo+ b e disease). Tuhwheer. Wouey. h , .

Cotton Thrend. Roper, for Charpais.

Qfccstiott D.-Stale the value of the merchandize annually

imported +to, and exported from, India.

Note by Nawurab Fmjdcw Kham,

He eatimatea the imporb exports M follomi :- -

&marks.

1 1 ,

I

9 Consisting of coarse cloths purch-

S h m ~

-*.

3a taken to Kandahar. if to Kabul.

Tho above estimate includes thc *kiports and exports by other tribes, Piacb. &c.

I - .

Vdm of Ex@.

1,60,000

16,OW

Tribe.

- 1. Naeir,

8. Niaeee Mutee,

From a subsgnent report rerrivd from Nnwnb Fonjdar Khun these figures rppcar to be considernbly under estirnntecl. IIe illso mcntious that smlenty thousand rupees worth of shaep'e wool in annually imprtcd by the GLawaolra paw.

Vdue of Imports.

.--

I,W,OOO

25,000 (Mujeeth

Export,

--- 3p0,Ooo

30,oOO

3,76,000

1,87,000

~1;60,000 --- 16,42,000*

Tribe.

1. Naair, ... ... 2. Neacee, ... ... 3. Wurotce, ,., ... 4. Daotanee, ... ... 6. Miankhail, ... ...

2,60,000

1,26,OOO

8,50,000

3. Khurotoe,

4 m,

6 . Miankhail,

wed at Jhung, 1 to &b.L IP ukhcanq Sahee- to Bukhara. wal, taken to Ghiz-

b ~ k

a,o0,000

' 6 4 0 0 0

3,c'WoO

~,sO,oOa - 6,00,000

13,00,00U

dye.) 2,00,W

1,00,000

2,00,000 Do.

nee.

Quqtion E.-State the relative value of the export by the tllree routes of the Bolan, the Ghuwaelra, and-the Khybur Passea,

Awwuf R- R~dtd. &lati* Proportion.

By the h l a n Pass, .,. ... 4 ,, Ghuwaelra, ... ... 2 ,, f hybur, ... . 1 -

si

1

4.-TAe &?be8 traaeraed afler crosatng tbe Indns an their jotlrngs

to, ancl rcturrt froin, tic seaeral It~diun ~narIets, with statemerit of

t l e contparatiue poportion visiling each mnurrlet.

Qrcebtior~ F.-What r o ~ h do the Pouindahs fake in coming

to and returning from India 7

Anmet. 3:-Knfilaha of Povindah merchanta from Khorasan first come to Dera Ismael Xhan,by the Ghuwaelra or the Goomoo1 Pass. Those who btay behind tih kafilaa at Kabul, enter India by &he Peshawur (Khybur) Pass; whilst such as remain behind, in Kandahar, come by the Boklrn Pam.

Some cnr down their goode from Dehrn Ialuael Khan don the right hank of the 13ua to Kurrwhoe, and thence to Bombay; others fthe largest humber) take their goo& to Mooltan, whence they proceed on in three different directions, viz. :- . To Raipootana via Bhawulpore ;

To Denare& Behar. and Calcutta. en mute to 9ire.a and Delhi, alone the ~ r a n d ' ~ r u n k 'Road. *

- To Lahore and Umritsur : but a small number traverse to Jhuna, Muk. -.

hiann, Chuniot, Suheewal, ~ n i ~ h a r o t . The Po~indaha return by the routea they go.

- .

Qllestiou G.-In what proportions are goods from Khora-

san taken to Bombay, the " Dukhun," (Central and Southern

India), and the " Poorub," (lower provinces), respectively, and

what ferries rlo the merchants cross over eta wzite ?

Aimaer G.- Cornparalive Proportion. To Bombay and the Dukkhun (Central and

Southern India), ... ... ... 14 To the Lowcr Pf-ovinm ( G r u b ) , ... ... 2 -

- 34

xcii

Detail qfP& and EEolctcs.

Merchants proceeding from Dera Ismael Khan to Bombay, dong the right bank of the Indua, travel by land as far aa Kurrachee, and from thence to Bombay b water; while those tak' a route acroea the Indue paas by Mwltan, Bhawulpoor, Ahmudpoor. I;tbotaubgd, Khrirpmr, Haidrabad, and K m h e e , crossing at the following ferries :-

Ghat Dehra Iamael Khan. ,, Raighat a t MooltPn. ,, Bhawulpore. ,, Haidrabad.

Parties proceeding from Dehm Ismael Khap to Goojrat go by MooItsn, Bhawulpore, Putoudee, Jodhpoor, and Palee, and c m s the following ferriea :-

Ghat Dehra Ismael ghat~ , ,, Rajghat a t Mwltan. ,, Bhawnlpwr.

Those bound to Julunknr pam by Bfooltan, Bhawulpoor, snd Bikaneer, croseing at the ferries above named.

TIie route taken to " Poorub," or the lower rovinoes, from Dehra Ismas1 Khan, lies by Mooltan, C h o p Sahoke. Sirna, ~ e h e , (then across the Jumnato) U a h a b d , Ghat Viaasurn, Minepoor, Googur Bithowlee, and Benarea.

Some of the merchanta proceed from Minapoor to Soan Bhodran, and thence crossing the Ganges to Cdcutta.

5.-Tk sjutem u d e t which thSr trade M conducted.

Quest.iorc H.-Do the Povindahs sell their goo& at the nearest

Indian markets available, or carry them to distant stations, where

they could sell a t the highest prices and buy goods to bring back

at the cheapest rates ?

. A m e r H.-Only a few of the merchanta sell their fresh fruits at near marketa ; all others journey to distant stations to make the best advantage by sales and purchases. -

Question 1.-Are there any merchants among the Povindahs

who, after having sold their imports in the Punjab-say at Umritsur

-take fresh goods from there for sale down the country, Lucknow

and Calcutta, where they make new purchsses for Khoraean ?

A m e r 1-No. But several merchantcr, Bfter having sold their imporb ' in the P 'ab, go down to Hindoetsn, as far ss Calcutta, simply to p u r c h godB for% OrBBBD.

xciii

Qnestion K.-How do traders and cawbra, (a'.e., the " PovimlahsJJ

who bring their merchandize on their own camels, and those who

bring their camels on hire only), wishing to go down to Calcutta

to bridg up goods for Khorasm, &r having sold their imports at

Moolt;an, take down their camels empty or on hire?

Ansraer K.-Traders (LC., the merchants who have their own camels), take d m their camels unladen, but carriers eng their camels on hire, to bring up goad. h m down the country, for some E o n w a n merchants.

- Question I;.-By what conveyance do the Povindah merchants,

proceeding from Debra Ismael Khan and Mooltan to Kurrachee and

Bombay, carry their goods--on camels or boats ? And how do they

bring up goods from Bombay ?

A- L.--Some carry their goods on carneb, others on boate, b;t they bring up articles from Kmachee on camels only.

B.-l%e alteration8 and advantages and disadvantages to t3e

anticipated b~ the estabZisAment of a fair, as nficting tAe intereats

oftAe two separate claedee ~ ~ ' T U D E R S and CARRIERS, and the in-

juence tAe Railroad ia like& to h u e on tAeir Ature system of trade.

Qfleation iK.-How will the Povindahs make out that the

proposed market (faiu) is likely to prove profitable or otherwise to

them ?

A m e r M.-By aecertaining the prices current at the market on their amval there. If they furd the pricee to be unfavorable, they will journey on to other stations. -

Question N.-Now that the ~ovindahs will attend at a par-

ticular market, and not have to journey to distant places with their

goods, how will the prices of the goods to be sold at the market be

regulated ?

xciv.

Answer N.-The Khotasan traders will reduce the p r i m of their goods' in proportion to the cost of carriage they now have to incnr in conveying them to distant markets, v l d e the merchants from down country, Bombay, Calcutta, will raise their prices by the addition of the sums expended on the road.

Qreatwn 0.-How will the Povindahs attending at the pro-

posed fair pass the period they formerly occupied in visiting more

distant down the country, and how will the Trrcdere o l d

Camiers employ their camels during that period ?

Anslam 0 . S o m e will remain on the spot until the nest fair, while others will return to their " Kimqeat," (or camp9 at the foot of the hills, I' Daman-i- Eoh," in the Dera Ismael W a n dietrict), to rejoin the ?ext fair.

Trader8 will let their camels to @. The Carrkw d l engage their camele on hire, or bring he1 for sale.

No one will retnrn to Khorsssn before the aeaaun for returning.

Questwla P.-Would the Povindahs prefer Railmay carriage to

camels for the transit of their goods ?

A w m P.-They have not atr yet availed themselves of railway carriage, but on learning the rules and rates of the railway they will decide with reference to the cost of conveyance, if they should prefer railway to camels.*

, 7.-TllepEace lest adapted for the holding of a fair, and tlre

period.

Qaes1,io.n Q.-How many fairs should there be held in the

Punjab ; where, and when ?

Anacer &-Mooltan would be the best place for an emporium ( I L Mahd i beo par.") The silk6 imported by the Povindahs find a ready market there, and the Povindahs take back Mooltan Indigo and Chintz with them. It ie connected with the linew of wmmnnication leading to Bhawulpoor, the Dukkhun (Central and Southen1 India), the O m d Trunk Road, Sima, Dehlee, Bcnarea, and Calcutta.

They do already travel by rail from Ranigunj to Calcutta, leaving their .. camels a t the former place.-D. P. MCLROD, 2'. C. , .

There ellould la two fain held annrlnlly ; one from the 1st of Poh to tllo end of Magh ;f and the other from 16th Chet to the end of Bysakh (March and April). -

The Miankhail Povindahs prefer a request that the rouutes by

Tatra, Abkhana, Hala, the Loonda river, and Khybur, in the

direction of Peshawur, may be closed. Their object in making this

request is to secure the most advantageous sale of their goods.

They consider that the constant intercourse which the traders

coming by Peshsmur are able to keep up with Indii , ~ t l y inter-

feres with their trade.

They explain that the routes for the passage of traders from

Kabul, Kokan, Bukhara, Peshawur, and Punjab, are frequented

throughout the year, while the k a b of Povindahs visit India only

once a year ; and, anxious to sell their 'goods to the best advantage,

keep them back until a fitting opportunity. But the Kabul,

Bukhara, and Peshawur merchqnta anticipate the Povindahs in

selling their goods, thus leaving them no chance of profit.

The Irafilas of merchants who pass in the direction of Peshawur

consist of " ParacAas," a Mal lomeh mercantile class, residing at

Utalr (Attok), Xukhud, Bhaira, Khooshab, Kalahgh,t and natives

of Kabul and Peshawur.

The rt Paraclas" are much trusted by and receive grat

pecuniary assistance from rich Sirdars and bankers of the Punjab.

Abstract Translation.

MUNPHOOL, PUNDIT,

Extra Assistant Commissioner.

Part of December, whole of January, and part of February. In this year the 1st of Poh to end of Magh corresponded with the 13th December 1860 to 'jth February 1861.

t Zillahs Rawulpindee, Peehaww, Shahpoor, and D e b Ismael Khan,

APPENDIX XVII.

&om t i e Commiesioner and S~pcrintendent Peshww Diaioion, to the

Secretary to Qovernnasnt for the Pwjab, No. 77, Lted 12th hkp-

t e m k 1861.

I have now the honor to forward for the information of the Hon'ble

the Lieutenant Governor, a memorandum on the subject of the eetab-

lishment of a fair on the Indus, and the route to Yarkund via Ladakh.

2.-I have annexed to it a lit of the chief articles of import, from

British India and Ruasia, in the mar@ts of Afghanistan and Toorkiatan.

N w a n d u m on t h eetablishmmt of a fair an the I d , md th routs

to Ymhwna tk zuaakh.

At the present time we cannot be said to have any direct trade

with ~ e n A Asia, but *directly we supply ita wants to some 'ex-

tent. Our dealings are chiefly with Cabul and Bokhara, and with

Kokan in a minor degree ; from these marts, traffic finds its way to

Yarkund thbugh local traders. If then our wares find a ready and re-

munerative market in Afghanistan and Toorkistan, it is no object to the

traders to carry them on to Yarkund. There is an established trade be-

tween these places, but that i t is not a very profitable one, may be

gathered from the fact that some of the merohandize returns annually

to Bokhara.

It appears fo me, that we have two questions to oonsider ; lst, how

we may best encourage tho existing trade between Britiah India, Af-

ghanistan, and Toorkistan ; and, Sndly, whether by any other route we

can throw our goods into the Yarkund market at a remunerative rate.

The first ia undoubtedly the main point ; the countries-traversed

am more densely peopled, and the inLbitants being for the most part

settled in towns and large villages, they 'offer to the trader greater in-

duccments t h m the more '&stant parts of Central Asia occupied almost

entirely by nomadic races.

The opening up our rivers, the establishment of railroads, and the

improvement of our lines of .communication, all so essential to this trade,

are in progress ; the measure to which this paper refers is that of the es-

tablishment of a fair on the Indus, with the object of facilitating the

exchange of commodities and decreasing the distance fo be traversed by

purchasers from the weat.

When the subject ww mooted a q u h r of a century ago, circum-

stances were very different from what they are at presel~t. The Punjab

was then foreign territory, trade waa subject to high duties, and the

Tram Indus districts were exposed to the forays of uncontrollabb tribes ;

the only route by which we could then hope to pass British wares pro-

fitably into Afghanistan and Toorkistan wm the Indus, s river but little

known, and the difficulties of navigation in the upper part of which were

believed to be insuperable. Under these circumstances, in fixing a site

for the proposed fair, in 1838, no higher locality than Dera Ismail

Khan could be selected, whilst Den Cfhazee Khan and Mooltan offered

superior advantages.

' Proximity to India and to the sea, were the only requisites then.

But with the whole of the Punjab and Trans Indus districts as

British territory, with a railroad from Mooltan to Lahore and Umrit-

sur, and with the grand trunk road from those places to Peshawur, our

field for selection becomes infinitely wider, and we need no longer confine our views to the advantages formerly exclusively sought.

Before deciding the question of the best site for such a fair, let us

consider the circumstances under' which the trade is a t present carried

an. In former years, owing to the state of the northern routes, nearly

tho whole trade paseed by those of the Derajat, and consequently it is

to that alone to which allusion is made by Burnes, Lord and others la

1838. These are now twp entirely distinct routes, the trade which fol-

lows each being essentially different in its characteristics. For the sake of

clearness, I will call them the Derajat and Peshawur routes, including

in each designation the several passes debo;ching into those districts respectively, and which need not be further specified for the purpose of

this report.

The Derajat trade is carried on by the Lohanees, a migratory tribe

of Afghans ; they occupy the country about Ghuzni and Khorassan, re-

siding there with their families, flocks and herds during the summer

months. InNovember they come down to the Derajat, where they

pitch their " Kirr&s," or encampments of black tents, or rather huts, on

the psg pounds dong the I n h s , and leaving their families, flock.

and herds in these " Kirrees", a, portion of the'm proceed onwards to Hindostan with merchandize ; all return to the Derajat, and migrate to their summer pastures in April.

The Lohanees thm combine the occupation of the trader and the

carrier, their camels being their OWXI property. This circumstance ren-

ders their lengthened journey less irksome and costly than i t would be

to others, and i t remains to be seen whether, even if they could exchange

their gooh a t Mooltm, they mould find i t to their advantage to do so.

They wodd certainly obtain more for them at Dehli or & Central India,

and we must rcmember, lst , that time is no object to them. Even if they

barteredat once on their arrival, they would not return through the

passes till April ; and, Sndly, that the extra march is no addition to thcir

expenses. <

I t appears to me that under these circumstancea we should not in-

crease the Derajat trade by the establishment of a fair a t Mooltan,

and that a traffic such as I have discribed is not capable of much ex-

pansion.

xcix

The Pcshamr trade differs in its characteristics from that of thc

Derajnt. It is carried on in thc usud manner by resident firms of ITm-

r i b , Lahore, Peshawur, Cabool and Bokhara, and by the well known

trading tribe of Parachahs of Afglraniutan, Toorkistan, and l'cshswur ;

most of the Bdrhara trade fiudv its way by this route. It is carrird hy

Cabulees, Tajiks, and Shinmarim, (a KLyber tribe) who ernploy their

cmcls in this manner.

1t'is evident that such a t r d c is capable cf any degree of expansion, and

that a fair conveniently esta1)lishcd would'tend to facilitate the exchange.

To thesc men time is important, ;LS every mnrbh by which their journey

is decreased lessena their expenses, and if the space to be traaerscd can ,

be sufficiently reduced, i t would be possible to mako two trips instenrl

of one. Instead of being dependent in the Derrjat on the migratory

LohaneeQfor by no other means csn merchnndize be taken through

those passes) we possess in the Peshamu route all the element8 of an

increasing traffic. We u e nearer the markets we wish to supply, large

bding are met with all along tho route containing the

capitelists, and traders whose deslings we wish to facilitate, and the cir-

cumstances of the traffic render a decrease of dietanco all important,-

the very object with which wc contemplate the eetabliehment of a fair.

And aa in regard to the Derajat, Mooltan suggests itself as the

most convenient site for a fair, so in regard to the Peshawur route, I

agree with the chief traders with whom I have conversed on the eub-

ject in thinking that Peehawur itself is the most suitable locality. Es-

tablished agencies afford facilitiee for merchantilc transactions, which a

place of loss note would not afford ; the fair would attract the t~aders of

Bajour, Swat, Huzara, Cashmere, and the tribes on the Upper Indus,

and tho Cabul river would bring some kinds of merchandize from Jella-

labad and Dacca, on the rafts now usod for that purposc, to within 6

miles of the fair,

The following objections may be urged against this scheme. lst ,

tha t i t removes the fair too far from the sea port; but with steam water

carriage for the heavier kinds of merchandize to Kalabagh, the rail t o

Umritsur, and the Trunk Road from that place, this objection will not

counterbalance the advantages of the route ; and I submit that yere i t

more valid than i t is, the Peshawur route offers far greater facilities for

an expansion of tradc, than will ever be procured through the Lo-

lianees. s

The matter comes to this : we can bring goo& cheaper to Mooltan

than to Peshawur, but the means of forwarding them on to Toorkistan

are much greater by the latter than by the former route, and coneider-

ing the two facts together, the merchandize by Peshawur will in the

markets of Toorkistan bc cheaper than that by the Derajat.

I n the cold weather, goods can be brought by the Indus to Attack,

and thence by the Cabul river to within 6 miles of Peshawur. The se-

cond objection is the insecurity of the passes between Jelldabad and

Peshamr, but this is exaggerated. Guards are furnished by the tribes, who

receive a kind of black mail in lieu, but even these demands are kept

down by the circumstance of there being threc routes into Afghanistan,

which are in the hands of different tribes, any exaction on the part of

one leads to the transfer of the traffic to another.

And here I may observe that our ow11 influence over these tribes, and

our means of punishing them, are very great, and annually increasing.

It will be to the advantage of tho Ameer to join us in fostering this

trade, and in concert with His Highness, arrangements could be made

whereby the security of the passes miglit be ensnred. . Further, the im-

petus given to the tradc, would not be without its effect on the tribes

themselves, and I do not doubt that many of t,hem would become car-

ricrs, even as the Shinwaries have done.

I n regard to the Lest timc for holding tlie f ~ i r , Janusry 1 1 s h e n

suggested as the most appropriate, but whether i t be a t Nooltrrn or Pes-

hawur, I consider this too late. The L~hnnecs come do\vn in the cnd

of October and November ; i t is not likely that they \rill postpone t l~ci r

journey to Hindwtan on the possibility of a locd market in January,

because if they failed to effect a profitahlc exchange then, they wq~lld

have lost 6 weeks or 2 months, and might not be able to undertake the

onward trip at all. Any misadventure of this kind would seriously affect

the popularity of the scheme. Similarly at Peshnmur, the f i ~ s t Kafi1.w

come down in October and November, and are not likely to wait for the'

fair, in January. Fndcr these circumstances I would propose from 15th

November to 15th December, as the moat suitable time for holding the

fair, and I think i t possible that cve~tually a second fair at the close of

March might be found advantageous.

The steps to be taken for giving publicity to the establishment of

the fair would be to notify i t in plain turns, tllrough some of the lead-

ing firms a t Cabul, Bokhara a ~ ~ d I<okan. The notification shoulcl set fort11

the objeet of the fair, the time, and a list of nrticlcs which mould be ob-

tainable, together with one of those which would find a ready sale ; tllese

lbte could be obtained from the principal merchants of the Pulljab. Co-

pies of these notifications in Persian, Pushtoo and Toorkee, might be

largely distributed through our agent a t Cabul, and among the Kafilm,

who come down this year, to the chiefs of which i t might be also verb-

ally explained. Copies mould also be sent to the Ameer, and the Ruler

of Kokau. Within our own territories, the greatest publicity ~hould be

given in the usual manner.

I have confined myself to genenl matters in this paper, the details

of the fair will be subsequently considered.

I now turn to the second question proposed, can we by any othel-

route throw our goods iuto.Tarkund at a renumeretive rate.

cii

Tlie route wliicli suggests itself is tha t t l~rough the Maharajah of

Cashmcrc's domii~ions via Lelt t o Yarkund. At present the road is in many

places barely practiwble for h l c n animals ; thc country is rugged in t h e

estrcmc, and towards Yarkund \rholly i~iuccurc. It is not t o be wondered

at under these circumstances that tlic route is avoided by t r d c r s , and

this f i e t is sufIicicnt t o shcsv tha t under prcscnl circumsfancee thc trade

morild not bc profitable.

Sir Henry Lawrence found t h a t in 1847-4840, thc customs taken

ill Ladakh by thc oxacting officera of tho Bhharajah amounted only t o

Rs. 13,000 pcr Rnnum ; a t the nyerapc rate of 5 per cent, this mould give

3 traffic value of little more than 2f lakhs. It is impossible accurately

t o calculate how much of tho Peshnmur trade pcnctrates t o Yackund, but - the exporta t o the west arc computed t o amount t o a t least 15 lakhs, and

tile imports to 10 lakhs, or a quarter of a million sterIing in all. Of this

probably not more than a fifth affects the nlarkete beyond Bokharn, but

even $his low calculation gives double t h e trnde of Ldakh. . ~ ~ a i n , Sir

Henry Lawrence, after personal investigation, gives the cost of carriage,

for one horse load, or less than 4 maund3, a t ltupees 83 lorn Noorpoor a t

Yarkund, o r say 22 Rupees per n~annd.

Now the hire of a camel carrying orer 5 maunds from Peshawur to

Yarkund is as follows :-

Peshawur t o C a h l , 11 m a r c h ~ , ... Rs. 18

C'abul tc, Balkh, 23 do. ... ,, 1.5

Baikh t o Bokhara, 11 do. ... ,, 9 G

Rokhari to Iiokan, 26 do. ... . 18 l a lioki111 to ICiwhgar, 18 . do. .-- 11 18 12

Kashgar to T i i rku~~d, 5 (lo. ... ,, 6 4

-- Total, 94 do. ... Rs. 89 2

thus giving the rate of hire a t rupecs 17 per maund, or 5 rupees less

than by the Ladakh route. 111 addition to thin, we must consider that

the route by Cabul is practicable for Men'camels throughout, and after

crossing the Oxus for carts ; these (called " Arabah") are drawn by

homes, and are the common carriage of the country ; the loss in transit

must be considerably less than on the Ladakh route. Whcn Sir Henry

wrote, Balkh and the neighbouring districts mere independent, they am

now an integral portion of tbe Ameers's dominions, which extend from

the K h y h r to the Oxus.

The duties which are payable between Peshswnr and Bokhara

smount to Rupees 10 per camel load, or Rs. 2 per maund. At Bokham

txyecially, m e r c h t s are fostered, and no duty is levied there on exports.

The duty levied a t Cnbul, Bokhara and K o b , on imports sold at thoso

places ia 2b per cent ad valorem. I n Bokhara, howover, a difference is

made with reference to the creed of the merchants.

The usual duty of 31 per cent is levied from Mahomedans, 6 per

cent from Hindooe and J e w , and new merchandize from Russia i charged 10 per cent, the first year, and 5 per cent nficrwards.

Tho above are tho fixed'dutiea, but in some .. places I am nware that

local Governon exact small present3 in kind from Kafilas in , traneit.

I n every way therefore I think that Sir Henry Lawrence's opinion

that traders did and would prefer thin route to that by Ladakh is sub-

stantiated by the further data now a t our command.

The case would be very different if the rood to the passes of La-

dakh were in our hande andlrendered practicable througl~out. With nuch

a road, freedom from transit dues, and entrepate a t S i r i n u g p and Ilch,

all clifficulties of the route would vanish, merchandize would naturally

turn to it, and undersell that irom Bokhara in the Yqrkund markets ;

nor clo I imagine that it wonld be dificult, eve11 as i t is, to enter into

civ

sucll armngemrnts with the Government of Cashmere, as mould tend to

ensure some of tl~ese atlvt~ntagcs at all events.

I annex to this memo. a list of articles in the markets of Afghanis-

tan and Toorkistan.

Rvm t& Cmrmidaioner and Superintendent, Peahwur Division, to the

Secretary to Qovernment Punjab, No. 66, dated Abbottdad, 16th

Xeptevn6&, 1861.

In replying to your No. 468, of 19th June last, I have the lionor to

annex cdpies of reports on the subject of the Cashmere trade, from tl:e

Deputy Commissioners of Peahawur and IIazara. Th latter enters very

fully into the state of the t d e as it d e c t s his district.

2. I n regard to Yarkund, no traffic has a t any time found its way

between that place and Peshawur, through Ladakh and Sirinuggur.

Whatever trade there may have been must have gone to Umritsur or

Noorpoor, but as explained in a memo. lately furnished by me, the route

by which Indian and British goods have entered the Yarkund market

has hitherfo been by Cabulpnd Bokhara.

3. I n regard to the trade between Cashmere and Peshawur, there

does not appear to have been any falling off whatever, nor have I ever 4

heard that it had decreased. It is true that the Deputy Commissioner

of Hazara reports a falling off since 1857, which he attributes to 'the

transit duties, in which there was some change of system in that year;

but the fact is, that in the Sikh time there wero obstructions between Pe-

shawur and Umritsur, which caufied a good deal of the trade to trrke the

- Hazara route ; the remora1 of these has ~endered i t easy for the Cabul

and Peshawur merchants to supply themselves at Umritsur 'simnltanc-

onsly with Indian and Cashmere produce. The Hazara route is conse-

qucntly taken o~ily by pctty tradcrs, aiid is chiefly used for the rock-

salt; there is nothing in this to ihdicate a falling off in tile trade, but

merely a change of route.

4. Another circumvtnnce mentioned by Major Adams, viz., that

tile people of the neigllbourinx districts come now to the Hnznra markets

to supply their own wants, does not lead to any falling off in the trade, but

rather the reverse. It merely accounts for tlre Haznra trader0 not car-

rying on their goods inf;o those districts as before, because they find a

local market for them. Ba t under these circumstances, the demand and

consequently the imports from Clauhmere are likely to increase. Possi-

bly the &tern of trausit duties alluded to may havo affected this small

local traffic.

Cbpy of a letter No. 187, dated 4th July 1861, from the Depufy h-

onir~wnor Peuhawur, to Commisti4ner and Swperintendent, Peuhawur

Division.

With reference to Circular No. 468, of Secretary to Government

Punjab, dated 19th June 1861, I have the honor to report on t h ~

questions therein propounded.

1st. The tradc existing between Peshawur and Caehmere is,

Im~~or&.-Pusmeenah, Puttoo, Slippers, Pen-cases, Zafran, Churus.

The principal items of import are the woollens, which fin$ a ready

market.

Exportu.-Snuff, Rico, Loongees. Of these Snuff ie by far the most

cansiderable item.

2nd. There haa been no senaible falling off, either in exports or

imports.

3. Goods arc forwarded generally by the route of Mozuffcrabad

and Baramoola. On this head the Deputy commissioner of Hazara

will be able to furnish the fulleat idormation, the routc from thence

lying through Abbottabad. The ~tages from Peshawur to Abbottabad

arc 7, from thence to Sirinuggur 9.

5. From Peehawur to Mozufferabad, gooh are carried on mules,

from thence to Cashmere in baskets borne on rnen'8'sboulders.

6. No export of broad-cloth from Peshtmwtw. The carriage of a mule

load of goods amounts to 6 Rupee@ from Pesbawur to Mozufferabad,

and 3 from thence to Cashmere.

7. The political obstructions are not thought of by traders, tho

fiecal drawbacks are the tares. On imports, e " than l 1 of Pushmeem

pays about 0 Rupees taxes between Cauhmere and Pmhawur. Puttoo

about 6 annw per than." On exporte, Snuff pays 8 annas e seer.

My authority for the above repliea were Mahomed Azum and Chela

'Bun, large traders and principal membera of the city Punch, and I cen-

sider their authority to be eel good aa is attainable in Pcshamur!'

HAZARA DISTRICT.

TEADE WITH C A B I I Y B ~ . + - C& L-What trade formerly existed between the towns of our Ter-

ritory and those of the Maharajah, (including Leb and Yarkund.) ?

Specify the exports and imports. ?

d.-The principal trade with the t o m of the Cashmere terfitory

through thii district, haa always been and still is in Bock Salt from the

mines of the s d t range ; and, except when, in Sikh times, Government

officials forced their own salt on the market and discouraged competition,

it has always been carried on as now by th8 treden of Hurripore Bugre,

and Nawashuhr in Hazara.

la addition to salt, the ixportr consisted of

Europe Cotton Stuffs.

Goor, produced in lower Hazua.

Turmeric,

Alum, from Kalabagh.

Sujjee.

Black pepper.

Ginger. f n . j \

Indigo.

Pewter.

T o b a c ~ ~ , from Chuch and Yoosufzai.

Iron, from Bajour.

The export trade in these has however never been considerable, and

like that in salt hlps aIwaya been in the hands of the Khuttrees.

The only considerable import trade is in Ghee, fine blankets (Loee)

and Choghas ; the trade m Cthee is altogether in the hands of the Hazara

merchnnts, who receive it in part payment for tho salt they export, and

- dispose of it on their return from Cashmere, to the people of the dii-

trict, and also in large quanties to merchants from the Khuttuck coun-

try, Peaham, Hushtnuggur, Chuch and h w u l Pindee. They abo

bring back woollen st&, but only sufficient to supply the demand in

immediate neighbouihood.

The only thorough trade in that description of merchandize is in

the hands of merchants from Cabul and Posham, who carry to Moeuf-

ferabad and Sirinuggur, snuff, raisins, almonds and r few poahteens, and

bring back shawls, pushmeenas, kulumdans, and paper.

Prior to, and during Sikh rule, a coneiderable trade in the woollen

hbrica of Caahmere was teed on through Huzara w$h Cabul by the

Sirinuggur merchants, but thii I believe has almost entirely stopped.

I n the beginning of the cold season, mme petty p e d h atill bring o few .. .

cviii

cooley loads for sale, disposing of them aa they go, but the large traders

of Cashmere find the great English marts (Umritsur, @mbay, &c.,)

more attractive, and thcir export trade flows in the d i c t i o n of these, ,

chiefly by the Bhimber route.

I n addition to those already mentioned, the following are the prin-

cipal imports, but they are inconsiderable in quantity.

Sing%aras.-A water nut, with the flour of which brbad is made

by the Hindoos on certain holi2aye, w11cn it is forbidden to eat ' wheaten

bread. .

#oocIia.--An csculent root, eaten chiefly by Hindoos.

Zcera, Safmn, CAurrua. . .

Koot.-The root of n plant, but to what c l w i t bklonga .has not

yet I believe been determined, probably an Iris, a kind of flag, that of

tho florentino Iris being the Orris root of Europe. Koot is sexit down

country in large quantities, and ia exported to China, where it is used

incense. It is ui C~alcutta known under the namo of " Patchuk."

. The above remarks only refer to the main road through Huzara,

\,hioll enters British terri.t;dry from Momfenbad a t the frontier villago

of ahur i Huboeboola Khan on the Nyneookh, and reaches Hurripor via

Manserah and Abbottabad. Since the establishment of the Murree mi-

tarium and the completion of thc road thence to the plains, the

thorovgll trade betwcen i a w u l Pindee and Cwl~mere has $en dive*@

from the road alovc alluded to, to that which crossing tho Jhclum ab,

K ~ h a l a ' ~ a s a e ~ thro;igfi Chikar and unites with the other line near Ba-

This l ~ n c touches IFuzara only at one corlier, and information

regarding the trade which follows it *ill no doubt be hfforded hy' the

Rawul Pindce authotities.

The merchants of Huzara, with the exception of one or two who

o'ccasional~~ visit SYiuggur with their mwcs, do not go beyond Biup..

moola ; their dealingn are almost entirely confined to the country lying

between ~o&fferabad and Banmoola., Ohikar and Kurna. . I have been

unable to find a single man (except the Cmhmhe Vakeel) who h w been

nearer Leh than Sirinuggur, or a110 does not regard Tarkund as a terra incognita, cut off by vast inhospitabfe tracts, where human habitations

are not to be found, and food throughout a journey of 40 days cannot Le

procured ! Even the thorough tradera of Peshawur . , and Cabul do not

go beyond Siringoour.

Q. I%-Has there been any falling off, and since when ? ,

A. There has been a falling off since 1857, and this is by all with

on; accord attributed to the increase of the transit duties in that year,

when the "permit," as it is called throughout Cashmere, was given in fa&

&I one Purtab Shah of Rawul Pinbe, with the ostensible objcct of re- , moving vexatious intermediate demands, but with the immediate effect

of exciting the cupidity of a greedy Khuttree, who found it for his o m

intcrest and profit to engross the M o z d e r a b d and BaramooIa line him-

self, forcing his own salt, like the Sikh officials of yore, bn the market,

and checking competition by delays and annoyances which proved but tdo

effective. I understand that now matters have somewhat mended, and

that the trade has to b great extcnt recov'ired.

compared 6 t h the days of Sikh rule, the export trade is proba-

bly now much greater in value than it was ; the salt which then sold a t

32 tq 90 seem for the rupee now sells a t 12. I may here mention that the

only salt exported to Cashmere through Huzara is the red rock salt, the

green salt of the Kohat mines is not even known there.

Another cause which may to some extent have affected the trade

in this direction'ie, that encourved by the safety of the roads, and the

cheaper rates at whkh they can purchme within British territory,

the people of the countries to which the Huzmrra merchants chiefly

trade now come in great numbere to supply their own waste in t b

markets of Pukli and Lower Hazara.

Q. 111.-By what route were English and Punjabee goods general-

ly forwarded, say fmm Umritsur ?

A. By the Bhimber route.

Q. IP.-State the difficulties of tbe several routes, the number of

stages, the approximate distance in miles to SrinugOpr, Leh and Par-

kund ?

A.-On the only r o d regarding which I have the meane of giv-

ing any reliable information, viz. that via Manaerah, M d e r a b d and

Barsmoola to Srinuggur, there are no difficulties of consequence. As far

as the British frontier a good made road extends, and the Nynsook is

c r o d at Gurhi by a lattice bridge. At MozufTerabd the Kishen-

gunga is crossed by ferry h a t , and thence keeping the right bank of

the Jhelum, the road proceeds to Baramoola. A horseman can ride the

whole way, and i t ia perfectly practicable for laden mules, bullocks and

ponies. The worst portions of it are from Kandha t o Huttian, and horn

Kuthaie to Shadurra ; there the hills are steep, and the r o d bad. From

Baramoola, Srinuggur is distant only two marches ; the road goes by Put-

tun, but merchandize is usually sent by boat up the Jhelum ; it is a

journey of two days by boat also. L d e n mules go from Hurripore to

Srinuggur in 17 days, the distance is about 174 miles. From Murree

laden mules reach Srinuggur via Kohala, Cllikar and Oori in thirteen

days, the distance being 86 kose, or about 140 miles. I am unable to

give the distances to Leh and Yarkund, Captain Montgamerie will b

able to do, I fancy so, with more accuracy than m y one else.

Q. 7.-Mention the rnians of carriaye in use on eacb route.

4.-Mules, ponies, and bullocks. .

i

Q. ??I.-State the cost of sending a mule load of English broad-

cloth from Umrit,sur to Leh and Yarkund, via Srinuggur and via Kooloo,

or any other route ?

A.-I am unable to do so.

Q. PII.-Detail the fiscal or political obstructions to which traders

are exposed ?

A.-On the roads above referred to there nre none, with the ex-

ception of the transit dutiea.

The above was elicited from a Council of traders assembled for the

purpose, and from the Maharajah'e Vakeel Kazi Nadir Alli, who states

i t as his opinion, however, that the new arrangements of the transit

duties has tended to foster, not to dincourage trade !

The information so far as it goes may be generally relied on.

APPENDIX XVIE1.-EXPORT8 (-Coat i n z ~ d . )

R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . Estimated annual amount 0' qu~ntits

exported. --- No,

19 20

21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28

29 30 31 3'2 33 3-4 35 36 37 38

Estimated value in

Afghanie- tan, kc.

Estimated value at place of purcbaae. I Country in

NAul or ABTIeLI. pmduced Place where

.

- - Doria, Badkenugree. Dooputta, ditto.

PUNTED C ~ T H .

Chintz, Bandri. ,, Nukl RtM. ,, Momi. ,, Khammng. ,, Momi pukhta. ,, Snrmpzari. ,, Nngl-i-Iran. ,, Pukhta mug

g o d ,, Ge m. Dress c lotr Chintz. Do. Mwhqijar, Boomal. Red w. Colored Mnalina. Ditto Net. Ditto Nainm (Lien). Qailta &handkerchiefs.

--

* 4

I

or manufactured. ~urchased.

,

. -

No woollen 01 silken cloth exported to B u k h h , Khokand,, Crgunj or Kaehgar.

cxv $ 2

- 8 M 4 ,as .-' a

0I a .J,,, 2~~ B a a 9 P ayes

9 0 2 w * CkE539

4: - 3 1:s .g .; 0; 4 gp 1 % 265

m a ~ C S 5 s - - 4 % 2 A $ ' W ~ M

3 4 8

%: d

1 0 0 a

P 4 b ua h 4 - 4 0 L

3 8 8 ~ $ 8 El 8 . . . . . 8 a . . . . .

i s i i " --•

P -- El

F4 9 4 9 A Q k . . . . . . . - . . .

4 -3 El

k P,---l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ I B 8888 22 mm-9U3whm hhhhhhh

No.

- 96 97 98 99 100

101 102 103

104 105 1%

107 108

109

110

111

ISqtimated value in

,\fkhaniq- tan, 8ic. -

130 500 250

1,750

1.800 400 276

1,200 80 110

1,000 1,"NO

3,000

2,000 1,500 476

R ~ ~ ~ B ~ s .

- All Kiriana ex -

cd also to Buk@:, and Sronl thence to Khokand, Urg n n j, and K w h p r , with the e ~ c e ~ t i 6 1 1 of Nos. 138, 147, 150, 171, 17Ci,180,181,6: 182, which go to Afghan- istan.

No Kiriana goes to IvIeshad.

Persia is supplied with Kirim~a and cotton peice goods from the sea coast.

.

Place where purchwed.

_I-

Umritaur, .. Uo. Do. Do.

.. .

.,.

...

Do. Do. . Do.

. . . Bombay, ... l3 u n n e e ,

H a m , ...I

1 C0unt9' in' NAXE OF AXTICLB. which prcnluced

or manufwtured 1 - - - I

F'ipul duraz,longcIova1 Ca l r~~ t t a , . . . Joxboa, DO. Jarulree (Mace), 1:: / 110. Cardamums (llana), . . . 110. Cardnmuln (Ilachi poet-'

... Decqn, ... &)nut (mikui), ... DO. Ditto (Rathi), ... Rasltapdr (corrosive

Estimated an nual amount or exported. -- 5 maunds, 5 ,, 6 ,,

25 ,,

5 II

6 ,I

25 ,I

5 1,

10 seers, ... 10 maunds,

60 1,

100 ,,

500 ,,

Eltimated vahe at place of purchase.

--- U 23 rr. p. m.' 1%

sublimate, or a prepa- ration of mercury),. . .

Ddchikna, ...

Umribur and other sta-

Do. 9,

I

91 95 ,, 8 ,, 91 65 1,

,, 3% ,, 9 , 35 ,, ,1 10. 1,

9 1 ml 1,

,. 7 per ar., ,, 10 r3.p.m.

18 1,

,, 11 ,,

,I 5-8

,, 18 ,, $ 9 28 ,. ,, 18 ,.

DO. PO.

475 230

1,625

1,600 175 250

1,100 70 lfN

900 1,100

2,760

1,800 1 ,m 450

Alum, . . . ' Do. Joz Hindi (Xutmeg),

Dates, Tnrmeric, ,..

Dried ginger, .. . Slrlammonia Nousa-

&)I ...

Punjab, ... Uo.

Do. Borax (Soh~gR),

... I Do,

cxviii

id

-

OF. 8 SJgs 3S8 r n d d 52525$3S 3 2 5 85 ?is

B a k a ( b g w d ) , ... China, drc., ... Umriteur, ... ... Puniab, ... I DO. 1 T a w (hm), ... I Puqjab. Hind! Bombay, Um-

,, 10 , I

3 , 6-8, ,

9. 180 J,

,, 9 ,, ,J 4-8 ,, ,, 7 ,, ,, Q ,. 9 7 s,

I r 18 ,, ,* 80 J,

,, 19 1,

., 4-8 ,, ,, 14 ans.p. sr. I

Not exported ta Bukh4re, which is

tupplied From Chinme Turlristan with this article.

I I ustan and 1 ritsur, &c., 1

,, ?2 pr. md.' ,, 138 9s

,, 9 I,

,, 4 I,

m 7 ,, ,, 9 ,, ,, 6' ,, ,, 10 ra.p.sr.

3,750 500 100 50 80

1,000 14Q too

No. 171, rnurkbags. 500 not exported to Bu- 100 khira, a~ NO. 150.

No. 17% is also 9,600 imported into Bu-

kMra from Constac- tinople.

# I

11

,t

seem.

in NO. ,, Q each, 1 tolaa. ,, 1-8 pr. tol.

I

mauqds. ,, BfJOm. p. XL-; I 1

APPENDIX XVII1.-EXPORTS-(Concluded.)

No. ABTICLE.

-1 174 I Vermillion,

I ...

. 176 Indigo, I .. .

176 Soap, ... 177 ' Fans, ... 178 Snuff, ...

I

179 Quicksilver, ...

i LEATHER.

180 Leather (goatskin), ,.. 181 Shoes, ...

Ditto,

TOTAL, ,..

Country in I which produced or manufectur-

ed. --- ...

Xultau, Hind- uetan, ...

Punjab, ... Peehamr, ...

Do.

...

Punjab, ... Umriteur, La-

hore, a n d Dehli, ...

Rawulpindi, ...

...

Estimated value in Af- l ghanistan,

&c.

800

2,00,000 1,400 h'ot exported to

Bukhirra. 1,%0 The soap manufx-

tured at BukhLra 8 250 is a better stuff. 5.

800

10,000 KOS. 180, 181, and 182, not exported to Bukhirra.

2,000 400

1473,336-5

Estimated nn- nunl amonnt or quantity

exported. - 6 mds.

2,600 ,, 100 1,

20 loade,

5 mds.

6 ,,

10,000 pieces,

20 loruls, 200 pairs,

Place where purchased.

Bombay and Calcutta ,...

Umritsur ,.... Do.

Peshaww ,... Do.

Bombay, Cal- cutta, ...

Umritsur,.. .

Do. Rawulpindi,

- ...

. Estimated value at place of purchase.

,, 150rs.p.m

,, 70 ,, 1, 13 9,

,, 50 each

,, 40 rs.p.m

,, 150 ,,

,, 14 ans. each

,, EO each, ,, 1-12 ,,

... I;.

- 750..

1,76,000 1,300

1,000

200

760

8,750

1,600 350

1 x 4 3 2 - 4

u

a 1 8 g g o s n e . 8 % %%%. S d A -4 L- O- lo :a 4 1 i ,,A

it

B Q ,. ., a - - = S- g, T ? . - . y '"d 3 . .I& & $3 : : 2 $ 3

3 64 8 s$ % 8' 82.

3 g t-' : : : . . . ' " I % - $ 8 8 8 3z 1; b % . 3 1 3 1% I t " gm$ ' $ : . . . * j g s e 3 .18

$ id; . . . - . .

%2? &* a W @

- 2 sz

"-a- -

. . . . . .

X " x . . . - . . . . . . . . . . .

W 8%: 3 z h3-j 2 = = = s s i : p g > : s.5z * g - d l 1 * d $ . f i g p i .;: z g g g InM

w" S Q . ~ I E ns- E : 8 8 ~ , . e m g ~ 22

E9

*

E 4

n r o c n o - 2 1 &

APPENDIX XII1.-IMPORTS-(0ontilzued.I

NO.

11

Country in wz","&z::d t u r d

-- Rwia , ...

A- OF h n n C ~

' - K&kam, ...

at which pur-

chased.

- - Bukhara, ...

DO. Do.

... ... Bukhara, ... Kabd,

Do. Do. Do. ... Khokand, ...

Do. Do.

Do. Kabul.

h. Do. Do.

Bukbara,...

Bakhara, ...

DO.

Do. Do.

Do.

I 8mx C m . , " Khudbaf," ...

a Kanawex sada khat- ....

$8 "W&mw&" ... I

28 "AlakLmldc," 84 ~ m r l m a f i t , : : :

1 . 1 " Eekaaab," ...

:ng:; imported.

I0 pieces,

Raair*.

B d c h a , ... Do.

Do. Do.

Do.

10 ,, 20 ,, 60 ,,

100 ., 2,000,, 000 9, $ naunb

400 pieces, each, containing 10 yards, ...

600 pieces, es. Y& 40 pieces, 60 pieces, a 7 yQ.

originally ~xporttd

Rnte.

... ..a ...

4 each,

3-8 each, 10 ,, 2-8 ,, ...

10 perpce.

8.8 ,, 4 each, ... 16 ,,

Amount. - - -C---r-

... ...

... 200

860 20,000 10,000 ...

4,000

1.760 . 160

960

Rate.

4 ealb.

Amount.

40 4 ,, 12 ,,

4 ,,

8-8 ,, 10 ,, 2-8 $9

40p.rnd.

...

... ...

...

Ppshawur.

Rate, 1 Amount.

4O 240

200

350 20,000 10.000 7,500

...

... ...

...

- - - 5 each, 6 ,, 14 ,,

5 ,,

4 ,, 12 ,, 8 ,,

53-5-4,,

12 ,, 4 ,, 6 ,,

17 ,,

60 M, 280

250

400 woo0 12,000 10,000

4800

22000 200

1,020

cxxvi

d 4-3 i a - a : : : t : 2 : : : : : & ,.:* a I.,. : = - - - - - . . - - yaps;:

a& 9* 31,,, ,,,,,, 4 gg. 4- --- - ID

4 s i a - - - - - - 2 ; ; ; : ;:::;: B - - - - - - SJgsgz g5gsgs ;:E8$3 8 8 883 S

d" "$ 5: aid,"

N 4

d d d d d d d d d d 6 6 6 . 5 d I d d d d d aaaaa aaaaaa aaaa a <a aaa a - 2 9 c, M

b . 9 46 d M d d d d d d d d d d d caaaa aaaaEa dg8d 8 3 - 9 2Ei 4 M d"

APPENDIX XVII1.-IMPORTS-(Continued.)

No.

C

78

79 80 81 82 83 84 86

86 87 88 89

90 91 92 93

94 95 96 97 98

Estimated value at Peshasur.

Rate.

13 par m. 14 .. 8 9,

14 9.

30 per sr. ... 6 per m.

10 ,, 20 ,, 8 ,,

,, 10 ,, 20 S,

13 ,, 8 S,

40 ,, 40 I, 6 ,, a 9,

5 ., 8 .,

Amount. ----

326 3.500

400 2,800 760 340 150

250 200 160 100

100 650 200

40 400 125 400 100

200

Estimated

,":,",":I:; imported.

25 mdrr. 250 .. 60 9 ,

200 ,, 25 ,, 1 ,, 25 ,,

25 ,, 10 ,, 20 .. 6 ..

100 ,, 5 ,, 50 ,, 25 ,,

1 9 ,

10 ere. 25 mds. I , 20 ,,

25 ,.

Place at rhicb pur-

chased'

- - ... Kabul.

Do. DO. DO. Do. Do. Do.

Do. Do.

Julalabad .... Kabul, ...

Do. Do. Do. Do.

DO. Do. . Julalabad,.. Do. DO.

Do.

N m ox bpneu .

_ _ .

Isparak, ... Rodnng (Madder), ... Zufa, ... Asaafcetida, Tnrnnjbln (Manna);::. Shir Khisht, (Do.), ... Shahkakul M i d , ... Bulrmuni Surkh and

Sufaid, ... Jubibii ... Quince seed, ... Indurluttib, ... ZiraSiya ( C u m m i n

... geed), Tukhm-i-Khnir, ... Rose flowers, dried, ... Cawlip, Qaozubnn, ... Do. flower Qul Gao-

mban," ... SafPton, Kmhniz (coriander)," Quince seed, ... Emi, Tukhm rehan (the sied

of Ocymum piloenm),

Country in pml'uced

or manufnc- tured.

- - Kabul, Kandn-

... har, DO. DO. Do. Do. Do. Do.

Do. '

Do. Julalnbnd, ... Peraiq Kabul,

... Kabul, Do. Do. DO.

Do. Persin, ... ... Julalabad,

DO. DO.

Do.

Eetimated value in the nhirh

originally exported.

Rate. / Amount.

Estimated value a t phce of pmche'

11 pr. md. 13 ,, 7 s9

13 1,

28 pr. sr. 8 ,, 6 pr. md.

9 ,, 18 ,, 7-8 .. 18 .. 9 ,, 18 ,, 12 ,, 7-8 ,, 36 ,,

&te.

,.. ... ... . , . ... ... ... ... - ... ... ... ,.. ... ... ... . . , ...

, _ - - - -

275 3,260 350

320 126

226 180 160 90

900 90

600 175

35

Amount. --

...

... ,.. ... ... ... ,.. ... , . . ... .., ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

35 pr. sr. 4-8 pr. md. 35 each, 4 pr. md.

7 ,,

350 ' ... 112-8 ... 350 ... ... 176

Do. Kabul. ...

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

Julalnbad .... Kabul, ...

DO. no. DO. Do.

Nil. \ Do.

Do. Julnlabad ,...

Kabul, ... Do.

.. , ... ... B n k h q ...

...

.. . ...

40 105 85 80 90

175 900 150 440 90

1% 350 18

2,700 40

225

40 15

I

I 2,04000

I J

Do. Kabul, ... Kabul, ...

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

Julalabad, ... Kabul, ...

Do. DO. DO. Do.

Do. Do. Do.

Julalabad, ...

Kabul, ... Do.

Russian, ... Do. Do.

Iihokhand, ... 'crgunj, ... Bukliara, ... Mashhad, ...

99 S h a v a d d , ... loo Cihari Klin (hgarick), l o1 Khatnii, ... 102 Kahli. ... 103 Reshe Klmtmi, ... lo4 Sulphur, ... 105 Surma (Antimo :y), ... 106 Henn, ... 107 Salnb Nisri. ...

... 108 JIustgi Riuni, 109 lintira (gum), ... 'lo I Zuritht ( c n m n t 9 ... 111 Unnr dnna and Post-

unnr Kishtq apri. ... i cots dried,

112 Safflower, ...

... ... ...

... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ...

... ... ...

... ...

...

... ... .... ... ... ...

...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

...

...

113 114 115

116

117

118 119 120 121 123 133

10 ,, 15 seers, l o mds. 10 ,, 10 ,, 25 ,,

loo ,, 50 ,, 1 ,, 5 ,,

10 ,, 60 ,, 1 ,,

150 ,, 10 ., 60 ,,

20 ,, 6 D l

...

... ... ... ... ... ...

Liquorice. ... Poppy seed, ... '' Gajni mntti " a kind

of clay used for wnsl~ing hair, ...

Tnlc (~brak), ... GOLD LYD SILVBE

Coma &c. Gold coins Russian 1. Butki. ... 2. Do. ... 3. Do. new coin, ...

Gold coins, Tila, ... Do. Do., ... Do. Do., ... Do. Bntki. ...

4 ,D 7 pr. sr

8-8 p. m 8 ,, 9 ,, 7 . B 9 ,, 3 .,

1 l p r . s r 18 pr. m 12 ,, 7 9s

...

18 ,, 4 D,

48 ,,

2 ,, 3 ,,

8-5 each, 5-4 ,, 4-12 ,, 6-10 ,,

2 :: 4-12 ,D

6 ,, 8 pr. sr.

l o pr. m. 10 ,, 10 ,, 8 ,,

10 ,, 4 ,,

12 pr. sr. 29 ,, m. 13 .. 8 .. ...

21 .. 5 .. 6 ..

2-8 .. 4 ..

...

50 120 loo loo loo 200

1.o00 200 480 loo 130 400 20

%boo 60

250

50 20

!4,12,&0

cxxix '

APPENDIX XIX.

Carat.& rotbte from Peshawtir to KLhJ and from tRettce lo Buk/dra.

A. By tRe IIajigaW pass, and Banlika. B. By tRe Kouslran or Iiindtl Ku'sh pass.

APPENDIX XIX A. Caravh rozcte,frons Pesliawar to K&ul 6,y tlie KhaiJar, the ~ a i r a

and Ahkhanupasses, and thence'to Bukhdra by Bdmian. -

No. NAMES OF PLACES.

By the XA'aihar pass. Prom Peshawar to

Dhukkd Kaldn. From Peshawnr (1,068

feet above the sen) to Jamrod (1,670 feet

above t h e sea,) ...

DhakkA KalAn (1,4434 fcot,) ...

Road in a plain opcn country. A villago nt tho foot of the Khaibnr nss, inhabited by ~ o k i hail Afridia. A dream.

ESTIMATED DISTANCE IN KOS.

--

In tho Khaibnr pass, which commences at Kdam (1,670 foet) near Jamrod, and terminates a t within 1 kos of Dhnkka KalEn. Roxl stony in parts, but level. Tho village of Ali Mns?id ('2,433 feet) whcre the pass 1~ rather narrow, is mseci on the rond about 8 fos from Jnmrod.

REUBKS.

- - -

Thcro is a spring of watcr a t Ali Mnsjid. Garhi Lirlhbcfi i~ n small vill.qe inhabited by Zakl16 Khnil Afridis. A tank. Tho easy t~rccnt of Slibdibag- Iiibr, is pasacd about 4 koa from Jamrod.

Beyond thc pws. The Kotul Landi kh:nia about 2 kos from Garhi Lb!&hg-an w y ascent -is crmsed-summit of the paas 3,373 fwt.

cxxxi

A,-(Cofilitbz~ed.)

REXABKS. '

_--- Dhakka Kalan a lar e village

on the right bank of t f~e Khbul river, inhabited by Mon~andz. Litll'bOrn, the seat of the Momand chief Suadut Khan, is about s mi10 on 1eR bank.

The Khaihar pssr, ie inhabited by the following Afghan tribes : 1. oki-khail aa far as Ali p ,,id. 11. .; I Malikdin-khail as far as

2 kos from Ali Masjid. Zakha-khail arr far PY

LUkbeg and Slilpola (. near LBliLbeg.

IV. Shanwari as far as Haft chal~, 3 kos from Lan- dikhana

V. Momands as far au Dhak* kakalan under Sadat Khan of Lalp6ra.

All the five tribes are independent of each other under the control of their respective Khans.

Plain open country, in the Pesha- war district.

On the road the three following village^ :-

Mardardhand, about 4 kos from Spersan . Water from upring.

Jawara d a n a , about 7 kos from ditto. Water ditto.

Tatra, about 12 kos from ditto. Water ditto. The road from Mardardhand throughout lies through a steep, difficult mountainous country, the.Tatra mountains-inhabited by the Mullaghori tribe of Af- fi'hans, (subject to the Momanda) who are a brave aet of people, at enmit,y with the Afridis of the Khaibw pass.

XIX

ESTIMATED DISTANCE

IN KOS.

---- Kos. &files

19 = 48

(measured ' distance.) --

' kos.

18 do.

-,

N o .

-

1

2

APPENDIX -

NAMES OF PLACES.

B y the !L'(drapass. Prom PcsRnzcur to

DBnkknkal6)~. Fronl l'cshawur to

Spersang,

BhalmIn Khuril, ...

APPENDIX XIX A.-(Continzced.). - ~ - - . .

NAMES OF PLACES.

k u r , ...

By the AbXtblinB pass. F rom Peshawar t o Miclmi, . .

7 koa.

2 do.

-- 35 kos. --

8 kos.

7 do. "

8 do.

ShaIman Khurd is a small village inlisbited by Momand, (Dil- khakhail). A strenm and spring of water. Shalman Kblan a small villagr

of mom arid^ (Sl~ah Mansurkhail) a t the foot of the Tatrs nioun- tains,'lltos from ShalmanKhurd. is passdon the road. D h d k a Khurd, a urnall village of Mo- mundv (Dforchckhail) on the rightbank of the Tinbut river.

R o d hilly dong the right bank of the rirer. See No. 3 of the route by the Khaibar pass.

(approximate distance.)

The rirrr Kabul or Lamla is croctrrcd near Bfichni. l i o d in a plain open country. Michni is in t l ~ c I%sl~arvur district, a fort and a vill,lgc on the left bank of the river Kabul.

A small vil1,zge inh~bited by Momands (Shah IvIanwilrlthail). A strean. Kosd in the hills. Steep ascent and desccnt. Pakhan, a small village, lies on

the rond 3 kos from Michni. River Kabnl crossed ~gnixt on tho .

rod-which lies throughout in the hills-at a place called " Abkhana" or " Gatta Guzar" about Ib kos from Hsidar Khan. The stream in summer (Ma??, June, July August,) 1s wollcn and $id, and being confined here to a narrow passage in hills i t is hazardous to crow i t during that season, either by h a t or " Jalas" (ratts of inflated skins)-hcnce cara- vnns prefer to traverse the Tatra route-though a much more harnssing and difficult one than the Abkhana-in those months in particular.

axxxiii

APPENDIX XIX A.-(Codinued.) I

- I

-- I

4 1 Dhakka Rhurd, ...

No.

Barikao, aIias " ,Idga" (1,822 feet,) ...

7 kos.

2 do. - 32 kos.

Kos. Bfilcs. i5+ = 9

. .

I n other months of the year boats or Jalm alwaps ply on the river at this point.

Shalmlin Kalrin is the same village as given above under the Tatra pass.

R~araaxe.

-------

I E S T I M ~ T E D

Same as No. 3 of the Tatra route. Grdual deueent for 2 koas.

See No. 3 of the EIhaibar pas.

--- NAMES OF PLACES.

(Approximate distance.)

DISTANCE IN KOS.

Road good, in n lcvel plain, excepting an m y ascent one kos &r proceeding fmm Dhakka, called the Chhota or Khu-rd Khaibar. Brisxul, a large habi- tntion on the right bnnk of tho river Kabul. Girdi Sirknna, n large villw containing about 200 housen, midway on the r o d hetmeen Dhakka Kdan and BQsaul. Hu~rn.ul another large habitation about a mile from Blisaul on the road.

Rod in a level plain. Rarikao, a small vill e, inhabited by Tajaks (" %eganr'), and mr- rounded by , m ~ d - ~ a l l . A well- a tank and a stream ; but wa-

ter and shado scanty, henco Caravans sometimes put u (' Chardihi." 1 h r g vi$$ inhabited by Toiw&-viz.

Ghaziabad, Saidabad. Mdnabad, blishwrihi.

which lie near the river Kabul abol~t a mile to the right bank of the road at a short distance from Barikao.

APPENDIX XIX A-(Continued.)

Samarkhail, alias Ali- ' ~ o s . Miles baghhn, (1,911 feet), / 8 = 14

No.

a -

JdBlabhd, on the right hank of the river Ka-

I bul, (1,964 feet,) ... 44= 7

BAl&b&gh, ... 9*= 1G

A small villnge inhabital by Samar Khnil (Afghan) on the right bank of the Kabul river. A spring of water. About a kos from Barikao, a narrow pass (dry) called the Chorgnli commences, it extende between two low ridges for nbout threo kos. R o d in tho ass, good P nnd level, but gravely in part.

Road in a plain. First 3 milea stony then sandy. A small town. Seat of a provincial Hakim.

Road in a lain. A large village with a $war, inhabited by Degans (Tajaks).

Charbagh, about 6 k%!!z!~~bad on the mad. Rod in a defile, slight =cents

and descents. The village of Fatiabad (3,098 feet) nn old

- staging place, three kos from Balabagh on tho road.

Nimlabagh, a villaoe with mnd- wall. An old praen erected by the Dehlee emperors, still kept up b the Amir, in a valley (the kimlrl.

NAMES OF PLACES.

- !

11+- 193 ~ b l ~ o w i n g villages on the r o d :- I Grnda mak,'.11.618 feet.) 3 koa ' from ~irnl-abGh, inhabited by , Khuganis (Af han). Valle . Ashpan, 5 kos t o m ditto. d i n . Hisarak, 8 kos from ditto. The ' " Surkhab" strcam is passed be-

ESTIMATED DISTANCE IN X08.

tween Ashpan and ~ is i l i ak . Plain. The road then entem a defile with steep ascent and descent for about 2 kos till Jigdilik, a small village of Ghilzai Afghans (who inhabit the countr between Ash- pan and ~ a b d f . A staging plum. A stream.

The country is inhabited by the Jubbar Khail tribe.

REMARKS.

- - L - -

APPENDIX XIX A.-(Cmztinzced.) I

K a t t a Sang, ...

No.

Butkhik, (6,247 feet,)

NAMES OF PLACES.

1 1 , (city, 6,396 feet,) . . .

Total, ...

Iios. Miles. 45- - 74

8 = 13;

'13!= 22

G = 9

-- lies

A large village. A contracted defile or gorge callcd the Puree duree pats, fbr 3: miles on the road ; i t is only 6 feet wide in one p l w , with almost perpendicular cliffs on both sides. Jikdillik to the Khurd Kabul pass. a distance of 4'2 miles, there is a succession of very difficult pnsses and defiles.

Road over stonea along the bed of a mountain stream, which is dry except during rains. Khak- . i-l'ezin, a small vilIage in a valley, 6,481 feet.

Leaving Terin the road padually ascends circuitously over the Haft Kotul,or7 passes; for half a milc thence to tho villqe of Khurd Kabul, the rond is level ; beyond which commences the Tungi-i-Khurd Kabul, a narrow deflle which extends fbr about 4 kos, and in which tho road mnds dong the course of r stream (KLurd Kabul river) which is crossed 23 timcw. HutkhLk, a Iarge village 3 kos beyond the defile, lies in the valley of Kabul. There is another road from Rhak-i- Texin to Butkhnk, by the Sokhta Chinar Darra or pass, which is preferred during severe winter and rains to the Khurd Kabulpass beingdy throughout.

The village of Khurd Kabul is 12 miles from l'ezin-7,466fwt.

Road in a plain. The river Kn- bul is crossed on a pukka bridge, about midway. The bridge is cdlod " 1'001-i-Bwa- mi. The adjacent villqe is also called by that name. The Loghnr river is also m s ~ e d .

=193 miles measured distance.

APPENDIX XIX A.-(Contifzued).

No.

-

NAMES OF PLACES.

---- Prom Kabul to BukErr

by Bdlrriun. Kila Klizi, ... Rustam Khail, alias Kotashro, . . . Sar-i-Chashrna, .. .

Kald, ...

E~TIXATED DISTANCE IN K08.

* 12,400 feet according to Burnes.

REXABK~.

-- Kos. Miles.

7 = 12 Kiles. Kos. l(i = 10

20 = 16

,

25 = 15

27 = 16

--. A small village. Vdoy of the Kabul river, not'

above a mile in breadth-fertile. Arghandi, a village on the road about 6 koa from Kila Kazi.

Road in a valley. Sar-i-chashma, a spring of water, one of the sources of athe' Kabul river, a place of pilgrinlage sacred to Ali.

The villages of Jalrcz and Tu- kana are p a a d on the road.

Quitting Sar-i-chashma, the paas of Unai, (an easy pass, so ~nucll so that a mail cart might be drawn over it) and tho plain of Urt are passed. Thf latter though undulatin~ and hilly is an elevated table rand of aboul 6 milos broad, dividing the wa: ters of Kabul from those of Herat and Kandahnr. It runs at an elevation of 9,000 feet. Along the north faco of t h i ~ table land nine the EIilrnand river, which rises at a p l w called Fazindaz in the neighbour- - ing mountains of Paghman. The pass is about 11,000 feet high.

Guhatni, a hamlet of tho Huzaras, about 13 miles from Gardanidiwar on the southern bide of the lIajigak pass, is reached up the valley of the Abisihai a feeder of the Hil- mand. The Kotal or pass of Iiajigak, the most wwterly of all the passes that conduct over the Hindu kuhh range from Ka- bulinto Turkiatan, is then crossed. Its top is 11,700* feet abovo the sea-aid it is highest

of all the seven* passes that intervene on the route between Kabul and Khulm by Birmian. Three roada lead over this ridge, and all of them have been passed by artillery. The centre road. is, from its superior heiRht, named after the ridge (H?jigak). The one north of it is termed Arak, and that on the sonth Pusht-i-Ha'igak. The roads by and Hajigak are open to Katilas for ten months in the year. During March and April tho glassy nature of the road, caused by the partial melting of the snqw during day, being frozen Tm: over night, renders 'it very an . Pusht-i-Hqjigak is a

etter mad than either, but can rmus only be traversed by Kafilss in July, August and Se tember. K dip is g e o p p icrlly rc-

marka le as dividing the waters of Afghanistan from those of Tur- kietan. South of this pass, which is passable to laden camelti and horses, the streams ioin the Hil- mand and those on its northern sido the Oxus. Kalu .is a Hum- ra village in a narrow valley bearing the same name beyond the Heiig&. The winter in this valley, 1 'ng between two highest

sses r h o Iisjigak and the Ka- rl is severe.

APPEKDIX XIX 8.-(Comtiaued.)

* 1. Ispihak. In the district of Rustum khail. 2. Hlrnri or Unai. Bctwecn Sar-i-Chashma and Gardandiwar. 3. IInjignk. Between Gnrhdiwnr nnd Kalu. 4. Kalu. Betwcon Kalu and Bnminn. 5. Akmbad. Retween Bamian nnd Akrabad. 6. Dandanshikm. Between Saighan and Kamrrd 7. Karatal. Bctweea Kornard and D&b.

No. NAUS OF PLACEB. ESTIMATED

D I S T ~ C E IN KOS.

BEUBKS.

APPENDIX XIX A,-(C~linzled.)

I IN KOB.

-

---- The JCotrll Knlu or Pnnjpil:rn,

\vhil.l~ ronlmcncrs npnr Iinln, iq

p?fi'.tul on thc ro:rrl. J t is n htccp. diR~l:ult p:l<r. b ~ r t pnssalrlc to 1:1(h'n rnln1.1: 2nd lrorsc3. Ascr-nf, anil ~1c.w~nt all the n-n,v to J h - main, thr ~ l c s c ~ n t is gr:arllial nnd eaqier. Tllc pass is l.ilI-V,J fi~ct. higher t.hail that of " II:!jiK;il;." Ihminn, n t o r n in R \-;~llry,

c(rlcl~r;~trtl for its coloss:~l i~lnls and inn11rncra1)lr rscnr:itiorl+, rallecl b ' S ~ t ~ n c . l ~ , " wltich nrc to 11r Kcen in all p n r l s of thr vnl- Icy ihr ahorit ~.i:.ht milcs. nnd fbnn the rrsi~lcncc of t? lc jircatl~r p:lrt of the ~)iynlntion. . , I llc viilnq47 of l'oprhi, :11n>nt, tniil~vny on tile 1:nminn ~trcnur. Five or six 1:ns froir~ 1:nnli:rrl t h ~ .

Kotnl or pais ht;rx?rnrl, 11;3 11) ftet nhovr tlic wa, i.; croswli. It is nprn to ~ h w l cnrrinr~,s of' cvcry desc:riptitin. The villnqr of ;\kr:~lin~l is in n r:111ry. (-,II

tho rnny~i~lc is R rrm:irk;~trlc stone, linovn by thc n;imr of' Jarin:-,iurincn. It i.; n cnhr- cif H 1;~- t nntl of Krrm color, it, r i n ~ ~ lilcr brll ~nctal. Sn~.l;l~~lrir, n thrt on thr rnnd,

nlmut 3 j;o~ tiom Al;r:rlin~!. Jtoatl iir n 1)nm (v:llltsy) ; fi3rtill..

1vr4l cnltiv:rtrrl plnin. lirt,wrr?n Iluctlm-l;l~:til 2nd Sai-

ghnn t11t.ri. ::rr nil nrc11:1rds. I l r r ~ , fibr the firat tir!lr, tlr*. nrnnntnins open n littlr.

Sok!rt:~ Chinnr, H, flirt on tho na(l . :rliont miil!vn,v. l'llr I.Ccrt111-i-I)untl.ui Slii1;nn. or " T ~ : ~ . t l l - \ ~ ~ ~ n l ~ ~ ~ r , " i:: C ~ . I I < \ ~ > I ~ on thr rtI:t,l. Tilt? ronll I I ~ nntl rlouen tllc 1inrt11 1:lcr of tilt- I ) : I~ :

is \,c>ry 11 i!iic-alt. l ' l ~ i e : \):I::<

frorn 1111, .I~t.lvin: nntu~.ts of f!lc

I No. Pi_rar~s or PLACES. E ~ I M A T E I aIsT*scE

APPENDIX XIX 8.-(Cmtiaued./

Psi , ... Khurram, ...

Sar-i-bagh, ...

IIaibak, (about 4,000 feet higll), . . .

\files. Koa 30 = 18

20 = 12

20 = 12

8

-- -- earth that form it,is eaaierpaesed by camelsthan m y other animal. The valley of &amard, which sup lies a large body of water to tge Koondooz riwr, is more capacious than that of Saighan, ib orchards more extensive, anditncapabilitiee of cultivation far higher. The width of the plain rstolv

exceeds 400 yards, &d is walled in by r d prependicular moon- tains t t me 1,000 feet above the plain. Kond in the valley. An easy

pass (Km Kotal) is croased on the rod . A small village. 2 f o r k From

the Kara Kotul, a journey of about 95 miles further on bcfore the mountains are cleared. The vil- 1- of Pnjinbagb, Baj& and Mndar sre passed on the road. I

Madar is midway. In the defile of the Khnlm river.

A large village like Dab . In a narrow mountain d e n form-

inrr the vallev of the Khulm ri;er ; fertile. *

Do. Full of orchads.

Do. Fertilo. Near Hai- bak the glen or defile becornea so narrow that i t is called " Dn- re-i-zindan" or valle of the dungeon, and aa hi& are the rocks that the sun is excluded from some part. of it in mid- day. Haibuk, a large village with a fort. The village of Sarknnda, about midway on tho rod.

Do. Qhamigik, another village and staging pl-ace, an the r o d , about 8 koa h t a n t from Haibak.

-

No.

- -- A town in n plain (Maiden of

Turkistan) ; a stream, the Khulm river. Caravan suraie.

The town of Kundnz is about 4Q kos or 70 miletl dietant from Khulm, N. E.

Tho following villages are on tho r o d :-

Ghaenigik, about 3 koe from Hazrat S u l w .

Syad, about 2 koe from Ghazni-

APPENDIX XIX 8.-(Conthued.)

gilt. Road in a plain. The Kotul

Abdu, an ens9 low pass, is crossed on tho road. A tribe called tho " Laka" (Uzbnke of Kolab) sometimes infost tho r o d and

lnndcr the caravane. k auu is a small town, in which thero is a building consecrated to tho memory of Hazrat Ali, held in great reverence by tho p p l o .

Kiln-i-Sirknri or " Kiln-1-nou." about midway on tho r o d A large town, contnining about

10,000 houses, newly built by Sirdar Mohammud Afzal Khan, (son of Amir Dost Mohnmmnd Khan,) Hnkim of Balkh. Plain open country.

Formerly a very large town, now 8 small town, having about 1,000 honees. The country is watered by numeroue aqueduct~. Rich country. Bod in e Maidan plain. a vil-

-

NAMES OF PLACEB.

lage. l)o. country Registan (sandy

No watar on tho rund. A em v91age.

Ji , Rogiet3n ; a small village. Boundary of tho Balkh tem-

1 tory. - Ditto a m the river Oxm, in s

; the Bukhara temtory. No ha- ' bitation. A etaging ground.

No grass ; no water on the road.

ESTIMATED D I E T ~ O B IN K08.

R E M A B ~ .

APPENDIX - - -

Nalrss OF PLACp8.

- Shorkudak ... Kirkiijak, ...

Karslii, ...

Khoja Mobhrik, 64 farsukhs, ...

Kmawal, 54 fmukhs ,

Korav Muma Jarghate, 2 fatsukhs, ...

,

13ukhara, a fnrsukhs,. . . Frwn Kabul to Blc-

khdra, ... Prom Peshavur to Xu-

2rul by the 4-hyber . . . Pa889

Total d* ta~c# 3. Pe- shawur to BukLha by &6ul and Bamian,

XIX

EETIMATEI) DISTANCE IIU K 0 8 .

-- Kos. 15 45

15

19 16

6

9 -- 382

116 -- ) 498

or 829 { miles.

A.- (rColabinued.)

REXAEKB,

7-

Ditto ee ahove. Rrackish wells. Ditto. A upring of brackish water.

Kiakuduk (or Maiden's well) a staging place on tho road. Kirkinjak, a settlement of Toork- mans.

A large town ; wat of local Go- vernment. Road in Registan. Karshi has several aurais. A straggling t o m R mile long. A Fort. Shuhraubz d r e m psssea north of Iiarahi. A Caravan sarai. fiegistan.

Kana3 a village 12 miles from Karuhi on the road. Registan. A small Raoli or

spring of water. An old surai. Environs of the city of Bu-

khara NOTE.-The road from Karshi to

Rukhara has h e n taken from Xhanikoffs Bukhara, who remarks " The mad as far as

Karad goes along a flat gra- " velly steppe suited for wheel " carnages. Close to this spot ' I low sandy hillocks approach " the road and on1 terminate

near the ruins of gums JUP '. ghate, in the nelgl~bourhood " of which place are marble ' I quarries and limestone pits, " the produce of which is cqmied " to Bukhara."

City. The Dietancc between Kabul nnd

Khurram 3s 161 kou or 268 miles. This portion of the mad was surveyed bp Lieut J. Wood, of the Indian N a y , attached to the Kabul Bllssion in 1837, and the protracted d i ~ - tance given b h m not including the *nine of the mad 200 miles or 1% kos. a

rpilea (= 38 kos) or about a

cxlii

APPENDIX XIX A.--(Continued.)

STIXATED I NAMES or PLACES. ~ E X A B K S . TN XOS.

third, have been ndded to mnka the distance as approxi~nate as possible.

Estimated distance between Khunum and Bukhara is 221 kos or 368 miles.

The measured distance from Pe- uhawur to Kabul by tha Khai- bar p w , according to Quarter Master General's route, is 116 kos or 193 miles.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE ABOVE ROUTE.

The above routo hm been compiled from the account# published in the prinkd report and papers of tho Mission in Afghanistan (1839) paraa. 22 to 28, No. VI. as well tw from inform4tion gathered from cartain native merchants of note-Nazir Khairulla, and others. -

The dintancerl and heights of places between Peshawnr and Kabul have been taken from the Quarter Master General's route, pnbliclhfl in Major Uough's A m y of the Indua (1840).

The principal routes from Peaham~r am by the Khaibar, the Tntra, and Abkhana passes.$ All three unite at a place called Dhakka Knlan in the Jalala- bad district. The Khaibar route is tho easiest and the shorteat, hut it has always been and still is the most dan emus. The Afiidis who inhabit the country have from time immemorial teen professional robbers, and no m r - sion or pecuniary induccmcntv hare et succerded in changing their redatory habits, and the bmir haa within the &nt two years thought it adviand to dis- continuo the allowance " Muwajib" which used ts be paid by the Kabul Govern- ment to the Afridis for the protection of the r d . No caravans of traders travel by the Kh~Gbar pass from fear of the Afridi robbers. The Tatra and Ab- khana routes paw through the temtory of Suadat Khan, Momand, of Lalpura,

Memo.ir of the road from Kabul to Turkistan, by Lieutenant J. Wood, Indian Nacy.

t There is another pass, " Karappa," leading from Pesbawur to Jalalabad ; it is a better route than either Tatra or Abkliana, though not ao good as the Khaibnr. but it ia also untafe, being liable to dopredations by the Momands, whom Suadat Khan is onablo to manage and keep under proper reatraint. Tho disietance between Peshawuf and Jalalabad by this route is about 60 kos.

APPENDIX XIX A-(CmzcZuded.)

wlio ie boundb provide for their safe?. and in coosideration of this aerviee he is allowed to re t in the revenues of 1s territory by the Kabul Government.

The Tutrn route, running over the Tatra momhim, is the most difficult of all ; i t is, however, preferred to the Abkhana route in summer, when it is b- geroua to cross the river a t Abkhana during floods.

Rahdari fee is levied on all the three routes as follows :-

Kiraibar pas.9. Per somar or camel load, 4 Rupees.

,, Foot traveller, Nil. '

l l~ t ra pass. Per gowar or camel load, 2 Rupees.

;, Foot traveller, 8 Annss.

Abkhuw pass. Per aowar, 2 Rupees.

,, Foot traveller, 8 Annas.

The rod further on from Dhakka to Balabagh, runs in a plain conntry, and from thenm to Kabul along mountain " Dares," defiles, and over difficult passes (Kotals.)

Between Kabul and Khnlrn seven mountain passes have to be crosaod ; of these, Hqjigak, Kalu and Dandanshikan are the most difficult ; the Kalu ia the high& The Caravans carry their provisions on a portion of the road.

From fhenco crowing the small Kotal of Obadu at Mazer the road to Bukhara runs through a lain open country. The portion from Tnrkmsn Kila is Registan,'* or Ban& deaert.

Tho r o d from Kabul to Pcehawnr is practicable throughout tho year, but Caravans seldom travel in the months of January and February, when the portion between Jigdilik and Kabul is covered with snow.

Further on, the only rtion c l o d by snow, durfng winter for 3 months (January, February and dawhh), ia that between Kabul and Bamian.

The road thmpshout is now generally d e .

Time taken by Caravans in travelling between Peahawur and %(nbal, ... ... ... ... ,.. l 2 t o l S days

Between Kabul and Bukhara, ... ... ... 2Sto30.

. APPENDIX .XIX B.

Route from K&l to Bukkira b the Rindti Kziah (KotssiLcrn) puss.

NO.

i

-f T l ~ c distnncc 00 milcs = GI) kns hctwren Cllnmknr nnd l\'llin,jan, fi.irrll llrrr nccorrlinq to t l ~ c :~nnrxcil nrcount, i~ 1,clievcrl I y rrrlnin natirr mrrrllsnts uflln 11:tvc bcrrk orcr t.11~ rontl to Ije or-crcatin~ated 1,y 10 or 12 kv, ccpccially bctwccn lintta h n g and I<hinj:~u.

Nams OF PLACES.

------- From K a b u l t,o Altsarrii.

Ch<mk:ir, ..,

I '

-

ESTI~~ATED DISTANCE 13- KOS.

Kos. Miles. 11 = 13

10 = 18

Xlilcs. 24

8

20

.-

REXARKS.

- --- A small tom in t,llc Damau-i-

Iioh (~nountain skirt). A s1nn11 town in tllc Dnmnn-i-

K o l ~ nt the f w t ol' tllc IIintla Iiush range. The mart of' tllc trntlc pas-;ing into Turl;ist:~n by t llc pngrcrr ol' the IIintlu Kuslt. Cnmvnns take prnvisionrc f m n ~ this l~ l ;~ce to mrry wit11 t l l ~ m f i r t i~cir journcy uvcr thc 1Liii- du Iiusll.

Rfa,ior R. Lcccll, Xmbay Ensi- nvcrs, t,llrlfi dcscrihrs tho lieu- sh:tn pass :--(No. VlI . 1 ) ~ s - cription o f the pmscs w c r t11o I l i~ i f lu l i n s l ~ fioru thc l i o l ~ i l):~mnn, pi~l~lisllccl in thc Kc- port mid I1:lprra of thc nTissin11 in Af~11n11i'it:ul. pngcs','9 to 31.) " Thrrc arc t11rr.1. cnirnncrs to

- '( tlic (iorl)m~d aurl lion~llnn pnrs ;

I me ~io t t shnn or IIinrrrc

" the ncnrrst CTOSSPR over tho

Kush puss. ~ ~ ~ ~ l , ~ ~ ~ , (a villnge),

K d f a Singh (a ing place, no habit* tion), . .

T o p of p ~ s , ... TCarntnz, ...

1 Gomaklltar, ... K l ~ i n j a n , n villaqe with

fort across t h e pass on t h c Turkistnn siilc, ...

Carried ovcr, ...

l7

16

, -

+ 99 milc9 =5.% kos. --- 110 l a s .

* Tllc Syods of this plnce nrc

" Kohist:ln nnd It~nds direct to the Fart oT Saklli I<ll:tn-tlm

" ~c~rond 11:lssca closc l)y Opi:lnY :,nil cvoasrs over tho I<ol~ist:ln,

" joiuing tho principal rontl at. :r l6 tower cnlIctL ' 7':t\r-akltn.' It " i4 strrp, narrow and \\tii.ll difli- " cnlty prwsnl)lc to cnmrls. I t* " It.n=th is c i ~nilcs. Thc princi- (' 13:11 cntrnnce to tllc pass in " w-llich t l ~ c strrnm nlns, com- " nlpnrr?; n t n villnyc rnllc~l Tn- " t:ul I):val~nl;l, (; miles from

Cllar;~l;nr, and is joined by tho

good guide in trnrellillg tllroufi.11 the pWsc8.

APPENDIX XIX B.-(Cantifi~d.)

NO. ESTIMATED

DIETANCE ITT K08.

110 kos.

7-

NA.?&EB OF PLACES.

. - Brought forward, ...

Carricd over ,..

R E ~ A B K ~ .

I

" second after 33 miles ; at the " distance of 3 miles branches off

the pass of Salalang, this en- s( trance is difficult on account of " the breadth, rapidity nnd rocky (6 bed of the etream. Near Tutan 6 L Darabala severnl can& ara cal- l< ried off from tho stream, and the l r ~ a f e ~ t may of entering the pass

from that villqe is to ford - c these canals and the stream <6 itself below where these nre d i ~ ~

charged, and to keep the road over tho hiU on the north eido of the river as far ns the en-

* < trmco of tho Salalnrlg. On6 r r quarter of a mile beyond the r t junction of tho seumd and rin- c6 p d ontrance is a foot-path Yead-

ing to tho right to the Oalnlang " pass. Thence to the fort of I' Sakkhi Khan is two miles. At I1 a quarter of a mile on, a rivulet " discharges itaelf from a plact! " called Aahwa, 5nhabited by

Syuds. A quarter of a mile further on is a placa called

<' Soklih-China7 (the withered plmo tree). Thence 2 miles is

" the fort of Synd Mulla Khan. <' Thence Dahn-i-Koushan (mouth " of tho pees 1 mile. TIrrc the

Koushan uass leading to Tur- I' kistan direct and the Gorband

aas leading viil Bamian join. '. '!hence a stream discharges it- *' self &om the Dara (defile), 2; " miles. 6 r From this lace Konshan-i-

bda is P* mire. This hat, pr- I' tion assumes a difficult q w c t ' I from that hitherto deecrikd " which wa.. along the bed of the " pass, and at every 200 yards 'I across the bed of the rive?, " whereas this is along the sido

110 kos. \ 14 of ,, hill.

cxlvi

APPENDIX XIX B.-( Continzced) . .

* A stinging place.

NO. NAXM OP PLACEB.

-- Brought f o r d , ...

Carried over, . . .

ESTIMATED DISTANCE m goa.

110 kos.

Il0 koa.

~ E U B U .

" From this place bo " Kou- sliun"+ is 14 miles. Thence tho road turns dir~wt north.

" From this turning to the fort of Sherkai, 3 miles.

this and K a h Sarig (a l u g e stone) 113 miles.

From Katn Sang, whence the winci nl range is apparent, to k hbn ! Maidan (not a plain as tho name implies,) 2; milt?.

" T o Alijain by the pass of " Changalnmez" 14 miles.

Pasn open for 3+ miles. " Thence tho top of tho pass is 1) milcs ; ~teep, winding and dippcry whrn the snow frcezqs on the ground

(N. B.-The rest of the pruuc is put down from information fur- nishcd by a lnnn who has apent his life in crossing and recrossiug

1 tho range.)

"Thcnce the first stago in " Ram- taz" (at the same disbnco as SherkG, though not so d%- cult,) 20 milcs.

" Thence Dosalrh, 1 0 mi)qs, where brushwood is fimt found.

" Thcnce Gorsakhtor 7 miles. A jungle where H a r e shepherds come in the spring to pasture their flocks.

" Thence Khinjan, 16 miles, through gardens. IIence there arc three r o d s : the

right to Andcrab, the middle one to Kunigu, and Kal oi, over n mouutan ass. 'l'ho?eft taking a turn Lg the rircr mm- in: from Anderab leads a h to K d q d and Iiunduz.

cxlvii

APPENDIX XIX 13.-(Concluded).

No.

- Naarss OE PLACES.

- Brought forward, . . .

Kilagai, .-.

G holi, . . .

Rabat, ...

Beibak, ...

From thence to Du- khara as in prcccd- ing route, ,..

Total estimated distance from Kabul to Ilukharn by the Hin- du Kush pass, .. .

Or ileclucting, ,,

ESTIMATED DISTANCE IN KOS.

- 110 kos.

8 kos.

12 kos.

7 ,,

11 3,

148 kos

201 ,,

349 ,, 19 ,, 337 ,,

\

REMABKS.

-- " With the exception of tbc " men of the Kouljhru~, who are " Tajaks, the whole male inl~nbi- " h t a are from the Koh-i-Da- " man to the top of the ~ R B S arc " Shanmaris by caste. On tho " Turliistan side of the pass, to " Khinjan, thc inhabitaute aro 'r Hazwas." No provisions procurable on tllo

road ovcr thc mounta:~ns. A amdl villqc. The Khinjan

stream is crosscd at a i l ishco of a lnilc from Khinjan. Grass, water and fuel procurable. Ibad good in a I)wa or pass.

A largo place with a market in n widc valley. Caravans buy provisions to tako with them ovcr the Hindu Kush at this place, Ibad h a D m for tho h t 4 kos

Road in a lain between hius. River ~ u n f u z crossed nt a distnncc of about 4 kos from Ghori.

This is a hdt;ng place, there is no habitation, no trecs, fuel and grass scarce.

A largo village. One of the stages on the road by Barninn.

11 dajs journey.

Supposed to be i n cxccss of tho act& dibtany.

J

APPENDIX XX.

ctt~~er. C. R o m Peshzour to Khokand viti ~ n c ~ n k h s h t i i ~ ulrd P ' D. From Kashghzr lo Ydrknnd.

APPENDIX XX.

A. Route ffom Bukilira to KhoLand. \

2 Karmini, ... 3 Kata Kurghin, . . . 4 KarmC, ...

12 kos. A emrtll town.

1 , A largc town.

18 $ 9 A s d town.

1 2 , I A largo village, another Iugo village.

10 2, Largo city, famous for its fruit

- pudens nncl silks. Tho river GS Samnrkondwhich fertilize^ t l ~ o pro-

vince of Uukhara and hcnce d- led " Zarbhan." flows to the north east of tho town at a dis. tance of about 4 miles.

REMAEKE.

-- A large vill e with a Bazar in

the ~ h r a - i - ~ B i i i , a ,on valley inhabited by Kighlz and & z b . k

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14 15

ESTIMATED DISTANCE IN h08.

8 kos.

NO.

- NAMES 03 PLACES.

-- Yan$ Icurhgan, ...

Jizakh, . . Zimiu, ...

Jam, . . .

Urstapp6 . . .

Knseli, . . . Kashtignrma~i, . . . Khojand,

Cllihil Mahram, ... Beshyarik, ... Khokand, ...

12 ,,

12 ,,

10 ,,

12 ,,

10 ,, ,,

8 ,,

12 ,,

12 ,, 6 ., - - 18.&

A amall town.

A large village with e Bamt and Fort. The Bukham territory ends here, or a t No. 9 J h

A large village with a Baznr and Fort across the Aktsgh mountains.

A mal l flourishing t o m eur- rounded by a mud-wall. A Fort (Ark). Stream. ' A large village. Stream.

Do. do. One of the large po ulons towns

of Khokand, on the Eft bank of the Sir or Jaxartes, a place of great trade, famous for ita silks.

A lar e vill and a Bazar, in- habiteifby l J x k s and Tajaks.

A large village and a B u r . Capital af the Khokand tem-

tory. Kos = 307 miles. No~~.-This ronta throughout

lies in a thickly inhabited, well cultivated, rich country, in both tho *Bukhlrir nnd tKhokand territories. Abundance of frnih all the way. The road is prsdi- cable for wheel carriages, which p a s to and fro between Bukhera and Khokand. The Bukhaw portion is watered by numerous canals from the Samarkand or " Zarfishan" nver. Caravans traverae this route in 12 to 16 days.

APPENDIX XX B. I,

B. I. Boute from K i o k a ~ d to Rasdghar in Turhiuh Ckina 6.y d?~tin of Yarkand.

a

REMAEKS.

-- IIaltiig place.

A town.

A market p lm, r o d sandy.

A village with a snmi and market. The river Murghilan* is eroased here on a woadeu bridge.

A large tom and a p e a t place of commerce. The liver Murghi- 1an runs near the town, rich fertile plain country.

Plain. On the r o d is a Bwar called " Langar." Wator supplied by a stream from tho river Mur- ghilan.

The Ilnka of Mingtnppn, a village, contains about 6,000 houses of Kirghiz. Country uneven. Suk dream.

A town on tho Aravan stream.

A large town no td for its gardens. The river " Wain" (which riues in the Alai mountain to the S. W. of " Usl~") runs through it. Rich fertile wun-

kli c6 D~asht-i-Uulbahnr," a ver- dant plain, lies ktwcen Nos. 8 and 9.

the aoutli-east of Jlurgl~ilm.

NO.

1

2

3

4

6

G

7

8

9

*

Murghikn, given

Nama or PLACES.

-- From Khokand to

LanEPr, ... Karawal-tappa, ... Diwansh, ... Jigda, . . .

Nurgilrm, ...

Kdkobad, alias K u a and Talinazar, ...

Mingtappa, .

Aravan, ... Ush or Takhtisuliman,

This river rises in the Alai

by MuRammad

ESTIMATED DISTANCE IN K08.

---

1G kos.

24 ,, 25 ,, 10 ,,

10 ,,

15 ,,

5 ,,

5 ,, 10 ,,

~nonntnin to

APPENDIX XX B. I.-(Cottti~twd.)

REXARK~.

A largo village.

A IIamld and n mrai.

A halting place. On the road, the Kallankinl pass, fan easy

ma) is crossed. Rich country. &ring of water.

Habitation on thc river " Gul- shall" or " Koksu." On tho road thc Kotnl Qulshah, an easy p m is, crossed.

A halting place. The road lies in a plnin along tho " Gulnhah" or Koksu stream.

. The Tirak pass commences. Tho

r d lics in the p.mn along tllc bed of tho Tirak st re an^. A Khokand Cnntoms Officrr (" S11-

fibe ") at this place takes notee of t fe rncrchandim that pnma, whicb ho sends to Kashghar to enablo the Khokand Akskal t h m to levy dutics on tho same.

A halting place in the Tirak ass. ~ h o ancent up the pass is nLut 6 km, pact~cable for laden csmels and horses.

\lalting place berond tho pass, which terminates here. The r o d from here to Krlsh-

ghar, No. 24, lies in a plain opcn country. Road J o g % the Knshghar river an far as " Yasnikachak" No, 18. " Zighin, a Kirghiz habitation, on the road.

ESTIMATED D I S T ~ C E IH KOB.

5 kos.

10 ,, 10 ,,

10 ,,

13 ,,

10 ,,

lo

15 ,,

10 ,,

No.

- 10

11

12

13

14

15

1G

17

NAMES OF PLACEB.

~L---

Madu, ... Langar, . .. Kablankid, .. .

Gulshah, ...

Kizilkurgllan, ...

balm-i-tirak (or mouth of thc Tirak pass,) alias '' l<urgh'm-i- Sufibcg," .. .

Archailik, "'

Egrushtam, ...

Nagharchaldi, ...

clii

APPENDIX XX B. I.-(Continued.)

ESTIMATBD No. NAMES OF PLACES.. DISTANCE 1 rn KO8 1

Kurghan Ral~rnankul, 1 6 kos.

T o t d estimated distnncc iu kos, ...

A customs pa t , as NO. 14. " Duhnitirak" or " Suiibcg." Accommodation for travcllrrs.

The Kashghar river eoparatcs and hkcn a southerly courtjc. Kirghiz habitation.

A halting placc. UO. Do. Mino of lead, from which

largo qunntities of lcnd nro snp- lied annually to tho Khan of

Rhokand. Khokand Customs and Polico

I Post, as Nos. 14 and 18, (Kur- ghan Rnmrulknl). The soldiem arc " Kirghiz."

Tho Kashghar territory commences hero. A Chineso " Ur- thang" or Polico post, contain- ine 100 eoldiers I60 Chiuese. 60 ~Lhgharis . ) '

Also a Chincsc gt Choki" or " Ur- thang" 200 soldiem (100 Chinoso and 100 Kashghnris.) NOTI?.-From No. 22. Bash-

karawal, to within about 6 kos of the city of Kash hw, tho road lies in a dreary fesert with no habitation. No water. No parts. There is n spring of water at NO. 23 (" Karawal Mingyal"). On tho arrival of a Caravan a t this lam, No. 23, supplies arc brought

From ~ashghar . T ~ C name " Mingynl," which means ono thousand kos, indicntcu tho dis- t r w and hardship which travellers cxporicncc on thin line from want of watcr, &. Rod p abovc.

Onc of thc largo towns of Tur- kish Chins A place of great comnlercial importance next to Tnrkand. Tho t r d c of Central Asia to Yarkaud yi~scu through t h placc.

GENERAL REMARKS. This route is open throughout the year. Karavans of " Kirayakashes "*

(carriers) arc constantly passing to and Go with merchandize laden on camels and horses. Though it snows more or less in all the threc pmsea which intervene durine winter. all threc arc ~arsable for ladencamels and 1 1 0 ~ . Thc hat c6 ~gak ") is tho highest.

- From Khokand. No. 1, to Lanmr, NO. 10, the road lies in a plain, level, thick-

ly inhabited,? rich, cultivated coGntrg. on both sides of the line between Nos. 1 (Min ppa) and 21 (Gh?$: ?:3 ir populated by pastoral 'i" nomadic Kirghiz, who ivc in felt tcnb.

Thc only portion in which water, g m ~ , fuel, and supplies are not procurable (exce ting at Uashl~arawal, No. 22, and Ningyul No. 23) is from No. 2'3 to 24, c a l l 2 thc " Dasht-i-Ningyul" within the Kashghsr territory.

Thc Kirayakashcsgcncrally traverse this route in 12 to 18 days, some in8da~s.

Tajaks, Uzbeg, Turks. t Turks and Tijaka chiefly.

APPENDIX XX.

-

No.

- 1 & 2

NAMES OF PLACES.

- - From Khokand to Ka-

rawd-tappa, ...

ESTIMATED DISTANCE IN KOB.

-- a0 kos.

8

4

6

REMAEKE.

. . C I - - c -

As in foregoing route. Kirkilma (meanin 7 nn efferves-

cing spring) ia r Baiting place. Koad sand . Country occupied by ~ i p c d s (htueulmankul.)

Andijan is a hrge town of reat commercid importance in Eho- kand.

A village with r mrai and mar- k e t

Ush, the same as 270. 8 of foregoing route.

E'rom Andi-jan to Ush tho road lies in a rich fertile plain opeu country, occupied by Kirghiz, Kipchaks and Andijans &c.

Birkilma, ,,

Andijan, ...

Khanakar, Ush or ~ u l i h t - i - ~ z : ma, . a .

Thence to Kashghar, as iu foregoing route,

Total distance, ...

30 ,,

--- 120 kos.

] 225 11

-- 346 ,,

APPBNDIX XX.

REXARKS.

I n Nomund territory. Do.

I n Khalid Khan Mo- mund's J'agecr.

Sirdar Mahammad Os- man's Jqeer .

Ptuising Punvan, which is the commeiikement of tho Saroolung pass.

At foot of Hindu Kubh. At north end of tho pass. A fort here.

One spring only, where travellers stop.

Head Quarters of the Governor. ,

On the Kokchak, arapid unfordable stream, crossed by wooden bridges.

cr 0 .

6 Z z -

1

f,

10

Is

20

NAME OF STAGE.

Speer Sung, .. . Kum Shilman, . . . Dakka, ... Chardeh, ... Jallabad, ... Bala Bagh, ... Gundamuk, ... Jugdulluk, ... Tezeen, ... Bootkhak, ... Cabul, . Kalakan, .., Khajah Khizree, . . . Nawich, . . .

Oolang, ... Gori-sookhta, . . . Khinjan, .. . K h o ~ s k d ~ m , . . . Nareen, ... Jiblbgh, ... Eeshan Top, ... I(hanabad, . ... Talikan, .... Kurloogh, ....

Carry forward, ....

8 . a 31 2 " .r E Q .5 --

7 19 19 20 80 14 12 20 20 21

8 16 16 10

15 16 19

19

20 2 0

' 23 2

1% 20

- 387

Province.

British Af- ghanistan.

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

do. do. do.

do.

Koondooz. do. do. '

do.

do.

C.-(Contithnced). ---

REMARKS.

- - -

A torn.

Residence of tho Mcer of

?d&hh.

I All difficult, marches througli a hilly country.

~ommemment of 1 Pamir steppe.

A lake one day\ ride in circuit.

A river.

A large lake 4 days ride in circuit. End of Pamir steppe.

The.stcppe ie lleto called Qlni.

Pus over the Kokm range. G k p dcscent.

This count~y is odcupicd

Province.

Bhkshen. do. do.

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do' db.

do. do. do.

Khokan. do. do.

do,

do. do.

do.

Q. 0

$, Z $ 0

25

30

35

40

45

60

by tho E l b ~ Kirghix,

do. wandering herhmeii. 55

APPENDIX XX

NAXE OF STAGE. @

0) 0 0; 2

-2 Q -2

Kizzil Koorghan, .... Goolshrrh, .... I Carried forward> ,...

19 18

*

-- -- Broaght forward, .... Roostak, .... Atteen Jalus, .... Fyzabad, .... Baruk, .... Chakaran, .... Teer Giran, .... GaokhanakJ .... Kol Bala, .... Kazee Deh, .... S hckhur, .... Piggish, .... Punjah, .... Lungur Wakhan, .... Jungaluk, .... Kizzil Kurchce, .... Khurgoshie, .... Sussugh Kol, .... Chadnr Tash, .... Kurra Soo, .... Moorghabee, .... Ak Blrital, .... Yakh Kol, .... Kurrah Kol, .... Dysame lake, .... Kizzil h t , .... Alni, .... Tureek, .... Osh Tippah, .... DO. ~ S S , ....

'387

20 10 20

15 18 20 16 18 19 20 19 14 4

16 16 1s 26

25 21

' 21 25 25 25

' 15 ' 24

12 16

18 19

clvi

APPENDIX XX C.-( Corzc2.uded).

N. I3.-No habitations of any kind arc met with on the Pamir steppe. The names of stages nro. tliovc of plnccv where travellers usuully atop in tlie vicinity of water.

From Kokan to Kasllghar is 18 marches.

From Kashghar to Yarlinnd is 6 ditto.

cu 0

6 G Y J z;; -.

5G

60

G 2

- 62

(Sd.) H. 11. JAMES,

Commissioner.

Nom-The clistanco in this statement appenm to be over estimated: Sce lahnnlmnd Amin'a route, Appendix B. I., from Kl~okand to I<nsligll:~r, in ~rllich the stages Nos. to G2 of thi8 route are given u s Nus. 1 to 13. Tlle diatrnce between tllese two places ncco rbg to Mnhn~nrnad Amin in 168 kos, wkilc it is given here a t 125 only.

R~UARKS.

--

A l u g e towu.

A good Barsr.

A large place.

Ditto

Capital town. '

NAME OF STAGE,

-I-- Brougl~t forward, .... Kooflnn Kol, .... Osh, do.

Arabhn,

Kl~nah, .... Marghelan, .... Kurawul Tuppq .... do.

Kokan, do.

Total,

15

15

do.

do.

h'ors.-Fire or six dny6'journeg 11s csravaus, Rond ill plain country.

APPENDIX XX. I). Rotrfp fi.01~ KosAgAnr lo Yarkantl. Gireu hy ? j I ~ k ~ ) i t t ~ l u d

dmi?~ q,f JrarX-an(2.

REMA~KS.

- An Urthang, or Poke post of

tho Chinese. 50 soldiers.

A large town in Turkish Chi- na. Cross a stream.

An Urthang, or Police post.

Ditto ditto. A largo village. The water of t h e Kixiltagll stream, which runs through " Kizil," is of a red color, hcncc the name of the place "Kizil " which means " red " in Turki.

An Urthang. A well. NO llalitatio~l. Road in a plaul.

This city is of the greatest commercial importn~lcc in Turkish China. On the road is a surai and h a b i t a t i o ~ ~ called Kokrubat, where travellers put up.

. -

ESTIMATED DTSTAKCE IN KOS.

--

12

12

12

12

12 -

12

--

72

No.

- 2

2

3

4

li

G

---

NAME.

From Kushgliarto Yap- chan, ...

Yanghiw, . ..

Chamalu~~g, ... Rizil, ...

f<izil-turn, . . .

Yarknnd, ...

Total, ...

APPEKDIX XXI. Blilics 2ca;ccl on ifie ~ o o r l fratti ike colzjnes qf &qfitrnis/n~i,

hy Ihe Tulrn, Khyhr , clad ALkhnnn posse.? io Bttkhrirn.

CUSTOMS POST.

--- EV~OU~, ... Julalabd, ... I3utkhdk, ...

Kabul, ...

Roi, . . .

:z ... ... Karshi, ...

Bukhara, ... Eimr .Kabul to

Herflt. Shekhabad, ... Cthazni, .. . Knndahw, ... Girishk, ... Faml~, ... Herat, ..

AMOGNT on RATE No.

1 2 I ' 3

R E M A-B K a.

4 h m

4 R 4

I4 o i4

4

OF DVTY.

1- --

Q I G

1: 8

9

1

2

3

4

6

G

Rs. A. p.1

1 0 0

2 0 0

... ...

2 8 0

0 4 0

0 4 0

2 0 0

......

2 8 0

0 4 0

2 0 0

2 8 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

2 8 0

Pcr horse or camel load.

Ditto Ditto.

No cluty levied here, but a oustoms oficer inspectsthegoods and sends a detailed lint of tho goods to Kabul.

Or one-fortieth per cent " ul valo- rom " on entering Kabul, and 13 annas and 4 pies per cent on leaving ; the latter duty clears the goods up to Bamian, a t which place no duty is levied.

Or one sunai, per load of camel or Pony.

Ditto Ditto.

Per l o d of camel or pony.

No duty levied here, but an inven- tory of the goods ia taken and sent to Bukhara.

Or one-fortieth per cent LL ad vdo- rem."

Or one surnai, per l o d of camel or horse.

Per load ditto.

Or one-fortieth per cent ad valorem.

Per load.

Ditto.

Or one-fortieth per cent nd valorem.

clix

APPENDIX XXII.

MEMORANDU~ on tde cztllivatw~t and agricaltwalproduce oJ Bukhk

ra, tde general cm~hyment of its people, its slaves, sbqs-wool, and

trade with Russia, Khokand, l).c., from infortnation furnided by

Nazir Khairulla Kdase, former& o m ~ c k n t at Bukhira, stow a

pensioner of t ie BritkR Gocernment.

State of oulticntion is Me country of Buihltra. .

The soil is generally sandy, and does not d m i t of BArbni crops.

All cultivation depends on irrigation from the numerous canals

flowing from the Samarhnd* and Shaihrsubz rivers, or from the ' , I ,

waters of the river Oxus (Amgn), raised by mans of the Persian

wheels ( " Jhdlar " ), which are drawn by horses and camels.

Tho country is full of reservoirs of pukka masonry, which are

wpplied with water from the canals, for general consumption.

The supply of water from the canals is r e l a t e d by fixed laws.

The slaves, of whom each respectable landholder throughout

the country has a number, arc much employed in agriculture\

The most fcrtile districts are Snmarkand, Jizakh, Kstakur-

ghrin, KarminA, Bustiin, Ghizdiwnn, Vardanzai, Karakoul,'Charjoi,

Karshi, Deh-i-nou, IIissar and Shaihrsubz, (lately annexed).

The crops are :- \

Rice.-The best rice is produced in Ssmsrkand, Knbkurghan,

and Karmina. Avemgg price per Bnkhara maund = 5 English

Tltis river runs in a sontb-westerly .direction a diehnre of about 120 Loo througl~ the length of the country. The whole of its waters are absorhecr in irrigation.

maunds, 30 Tunkm = 10 Company's Rnpees, or O, Company's

Rupees per EngIish maund.

Wheat.-Price one rupee four a n w (Cornpimy's) pcr English

maund. . b

Jo4r.-Price 15 Tunkas per Bukharamaund, o'r 1 rupce per

English maund of 80 Its.

The rural population chiefly subsist upon this grain.

Average price. CO.'s b..

Cbtton.- SO Tunkas per Bukhara md.= 5-3-6 per md. of SO Ibs. BarZq.- 15 J> -1-0-0 do.

Qana, (cicer

arietinum), 20 JJ =I.-4-0 , do.

JJ =1-0-0 ' do.

XZ (Sesamum), ... ...

\ 20 Tunkas per Bukhrrra Saraon (a species of rnuatnrd, sinapis maund = Co&,any~s R ~ -

dichotoma), ... pees 1-4 per maund of 80 Ws. -

Koknar (Poppy), ... ... j Bliatzg, from which charm is extracted, chiefly produced in the

district of Samarkand.

&ik and Yeg&bles :-

Apples of various kids.-The apples of Samarkand are

famous.

Pomegranates.

Qwjnce.

G r ~ p c ~ of oariotts kinds.-There is no sugar cane produced in

the country. The country people supply the place of sugar by the

syrup of grapes.

Peaches ( " Shaftalfi ") . Apricots ( Zardalu") . Nu Wery .

.Melons, grown in g r i t abundance three times during the

year.

CAukandar " ( Bectroot ) . Turnips ( " Shalgham " ) . Gzrrots ( " Gajur " or " Zardak "), much liked by the rural '

population as well as by the towns people. They are minced, mixed

and cooked with rice. \

BacEanaja'g.

Karamkalla ( cabbage ) . Pdlak, " r r Sou," ( species of Spinach).

'< Metlid Hufiha".

F ~ r a l , a kind of cucumber (cucamis acutan plus) .

Karela, (Momaidica, charantia) . . Opcions.

R a d i s h .

Garlic. Ctccum fiers.

Cbtiander seed, ( (" kishniz" ) . Kdti.

Cotton is one of the staple articleg of produce. The greatest

quantity is produced in Bukhara Proper.

Cotton to the vdue of about ten llllrs of Rupees is exported

to Russia, Khokand, Kashghar and B U .

The country bordering on the river Oxw, and the canals and

water-courses from the Samarkand and .Shahrsubz, is full of

mulberry trees, upon the leaves of which silk worms are fed. The

silk annually produced in the Bukhara territory, is estimated to be

worth fifteen lacs of rupees. The greatest quantity is exported to

India.

There are several descriptions of silk :-

. I. Lab-i-&hi.--That produced on the b a n b of the river and

canals.

II. Varda'ttzaL-Ditto ditto in Vardanzai, a district to the

north-west of Bukhara.

111. Chills' xafaidar.-Ditto ditto environs of Bukhara.

This is the best description of silk.

The g r i n produced in the country barely suffices for h o w

consumption.

Tlie people of Bukhara are generally industrious, active and

peaceable. The rural population are for the most part employed

in agricultural pursuits, rearing silk worms and flocks of sheep*

goats and camels. The more opulent landholders also carry on

t r d e in sheep-wool, skins, cotton cloths, &c.j which they sometimes

export to foreign countries.

* The sheep of Bukhar~ is f a ~ u s for the grease of its tail (" Roghan-i-dumba".), It is generally used as a subatitute for ghee, of which very little is produced in the country, the c r a m of con milk baing luach taken with tea, which is drank by all clawe of the people. The lnorning repaat ~ L t s of tea and bread.

The towns people follow all the tradea and professions ordina-

rily pra&iied in sll large towns in the world. Thousands of men

are employed in the manufacture of silk in the cities of Bukhara,

Samarkand, Karshi and Katakurghan. The silk fabrica of Bukhara

surpass those of Khokand, Urganj, Mashhad and Kabul in beauty

and texture ; they are however, inferior to those of Khutan, China

and Tabrez in Persia. Silk is imported into Bukhara from Rasht

in Persia (through Mashhd), Khokand and Urganj.

Thcre me about 400 looms for the manufacture of silk in

the city of Bukhara.

The city of Bukhara is not only a p a t mart of comrncrcc

with all the surrounding countries in Asia, Russia and India, but

is the first seat of Arabic Imrning, particularly the " Fika J J (code

of Mahammadan bw) in Asia. There are hundreds of MaIrisas,

or Seminaries, supporteci by Government and the people, and

thousands of Miillas or scholars versed in the " Kka " accord-

ing to the orthodox doctrines of the Mallammadan religion, a

strict observance of which by the people is enforced by the King,

who is styled " Ghazi-ud-din " or " Defender of the Faith."

Hence Bukhara is considered to be the bulwark of Islamism, as ie

shewn in tho following " RubaiJ' (Quatrain) and called Bukhara-i-

eharif, to mark its re-eminence in sacred learning.

Samarkand saikd i ru e w i n ast

Yuklara lruwwrtt i I s h o din ast

Mashhad giu gumbaz i subzash na hashad Rawafiz khanh i ru e zamin ~ t .

Saxnarkand is the beauty of the world.

Bukhara is the strength of Islam and religion.

If M~sl~had h d not its blue dome,*

I t would have hen the greatest house of heresy in the world.

There is a atanding army of 1,2000 sowars and 1,000 foot,

consisting chicfly of the natives of the MILITARY.

country. The pay of a S ~ m r is 2 Tillas, t Dad Rhah. ~arwanchi. = 13 Co.'s R.s. per mensem; and foot TuksubB. Diwan bogi. 1 Tilla, or b.6-8 per month. The pay of Yuzbanl~i. Pinjabanhi. officerst varies from 100 Tillm (= 650 Minbashi Debbashi. CO.'S b.) to 10 Tillns (= 65 CO.'S h.)

per mcnsem.

The Governors of provinces have local unorganized troops,

who are paid out of the local revenues. These troops number

about 50,000 men. .

The number of slavea in the Bukhara country may be estimat-

ed a t one lac, of which 20,000 may be a t Bukhrua itself. The

slaves are imported by the " Alamani T u r h n ? from the Per-

sian districts, bordering on the Turkman country, or by slave deal-

ers of Bukhara, Kunduz and Badakhshan from Hazara, Kafiristan,

S h i p , Wakhan, Chitrd and Gilgit.

The " Alamani " Turkmans are professional robbers, or rather

kidnappers, like the Kirghiz ',,$ inhabiting the desert country

* Shrine consecrated to the memory of Imam M a Raza-onc of the twelve Imame.

I The Kirghiz, howevcr, arc not kidnappers, but profqional plunderers.

bordering on Urenj , Bukhara, Persia and Herat. Their princi-

pal places are Maw and Sarakhs. They generally kidnap the

children of the " Shia " inhabitants of Persia, and sometimes ex-

tend their forays in the direotion of Herat;.

The other slave-dealers procure children from their parents

and relatives in barter for articles of general consumption, such as

cloths, utensils, haberdashery, LC., which they carry with them to

those countries for the purpose.

WOOL OF B U P H ~ .

The sheep-wool or goat-wool of Bukhara is not a staple article

of foreign trade, but the lamb-skin (with the fleece on) of Karakul (a

district about 20 kos distant to the south of Bukhara, and hence

called " Karakdi" ) is famous. About ten lacs rupees worth of

lamb-skisn-the produce of Sarakul and other districts of Bukham

all called " Karnkuli"-is annually exported from Bqkhara to Pert

sia, Turkish China, Russia, &bul and Ldia. .

The greatest quantity goes to Persia, where the people make

caps of " Karakuli j J called " Pupakh;" A piece of the best de&

cription of ' I KarakuliJJ sells from 25 rupees to 16 rupees i s

Persia.

clxvi

APPENDIX XXI1.-(Continued.)

Principal Rtwsian d~ticles imported into and aoW at B#X.kara.

-

1

1

2

REMARKS.

-

Tlie scarlet color is pre- F r r ~ ( 1 f ' r the army. Tiin tine is in tlie habit of mal;ir i~ nRnunl pwqen!.; of rl~o~i:!.; lnade o: scnr!et broad c!o:li to tile trooys.

A s~nr! l tiuantity is re- ezportetl to ICnbal. K n i t - i - rCmi or bronc1 c!oth manu- fiictured in Engln~ltl is also iml)orted frcm C'cinstanii- nople through " bar!^:.“ a I'eruinn Port on t h e C'a~pinr~ sc3, and ,\Ixshh:~tl. Tile HA- nnt-i-rilnli r r ! i ~ at ?. rupets per yard at 1:ni;li:irn.

S o other I:l~cli~li broad clo!ll is importt~~.( in!o X u - k h k

Rarely exported to Kabul.

A silk cloth made in imitation of shawls. Khudbaft is also manufactwed in K6- sh4n in Persia, a small quant.ity of which is alw, imported.

The Russian stpff bee undersold the Pereian in the BukhBra market.

, 4

NAME OF ARTICLE.

Clotlie, woollen, eilken, FZaxe?t and cotton.

Tyoollen. Broad (R-sian

manufacture) , . . .

SlLtiskti (in pieces and cloaks,) . . .

Silken. Khudbaft (Russian

manufacture), . . .

Atlas (Satin); . ..

PRICE.

---

4 to 15 ~ 0 % R ~ . per yPrd,

Cloaks, 8 to 10 Co.'s Rupees each, ...

Pieces, 3 Co.'s Rs. per yard,

\

From 5 to .8 Ra, per yard,

'

From 13 to 2 Rs* per yard,

APPENDIX XXI I.-(Continued.)

- 3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

NAME OF ARTICLE.

Velvet (cotton and silk) , . . .

White silk cloth, . . . Brocarles.

" Ishtop " (Brocade) in pieces. " Asli," (true), ...

?KalbiJJ (false), ... a Kalnbatun," '' as-

li " and " kalbi " ( p l d and silver m e or thread, true and false), ... Simgot " " asli J J

and kalbi '> (yellow and white lace and thread, true and false), ....

Flazen. " NankaJJ (Nankeen),

" Si j a " (a kind of nankeen) in pieces,

" Urmak " (of flax and cotton) l i d in making choghas,

Kandir " (a cloth made of fibre,)

PRICE.

1 to 4 Co.'s per yard,

3 Rs. per yard,

15 to 20 Co.'s Rs. per yard,

3 to 4 Rs. per yard, . . .

....

. . . From 2 Til-

las t o 3 Tillaf (or 12-10 to 19 Co.'s RJ3.)

per piece having 30 yards w h ,

*"*

From 2 to 3 yardr, per "UpeeJ

REMARKS.

- Silk velvet, called Atlae-i-

&mi, sells ;rt 6 to 8 NP~S

Par yard

A s m d quantity only imported.

I Partly re-exported to

1 Afghauistan, &c.

Much of this article is re- exported to Kbbul, India, &o. &c.

Partly sent to KLbuI and India.

l'artly seat to Klbul.

Partl re-exported to K6- bul. P L ~ ~ I ~ m p r ~ into India

Partly sent to K&d, where it in all consumed.

APPENL)IX XXI1.-(Cotztinwd.) /

REMAW.

--

A a m d quantity only comes.

The English eotton piece good8 havc nndorsold the llussian stuff.

Turbans of' Russian mann- .facture with gold borders at both erils find ready sale.

A large quantity of both R u ~ i w :md English Chintz goes to Uukhara

Russian chintzes are partly re-exported to KLbul.

PRICE.

. . .

Various mks, F~~~ 30 1 y u n -

ka=lo Co.'r h. to 20 Tun- k a s = 6-10

Co.'s Ils. per piece containing 224 yards,

-

-- 1

2

3

NAME OF ARTICLE.

Cotton. White calicos, ....

Chintz (various descriptions), ....

Katan, or fine muslin, F I ~ and SkI'r~s.

'< Sanjab " (skin of

-

thc grey squirrel, 'c Sambur " (able

skin), .... " Kirsak," .... " Knh-nm " (white

furs), .... (' Pachcgi," .... " Sincgi," .... (' Bulghar " (Russi-

a11 leather, also called Kazan, morocco),

" Ki l~~sn~ la " (a colored leather), ....

" Chai-banla " (a dcscril,tiou of tea),

....

.... Partly re-exported t~ .... Kabul uud India, &c.

..a.

....

....

...,

....

Co.'s Rs. 6-5 or olle 'l'illn per sccr of SO tol;rs, ----

1 i

Do. Do. i j

A fimall qumfity rcccived br the rich only,--all con- burned in Bukhira.

c1xiX

APPENDIX XXI1.-(Cmti7tusd).

-.

NAME OF ARTICLE.

- PRICE.

-- REMARKS.

This is the only description of tea imported from Ruaeian marketa. Several other descriptions of tea come throu h Kashihar. but of late t f e tea eiported from India has undersold certain descriptions of tea received through Kauhghar. Some of them are here named.

c r i p t i o n v are imported from In- dia also.

Sugar loaf,

Btc lliotz . Gold coins (Ducats) 5 rupees each,

(Boodkee), .... Gold dust, .... .... Kirmiz (cochineal),

Cutlery and Metals. Padlocks. Knives, Scizzom.

.... This article formerly (1.5 years a o) used to be imported into d h a r a from Ru~a ia and

-sold at Bukhira a t 10U Tillra = 650 &.'a Re. per bag containing 4 B~nihi ra seers=% Beers of 80 tola* eai.h. Much of the quantity now impol.trJ into Bukhdra goes from In- dia and sells a t Bukhira at 1 0 rupees per seer.

clxx

APPENDIX XXI1.-flowtil-)ueclj

R ~ s r a a ~ s .

-

Partly re-exported to l ie- rat and Kabul.

Do. to Hcrat and Kabul, 'kc.

Partly exported to Kabul and Peshawur.

Partly roexprtcd to Herat Kabul-

Part] re-exported tn He- rat, ~ s f k h , luzar , Cabul, &.

Do. h c i u m e d in Bukhbra. Partly exported to ICabul,

Her& kc-

Partly exported to Kabul, Balkh, A%. 'kc.

Putb re-exported to &- ~ u I , IWkh. Herat, India, b-c

All co~lsulncd in Bukhirra Do. Do.

- NAME OF ARTICLE.

1

- Brass and iron uten-

sils, .... Pewter, .,.. Iron, ....

Copper, in sheets, ...

Tea pots, brazen f' sa- mawat"), ..,.

Degchowan, or set of cooking pots, made of mixed metal of various sizes and dimensions, ....

Trays of various sizes,

Beads and corals, .... Flints, .... Fishbone, (shir mahi),

Porcelain, .... Boxes and desks of

wood of Irbit' &c"

and painted,

PRICE.

----

14 per maund,

Rs. 32-8 per maund, .... From 2 to 3

qyllw each, tTillau=l2-10 Co.)s Its. 3 Tillas=19

Co.'s R5. From 6 to

4 Rs. each,

....

....

.... 5 Co.'s Rs.

pcr seer of 80 tolas, Various rates,

Fmrn 20 to

- of Tin, .... wvered wlLh Tin I 5 RB. eQOh,

Snuff boxw, ....

Glasses, needles, kc., War (white), ....

From 8 annas to !! an- rlas each.

.... 14 seer per

Ca.'s rupee,

--

-

EXPORTS

NAME OF ARTICLE.

- Bukhara chintz, ....

Raw cotton, ....

Cotton thread, ....

Lamb-skin, '' Kwa- kuli" . . .

I'ost-i-robah, t o r skin ,) ....

Turquoises, cxported from Persia vi& hlashhad. Produce of the mines of NishapGr, ....

Lnpis lazuli, from Ba- dakhshan, ....

l k ~ w and dyed silk, and silk sashes, caps.

Silk Khulat (ready l n d e garments),

Ricc. Dried fruits. 1ndil;o.

from Bukha~a

PRICE.

- T n n k a a

30=10 Co.'s Rs. per piece, each containing 8 yards.

H scers for the rupee,

3 seers for tht rupee (Co.'s) (E n g 1 i s h weight,

From 3 Rs. to S Rs. per picce, which is about 2 feet by 1 ', feet, CO.'S h. 1-8

or 1 per skin, Various ratcs.

50 to 70 R.s. per seer,

t o Ruasio.

R . ~ M ~ K s .

Exported to Ru.ssia, Balk11 and Hcrat, &. About ten Lnc rupees worth of cotton is exported to Russia, &c.

Exported to Rmfiia only. About (d9W000) rupees worth ' exprkd.

About 'U),000 rupees worth 6w9 to Russia

About l6,OOO rupees worth go to IZussia.

Partly exported to Rnssia. Ihshghru., Kabul alld I~~dii , &c.

To Russia only.

APPENDIX XXI1.-(Corzli~aued.)

LIST of &ports aad Iiq~orts 6etraeetb Bukkara and Kioiand.

EXPORTS FROX BUKHARII.

Indigo, from India. For detail see list of

Cotton picce goods from ditto. exports from India.

Brocades from ditto.

I h m cotton-produce of Bukham.

Bukhara chintz.

Shawl, Kirmani.

Turquoises. Received from

" Ilk " (oli banum). Meshhad.

" Pat, " goats wool. ( And from Bukhan re-ex-

[ported to India and Kabul.

Ran- silk. Price a t Bukhara per seer Cons~lmdd in Bukliara, ,

of 80 tolas, 6-4 Corn- and also re-exported to In-

pany's rupees. 3 dia and Kabul.

IIorses (Kmzak horses). Also exported to Afghanistan, India, &c, '

Silk-handkerchiefs. From 2 to 5 Tillas The MurghiIan hand- 1 per score. kerchiefs arc famous.

hTS2' of eqorls and import8 Qekeen Bukhara and Bl~~sRAad.

Karakuli, or lamb-skins. Price at Bulihara

8 t o 3 rupees

per piece ; a t

Meshhd 25 to 10 rupees, and

5 Rs. per piece.

Mostly exported from Bukhara to Persia, vin Mashhad. This is one of the staple articles of

F tmde from Uukharn. About tcn lacs rupees worth of Karnkuli is the

I estimnted n~nount of export to Persia, Kabul and India, &c.

APPEh?)IX XXI1.-( Continued).

2. Cnshmiri shawls, long ; Jamehrs, Received into Bukhnre Cashmir through Kabul.

square shawls ; woven and needle Jamawnrs or shawls f i g 4 in breadths are most prized by Per-

work. sians and Turkie.

3. Broad-cloth.

Camlet.

0 ,rmuk, a flaxen cloth. Russian furs.

Chintz, Russian.

- Kandir, a cotton cloth. 4

Se ja ,

Nanka, ] an kin.

Russian goods

TJ&U~, s Bukhrtra, silk cloth.

Bekusab, ditto ditto.

Tea from Kashghar.

Kussian leather. From Rusaia.

Kimsana ( skin ) . Padlocks.

Sumawst or brass tea-pots.

Deg-chowan or cooking-pots.

Trays.

Fishbone.

Flints.

1 r Boxes of Irbit

Was.

Glass.

Snuff boxe.

IMPORTS INW BUKI~AKA.

Turqnoisee from the mines of Nishapar.

Ilk (Oli-banum) .

clxxiv APPENDIX XXI1.-(ConcZzded).

Opium from Ispahan. Price at Billiharal I

Co.'s ''. ) Re-crported to Kash- per seer of SO ghw.

tolalls. 1 j

Shawl Kirmani, or sl~amls m d e of Kirmnni-wool, (5 yar& long, 1

yard broad), used as turbans by " &.la ". Price from 5 to

6 Rs. Company's per piece.

Chintz, Sadrss, in pieces. Price 6-5 C0.s'. Rs. per piece.

Chitz, Rum:, from Constantinople. Price from 5* to 3* Tillas per piece, containing 24 yards of cloth.

Broad-cloth, RuA, from Constantinople. Price 20 to 16 Rs. per

yard.

Black silk handkerchiefs. Price 5 Tillas per 20 pieces = 12 annm

per piece , ' Kanawez of T.ebriz. Price from 2 to 2-8 Rs. per yard.

Persian Reecls ( pens ) nt various rates.

Equal to Company's Re. 32-8 and 19 Rupees.

clsxv,

APPENDIX XXIII.

There has h e n a gradual increase in the trade with Afghanis-

tan and Turkistan, through Peshawur, since annexation.

The chief causes have been-

lall?/.-The tranquillity in the Trans Indus territories, and the

abolition of a11 customs duties, since the introduction of British rule.

2ndly.-The Amir lms, of late yearn, paid much attention to,

and provided for, the safety of the T u r k i s h rod . The Ghilznie

used to plunder caravans on the r o d near Jigdilik, between Jalala-

bad and Kabul. -Beyond Bamian, between Saighan and Khmad, . the road was subject to the depredations of the Dchzangi Huzaras,

and the Lakais, an Uzbak tribe, natives of I(3waclii, an indepen-

dent State, on the bank of the OXUS, committed occasional raids on

the r o d between Khulm md Mdr-i-Sbarif. All these tribes are

now kept in proper awc, nnd the road throughout the Amir's do-

minions is quite safe. ' *

3rdty.-Some of the sons, brothers, and other relatives of the

Amir have, within the last 10 years, engaged in large commercial

spulations with India nnd Turkistan, through their gomashtas

or agents. The names of some ot them are here given :-

1. SarLqr Pir Mahammad Khan, brother of the Amir, (lately

dead).

2. Bibi Khkjjo (wife of the Amir, and motlicr of the late

Mahnmmacl Akbar Khan).

3. Mahammad Usmbn Khan (son of N u m a L Samad Khan, brother of the Amir).

4. Shahdowla (son of Nuwwab Mahammad k 1 5 n Khan,

who was a nephew of the hmir).

5. AMul Ghani Khan (son of the late Nummab Jabbar Khan,

Am'r's brother) . 6. With of Sardar Mahammad Afzal Khan, Hakim of Bakh.

She lives at Kabul.

The relatives of the A d r s seem to vie with each other in en-

larging the extent and sphere of their respective trade.

4dkZy.-The traders are protected from all oppressions by tho

Kiudars and others in Afghanistan, the ouly extortion they are

subjected to is the levy of an unduly enormous duty by the over

valuation of their goods by the customs officers.

Sardar Mahammad Afzal Khan, Hahim of Ball&, is tho

largest trader in his dominions. He buys up a11 the cotton and

sdk produced in his country at cheap rates, and sells them to the

best advantage to traders of Turlristan and Afghanistan.

APPENDIX XXIII

Akiract from Chapter XPII of tRe Personal Narralice of a journey lo

ILe source of tLe river Oxus, by tlie route of tlre Indus, Kabul '

a ~ r l BadaksAan, pePforrned by Lieutenant John Wood, of the

East India Corn-any'8 Navy.

Rrgamu stands at the head of the fertile portion of the Kok-

chas vafley, which, south of this, takes the name of Koran. Be- yond Firgamu the mountains rise immediately from the bed of the

river ; and there the scanty population live iu glens opening on tho

Kokcha, but none in the main valley itself. Our hardy Yabus,

though accustomed to rough roads, were here useless ; md exchang-

ing them for those of the country, we left, them a t the village to

await our return. As the greater portion of the distance from

Firgamu to the Ladjword mines had to be performed on foot, we

bartered our Uzbek boots for leather buskins (Kumaches), and with

a willow staff to assist us in climbing, set out' upon our expedition.

A party of countrymen had been sent forward to mend tho

road, to lay temporary bridges over chasms in the path, and to

find a new track, where the old one had been defaced by the earth-

quake of 1832. The time allowed them was, however, too short

for the perfonnanco of these several duties ; yet though they had

not effected much as pioneers, they did us good service elsewhere. ,

After a long and toilsome mjrch we reached the foot of the Ladj- word mountains, but were too exhausted visit the mines that

night. One of the party, Hussein, an Afghan, had fallen on the

road, and was too severely bruised to come on; but, with this ex.

ception, despite of the poet's warning, me arrived unhurt.* Wll ere

the deposib of lapiz-lazuli occurs, the valley of the Kokcha is about

200 yards wide. On both sides the mountains are high and naked.

The entrance to the mines is in the face of the mountain, on the

right bank of the stream, and about 1,500 feet above its level. Tlie

formation is of black and white limestone, unstratified, though

plentifully veined with lines, thus #

The summit of the mountain is rugged, and their sides destitute

of soil, or vegetation. The path by'which the mines are approached

is steep and dangerous, the effect of neglect, rather than of natural

difficulties. The mountains have been tried for lapis-lazuli at

various places ; but the following is a section of the principal and

latest worked mine :-

The shaft by which you descend to the gallery is about ten

feet square, and is not so perpendicular as to prevent your walking

down. The gallery is eighty paces long, with a gentle descent,

+ The verse runs thus :- " Agur janub doshukh na kham hum Tinaor, Murrow ba janub tungee korrn." If you Winh not to go h, deatruction. Avoid the narrow valley of Kornn.

but it terminates abruptly ,+I a hole, twenty feet in diameter and as

many deep. The width and height of the gallery, though irregular,

may be estimated at about twelve feet ; but a t some places where

the roof has fallen in its section is so contracted that the visitor is

forced to advance upon his hands and knees. Accidents would ap-

pear to have been frequent, m d one place in the mine is named

after some unhappy sufferers who were crushed by the falling b

roof. No precaution has been taken to support, by means of pillars,

the top of the mine, which, formed of detached blocks wedged to-

gether, requires only a little more lateral expansion to drop into . the cavity. Any further operations can only be carried on at the

most imminent risk to the miners. The temperature a t the firtiher

end of the mine was 360 of ~shrendeit, while in the open kr at its

entrance i t was 290.

The method of extracting the lapis lazuli is su%ciently

simple. Under the spot to be quarried a fire is kindled,

and its flame, fed by dry furze, is made to flicker over the

surface. When the rock has become sufficiently soft, or, to use the

workmen's enpressi6n, r' nurim," i t is beaten with hammers, m d

flake after flake knocked off, until the stone of which they are in

search is discovered. Deep grooves are then picked out round the

lapis-lazuli, into which crow-bars are inserted, and the stone and

part of its matrix are detached.

The workmen enumerate three descriptions of ladjmord.

These are the Neeli, or indigo colour ; the Asmani, or light blue ;

and the Suvsi, or green. Their relative value is in the order in which

I have mentioned them. The richest c010urs are found in the h r k -

est rock, and the nearer the river the greater is said to be the

purity of the stone. The search for ladjword ie only prosecuted

during winter, probably because, labour in the mine being compul-

sory, the inhabitants are less injured by givingit in a season of

oomparative idleness, than when the fields require their attention.

Perhaps,.also, .during the cold of winter the rock may be more

susceptible to the action of heat, and thus be more easily reduced,

than when its temperature is higher. Within the. last four years,

Murad Beg hss ceased to work both the lapis-lazuli and ruby

mines ; and the reason assigned for his altered policy is the small

success which has hitherto attended the operations. The mines,

the produce of which was exported to Bokhara and China, have

been known from a very early period, and the balast ruby of Badak-

shan has furnished the poets of Persia with many a simile. I need

scarcely add that the beautiful blue called ultra slarine is obtained

from the lapis-lazuli. After carefully inspecting the mines we set

out in the evening on our return to Jerm, and put up that night

a t Rahat, a deserted village seven miles down the valley. It stands

I a t the mouth of a little stream on the right bank of the Kokcha,

by the valley of which the K a f f i usually .make their inroads into

Badakshan. Some time back the inhabitants of the village were at-

tacked by these fierce people, and, contrary t~ their usual custom,

the slaughter was indiscriminate ; all perished, women as well as men. Since then there have been no permanent settlers in the valley above Firgarnu. As we moved among the lone hamlets i t was some satisfaction to know that the passes between us and these bar-

barians were now blocked up with snow. Still they are as daring as cruel, and the bare possibility of a night attack from them did

not tend to make our slumbers the more tranquil. There is a more than churchyard solitude about a region such as this, which has been rendered waste and desolate by the hand of the murderer and the robber, and every record scattered around of its former peaceful state comes with a crushing weight upon the heart." ' .

Exmm PROM C ~ R XIX.

The ruby mines are within twenty miles of Ishkashm, in a dis-

trict called Gharan, which word signifies caves or mines, and on

the right bank of the river Oxus. They face the stream, and their

entrance is said to be 1,200 feet above its level. The formation of

the mountain is either red sand-stone or lime-stone, largely im-

pre,pated with xnagnesio. The mines are easily worked, the opera-

tion being more like digging a hole in sand, than quarrying rocks.

Aboye Iahkashm the water of the Oxw is beautifully transparent,

but after issuing from the mountains below Ilamaz, i t is of a dirty

red colour. The galleries are described as beiw numerous, and

running directly in from the river. The labourera are greatly in-

commoded by water filtering into the mine from above, and by the

smoke from their lamps, for which there is no exit. Whenever a seam

or whitish blotch b discovered, the miners set to work ; and when

a ruby is found it ia always encased in a r o t d nodule of considera-

ble size: The mines have not been worked since Badalishan fell

into the hands of the Kundnz Chief, who, irritated, i t is supped ,

st the amdl p d t they yielded, marched the inhabitants of the dis-

trict, then numbering about five hundred families, to Kunduz, and

disposed of them in the slave market. The inhabitants of Gharan

were Rafizies, or Shiah Mahomedans, and so are the few familiee

which still remain there.

APPENDIX XXIII B. --- Tuble s b w i ~ g tke distance from Kara'cdi to X u l t h ~ ~and Alak (At-

toL,) hy water, and from Multdn to Peslawur by land, from

iltfoomultwn received from Captain P . 8. Lumsden, Assistant

Quartcr Mmter General.

From Karhehi to Thattha (Tatta) by land, . . . 61 4 . - ,J DO. Do. byaea, ... 156 0

,, Thattha to Kotri, byriver, ... 72 0

,, Kotri to Sakkhar (Sukkur, do. ... 234 0

,, Sakkhar to Kasmur (Kusmore,) do. . . . 78 0

,, Kasmur to Mitthankat, do. ... 75 0

Distance from Karachi to Mitthankot, do. . . . 595 0

From Mitthankot to RLultan, by water, . . . 114 0

Distance from Karachi to Multan, do. . . . 709 0 - Dist,ance from Karachi to Mitthankot, .. . 595 0

From Mitthankot to Dehra Ghazi Khan, . . . 132 0

,, Dehra Ghazi Khan to Dehra Futeh Khan, 108 0

,, Dehra Futeh Khan to Dehn Ismail Khan, 52 0

,, Dehra Ismail Khan to Isa Khail, ... 72 0

,, Isa Khail to Kalabagh, ... 26 0

,, Kalabagh to Makhnd, ... 11 0

,, Makhud to Atak (Attok), ... 66 0

Total distance from Karachi to Attok, by water, 1,062 0

Distance from Multan to Peshswnr via Lahore, 479 3

Do. do. viQ Shahpur, Pinddadan Khan,

and Rawd Pindee, fit only for camels, 406 7 - Distance from Atak (Attok) to Peshawur, ... 45 2

APPENDIX XXIII C.

6 Junction of Viril I I I Water scant!, from holes in the

and Amri rivers,. . . bed of the river. Supplies none.

ROUTE from Karadi in Sin& to K i E t - i - N u in Bilochiatan, @id Klroja-Jamot-ia-kot, and Khozdar.

No.,

- 1

2

3

4

5

7

NAME OF STAGE.

From K h h i to Magghar Pir, or Pir Magghar, .. .

Chak-kura &, . . .

Nabb river, . . .

BBbGr6 river, . . .

ViuS1-jo-kot, . ..

Distance in

miles.

9 11)

5 4

14g

8

Shihhiliwal, . . . I 1141 stream Water abundant Supplies none. from e h e

8

9

Kanna-rhj river, . . . Water abundant and good. Sup- plies none.

REMARKS.

- Dharamehla. Water abundant

from bot springs. Supplies scanty.

Water brackish in pools. A halting place on a Nalb No suppliea.

A fine 'atream of ood water, 18 inches deep, wit% many deep pools. No suppliea.

Water scanty and very brackish. Supplies none.

Water abundant from pooh in the Viral river. Supplies scanty.

10

12 Khojah J a m ~ t - k ~ - k ~ t , Water abundant from Kanna-raj I river. Supplies scanty.

Junction of Shih and Jimot rivers,

SBhib-Khan-jo-liot,

Jumms-jimot, I l1 I Water abundant from V i d a r river. Supplies none.

N. B.-Thin route, taken from the Sindh Directo for 1868, is supposed to join the route from Kariichi .id S6nmiioi to ~ x a t at Baran I1k. The distance between the two places, Khoja Jbmot-ka-kot arid Baran LAk, may be sssumed at 60 miles.

154 7

Water in pools. Sn pliee none. Water abundant lorn J h o t

river. Supplies none.

dxxxiv.

APPENDIX XXIII C.-( Contiratled.)

No.

-

Distance in

miles.

10

15

9

6

15

go

12

10

NAME OF STAGE.

From Barau Lak, (naked pass)' to Turkabar, ...

Kgl4 dam, (or black valley, ... wa, ...

Gardens of the Wfrd Sardars, or Khans,

Samandarfr, . . .

Khozdtlr, ... Baghwana, ...

Zohwar, ...

REMAEKS.

I

This pass is the limit to which in severe winters snow has been known to fall. I t seldom extendr to Khozdar.

A Plain. Water, forage, sup- lies precarious. Water regulated Ej the auppliea of rain.

Do. Do.

Hilly. A small town. In the hilla near are numerous Ghorbands or ancient mounda and ramparts.

Croesa Plain.

Fort 100 houses. A canal.

A torn. 100 homes. DO. Baghwana is reached by another

road also from Wad, or the gardens of the Wad Snrdar, which is the nearest and direct, viz.

Langleji. A spot where there are many vestiges of olden timea.

Chrirbi. Low hills. A spot where the bed of a water course has a scanty rill. Road tolerable.

Wh. A slight detour l e d to the wide level lain of Wh.

Firozabad. h a d . through low hills. Commencement of the plain of Firozabad, with a rivulet flow- in from Kappar.

%ap er. Atvillage. lad mior. ~ ~ l W . n & Rod though .

plaln.

No habitation. A rivulet.

APPENDIX XXIII C.-(Continued.)

L -- Lakorian, . . .

Rodinjo, (or Ro- I dangOIJ . . .

Total estimated from Baran Lak to Ka- kt, ...

From Karhhi to Khoja Jhmot-ke- I ...

Distanoe in

miles.

A spacious plain, a t the northern extremity of which are Rome important " Ohorbands," or " Bastas," or retrenched lines, which corn letely cover the entrance of the dede con- nwtingthe plain of Lakhorian with that of Anjirah. The principal Rampart runs parallel to a deep ravine, and joined by a small emi. nence. T h e e vestiges are remarkable for their mapi tndc as well as for the solidity and evident in t G i r construction. Their otigin is not linown.

Pasring through th8 defile, the plain of Aqjira opens with a descent.

Sprin of water issuing from as e ~ e v a t e f ~ o u n c l , 3 or 4 hoose~.

A collection of several vill cs. Water in streams from th31ilh. I NO houses. A stream.

A village. 50 houses. A fine stream of water.

Capital of Bilochistan. A strong fortress and lofty cita-

del. A considerable town outside on the right, and another on the left, with many villages in a cul- , tivated valley.

NOTE.-This route from Khoja Jamot-ka-kot fo Kalat has been compiled from " Nasson's Narra- tive of a journey to Kalat" (or " Kilat-i-Nwir). The distance from Anjirah to I\klat, is taken from " Hough's Anny of the Indus." .

Total estimated distance from Karachi, to Kalat, . . .

APPENDIX .XKXIII C.-(Concluded.)

Prom Kalat to Quetta 004 ita the Promwe of Shal Bidochistnlr.

NOTE.--For the route from Kot (Qnetta) to Csndahar, see Appendix XI,

(Caravan mute frPm Shikarpur to Candahar by the Bolan pass).

-

~istance' in

miles.

g

9

13

16

9

20

+ 75

Karez Gar&ni, . . . Mmwhar, ...

JCadd, ... M a s t ~ g , ...

Ihhnak, . . .

flh6Lkot (Quetta,)

Total estimated distance, from Kalat to fit (Quetta),

R ~ ~ a n x s .

-- A small d a g e and aqueduct

stream.

A d town 350 honaea Plenty of water.

No houses. Unmade wells.

A large welled town ; mmy villages ne.w ; in an exbnsive culti- v+ted plain ; plenty Of mter g famous for its g r a p .

A village. 200 honees. Plenty of water.

A llvge town. Fort. Cultivated plain, and h e etrearas of water.

miles.

clxxxvii.

APPENDIX XXI?.

MEMO.

Trade between the British tewitories (Punjab,) and the eoutbtrka

within and beyond the ctorninions of t h Maharajah of Caahnrere.

EXPOETS AND IYPOBTS.

The annexed Table A g i v s the exports and importe, with

statistics.

These have been arranged in the following order :-

I. Exports from the Punjab, and the Jamrnd. and Kashmir

provinces, to Leh, Yarkund and Changthan, (Rudokh).

11. Imports from Yarkund, Leh and Changthan, to the Punjab nnd the Jamm6 and Kashmir provinces.

111. Exporb from the Punjab to the Jammd and Koshmir

provincee.

IV . Imports to the Punjab from the Jammri and Kashmir

provinces.

This trade passes almost entirely by Kiilii * and Rampdr

to Leh, and from Leh to Yarkund.

No trade from the Punjab to Leh or Yarkund now passes

through the Jammli or Kashmir provinces.

The trade between Jammri, Kaahmir and Leh passea by the

following routes :-

From Jarnmri to Leh, vi$ Sooroo. (Route NO. III. Table of

For details of these routes see Nos. I., I. A. and II.,of the Table of Boutes.

mnexed.

&om Sreenugur to Leh, by Dm. (Route No. P.)

The commercial lines between the Punjab, the Maharaja'e

territory (Leh) and Changthan are the following :-

From Ramph, Bishehr, fa Changthan (Gurdokh or Gara)

(Routes IT., IP A., I T B..)

From Leh to ditto by Sakhtee. (Route No. PI.)

The principal commercial lines by which the trade between

the Punjab and the Jamm6 and Kashmir passes are the follow-

ing :- From Umritsur to Jammii and thence to Sreenugur by the

Banihal Pass. (Route No. PII.)

From Goojrat to Sreenugnr by Bhimbur and the Peer Pun-

jal range. (Route No. 7711.)

Jhom Umritsur to Sreenugur by Akhnoor and the Boodhil

pass. (Route No. IX.)

From Peshawur to S r e e n o , ~ by Moozufurabd and Bars- moola. (Route No. X.)

The annexed Table of Routes shows the stages, the distances, L

and the state of the several routes.

The Kiillli route, No. I, is tile most frequented by t rdem

from the Punjab and Hill states to Leh.

The Jamrnti 'and Banihal Route, NO. VII., is now the princi-

pal channel of Punjab trade through ther Maharaja's territories,

the 3laharajn having interdicted the transport of almost all the3 staple articles of trade by the other routes through his domi-

nions.

The Punjab salt tradd chiefly follows the Akhnoor and Bbim- bur routes.

Route No, 1. From Umriteur to Leh by Kulu',

1 11 From Umriteur to Kulu'. Pony1odJeqaalto3maunds,f2 Rs. l1 hm to bh.

From Leh to Yarkund do. 45, and 55 Rs. for Opium. -

Total, 67 -

From Yarkund to Leb, per Tattoo, (3 mds.) 33 Rs. By Coolee, per md. 2-8-0 Umritsur to SultanpGr.

6-64 Sultanph to Leh.

Sheep are also employed for carriage, by the ownera only, not

on hire.

Route II. By Ftamph, Bishehr, to Leh.

By Spiti, Pony, Tattoo, equal to 3 m a d , Rs. 14-1-0, at per

maund 4-11-0.

By Chhomoreeree, Coolee, b. 5-0.0 per maund, Imp=- * able for laden tattoos.

Route A%. I . . From Jarnm6 to Leh.

From Jammli to Sooroo, stage, by coolee, Rs. 3-12-0. A

coolee carries I f maunds.

From Sooroo to Leh on Tattoo, 8 mde. 3-6-0 per Tattoo.

Route ho. 17. From Ramp& to Changthan, via Chhoo-

Route No. P. Sreenngur to k h . Coolee, 5-8-0 1 to

lPoute No. P. From Leh to Changthan, via Sakhtee.

Oxen. Each ox carries about 8 mds. 15 Rs. at 5 per maund.

Sheep are laden by the owners only, not let on hire.

Route No. PII. From Umrit-7 Mule from Umritsur to Jam- -

sur to Sreenugur, mii, Rs. 1-14-0. Coolce from Jammii to Sree-

By Jammd and Banihal, nugur, 3 to 4 1Ls. per n~d.

Rsth FIJI. From Umritenr to Bhimbur.

From Bhimbur to Sreen.ngur, per pony or ox, 4 Rs.

Route IX. By Alrhnoor. . From Umritmr to Akhnoor,

per pony or ox, 4 Rs. From Akhnoor to Sreenugur,

Route X. By 3loozufurabad.

From Peshaww to Moozufurabad, 2 Rs. to 2-4 per nid,

FromMoozufurabad to Sreenngur,

I. !Prude ietween tde Punja5 LeA and Yarkund.

This trade haa diminished considerably for the last 15 years,

but there haa been no perceptible diminlition more recently. The

mutiny of Hindoostan did not much affect it, beyond perhaps caus-

ing a transitory depression immediately after the mutiny.

The chkf cause of the decline of trade has been the internal

feuds and dig-ions between two Chinese factions, the

Majoos and the Knralihutaee~, which have existed for the last

15 years. These domestic conflicts have tended to materially check

the export of all the valusble productions of tbe Central Chinese

provinces to Yarkund, which consisted ofsome of the staple articles'

of trade with Leh, viz : bullion (gold and silver coins, silver ingots,

'' yamboos" &c.,) precious stones, tea, silks, ekiriana, (valuable drugs,

kc.,) ; and the trade, as now existing, is mostly confined to the

productions of the Turkish provinces of China, Yarkund, Kashgar

. cxci.

Tuorfan, kc., viz. s h a d wool from Toorfan, Oochturfan, Koochar,

Yarkund, Khutan, &c. Tarkunci and Kashgar Churus &c.*

Bullion.-The Chinese army in Turkish China, I am told,

Sormcrly received'its. pay direct from Pekin in silver ingots, and

other China silvar and gold coins. For the k t 13 or 15 y-,

they have been pnidsby the Wang? .or Turkish Chinese Governor, .

from the lqcal revenues in local coins.

The price of bullion, (silver ingots in particular,) which was

eagerly purchased by the Mahajun traders of the Punjab ( and

liindoostan) for the purity of its silver, and for which they made

returns in such p o d s as were most in demand in Turkish China

(opium, skins, brocades, cloths, pearls, h.,) hae by degrees risen

considerably in the Yarkund market from 3 or 400 Tunkas to

1,000 Tunkas. (A Tunka, con~isting of 50 copper pice, which .

are strung together, ia equal to about 3 annas of Hindoostan.) 4

1'he consequence has been that but .a small number sf, yam-

Loos (silver ingots) has within the period in question occasionally

been imported to Leh.

Tea and Kiriana.-Tea of a particular description called the

KarakoklaJJ (green, curly) was formerly imported to Kashmir

from Yarkund through Leh in larger quantities ; ite place is now

in a great measure supplied by tea sent up from the Punjab, where

it is brought up from the sea coast. I n the same way many of t.he

drugs, Kirana ( " Darcheenee," " Chobcheenee," " Badian Khutaee,"

Rhubarb, Xamiran Cheenee, kc.,) mhich used t o pour ih large

cluantities from Yarkund are supplied to Rashmir h.om Umritsur.

Sills. A small quantity of Khutan and China silk cloths and

silk only imported.

* The trnde in tllese two articles has been graduslly increasing <it& thopriod in qncation, as shown hereafter.

I

cxcii. . .

&haad2 iaool. Little or no t'Toorfanee" or rr Kucharee" Shawl-

wool Gas formerly exported to Leh.

The Chathanee shawl wool only was used in the manufacture

of shawls in 'Kashmir. The Toorfanees and Yarkundees or the I

Ladakhees did not know how to clean i t from dirt, skin, coarse

hair, %c., and could not appreciate its worth. I t is only witl~in

the lsst 15 or 20 years that this article attracted the attention of

the Kashmiri shawl merchants, They taught the Yarkundis the

process of cleaning it. " The quantity of Toorfanee" and " Kucharee''

shawl wool now imported is sufficiently large to meet the demnncl

for the manufacture of euperior ahamls in Kaqhmir, and it is a

fact that this manufacture is now carried on on a much larger scale

than i t was 15 years ago, with reference to the increased de-

mand for fine ehawls in the Europe market. I'

I t is mortlly of remark that the Maharaja's ~overnmckt has

always kept, and still keeps, a s tr id monopoly of this shawl wool,

All that is imported to Leh is carefully watched and sent direct to

Kashmir. See remarks to No. 1 Imports from Yarkund. Tal)le A.

CLION~. The import in this article has also been increasing,

perhaps to make up the deficiency for niore valuable articles of

Central China.

As regards .the EXPORTS, the decrease in some of them is attri-

butable to the opening and flow of trade between Russia, Central

Asia, and the Turkish Chinese provinces. Cotton piece goods (No.

4 of Esports in Table 11.) and imitation brocades, and broad cloth

from Russia, opium (No. 1 of Exports in Table A.) and Kiriana

(No. 11 of Expo* and No. 64 of Imports) drugs &c., from

Central Asia, are how believed to reach Kashgar, Yakund, Khotsn

through Undeejan,

The demand for guatsli'i (No. 2 of Eqorte, Table A,) which formed one of the staple articles of export, has diminished in con-

sequence of the manufacture of this article in the Turkish China i Provinces, and coarse cloth (No. 6 H. of Imports) 1" Samsoon "

and Zookh ") which is now manufactured is imported to Leh in

lieu of the Punjab. coarse cloth (" garha," " gumJJ) which

formerly used to be largely exported to fIarkund when no coarse

cloth was manufactured there. Broad cloth (No. 6 E. of Imports)

also is now exported from Yarkund to Leh* which formerly sup- \

Yarkund with this article.

The depredation% of the robber tribe of KoBnjbd Kirghiz on

the road between fieh and Yarkund, beyond the Karakoram ranger

have also impeded trade. 1 The indierence shown by the Yairkund , Government, to tke

security of the road between Leh and Yarkund, under the follow-

ing circumstances, some 30 years back, invited these robbers, who

inhabit the &Id mountainous couhtry of Koonjud to this line, and '

they have since been in the habit of infesting certain &tst of ,

the road during winter, plundering caravans of traders that chance

to fall in their way.

The Yarkund Government formerly levied a dutyf on all

merchandize brought to the Yarkund market, and in return pro-

tected trades fro^ all violence on the road within its territories.

After the invasion of Ifmhgar by Juhangeer Khojgi of Andeejan,

the King of Kokan prevailed on the Chinese Government to re-

linquish its right to the duty levied on 1-arkund t rders from

* All taken to Changthnn. t From etage No. 19 Aktagh to 24 Z&olsrtoor'dee; see No. I A . T ~ ~ L of routes.

Aktagb is common to both Zumist:~nee and Tnbivtnnee routes. f A duty of 1-40th collected in kind, 8 Juhnngeer I<hoja invnded Parkund about 36 years ago, and held p o ~ s i o n of

it for one year, when he was driven out by the Chinese army.

Kohan in hi favor. The C h i i e Governmetit a t Pekin, or the

Chinese Governor in Turkish China, however, to escape the dis-

grace of such a concession, extended the exemption from the levy

of duty by the Turkish Chinese Government to traders from all

other directionsf

The Kokan Government made arrangements with the Andee-

jan Akskalt at Yarkund and Kashgar to ccllect the duty for him. This is still done for the Kokan Government. The Akskal holds

a farm for it from the Kokan ruler. The Budakhshan Govern-

ment h& made similar atrangements through ita Akskal at Yar,

kund. The Yarkund merchants from these countries applied for

and secured the adoption, by their respective rulers, of measures for

their safety on the road' all the way to Yarkund and Kashgar.

The Kashmiri " Akskal" however could make no such arrngements

in re,& to the Eshmi r and Ladakh merchants trading to Yar- kund. Neither the Kashmir Government, then upder Deman Kri-

param, nor the ~ a d a k h ' " Gyulpo" (ruler) Botraj took any notice

of the matter. The traders between Leh and Yarkund were never

called upon by any authority or the " Akskal" to pay duty like

the other traders, nor did they ever try to secure in the manner

above described the protection of any ruler. The Yarkund Govern-

hent, in giving up the duty; considered itself freed from all respon-

sibility of protecting the traders, aad never cared for their safety on

the rod . Hence the traders from Leh have ever since been without

Budukhshan, Leh. t <' Akskal," meaning *' Ji'7de-beard," is the " Punch'' or Read Chodhree of

traders from a pnrlicular country ; thus there ia a t Tarkuud s n " Akskal" of Kokan for tho traders from the Kokan country to Yarkund. Another for Uudnkhshanee merchants, and n third fbr merchants trading to Yarkund from Leh. The la-lt ia n Knshmiri named Kbwajah Ahrued Alee (son of lihwuja Kaaim Ali who was Akskal before,) who is also a merrhant.

The Akskd attends to the interests of the traders from his country. He im their representative in the Adalut of :lie \Tang.

The Kokan Akskal is cnlled the Undijanee Akskal. The term Undijaneo" ie applied to all natives of the Pohan territory.

a m h who would defend them api.inst the a t tach 'of the Kirghiz,)' and are left to take care of themselves the bed may they

can, ori the road.

The caravans go armed, b'nt they ard at t i m a overpwered by

the party of robbers, which generally numbers from 100 to 250

men, armed with sword, matchlock or spear, and mounted on

hardy hill poriies.

The Koonjootee robbers lie in amb~lscade either a t Aktagh or

Xoolunboldee. Koolunoaldee 'is 8 days journey from Shingshal, a

tract of country in possession of the Koonjmtee King Ghszanfar,

across the Karakoram.

These places are in a desolate valley, .where no provisions* or

protection from the inclemencies of the weather are procurable.

The robbers therefore cannot fortunately stay long there.

Since 1DGG Sumljut, (18E9 A. D.) there have been four cases of

aepredations by these robbers.

1st i n 1906. ( S 9 ) The robbers attacked a kafila, includ-

ing an agent of Vuzeer Qooshaoon; they were however repulsed by '

the kafila, leaving G men killed. The robbers had the audacity to

prosecute the kafila before the ** ?Va?~g'' and " limlan" of Yar-

kund, alleging that their brethren had been 1;illed in a quarrel

while they were on a hunting excursion. The authorities credited

their statement, and punished Vuzeer Gooshmn's agent and others

by a fine of SO00 Rs. besides detention in the Hawalat of Goos-

haoon's agent for about a month I

2nd. I n 1909 St., (1553 A. D.) a large kafiln plundered of

property worth 15,000 R3.; many men kidnapped to be sold as

elaves. .l i

Besides gruss, fuel and water ot I(oolunw1Jeo only.

3rd. 1914 St., (1856-67 A. D.) a small kafila looted. The wife of the Kotmal of Yarkund, who h d returned from rr pilgrimap to Mecca, was also kidnapped.

@A, 1016 St., (is50 A. D.) rr kafila of 10 men of Koliew in Yarkund, with ? 0 cahlels l d e n with- merchandize, looted.

Pew Lafilas, travel in winter,* the time when the Kirghiz infest the r d .

About 6 y e w o p Maharaja Goolab Sing sent,a man " Kood. doo$oo," a Kashmiri trader, to the Jiishmir Akskal" at Yar- kund, to arrange for the levy of duty for him from the Leh traders a t that place ; but he returned without effecting any thing. The Akska3 informed him that nothing aould be dose until the Bla- haraja had provided for the safety of the caravans from the Kirghiz robbers.

Again, two yenrs afterwards, Maharqja Runheer Singh sent one Uzeezjoo Moonshee, in his service, to 1-atkund with the samo object ; but the moonshee was stopped at the Yarkuud Choki (Police post) of Kokiar (atage No. 23 of Route 1 A, four stages on this side of Yarkund) for six months, and afterwards turned out of Yarkund with disgrace.1-

FISCAL OB~PBUCTIONS TO POT under the Maharaja's Govern- ment at Leh, and oppression of Busteeram, the Thanadar of Leh, towards t d e r s from all directions.

The amtoms duties levied at Leh, do not appear to have affected P~lnjab and Yarkund trade at all. They are l a m informed the same a~ those fised by Vuzeer Zorswur Sing after his o o h -. queab of Ladakh in 1534, A. b., and are very light in comparison to tl~oee levied in other parb of the Mahar4a's dominions, ae the subjoined comparative' Cable will ehow :

* From Poh Chet (&ember to qebruary). + No new tratellor can p3.8 the chokec~ of Killan and Kokicr, the two police p t s of Yarkmd, on the two branches of the road from Leh to Ynrknnd, (nee stages No. 27 and 33 of the Routo NO. I' A Tab11 of .Routes) without the permission of the ' U~nban" or " R'ang."

When a new traveller arriva .t either cbokee, tbe police mport to the " Wang," detaining &be traveller rece' t of orders. Shahzada.Soo1tsn Mabomcd. the Kokan envoy, on his retnrn frob $0 Rmjab in 1855, WE thus detained a t the Kilian post for six months before he could obtain permission of the t~ proceed.

I

- - Chnrun, TPR,

Silks, 3 7 0 3 2 4 I ; K~mann.-Dnrcl~ce- It wnfi 6-14

per inqrrt. Ac., 3 7 0 1 9 1L 0

ineot, ... 0 1 3 0 ",\111f." "31nf." 4 6 9 Rerlnced PI>~IP. , hone*, ... j "~~mf ,y * i / ~ i l . 1 ~ h t t o R s t 0, from 5-9. , C -

Import s t J unmfi

from Leh.

------

Tmport to I'nninh hy

J<illlli from Leh.

_

Sreenn- gnr from

Leh.

- - - . . -.-,

!he only additional duty imposed since, is a cess of 2 per cent,

by the names of " G3oongee " (on goods mld by weight 1 per cent.)

and " Shomuree " (on p o d s sold by number 1 per cent).

The customs duties and the extra cesses have been farmed to

Purtapshah,* the Contractor General of Customs throughout the

Maharaja's territories, for 20,000t rupees a year. Busteeram, the

Thanadar of Lu&h, has no control over the Customs Department. .

But Busteeram's extensive commercial speculations, b d h on

account of the Maharaja's Government and himself, matmially in-

terfere with the prosperity and freedom of trade . in Laqakh. . .

He has been thd Ioaal head of the Ladakh Presidencgr dnce

1847, and had accompanied Vdzeer Zorttwar Sip& in his expedi-

tion against Ladakh in 1834. He has great interest at the Durbar

with V ~ z e e ~ Zorawaroo-his countryman-(both being natives of

Ksshtwar) who is governor of Ladakh.

With reference to the former custom of trading by the

cf GyuZpoP (former native rulers of Ladakh), with Changthan,

(Rudokh) , the Maharaja's Government takes a prominent part in

the trade of shawl-wool, tea, salt, sulphur, frod Chathan, , , . through

Busteeram zu its commercial agent in La&kh.

The systems by which trade in Changthan shawl-wool and salt

M conducted are described in the Table A of Imports and Exports,

see No. 1 of Imports.

Had Busteeram contented himself with acting as an agent

only, all perhaps would have been e h t , aa i t used to be, under

* A Khutree, native of Rawulpindee. t 18,000 Cmtoma.

2,000 Dullalee, Chwngee, Shwmaree,

20,000 The farm has since been raired to 40,000 rnpees per snnum.

the Qyulpo~ ; but Busteram is alelo +he gkatmt private maehsnt in Ladnkh, Armed with power, political as well as oommemial, and

a u t l ~ n n z ~ d (w it ie believkd) also to trade for himself: an avaricions

and unscrupulous man like him cannot be expected to lose any op-

portunity of enriching himself at the expense of his master, and

the mercantile community, at such a p a t mart aa he. He has a firm of his own ilt Le, in the name of Ramjee his

nephew (sister's son). His\ wife, his adopted son, and nephew,

(brother's son), also trade separately for him. n e y purchase and

sell a t thbir own prices to traders fiom diredlods.

Goods at arbitrary prices are forced apon traders in lieu of

a h advances or paymente to Lsdakh 'and Cbaagthan traders, for

the of shawl-wml, tea and mlt.

No trader can dare decline his offers or those of hi r d h , for f a r of being molested and oppressed by Bneteeram in v d m

ways. . TI. T-a BETWEEN CHANGTHAN AND ~ H M I B , VIA LE ARD

THE PUNJAB, YU RAMPUR.

Changthan is a plain in Rudokh. A large commercial fair is an-

nually held in August at Gurdokh (or Garo) seat of the Provincial

Government of Rudokh, where tradae from Lassa, k d & h , Kaahmir,

the Simla Hill States, Ghunval, I(u~ladon, Ramp&, Bishetu, and

Nepal, aaeernble for the hterchange of h e productions of China,

Hindustan, Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab and the Simla Hill Satel, &a

The imports to Leh principally are :-

1. Shawl-wool, and wool.

!Z. 'lb, hrnh

3. Salt.

4. Borax.

5. Sulphur.

6. Musk-bags.

7. Judwar, (Zedoary) .

1. Sfiron.* Sugar Candy.+ Baltee Chadirs,:Pusmeena.$

On the whole the trade haa been diminishing for the last 15

y e m ; it is chiefly monopolized by the Maharaja's Government.

I n Changthan shawl-wool4 the imports have decreased, as

shown above, since the Yarkund wool has found way into Kaahmir.

As regards tea, see No, 4 B of Table A, No. 11.

, Salt, ,, 7-

n Born, ,, 6 3. , Sulphur ,, 6 C.

I ) Musk-bags, see No. 8.

Tea is annually brought direct from Lassa to Leh by a trader

(who go- by the name of " Chul6a ") on the part of the Lama" of Lasea. He takes saffron in return. He is allowed ('Begar " for

the transport of his goods through the Maharaja's territories. The

Maharaja's Government also sends a man every third year with

Xashmir goods to Lassa for the purposes of tradu. He is in

return allowed " Begar " through the Lmea territory. This man

in h is called " Loobchook '' or " Vtikeel:" The Changthan . ,

No 28 Table No. & 1. t No. 12 ditto. $ No. 30 ditto. 5 See No. 1 B of Table A. No. IL

merchant sent by the %ng or Governor of Ghurdokh to Leh is

entitled to '' Begar " in the Ladakh territory.

Trade on a large scale is believed to he carried between Ram-

poor and Changthan. All the shawl wool consumed in the Punjab

M brought through Rampoor. Borax, Wool, Phoolee, Salt, Musk-

bags, a11 Changthan productions, are also imported for the Punjab

markets or for consumption in Bishehr, and other Hill Statas.

Little or no tea is imported.

Brocades, broad cloth, sugar candy, kiriana, cotton piece

goods, rice, are exported.

A list of articles 'brought to the fair " Luvee " a t Rampoor,

from Chathan and Kunawur &c., in September 1861, is appended.*

A list of the Exports and Imports is given in Table A. Nos.

111 +nd IV. I ,( 1 . *

A refergpce Co the " Ayeep-Purrnut" or Table of Transit

duties prescrihd by the Maharaja of JammG and Kashmir, to be

levied for the three years 1918, 1919, and 1920 Sumbut,

(1861-62, 62-63, 6344, A. D.) on merehandize between Kashmir

and the Punjab, by the several ~outes (viz. the. Jammli . q d Bani-

ha1 route No. VII., the Akhnoor route No. IX., the Bhimbur route

Table A. No. V.

No. VIII., and the ~~ozuhrabml'rd& No. *X.)+ 6hlRg that the

J a m d and Banihal route haa h e n authoritativelp laid down as

the only channel

Abstraet of assages in the " Ayeen-i-Purrnut." Chob kaot," fiuzzazee. (cotton piece goods. flowered

cotton brocades, broad cloth, eilkn, silk, woollen clotha, &. ax.)

" Tea (soortee), kiriana. Miheen, (cardamnms.)

" B d i a n khataee, rlovee. " Tnrmeric, Toorunjbeen. " Sheer khisht, kirmdana " Lac, Rung-i-Firoza, Vermillion, (Mazoo, Bc. &c.,)

are not to be taken between Pnnjab and Sreenugur by any route other than that of Jammd and Banihal, on pain of confiscation o the s. B Y' ' " I n wme articles, uty aa been mised to divert the a n m e of trade from the Akhnoor, Hhimbur, and Mo- mfrabad routm to Jnmmd, with a view to bring about the " Abadee " of that town."

" Caursc conntry cloth, to be taken to Sreenugur, is to be pwchmed at Jammd. It9 purchaqe in the Purljab is prohibited. Turmeric to be aleo purchased a t Jam- md."

by which all the

s-taple articles of

trade from the

Pnnjab, with the

exception bf Salt,

are to be taken to Kashmir; that, while the

duties leviable on

the Jammii and

Banihal route

have been slight- , ly lowered in

eome instances, t h w on the Akhnoor, Bhimbur, and, Moozufura-

bad routes have been raised in no less than 88 cases ; and that.

large reductions have been made in the duties levied on the direct , route from Jammii to Leh by Soorpo, (No. 111. route). This ie

Ole worst a id least frequented route in the Maharajgs dominions. \ All this has been done to make Jarnmii, the channel and en-

&pot of all trade throughout the dominions, an object which the

Mahamja hao for thd last two years and upwards bean endeavour-

ing to accomplish by all the means in his power. He bas bekn

inducing some of the Umritaur merchants to estsblish branch

firms at Jam@, and advancing aoney to Muhajuns on l i b d :

terms.

a APPENDIX XXIV.--faOntCmredJ , 1 I s

, ., AB~TWT OF IYPOBTB A.FD EXPOBT~. T a k i q Leh ar the centlz of trade betwem the Punjab and the Nalioraj6 .

tf'd&nf$ tatid Ka8hmir on one ride, and Yarkund and Changthan on tile other, tlie fo/lo11:iizy Ahs t rac t sltotos the tottrls o f tlrn ts tzntated nrin~tcal Jmportx a n d IC.rporfz :-

IMPORTS.

Tofal Impnrt-, ...

Prime Imp'* ' Hire nb ' to Le l~ . I Gout I Leh. /

EXPORTS.

rnlue at ~ c h .

1- I ... 93,009 1 5,591 - - .,. 91,iQS 5,591

,, Cl~an~thsn , ... 300 - - (Jammzi 4 KnshmiP;), -- --

... . 1 , ' Z,(WO a I--

... -- From the Punjnb, ...

,, the,Jnn~lnil and Kashmir Provinces, ... c CA~angthan,

... 36,001

From the Mamjn'n Territories, ,.. 11,040 Tarkund, ... . 24,961

... 87,995

... 15,76,5 C ,, .Inmml'l h lCashmir, ... 7,73!1

Tnnknn~l, ... 5,311 5 1 ,, Chtmgt,~nn, ... 5t),1W1i C I ) -7-

6 1 Tnt:~l Rrpmte, ... ~.!lo,hn3 10,?21 --

Total rstimnted Duty "Import nnd " Export " levied nt Jdeh nrcortlin~ to the " Arrn " or Tariff, ... 1 $36.865

Iliro fro~n Leh to plnca 11' eqmrt.

s 19,489 according to the " Aeeq" 26,013 supposed to be actually levied. ) 33,228 amount supposed to be actually levied. $ 43,449 actual e8tirnak-d proceed.

APPENDIX XXIV.-[ Continued.)

TOTALS OF EXPORT8 AX'D IMPORTS BETWEEN THE PUNJAB AND YARKIMD L E E

Saleable price at place of export.

'w.-

.- .

2.25,458

.

hck8ga Exported. cost.

I _ _ - - - - - -

EXPOIITS, I

Consumed in Ladnkh, ,., ... ... ...

-

15.7M

- -- - I m Y M h d . Exported to Yar- kmd, ,.. ... ... ... ." ... 1,28,679 , 1,2s,579

- T0td cost.

-

Export duty at

11 Leh.

686

Total, .. .

789 1,49,049 I . 1,009 ,18,OSS

I

Hire.

- ; -

18,995

14,774

.. .

Iar~onla, ... 22,197

...

87,366 12,476 '

. . .

612

..a

62,551

-- -- Po tbzbtgdb.. I I

No. I.-Erpds from the Punja6 and the Jammli and Kaehmir Pmvincw, to h h , Yarkulrd and mangtbn.

N m OP ABTIOLE. Place of BY Imporc. what route. Rzrusra.

- - A ' - (1) The Kdll? Kdlld in the I HD, .... 1 Punjab, ... (2) Bishehr and 1

Rampcr, . . . 1 Rampfir, ... Nos. I & I&

No. 11.

KO. 111.

P '

< . ,

One of the staple articlee of trade. An article of great consumption in the Chinese army and gentry; i t is a Iluu- ry and necessary of life with them as g tea is with the Knshmiries. The Chi- ? nese smoke it in pip+ and do not swal- low it down as other nations do. Tho' interdicted by the Chineae Government since 1839 A. D., i t hns fonnd its way inti, the Chinese bv incea of Yarkndb, Kashghar, Khutan, Aksoo, &.. though not so openly IW any other article of trade. Fmm Leh i t is expbrted to Yir- knnd, concealed in gd - sk ina

There hae been n gradual increme in this trade within the lart fifteen years. when i t revived nftar the prohibition of 1839. The Police estahlishmenb posted nt the YaikunR choke- of Kokiar and Kilinn, on the mute between Leh and Yarkund, are bribed to couniw at the unmthorized export.

t

< 4 c: I I-, I

e . * I. l-4

4 w I-, +4

I ; - - 6 i d d G t i ' -5 1

. .~ k % % % % I

; : . . . k '3 2,. e' 0- 3 .e-

.2 5 s - 5 3 .- 4 .- % %2 .z a d n a a

pr&bcod Place of Race of No, BY N m OP Aa~rmr. or from whence , I,,,po** what mute. originally im- . . . ' .

$orted. , 7 .

I 4 1

4 COlTOR PIECE aOODS,- '

I Engliah m d Indian, .., ENOLIBB, ..,

Long 010th. Jean. Mmity (" Simtee' " Gimtee.")

Sjgple and dowered and dotttx

IIPDIAR. '* Wea" (Diaper). T u r b w from 40 to 160 yard,

I long.) Cbintr of aorta

;/ P-;;]F~~- ddh), (- ... only - ex.

T 1 . l -,

I I 1 I Prim in Kallu 26 to 30 Ra per more. ,, Leh. 30 36. 40 ditto. .. Yarkund 26 Tankas = 4 Rs. .. Co.'s per piece, or 80 &.'s lb. F8-

English ootton piece goods (nf mad- erata quality) have been ex Leh and Yarkund within &z y a m in place of the Hindusbnee or h n j a b cloths,+ which formerly used to be largely exported.

Longolotb amd other English cloths of s t row textnre are preferred to mm- Ijm for male dress in Tmrkiah China ; 1' Aghabanoo " or flowered mudin is uaed in mating Akfnrqiee" or vdl worn by felpalor.

Mohummod Umeea of Yarkund.myn that Cbe English cotton cloth has on- dersddf the Rnsdan oatton rtoftb ia tbe Yartand and Knsbghar ma- that the former in preferred to the latter rs -being more durable and of ruperia textma, md tbat tbinereadng demmd for English cloth in Turkish C h i m hub poorly ma by the asrmal

export, of this a t t ide &om the Pnnjab, which, by d l m u n t s XIOW fih a h * of 85,000 Co.4 Lb. (Punjab value) see Abutract Statement No. 1 at the end. That a larger quantity is mot exportad miry be attributed to the insecnw rtate of the road beyond the Kamkon$n, No bulky articles of value are largely exported or imported i n wnsequerrca.

Them in a great demand for In- Turbsns and ehintt, both English and Indian, among the Kirghiz, inhabiting the Karhghpr frontier country, tho Alai valley, &.

No broadcloth in exported from the Punjab to Leh. Husiau broadcloth, which is said to be preferred by the people of Turkieh China to English broadcloth for ita durability, ia imported into Kaahgharrmd Yarkund ftlrrongh Taahkund and Undeejan) whence mme piececl are annually brought to I,& fd exportation to Chnngthan--see h'b. 6 L: undex Imports No. 11 anti h'a 6 belm; English cotton cloth exported fiom t h e Punjab to Bokhara through Afghani* tan is sometimes taken to Kseh~har .

Called " Aghabnnoo '* in Turkish China, Kauhmir i d ~adal rh .

t 1: " Khasrq " also called Bafta" and " Ghatee " a cloth of flue texture, formerly manufactured a t Rahon, a town in the Jnlundhur dlstrict ; coarse stuff only is now made.

2. " Phoolktrree " (called " Aghabanoo " in Kashmir, Ladakb and Twknnd) flowered munlins, formerly prepared in the Punjob- lioshiarpur, Nurpur, kc.

8. " Cl~ikun, " white c a t h n cloth, embroidered in silk, prepared in the Punjab-Nurpur, &. f Ru-ian lnerchandize is taxed both a t Tashkund and Oosh on its way to Kaqh~har. The cloth exported from the Punjab to

Yarkund by the Kulln and ltompw routea pjs t ramit duty at Co.'a He.3-7 per m w d at Leh wlj.

1

f

('

I

i I

1 i \

I

,:, 1 , ,

1 I I I 1

. I

i

I 1

. . , .

? i .'

, , -

, .

. ,

t ,

I

I

APPENDIX XX1V.-NO. I. EXPOBT8.-(Continued.)

I t Name of dace I I , I I

NAY. OF APTZCLX. ? I T - 64

6

Nnrpnr and Kullu. ,.,

B.mpura ..#

where pr&uced or from when& miginally im-

prted.

7

<

Leh only, ... Ditto, ...

COABSE CLOTH, printed and rtriped " (Soonee," Chintz Sambhq) ..,

BROAD CLOTH (English), ... Leh and Yar,

kund, ...

gLys! I - Place d Import.

- - - - - - - - - - - -

Sambha in the Jammu territory, ...

Punjab and Hindoostan,

PUSMEENA, sheets (chadars) each 6 yv in length with a without rder, .,., Yarkund thro

Leha . K ~ M s ..%

BY what route. BEXA~XB.

No. I. No. 11.

NO. 111.

No. IV.

Thii article mad to be etpotted ta Leh in much hrga quantities 10 yeara ago; since then the Yukundir have exported 000r.e cloth to Leh+ see "Sumsoon " and ' Zookh " Nn 6 R under Imports No. II. 8tiU a 1- qnantity of ()a= and Ctrrrha is e l - w h ed t a Leh from the M j a b , for home

Baltu (Palti people). Yere t m a a 5 , ~ &. worth of Bambha

cloth in taken Q Leh .for mnrumptaoll '

in Ladskh asd~exportation to Yarkund. See mmuka a t Nu. 4. The quantity

exported from bhe faqjab to C h a w than b not known. .

About 401 p a h am erporLed. 'Ilis ir nob an u b i a i e of trade j snppfiad t o

NG~. V dt IA orden ,p ly .

w e st. Breenagpr, from 100 to 186 lk each ?sir ; sold etYubrmd oC a pro- fib of at least 26 pa celrt,&er dedup

APPENDIX XX1V.-No. I. EXPOR5!S.-(Cotztinued.)

b

No.

10

11

12

,

n~ what route.

- - ' Noe. I & 11. No. 1V.

Noa I & IA.

Nos. 11 & IA. No. JV. (Qunntity ex

p ~ r t e d not known.)

t

Nos. I & lA.

Nos I E. 11.

, ,

'lace Of ex^*-

-------- Ki~llu, Rampur, Rampur, .. .

Nnrpur, Kdu, H

pampnrY ... !

Nurpur and Kullu, ...

Rampur, . 1 1 1 , -

R W E l l .

-L.-----e--

' About 800 pi- of coarne .tn$ are exported to Leh. The Ladakheer llse K h u m " in lining Nuslins, P* mka, and in the badem and fringes of caps, dcc

4, B & D.-About 189 mwuds of " Kirianq" valued a t 1.722 rupees in the Punjab. in exported. The I a h trads in this article is now supplanting the export to Ymknnd through B o k h and Khokan(t t A & l).-A smaU portion only con-

sumed in Ladakh, all the rest exported to Yarkund. " Rob-I-Udrrrk, or ginger jelly, is mixed in tos

B.-None of t h medicinen are em- an& in L.dalh. all exported to Xar- kund. The Ladakhm ,$hair in- digenoas medicines-Shkhisht ud Twrbood, only occPrionaAly taken, in small quant i t i

C.-About 120 m w d . of " h'urku- ohom " (root of a reed " Curcnma Zerumbeb " p d both u a tmut and M a medicine) exported. It L b i ~ h l y prLed by the p&pieM Turkhh Chum.

-

NIYP OP ABTIOW.

- - " KHARWA". (coarae dyed

cloth in pieees each of 6 yds.), And " Chhup" (dyed cloth). .. .

KIRIANA AND TRUNOAR.

Place of Import.

Leh only, ... Changthun, ... I

I

l ~ e h and Ynr. kund, ...

t(1) ditto, .... (2) Changthan, - .

I

I i

tLeh and Yar- kand, ...

. t o , ...

Name of plnce where produced br from whence . origidly im-

~"rted

Pnujab and Hindowtan, ... .. .

A. S P I ~ E ~ Purchased in Cardamnmq the Punjab, Cloves, Loodliiana, p e ~ ~ e r s Jalundhnr, 'Wmeric. Urnribnu, Dried ginger,

I ' B. MEDICINAL DBUB& I

Hulela (Myrobolnn), B d d a (Belliric ~~robolan),~).::: Amlr (Phyllanthas Emblica,) Suna (Senna), Tumarind (dry), ... Umultar (Cassia fistula), .. .

1 I

I Toorbood (Con~olvnloas Tur-

pethum). Sheerkhisht (XUIM), soncbd, dt, *'. I

I

I

: !

!

D. Of Lemon. -.- (I

5

Of Dried ginger, '..I of A m 4 Roob-i-Udd (Qiiger&ny,):::

I

1 . 1

* G & d U ~ n g " i n ~ U e & , ~ ' ^ . . . ' - 7 ' . - * - j . \ *

i

Nurpnr and knl la , .

Rampnr, .., . ,

Ditto. ...

Tbe m e n &ere mb tb& b d e a with !it be- htbing.

Nom.-Between LB and Tarknnd about 40 men, natives of Yarknnd, Iah. kc. are employed ar u kimg.lnsh " or carriers, who tuke goads on hire on

'b taa t . ahd whenever they cannot @t merchandize for conveyance on bite. 'buy artidlea of general ronrumptiOns srx,h'.s Kiriam, sugar-randy, k, which they m y on their Tattoon f i r #ale on their own sceormt.

I J

I . ( .

Pnniab an4 Hindoatan,

,

, Ditto, ... .-

- A ' 1

L

I

I

i

_ _ _

r , .

1 "7F C,7':r,' ' s 3

I

I

E. . K v l ~ u r r (Tin), ..: ' I

I I

I . 1 1 ' ' ( 3 ,

I _ _ _ _ _ - -

-, ,, X?oOl;.dtu (&I kmanirrc), ..J

- -

Nearly the whole 6f the merchaodiza imported ahd exported between Idh and Yarkond in conveyed by these

k i rqehshes ;'* each man bad from W) to 40 Tattaoe, Yarkundi ponies, wry brdf mimuls, wme of then^ have B even M fhr 81 80 or 100 I b t h

About 6 maunds of Tin (nnwrongbt) exported. More than one mnnnd in mnmmed in Ladakh, the rest taken to Yarkund, where i t is a d in tinning cooking uteosils, and' printing cloth, and aoloring the Kimnana leat)f&, No.

, I6 R, nnder Imports, IL Tin (" Ko- late ") h largely exportad bo Tmlrish CMna ikrm Rnssilr thmngh Tsshkrmd and Kashghar, and sell. s little cheaper than the tin exported from India, but the latter ia whiter and 8ofter and therefore more appreciated.

About a mnund only exported.

I

t

Leh and Par- knnd, ...

Ditto .., I

3 , , 7

- .-

v ,.

~i i to . ...I I

Nos. I k IA.

No. 11.

I

' I 1 Ditto.

. I

-

B. S U O A B - C ~ Y , d O d Na- bat-iahahee. _ ...

.

(2) Kanhmir,.., ChPngthPI1,- ,

. . A

Nm. V k VI.

Yarknnd, &rahgh.rmd Khootnn kom the Chinese sugar. Grape juice syrup is mostly used in sweet-me&.

l n t h o Y a b , At A t (hang- Leh, Yarkund. .4. b.1 - -- -

Prioeof Blr- gar, ... ERa 20b, 180 Tnn-

per per k ~ s = 60 md, md-, Co.'s Re.

per m& 4 Chinese rusar 1.

Do. sager. candy, ... SORs. 40% 840 Tnn-

md, md, Ca's Ba 9 ( Y r r - Pond an- , candy ),

. Sngsr-candy m Iu lg exported through h a p a r to &@h.n. for Lama, from the Punjab. Sw No. B (following) :-

Abouk dx mamda only now exported to Leh for C h g t h a n .

The Kashmir Sugar-cantIy called " Nubati. J & e " is made of sugar ilnported into Kashmir from Jusroats and the Prmjab, it nearls resembles in whiteneaa the Bikaneer sngnr-candy. The Chaogthanis take the sugar-can* they get from Leh or Kampur to Lawra

APPENDIX XX1V.-No I. EXPORTS.-(Continued.) - I I Name of dace I 1 I I

NAXE OR ABTICLX.

D. J~BQEBY OR MaLAEascl,. . . Kangra, Loodhi am. kc., ...

where pro&ced or from whence

originally imported. ----

C. Snout, ...

LOOKING-GLASSES, Hindooatan, Punjab, ...

a KULQHEE,'' (Feathers the Jungly fowls).

-- Kangra and

other places,

Place of Export.

Kangra, Knllu Rampur, ...

Kangro, Kullu kc., 7 . .

Rampur. .. .

Nurpw. Kullu,

Rampur, ...

Ditto, ...

Place of Import.

Leh. .. . Cbangthan, ... Leh, ... (1) ditto, ... (2) Changthan

Leh and Yar- kund, ...

Ditto, ...

Ditto.

4 s what route.

- - - - - - - I for sale. I t is given to the " L a w " an a religious offiriug.

No. I. No. IV.

No. I. No. 11. No. IV.

Nos. I & IA.

No. 11.

mostly take t h t articl; from 1ndi; (Punjab).

Eew erported'annually.

Ditto ditto. Priceit- Knllu, 4 for the rupee.

Price at ~ e h , a for Ljn. rupee. a

Do. at Ywkwd, 1 for the rupee, or 6 Tun& for each.

The womep af Tqrkbh China wear IS^^ iq their mp.

About ten maw& ex rbd, for con- -atimption in Ladakh our-

About 60 maunds exported to Lth for consnmption in Lnd~kh andamong the Yarkund carriera (" Kirayakushes") on the r o d betweet1 Iieh and Yarkund.

Upwards of 140 maunda iy exported. The export in thii artiole has been i s creasing vithin the last four or five years. Mohummud L'rneen mys no indigo is taken to Turkirh China thrd BukbAra, Khokand and Kashghar.

The Parkund~ aod hfahan carrier&

,.. Ditto.

Nos. I k IA.

d 1, * - d z 0 1

C " , ? & ?- d

r / l

0 2 rf i 4

9 < J

'I?

APPENDIX XX1V.-Yo. 11. IMPORTS.-(Continued.)

a return in mannfdured ~ h a d u r s h d coarse shawls. The Punjab towr~s of Nurpur, Umrituur, Ludl~iona, &., are auppYsd with Clrangthun shawl-wool ()he only shawl-wd they have ever PI ye& been able tp secure for themselves) from Ra~npur, by the 1tan)pw merchants, who bring down 4rge:quan- titiss from Obsr, Oaro, or Ghurdnkh., in Cbanghhan, where a large commercial fair b n w d l g held in the month oE A n p a t (Hhadon).

Tlre Jqrhoul trBJmVa (British rubjeats) a r e i n the habit of bringing shavl- a .d from Chmgthan t h r ~ b LndaLh. Buetttemn, bbe Tbnadar of Lsdakh, would not allow them to p by any 0 t h route but that of &aohmir. '% tracLsmi in Mag 1861, complained of thi~, and the Maharujn h a ~ i p g bee$ written to rm the s~ibject, vest ordarr to Buskwaoq not to in te rme with the free panage of the cor~plainaall,

I ( < ( l l i . , , ' , / ,

*

- APPENDIX XX1V.-No 11. IMPORTS.-(Continved.) I F _

No

3

S

1 'chandizo'talten tb Tatlcund ltbm Leh ib ia o6d8 ddd psitly in Bulllod, putiebldlpkid k i l l ~ d i h r C, md goia

:,,I. . Bx,

iphat'rhdd:

I . I

: ; I

Nos. V & 111.

1 ,

I I

Ditto.

1 , ~ , #,, r r <I , 1 '

11' 41 11,. - 4 1 - . L . I AXB OP A B T I ~ .

-----. . J""'.'I .. 01 1

1' C. I L I l / * i - ' " 1 . l ~ ~ - l ' Y l ( 11.'

monon or " !~!XLZA, '! '&;&' hi. , ,, . ,,: C. -~ , f .<?

- (,' ;/.%'I+' ( c u ~ , 5.1,

D. GOD DUST, ...

l

!

RPxABEB. - -,?------

bncha," one is a square piece of silver, having aehinese stamp on it ; the otbh, whick is in the forM df a beat, baa no stamp.

The Yamhu ia in tlh f o m of o bat, and'hw a Chinese stamp dn it.

A "Tills " Or " Altoong " is s Kho- kand ok Bukhara g61a doin.

Value in Tarknnd, Khoknnd coin, 86 :Tillas = one Yambu, or 4-9-4 &.'b Rs. = one Iflla.

Rukham coin, 34 Tillaa, = one qambh. - Value in Leh (Khokand or Bukhara &in) 28 Tillas = one Tambu, or one Tnla = Co.'e Rs. 5.14-3 nearly.

Value in India (Puujab) Rs. &5,b6 and 6-8 each. .

Value in Yarkund, 13) br 14 TgId for one Yimbu, or Re. 11-l~'ldnd.Co!r 'Rs. 12-3 er Tola.

DO. in L,, 11 T O I U , ~ ~ ~ o h IWM, qr 16 Rs. per Tola.

The'return obthia6d hr the m e

I$wne.of place where produced or from whence originally im-

ported.

' I '

okanq ped 3- ...

1 . '

( 1 '

Wu tan (Kuria), ,..

1

1 t

Place of

T .

YoAund, ... .

Ditto, ... 1

I

1 I

* I

Place of rmw+ . ,

I I ._ -

I I - I " j 1

I .

I

Kdbmlr ' qpdI Jlrmdld thro' Leh, ...

, a

Ditto, ...

A. TEA, called- &sen.-I. '' Karakokla,"

XI. " Khnshbo," 111. "Suhud,"

Black.-IV. " Tukhta sign,". . .

B. TEA, in cakes, green and black, 1. '' ChGsnbz, 2. " Zunchai, ...

Ditto, leh & Kashmi~

Ditto, ...

11). 1,eh and Punjab,

:2) ~llshdr;"

Iw.IAbT

'ce. TI & 1V /. . !.

- - ?woe. IA, I & 11. Yo; v.

, - - - . t

daat D. Billlion la brought by traders, conwaled aboub their persons on home. back.

No tea is now imported inlo LndaLh from Yerkund since the decline of China trade with Yarkund in these deacriptione of tea, which formerly uaed to be b r o u ~ h t into Leh, for con- eumption in Ladakh and Keshmir.

Lrma tea hss, 1-t year, for the Amt time, been exported by the Lasm trnd-. era, who hare commenced tr& with Yarknnd, from L a m and C h a n g t h a ~ through Leh t9 Yarkund.

Black and green tea in cakes (" Dha- moon") to the velue of upwarda Of 30,000 Rs. is imported to Le11 from Clrangthan, for c o n s o m ~ o n in Kwh. mir, Jammu and Ladakh. Blnck tea

tea is imported into Laddill from th6 Pnnjab, bat tea btought up to the

is mostly conwmcd in Iddnkh. No

Punjab from the neb to& is largely exported from Umritsur, Jalundhut, b.e,, to the Jammu and . Kwhmir Pr* vlnces. For detail of prices, k c , see Abstract Statement No.-11 a t theenh

Abont 12 m a n n b now imported into Leh, whence jt is taken to K w l ~ m i r and the Punjab, in abont equal quantities. There has been a decrease in this trade. . --

C. " LTPT~B," (silken). . . .

D. " NUBWOO," 'I ELCUEB, "

" Ba~srranEE, kc., (striped silks), ...

Yarkund, Raasis, ...

China, ...

Khutun, ...

Ditta,

Ditto.

1

I G. VELVET. Tcotton and silk), / Rnssin, ,

... Ditto,

I I

E. Bno.1~- CLOT^, (Europe), ( Snklat" or " Mahoot, " )

F. FALSE BBOCADB (" zurbaft kulub,") ...

(1) Leh and Puqjab. ...

(2) Kahmir,..

(3) h u g t h a n

(1) Leh and . Punjab, ... (2) Changthan

Leh & Punjab,

Russia, throng11 Tashkund and Andcejan, .. .

Ditto, ... Changthan, through Leh,

Ditto, ... Ditto,

Ditto,

Leh, . . ,

Nos. U,I & 11.

No. V.

No. VI.

Nos. IA, I d 11.

No. VI.

Nos. IA, I & 11.

Nos. IA, I & VI.

Ditto.

xo. In.

Co.'r H& 17 to 19; at Leh, 22 to 25 Co.'r Ba.

Price of" Oamn," eaoh piece, in Yar. kund, 80 to 9i) " Tnnkas," = 1 3 to 16 Ra. ; at Leb, 1 6 to 18 Co.'s Rs.

R i c e of " Khoza," each iece, in Par- kund, Gr, to 65 " ~ u o k a a , ' ~ =. 10 and 11 Ra ; at Leh. 18 to 16 Re.

I

Cloth made of the fibre of flax, in pieced of 32 yards long by G giran, each.

Trade declining. Little imported within the last 3 j e n r s .

R i c e per piece, a t Yarkund, from 25 to 35 Tnnkaa, = 4 to 6 Co.'s Rs.

Price a t Leh, from 7 to 10 CO.'~ Re. each.

About 300 pieces imported now, used by Europeans in the Punjab as turban, The Changthanis and Laasa people make gulu-bun& (neckerchiefs) of Linzee.

A few pieces only occasionally import. ed ; all consuined in Laclakh, chietiy in bordering cloaks. The Benares Mush. roos used lo be largely exported from the Punjab through Leh to Yarkund in former times. None exported now.

About 50 or GO pieces are imported, all exported to Changthan.

A few pieces imported for exportation to Chnngthan, and partly for con. sumption in Ladakh.

Not imported now within the last 1 0 geurs.

- --

APPENDIX XX1V.-NO. 11. IMPORTS.-(Continued.)

KAXE OP AXTICLB.

- - H. COARSE COTTON C L O T ~ ~ ,

white, dyed, ant1 varniahetl, called " Sumsoox" and Zookh,

I. CABPETS, ...

J. " XUHUD, " ( Felts and Felt caps ) red, yellow and black, ...

Place of imp or^.

Leh, ...

(1) Leh and Pun ab, ...

(2 ) kuahmir, (8) Changthan,

(1) ' t e h and Punjnb, ..

(2) Knsbmir,

Name of plnce where protluced or from whence originnlly im-

ported

Yarkund, Kash- ghnr, Khu- tun, ...

Wutun, ...

Elchee, in Rhu- tnn, rnd Yar. kund, ...

BY whet route.

No. IA.

, '

Nos. LA, I & XI.

No. V. No. VI.

Xos. fA, I b: 11.

No. V.

of . Export.

- _ . -

. Ytuk~nd, ...

Ditto, ...

Ditto, ...

R ~ x a a s a .

--____---- - A piece of " Sumroon " is 8 Euglish

yards by 10 g i r u or al~oot ty.o feet, nud of " Zookh " 4 rnrtls by 1 0 giras. About a thousnnd pieces of Sun~soon and four thousand picces of Zookh are imported, all consu~ned in Lnclahh nud Chungthan. Imported witlnn the last 1 0 years only as nn article of trade, hence the deerrake in the trade of " Gnrha" and " Oruee," coarre cotton cloths, from the l>uilj.ib. See SO. 6 of Exports, Xo. I.

. Upwards of 200 cnrpetr, large and smnll, are inlported i n t ~ IAeh. A few exported to the Pun,jab o- Kaahmir. the rest go to Chnngthnp n11d lass^.

Upwards of 4,000 telts ( 5 by 4 yards) are inryorted into Lell, for con~ulnytion in Ladakh and exportation to Kashmir, the Punjah and Chnngtllan. Felt in used i n " furush " (floor). See Aht rac t Statement at end. .

A smnll mlrnbw of felt.caps is also imported tbrollgh Leh into the Iknjab a t Kuhmir, wbenu again they are tw en into the Punjab, for sale amongst Ew~pecrar.

K. Pos~ms ( furs ). (1) *' POOSRIAK " " Pmt-i-ro-

ba," fox-skin, ... (2) " Krr~san," . . . (3). " POST-I-BEBRA," or Lanih- skin, .. . (4) " Koomooz," R kind of

otter-skin (or sable-skin), ...

Tarknnd,

Ditto.

'

h e Altai mohn- tnim on the

llunsian border, Ditto, Farkund aad

Khutun, ... ll~issla

(Siberia ?) ...

M. -' T I I ~ X A PUTOO " or " BULXOB," (woollen cloth), ...

L. " PUTTOO, (white woollen blanket), ...

Ditto,

Rodokl~, Changthan ....

... Leh S Pnnjab, '0s. IA, I & I ' 1 11.

Garo,

N. " Zrrroos " ( a kind of woollen blanket,) ...

Price of caps, at Yarkund, 2 Tunkns, or more than fonr annas. At Leh, Ga'a 110. 1-8 or 2. I n Kaahmir, 24 or 3 Its. In the Punjah, 3 to 5 Rs.

Few Postinn occuaionally imported.

, . .

Ditto, . ...

A h n t 50 pieces nro imported. About n third or 17 pieces nre consumed in Lndukh, in edging " A-udi~rs," nnd the rest nre tnken to Changthnn and Lnssa, H here this f i r is much prized, nnd u ~ e d in bor(1ering cants, kc. " Suslins " are semi-circr~lnr woollen

lnppcts, 1)y which Ladakhi women cover their ears ; thcg are fnstcned to tho hair and cdpad with brown or black fur, generally of otter akin, called " Eund~tz "-(Cunningham's Ladakh,

1 30'1).

Ditto,

Chiefly importad into the Pnnjab, through Rampur, Biyl~ehr.

Kashmir, ...

Leh. ... Changthm. .. .

... 1 Ditto, ... Ditto. A large number of pieces imported. for consuln~tion in the Silnla Hill

No. V.

a o . la. No. VI.

... Leh. I ... Punjab, ...

No. VI.

No. IV.

No. VI. No. lV.

States.

About 100 pieces are imported into Lel~, for consumption in L d a k h .

Quantity imported not known.

APPENDIX XX1V.-No. 11. IMPORTS.-( Conti?aued.)

here produced PlaM of

ported.

KIRIANA. A. S p ~ c e a AIPD MSD~UINAL

DBUOB. QOOL~I~DAROE~I, ... MAMIBATPI-CHIHI f a vellow

- . aniseed).

kish China, -xm

in T n r W China, ...

w,, -

7

root, medicine for ihe &a,) C H O B - I - C H ~ (Chits root), ...

." ] (Ointment.), ... QOA, ~ s w m m - r - ~ a ~ ~ r , (Rhnbarb,) Q ~ w - ~ n n r r r c (neck-stone.

good for swollen necks), . . . B a ~ u x - l - x m ~ a r . (Chinese

Yarkund,

, (1) Leh and

h j a b , .. . :a) Chmgthan.

I

REWKS.

--_.-_.--

Place of Import.

- There has been a considerable filling

off in the trade of " Erkna" from Ynrknnd within the last ten years. One or two Tntto loads of each of the

1 bnlky articles used to be imported be- I fore, i t is now imported in eeera. There is very little demand for these articlea in Lndakh. Of tho import, n s ~ n d

quant i ty is taken to Kashmir, the greater portion goes to the Punjab.

Moat of these artielea are largely brought up to the Pnnjab (Umritsur.

I kc.), from Calcutta and Bombay. 1 1. " Cfool-i-darchini," price at Ynr- knnd, 200 Tunkss = Co.'s RE. 33 per / md., and a t Leh, 60 Co.'s Ra. per md.

2. Mamimn-i-chini, prim a t Yar- knnd, 1,100 Tnnkna = 183 Co.'r Rn. per md., and a t Leh, 220 Ra per md.

8. Chob-ithini. A Tunan, price a t Ycukund, 10 Tun-

kos or Rs. 1.10.8 per Tola, and a t L 4 4 Ra per Tola.

5. Qoa, price a t Yarkund, 38 Tun- kas = 6 ) Co.'s Rq. per T o 4 , q d at 10 Bs, per T o k '

By what route.

- -

APPENDIX XX1V.-No 11. IMPORTS.-(Continued.)

I I Name of dace I I I I

originally imported.

Phce of Export.

Ch.agthm XI,...

Pugs, ...

Noobra Valley in Ladakh,. .

Changthpa, ..

CkpngthPlr, ..

r 1 I

C. . SuL?mB, e... Gar& ...

Pnga, Leh, ...

Leh. ...

Qaro. .

Ch.ngtb, ...

I

I

7

Place of Import.

' i I t "

..! > .

D. " PBULLI," . . .

SALT (alled Ba" in Thibetan %wP). . .. -

BY what route.

A

Rampnr in Biahehr, ...

Ditto, ...

Kashmir, ... Jammu, ... Pnnjab, ...'

, Rainpur,

Bishehr, ... Ladakh. ... Knahmir, ... Pdnjah, ...

No. I, I1 & V

Ditto.

No. V. No. 111. Nw. VII and

VIII.

No. IV. t

Ditto. No. V. No. lV.

----_I_-

pur, for consnmption in India and exportation to Europe through Kuraehi.

Price a t Leh, reflned borax, 18 or 20 RE. per md., and a t Parkund, 300 lhnkaa = !K) Co:s RE. per md.

This is not an article of ffee trade ,

in the Maharaja's territories. Besidea the produce of his own territory, the Naharajn anpnally e n d s for about 100 maunda of sulphur from Chungtha~ through the Kardnr of Ladakh.

Major Cunningham estimntes the pro-

i '4

d w e of the sulphur mine a t Puga in Ladakh-the only s u l p h ~ ~ r mine ,ih Ladakh or Western l'hibet under the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, a t 60 maunds.

Upwards of 1,600 Rs. worth of " Phutdi" ( p d p c e of " Noobra") i8 taken to Kashmlr, for c o n s n ~ n ~ t ~ o n and exportation to the Pnnjab. It is une'd by the Kashmid people in tea. l'hp quantity imported into the Punjab from Changthan is not known.

The Maharaja keeps a monopoly ~f ' ,this artidle in hi# d ~ n b h e .

1

APPENDIX XXIV.-No. 11. IMPORTS.-(Cofithcced.) I

Plooe %port. Rxx.uns.

----- Upward.~ of %0,000 Re. worth of

Cbngthani aalk M imported into h h . mir and Jnmmu.

The quantity ~eceived into the Hill S t a h of the Puqjab h m Changthan is not known.

' Changthan, Upwards of 100 mmk-bPgs ue in). (Garo), ... ported into Leh, of whicb about 40 am

exported to Yarknnd, the reat taken to Kashmir and Jammu, or purcheewJ by Yarkundi pilgrim8 to Mecca, for lalq m India or other Anintic cowtrier

Price a t Leh, from 7 to 15 Co.'a B.. each.

Rice a t Yarknad, from 190 to 160 Tnnkar, or 21 to 26 Co.'r Rr eaoh

In former timw muek-bags fro the Duebt-i-Khotan, or the Cheat ?try sandy desert that extends from the conflnea of Khntun to " Loob Boor '' and the Gobi Desert,-the bast mwk in the world,-naed to be imported from Yuknnd into Leh, for re-exportation to Hindurtpn. The lowed price a Duaht-i-Khutun mu&-bag .fe$ahsd( in

\ ths Y I U M market WM 260 Tunku, or llJ3 #.'a Bq. All mpply of mqak-

Name of p b where produoed or from whence

originally imported. -

North-weet of Rodokh m d Nepal, ...

NO.

8

NAXE 01) BBTI-.

MUSK-BAGS, ...

L I I I bag kom the Dueht-i-Wnton hae long

9

10

11

Nepal,

L-1

Y arkond,

*ngthan,

NIRBISI " (Zedoary), . . .

SHAKH-I-UMBUR, (aromatic,) in sticks, ...

Ir CHOVIES," or Yak tails

he& extinct. The tnosk-hag of tho Simla Hill

States, Bishehr, Lahoul, Ohurwal, &, comlnonlv met with in all the Pun-iab

...

,. .

...

...

markets,"is an inferior stuff. The quantity imported into the Pun-

jab through Rampur, Kulla, from Q& ro, is not known.

Ditto,

Ditto,

Yarkund,

Oaro,

About three or four mannds imported into Leh. About 20 seers taken to Yarkund, and the rest to Kaahmir, Jammu, h. and Punjab.

Price in Leh, from 5 to 16 Rs. per seer. The superior stuff sea for ib weight in silver.

In Yarkund, where the wperior stuff only is taken, it sells twice ite weight in silver. I

Imported in bundles, each containing - from 100 to 150 aticks. The price of a bundle varies from 8 annas to one rupee each, in Lndakh and the Punjab.

Between 10 and 20 bundles is the estimated quantity of import to Leh and the Punjab. I t is burnt in placee of worship for its odour.

About 100 chowries are imported into Leh from Yarkund and Changthan, of which a small number only ~ o e n to Kashmir, the rest imported into the Puqab.

Ditto, ... '

Ditto,

I Leh, ... Kmhmir, ... Punjab, ...

Ditto.

NO& IA, I, & 11.

No. V.

NO. IV.

APPENDIX XXN.-No. 11. IMPORTS.--~CW~~W~.) Name of place

where pmdncec NO. XbIa OP A E T I ~ . or kom whenct

originally im- I I ported.

12 CORAL, ( " Y i a n " or Imported into , ‘# Moongn,") ... Tarkund from I I Central Sia,

I

I rC sma.r.wsmDS (Jade), I

Plnaa of Export.

P a i n through BukhBra and 1 Khokand, ... 1 Ditto,

I I I

Yarkmd and Khntun, ... Ditto,

Lapis lazuli, mines in Bnd- nkhehao, .;, Ditto,

Place of Import.

Leh and Chang than, ...

BY what route.

No. IA. No. VI.

----- Fm-W Chowie8.-Price

~ p r k u m ~ , 1 or a ~antns = 3) to 6 atuaes each; a t Leh, I& to

b4Rs. 2+ RE. each ; and a t Kn~hmir, 2

a

Changthan C%ow&s.-Price a t Changthan, not known ; a t Leh, .E 2 1 and I& &.'a Ib. ; and a t Harh- mir, about 2 Co.'a Rs.

.:. . Ditto, ...

.,. Ditto, ... Lee and Kaah-

0 . rmr, ...

Imported d o n a l l y , in ma11 qnan. titiea

Prioevaries-ding to shennd color. Not imported for the last £ow yeam.

Ditto.

Ditto.

Nos. Lilt 7

A l ~ o l ~ t 5.000 XA. worth of tnrqnniwfi is iml>nrt~tl n~ini~al ly into Leh, nn(1 thence eu1,ntterl to C'l~nn~.tlinn, fix Lnusn, kc.

,ill inferior ktr~l:' mlled "Too." pro- dnrc~rl in tllc ( 'hangthan nricl L.icqn tcni tory, is inlport vd into Lndnl,h, a hcrc it is w o ~ n lry fkmalcs in " l'e. rahs " or head tlrr-~es.

S o t importccl fnr t11ele.t 15 yenrf, Ahout 2 eccrs are importer1 to TAeh,

the ~vlro?c of which is tnkcn to Rnsh- mir. Thi6 article is not now iloportcd

Yurkund, .,. Through Let , I Kashmir, ... Punjab, ...

kh, Rilljab,. . Changthan, . . .

I I into the Punjab from Leh, 'ae much ef it is received there from df8bPni.t.e.

I I I I I and at ~ a r k u d d , from 12 to 15 ~ u n k a s ; or 2 t o 2t RE.

No. 1.4. No. V. Nos. I & 11.

Nos. Vf, V& IV.

Nos. LA &I.

No. VI. -

About 200 boniea and ponies are imported fmm Tarkund, of whom Bne- t e e m , the Xardar, purchnan, as many na he call aeleet out of them, for the Maharaja and himself, a t his o u n prices. Of the remainder, about SO are taken to Iiaah~nir for sale, and theothem are imported to the Punjab, through Kullu. The Maharajn's Oorernment bug" the T a r k n d horses for the artillery. They mnke good draught animals.

dhangthani ponies are also brought to Leh and to llampur, for sale.

Price of the Tarkundi homes and nien, a t Tarkund, from 800 to 400

unkas, or 50 to 65 Co.'s Rs. each; F a t Leh, tuken a t arbitrary prices; and in the Punjnb, 80 to 200 Rs. each.

Of the Chnngthaui, a t Leh and in the

k Ponjab, from 30 to 100 Rs.

About 60 skins are imported, chiefly consumed in Ladakh and Changthan, A few pieces are alno brought to t h e Punjab, for the Hill States. In Chnne than, where the greatest nulnber le taken to, i t is used in mnkiug boots, bags, water-bags and bectding-it is an excellerlt thing to kdep off the fleas.

To the IJunjab, thia article is lnostly broaght tllroug-h Afghanistan.

P ~ i c e at Leli. fro111 8 to 12 Rs. each.

APPENDIX XX1V.-No. IT. IMPORTS.-/ Concluded.)

Place of By what Import. route. Rslraaxa

Upwards of 3,000 pieces are imported, Leh, Balti, ... No. IA. of which ohe-third is consumod in La- ... Y d ~ n d , ... Y~]rand, ... Changthan, ... No. VI. dakh and Balti, and two-thirds go to

\ Changthan. Price at Yarknnd, 8 for the rupee.

C. " SAOEBIW or st K m m J Leh and Chang- ,, a t Leh, 4 or 5 for the rnpee. (green leather), ... Ditto, ... Ditto, ... than, ... Ditto. About 100 skins are imported, chiefly

exported to Changthan. Price at Yarkund, 1 or 8 Tnnkas, or

2) to S n n n q and at Lch, 1 rupee, or ... Chins, ... Ditto, ... Leh and Kash- 1 rupee 8 annzs each. mir, ... Noa Id & V. Not imported within the last 4 years. ... ghar, Khntun, Yarkand, ... Leh and Sri. About 10 or 15 imported yearly into

nugar, (Kwh- No. Ik Ktmhrnir, through Leh. rnir)# ... NO. V. Price a t Yarkund, 8 to 10 Tnnk~s , OF

1 rnpee 2 annas and 6 pies to 1 rupee 6 annas each, and at Leh, 3 or 4 Rs. each.

No Russian ten-pots now imported. ... Yarknnd. .., Yprknnd, ... Leh only, ... No. IA. About two Tattoo loads = 6 maundq brcmght by the Kirajakush, or m i e m , mostly for their own consumption. Not an article of general -do ; eome re-

\ ' exported fo C h g t h a n .

Nm--Set Abstract Statement at e n d

APPENDIX XX1V.-(Cmtkued.)

-. 3 g

e.4 0

k I

I A

I1

I11

IV

.IV A

IT B

nT c

IV D

JIST of t h Ta'alEe of Eorles.

From

- - '

Umritsur, .. .

Leh, ,.,

Vmritsur, ...

Jummoo, ... Barnpoor, ...

Mundee, ... Ditto

Simla, ..,

Nundee, . . .

- --

REMABX~.

- - - C

B.Y lfnjor %font- gomeri% & T. s.

1 Compiled from

inl~rll~ation furnished by No-

~ $ ? ~ ~ ~ n ~ k ~ I the scklagent, i wcits'

J

T o

_ LehinLudakh,

Yarkund, ...

-- - - - -

By what places.

_-_-- Via Noorpoor and

Sooltanpoor in Koolloo, ...

1. The Zumistanee route by the valley of the Sha100k river and the chou- keo of Icokiar, . . .

2. The Tabistanee route by the valley of the X o o b ~ a riser and thc cliou- kee of Kilian, ...

Taken f r o m

Leh, . . . Leh, ...

Garo in Cha- than, Eastern Tliihet (Chi-

uese territory)

Garo, ... Ditto

Shipkee, ...

Rudokh, in Eastern Thi- bet (Chinesc territory,)

...

FiA Sooroo, ...

By Shalkliur, a

From native in- furmation.

Tnken from a frontier town of work

the nishehr I~isliehr on the ~ ~ i , , f s l , i l , Extra Chinese bouiidary. a,,;,talIt ~ o m l l l i , .

sionor Sham LaL

By K~ol loo , Ram- poor and Shipkeo,

By Koollm, Ram- poor, tho Kio- brung Pass and C1lul'rung, ( T s a ~ - rang,) . ..

Alollg the lcft bank

I IV A. B. D.

By Major Mont- t ~omerie, (i. T.,

of the S U ~ I ~ . 1 " ~ e ~ f I n " a Dr. Gerard,

Via Koolloo, Laliool and Spitee, I

- 1

APPENDIX XX1V.-( Conthzued.) Liat of Routee- finclwkd.

aJ 4

g ru 0 ,&

IVE

IVF

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

From

--- Mundee, ...

Ditto

Sreonugur,. . .

Leh, ...

Umritsur, ...

Boojrat, .. .

Umritaur, ... Ditto

Peshawur, ...

Ramlpindoe,

By what places.

Via Tashigong, ...

Via Cheenee and Kuri,

--- Garo, ...

Rudokh, ...

Leh, ...

Chathan, (Uaro), ...

Sreenupr, (Kashmeer),

Sreenugur,

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

M u m , and thenee to Sreenup,

REM~RKB.

- - 1

I By Major j H o n t g o m ~ e ,

By Drb,

ViA Sakhtee in Ludakh, . . .

Compild from native information.

By Jummoo and Banihal, ...

Taken from tho Punjab

range,

By Ukhn~or, ... Ditto

IIuxara, Rloozufur- PpjabRonte Book. abad and Bara- moola, .. .

By the Gohalun By Nnjor Xont- Ferry, Chukar and60"erie~ Q. T- S- Ooree, md Bara- moola,

APPENDIX XX1V.-(Cont,inued.) Bout8 No. I.. &om Umritsur vi6 Noorpoor, Soo2tn1lpoor, in Xo02l00, to

Leh in Ludakh.

No.

1

2

3

4

6

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17 18 19

N m s or PLACES.

------- From Umritsur to

Kutthwnungul, Butala, ... Bidhecpoor, ... Ooordaspoor, ... Udccnanugur, ... Puthankot, ... Noorpoor, . ..

Kotla, . ... Tilok Nath, ... Shahpoor, ... Kangra, ... Buwarna, ... Baijnath, .. Hureebagh, ... Sairee, (or Huttee),

Mundee, . . .

Kumd, , . . Bajoum, ... Sooltanpoor, ...


14

12

11

10

9

16

18

90

14

3

9

13

17

13

16

15

12 --- 112

10 15 11 -- 36

Rsara~~s .

-.---

2,050 feet above tho sea.

There is nTso a more direct route to Kumnd the 18th halting place.

q006 feet. Cross the Biss river.

. Cross the Biae and a Tribntsry. Cross Tiri paw. 4,092 feet.

APPENDIX XX1V.-( Continued.) Rode No. 1-Concluded.

REMARKS.

__c_-----------

13,300 feet. Rotung Pass.

Cross Rotnnq Pass and the Chnndra river by a rope bridge. Difficulty about crossing ponies.

Left bank of Bhaga. Road narrow but safe.

Ditto

16,231 feet. Hrcra lacha Pn~a ; genernlly covered with snow, though not deep.

Cross ditto.

17,(~30 feet a t foot of pass. Crow Lunglncha Pass to river.

Pond of fresh water.

Generally a Tartar or Bhotee camp.

Do. the nearer the Tnghlnngls the better.

18,042 feet. Cross the Tughlung Pw.

Attabngl~, or Uagh beyond A t t a

Golnbbagh.

11,278 feet. Cross the Indas by bridge.

miles =315 kos.

Eytimat- ed distance in

miles.

1.5 9 14

19

13 11 12

13 11 18

16 10 14 18

10

8

15

17 16 9

11

lo -- 287 -

-- 625

No.

__ 20 21 22

23

24 25 26

27 2s 29

30 31 32 38

84

35

3G

37 35 39

40

41

NAMES o r PLACES.

Nugur, . . . Jugut sak, . . . Phookcheen, .. . Koksur, . . .

Seesoo, ... Gu~idluk, ... I<hurdoong, .. .

Rolung, ... narcha, ... RTangLa, ...

Kilang, ... Churpa, ... Sumdo, ... Sumgal, ...

Norecha, .. . Rool<cheen, ... Dubring, ...

Gya. . . . Ooqhshee, ... hlarchulung, . . . Chuchot, ... Leh, "'

Gaam TOTAL,

APPENDIX NO. XX1V.-(Continued.)

ROUTE NO. I A.

Elmr Leh to Yarkund, compiled from information gathered from Xi hummild Umeen of Yarkund {Qvide of the SchZagentweits) and soma b d a k h merchants.

There are two routes from Leh to Yarkund, one by the Shayook river and Kokhr, traversed in the cold weather from hIughur to Phnpun (Novr. to Feby.) and hence cnlled " Zsmistanue ;" an11 the other by Suscr and Kilinn, travelled in tho hot weather from Sawun to Katik (July to October) and called " Tabisistanad' Both join a t the foot of the Karakoram mountain puss ( 18,600 feet ) ; after cross' ing which, separate a t u place called Muliksha or Aktagh (4th stage &er the pass), whence they proceed to Tarkund in different directions.

The " Zumistanee" route between Leh ud Karakorum, crossing the " Dignr P La" or Digur pasa (stage No. 2) joins the river Shayook a t a place called Uhgam No. 3, thence proceeds np the narrow valley of the Shayook river, winding along the circuitous course of the river aa far as " Duhn-i-Moorghee"* No, 12 it then ascenda up the pasa through an elevated plateau called the " Maidnn-i-Dnbsan," a dreary, gravelly, uneven, extensive plain, about twelve kos in breadth, without vegetation, and covered with snow in winter. The ascent over the Karakornm leads down in a north-westerly direction along the Yarkund stream to Mulikshnh, No. 19, (where the Zumistanee and Tabistanee routes separate), and Koolunooldee (stage No. 24) ; thence crossing the Yungduwnn pass, the road runs down northward in a valley as far as the font of the Toopduwan pass, KO. 81. nscending which, slopes down lnto the plains of Yarkund.

The Tabistnnee route from Leh crossing over the Xhnrdoong pass, No. 2, and the Shayook r iver near Suttee, KO. 4, proreeds up the Nwbra valley (one of the richest and most densely populated valleys in Ludukh) along the left bank of the Noobrat river to the foot of the Kurawalduwan (steep difficult pars) leading to a loftier a d more difficult pass, that of " Suser" 17,500.fcet high and covered with perpetual snow. Acrois Suser the road joins :he Zumistanee route at Duhn-i-Moorghee,

. No. 12 ; thence over the Karnkoram pnsa to Mulikshuh or Aktagh as above describa ed. The road from Leh to Suser lies in a north-westerly direction.

From Mulikshnh or Aktagh, No. 19, the Tabistnnee route skirts tho Aktaghrange north.eaat ward to the Sooget pnss, crosaing which i t follows the course of n stream (tne %get, the Karaknsh and the Toogirmuulik, ono nftcr the other) to the foot of another very difficult pass, the " Kilian-Duwan." The road across the pass goes along the Kilian stream to tho l q e village of Kilian, passing by the Police Post of Kilian-thence plain open country to Yarkund. -

From Chgam to Choongjunyl No. 7, North-East-North and thence to Moorghee Xorthward.

t Also called Y m " by the Thibetans.

The Tabitanee route in closed by wow on the Kuradduwan, the Snser end the Kilian mountains in winter.

D~PICULTIBB 09 THP TWO BOUTEB. I. Thu d#eultk8 of t k m~cnta in paaxed :-

On ik Zumirtanee r w k . 1st. The Digur La (No. 2). Ilrecipitous ascent for about a kos, impracticable

for laden horses that have to be relieved of their burdens ovor the pass by Yaks. It is partly covered with p'erpetual snow.

2nd. The Karakoram pass (18,600 feet above the level of the sea). The passage through the Dubasn Platesu south of the pass in snow and cold

winds attended with danger. The inclemencies of the weather are keenly felt on thia elevated open spot. The Karakoram monntain pass is surronnded by nn- wholesome atmosphere, which brings on headache nnd stomachic disorders, for which bitters and sour things are used by travellers with benefit. Many beasts of burdens (ponies and horses) are carried away by fati y e nnd difticulty of breathing. Some ascribe thia insalubrity in the air to the bad smell of a gram growing here, and others to the scent of wild leeks. (See Cunningham's Ladakh, page 47).

3rd. The Yungduwan pass, No. 25. Ascent for about 5 kos. 4th. The Toopduwan pass, No. 31. An ascent for.about 4 koe.

On the !fabktaree route. let. The Khurdoong pasa, (No. 2). Steep ascent, impassable for laden horaes. 2nd. The Kurawulduwnn pass, So. 8 A, (also called Tooteeyulnk) 17,660 feet

high, covered with perpetual snow. 3rd. The Suser pass, No. 11,17,500 feet high, a moat difficult p a . 4th. The Kurakoram psss, as in the Zumistame route. 6th. The Soogetduwan. 6th. The Kilinnduman, No. 19 A, steep ascent, more difecult than the Kere-

koram pass, like the Suser. Passable for 3 or 4 months only in the year, July t o Octr. II. The paaxage mer ricer6 om the Tabiatanee routs :- 1st. The Shayook river near Suttee (4) and again beyond L e Suaer pans,

P o . 111, A furions torrent in summer. Tnvellers have sometimes to wait for days

until the stream is fordable. Men and horses are sometimes carried away by the torrent. For a full description of thia river, see Cunningham's Ladakh (pages 94, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103.)

The Shayook in winter L everywhere fordable, nnd is, above Lnmakfert, frozen over, when it becomes like a metalled rcnd. Travellers going by the Zumistanee mute therefore flnd an easy pnssage along the bed of the river.

2nd. The ~oo tee~ufak stream, which is crossed twice at Nos. 8 and 10. The torrent subsides in the mornings in summer, when i t is fordable; in the evenings the stream becomes swollen by the melted snows from the Suser mountains.

III. The Zumislanee route paxaea through an uainhabitcd mountainow county . Travellcrs are obliged to carry provisions on Tattoos for the most part of the route I n certain places water, grass and fuel even are not procurable.

On the Tabistanee route supplies are proeurnble'throughout tho Noobra valley. Further on travellers have to take provisions with them as in the Zumistanee ronte.

IP. The danger to l y e and properfy from the. violence of the Koonjoodee robbers who infest tho route from Aktagh (No. 19, where both the Znmiatanee and T a b u b e e routes meet) to Kwlunooldee, No. 24 of the Zalnistenee route.

APPENDIX XX1V.-Route No. 1 A- Conthusd. The Zamistalree Route 6y the valley of the Sha'yook river and t i e

Choukee of Kokiar.

6 1 Nuns OF PLACEB.

I --

A vill B a t th9 foot of the Digur% pssa Bond g d

DI~TAXCE IF KOS.

-- 1

A village beyond the Digui L& a difflcnlt mountain pans; the summit is covered with perpetual snow ; road never closed Ascent steep for abont a kw, descent easier for about 4 kor.

A mall hamlet on the left bonk of the ShByook river.

From LB to Suboo, ...

From this place to Moorghni, No. 12, the road runs up the v a l l ~ y of the GhByook river, winding along the dtream. which is crosaed and rc.crosped some twenty-four times between these two plwea. The river is frozen over in winter beyond Lamakyent So. 6, in the months of Deceniher, Ja- nnary and Fehrunry, when people travel over the ice. The bed of the river ia aandy or gravelly. , Qraas and fupl in plenty, all the way.

6 kos.

No habitation on the road from this to Khulustan, No. 0 A

1 excepting L a u k y e n l , do. 4 and the tents of the pnitord tribes between Nos. 27 and 30. Caravans tnke provisions for their onward journey from thie place.

rr 0

6 R cd is

4

5

6

7

a

9

10

XX1V.-Rwte

ESTIMATED DISTANCE

RY K08.

6 koe.

8 ,, 4 ,,

10 ,,

12 ,,

,9

8 ,,

APPENDIX

NAME OF PLACES.

--- Pukra, . Chimchhk, alias Pukh-

pukh, ... Lamakyent, ...

Choong jungul, .. .

Doo~gfl&, ...

Mundurlik, ..-

Kootuklik, ...

No. .l A- Continued.

REMABX~.

------ A halting place. A spring of water.

Ditto ditto.

A village, having 6 howen. Tra- vellers carry pmvisiona with them fmm this place also for . their onward journey, as far lu Khulustan, No. SO A.

A fine pasture groan* where people of the surrounding country graze their flocks of sheep, goats, yaks and horses.

At s point on the road, called " Changthang-jilgha" (meaning the Chanthnn stream), two koe further on from Choong- jnngul, the Chhung-chbinmo stream from the north joins the Shayook river, and a r d atrikea off north-east towarda Rudokh and Chanthan by Chhoomoortee.

A halting place. Between Choong-jungd and Doongyulnk, two kos from Chnngthang-jilghn, ia a halting place called Kupturkhana

A halting plare. An old fort called Ywrghoolook. LiMle or no snow falls on the portion of the road fiom Uhgam to this place (Mundurlik). Fur- ther on it continnally anowa during winter as fiir ae Brungsa, but the road is never cloaed.

A halting place. A spring of water called " Boolak. "

Yartuvee another halting plare, about two kos from Mundurlik. A stream called '' Kurajilgha" joins tho Sknyook near Yar- tuvee.

ccl

iAPPENDIX . XX1V.-&ute No. 1 A- Conthaaoled.

Kizil Ungoor,

Sooltan Chooshkoon, ... Duhn-i-Moorghee, ...

Doulutbegoolclce, . . .

* 0

g $5 2 i2

10 kos.

12 ,, A halting place. Road gravelly.

Ditto ditto.

E~TIXATED DISTANCE IN K08.

N m s OF PLACES.

Another halting place called " Kuratngh" on the road about 5 kos from SwltanChooshkwn.

The river Shayook is left at Duhn-i-Noorghee, and the road a.qcends up in a north e.urterly direction towards the Kara- koram Pass in a narrow valley.

R~arasrra.

I A halting place. A spring of sweet water, grilse and fuel in abundance.

Another halting place called Choongtash, about 7 kos from Duhn-i-Yoorghee.

Boorsoe is a thick p s a v h k h is used for fuel. Country full of Boonee, hence the namc of this haltiv place. Three steep and difficult passes are crosscd between Boolak and 13oors;e. The passea are called " Kia, a Toorkee word meaning " pain."

Grnss and fie1 are not forthcorn. ing at the following 'stages aa far as Aktsgh. Travellers carry *' Boorsee " from this place for nsc as fuel on this portion of the road.

Road in a Dara between high cliffs.

Here commences the ascent to the Dnhsnn Maidan, an extensive dreary table land or plateau about 12 kos broad. Seve- ral streams run across thh plain, which dry np in winter. There is no vegetation, no pass. no fild. The road through the Maidan is grnvelly. -

Acrm the Maidan-i-DubsLn, from which the road descends to thie place over an easy slope, for about 4 kos.

APPENDIX XX1V.-Route No. 1 A-Continued.

--- Doulutbegooldee is a halting place at the bnee of tbe Kara- koram Pass, through which the KnraLoram stream cornea down to this place, and thence taking a 0011th westerly direction joins the Shayook a t Ynp- chan.

In the pans. The ascent to the pasa commences a t Doulut- begooldee along the Karakoram stream. At thin place, travellers rest for a while to drink tea, henca the name jaijoshjilgha.

Ascent gmdual. Noar this point rise three streams ; one r u m down to the weat and eonth. the second to the eouth, and the third to the north-eaat. The two first join a t Ti~pchan and fnll into the Shayook river, the third is the eoorce of the Parkund river. Ssow in winter o n l ~ over the p q road never closed.

A place on the slope of the pass. where the Bnltees (Baltie) who carry their loads on their own backs halt for the night, hence the name I s Bultee Rmngaa" (or reating place of Bultees). The r o d lies along the Tarkund stream.

Halting place at the foot of the Karakoram Paw ; descent gre- dual and easy ,along the Yar- kund stream. The pess ie thronghout paaenble to laden horm.

The rpad from Bmngsa to Kooluhooldee, No. 24, lies in a valley along the Yarkund utreim.

-

Kiziltagh, P halting place. A copper mlne close by, it is not worked.

APPENDIX XX1V.-Roztte No. 1 A- Continzted.

ulikshah, ' ... Aktagh, ...

N m OF PLACEE.

1 kos.

DISTANCE

IN KOE.

A halting place. A road ikes o l here towards the K a k a g h river, which leads to Elchee-- capital of Khootun.

A brushwood called '. Yurbugh- rec," which answers for fuel, is to a small extent found here.

A halting place. A large stone in a conical form about 20 yarda in height to the left of the road.

Halting phcc. Soveral springs of sweet water. Some pasture ground.

From Brnngea to this place, Aktngh, the valley between two high snow clad cliffs wliich shoot up froxu the liarakoram range is wide ant1 open, sloping down to the north. No vcge- tation, grass or fuel, excepting some brushwood at Chadurtash. Road gwd. Little snow in winter on the line of road. At Aktagh the Zamistanee and the Tabistanee roads separate ; the former proceeds down to the north west along the Yar- , kund stream, and the latter to the north east by Sooget.

'$%e road from AktSgh to Knolunootdee is during winter infested by the Koonjood robbers, erroneously called " Kir. ghiz." See Kirghiz jung~t l

ZAMIBTANEE M U T E CONTINUED. Khufelooug, a halting place, is also called " Loongpa " by tho Thibita~irr, and " Khoopoolu,nh- reo " by the Turks, nll tho three terms lncnning mouth of a pnss ( " Durn "). The vnlley gradually narrows between two cliffs running from eaat to west ag far aa Koolunooldee, No. 24. Road good all the way.

The roads from the following , passes that conduct froin Tup-

chan, Noobry Chhorbwt, over

APPENDIX XX1V.-Boute No. 1 A-Conthued. C 0

6

m

the Karakoram range join a t Khufeloong :-

Yupchan. Noobra Chhorboot.

Graes and fuel yrocnrable everywhere on the line of road from this place downward.

A halting place. Grass, fuel and rock-salt procurable.

Do. 'lbo halting places : Khoo- tasji&ha and Ighursuldee on the road. The former ia about one koa and the latterabout four kos distant from Jindbulghoon.

A halt in^ place in a rich pasture

I 1

NAKBB OF PLACEB. DIBTANCE BBMABKS. I M JKOB. 1 -

1

21

22

23

nsed haii'a century ago to infest the road a t this place, hence the name " Kirghiz-jungul." They have since that period given up plundering in tbo Yarkund territory altogether, and the Koonjood Bandittihave, within the last forty years. ocrnpied their place on this part of the route. From Roon- jkl, n small territory owned by an independent Mohnmmu- dan ruler, named Shah Ghnzun- fur, near Hoonzee Nugur, the party of robbers, numbering from 100 to 250, cram the Karakoram rangeby the Yhing- shul PW, and following the course of the Koom stream in a north-easterly direction for 6 days reach the point called " Gil," where that stream falla into the Tarkund river, thence m i n g the river a further journey of 6 day8 dong the right bank brings them t o Koolunooldee, bets-een which place nnd ALtRgh, No. 19, they infest tho road. There is another shorter road also from the Shingshnl Pass to Koolun- ooldee, which thcg follow. Ses Boutea by the Pasea over tha .

- I

Jindbulghoon, ... 1300khurooldee, ...

Kirghiz-JunguI, ...

--

10 kos.

10 ,,

8 ,,

APPENDIX =IT.-IEoute No. 1 A-Omtimed -

% 6 # 23

rA -

24

25

26

ENTXXATED DINT AH^ IN 90s.

-- ,

12 koa.

8 ,, 1 ,,

8 ,,

N m e OF PLACEB.

A- -

Kooluuooldee, ...

Oonkoor-i-Yungduwan,

Summit of the Pass,.. .

Toor-i-gh& ...

R E ~ ~ ~ B K S .

--- 1Datakopam range, hetween tho Karakoram and the Chitrd PMIM, siren in anotlre* place.

The old road &om Tashkurghan to the '* Akwi-Chin" passes through the Kirghiz-jungul.

A halting place. About two kos clistant from Kir-

ghiz-jungul to the left or wost of the road are the remains of old buildings in the vicinity of a copper mine, which has not been worked within the last century. The spot is called Siikhoolak, from the name of a spring of water close by.

One kos further on is the tomb of a Thibitnn c d o d Muzar-i- Thibitee."

Three kos on is Bagh-i-Hnjee Muhummud, a nice green shady jungly spot, so called.

Anotherjnugly tract called ''Yar. tivee " three kos on.

The road leaves the Yarkund river a t Koolunooldee, and ascends in a north easterly cliaec. tiou to the Kotn1.i-Tungduwan, an ensy pass.

A halting place over the " Yung- duwnn " Pass.

From Koolunooldee to the south. ern baae of the pass the r o d lies in a narrow defile, along s atream (coming down from the pass) which ia frozen wer in winter.

From the base to the summit of the pass, where the "Tiznafs' stream rises, is an easy nscent of about 6 kos. The descent to Toorighil, the following hnlting place bej ond the pass, is also easy. Little snow falb over the pass in winter.

I h d winds along the bed of the Tiznnf stream in a rich nnrrow valley, which varies in breadth from ono to half a mile in places as far as Chiklik, No. 30. Grass and fuel in abundance.

cclv

APPENDIX XXIV.-Route No. 1 A-Cmtinzced.

Q. o

$ B 8

m -

27

28 29 30

30 A

31

NAMES OF PLACEB.

Doba, alias Soogct, ...

Muzar-i-Badshah, ... P i l t ~ h , ... Turtlik. ... Chiltlik, ...

Khulustm, ...

Ak-Musjid, ...

Kooshoonkoor, ...

EBTIMAPED I DIBTANCE

I?T KOB.

_ - - - - - -

10 kos,

a , , 8 ,, 10 ,, 7 ,,

1 ,,

8 ,,

2 ,,

I

RSWKS.

Tooriphit, a halting place. No habitation.

A hnlting place. The valley here is cultivated 1)y a pastoral tribe. the " Pukhpo," who live in a neighhouring valley, and keep lawe herds of gnks, sheep, goata and horaes. They also supply travellers with grain, gbee, sheep, 8;c, in their Xhirgahs or felt tents near the line of road between Sooget nnd Chiklik.

Ditto ditto ditto. Ditto ditto ditto. Ditto ditto ditto. Ditto ditto ditto. The river Ticnef, a fordable

stream throughout the year, is crossed and re-eropsed no less than sixty times between Toori-

hi1 and this place Chiklik. t is frozen over in the height 'i

of the winter.

A village, containing 6 h o w , inhabited by Wukhees, who cnltivate, and ale0 keep large herds of -cattle. The villzge is abont a kos to the left of the rod, and is visited only by such travollera as require to purchaae provisions, kc., from

' there.

m e " Kotul-i-Toopduwan," an eany pass, is crossed on the road. The summit ia about midway. Akmusjid is an encampment

Khirgah " of pastoral Toorks and Tnjiks, in a rich plain country beyond the pnss, which in slightly covered with snow in winter.

Two csvea in rooks, inhabited 1)y pastoral Toorkb nnd Tajiks, who keep here largo her& of cable, and also cultivate. Road in a wide rich valley, between two low rocks, as far as Poorar.

APPENDIX X¶V.-1Eoorte No. 1 8-Continued. -

R ~ x m a .

------ . A 61M9 having8 h o w , where

four streams meet and go down to Kurghulik.

The road from L u n p r lies in the Tarkund plains, in a well cultivated and thickly populated country, excepting the portion between Kokisr and Knr. ghulik, which runs through the " Beshtimk Dusht," a sandy barren desert.

A guanl of 16 Chinese soldiere, under an officer called " Pie,'' and another of 16 Toorks under a Toork officer, #' Toongchee." No strange traveller is allowed to proceed on without the permission of the Chinese Go- vernor of Tarkund (" Umhan"). The chonkee officem do not generally interfere with the pes- w e of the traders or passong- era who are in the habit of travelling between Leh and YIU- knnd. Road along the Kokinr stream.

A small town, inhabited by Toorks.

A caravansarae and village in the Beshtiruk desert.

A huge town with a market. A branch of the Tiznaf atream, which passes through the town, is crossed on a wooden bridge in the market. A caravansarae or Lungur.

A cararansarae or Lungur. and a market, which in crowded on w h Sunday. A canal from the Ynrkuud river 5 crossed in the Bazar on a wooden bridge.

A market and a caravansarae. The Beshkun canal, which is na-

vigated b boats, is cmased on a bridge &ooden) on the mad. Another canal crossed in the Charshtunba Bazar itself.

w 0

8 a 8' i2

82

33

84

86

r I ESTIMATED

NAXE~ OF PLACES. D I B T ~ O E I IN KOS.

- - - Lungur Poosar, .. .

Police post of Kokiar,

Kokiar, -.. Beshtiruk, ... Kurghulik, ...

Yuk-Shumba Bazar, ...

Char-Shumba Bazar, alias Posgirm, ...

6 koe.

2 ,,

4 H

12 ,, 12 n

8 ,, '

2 ,,

APPENDIX XXTV.-Rode No. 1 A-Conthued. ,

ru 0

2 B 2 ~

r/, 7

86

N ~ Y E B OF PLACES.

- Yarkund, . .

Total estimated &I- tance in kos, ...

Add,

Total estimated Ti- tence from Umritsur to Yarkund, by Leh and the Zudstanee route, ...

E ~ ~ A T E D DI8TAXOE IX K08.

12 kos.

-7

846 kos.

316 ,, --

660 ,,

REM~BKB.

- -- The Largest city in Turkisll C h i

The river Yarkund also called " Duria Znr.ufshan " is crossed (on boata in summer) nbout 2 koa from Posgam, on the road. The river is frozen over in winter. Three kos firther on from the river, a anal from the Yarkund, called " Yoolchak," is also crossed on a wooden bridge.

= 675 miles.

= 526 miles. From Umribur to Leh, Route No. I.

= 1,100 miles.

APPENDIX XXIV.--Rode No. 1 8-Cmtinued. The l'cibistcinee Route from La to yarkunrd, 6y t1~0 Suser and

Xilian Pasees.

NO.

- 1 2

3

41

6

6

(Also called Yurma.") 5

EETIMATED DISTANCE IR KOS.

2

3

10

8

/

7

Q

\

'

5

.

NAXES OF PLACES.

-- Gtinlcs, Foot of tho ~h;;:

doong Pas , ., . Khurdoong, ,,.

Suttee, (a village),

Tirit, ...

Lughjoong, . . .

Tughar, ...

REMARKS.

-- A village. ~ o a d circuitons and stony,

in a valley.

A village beyond the Khurdoong Pass, which is steep and di5cult,-~mprae- ticablu for lvden horses. Yaks are employed to carry their loa11s over the Pass. Ascent and descent for about two kos.

The river Shayook is croased on the road near a Roong (Ravine), 7 kos distant from Khurdwng ; a very rapid stream here.

Road lies in a wide valley nlang the Khurdoong stream, until i t joins the Shaywk river a t the above point.

A village. Road along the right bank of the Shayook river, in the rich valley of the Shayook.

A flourishing village a t the confluence of the Shayook and Noobra rivers.

I n July, Augwt and September, the current of the Shayook river near Suttee, being exoeedingly atrong and rapid, travellers generally avoid the Suttee road, and take the following between l ihurdwng and Lugl~joong.

From Khurdoong to Kulsur, 10 koe. ,, Kulsur to lluskit, 12 ,, ,, Duskit to Lughjoong, 8 ,, -

TOTAL, ... . 30 ,, - Road in the Noobra vnlley ; tho

richest nnd most thickly populated valley in Ludakh, along the left bank of the Noobra" rivur os far as No. 8, Charloong.

APPENDIX XXIV .--Zowte No. 1 A-Contirtued.

A flourishing villug~. no. Do.

A hamlet a t the foot of the Kura' wuldo%vitn" rnnne. The Tootee Pulak stream, aliirh 7s ,rapid, is crossed 4 kos from Takcha on he rond.

8 A Kotul-i-Kurawulclu- Precipitous ascent for 5 koe ; road wan, (Summit of circuitbus. Ynks carry the load8

of horses over tlie Pnss. No water. thc Pass l<urswul- , A nunrd of :l Sir~nhees is here eta-

1 duwlin) ... I 1 ti,;Aetl. w1i0 ziv;) intinlation of t h e . r

arrival of Yurkund carnvans to t h e next chouliee at Takcha by burning a fire, i t is thence conveyed in the salno manner choukee by choukee to Le : The choukiee between Krua- wulduwnn and Le are :-

Tughar, Lnghjoong,

- Galiles.

A poisonous gnrss called Lnntnn " gro\vs 'on this mountain range.

Doscent1 to this place in a rich valley. The descent is much easier than t h e

ascent. Supplies received from " Zing Nochee," a village across tho stream, which skirts the Kura.

1 wuldu~vnu rnnge in a south-wester- 1 b direction.

I A halting place in urich valley, auuw the Tooteo Tulnk stream.

The Suser Pass, covered with perpe. taal snow, the moat difficult of all the inountnin l'w~es that have to bo pw~etl over on either route, (the Zu~nihtunee, or Tahistauee) L crossed. The ascent and descent, which extent1 for about 5 kcs, are imprncticnlile for liulcn horses. Y&u cnrrg their loacb over the Pus. B r u n g ~ a Suser is a I~nlting plnce a t the foot of the pass heyon4 Sum- mit of the Pm, 17,500 feet above the sea.

I

APPENDIX XX1V.-Rofcte No. 1 A-Contin~led.

1

NO.

1 2 to 18

19

19 A

20

24

REXABKS.

-7

S t n ~ e NO. 12 of tho Zumistnnoe Itoute, where both the Zumistanec anti Tabietnnee routes meet.

The river Shnyook ia crossed a b u t a kos from Urungsa Susor, on the road.

See Nos. 1 3 , 1 4 15, 16, 17,18 and 19, of the Zuuiistanee route.

Rond in a valley ; gmdual ascent to tho Soogetduwnn. A few stor~e enclosures in which travellers rest for the night. JSo g r w , no fuel.

Ascent not very steep, hut the atmosphere is unwhole.iome ant1 produces difficulty of breathing in trlen and b e d s . Snow in minter only. h'o gras, no fuel.

1)csrent easy, in all open a i d e vnlley. Boorsee grass.

A halting place in ditto. Q r m and fuel procural~lo a t all the places from this to Yarkund.

A halting place a t the mouth of n Dnra, or vnllcp. Itoacl slrmg t l to left brink of the Kurakash river.

The river Kurnknah is crosseil twice between Sl~ul~eetlwlla Iihojn nnd Chizghanlik, \skich is also a halting place.

A halting place. Rand dong the left bank of the Knraknah.

Tho #I Too~l~roosoo " stronm, mhiclr falls down iuto the Kurukash river, ia crossed here.

Enter the Icilian Paw, n nwrow de. file. Remains of an old Fort a t this

'&%er Kurnknsh lcnrcs tho rontl, taking SI nortll-eastcrly direction while the road proccellv north-west.

NAXES Ol? TL4CES.

-- D ~ h a i Moorghee,. . .

From Duhni Moor- ghce to Bktngh, ...

Cbibra, ...

Summit of the 800- get dunun, ...

Kootasjsjilgha, . .. f300get, ...

Left bank of the Kurnkash river,. . .

Shuhccdoolla Khoja,

Chizghanlik I, ...

Groonj kurlik, ... Duhn-i-tooghroosoo,

' Dulih-i-Durn Icililin, or Dura-i-Toogir- munlik, ...

EST~XATEU DISTANOE IN KOS.

1

69

6

1

3

5

2

3

1

6

2

1

APPENDIX XX1V.-Boute No. 1 A- Continued.

REMARKS.

- A halting placa in the Dnra-i-Kilian.

R o d along the Kilian, or Toogir- munlik stream ; gradual wen t .

Road ae above.

Ascent difficult, impracticable for h i e n homes. Sake wrry their loab oier the mountain.

Desoent also very difficult. Do. Do. Chadurtaeh a halting place at the fw t of the Pnaa beyond. Fine paatnre ground.

The valley or " Burn-i-Kilin " extending as far as No. 26 B.. u well watered, and cultivated by pestom1 tribos of Toorks and Tajuka, who live in tents; it also afford4 good pasture to their large h e r b of cattle.

A halting place. Rod descends down the narrow valley of the Kilian, along the bed of the Kiliau rtreora

Do. Do. A mad strikes o f .t this p l ~ to

Sunjoo, a large villsge, leading to Kiiim, No. 27.

A halting plsce. A hamlet. Road as ahove, in the defile. over un-

dolating ground. The dream (Kilian) is crossed several $he&

Road good in the detlle. A br~dge over the Kilian is croaaed about a kos from Urpulik on the mad.

Here the road debouch= into tbe Yarkund plain.

A large village, with a market and school.

There ia an " Oorthuug," or Poliw post here, like that of Kokiar, No. 33 of the Zumi~ta~lee Route, con. hining 16 Chinrse soldiers under r Chinese officer called (" Wme Wooee,' and 16 Toorli soldiers nnder a Twrk officer called '' Twngchee."

ESTIM~TED DIBTANCB

IN KOS.

3

6

1)

88

6

lo

8

3

4

No.

22

23

241

25

26

26 A

2G D

27

NAMES OF PLACES.

I -

Boetan, ... Foot of the K i a n

PUS, ... I

Summit of the PMS,

Chadurtash, ...

Khutaee tumee, ...

Chizgl~anli 11, ...

Urpulik, ...

Kurchoong, ... Termination of the

Icilian defile, ...

Kilian, .. .

APPENDIX XXliV.-Rmte No. 1 A-Continued.

Suzam, ...

Tooghr-i-kuibrook,

31 Kurghulik, I ...

REUBKB. No. q

-- 8

2

30

A small village. The K i l h ,stream is crossed near Suzam on the mad. The stream .though rapid ia fordabla throughout the year. Suzap is on the margin of the " hht-i-Boris," a large gravelly barren desert with no vegetation, fuel or water, excepting at the followin stages* which lie on the road in t i e desert.

Beshurik, ...

A Caravsnsurae (called " Lnngnr " in " Toorkee "). A few hoaseo and gn.Jena &., in the desert.

t

N m a OP PLAOES.

A small village with a Lungur in the desert.

E ~ T ~ A T E D DIBTANCE I X KOS.

A large village with n Lungur," and springe of water within a ravine extending for about 3 kos in length in the daerf.

A ma l l town in the desert with a Lnngnr aumnnded with cultivation, irrigated from the OoehSbashee stream.

Q A large town with e market. SeeNa I 34 of the Zumistanm Koate.

Add from Umritnur to Leh, ... --

Total estimated distance from Umrit- sur to Yarkund, by Leh and the

1 Tabiitanee Route,

I

Nos. 35 & 36 of the ZumiStanee &mte.

= 458 miles.

= 525 miles.

I

Nos. 28, 29, 30, and Tooghr-i-Kuibrook. NOTE.-Thesystem of orthography followed in the version-of the name8 of

places in tho above routes Noa. 1 and 1 A, i a that p*ribd by Government in the Uirections to Bevenue Oicere.

M ~ H O O L , PUNDIT,

E&a Assistant Cbmmirrioster.

I ; APPENDIX- XXIV*-Oofitinued. ,

Route No. II. From ZT?tlritsur lo Ravpoor in BisAeAr, and thewe to L d . -

6

8

-2 . 5 b.ld'

a '

& g g", 2

8 9 10 11 .12 13 ,

' 14 15

RoMa, ... ( ' TilokNath, ... Shahpoor, ... Kaugra, ... Buwan~a, ... IL~ijnath, ... ' IIurt~cbagh, ' . Sairee or Hottoe, ...

$ P

--- Distances.

Miles.

--- 14 12 11 10 9 16 18

I

90

Names of Btnges.

14 3 9 13 17 13 16 15

16 Muudec, ,,

a 17 Krunand, ... 18 Bajoura, ... 19 Lajw, ... 20 Plach,

.

Remarke. ,

Regular encamping grounds marked out throughout. Supl)lies and forage plentiful. No null& or other impcdirncnts. Dalc bungalows a t Buttaln, Goodas- pore, aud BIullickgore, 3f milcv Sroni I'athanliote. Should Goordaspore bo deemed too long from But- hla, supplies enn be cal- leckxl a t a village named h n e e a , half-way between .the two placee.

. ,

..

t

3,006 feet. Croas & 12

112 -- 12 15 14

knobn' ] "'

63

' '

4

L - - -

1

Bibs rivar.

"

cross the ~ h d see. Capital of' >he Biijhehr

territory.

1 2 3 4 6

, G 7

I

255 nlilca added to 41) probable dietance for Nos. 21, 2'2, and 2 3 4 9 5 .

2

Kutthoo ke Nungul, ... Buttala, . . . Biddocpore, ... Goord:~spore. ... Deciianuggur, ... P a t l d o t e , ... . Nmrpore, ...

Total, ...

23 Rampoor, ' "' ... Julnr, ... -3

F9

Total from Umritaur to Rampoor, . t I

APPENDIE XXIV.ARozlte No. 2- Clowlindd. - - - - -

ROAD paox RA&CPOOR TO LEE VIA S ~ r r n .

. Zden from dZljor .Clcnningham'a "La&&" 1

The road from Binhchr thmqgh Spitti into Rukchu joins the mnd No 1 either at the crest of the Bars Lacha pass, or af the foot of the Thnng' fung pass. The former is the more easy roate, but the latter is the 1~0t.o frequented. From Rampoor the road ascends the Sntlej river to the Wnngto briclge, where it passes over and enten the mountain; 'to UaM. From thence it hmics@s' the Tari pass (15,28'3 feet) into the Pin valley, which it descends to *e junctjgn of the Pin river with tho Spitti. Tho latter is brossed by a jhula 'to Dnog khar, from whoi& the r o d proceeds to the monnstery .of Kyi, and up the kfZ bsnk of this stream to Lossar, where it chnngcs to tho right bank. Beyond Lossar it leaves the Spitti rivet and crosses tho Kulxum Pkss (14,831 fret) into tho upper course of tho Chandra river, whioh is quite uninhabited, and mcends the &earn to i b uource in the Bnra Lacha pass. The other r o d branches off from the monasterg of Kyi,'and crosses the Paning p m (18,502 feet) into Rtlkchn ~rt the source of tho Parp river. I t then follows the river to Norbu Suvdd, qhence it crossed a low range of hills to the southern end of the ~h&oohri jake. From thin bke it crbsw the Napko Qonding pass (18,000 feeb) aod the Polo- konka paw (16,500 feet) to tho Tshokar or ~ h i t e lake, beyond which it joins the first road at the foot of the Thnng lun$ pass. '.

The following are the etages on the road by the Bara ~ i h a pnas :-

Remarks. I .. --

.. Left bank of Sutlej.

do. I

do. I

do.

Cross the SutJcj,

Crow the Tnri pa8s.

On Pin river in Spitti

. do.

Cross the Spitti paes,

Left bank of Spiti river.

Stages.

-- I 1 Gaora, ...

2 I Sarbhan, ... I

3 Tran&a,, ... 1

4 Nichfir, ... I

6 Yangpa, . 6 Lars&, - .. . 7 Mud, ... 8 Tangti, ... 9 Danghkhar, .

10 Lara, ,.. I

Distances. I

&he~. 40

10

14

12

11

16

12

13

16

8#

. APPENDIX XX1V.-Route No 2-Cmtinued.

Losstar, ...

do. 0..

do. I..

do. ... do. ... do. ...

Sumdoo, ...

Moorechhoo, -. .a.

Ookhshee, ... Noorehhnlili, ,..

Chhachot, I..

Leh, ... , Total from Rampoor to

Leh, ,..

From Umritsnr to Ram- poor1 ..*

Total from Uniritsur to Leh by Rampoor and Sniti. ...

Distances. Miles.

Remarks.

Left bank-halting ground.

Right bank.

Foot of Pass.

Cross the Kulzom Lh.

Left bank of Chandra

do.

do. .

Cross the Bara Lacha pass.

Month of Charpa river.

Foot of pus. , Cross Langa Lsche pas.

A mall pond of Desh water.

Boti eamp.

Foot of pas.

Cross the Langa Lacha

Left benk of Indus.

do.

do. '

Croee Indus by bridge.

-,

APPENDJX 2CCJV.42qde . , No. 11- Gb~rctosded.

, Prom * . o r to Leh by C h k e e r f : : ~ .

Remarks. -

For this and the above 10 much=, nee the precaling route.

Croes the Parang p ~ .

b

b o t h end of lake Chhomoreerea.

Two milee weat of p e ~ .

!

Distences.

Miles.

mt* 63 !

8tl I + 7 '

11

11

10

13

11

16

11

16

' 67f ' t ,

, I

t

dT

310

e96

-

& -

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

' !2d

21

22

I

I

I

-. -- Stages.

Bongrig, ... Gyihbar. ... Bongroohnn, ... Tratnng Kongma, ... Camp, ... Norba Soomdo. ...

, Chomoheree, ' .. . Koom Gtonpa, ... R o o n ~ g , ... Polokonka (paw), ... Chhokur, ... Lnrss, ... Thmm toLeh 6msrchea,

(See the preceding pute).

Total, ...

From Umritaur to Ram- Poor* ...

Total from Umritaur ta Leh by Rampoor and Chomoreeree, ... 606

\

'k'ooton-gee-khooee. .., Suroecn 8ur, . . . Thuloura, ... Ramnupr. ... Gurtha, . . . Putta, I ' 8 . .

Dods , ... Mooghul maidan, ...

Houw, ..,

Qooroo, ..,

Loftp hills covered with. them.! J@d skikts the hill. No habitation.

12 A la&e village on 'the &ope! of the Sodkhnunz hi !

12 ' ~ n encampin ground, at , , ;, of the ~ $ ? r . w l .

Saghui hill, covered snow of vnriegated ary of the Jommoo Province.

of the ' hill.

Thane in a &n. n the 800~0 river.

ARRRNIJIX. XXIYb-4+pd. . , I

. . J ? o I L ~ ~ XO. III,-Conc7rrrk.d. - NO.

20

21

'

25

-23

24

25,

26 'Tar-5-himrhee, ' ... 27 Timis gnm,

... .

... TOTAT,, ...

GFY?!l!,\T~ RRIT1\TI'T<P. Tllis rnnrl lieq tllror1~11 :r rno~rntninnnr rollnil-y over hills nnd rlnlrg. The

Chrnnl, river i.: c,rrlesrvl i r i Sorlr p1;rcrs. , i t C h u r ~ n i ~ i e ~ m . J'lnrm, nnd Vnrlvnn. Vllsmlrnn. T11c Yoornn rivry in tlrrre plnce.r : 1l1e \-11l;hn, i r ~ fi)1:1. plncrs hy hridrc : thr ~ V ~ r r l l : ~ rirtar in li,ilr T t I n c . ~ s 1 t . v 11r idy ; nntl the Tnr111c I w i vcnrll- in? I i l ~ n l l c h ~ r . h r r r y difli(.rrlt, route, i m p ~ s n l ~ l c for Inden nnimnlu ns f:~r a. s(4l>ron.

SOTE.-ThiC is the r o n t ~ on which t h r 3lnharnja hnc lntrlp madr red~rr- tionq in tllr Tm;.nvt ]~~sl,ol.t tlnties on mrrcl~nndize. This rond i.; p~qsable from .TTI:IP to ( i ~ ~ t 8 ~ ' ~ ~ r . , .

'l'his ro~rtc 113.: brcn cclmpil~d from information furnirhcd by a native of Cdshmwr. . ,

h'om.-Tl~e ej.stmn of orthography the same as in routes Xos. I and I A. - - - -. . - - . -- --.. .. .-

~ A X E ~ O'P ~ L A C E S .

---- Icurgil, ...

. -

Pushkoom. .. .

. Jloolhoo, ...

Tmkchee, . . . Lnmn 'Turoo, ...

. .

Khulchce,

. . . .I , . . .

E R T T ~ ~ A T T D , . ' !

D I S T I S C E R~xansrc. I

. . I - , . . .I.

3 A Thnna, and n fort, nnrl c-r~stoms poot.

6

9

8

11

T h r mr l t r from Cnshmeer to Lah- joins a t t l l i ~ (point.; .

A Inrge 'rillaye on the P~~rhlcoom rid~tn. Left banli of the \\"okha river.

A villi7e. Formerly t h e uent of n Kn1111 III,

A large villa^.

Ahode of Lnmxs. A mnnnsterg, in the Fntoo-La hills. Cross t h e WunIn river.

Route No. IT.-Route . . from ~ a i b o o z , capitdl of tk BlahcAr

territory, Simla Hille, to CAangtlian in &tern Thidet.

No.

-C

1

2

3

4 ,

h n t throughout, but r o d good. Two Nalna crossed on bridges. Two shop. Water plentifd. Coo-

Nichar, . 1 7 ,, 1.

~ a l f the road level the other half steep. A Temple, Thtae fo* shops Water, coolees, as nhove. A Sala, crow$ on tpidge on the

ropd t

9 Cheenee, ...

I

Ascent and denent. Three Nalu croseed on bridge. .A f+$urbg march.' Water $11 abuxidqnce; coolees; rhops. I

10

11

4'

12

~esc&t.. Nalw c m w d - om Guppliea in plenty in the v ~ l l a ~ e .

Pmgee, ...

G i i g r g ...

Lii or Leepg ... , .

I

Steep ascent and descent. kiver Sutlej cro~szd on e wooden bti (Tangtoo) on the road. A f ign ing march. A populous v' hge.

ble in the village.

0 No shop, but all thinga pr&iull.

1 I ,

Road bad. Steep ancent and dec cent. Light &ch. A g o d village.

- - A - . -

Road very bad. Steep w e n t and desoent. Two shops, and two bungalows A large village.

Asaent and dexent. 'A Nals rroclred on a bri*s. A large villa@ Good encamgidg g~wnd. , Water in plenty. R d IeveL A Ndr rossed on a

bridge. Villager at aome dishncq but the Zumeendars supply dl

Much descent, the d c k b m h good. A m s l l streun with s

I. ,%M I n h . e r , A Inro. vnkqp.

plaia. Villages at some distgage. Water in plenty. Supplies fmm the neighbouring villages.

camping gromd. Supplier plentiful.

ore ascent Chan descent. A m b n - tnin pas is crossed ori the read. A good village in a plain. 7 p - plies and water in abundance.

APPENDIX ' XXIV,ARW~~ No. IT-Uoncluded.

NO.

-

16

110 kos.

Nucre OF PLACE^^.

- -

17

18

19

Road &night and plain. A Wye d h g e in a plain. Snpplid ~m abundance. , I

Road good, with slight w n t . . i A lnrge village in a &in on the

Cllinese Frontier. +upplies fin abundance. River ~ u t l e j cr+ on a wooden bridge below Silqnw.

Nakoo, ...

c 1

Changoo, ...

Sialkhur or ~ d h u r ,

Sakhud or Sakhund,.

Further on the road lies in Changthan territory. Stages not known.

Nm.-This is the longest and mnrt frequented route in t*e territory of Bi~hehr. Except in some plscm near Cheenee, it in psassble even to mounted h o w of the plain". Hill ponies can traverae it throu~hont with ease. It is about 18 feet broad thronghont, except in some places, where narrow chasms are spahned with wooden bridges. As far an the Wanpto Bridge on the Sutlej the road 'liea along ths fight hank of the river, and thence to Chemee along the let% bbnk. The river is again crossed at X'akoo and Shialkur on wooden bridpea. Some monn- b i n pasea have to be crosned beyond Cheenee. The r o d is open W g h o n t tfre year, but it in not mnch freqnented in the height of winter.

This ~ n t t ? has been taken from a vernacular work on the Biahehr chiefship written by Extra Assistant Commissioner Shamlal. f

TEle ~ n k e e l of the Rajasof Sishehr (Slmb Hill States) in attendance on tho Agent h the Lieutenant Governor Cis-Sntlej Statea, reports that the Rampoor merchant9 t d i n g with Changthan ( G b or Gartoo or Gardokh,) toke theYh.1Lhur mdte (the a h v e mate).

Nw.-The syatsrn of orthography the same es in Nos. I und I A.

E~TIMATBD PIBTANCP IN E08.

--- REMABK~.

--

7 , 8- aacent and dewent all the war. River Sutlej crowed on s bri'dge. A village in a n&w defile. The ZumindPts fu&h aupplia. Water in bund dance.

,Routs No. IV A. .Born &ndi oiB $&, ~ a t n p r and Shipki to Qaro.

i& pagu 62, 63 bad 64 tf'BpM. . ' ' I,

1

I ' In darge if Kaslcmip Serie4.

J

., .* Names of

, P ~ E

, - . .

XaG.

~o.rnand, ... Bqoura ... Laii. . ... Plaah, ... Rsraui, ... dular. ... 1;:1,1ip11r, ... ( nor^, ..

. ... P ~ r n I ~ a n , ... Tr:rnrla. ... Snch:tr, ... ('hrpnon, , ('hini, p,. •

llanSi. ... l:nr:~ny, ... .Tmifi, -. 1 1 1 1 m ... S11:t.o. ... : 1 1 n ... S n n i , j n , . ... . Sliipl<i, ... St in,

- ..., 3l : ;un~, ... SII. ... l i lnkh, ... l i i n i p ~ , .. . l;fil:Gm, .... Shnn-4, ... slt~:lll~, # I .

('nrnp. ,.. ( ' n m p , ....

cTEwtimated distance in

milm.

- 7.

112 :! '15

pa

- 6 .

~2 C 243

I. . , ,

,

- 9 s 9" '

( 1 : I

I

C

,g#.. BE netrid.

1 - I

.: . . ' i t .

1 Mandi, ... , ,2. Bd6 ...-

'. .a'," , as. , .. . . A , do.

6. & . 6 Knnawur, ...

.,(!9 1 ,. do. . : 8 . . . do. ,..8 ,do. . t

,;a3 do. lb . . ,,,+. 12 do.

, 7 1 3 , ; .& ,' . ' - ' 1134,.r.; :.do.. .

16 do. 16.: 4 , do. ,

. m , do. -

22 Chinem territory. 23 I ::: 24 25 do. .

. .

~leki~s.' ' '

I - , . , , ! 1 , , 4 , .;. ; ; .I

I

. . . . I -

C- the Chd 4 I

Croon the S d i . , . . . I - ; -

, , 1 . , : . I . , .

C r m the Sntlej at Q ~ u c ~ .

- I I ' . . I

I

( I .

i ' . ..,

Crwing a bib pass.

28 .. ,27

28 ..as 30.

. 81 .

. Hb. . .da ,

. do. . d o . . da

.

. 381 _.I

(::u. (Gnncu), ..: , .do. .. ' . . Wiukr enoaa)pmmt. .

. . I. .i ., . I .

( t , .

nrd. .lP B. Pmn &%di aid h l 4 , R a m p r nb t& Xiobrang

pajr ; to Tsafrang and Qar (Yarsa).

22 Tibet, I

20

21

23 1 ditto. ..

ditto,

ditto, ..

27 1 ditto,

24

25

26

28 ditto, I

, ,ditto, , .. ditp,

ditto,

Nama of Bstimated

Remark

29

34

dland5.

Dabling, ' ... Reeahee 2elpoo,

Tabak, ... Zamseereb, ... Zeemchiq ...

I

Bekhpr, ( ... camp, .. . Karbuk, ...

I t Poling, , ...

I

Tseprang, , ... Totling. , ...

I

Gar (Yana), ... I

fih. ,

ditto,

8 .

Crossing a high ~ S M . ' Ehkmner efdm$memt.

1

Hm-w &another rmta by the Bwpa nver to the math of the Kiob-

pas+, The Buspa route ~;ejoins route No. 4 at Barbuk (26) sfter croaeing a high I

P- b I

APPENDIX XgIV.-Omti9+q?d. Rat& No. IP. ,O. Gerard's h?oute from S k h to Shipki, &g tRs

hank oJ the Sutlcj. 5

See pages 62 ,63 and 6 4 of h?eport.

RZXARXS.

I

* (15,095 feet). Separates Cham from Kunawnr.

('hn~rnng p, 13,139 feet).

Went a mile out of their way to risit the Namptoo Gangha, s wooden bnd acroes the Sutlej river, 106 gt b m d ;' bridge 78.

Qam between Kunawm md Chinese dominions, 13,518 feat.

ESTIX ATBD DISTANCE I N YILEB.

1 3

10

11

8

13

26

. 1 0 '

" 2

8)

1% I

1 13)

6

8 '

1

6f

9

9

Xo.

-.

-

.

- a

'

NAXES OF PLACES.

Simh to Bunnee, ... BnnneetoPnlans,, ... Podsos to Kotkhaiee, ... Kotkhdee to Gujijndee, ... Gujyndee to Koom, ... xobroo to. Julgleag, (3

marches), ... Jangleeg to Moondoor, ... Moondoor to Broang Pam,+

Pam to Broang village, . . . Broang to Pooaree, .. . Pooaree to Ripe, ... Biape to Murung, .. . l t f bmg lfo ~ i s k g , ... Nisung to bed of 4 moun-

tain torrent, crorsing two mountains of 1'2,000 and

-- B,4,000 feet. p e n c e to Dabling, ... I

Dabling to Numgeea, ,.. , Numgeea to Shipki, (Lat. 31°38; Long. 78O48 ;

. 14527 M), tfaroo, 11 marchee frdm spipki.

cclxxiv

APPENDIX XX1V.- Contitaued.

(Sd) T. G. XONTGOMEUY, Captain, Engineers, 1st Ashiant G. II S u r v y pflndia,

In charge of XashmCr Eerie#.

Boyte A-0.P. l?. B o r n Mandi, vid X618, .i%Rul a n d &ti, to Rudok.

Seepages 62,63 and 64 of Report.

%. : 8 $2 $5 =

1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 do. Ilumdun, ... .., 20 do. Kurpunchnng, ... 21 do. Choksum, ... 22 do. .' Deloche. ... 23 do. g ~ a r n p under and east

ot'poss, 24 Chanthan, i; Do. west i f I .- .' P ~ s , ... 25 do.

8 . .

28 do. Camp, ...

" k , C m p , a , .

Churkang, ... 31 do. Ruksum, ... 32 do. Deskit, ... 33 do. 1 Rudok, ...

I HAL TINE^^^^^^$ IN MILES.

12 16 10 14 9 ...

..,

...

NAME os DISTBICT.

Xandi.

Mandi, Killli,

do. do. do. do.

Lahoul, do.

Spiti,

do. do. do. do. do. do.

Tsotso, \ f do.

\

~ E X A R K E .

. -

Cross tho Humta pass.

Cross the Kulzum La (pass).

Village of 12 houses.

... ..,

...

...

NAXBS OF PLACES.

------- Xandi.

Karnand, ... Ijajoura, .. . Sultanpre, ... Nu,y,nur, ... d iipt.~ilk, . . . Glmza Pattar, ... Sutlehhct. ... Shigrighati, ... Knlzdrnghati, ... Lohuar, ... PImo, ... K u jeh, ... Dpkar , (fort), ... h i , ... Kuling, .. . Kuri, ... .. .

Cross the Budpo La, (a very high ppass).

Encampment.

Crossing tho Ser- shnng Pass.

Cross tho K&ka La (pass).

APPENDIX XXIV.- Co9ati~zued.

Iloufe ATo. IV. E. B o n z Nnndi, Zy Tadikong, to Gar (Yarsa)'.

Route No. IV. 3'. &om iUanS, via Ckini nnd Kuri, to Rudok.

%

2 5 2 ,' C 44 - 25 26 27

(Sd.) T, G. ~ ~ O N T ~ ~ X B E I E , Captain, Enginem,

1st Assistant G. T. Survey of India,

IIE cflargc of Kaslmrir Scricr.

N ~ M E OF UISTBICT.

d

...

...

...

Maizdi.

2H 29 30

REXABES.

tVintcr Encampment.

I XAXES OP I I I L T I I G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

13 11 1 5 l(i 17 18 19 30

21 2.2

23

40

PLACES.

--- Tashikong, ... Langnar, ... GBr, (Gunsa), ...

I N UILER.

... Summer Ena~npmept .

... Cxmp, ...

... / DO., ... . . . Gar, (Parsa), .. .

Kunnwnr, ' Chini. ... do. Pan$, ... do. 1 Jun$ra, ... do. I Irerprr, ... do. Tapung, ... do. I ~ m g n s m . .. . do. Rarr:o, .. .

...

10 10

R R 10

...

...

do.

do. do.

Cross the Oomtg-ghati.

Cross the Ramgridge.

C r o s ~ tho Spiti Birer ' by brickc.

Cron the &gang

Nacko, ... Chango, ... Chnngar, or (Chang-

rrzing), . La (pass).

Cross the Zunpm Rivm bv a nstmd bridgo of qranite. '

See Route No. fV D.

Tilwt (Tsotso), Cllincso Tcr- ritory, ...

...

K G , ... ,,

R ~ d o k , I.. ...

APPENDIX XX1V.- Contiftued. Route No. 7. Prom Srmugur (Caeimir) to La i n Ludaklr,

vid fib.

Romarka by Major Cunningham, on the state of this route.-& " C*nnkg. A d ; Lndakh," page 148.

The road from Cashmir traverses nearly the whole extent of Ladak from

went to east, from the Seoji L a ( '' Zoj La" ) a t the head of the Dras river, to Lo.

Fmm the Cwhmarian P a w i t follows the course of the D m river to its junc-

tion with the Sooroo river, up which i t proceeds as far as Knrgyil. From thouce i t

sscenda the Purik valley, past the fort and town of Paskyurn (Pooshkum) as far

8s Waka (Wukha), where i t leaves the Waka river and crosses the Nalnyika Pa-.

(13,000 feet) to the bed of the Kanji river. Thence over the Photo La, (k'utoo La)

an ensy pass, (13,240 feet) to the village of Lamn Yurru (Lama Yuroo), from mliich

it follows the course of the Wanla-chu to its junction with the Indue. Below the

bri* of Khallach (Khulchee), where i t crosses the river to its t ight bank. From

this point i t ascends the Indus, past the villages of NGrla, Saspnl, Bazgo and

Nyimo to Patik, where i t leaves the river and turns to the north-enst for a few

miles to the city of Le. The whole distance froin Cuhmir is 228 miles.

" I have h v e U e d this road myself, and I can vouch for its being one of tho most

excellent and moat easy routes to be found tliroughout the Alpine Punjab. I t is

.passable from March till November, when i t is closed by the vsdt masJes of snow that

accnmulate on the Cashmir side of the Seoji La (Zoj la) and which render the pnnsage

very dangerons, both in March and April as wull as in November. The greater portion

of this road which lies in Lndak was made by Zorawar Singh after the conquest

of the wnntry in 1834. The large bridge over the Ind t~s at Khallach (Khulchee), as

well as the rmaller bridges on thi road over the Wanla, Kanji, RTaka, Sdr6 and Dds

rivers, were all built by the energetic invaders, who knowing the valul of good com-

municatiom havesince kept them in excellent repair. No road can well be worse than

the few marches on the Cashmnrian side of the pass, which are still in tlic samo

state as described by Izzatulla in 1812 A. D.: ' the road i~ di5cult and rocky,

so a# to be impassable to a mounted traveller.'

Thi is the m a t tkeqnented of all the roads into Ludnkb, with pcrlinps t b

mingle exception of the northern line from Ysrknnd to LC."

APPENDIX XX1V.-Boecte No. 7-Continued; 5?h following ta6le dew8 tbhe nume8 and diatancse of the s t ages jhn

Cashmir to Le.

- - C _ - - -

1 Gandarbal, (Gundurbul), I By Major llontgomerie's

Route Map, ...

ERTLXATED DIRTAXCE M MILES.

REXAEXB.

93

14

- - - - Left hunk of Sindh river, (A

l u r ~ e villnge on the border of the Caahmeer v~alley. Cbatom ehorrr kee. Good lev4 road.)

\

2

3

h'angan, (Kungun), ...

Surbara, (" Soorphirao,") ' I Right ditto. (Between this and h'o. 4, a large village, Ooondsir Singh, also a halting place).

4

5

I Ditto. Foot of pnss. (Foot of the ' I Zoj La" I'nss. No habitation. A house for trat-ellen).

9.g

Gagangirl (Gugungeer),

From 2 to 4 according to Major Montgomerie's Route' Map, . . .

6

Right bank ditto. (Between Knngun and Gnndnrbnl, there is a lu~ge rilluge in which travellers so~netiuies put up, d l e d " Xoonur").

SonGmarg, (Soonamurg),

According t o Route Map,

Bhltal, (Bdtul),

... I

lo'

21

7

8

Right ditto. (A s~nall village on the slope of the Gugnngeer hill. Iload stony, itnpasssble to a mounted trave\\er. CUB- toms clroukee). .

7g

10

9

10

Right ditto. (A village i n s -1- ley full of verdure and tiowern.)

Maten, ... ('I Mutayun "), ...

Dras, .. Also '( Hembab," . Jasgund, ... (Thusgam ?) ... KharbG, . . .

(Khurboo),

15 2 (19)

11k (13)

crow the Sqji La (Paas) (" Zoj La" 11,300 feet, covered with ' perpctunl snow).

Left bank of Draa river. (A Fort.) ,

79 (16) 126

On the left bank (opposite).

On tho right bank (ditto). (b cend the Iihurboo Pass).

, .

APPENDIX XX1V.-Route 1Vo. P- Continued.

Kargyil, .., (" Kurgil "),

From 9 to 11 according to Major M!e Route Yap,

Molbil, ... ( M o o l h ) ,

Nos. 11 to 18, ...

I Heskii, ... (Henuskoot),

Lama Ylird . . . (Lama Yuroo),

I From No. 14 to 18, ...

ESTIMATED DISTANCE REXAEK~. IN MILES.

At jr~nrtion of Waka (Kukha) & Si r J rivern. (A Thana. A fort ; a bridge over the Swrw river).

Left bunk of Waka (Wukha) river. (A large rillage. Retween Kurpil and Mwlboo (13) 1s a village called " Shurghwl " where travellers put up).

Right ditto.

C m s the h'amyika Pass (Shnuh. ' l a name of the mountain. Churnk or ascent up t,he pass. Tukchee a halting place within Charak and Hesku).

Right bank of Kanji river.

Crmn the Photo La Pass, (" Fr~too La"). (Abde of Lamas, and monastery, held in much reverence by the Bhotees).

1 7

18

I From No. 17 to 19, . ... 1 (16) 1 - 19

Khallach, ... (Khulchee),

Niula, (Noor La), ..,

Hemistokpo, ... I 8# 1 Ditto. (Abode of r Lama). (Hemcheetokhpho),

5 Cross the Indrw by bridge. (A large village, Thuna and fort. Customa post).

Right bank of Indus. (A largo villnge on the slope of the Nwrla hill).

cclxxix

APPENDIX XX1V.-Route No. P- Concludecl.

NoTI?.-T~~ agstcm of o r t h o ~ p h y used in the version of name8 i n the addi- tions within parenthesis throughout the above Route is the same IUI tllat followed in Routes I nnd I A.

CLI o

2

rn -

20

21

22

23

ENTIMATED IIISTANCE IN MILES.

-----

8

17

11 +

11'

(21)

--- 228

NAMES OF PLACEB.

Swp~l , .. . (Suspllool),

Bazqo, ... (Buzgooh),

From 19 to 21, ...

Than?, ... (Taroo),

L6, ...

From No. 21 to 23, ...

ToTA" "'

REMABKS.

-

Ditto. (A large village in t h e Susphml valley).

Ditto. ( A large villnge in n fertile valley, forlnerly tbe seat of the Ludnkh Government, before the invanion of Ludakh by the Kilmuks (Sookpn*) in 1686. A. D., or l7G yeam ago). Nyeemo a large village between h'w. 21 and 23, LC). ,

Ditto. (A small village).

Ditto. (Pitak, a village between Nos. 22 and 23).

t

243 miles according to Mnjor Montgomeria's Route Map. Fm laden animals, this route is paasable for 7 months. Je th to I'oh. (May to November.)

. l o r foot travellers, for 10 months ; being closed in Chetur ant1 Byeakh, (Fcbrunry, March, ~ p r i l ) .

I

NOTE.-Tho syutem qf orthography the arrmo in huts I and I A.

APPENDIX XX1V.- Contittuect. Chatisan by S a k h t ~ .

EEHARKS. ,

--

A large village in Ludakh.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Uuinhabited.

A plain.

Boundary of Ludakh.

Plain, inmudokh.

A large village, where there is a monastery.

A village.

People live in tents.

Ditto.

Road passable from Harh to Kutuk, June to Octo- ber, 5 months.

Le to

DISTANCE IH KOS.

15

12

11

8.

15

15

10

12

18

0

1%

20

8

-- 152

. 7

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

11

12

13

?

B u t a No. FI. Prom

NAME OF STAGE.

- - Sakhtee, . . . Trhchce, .. . Purma, ... Chhooshul, ... Rulma, . . . Uubchoon, ... Phookchee, ... Doomhook, .. . Tashigam, ...

Lamur, ... Gurgoonsa, ... Numroo, .. . Gurdokh or CUO, .. .

Total, ... 0

APPENDIX XX1V.- Route ATo . YII. P~i-orn ZTmriteur to Sresn*

Zufunval,

Saidgurh,

Jummoo,

No. 1 NINE OF S n o ~ .

Dunshal,

B a r ~ u n ,

Dlar~xcx IN KO@.

Chinenee, oliaa Chundu- nw, ...

Dunamund, ... Nasumuna, called also

Rambund, ...

- Conthtred. 7ur by J i m w and Bana3d.

REXABKE.

After cnming the Ravee.

A large village.

Tuhseel in Zillr Sinlkot.

Between h'oa 6 and 7 tbere is a place called Bishna in J uiurncm territory. where tra- vellern sometima put up. Crog the Tuwee.

Steep ascent. Between Ros. 7 and 8, N a p t , ahalting place, about 7 lniles fro111 Jommw.

A large village. A fort in poe- manion of Raja Qijindur C%nnd.

A choukee. The Ddril Lnd psm~, I crossed between Bsrylur and

Chinenee. I

In the Ilaks of Chinenee. C r o s s s ~

A vil lqe in Kashtwar. A CUO- tom house. Cross the Chenab by a mpe bridge from Mitree to '' Nasumuna" liond to t h ~ place. along the right bank of river is narrow, scarcely nl- lowing an animal to go along it. A few Jxuta here, md a Oovernment store house. .

In the Banihal l 'urpnnab. A BIodeekhanq psar and e m t 0 1 ~ house. Across the Nonokot p. A steep difficult arcent. l i d road.

;'a Boute Map.

APPENDIX XX1V.-Boute No. PZI-- Cont iwd .

No. DI~TAXCE m KOS.

I Vcmw. . . . 12 miles according t c

Route Nap.

C m Bichlaree stream a t one ruile by a woocleu bridge he- jon(1. A11 a ~ c e n t for + mile, and then descent of I t u~iles to the Bichluee, which is w i n crowed hy a wooilon bridge; a t 10 miles yasa " Chhumbul Mas," where the ascent up the Ranihal paw commences and is easy to this place. " Deogol " is a neat vill- with a Governulcnt atore houne. Water from mall stream. A customs choukee.

nnp.)' t1023 A. H. (A. D. 1606). J u h a n ~ e e r Shah (son) of U k b w

7k

.

. - shah;

Raised this edifice to the skies ; The writer found i tsdate (thus), h e magnificent palace of the

Vumag epring.

In the Sreenngnr Ilaka The first tivc mil along the pans. which i~ a b x t 2 miles wide, passing the villnges of Deresk- pnor,VisharLanlre,andChnree. (thelatterngooclvillage),thenee an nbrt~pt uscent to the mmnlit of the Bsnihal Pas , 9,200 feat, and n descent of 5 miles to Ver Nng, where is the sonrce of the river "Jhelum." A Government ntore house.

The Emperor Juhangeer built a gnrdcn nnd U~radaree, &. here ; the building stands with the followi~~g inscription on it, showing the dste of the building :-

" Uz Juhangeer Shah-i-Ukbnr Shah,

g' Een bina snr knshed bur nf- lak ;

" Rani-i ak1 yaft tnreekhnsh, " Kusr abad chushmuh-i " Vur-

I

I n Major Montgomerie's Robte Nap tho dilrtnnce between Dnnehal, No. 8, and Deogol. No. 1.4 is 65 miles : that here given is 87 kos = 60 miles.

t According to the " Uhjud " system.

APPENDIX XXIV,-Raute Na. 711-.Conclr&d

Nom.-From Jnmmm to Sreenngur by Banihd according 'toMajm MoFgome- -156's Route Mnp, 149 milea.

Do. do. ss h&e given 88 kae = 160 milea

QEKERAL REMARKS.

BEMAEKE.

----- A huge town, in which shawl

weaving is condncted to a large exbent. A customs choukee, Kllnnabnl. Path along valley amidst cnltioat'ka. Ford % or 3 rapid streams, &ich are difficult to crw after nin. Snpplien abundant. A wooden hridge a c r m the Jhelum. Thero are several npringu of water. Between Vernag and lelamahd there isa small tom. Shahahad, at thesouth-east end of the valley of Caahmecr.

Bosh are alwaya to he had a t Islamabad, and from thence Sreenngur may be reached in 12 or 15 hours. The r o d rnns down right bank of Jhelurn, a d is em?. A wooden bridg6 across Jhclum a t Rijbihara, a small town Snppliea procnra- ble.

Doun right bank of Jhelam te Sreenngur. Road good CW- toms choukeea of Mmuoonm and Soonawar, for imports by water and land.

This route from Jummoo, No. 7, tn Vemag, Xu 16, is very dilftcnlt, passing through a rnonntalnoos conntq, with steep sscenta snd descente. The Noonookot I ~ R , NO. 13, is the moat diffimlt. Snow perpetual. Of all the routea leading from %he Punjab to Sreenngnr thin is the most difficult, though the shorteat and moat direct from Umritsur, inipaeaablo for laden animals.

h d s carried by cooleea from No. 7 to 16. N. 8.-This is the route by which the Maharqja is anxiona that all rnerchan-

&ae h r n Jumrnoo or rather Punjab to Sreenngur should pass. XOTE.-This route is p a s ~ b l e for foot hvellera nearly all the year round. N. B.-Thc ~ystcm of orthography the sarac tu in h u t e s Xos I and 1 A.

I

DIBTXXCE IN KOB. --

10)

7b

10

. lm

--

No.

96

17

18

NAME (YF STAGE.

--- 1~1amzbad, ... Milcs 17 accordirrg t o

~ O U ~ C Map.

Vintcc poor, ... Niles 17 according to

nouto Xap.

f3reennpr, . . . Miles 18 according to

Route Map. 5

TOM, ...

APPENDIX XX1V.-Continue&

TAKEN FROM TEE PUNJAB ROUTE BOOK.

Bwta NO. 7111. Am Goojrat to Sreenugur by Bhimhv a r J

.Peer Puq'd range.

R ~ ~ a s 9 a

- ~n i L ~ o o j y a ~

In ~ i l b hoirab. A amalp town,

In Jnmmoo territory. Two nulas u n b r i w , in t h e

Jummoo territory. This place a t foot of low hiUa on the chief r o d from this part of the h n - jab to Sreenugur, Cashmew.

For 3 mitea of the valley of . t he Rhilnbur sbresm, then an ascent up the " Adeetak," or ‘I Adeeduk," for 3 miles, steep and rather difficuh for horsea Men. This place is in a smalk valley ; supplies scarce. Water &om stream. Uood ground for a w-

Firat S miles %at and easy, then ascent up a steep snnd-stone hill, and descent into the Noul rhuhra valley. b a d tolerrrby- good. Suppliee procurable. HIP- ter from h'oushuhrn river, which runs p t village. Encamping ground good.

Path mns up the vaney of t h e Noushuhrn river, m o a t of the way to Chungas. It is bad in places. ~uppliea scarce. wa te r from river. No encamping ground on this side, bnt fair ground on the opposite bank. (Now in ruine).

E~TWTED DISTUCE m hams.

--- 10

9

8

10

18

9

l2+

1%

No.

- 1

%

8

4

, .

5

6

N-8 OF STAOES.

D o u l ~ t a n ~ ~ ... Kotla Kukralq . . . Bhimbur, ...

Syuilabacl ~ ~ W Z W , .. . In&lajar Montgomerie'a

Route Map, ...

Noushuhrs, ... ' In Route Map, ...

Chungus Snrae, ... In Route Map, ...

-

APPENDIX XX1V.-Route No. 71111 Continued.

No.

Rajouree, alias " Ram- - poor," , ... In aoutc Map, ...

ESTIMATED DISTANCE I* YILHS.

k 1 . EEXABKS. ,

Blthram gula,

In Route Map,

' 8

ny crossing river twice, tho march is shortened, but i t b- cotnee too deep after lniddle of Aprik to emee I ~ l e a - enilnalr This is a slnall town, on right hank of Xowhuhra r irpr; euppliea plentiful. Wnter from stream. Shali~nnr garden, built by the EmpoWlr J u h a M e r . still in:eristence thongh insruins

Thunna, .. . In Route Map, ...

A stif ascent For 5 mbes qp the " Ilutun Peer," or Rutnn l'unjnl. Descent through k pine and l~orse eheasnat for&. Sup- lies procur&lel Hilln op all s ~ d e s high.

12

14

Path up a stream, which is croued almut 20 t i m e ; ppss Chinimur nt one mile ; r w d In- dilferent. This village is deserted in winter on uccourit of its elevation. Supplies procarable. Uacl encamping ground.

I I.

Cross river h'oashura, or 'Ra- jouree, one mile a11ove town by fibrd, and up left 1)ank alqost to this place. Supplies procurable.

One route branches off fmn this point to Pounch 1

Cross Peer Punjal Piw. Ascent s t e e ~ fur ahout 2 111ile.s. Height of ;ass 11,000 feet. In the &;lY part of May snow lies up to this place. AII old Sam., Supplies and fuel very scarce. h c a m p - ing ground good when enow has melted.

cclxxxvi

APPENDIX XX1V.-Route No. P I I i b Co?acZuded.

NOTE.-The d i c e from Bhimbur td Sreenuyur according to the Bouta Book ir 128 miles. I

Ditto according to wor Montgomerie's Route Map is 150 miles.

According to the Route received from Csshmeer, it in 76 km = 106 mila.

No.

11i

12

13

14

15

16

This route is paeeablo for 7 ~ 0 n t h s from Jeth to Mugghw, (Nay to November.) .

NAMES OF STAQEB.

- - - - I n Rou te Map, Dubchee,

o r ' Dnbjun,- . ...

Hirepoor, ... I n Rou te Map, . ..

Shoopyun, ... I n Rou te Map, ...

R ~ ~ o o , .. .

K h m p o o r Sur& ...

S r e e r m p r , . . . In Route Map, .. .

TOTAL, ...

I ' E~TIMATEQ

DISTANCE REMARKS. IN MILES.

8

l2 ' 5 0

9

6

10 13

-- 147

Sh&in Forest.

Descent easy and path goad. Cross '' Rumiara" strem, a few miles abwe this place. Sqplies . procwBle.

Rod good adn b e l , debouch- . ing into the valley of Cashmeer at thin place. IA conakhrable town. Supplies plentiful.

Cross stony bed of the Rumiam stream. h t h flat and easy. ~ n d might 1- m d e practicable for guns with umy little labor. Supplies scanty.

R o d god , over an open cmn- try. A few houses here. Sup- plies procurable.

Road good, acro~s open flat country. I'ass village of Kimle- poor& 3 miles before reaching town. l'or the last 4 mil$ the road rum along the bank of the Doodgungq a wide, but fordable atream. The river Jhelu~n runs thronoh t o m and is crossed by 7 bridges. The pslaoe a d a portion of town at this oide.

APPENDIX XXN.- Continwd

Bolcts No. IX. Prom Um93'tcrtK to Sreentyuc by Ekhnaol. I b E e n fm tlra Punjab Route Bwk, #c.

- No.

Raja banee, or Jundra ke Baolee, . . .

NAMES OF STAGES.

- - - - -

Fmm Umritnur to Bale- pind, ...

Camp on the Ravee, ... Mulhoke, ... Kulalwala, ... Bideepoor, ... Sialkot, .. . ... ... ...

A v i l l qa A p d u a l ancent the whole march ; at 4th mile t h e pnth lien up stony bed of mountain atream (dry exrept after ruin,) to this place. Hilla low and

I covered with thick jungle. Water very p l e n t i . No m p p l i ~ .

Baruk Paonee, Path indifferent. Crws a semt - ed elevated ridpe df sand.stene, before enterinehe Paoaee vallev; a large v i l l m situated fertile

ESTIMATED DIBTANCE IN MILES.

10

1;

12

18 10 12

Ch6l6, ... (below village in bed of stream.)

RXXAEKS.

- 7 .

I 1 Gl mila.

1 I

I

In Jummoo territory.

I stream. ~b im&a

valley: 8uppliea and water abundance.

Customs cboukee.

A &iff rrscent over a rugged hill. PRth execmhly bad, nnd almost impracticable for ladeu animals. H ~ l f mile hegond the summit pssa Chountru (a few houses), and half mile beyond i t the village of ChQlk, containing only a few houses. A ~ t e e p dencent -from last numed village to bed of stream. A fair plam for encemoinn. Water from

cclxgxviii

APPENDIX XXIV.-Route No. IX-Contit~ued

EEXABKS. \

- --

The path, thin march, lies rtp the bed of the stream, which is croeeed innumerable times. Pass Owndill at 3+. and Heet at 6) miles, (both small villages without supplies). The last 2 miles of march exceedingly W for laden animals, up a rugged ~ c e n t rovered with jungle. A few houses here. No euppliea.

A very steep w e n t dnring the early part of march, path very bad. It then runs along the high ridge for 8 milea, and dea- cends 2 miles to this place. Fuel and water, but no supplies.

Descend for 3t miles by a bad path, croas a stream and mend li miles up to this place. A' large village with a good deal of cultivated ground near. En- camping ground fair. Snppliea plentiful. A small square baa- tioned fort with a small garriaon. Ragawar reached in one long or two ahort marches.

Scattered honsar and cnltivo. , tipn on the hill sides. Paes

Rarbt (a few houses) a t 2 miles. Path atony and bad. No sap- plier here. Water from atream. very limited. Encamping ground.

A very stiff ~soent for the fitat It miles. Beyond that the path is good and easy for abont 3 milea, then a ~ t e e p descent of 800 or 1,000 feet to thin place. No nuppliea Wood and water a short diahnca Camp a t abont 9,600 or 10,000 feat elevation.

NO,

45

I

6

!

7

8

9

NAMES OF STAGES.

- Nm, ...

Bhugolee, .. .

Boodil, ...

Abeed, ...

DelG, ...

E~TIXATED DISTANCE IN XILX8.

12

8

.

6

7 .

-

No. IX- Chtlntied.

REMAUK~,

--

A steep ascent of about 1,600 feet a t c o m m e ~ m e n t ~ of march. Then about 4 miles along a bare hill side, stany in places, to the foot of pms. As- cent for ahout 2 milea by a steep z i p a g path. Summit may be about 12,000 feet more or leas, descent ensy, and except for a short W n c e gradual. Camp near some large stones near n stream. Wood and water, but no supplies.

A t 23 miles paw a mund house occupied by a few aepoya in summar. Path in fair, and there ia a gradual descent t11ronp;hont march. From 4t to 7 t miles through B Pibe f& The viRage of Siddoo is prused at this side of it. A small town

.here with supplies plentiful. A t the entrance of valley of Cash- meer.

See No. 14 of preceding route.

SeeNo. 15 of ditto ditto.

See NO. 16 of ditto ditto.

This mute is not recommended. Difficult in many place3 for I d e n animals, though much used by traders coming from the Ukhnoor direction into Cashmeer. It is passable for seven months,

Jeth to Mugghur. (May to November).

APPENDIX ,XX N.-Route

No.

9

10

ESTIMATED N w s OF STAGES. DISTANOE

IK,MIJ,ES. I --I X S m Gt~rhee, ... 14

Shipeeon, . . . 11

I Rmoo, ... Khanpoor Surai, . . . Sreenugur, .,.

1

T O T ~ DIBTAFCE, . . . ,

Q

6

10

-

208

'

APPENDIX XX1V.- Conlit~uccE. Rotlta No. IX. Prom i3-mrifsur to Sreenuggur hy Ukknoor and Rajource.

%ken from Major Iliontgomerie'r Route Xap.

I I IN MILES.

Ukhnoor, ... Tai~da, Dub, or Dubnee ke huthi;

-I - - Umritsur to Sialkot, . . . Chuprar, . . . Gujunsoo, . .

Thunda panee, . ,. Dliurmsal, ... Sial Sooee, . . .

--- 64 13 10

Rajouree, ...

Thunna, . . . Buhram gula, ... Poshiana, ..,

Uliabad Surai, .. ,

Ford the Tnwee river, 4 mile8 from Chuprer.

Cross the CLcnab by boat. Very stony. Very stony up and down ra-

vines, last lucent and dcsccnt steep.

Road good. 1:onil good. Cross Rome low hills. Road good. Cross two rivers

and one deep range.

Road good. Cross some large strenms.

Iloud good. Cross one large stream.

C r w tho Rutunpeer, about 8,200 feet.

Up a mvine, crossing and w- crossing river, hy 20 to 30 bridges. Camp in mvinc, I& milw cast of villalge.

Cross the Pear Panjal, 11,400 feet above sea.

8 She& in Forest.

6 S u m nnd villagc.

- 6 I Baradwee near villngc.

I TOTAL, ... \ 259 1

NoTB.-T~~ system of orthography na in Routes I and I A.

APPENDIX XXlV.- Continued.

dEoutr? No. X. Prom Perhalour to hanugur (&pitat of h h m m )

. @ Huraepow, Moozufurabad and Baramook.

APPENDIX XX1V.-&ate No. 8- Continued.

.Ma& aoad to Hwara B o n t b r . Prom Hurripoor to Xoeuffuralad.

T a k a frorps the Punjab Route Book.

NO.

1

2

a

4

5

13

7

N a m e OF STAOEB.

--__c

Chumbah, .. .

Abbottabad, ...

Manghul, ... ,

Maneeyra, * ...

Outur Sheenha, ...

Gurhee Hubeeboolla, . ..

Moozderabad, ...

Total, .. .

DIBTUCEB

Miles.

12

10

8

10

m

RRMARKB.

---------

The Dobr river is cmsaed about 3 miles before entering t h e Sulhud Paas. Rcing a mountain stream. i t in only an obstacle aRer heavy and continued rain. The mad from Kotah ks kubbdr, ut the entrance of the Sulhud PEW, to Ahhottabad, b carried along the hill side, and ia 20 feet wide.

1 A good made road. This road leads to Kpshmir. Gurhee Hubeeboolla is the frontier town of Hazara. It hps s Thana and R u n e b e l o n g - ing to the Deputy Commis- 1- sioner of Hazam, which may be wed by travellers. The Khan of Ourliee Hubcebool-

I Is is one of the principal chiefs of Hazan ; his town is on the lek hank of the river Rynao~kh, which in m e e d by a bridge. A t Mansegra there is a fort, con-

I taiping Tehseel and Thana. and a semi for travellers. Mulw hired at Hubeeboolla should not be taken beyond

J Moozofferabad.

From anrhee Hubeeboolls the track is a rough one. through l~i l ls and the bedl of streams. K i s h e n p n ~ a crossed by a bridge, which in only P tight rope, but s boat rlro

11 plies.

67

APPEPU'DIX XX1V.-Bozde No. X- Co~tcZ~ded. A Hill Roadpracticnble for laden hwses. Born dlboru$irratad to

1 NAME^ OF S T A ~ E ~ .

Srrenugur.

DISTASCE IN

8 maes.

lo "

16 ,,

] 2

15 ,, 18 2,

10 ,, 10 ,, * 8 ,, 15 ,, 1' 3,

1 ,, 11 ,, 17 ,,

,

114 miles.

67 ,,

98 ,, -

279 miles.

of burden

- 1

2

3 4

5

6

7 8

9

10

9

' ' REXABKE.

----___ _-L_

M~znffurnhnd is aitnated near the cotlfluence of Jhelum and I i i ~ l ~ o n g o n p rivera. It contains nbot~t 4,000 honser. There is a ferry acrosa the Jlielum nnd a s\r ~ n g i ~ t g bridge across tlie l i is l~i~ngunpa This is merely u cubtom- chookee.

There is a rope bridge acroa tlte Jltelu~n here. A guod bunr. SnypIies plentiful.

Pam Doputta fort a t 1 mile. Sttppliss sent)..

A fort ltere. Supplies pm- curnblo.

Sttppliea from Shahdera + mile 05.

A stiff march, pas9 0or;o on opposite bnnk half way. Sup- plies procurable.

&ad g d Supplies procurable.

~ o d g d , s t i l l pursuing courae of river. A g t ~ d town at the entrance into the valley of Kash- mere. Supplies plentiful. The town is on right bank of Jhelum.

A level r o d along vlr~ley of Ka,l,n~cre. Snpplieu procurable.

A level mat1 along ~ ~ ~ l l e y of K~shtneer. Srrenugur in tho ranpita1 ,lf liwsl~~iteer, and con- tnitta sbont Y00;000 inhabitants.

108 ~ttilcr from Mmzufurpbad to Sreenugur, according to Y* jor Montgou~erie's Route Nap.

' I '. (Tattoos, mules) all the yew round.

--- -- From Moozufurabad to

Lungurpoora, . . .

IIuttccan, '.' From NO. 1 h NO. 2

according to Major Montgomerie's Itoutr Map, ...

Kotee, Knthaic,+ 1:: h Zearut, near Shahdera,

ayngul, .-- I n Major Montgomc-

ric'ti Iloute Map, ... Peerun, . . Raramoola, . .

From N o . 6 to 8 in Route Map, .. .

Puttun, ... accordinyto Route ?dap.

Srcciiugur, ...

Total from Moozufura- 11,141 to Srrr~iiugur, ...

Tot:rl from IIureeyoor to JLoozu furabad, ...

Total from l'eshnwur to kiureepoor, .. .

Total from Peshawur t o Srceiiugur, ...

SOTS.-This route is paasable for beasts

I

TAB& -

No,

- -

-

3: 5

ocxciv

Route Hap.

REXARKS.

- I--

Crow the Jhelum.

Strep ascent.

- I

Another staging place between Ooree and Uarr Moola, called b n i a r , distunce not known.

from Rnwulpindee.

Wo;

1

I

The ~ y s t e m of orthography, tlic same PY in. Rguks I and I A.

Taken from illajor B i i fgomer ie ' s

N u g e OP BTA~SB.

- - - Fn oar R A W U L P ~ D X E TO

Bharakoul ... Chuttur or Seela, ...

DISTANCX IN LIILEs.

1 I 40

Trehut, ... ~ n r r e d , ...

Dewul, (Fort), ... Gohnlun Ferry, ... Dunna, ... Mairs. ... Chuliar, ... Hutthian, ... Cllukotee, ... Ooree, ... Noushera, ... Bara Moola: ...

Puttun, ... Sreenugur, ...

Totd from Rnwulpindee to Sreenugur, ...

NOTE.--Thia route ie taken

- 4 0

11

9

6

7

6

10

15

16

14

9

14

17 -- 134 miles --

174 miles

by traders

APPENDIX XXVI. TABLE OF CUSTOMS DUTIES levied on goo& e2pwted

from Me Punjab, &tined .for Kaahmeer, through tAe ~aAaraja'u territory ; and tAe per-centage of k t y ad valorem.

ccxcvi

APPENDIX XXV1.- Contifiued.

t By the Moozufurabd routc.

APPENDIX XXVI.-Cmtinuetl.

By the Ukhnoor mute. t M o ~ b a d mte. $ By the Bhimbur route. § Ily the L%hnoor mute.

woviii

APPENDIX XXV1.- Continued.

+ Ukhnoor, &c., mutee.

NAXE OF ARTICLE. Icutcha

I --- Cotton, Rnm, (with wed), " Knpaq,"

Cotton, (without seed),

Country Cotton thrcnd,

METALS.

Copper, . Pewter,

Tin, (" Rulnee"),

Copper Utmqils,

Rmsee LTtensils,

ZEITHER.

l o * . (men's) per

Do. (momen'r),

Do. (children's),

Goat rkinn,

I

Udhource, (Hides), ... on earl1 0 ( 0 20 5 4 36 11 0 ( i>r n

or - 0 wore.

I Pookhta Cdhonrw. ,.. p r score. 1.5 0 0 33 G 4 .I i C 0

APPENDIX XXTII. TABLIV OF CU8Z'OMiS DUTY on ilrticlea of Ezport from Cashmeer and Jummoo ; andper-centage of

I duty ad valorem.

No. T ..- 71

2

8

_ c

5 6

7

8 9

NAXE or ARTI~LB.

-BhBPtrlB, woven ( ~ o a h d q d&i&fuX kanikar, goehdar),

Bquare shawls, (Qmaba kmibr)., !2 yards long bijr 2 broad,

Pushmeeaa cloth (Ulvan sada), 15 yards long, 1 yawl brodd, .

Shamel needlework, (Shawl doururnlee), 5 yards long,

Ditto ditto, 84 yards long, Cloaks, Puohmeena, (needle-work)

(choga dwm dour mehmb ~mlee), Pieces of Ulvpn (10 yards long) 1i

yards broad, (Qussaba dourumlee), square shawls, Shawl cloth, figured in breadth, Cjame-

war) 8 yards long, . - i -,

I

Per-centage of duty

ad valorem. . Average

Price.

-----

@ATE ok DUTY.

- BY - Number.

10 666 10 8 1

1 -

6 416 10 8 1 6 u ...... 8 1 8

...... 3 14 6

... 7

6 88 6

6 ...

BY QUAXTITY.

Per Ku&n Maund. -

......... ...

Per Pukka Maund. -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...... .i

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r

APPENDIX XXVI1.- Continued. 1 ,

Shawlcloth figrd. in b red th ,4 yds.long, Siling from Yarkund, ... Sheets of T h i h t Puehmeena, ... Pwhmeena border, woven, (or haehya

kanee), ..,. Bushwena sheets with border, (cha-

dur charhaehya kinardar), 5 yards long, ... Ditto ditto, 3 yarde long,

Pushmeena sheets, without border, 3+ yards long, ....

Pushmeena cloth woven, one thread, 20 yards long 10 girah broad, (Iktara),

Pushmeens sheets, without border, Squaw shawh, embroidered in gold

and silk (chikun abreshqm neemzureen-- ulvan oloth), .... >, Si31r;ar codton dot& vmked ip ailver . only, (Chikun Beshum eada on JhYY.ee)# U..

No. Average

Price.

Per-centage of duty

ad valorem.

I

NAXE OF ABTXCLI, BY Q T .

Per Kucha Per Pukka Maund. M aund.

By

= : . : . 0 : Q ) m m u : ; z d l . . Q )

r, r( w mua a -9 -JI*d r(

oJo 4 dl Id rc 4

b* m a0 t.. corn rn h 0 , a w . SJ b

S~ffkon, ... @lo\vcrs of, (or Zurda) ditto, ...

uince seed, ... 8hur.s (Ourdabung), Chobkoot (a medicinal drug), G;

m u n w ~ t t a , .... Rartung, R medicine, per khurvar, ... Ounocha, (a seed produce of Kash-

mcer), .... Ufteemoon, ... Gooli Bunufsha (violet flower), ... Ooochchhee, a vegetable, ... Zeera siyah, ... Pushmeens gloves and stockings, .. Woollen stockings and gloves, figured

eada or simple, .... Cashmcer fruits, pears and apples, per

500 in number, .... \Vo.'oollen sherts, 5 yard^ per sheet, .... Woollen chadur do-buree, ... Gubba or a flowered carpet (small), Choga, Puttoo, (\voollen cloaks), ... Raw silk, " Gubbay or carpet (large); ...

Per mnnwutta One munwutta is equal to 1 mer 5 chittacka of thg Epgliah wqight. f l'er ICashlneeree nyund, whiC_11 ia equd to 36 seers-En~lish utangard.

.- f Per tiruk = 6 Heem of the English standnrd. - - - - - - - - - 3 Per Khurwar equal to 2 maunds and,J6 b e ~ EngEi+.dtan@Q. , . , - a F%r &hcks maand of 40 aeem.

'APPENDIX X X V I I . cmthued.

RATE OF DUTY. Average Per-centage

No. Wma oa A B T I ~ P . BY QUANTLTY.

Per Kucha Per' Pukka ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ . Maund. Maund. -

-66 S h G 61 8 66 Cashmeeree paper : ....

I. Kulumdnuee duhmoosbtee, per quire, 41 10, 8

11. She jmrgee, . . . 8 2 0 07 Jars of Preserve of BunuGha, and

....

khurvar, 0 0

16 Zurishk, (currant#), per 36 seers, .... 5 76 Ponies, (Ca~hmeeree, Yarkundee and

Ludakhee, per-centage of value, .... 8 7 0 77 Puahmeena caps, 2 9 8 78 Kujree or Horse, .... e

Pqr Coshmeeree md of 88 wen Enghh, t Per Pukka md. of 40 seers Engyih.

79

80

81

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Coats of Pnttoo worked in silk lace, Ditto Sada, (simple,) ....'

Waistcoats of Puttoo with silk lace work, ....

Coats of Puttoo worked with lace and sada,

.... small sized, large sized, ....

Kulghres, (plumes,) .... Wooden spoons (painted,) .... Kulumdau, Furshee and Jebee, .... Chrystal, .... Yushub stone (Jade), .... Painted M'oodcn boxes of all sizes, Pistols and Carabiiles, .... Khurul of the Tushub stone, .... Soznce (floor cloth worked with?eedle,) Suduf or shell, .,.. ITookkas of Bidree, (tutanag work,) Boolghar (Russian leather,) .... Otter skin, .... RIala Rillour, .... Turquoise (Feroza,) .... Post moosh Junglee, .... Deer skin, .... Carpets (Ghuleecha,) .... Sandals (Khuraon), ...

Ko.

101

102

103

104

105

106

107 '

KAME OF ARTICLE.

--- Nuddafce, .... Quibla nooma, magnetic compass, .... Cliessmntes, and Cards, ... Xhota zeera, per 36 seers, .

BY +HE MOOZUFFURABAD ROUTE.

Poppy peels (Postkokinar,) per36seem,

Lac, Tobacco, and Gum Cashmee- ree, per 36 seers, ....

Chintz Cashmeeree, Coarse cloth ~ n d Soosee, per rupee of value,

RATE OF DUTY.

BY ~ v a i r x ~ r . Average

Price. BY

xumber.

Per-centage of duty

ad valorem.

0

0

-- Per Kucha

Rlnnnd.

.

0 0

(

---

19

36

24

1 6 0 0 2 1 7 9

.

10

20

Per Pulclra Naund.

7 I kg

* > 5

1,- 3.

4

8

0

. . . . . . -

1 4 4 :

410:

! 1 6 i

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

3

1 8 1 2 0

3,'

-----

8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

6

3 2 ............

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

8 1 0 0

13

3 7 0

8 0

!

ooor raArrna Pan T~nnnxo. 1 Remarks.

Amt. of value. Per mirnnd.

Exported to Leh only.

9

0

... (:

169

250

... fin

9

0

... n

cccviii

A P P E N D I X XSVIII.

EXTRACT FROM McCULLOCII'S COXM ERCI AL

DICTIONARY. Page 5 9 G.

12. Russian Fairs.-These are numerous, and many of them

are welt attended. The most important is held nt Xijnii-Novgorod,

a t the coducnce of the Oke with the Wolga, latitude 5GP-19-40

north; longitude PA0-28-30 east. Previously to IS17 this fair was

held in a less convenient situation, a t MalrarieE, lower down tha.

Wolga. But the buildings for the accommodation of the mer-

chants a t the Iatter having been accidentaIly burnt down in 1816,

Government took advantage of the circumstance to rcmovc the fair

to Nijnii. It is principally carried on within the ,new bazars con-

structed: for that purpose on the left bank of the Olca. Thesc, which

are divided into parallel rows or streets, are constructed of stone

walls, roofed with iron, having covered galleries in front supported

by iron pillars. They are built on piles, and, to guard against in-

undations, the ground on which they 'stand h a teen raised about

20 feet. Being encIosed on 3 sides by a n d s , and on the 4th by a

navigable inlet of the Oka, there is every facility for the delivery

and shipment of goods. The establishn~ent is of grcnt extent, com-

prising 2,524 booths, and is admitted on all hands to be at once t l ~ c

largest and most perfect of its kind that is any where to be met

with. But, in addition to the above, no fcwcr, than %,SO6 shops

and booths, belonging to private parties, and constructed of W O O ~ J

t e r e occupied during the fair of 1S.El. The f:~ir begins on thc 1st

of July, and continues for a month or G eeli is.

cccix

APPENDIX XXVII1.- Continued.

The value of the different Russian prodncts offered for sale and

sold in 1911, is stated to have bccn as f ~ l l o ~ v s :-

I OFFERED SOB SALE.

Cottons. ... I . 7.3;3G.f;tr5 W ~ O I I ~ ~ st&, Linens, Silks, Skins, Hides, raw and tanned, Mctals and work3 in mctnl, Port-clain, Eart+en ware, kc., ])rid F ih . Cavitu, f ~ h oil, kc., (!om and Flour, Wine, mead, kc., Refined Sugr , wax, paper, bristles, kc.,

TOTALB, ... ... 3i,132,G33 29,7Q&i3* -- ---I--

+ One silver rouble is equd to 3; pirper roulles, and is worth nbout 38. 23.

The value of the mercl~andize offered for sale and sold a t this fair

in the undcrmcntioned years, is stated, in the official returns, to

have been as follows :-

I Poper roubles. I Popor run Llu.

Tea, brought from Kiachtn, is an important article a t khe*

Novgorod fairs. Previomly to 151-0, the quantity of tea sold a t

any single fair did not exceed 39,000 chests ; but in 1840 and

1841 the quantitia, exclusive of about 5,500 chests of coarse or

T h tea, exceeded 50,000 chests each year, its value in IS41

having been estimated at 7,107,500 silver roubles. The total value

of the v a r i o ~ articles of Asiatic (including Chinese) produce ex-

posed for sale at Novgorod in 1841 amounted to 9,144,719 silver

roubles, being more than double the value of the products of Wes-

tern Europe exposed in the same year. Of the latter, indigo, wine, - and cottone were the principal articles. ("Journal de8 manzfkctrres,

Pelerelury, 1842.') The stationary population of the t o m , which

may amount to about 25,000, is, during the fair, said to amount

to from 130,000 to 160,000, including Chinese, Persians, Armenians,

T a r h , Bokharians, &c. Theatrical exhibitions, shows of mild

b ~ t s , and other Bartholomew fair exhibitions, add to the attract-

ions of the scene.

Another celebrated .Russian fair is held, in the month of De-

cember, at Kinchta, in Mongolia, on the Cbinese frontier, lat.

600-21-5 north; lon. 10Go-2s-15 east. The town is small, the

population not exceeding 4,000 or 5,000 ; but by far the largest . part of the commerce between the Russian and Chinese Empires

is transacted a t its fair ; and i t is also the centre of the political

intercourse between them. The commoclitics brought hy the

Russians consist principally of Russian and German broad-cloths,

furs, sheep and lamb skins, leather, coarse Iinens, worsted stuffs,

cattle, &c., with, for the most part, bullion. These they exchange

with the Chinese-for tea, ' raw and manufactured silk, nankeens,

porcelain, sugar candy, rhubarb, tobacco, musk, &c., the value of r

the articles other than tea being, however, quite inconsiderahle.

The quantity of tea purchased a t the Kiachta fairs by the Rus-

sians, which has latterly increased very considerably, amounted, in

1841, according to the official returns, to 242,608 poods, or

8 , 7 3 3 , ~ ~ ~ Its., valued a t 7,313,325 silver roubles. It consists

principally of the fine and costly speci6s of tea called pekoe ; a d

in the above year, its estimated cost price, taking the rouble at

as. Sd. must have been as high as 2s. 79d. per lb. But, exclusive

of this, the Russians buy large quantities of n coarser species of

tea, called brick or Tartar ha , which, though not thought worth

the trouble of putting into packages, is largely consumed by t h e

Nomadic Tartars and Siberians. According to the same accounts,

the total value of the exports to Ch~nn, which p~ almost wholly

through Kinchta, in 1S41, amounted to 7,671,118 silver roubles,

and that of the imports to 7,GS7,576 silver roubles. The Bussian

trade is in the hands of a comparatively small number of merchants,

some of whom are very rich ; that of the Chinese is much more

diffused. Commodities may be conveyed from Kiachta to Eu-

ropean R'ussia either by land or by water. In the former case,

the journey takes a year ; in the latter, it takes 3 years, or rather

3 veq short summers, the rivers being for the most part of the

year frozen over. f ScAaikZer Slafiatipue Gkaeia& a% P Enpire

de la Buaaie, page 143 ; Official Statement of the trade of the

Russian Empire in 1841 &c.)

cccxii

APPEPU'DIX XXIX. A.

G EO G R il P IZIC.dL B ESCR IZJTIO N OF T Z7RliISH CHIilTT.l,

By Pundit 3 f i o y i o o l ) Eztra ..laaislant Commi.q.sioner, from oral klr-

formation frrrniaAe(2 by Xoliamrnad Amin, Yu'rkandi, aad jbtcnderl

on his personal obervat ion.

Turkish China* contains the follon-ipg twelve provinces, nn'der

;lie general control of a " Khifa " or " KhRn AmbRn, " ( the high-

est Chinese authority in the country, who resides a t TRrkand) and

.the immediate administration of local Turk Governors, It WAngs "

or " Hbkims," bc. :-I. Khhghar ; 2. Yiirkand; 3. Khutan; 4.

Ush TurfRn ; 5. Aksd ; 6. 139; and Sairfim; 7. ShdyRr; 8.

B i p r and Kurli ; 9. Kuchiir ; 10. Turffin ; 11. Karashiihm;

12. Kummul.

The province of " Ila " or " Ili," which formerly belonged to

Turkish China, is now held by a Chinese Governor, called the

" J',ng-Jung," under the direct control of the Chinese Government.

It is populated by " Kilns&Xx.s)" who are Buddhists, and worship the

grand " Lama " of Lassa. - The KhRn Amblin is subject to the control of the a Jang-

Juhg."

All'these twelve provinces, with the exception of Karwhaihr,

which is a purely Kilmfik country, governed by a Chinese officer,

c311cd Gurz Ambbn, are inhabited lly a Turk or rather 310ngoli;m

Mohammadan popul a t' ]on. The boundaries of Torkirh China may he defined IU follows, vir. :- To tho north, the Koh-i-Muzit, or the Ma*tu cl~nin of mountains, and

the Sasmr Dt Ib~n or 1)ownn. To the south, the Karakornm range. To the east, Chinese territory. To the west, the P m c r ut~ppes, or rather the " 'Arakhdn " and sc ShiRhnrin " rountrier, dependmries of Budfikhshhn ; and the ch in (KirksGl) wkich dividce tho proviucc'of ICilsllght~ froln Kkoknud.

Kbhghar, Ykliand and Khutqn are the most populous, pros-

perow and fertile provinces in Turkish China.-Yhrkand is the larg-

est of all. Each of these three pro~nces contain extensive tracts b

of both mount~inous and plain level country. m e mountainous - portion is interpersed with rich valleys, flanked by snowy ranges,

in which the shawl-goat thrives.

The others arc also hilly or sub-montane districts, lying %long

the sputbern base of the hfusta, or Koh-i-hfuzit range, almost all

producing shawl-wool.

PROVINCE OB Khs~~~-m.-Bounded on the north, by the

Maziirtigli chain ; south, by the Koh-i-Geilbrt ; enst, by the pro-

vince of YBrkand ; west, by the mountain chain (" KiLksbfrlJ3

which divides Kashghar from Khokand, containing the following

passes leading into Khokand :-Thlik, Shart, Tirak and Artush.

Its greatest length from west to east may be rotlghly calcu-

lated to be 200 kos, (8 days good journey on honeback), and

breadth from south to north, (from Kiziltum to Kilti-aGk) 150

kos, (6 days journey). The hilly portion of the province to the

west, inhabited by Yawfkhbi; Kirghiz, togzther with the valleys

of Birutukkh and OitAgh, are now in the possession of Khokand.

The submontane and plain country held by the Chinese, i

divided into seven districts, watered in parts by three-rivers and

several mountain streams.

cccxiv

APPENDIX XX1X.A.- Cmztinued.

N o ~ ~ . - ~ ~ h ~ h a r and Khanrik are tho most fertile distride. Kashghar, Yanghisar and Klziltxi have largo sandy deserts, called " L)ayht-i-Wmgi4", "m," k, in them.

No.

1

Ditriot.

Kashghar, ...

River.

- 7

2

3

4

6

6

7

Remarks.

--

This river rises in tho Aill~n- ma Paas, or '' Daru," lvadinF: over tho nlonntain c11:Cn wliicll divides Khokatitl fnnn Kahh- phar into the " I)auht-i-Alai." It rnns in a north-eater1 direction, and joins tho ~ n r i l m d river near Tuqhbulnk, 18 days' journey to tilo north-east of thc city of Yarksnd.

The district of Kashghar ia the largest.

Tho river Artnsh rises in tho Knkshd range. Its waters are eonsumed by irrigation.

The river r i~es in the Kizilnrt and Chichiklik ranpcs. It divides ihclt'into two branches at Taslibalik, one goes to Yang- hisnr, and tho other to tho Tbz- ghunboi district. The wabra of both branches are consumed in irrigation.

AS above.

This stream rises in the Yam- bulak range, a branch of tho Chichiklik chain, covered with perpetual snow. 0

The sashghar Khanrik,

Faizabad, ...

Artush, ...

Yangihisar, ,..

Tirzghunbof, ...

Kizllboi, . , .

river and i b

J

1

Artush, .. .

\

yanghisar, dRo d d

Branch of the Yanghisar or

* giril& river,

~ i ~ k i d strcam,

APPENDIX XXIX A.- Continzted.

T1:c chief cities and towns in the province are :-

I n the centre of tho yro- vincc, ...

No. 1 Same. Situation.

Cliincse Settlement callrd Shaihr-i- KhatG. and also

K e m k s .

~ a n ~ h a i h r or new Settlement, . . .

Sonth-east of Knshghar ci- ~ Y J s..

Capitnl of the pmrince. A large populons city, snrroundeci by a mud w.111, wit11 two gates. It hau a number of large Baznrs, the largest runs from one gate to tlie other. There are two Alndrt~sas, endowed with firants in I.ind, and eight surais within the c i t j nnd ten in the su- b111.b~.

Seat of the Provincial Government, consihting of two Ambans, Chinese authorities, the Kutlakbeg, or Turk IIakillr, and his ~s ih t an t s . Ishk Aglin, Ghazanchi, two Shambegis NirAb, BIingbcgis, kc. TLe Chi- nese autliorities reside in the Chi- nese Settlement, KO. 2.

The new Chinese Settlement b about three kos distant from the city of Kpshghar in the diredioa of Parlcand. It is snrrounded by a fortified mud wall, with a ditch, about one kos in circumfercnca, nnd is garrisoned by a Chinese i n h i t r y force, numbering 3,000 men. l'he Chinese shop-krcpers, n ierd~ants nnd followers, about 2,000 in number, all reside within tlie walls. The Ki l~nak ortion of the Chinese force (about $00 sosars), however. have their quarters ouhide. They are not allowed to lire inside, not being tn~s t cd by the Chinese.

Tllc o!J site of the Chinese Settle ment, called " G J b d A," lies to the aouth-rcst of ~ w h ~ f a r . l t i~ no r in ruins.

There nre two Bnlbnns stationed hcre, one inves:cd with chief civil authority, and the other with military command.

-

* Corruption of Kislikhar (meaning a white donkey) the name originnlly giveu to tho ph . e from the circumstance of tho colony from " Uzgnn" (an ancient city in lihokiind. Kamngin) tllnt first sottlcd down I~ere, linving brought a large num- bcr of doukcjs, having a white front umk, with them.

APPENDIX XXIX A.- Continzced.

No. 1 District..

I

3

4

Situation.

t There are nlso 8 " C'rthang~," or Chinese police posts and dak stations in the prownce, as f~ollo\i.s :-

1. hlinginl, u frontier post on the Khnknnd border, at the terminntion of the M i n ~ u l desert, rontnining a ('hineae officer, called " I'ia," nnd IS Chinese ~oldi~ra , with an equal nuruhcr of Turk soldiers, viz. 1G sipahis and two oflicera; O I I ~ culled C'nbLhi, the o t l i t~ Tungchi.

2. Tashbalik, ditto ditto. 3. Ekzinr, ditto ditto. 4. Taprhnn, between Kahghar and Yanghiiar. 6. Tudhaktnsh, xienr Kashghar. 6. Churnnlung. P 7. Rizil. 8. liiziltnm. Tbe strength of the police force a t each station is the rrninr. KO. 1 is n stage on the caravnn route between Knshghar a id Khokund. h'us. 4

to 8 are stages on the cnrnvnn route between K~whghar nrld Yurkuud.

Sontll-cast of K ~ h g l l a r , 2 d a J 7 ~ journey,

North-ewt, a- bout a qnnr- tcr of a mile distant, ...

Oitagli, Uirlitokkn,

7

Tanghisnr, a t the bnse of a blcnk insulated ridge, in a plain open country, ...

Chinese Settlemmt near Tnn~rtliqar, cdh,d "ri'n;lg- shaihr," .. .

Mlijee Chnkar Agliil.

Be~uarks.

------ A large mud-walled tom;, ncrt to

Rnr;l~phsr in connnrrcial and politi- c:il in~portnuw. Sent of n 1oc:rl Go- vcinruer~t, under n Turk Hilltilr~.

This is n p a t mart for the interchange of good* with tho Kirgl~iz from the hilly tract* now in posues- sion of Khoknnd, who .bring ~ 1 1 e e ~ . goat.r, hor~ce. i'i~rs, woollcns R I I ~

crunlets, shawl-wool ; and taku back Ilhcha (cotton stril~ed clotl~), " Chak- maxi " nnd " Chn11:in " (mtton dresses), raw cotton, Ludhinnlr Lungiu, Shawl I<nmarbunds, coral, sugar and grain.

The Kirghiz are not allowed to enter the city ; a ~ e p ~ r n t e market, ~itlled " BiYhkhaL4i," about eight kos diaLtnt to t l ~ e sent of Yangl~isar, hm been set a art for them, under the *uperintPngnce of nn officer (who is nlmnys a Kirghiz) " Saddiqbeg," ig the service of tho Chineae GO- vern~uent.

The camvan route from Tarkand to Kaehghar passes tlvough Ymghi- sar.

TWO Amhane with a Chinese garrison (nun~beril~: 1,000) reside here. -11ppe11dix XX.

The " Yan,oshaihr is enclosed by n xnud wall about a mile UI circuui- ferexice.t

b r .

6 Khanrik, ... 6 Faiznbd, ...

APPENDIX XXIX A.-Conthtted.

Artush, a t the foot of tho hills, ...

Remarks. No. 1 District.

North of Rash gbar, .. .

Situation.

8

9

Two small towns withont walls. Ench has four large markets in its ~nhurhs.

The a n a l which runs through Khunrik wrrs carried from the Karlirh~r river by one of the former Khoja rulers.

Tazghu~~lmi, ...

Kizilboi, ...

A small town withont walfs, 6 t h R ~ X nnxnrs in its suburb.

T h i ~ place is l a rp lv mrhd b hy the Rirxhiz and Knxzbks of the " Dn.rRi-i-Kipclmk " (Kir$ix step- per) from RcrnRn the Kakshnl and the Koh-i-Mazat (Mnstamountainr) mngr. for the interchange of w ~ d s . Thry bring horses, sheep, wtn, cnmrls, furs, (simple and worked), woollrns, &., for salc, and tako country cotton clotha and dmscls, chintz, oplum, tea, wheat, flour, shawl kamarbunds, lungis, h a b r - clnql~ery, kc.

The mout freqr~ented route from Kmhghnr to the " Dasht-i-Kipchak, and th~11c.e ta Ila (Chrilja) pawws by Artuql~, wl~ich drawn its ~upplien of rnrrc-handixe from Kwhghnr. The Artush-h'otul over the Kakbhal rnncc i n crossed.

There is a Turk Hnkim a t Artush.

P ~ o r ~ s c e OF Y , ~ R K . ~ Y D . -Bo1111ded on the north, by the

1 Sonth-end of K:~.hgh:hnr. 1 da,v'n ant1 3

I dnys' journey ) resprctively,

l*fnz:irt:igll range and the pr ovince of Usllturfan; south, by the

Karnkoram rnugc and a part of Kliutan ; east., by part of the pro-

L R ~ ~ R villngm. Sentn of unbo~li- nate Turk Hakims called " Mingbe- gi." cnch having a largo market in ib suburbs.

vincc of Aksu a14 the Dasht-i-Tiitfir, large sandy deserts to tho nort,ll of ~11:ltnn; west, by the Yarknnd river, the Tashkurghan

territory," and tllc of Kbshghnr.

See memo. containing an account of this territory, nppnded to this mcmo.

Its greatest length from Karakoram in the south to tho Maznr- %h chain in the north, is on a rough calculation, about 300 kos,

and its breadth from Kokrabat in the west t o Kumrabfit in the,

east, about 220 kos. It is divided into five " Yurishes," or districts,

each in charge of a Turk local Hakim, and called after his official

designation ns follows :- - No.

Irrigated by two canals from the river Yarkund.

N. B.-The river Yar- kand rising in the Karako- ram range to the east of the Karakoram Paas ; runs in a north-wester1 direction aa far as ~ i l thence north-west up to Knsmb, further on north-eaat until i t joim the Kashghar river nenr Tnghbulak, thence i t . cuurre lies to the east.

I t s chief tribuhries are : 1. The Khnfelung stream,

rising in the Karakoram range near the Chhorbut Pass, i t joins new Khafe- 1 un g.

2. The BBzarnara Stream riming in the Yangdawan rnnge, and joining between Urdali Saldi and Aghil- dawan.

3. Nhlh-i-A~llildawan. 4. ,, Surkl~abad. 6. ,, Shi~l~i lmust i tk 6. ,, Sl~ingshal. 7. ,, Upran. All these 5 stre:inis rising

in the Karnkoram rangc and flowing in the country called Shinphal and Raw- kam, now held by the Kun- jfitis, fall down at Gil, af-

, ter having joined in one stream in their course.

District

This Purish or olitical subdivision exten& to a distance of from 1 0 to 30 miles round the city of Yarkand in the plain.

I t is one of the most fertile districts in the province.

The following statement shewing the relative value of land in all the five Yurisheu, will give an idea of tho comparative prosperity of each Yuriuh.

Yurish Ishkagha, 1 Pad- man* of land sells for 10 Yanlblis = 1,660 Co.'e RB.

Ghazanchi, do. do. 1 2 Tambfis = 1,980 Co.'s Re.

Shamlegi l s t , do. do. 3 Yambds = 495 Co.'s Hs.

Shambegi Bnd, do. do. 6 Tarnbd~ = !I90 Co.'s h.

Jlirab, do. do. 1 Yambd -- 165 Co.'s Rs.

Thc rivcr Yarkand is d l - ~d " %:trfishan " (sprink- ling gold) from the fertiliz- ing virtue of its waters and therichneuaof it5 bed. Gold dust, picbceu of jade (" Sung- i-Ycrshab ") lead nnd sul- 1)11nr are found on its banks, and a large 11ul111)cr of eo-

1 pie is always employe! i n collecting them.

The Yurish Ishkagha is

--

A land mesanre. 12 ~ n u l l & aud 33 seere of grain is the quantity of seed required for one Pndman.

b

Rivers and Streams. hmarke .

APPENDIX XXIX A,- Continued.

No.

2

District.

-----

f

In the T u h - 1 kurghan o'r Sar- i i -Kd territory, I

YurishShambe- gi, 186 ...

Rivers and Strciuns. -- 8. Nala-i Kulnu Archfin,

rising in tile Kulrni i\rgbn range joins at Brunprl .

9. Atli-Tnng, rising in Kotol-i-Kaudar, joins at Llulpr. .

10. Daria-i-Takdumhnsh. with its numcroun t r ibute rim, whicli have bren dea- cribed nnder Tnuhkorghnn.

11. Ah-i Charlang, rising in Chilpn~bnz, joins necv Tughm.

12. The river Kaahghar, which joinanear Tughbnlak.

13. The river Karakach, rising in the Karnkornm range, to the eant of the Knrakoram pam, falls down n littlo above Kanrtal, a h r having pnuned thmngh Khntan and the Dasht-i- Khlltnn.

14. The river A k d . rising in tho Koh-i-nlaznt, or M n ~ t a mountains, joins a t KarataI.

And numberleas hill torrents.

The rivm \'arkand nnd fonr rnnnls rnllrtl :- 1. Urpi, 2. Pakarik, 3.

Rawachi, 4. Karchung, from that rirrr-

N11la-i-Iniqhchipan, rises in Koh-i-hIida.

Wnla-i-K~~rhrab nnd Fch- baldir rise in Rntal-i-Arpa- tnllnk, covered with perpetual suow.

Remnrks. I - - - - -

ouhdiridcd into 8 Bring- bashis, each nder a local subordinate Kalrim called " Jlingbasb," viz. :-

Urdustang, Nishxr,Kam- q kulchuk and 4 others

IIilln and plnin. The rxluntry in the plain, consisting of the Ilskas of Tdgharchi, Bazar Aslan- b q h , Bazar Kokrabat &., i~ irrigated by the Yar- kmd canals.

The valleys of Kiziltagh and Cllarlal~g are inhabited by Kiknaiman Kirghiz. \v11o hare long settled down there. There are mines of lead in Kiziltngh, not now worked. dVt

Tho Kirghiz leader in Cl~srlang i~ named Shah- bakikar, son of Ginanhaf. He holds an honorary office from the Chincue. These vnllep have, within the

CCCXX

APPENDIX XXIX A.-Continued.

Remarks.

last 30 years, been taken pm~esrion of by the ruler of Tashkurghnn, like the v;dleya of Langar, Dham- Rar, kc. The other valleye are inhabited b Turks.

There is a g d ~ mine in tho vnllay of Koshrab (worked), and a mino of jade in the Ininhcl~ipan valley, in tlie Koh-i-hlida.

Turiah Shambe&< is subdivided into nine Sling- bashis, viz. :-

1. Karawaljaa, Kok- rabat.

2 2. Araming. a 3. Tagharchi. Z 4. Itawachi. 2 6. Kuzrimal, Yaka- a rick.

6. Karchnng, Cha- masal, Kuahmb, and Karayantak. ' 1 7. uchbaldir,popochi. 8. I$iziltagh, Char- 3 ; ling.

a 9. Inishchipm. LI

Kerawaljxs, Taghsrchi, K~rchung are places (small towns) of note, each having a market. Karawaljas, Yakarik'nnd Kuahrab are also " Urtliangr," or Chi- nese police posts.

The caravan ronb to Kashghar passes through Nos. 1 and 2, that to Aksn, through No. 3, and the route to Badakhshan thro" Nos. 4 to 8.

Hilla and plain. This ia the most fertile Yurixh, or dintrict, in the province.

The plain portioncontaile the large extensive Kishlak

=vem and streams.

,

- ' '

1. Nah-i-Gosar. 2. ,, Usse. 8. ,, Snlung. 4. ,, Hnlung, 6. ,, Chup.

No.

3

Diutrict.

/

I

Yuriah QhazPachi Beg, ...

ccexxi

APPENDIX XXIX A.-Continued.

Remarks.

--- or nrLaof Karghnlik, consisting of serenl minor Rishlaks, oalled " Ning- bashi " and Tuzbashia.

R:~zar Kargllalik, Yusaf Klio,jn, BIehman Xhoja, Topbagh, Bcaharik, Besh- tarik, Khanbala~i, Sha- khab, Tunglung, kc.. kc.

Karghalik itself is r town of solno commercial im- grtance, having a large

mar. The two caravan routes from Le, and that from Khutan to Yarkand, unite a t this place.

Topbagh, Besharik,Besh- tarik, Zunglung, &a are also large villages.

There are eleven ding- btwhis in We Yurish G h r z.ulchibeg, 6 in Ilaka Kar- ghalik (plain), and 6 in the h i h , containing the fertilo valleys above enn- meratd.

Irrigate the plain conn-

Rivers ind Stream.

-- 6. Nala-i-!?hushtan . 7. ,, .ir lck ~ n f -

tang. 8. ,, Pukhpo. 9. ,, Chiraqhualdi.

10. ,, T u r ~ ~ ~ ~ h i l . 11. ,, U I ~ I ~ % ~ Ail&.

All rising in the .' Yang- dawan " range, covered ln parts with perpetual finom, fbrtilize many valleys, in which large herds of shawl- goats, sheep, camels, gaka and cows find rich pwtrrre. Leaving the vallc~s, these strcams become one and form tho river Teznaf, rh ichrunsdom in a north- easterly direction to Kar- ghalik, in the Zain, and alter rateringa?arge tract of country, loses itaelf in sand.

The river Yarkand, and

No.

4

'

I

District.

. Shambegi, Bnd,

six canals from it, called :-

1. Tunghnzluk.

2. Ulughming.

3. Posgam.

4. Beshikan.

6. Pakshamba B a r .

trg to the south-east of the city of Parkand, divided into nine Ming- banhia, each under the control of a Mingbmh, Viz. :-

1 & 2. Brahikan ~ n b - divided into 2 Ming- basllia. 1 3. Charshamba Bazar.

4. Takahamba Blzar. 6. Z a n p a 6, 7, 8 & 9. Omma

Jlazar, subdivided irrto 4 Mingbmhis.

These Mingbashii ant so called aRer tho names of the chief vill cs hav-

ti. Buelik. ing markets in Xem.

cccxxii

APPENDIX XXIX A.- Continued.

Remarks.

--.

7 All theso streams after

I watering and enriching aa mnn vdlc.yo, eomo of whicg are called irfter their names, dehouche on 1 the plain, irrigating the following Tallup~s :- 1. K:insh, 2. DO~&, 3. 1 I amul i , 1. Suzhn. 6.

Kynngai nnd 6. Tyirrtli. 1 The hilly portion is

n i v c ~ and Streams.

Mountain Siream.

1. Kokib , rising in the Taspalring range.

2. " Yulrik," the Chasbkan ~UI$L? in

3. " Tuxhaikbbsh," do. 4. Shumaling, rising in

the Shumaling lo ta l . 6. Kilihn, r ~ r i n g in the

Kiiiao Dnwhnh&.hr rahge.

No. District.

6 h a .

6. San.id, .;ising in the divided into six Ming- Kotni-i-Snnju. bashiq, viz. :-

7. Doh, rising in the Ko- 1. Pialmn, 2. Sanjd, 3. tsl-i-Ail&. Kilian, 4. Ushakbash, 6.

River P a n g M r .

,, Konhghar.

Ab-i-Tagharchi.

*

Yulrik, and 6. Kokiar.

A11 plain. This is tho least fertile disttict in tho province, oontaining large tsncts ot uucultiuntd sandy country. It contains the Taluqua

of K u l t u ~ , one of tho bestcotton producing tracts to tho north-west ontl north of the Ynrisl~ Iuhkagha- I rg , irrigated by the rivers Yanghisnr and Knsllghar, and the jungle country of Lnilgartirak, ITakit, Lai AIrwjid, Eachnk, Cllachrin. Chinan, watcrcd by Abi- Tngharchi. and inhabited by Dulan Turks, who ~nost- ly lead a pastoral life, keeping large herd3 of cnttle, bheep, horses, cnmels, cows and gonts.

Pulturin sends its cotton and cotton fabricb chiefly to Ynrband Tho direct route from Kashghar to Aksd lies through this Y6rish.

cccxxiii . APPENDIX XXIX ~ . - - ~ & € i n n e d :

Chief cities and towns in the province of YRrliand :-r

1. Y(irX.nnr7, chief city in Turkish China. Ib has a mud ' d l

mimd (about 30 feet l l igl~ and 12 fee< b r o d on top), and

5 gates. It is about % I~OS in circumference. The h o w

are all kutslla, only olle storey higll. The colleges and

moorlucs, ~~unlbering about 50, are, ho\vcvcr, a11 pu1;l:a built,

and e n d ~ \ ~ c d with grants in land. Tlie reservoirs in the

town, about 30 in uumlcr, from 1v1iicL the people draw

water for daily consuml~tion are kutcha, and s!ip1~lied mith

water from the two canals running through tlle city, from

tllc YBrknnd river. Turlii and Pcrsinn are taught, but

Turki only is spoken throughout all Turkish provijlces.

There arc numerous I a r p Bmars ; the I:lrgcst is that running

from one gate (" KuwritLc ") of the city to another (Gr Al-

tun ") . There is also a " Rcgistain," or large circular Bazar

in the centre of the eit.y.

This is the seat of the Tnrk IIakirn " Wang," and his

assistants Ishk;ighR, Ghaznnchi, Sh!Lrulcgi, be.

The streets genera!ly are from 6 to S feet broad. The

la]-gest Bnzar is 12 to 15 feet \vide.

The streets of Kkhghnr and Kllutan are generally six

feet wide.

2. TA&/reLnesc Selllenienf, called Ysngshnihr (new town), about a

quaiter of a mile to the west of the Yfirlinnd city, mith \ which it is connected by n Baznr. It has a fortified mud

mall round, with a ditch and two gates. I t is gnrrisoncd

by n Chinese idantry force, numbering 5,000 men. The

Cll inw and Tnngani tradem, shop-keepers and foIlomcrs arc ;

about 4 or 5,000 in number.

This is the seat of the Chinese Governor, Khsn-Amb(ln,

' and two ~ m i i i n s (Deputy Governors), four Dilliis, (military

' officers).

None but the Chinese are nllomcd to remain a t night

within the preuincts, and ingress to Turks ancl others in day

time is allowed only under certain restrictions.

3.-Ka1yAalZ, Above alluded to.

4.-Gxrnmci.

THE PROVINCE OF K ~ u ~ . i . - ~ o u n d ~ d on the north, by thc

Dasht-i-TJtbr, great sandy desert, and part of the pro\.incc of

Yarkand ; south, by the Knmkornm range ; east, by the Dasht-i-

Tatar, or sandy desert; west, by tlic province of Yiirlzand. I I

1 Taking into account the populated portion of the province

only, its Icngth, east .and west, from Kumrabit to Imam Jbfar

Sdicl, may 1)e roughly estimated at 150 kos, and its breadth, from

IiumraGat, dt the base of the Iiucn Lncn range in the south, to

Bushtugh in the north, a t 120 lios. Tile great desert, called the

AksSli-Chin, or, as the term implies, the Chinese white desert or

plain, commeiic.iug Let~vecn the Karal<ornln and the Kuen Lucn

ranges to tl:c south of the above tract of country, estei:ds iu an

easterly direction into Chincse territory. A rangc of hills that

shoots off from the Knmkoram until it joins tlie Kuen Luen range,

about 25 Icos above Sunlgal, is its ~ve. t~rn boundary. I ts breadth

from the Chhangchliinmo pass over the Karakoram mngc, by \yhich

A. Schlagentweit elltere~lit in 1857, to the Elchi Damn 1 ) ~ s over

. the Kucn Luen range:is about GO kos. It is here gravelly and co-

vered wit11 brushwood. I t is watered by numerous streams from the

Karakoram and the Pir Yakh or Kuen Luen. Thcre are also seve-

ral lakes and gold mines in it. The gold mine of IchE&, in the

direction of Karia, one of the towns of Khutan, is one of the

largest, where 1,500 men (Khutanis) are constantly working for six

months of the year, (June to November). E u h man has to pay

a tax of 1 ser, or 3 tolas of gold yearly, for the Emperor of China.

The Aksai Chin teems nit11 wild animals, such as yaks, horses,

musk-deer, foses (black). Ducks, in large nnnibers, are seen on

lakes.

Khutan has long been proverbial for the beauty of its women

(" R ~ i n a i Khutan "), its silk fabrics* (Dclai Khutan "), . and ita

musk-bags (" Nafni Khutan 'I).

The province contains seven districts, fertilized by as many rivers, which are called after their names, viz. :-

1. Karakash, 2. Elchi, 3. Yurangkbh, 4. Chirh, 6. Karia,

6. Tukphi and 7. Kia.

T h e river Kzrakash rises in the Karakoram range, to the east

of the Karahram pass, and taking a north-eirstcrly direction

throllgh the district and the sandy desert of " Ihtar," falls into

the river Yarkand near Karatal.

All the other rivers, viz. Elchi, Yurangkash, Chira, Karia,

Tukpai and Nia rise in the Kuen Luen range (" Pic Yakh '3, and

after having follo\~-e~l a north-west or north-easterly course through

their respective districts, lose themsclvcs in the Dasht-i-Tatar.

The city of Elchi, which is the capital of the province of

Khntan, is the largest of all the other t o m . It hw a mud wall round. T h e Chinese cantonment adjoins the city. -

a The silk fabrics of Iihutnn arc superior to t h o ~ of Uulihhl.

APPENDIX XXIX A,-Continued. GEOORBPITICA L BESCRIPTIOX of tAe ~ar- i -kul or Tiid-

XurgWiin Territory.

See lrotc at page cccxciii of tRe GeograpBical deacrplion of - Turkbh China.

The ancient territory of Sar-i-kul, containing the province of

Twhkurghan and the Panler steppes, which are divided by the

range* of mountains that shoots off N.,W. E u t from the Karako-

ram chain, until i t joins the " KizilartJJ range, may be defined as

follows :-This territory was formerly a part of Turkish China, and

ie still nominally subject to it.

Bounded on the north, by the " Kizihrt" range, which is the

southern boundary of the Kashghar district, and of the N a i valley

(in the Khokand Territory ; south, by the Karakoram range ; east,

by the river Yarkandt and the hilly tract of country called " Shing-

shal" and " Raskam," now in possession of the Kunjuti ruler;

west, by the river Panj (OXUS) and the Wakhan and, Shighnap

territories, dependencies of Bada&han.

This range will, for tlie sake of facility, be rdlod the " Pdmw Rango" in the following page*. I t contain3 the ibllowi~~g principal I I H F W ~ or kotal.

1.-Kotal-i-ZLara'6 Chaskrrr, irn~nediately below tho I<arakoram ranga Closed for 4 months in the year by mow. Caravans en-route to Yarkand from Ja1.1lshad and Uadakl~shan through the Pumer steppes, sometimes avoid the direct road by the " I~araaal~t" and " Apliajnn" Kotals from fcar of the bhighnaui robber$, and pnss by the Kotal-i-Karuh Chunhr. See stage 31, appendix 1V. B. ant1 stage 43, Apl)endix SXXI.

2.-fitul-i-Bui.yik, an easy pass, tmveraed by the country people only. Closed . - . - - ih the lleiglit of winter only.

3.-Kutul-i.BarzcuhI, pasred on the Cnravnn route from Jalnla1)nd and Badakh- sbnn to Yarkand. See stage No. 31, Appendix IV. U. and Appendix BXSI.

4.-Kotal-i-Aghnjun, passed on the Caravan route from Badakllbhan to Yar- kand. See stape No. 43, Appen(1i.r I X S I .

Q.-IiutuI-i-Kare.srI, passed by the country people and the khokand traders trading with Tn~llkurphan f ro~n the Alai valley (in the Khokand Territory) or l'nmer Khurd into the '1'~hknrghan Valley.

t The valleys crf Langar, Dliniouir, Popochi, Bahry'an, to the east of the Tar- kand river, forlnerly belonging to the province of Yarkand, have, within the last 35 years been taken possehsion of by the Sw-i.kul chief. For particulars, see under '' Hiawry."

The prdvince of Tashkatghan bihg to the cnsC of the '< Pamer

range" contains s eved fertile valleys, flanked by high hills, having

snow clad peaks, or lower ridges subject to the fall of mow in .the

beigh.6 of winter only, aud afTording fine pasture to large her& of

shawl goats, sheep, yaks, co~vs, camels, and horses. I ts greatest

length from south (the Karalionm range) to north (Kizilart rangk)

is aboqt 150 kos (250 miles) and breadth-from Chiraghtang on

the bank of the river Yarkaud in the east, to the Pamer range in

the west, al)out 60 kos (100 miles).

THE PRINCIPAL VALLEYS ARE- I I ! .

1.-The Tashkurghan valley, containing the elevated plain or /

table land cdled the Pamer " Taghdumbash" fa Turki word, meaning

head of mountains,) buttressed by the karakoram range and sloping

down to tho north, and the fortified towns of Tsshkarghsn, (mean-

ing in Turki fort of stone) Kurghan-i-Tagharm* and Kurglian-i-

Ujadbai,? which give nauies to the three ilakaa or districts in

t4ie valley.

P I Tzhkarglian is a very ancicnt city, said to have been founded

i n the time of " Afrasilrb" the celebrated King of 'I'mran. It h z

of old been the capihl of the SP~-i-liul territory and the impreg-

nable stronghold of itu rulers.--It is in a circular form, about a

,kos in circumference ; its walls are built of uuusually large blocks of

hem stone, and is situated in an extcruive open plain. , :

Tqharma nnd surghan-i-ujad~ai are both slnau towns, with

mud walled enclosures.

0 "Taghar" in Tnr1;i is Img of grnin; grain ia most obundnntl~ produccd in this Uaka, henre tlic ninnc " Tq111i1.111a.''

t So d e d froln ita beiug tho residence of a tribo of "liirghizJJ named c' qudbai."

The following are the principal Liishlolis or sub-divisions in thk

Bree Ilakas.

I n 1ZaX.a TqsAkurgAa*.

1. Tiznif, containing a small t o m of that name. b

2. Chashman, ditto ditto.

ditto. 3. Trlgl~lanshaihr, ditto -

4: Kuzghun, ditto ditto.

5 . Tashkurghan, ditto a large tom, above stated.

11a IaHa Tugliarma.

1. Tagharmn.

2. Wate,khaif, containing a small t o m .

,.3. Sarghap ditto.

The plain in which this I l a h lies is called the "DasAt-i.

Safrt' KAo," containing numerous springs of water. ' "

I n IZaHa KurgBan-i-~ad6ai is included the Pamer " TWi- . . durni~i." The Kurghan-i-Ujadbni itself is situated in the plain ly-

& below the Pamer Tagirdzdask, inhabited by nomsde Kirghiz.

T$e valley of %hLurghan is the largest of all the. v+eys in

the province of Tashkurghnn, being a11out 150 kos in length, and

varying from 12 to 60 kos in breadth. It is watered 5y the f ~ l - lowing streams :-

1. " Darini~zgRduumlrash," which rising in the Kara Chunkur

Kohl, and fed by numerous streams* flows down in a north easterly .A

direction through the Pamer-i-Taghdumbash into thc plnih of Tmh- - .

* ~b-i-ghnnilrab, rZmg in the Ghtuidrnbkotal in the KnrakoramJ LJ rnng-e,

Ab-i-JIi~~taka., ,, bfirltaka k0t~1. Ab-i-Kilik, ,, Hilik kutnl. Ah-i-Ihijik, Ilnigik kutnl in tho Pamrr range. And pnmeroua mountain rilh Bc.

kurghan, passing by the towns of Kurghan-i-Ujadbni and Tasb-

kurghan, and after having been joined in its onward course by al-

most all the streams (nalos) that run through the different valleys

in the of Tashkurghan, which will be immediately noticed

below, falls into the river Yarkand at Chiraghtang, in a narrow

glen. I t is frozen in winter ; in summer i t is crossed on inflated

skins (" sanach") near Kurghan-i-Ujadbai and Tashkurghan.

2. Ab-i-Banasht" rises in the Kotal-i-Barzasht in the Pa- mer range.

3. Ab-i-Wate-khaX, rising in Kotal-i-Bghajan, in the Pa-

mer range.

4. Abi Karas6, rising in K o t a l - i - b J , in the .~amer

range. - ,

5. Ab-i-Tagharma. 7 All rising in the Chichiklik range

6. Ab-i-Darshat. which is coveredwith perpetual snow> I %

7. Ab-i-Chichiklik. )and is supposed to be higher than

8. Ab-i-Ynmbulak. I the Pamer muuntaina. All these

9. Ab-i-Muzeling. J streams joln the Taghdumbash river.

11. The Uchlvalley flanked by ~ o t a l - i - a i h d and U g h h t

on the west, and the Kotal-i-Kandar on the east, and containing the following Kishlaks or Taluqiias :-

1. Maryang. 1 2. Uchi.

3. Baldir.

4. Shin$.

1 Each Kishlak derives iits'name > 1 from the principal village in it.'

6. Aghchigh. J A large stream &11ed t$e (' Abi-Uchi," rising in the Kotal-i-

Kandar," partially covered with perpetual snow, waters this valley.

It falls into the Darai Taghdumbash" near Baldir.

111. 'The valley of.Tuag,. between bhe Kotal-i-K'wbr, and the

" Arpatellak"*range, containing the following Kishlaks, and wa-

tered by the " Ab-i-Tung" stream, which rkes in the Kolal4-Kan-

b, and falls into the Yarliand river near Langar.- '

. - 1. Bmnpl .

I 2: ' Kichik Tung.

3. Chung Tung.

4. Almnligh.

5. Chirashtang.

I , . 6. , Kusarab.

L

To the west of the Yarkand river.

The present ruler, Bahash Beg,

lives a t Chung Tung. The small.

valleys of Labgar Pil, Dhamsar,

B a b a j ~ and Popochi, belonging to

the Tashkurghan territory, ,lie to 1 the eastof the Yarkand river. •

Small valleys flanked by low

f;V, The valley of Mu- . zeting.

V. ,, Ta~angitar or Chi-

cdihlik.

VI. ,, YarnZulak.

VII. ,, Cfrarling.

VIII. ,, KiziZtagA.

ridges, off-shoots from the Chiehiklik

range, inhabited by nomade Kir-

ghiz, and watered by 6trcams which

.are called after the names of their

respective valleys, Nos. iv, v, vi, fall into the Dariai Taghdunibash ae already stated, and Nos. vii and viii join the Yarkand river near

J Kusarab.

The pdpnIation of the proviace of Tashkurghan'is composed of

Thjaks and Kirghiz. The Tajaks, who are supposed to be the abo-

rigines of the country, are the prevailing race, inhabiting the

valleys af "Tashkurghau" (with the exception of the 11akd of

Kurghmbi-Ujadbai, peopled by Kirghiz) " Uchi" and r r Tung."

!The +tiler of Tashkurghan or Sar-i-Kul has always been a Tajak.

The Taj& of Ttbshkurghan and the Kirghk of the Pamer . steppes

have long been subject to the predatory and kidnapping incursions

of their ~a j ak ' neighbours of Shighnan and Wakhan (two depen-

I

dencies of Badah-hstan) and of Kunjut. This and other caw,

which will be hereafter explained," have within the last 30 years

led to tbe depopulation of the Pamer steppes and some pr ta of the

~rovince of Tashkurghan and the emigration of the greater part of

the to the Khoknnd, Yarkand, and Kashghar territories.

. The Kirghiz inhabit the Ilaka of Kurghan-i-Ujadbai, and

the small valleys of Muzeling, Tangitar, Yambulak, Charling, and

Kizilhgh, living in their Khirgahs" or woolleq ten&, and rearing

large flocks of shawl goats, sheep, yaks, horses, kc.

6 The TGjaks are generally a peaceal)le race and good agticul-

turists, with fair complexion, reddish hair and bluish Ves. They

have a peculiar dialecti of their own. The Kirghiz speak Turki.

Persian and Turki are generally understood amongst the Tajaks, as

well as amongst the Kirghiz.

The climate of Tashkurghan, though cold, is during a greater

part of the year genial and invigorating. Very little enow falls

in the valleys. The river !hghdumbash and all other streams we

frozen in the height of winter.

The vegetable staple productions are :-

Grain.-1. Wheat ; 2. " Mujak" Mutar") peas ; 3. A r m (Bajra) , Holeus Spicatus. Only one harvest is produced through-

out the year, the crops being sown in " HumulJJ (March) and

reaped in " Mizan" (September-October) . Fruits.-Apricots aud Apples, not produced in abundance.,

Minerak-Saltpetre, found in Tashkurghan and the Pamer

steppea ; Lead, found in Kusarab ; Sulphur, found in T ~ h l i n r -

ghan ; Copper, found in the Kiziltagh valley.

See Note on Tnehkurghan under Hiitorj. t See list of war& appended.

Anim&.-Sheep. 1 Shawl wool, cloth manufactur- .

Shawl goats. ed of sheeps wool and camel hair,

Yaks. cheese and clarified butter made

' from the milk of yaks, cows,

Camels. Caws. I sheep and camel, are largely ex-

Horses. J ported to Yarkand.

THE PAMER STEPPES OR c c D ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ - P ~ ~ ~ ~ , " also called " Barn-i-

dunia" or roof of the world, lie to the west of the Pamer range.

This table-land, which is roughly estimated to be 160 kos in

length fiom south to north, and more than 100 kos in breadth I

from Kotal-i-Aghajan to Langar-i-zung, has six sub-divi-

sions, viz:-

Pamer AX chur, Pamer Khurd, Pamer Kalan, Pamer Khargoshi,

Pamer Runkiul, and Pamer Sares.

I n Pamer Kalan there are two lofty mountains* with snow

clad peaks. 4

The following are the principal L A K ~ and RIVERS or streims

in the Pamer steppes.

LAKE Karakiul, meaning in Turki the black lake, the largest

lake in the steppes, in Pamer Khargoshi, one of the five principal

ntreams which make up the " Dariai Paj; the name by which the

Oxus is called until it reaches Shighnan, takes its rise from this

lake ; this stream, which is the 1kgest of the five, falls into the

waters of the '' Dariai Panj" near Bartang on the borders of the

h & z country.

8 About l!l,000 foet above the level of the eea according to Wood.

cccxxxiii '

2. tt Ilauz-i-Pa/~~cr Kolun," a large l*&e in Pamer Kalnn,

ljing at the foot of the lofty mountains above alluded to. - 3. ITauz-i-Sare8;' 'or " Ishal, Kul," in P a m r Sares.

4. IIazcz-i-Runfiul. In Pamer khurd.

5. Hauz-i-Patnet KRurd. \

All these four lakes give rim to streams, which feed b h ~ "Darii-

Panj." The Pamer Kulan stream joins near Langar-i-Zung on the

'borders of Mrakhan and the " Sares" ncar ~hnklldara in ~highnan ;

tile waters of the Rankiul and the Pamer Khurd lakes fall into the

"Karakiul lake after having unitud in' their course. Another s t r a p

from the Pamer Khurd lake falls into the head watem of the

" Dariai Panj" ncar Karman balasi, which have their source on the

western side of the Karachunkur pass in the Pamer mnp, below . .

the " Piryakh" Peak in the Karakoram range. . I

It snows heavily in all parts of the Pamer steppes iu the

months of Octoher, November, February and March, (or when the

sunsis in Ukrub, (Scorpio,! Kous, (Sagitarius), Hiit, (Pieces) Hamal

(Aries,) Sour (Taurus,) and partially after the rains which ocda-

sionlrlly fall in the months of June, July, August and September.

No g a i n or fruit can grow in the Pamcr steppes, whieh, how-

oer , contain the richest pasture grounds in the world for shawl-

goats, sheep, and yaks.

As already stated, thc ~teppes have now no human habitations

excepting the tract of country iu the vicinity of the Rankiul lake

in P m e r Khurd, called the M6ji Cbkar Aghil, where u p w d

of 1,000 families of Kkghiz take tlieir abode in summer month.

cccxsxiv

The follo~ving wild animals are found in the l'nmer steppes :-

1. st Arkar" a kind of goat deer, which supplies '' hsaltlis;"

the female is called " Arkar," the male '< Ghulja!'

e. st Rang'' a kind of shawl goat. Ita wool is eofter and

warmer than the ordinary shawl-wool.

5. Pox.

4. Bear. 1 Skins used for covering.

'

5. $nles6nJ-a kind of Lynx. Its fur is used for Postin

peliare and fetches a high price, from 50 to 60 Tanklins (12 or 15

Co!s rupees). 12 Salesun furs make n pelisse.

' I

6. Ham.

7. D u b in Lakee. 8. Tigers.

9. " Chardah," a bird.

APPENDIX XXIX. B. SKETCH OP THE MODERN HISTORY OF TIIRKISB CHZK4. By P ~ n d i t JlrcnpAeol, Extra Aaristant Commbawner, f r m orat

information given & blahammud Amhi, Yarhndi.

Kharwfir Kor, son or grandson of Horgo Kar* was the I& of

the ancient line of the Tartar rulerspf Eastern Turkisten, or rather - Mughlistan. He married his daughter-his only child-to Makhdlim

Azim Khoja, a religio"s character, who was held in much reverence

by the Turk nation, in chnsideratios of his teputed lineage from

' Zainuliibdin, son of Iman Husain, one of 4he two sons of Ali by

Fatimg daughter of the Prophet Mahammad.

Apt& KhojaJ the offspring of this connection; succeeded

Kharwtir Kor to the throne on his death, and ruled for a long

course of yearsJ combining spiritual influence with sovereign.p)litical I

authority. I

He divided his kihgdom between his t w ~ sons, Hast Khoja (by

a woman of his own tribe, Syad), and Khan Khoja (by a U

wife). To the former he gave the flourishing fertile proGnces of I

Kbhghar, Yarkand, and Khutrtn, and to the latter the hilly or

mbmontane and less productive !districts of Ushturfgn, ALsG, Bbi,

Sahram, Kurli, Kuchh, Karashaihr, Turfan, Kumohul, and M.t

Khan Khoja was never eatisfied with this division, and at

mcceeding, with the support of his Kilmak relations, in murdering

hie brother Hast Khoja and his family, became sole master of the

whole of Eastern Turkish.

--

+ The invasion of Thibet by the Tnrtnm, Kilmaku, (Calmucs) in A.D. 1688, (174 yeam ago) is said to have occurred in the reign of Horgokur.

t All these district8 are illhabitmi by hIohammadane, excepting Lla and Kam&ihr, which are purely I(ilmak countries.

The Karataghlik population throughout the province observed ,

a public mourning by putting on black clothes for the loss of their . royal priest, Hast ghoja. The Aktaghlik Kashghan' Turks, or

rather Moghals, rejoiced at the success of Khan Khoja, and evinced

decided attachment to him.

The descendants of the two secta are still divided into two

hostile factions, retaining the original designations of their ancestors,

the rr Karataghlik," and the rr Aktaghlik."

The Kilmaks, under Khan Khojs, soon arrogated to themselves

all the power in the State, and t~rranized over the Turks-the

Kamtaghliks in particular-who in vain applied to Khan Khoja for

redress. The Karataghliks then solicited and secured the inter-

ference of China. The agent of the Turfani gentry, the chief actom

in the approaching revolution, who had been entrusted with the - representation of the Turk nation to the Emperor, returned with a

large Chinese army, under the command of a " Jang Jnng," named

'' Ai," which, afbr having succesefully ~ncountered and dieperaed

the troops of Khan Khoja at 116, Turffin, and Akd, advanced on Yarkand, where the latter made their laat bold but uqsuccessful

stand under Khan Khoja against the Chinese. The Khoja fled,

rcm&panied by several thousand Kilmaks and K.shghnr$, to

Tsshkhlvgh6n or Sar-i-kul, leaving the whole of his territor; to the

Chinese. Receiving no support from the Sar-i-kul chief " Shalwb,"

be proceeded through the PBmer steppes to Badakhshan, where he

was hospitably received by its ruler, Blir Sultiin Shsh K b ; bat

having subsequently been suspected of entertaining treacherous

designs against the life and kingdom of the Mir, he waa put t o

death by the latter.

ccexxxvii I

His three sons made their escape to Bukb6r6, when* the~mere

subsequently taken by their, " rnurids," or devotees of Kashghar, t:,

Andijan, where their families are still living, and whence some of

their degcepdants have, t~ will Le hereafter shewn, at times invaded

Kashgar and Yarkand, in the vain hopes of regaining possession. of . . their ancestral territory.

I , I ,

The Kilmak followers of Khan Khoja settled down io Bdakh-

shan, or migrated t o Afghanistan and Khokand ; and their descend-

ants, who subsequently adopted Islamism, are still found in those

countries, mostly employed as soldiers. Tba Khokand Kilmaks,

who are called " Arkar," respect the Khojas.

The Chinese took military possession of the county thus

wrested from Khan Khoja about 112 years ago (aboqt A.D. 1750).

A Jang Jung, stationed fit Ih or " Ghulja," invested with,

supreme authority over it. Kashghar, though inferior to Yarkand

point of size and importance, was, from its vicinity to the

~ h o k a n d border, m d e the seat of a subordinate Government, with

a Khan Ambhn at ita head, and a permaneht garrison of 5;000

ehinese troops. An " Ambhn " was also appointed to each of the' /

districts, such as Yarkand, Khiitan, Aksii, &c., with a

k e d garriso~l of troops. I

P The civil administration of all the Tnrk provinces was, tinder

the general control of the Khan Ambhn, entrusted to the Turk chieftains of the country. Satvhdi Beg, a Turfan gentleman, who

hd done good servke in the campaign, was aipointed BaiE Beg 1

(native governor) of Kashghar, under the Khan Am&. The

tribute payable by each district, in cash, p i n , cloth, &c., was also

fixed. . 1 1 , -,,

cccxxxviii

These arrangcmenta, eventually made for some of the principal

Strenyth of Clliric'gc?

troopz cnntonetl in cn1.11

di\tricf or . 1)roviuce.

5,OOC)

3,000

Tnrlc A~~thor i ty .

_ B.iili Ceq.

Hhkim l ! r~ .

JT'nkim Ijcq.

Amonnt of )-early tribnte.

-__--- Cnsh. 2 t,000

Tnnlins monthly = L,noo rll~"c.=4P.Oor) C'o.'.s ruppcs nnnnnlly.

C/or'/t. 7-5,OOO piccei nnnll-illy of cotton clot!^.

1 1 1 Crnin, .(-c. One-tciltll r j f the aqriculturel produce annl~nllr.

:?2,000 Tnnkns mrnitllly=~.:~3 il C ' O . ' ~ TIlI\CC.--

(i l.n(iq nnrn1all.v. 011c 1.v IlIl*, 1'7

of cotton clo:11 nnri~i-~lly.

below :-

Chinese Authority.

. - Khnn

hrr~bltn.

Amh?ln.

Ambin.

x o .

- 1

2

3

provinces, are specified

xamo of Province,

I(hshghar, .

Thrkmd, ...

Khiltan, (" Elchi" md " Karakssh.")

\

Do.

DO.

DO.

4

I In 1<1n,I, one-

5.0m 0

no. Inrlnded in So . 4,

Alcsil, ,. .

Lai Jrasjid, ... U~htnrf?tn, ...

COO

Rs. 1(;.005 nn- n11a11~. 2 i . 0 ; ~ pirce. of c111tl1 nnnruIIy.

Or,~-tf~n111 of procll~c-r in Iiincl.

8,0(\0 Tankxs montl~ly,orC'~~.'r I:.;. 16,UOS army. -- -

tenth ol' t l i ~ agricultural p ~ o - clnrr.

S,nnO Tankas 1no11t I~ly=l,:{': 1,

, C'o.'s rlIpPc'= 1 ~ , 0 0 S C'os.' ru- pe(** :lllllllnlly.

2i.OlM) picces nnn11.1l1v of cotton cloth.

On(--tenth of proflare in Iiinrl.

8.1 l ( Y ) I'3nlaq montl~ly=Co.'.;

Tile Cllinese Governmont took upon itself the payment of all

the Chinese t roop and officers in the country. This payment

continued to be m d e monthly in silver ingots remitted from Fekin

(13c,jin) by annual instalments in specie, until the internal dissen-

sions in China brnl~e out about 15 pears ,%PO. The troops have since heen paid from atIditionaI funcis,* raised by the Turk Nakims

from the people.

Satwadi Beg \\-as succeeded I)y AkLeg (PI-uhably his relative).

During A k 1 ~ ~ ' s administration the country prospered, cnltiva-

tion and commcrce increased, and a number of K a ~ h ~ l ~ a l i s , who had

fled with Khan Khoja and settled in the vicinity of Ldce Isllalkul in

Pamer Khargoshi, one of the seven subdivisions of the Pamer

steppes, retunled to their homes, hence called Ishalkulis. A number of Khokandis, upwards of one hundred, also settled down as

traders a t Kashghar. N d ~ u t e Khan was then King of Khokand.

His principal officers, Kaitaki, Sardar ~ a s h & r Irishkuli Beg, Vazrr

and Rajab Gllulcha Yasawal succeeded in appointing Niamatjan-bai,

a wealthy merchant of Tashkand a t Kashgliar, to the office of

~il;slial, or commercial agent on the part of the Khan of Kh~kand ,

to look after the affairs of the Khokandi traders, Brmed Andijnnis, in the latter city ;-receiving from them the usual " Chehl yaki,"

& one-fortieth duty on merchandize. This appointment is believed

to hare been made with the permission of Akbeg ( H d i m of Kash-

ghar) and the Chinese Governor.

This was the beginning of t'he A h k d system, which, as ,shewn

hereafter, paved the i\ray for the %$;re exercise, in a foreigh terri-

tory, of independent supreme authority on the part of"the Khan of - - - -. - - - -.--

* 1;uisctl Ly I I ~ ~ L I ~ of new t i ~ s c s , called " Ctinakrp (jtpitationw Cnziir," or tax Ic~ ied oil sale of goods in the lktzar. ,

libolsand, o ~ ~ ~ r a large portion of the population of Kashghar,

consisting of emigrants and travellers from tlie country of IChoLand.

The ~hol tnr ld Aksltal having pssed the " I~hnlliuliz~ " (11 110 rr

had returbcd to Knshghar rn above stated) off for Andijanis, and

takcn thcrn ~lnder his commcrcinl chnrgc, incnrred the severe dis-

pleasure of Alcbeg. The Bai, who had by this time gained much

interat with the Khokand Durl~ar, ly means of the large presents

he annually sent to the King and his courtiers, resented the rebuke

he had reqeived from the Baili Beg for his improper conduct, and

complained of him to the Durbar, which sent a strong party of , horse tk the Kashghar frontier posts, with orders to seize and bring

sway any Chinese officer they could get hold of. The " Pi&" or

Chinese officer, a t the Ekziar " Urthang," or police post, between

Oitagh and Yanghisar, was accordingly carried off prisoner to

Khoknnd, and there placed in, strict confinement.

This event led to the dismissal of Akbeg from the office of

" Hakimbeg," and the Appointment of (' Silranclar," also a Turfani

gentleman, ixi his place.

, Sikandar succeeded, by largely bribing the Khokancl Darbar,*

in procuring the release of the "Pia," for which good service he

was rewarded by promotion to the high Chinese office of " Wang,"

accompanied 1)y a letter patent from the Emperor, making the rank

hereditary in his family.

Silrandar ruled for allout 40 years, nritl~ n r2marliablc degree

,of efficiency and success. I l is administration was free from all

internal colnmotions and external nggressions.

-- * Alum IJeg, successor of Xnrbute Klian, was now on the throne.

Sikanclar Wnng on hi death was succeeded by his son viinae

The Kl~okand King, Mahammad Ali, who had succetdd ,@am

Beg on his death, finding the Aksakali of Kashghar to be a desir-

able source of income, wished to have similar Aksakalis established

at Yarkand, Khutan, A k s ~ , Ushturfan, tc., but the Khan Amban

would not agreed tr, any new arrangement of the kind, and rejected

the Khan's application on the subject.

In revenge for this refusal the Khokand Darbar instigated

, Jallangir Khan Bhojs, a grandson of Khan Khoja,* to make an

5 inroad in the Kashghar territory, with the assistnnce of his numer-

ous hfuricls, or disciples. In 1827-28 A. D. the Khoja* acoordingly,

taking with him a party of his Kashghari '' Murids," took up hie

residence at Kilta Ailak, a place to the north of k t u s h in Ksshghar,

where the Aktnghlik population f om all sides flocked to worship

their hereditary priest, and tohe Khoja was in a short time able to , I

command the services of a large rabble of armed men.

The Khan Amban in the meantime called in a large Chinese

force to Gulbagh,? the ~binese cantonment near Kaahghar, from

Ila, Karashaihr, and other cantonments iu Turkish China, while

Y6nw Wang rigorously persecuted the Aktaghliks for defection,

putking several of their ringleaders to death.

With a oountless rabble the Khoja at last attacked the frontier

~arnsik Khan Khoja, I

Ishak Khoja. I I

Jahangir Khan Khoja, son or graudson of Sarnsak Khan. t Name of the former Chinese cantonlaent at Bashghsr ; the present caaton-

mellt is called " Gya Shang."

Chinem post of Mingyul, putting all the Chinese soldiers stationed

. there to death. A large Chinese army, said to have been 8,000

strong; which had advanced 'to oppose him also met a similar fate.

All the Kilmak soldiers (about 4,000 horse) deserted the Chinese

colors at tho first sight of the Khoja, flying bsak to their country,

and the fanatic Aktaghlih furionsly rushed upon the Chinese before

they could even find time to fire their unwieldy matchlocks on them,

and spread general destruction among them.

The news of this catastrophe caused such a panic in the Chi-

nese army that had remained at Gulhagh, that i t did not leave the '

cantonment; and the Khoja meeting with no further opposition

either from the Chinese or the Turk Wang, (for the latter had also

taken refuge a t Gulbagh) marched on Ksshghnr, of which he took

possession, plundering the houses of all the Turk officials, levying

heavy black mail from the rich merchants, and leaving his Aktagh-

lik followers to tyrranize over their old hereditary enemies, the

Karataghliks. A large party under an Aktaghlik leader, named

Takhta DiwGn Begi, was sent to Yarkand, which he took without

any opposition from the Turk Hakim, Yusaf Beg, and held in the

name of the Khoja. Another Aktaghi, Yiinas Turrl, in like manner

possessed himself of Khutan.

The Ddan Turks, inhabiting a large tract of jungle country

between Yarkand and A k s ~ , also declared themselves in favour of

the Khoja, cutting off all communication between the garrison of

GulLngh and the Chinese authorities on the eastern frontier, through

their country.

The Khoja's followers then laid siege to the ~u lbagh , and

maintained i t for three months, but all their efforts to reduce the

garrison proved ineffectual, unt'il the atate of nffaim in Turkish

China induced Mahammad Ali Khan, the Khan of Khokand, tb \

march with a larKe army (12,000) on Kashghar, and encamp in

front of the fort, when, a portion of the mud fortification having

tumbled i fom from the effects of a flood, the ~ h o l i a n d ' a r m ~ rushed

into the fort, followed by a numerous multitude of the Kashghari

troops, and destroyed the whole garrison aker a desperate fight, in

which a large number of the =ailants waa also killed. Tlinas

Wfing, who had fallen into the hands of the Kashgharis on the

occasion, was subsequently put to death by them.

The Khah of Kholiand, however, returned with his army to

Khokand a few days after this conquest without a t all interfering

with the affairs of the Khojn, Whether a desire for conquest, or

jealousy for the unexpected good success-which had attended the

operatious ?f the Khqja, prompted the Khan to move on Kashghar,

is not known, but his imqqxliate and sudden return to Kholrand is

scribed to fear engendered by the dimvery of a plot laid by the Khoja and his Kashgbari friends to murder the Khan while attend-

ing their invitation to a feast. The Khoja is said to have suspected

the Khan of being hostile to his designs, and intent on carrying

him back as a prisoner to Khokand. IIis Kashgari adherents, there-

fore, never allowed him to approach the Kban during his short stay

i n the Kashghar territory.

The departure of the Khokand troaps from Kashghar n-as fol-

lamed by the arrival of a large Chinese force* a t Aksd, whence they

marched on the former place, after having dispersed the D6lAns,

who h d collected to oppose their advance a t Aksakmard on the

road. The Khoja, after a feeble opposition, fled, =companied by a

large body of his AgtBgli followers, to the Dauht-i-Alai valley,

Said to h p ~ been 70,000.-" burr re^' U&h&rw."

cccxliv

beyond the Kashghar hills, whenre he retired to the Kirghiz

steppes (Dasht-i-Kipchhk), taking refi~ge in the house of a Kirglliz

ohief named Taillk. The Akthgllls scattered themselves in the

Khokand country, where they were for the time allowed to settle

down as sul~jects of the Khan.

Takhth Diwhn Begi, the rebel Hakim of $arkand, fled at the

approach of the Chinese army, but Kinas Turrh, Iiakim of Khiitan,

opposed the troops sent against him, and bravely held o r~ t until he . was killed in action.

IIaving thus reyiined possession of the country, which had

been occupied 1)y Jahandr Khoja for cight months, the Chinese

appointed Ishi%, the Turk Hakim of Kuchhr, who had done good

service with the army, Hakim Beg of Kashghar, in the room of

Yiinas Wang deceased. Abdurrahmhn (son of Kaclii, a Turk

gentleman, whose firlthcr had, on the first overthrow of the Khoja

dynwty, 'gone over to PeIiin, and there, by rendering good service

to the State, obtained distinction and high appointments for himself

and his family), who had accompanied the army from China, was

made Hakim Beg of Yarkand.

The Chinese demanded of the Khan of Khokand the surrender

cf Jahangir Khoja and the large body of Kasligllaris who had fled

with him to Khokand. He refused to give up the Khoja, but stated

that if his wishes regarding the appointment of Akskals a t the

other principal commercial towns of Turkish China were complied

with, a,nd the duties levied on merchandize imported into Yarkand

from Thibet, cedetl to him, he mould not interfere with the capture

in hia territory of the Khoja by the Chinese authorities themsclves ;

and that he would also make over the Kashghnri subjects t o them

The Khan hmbbn and the Turk IIaliim iutimated their inability to

cccxlv

w e d e to his wishes, but gave him hopes of their support if he

applied to the Emperor. The Khan accordingly sent an envoy

(Alim Baclshhh, a rich merchant of note, accompanied by one S M f

Tishna w interpreter) to Pekin. He a t the Bame time reetored to

the Khan Ambhn a great portion* of the Kashghar population,

after having exacted a promise of pardon in their behalf from him.

Ishhk, the Baili Beg of Kbhghar, taking dvantage of the ill

. will the Khan bore to the Khoja and his professions of neutrality

in the matter of his capture, had the Khoja apprehended in the

house of his hod Tailhkt (whom he had previously gained over by

means of large bribes), and brought to Kashghar-whence the

Khin Ambhn sent him in a cart, guarded by a strong Chinese

force to Pekin, where he waa muraered by order of the Emperor in

1828 A. D.

To ensure his safe custody while in transit through the country

of the DLilins, the Chinese had taken the precaution of cantoning a

Chinese force a t Aksakma1.81, where a Chinese garrison of 500

soldiers has aince been maintained, the place being called by a new

name " LBi Masjid." /

The Khokand embassy which arrived at Pekin a h r news of

the surrender of the Kashghar? population and the capture of

Jahangir Khoja had reached there, was favorably received by the

Emperor, who granted to the Khan permission to appoint Akskah

as requested, but rejected his application to receive the Thibet

duties levied at Yarkand rrs being quite nnresonable. The Emperor,

however, thought it expedient to confer a similar privilege on the

hfir of Badakhshan, and give up levying the Thibet duties altoge-

Supposed to number 60,000 souls. t The treacherous betrayal of the Khoja, by hi hoat and father-in-law Tail&

(who had married hi daughter to him while living under his roof) is the theme of a popular Turki song still sang in the Dsaht-i-Kipcbak, H i m , K~hghPr, d;E.

ther. Khokand Aksknls were accordingly appointed at Yanghisar,

Y a r h d , Khutsn, Ushturfan, Aksii, Ila, &c., as mere commercial

agents or consuls.

An Aksknl on the part of Bdakhshan was also appointed at

Yarkand only.

The traders from Thibet were exempted from the payment of

a11 customs duties, and left fa arrange their affairs as before with

their ( r Panch" or Akskal Kasim Ali Khbja the Oumashta or agent

of Kot6 Ma1 of Umritsur (grand-father of Rai Hardial) said to

hnve been the first 3fahajan from that city who tmded with Yarkand.

An order was also received from the Emperor directing the

Chinese authorities to confine their jurisdiction within the limits

" of the Urthangs " or Chinese police posts existing in Turkisl~

China. This re~ulted in the speedy estrangement of certain

tracts of country on the southern and western boundaries, from the

provinces of Yarkand and Kashghar. The Kunjdtis* crossing

over the ~Krrrakorarn range possessed themselves of the hilly tract

of country interspersed nith rich valleys called Shingshalt and

Itaskamf lying between that range and the Yarkand river. It is

still held by the Kunjuti ruler Ghazanfar, who from fear of the Cash-

mir Maharaja, has of late years removed his treasure to Singsha1.S

Natives of Yonjut, a territory owned by Qhaaanfar, an independent Moham. madan Huler.

t See map of the routes in Turkish China &c. 3 The Kunjuti robbers, erroneously called Klrghia, who infest and plnnder the

Thibet road between Kulanuldi and Aktagh (see Koute Appendir SXlV. No. 1 A. stage 19, and Alemo. on Yarkand trade, wme Appendix) and also make occasional raids into the adjoining Yarksnd valleya of Pakhpo, and Chup, kidnapping men, women and children for sale, and carrying off herds of cattle by force, ~ ~ 9 s through Sl~ingehal and Kaskam, and while employed on their predatory excursions on t h e road. draw thou supplies from those plncee. Their Ruler takea the largest share of - -

t h e & spoils. The KunjGtl ruler Ghnzanfnr is connected with the ai lgi t chief Malik Aman,

his daughter being the wife of the latter. ,

The Tashhurghan. or Sar-i-kul chief * appropriated to himself

the Yarkand valleys of Pil, Langar, Dhamsar and Babajan, across

the river Yarkand, which has of old been the eastern boundary of

his territory in this direction, and still holds them.

The territory of Snr-i-kul or Tasl~kurghan originally formed part of the Kingdom of " Ferghana " (Tsshkant) under " d f ~ d . " It subsequently became subject to the Mophnl Kings of Tutar (now Turk~sh China). When the Chineje wrested Turkish China from Khan Khoja about the year 1762 A. D., " Shalwar" was rulcr of *r-i-kul. He suhiuitted to the Chiuese, who confirn~ed him In poses- tion of the country ; commuting the woollen cloth and shawl-wool which were annually received in tribute from the Sar-i-kul territory, for a lnrgc quantity of saltpetre.

Mahammad Shah, the 4th or 5th mler after Rhalwar, held Sar-i-knl ahont the period above alluded to. Unable to resist the predatory incureions of the Badakh- sha (, the Shighnan, the 7Vakhan and the Runjut rulcrs, who besidos plundering his conntry, m i e d off large numbere of his peoplc to ad1 into rlavery, Nahammad Shnh s o u ~ h t the protection of the new Chinese authoritiee who had recently re- gni~ied possession of Kashghar and Yarkand after the expulsion of Jahangir Khoja. Disheartened a t his prolonged absenc~ a t Yarkand, the peoplo of Bar-i-knl applied to the h?lk of Khokand (Mahammad Ali Khan) for proteetiox rcyuinst the depredations of Bsdakhshan, Pcr. The Khan deputed one of his officers with a force t o induce the inllabitantn to leave the country (Sar-i-kul,) and settle down in t h e adjoiniig valleys of Alni, Us11 kc., in Khokand territory. The poople of Tsghwma end Watekhaif, and most of the Kirghiz popnlation of the Pa~ner steppes, accordingly emigrated to the Khokand vnllegs, but the people of Tsshliurglian and other valleys wonld not quit their homes.

Mshainmad Shah subseqaently resumed the rule of hin country nnder t h e auspices of the Chinese Cfoverntncnt, but hc sop11 iucurred the disple~sure of the Khan of Khokand fur having sent some information injurious to his (the Wan's) intereats to the Chinese nnthoritiee. The Khan wnt an (Elchi) envoy named Adina Hcg, to protest up ins t his conduct, but Mahammad Shah made over Adina- beg to the Chinese authorities, who caused him to be forthwith executed. Tbii so nlucll enrnged the Khan that he sent a large army to punish the Sar-i-kul chief. who waa killed in the action that followed, and the army returned with his head to Klioknnd. I

The people of Sar-i.kd then applied to the Chinese to appoint a ruler over them, but the Chinese declfned to mterfere with their country as being beyond the liinits of their jurisdiction, or finding themselves unable to protect i t from the depredation* of t h ~ Shighnfs, &c. The people a t lost elected one Kulchak Beg, a n influential 'l'dak of Chashmnn in Ilaka Tashknrghan, for their ruler. Kulchak Bcg mled fur 5 or 6 years, after which he fell in an attack made upon him by a lihokand force sent t o chastise him for having abnaed the Khan. AIahammlld B R ~ , a respectable landholder of Baldir in bhv Uchi valley, succeeded him, and on his denth, ia ycar atterwardo, Mahanlinsd Beg, a person of soma note i s Shindee. was raised to the throne ; but failing to protect the conntry against the incnrsious of the Runjutis, Shighnis, kc., he was, eoon h r , depmed to make rooln for Babash Hc:, the prraent ruler of Sar-i.kul, who is @ descendant of Shalwar, the former hsreditary chief of the mantry above alluded to.

Thonyh professing alleglanre to the Chin- Government of Tnrkish China, Bnbash Beg is in reality an independent sovereign. H e is now in peace with all his neighh~urs. The Kunjuti and Shiglman rulera who were most intent on ylunder- ing hia country he hss gained over by means of matrimoninl alliances, having ol~talned the daughter of the Kun.jnti c h i d Ghnmnfar for hi son, and given one of his duughten to his (Ohazanfar's) son, and another to the chief of Shighnan, . i n marriage. The Badakhshsn chief, who ~ I U an ALskal or commercial ent st Yarlmd, and is wasequeutlg interestedin the proaperitg of the trude niths$t c i * ~

cccxlviii

And the Khan of Khohnd, trespassing on the old natural

(mountain) boundary between Kashghar and Khokand, seized a

large tract of country lying between the Kashghar chain and the

Urthangs or Cllinese posts of Rlingyul, Tasl~halik and Ikeikr,

inhabited by Yawasllbai Kirghiz, and also the valleys of Birutukka,

Oitagh and Kinkiul. The whole of this tract is still in the Khan's

possession, and a SarkarJa or official, stationed on his part at I3iru-

tukka, collects the revenue in grain, cattle, kc., and annually remits a

i t to his treasury a t Khokand.

For the captlue of Jahhngh Khojh, Ishhk, the Nakim Beg n f

KA~hghar, was promoted to the high ofice of Whng, and the rank

was further rendered hereditary in his C~mily.

Abdlirrahmhn, the Ilakim of Yhrkand, also became a Whng, in

succession to his father, Kadir Wang, retaining his charge of the

YBrkand provhce.

The Khan Ambfin removed From Kishghar to Ybrkand, which

henceforward became the seat of the local Government.

wlllcu 18 urrlecl on by hla aubjecte and others through the Sar-i-kul territory Ly the r o u h detailed in Appendices IV B. and XXVIII, also asaits Babash Beg in providing for the safety of his country.

Babeah Beg alao maintains friendly interconme with the Tnrk Hakim of Yar- kand, and annually eschnngea presents in cloth, homes, &., with hitn. H e has. Ilowever, no large reaourcee a t commaud, nor sutiicient influence to coerce his own nubjects. He haw no army ; his revenue oollections in kind are confined to the stndl valleys of Uchi, Tultg L n g a r , Dhatnsnr, Habajan and Popochi. The Kirghiz populntion of t h e valleys of Muzeling, Tangitar, Yambuhk, Charling and Kiziltilpll pay him " Chahlyakki " or one out of 40 head of cttttle. Tlle people of Teahkur- ghnn have never paid hitn any revenne. They are under the im~nediste control of one " Lajwsrd," Arbab or Headman of Tauhkurgl~an, who is descended from Shanbnba Rahadur, formerly an influentinl courtier of the Sar-i-k~il state.

Rnbwh Beg lives iu Chung Tuuq, in the valley of Tung, in a retired part of Tashkurghnn.

The country of Sar-i-knl, though rich in natural resources, ia now very thinly peopled. The Pamer steppes, which thirty years back, contained several thounantl families of a pastoral popnlation of Kirgbfz, with their large flocks of ahn~vl goatq. sheep, kc., are now devoid of all hehitnticln. Tile Kirghis were driven by the depredations of Shignia, &c., to seek refuge and nettle down in the Khokand territory, and the valleys of Yarknnd and Gaahghar. The whole popnlation of thc Taehlrur- ghan territory dow not now pmbaMy exceed 8,000 how8 or families.

IshLk Whug, dying S years afterwards, was succeeded by

Zahliruddin Beg, of Kuchk, who was appointed as a " Hhkim Beg."

To AbdurrahrnLn, WLng of Yhrlinnd, who died a year or two after

IshAli, succeeded one Tkjl Beg, as <'H&kirn Beg."* Both these

new Hdkim Begs failed to agree with the Khokand Akskgls a t

Kashghar and Yarkand ; and complaints of their ill treatment of

tho Aksklls reaching 'Khokand, the Khokand darhar,? in 1853-53, '

induced sevenf Khojas of the family of Khan Khoja to invade

Kashghar, with tho assistance of their Aktaghlik Kashgari Murids

of K h o h n d (the remnants of the Kashghri followers of Jahlnglr).

The Aktaghlilis of Kashghar also joined them. Zahhuddin fled to

the Chinese garrison. The Khojas took possession of I iashghu and

held i t for 4 months. The Chinese never moved out of tho fort to

oppose the Khojas. TLjl Beg, under orders of the Khan AmlPn,

sent 500 Yarkandis to the aid of Zahthliruddln, accompanied by 1,000

Chinese soldiers from Ld Aiasjid, Khuttm, Yarkand, &c. The

Khojas met these troops a t Yapchln on the road, and defeated

them. Most of the Chinese were killed. The Yarkondis were taken

prisoners by the Khojas, but soon after set a t liberty, on promise of

assistance in their intended attack on Yarkand. The Khojas were,

however, routed by a large Chinese force that had arrived from

Aksil, and met them a t KokrahBt, on the road, and fled back to

AndijAn, accompanied by a number (5,000) of their Aktaghlik

Murids.

* The sons of Ishiik and Abdurrahmhn succeeded to Whnmhip 011 the death of their f~ thers . Ahnlad, sou of the former, is now TVLng of -&ah, and B1ohz111- mad Aziz, nor1 of the latter, was made WBng of Khutan. He ~ubsequently died, nucceedcd by his scn Ballar, who i n still Wing of Khutcm.

t Khodayar Khan was then on tllu throne. 1. Kiitta Khan TurriL 2. Viili Khan Turrk. 3. Kicl~ik Khan Tuuri. 4. 'l'a\v~kkal l sh iu .

6. Son of Subur Jb, son-in-law of Slrer Ali Khan, Kin of Khokand, fathw of the present $ng, K b ~ y w Khan.

6 . Budshah Khan Turr. ( 7. Nme not k n o m

cccl

Both Zahlirnddi11 and TAji Beg were superseded in t k i r ofice

of Hakim Beg by Ahmad WRng (son of Ishhk WAng), ancl

Afrediin Whng, son of YGnas Wfing,* respectively.

Ahmad WAng, of Kashghar, also hiled in securing the good

\\-ill of the Khokand Akskkl at that place, and he had not long been

in office before Vali Khan ~LiirtI, one of the seven Khojas of'

Andijkn above alluded to, instigated by Karamkul, Vazir of the

Khokand Khan, Khodayar Khan, and summoned by the Aktaghliks

of Kashghar, suddenly appeared before that city, and being at once

joined by a multitude of Aktaghliks, took possession of i t and tho

country around, his followers plundering and massacring the people

at random. Ahmad W5ng fled to the Chinese garrison, who, as

ususl, never moved out of the fort to attack the Khoja during his

occul~ation of the country, which lasted for &out three months.

Tille Khan, an Aktaghlik leader, who was sent \vith a strong

fora to take Yarkand, could not wrest it from Afrediin TY&ng,

though he besieged i t for 20 days. IIe succeeded, however, in des-

troying a party of YO0 Chinese that had come out of the Chinese

fort to oppose him. I t was auring this siege that Adolphe

Schlagentweit, travelling on a scientific mission in Eastern Turk-

i s h , arrived in the environs of Yarkand. He wao immediately

summoned by Tille Khan fro~n Karghalik, and sent under an mcort -

to Vdi Khan Td at Kashghar, where he was beheaded by order

of the TurrL. This event occurred in August 1857.

Both Tille Khan and Vdi Khan fled to Karhtghin (in a remote . part of the Khokand territory), on the arrival of a large Chinese

+ Afrcdfin, whose mother was a Cl~itrali wonlan, was bonk after the death of Y h m \Vitng. The Chinese Government, in consideration of the services of 11is grlmdfather, Sikandrrr Whng, liberally provided fbr him during his minority, a d when he a m c to age, appoillted Lirn to the charge of country, with Lis hereditary rank of Wing.

cccli

- force from the Chinese provinces at Yarkand and Kashghar. Their

Aktaghlik followers, to the number of about six thousand, also fled

to Kholiand. Moved by compassion for the great disasters that had - befallen the country during its occupation by the Khqja, the Chinese

overlooked the fault of the Knshghari population who were more

or less concerned in the rebellion, 'but they caused a respectable

Shekh of Artush, by name X r Ahmad-a man of great spiritud

influence, who had been compelled hy Vali Khan, while passing

through that place on his advance on Kashghar, to give him his

daughter in marriage-to be murdered, and his large estatp to Ca

confiscated.

Ahmad Wlng, on resuming his seat at Kashghsr, found that

his sister and nephew had been sent off captives by the Khoja t o

Khokand. The Khan Ambkn and the Whng wrote to the Khan of

Khokand, complaining of the conduct of the Khokand darbar in

having allowedvali Khan~to come on Kashghar, and demanding

the restoration of the Wkng's relatives, and the eurr~nder of the

numeroug Kashghah subjects who had taken refuge in his territory.

The Khan (Xulle Khan, who had recently succeeded Khudayar

Khan), sent back the captives and most of the refugees, and cleared

himself of all blame in the matter of Val; Khan, by referring his (Vali Khan's) proceedings to the time of his predecessor (Khudayar

, Khan), whom he had depoeed. He further sent an embassy, con-

sisting of two Khokand officials, Mirza Ahdul -Ki%m, and Mirza

Mahammad &zbim ZdcAtchi, attend on the ~ m d a o r of China at

Pekin, with presents, &. 1

I n his communication to the Emperor, the Khan qf Khokand

is said to have retorted the censure that had been cast Ly the Khall

Am& upon the Khokand Governnlent in cmnection with the

att*k of Vali Khan on Kashghar, by animadverting on the absurd

weakness and cowardice of the Khan Amban and his Chinese assist-

ants, in having allowed themselves, while in command of a large Chi-

nese force on the spot, t,o l e cowed by a robber, meaning Val! Khan.

The Khan Amban, fearing the consequences of this communi-

cation reaching the Emperor, tried his best to persuade the Am-

bassador to return to Khokand, but to no effect, for he was de-

termined to fulfil his mission, and was ready to start on his onward

journey, when the Khln,Ambfin caused the whole party tc be sent

for and assassinated at the Gulbagh (Chinese Cantonment) near

Tiirkand. The Khan of Khokand having brought this matter to

the notioe of the " Janjung " of " Ila," it was rcported to the

Emperor, who had the Khiin Ambiin sent for to Pekin and executed

for the traitorous murder.

All this occurred within 8 months after the flight of Vali

Khan Khoj& from Kashghar.

. I n April or May last year (1861 A. D.) the sons of Shekh Mlr

Ahmed of Artush who had been murdered by the Chinese authori-

ties, as &ove stated, followed by their M d d s , attacked KGsbghar

in revenge for the murder of their father, but fled back precipitate-

ly after having killed about three hundred Chinese who happened

to fall in their way.

Thc trade of Western 'I'urkistan has declined since the mur-

der of the Khokand envoy a t Ysrkand.

News h s recently k e n received a t Cash& that the Manjour

Chinese authorities (royaliste) 1n Turkish Chins, have, since April

1862, been supplanted by the Knakhatais, the rebels, who are now

in possession of the country.

NOTE.-'l'he sgateln of orthography used in the version of names in the above Appendix, is that followed by Sir William Jones.

cccliiia

LIST OF CERTALh' WORDS OF THE SAR-I-KULI DIALECT. See note, page cce.uxi.

Sar-i-Xuli. Engliah. lihel, . .. Man.

Ghin, . . . Woman.

Nicho, , ... Chid, infant.

Ghadh, .. . Boy, youth.

Pichkt, ... Girl, daughter.

At& ... Father.

An&, ... Sother.

Bidr , ... Brother.

Amak, ... Uncle.

Warch, ... Horse.

Tnsl~, ... Mare.

Shir, ... Ass.

Zfigh, ... Yak.

Chat, ... Cow.

Tugh, ... Goat.

Mauk, ... Sheep.

Shuch, ... Dog.

Gilm, ... Goat-wool, clean.

Chupur, ... Goat-hair.

Un, . .. Sheeps WOOL \

Lichik, ... Female head dress.

T k h , ... Mountain, hill.

Barf, ... Snow.

Khw, . . . Water.

Khech, ... Bread.

Xt, . a Milk.

Malim, ... Cream.

Iibgh, ... Butter, clarified butter.

Ndn, ... Meat.

Khutuu, ... Wheat.

, Barley.

... ' &me.

cccI.iii6

~ n ~ - i - b i r li. ~ t l g l i d h . .Tang, ... War (Persian word).

... Large, tau.

... ' Cotton.

Jer, ... Stone.

Karcr, ... Bird.

Trish, ... Tllirst.

Chnnak, ... Eye.

Tuit, ... TO go.

Tn~idaf, ... Go away.

To, Pira11,

... Come.

... I.

... rnou.

... Coat.

... Hand.

... Font.

Pelih. ... Shorn. I

Zcj, I .. . Wood.

Wuh ... Dariai, . ... Sailalr, ... Agllil, ... Khirgnli, ... Birazim, ... Alunjrtn, ... Uturghin, (o Tnrlii word,) ' ' ... 'Xubgllin. ( do. ) ... Begim, ...

1. Iv. 2. BGe. 3. Troi. 7. Urt. 4. Ckohor. 8, liat.

Crr3.w.

River. Pasture ground. Cattle shed. Tent encampment. To eat. To sleep. To sit. To rise or got up. Governor, Ruler.

11. Dasat ir. 12. &sat bS.

APPENDIX XXX.

Boa& leading oaer Ute Passes of tAe Karakoram or H i n d i KIJJ

nt~lgefrom Testern TAibet (Ladakk, Balti, Jc.,) Kunjzct, and Gilgit

into th Sar-i-Kul or TashrG?crgA&n and Yarkand territories; and from

d$giranbtapl and the North West frontier of the Pvtzja6, tArozigH

Ckitral into BadalisAan and tAe Pamer steppea, and thence to Par-

Land ;-from oral information given by Malammad Blnb, Ya'rkanq

and founded on his personal o6smation.

I. OVER TRE CHHANG CHKINMO PASS. For tAis route see Appendix ATo. I F A.

11. OVER THE KARAKORAM PASS. See A p ~ e n d h XXIP. ~ a b h ' o f Routes.-No. I A.

111. OVER THE CHBORBAT PASS, W I J O PROH CHHORBAT AND

Gaah with loads on their backs ; they take gold dust to Yarkand, and bring back Ynrkand cloth, wool, &c.

From the Pass to Khafa- lung, stage~o. 20, on the caravan route from Leh to Yarkand, NO. 1 8, Appendix XXIV, Table of Routes.

About 40 kos, or 3

journey.

The road lies along the Khafa- lung stream, whicll rise8 in the Karakomm range near the pans, (chhorbat) which is d i ~ d b one, passable only for foot pan- sengers, and open for two months only, (July and August,) in the war. The Bnltfa cross over this

APPENDIX XXX.- Cofltinwd. IV. OTER TJIE SRIOH.~L OR MUSTAOH PASS.

( I f r o i in. r ? a n a . Thi.~paas is di@Zt, Llcl .yonrewAnt easier, flaw, the CAiorbcitpasa,~acticaAIeefor Taihyake, open ,/i)r 4 ~ t ~ o a f l s (Jdy, Augz~st, Septemler, October,) in tiLe year.

No.

1

2

NAME OF STAGE.

1 3 A hal t i in~ place. on the bank of the Surlchad stream, ...

-- From the Pass t o a halting

lace. A halting plwo call'i

Jangalak, , ...

10 ,, 4

6

PROBARLE DISTANCE) IN KOS.

---

6 hos.

12 ,,

6

Along the Ah-i-Mmtagh stream in the Ab-i-Mustugh valley. I -

REXAEKS.

Foot of the Aghildawin Pass, ...

~ a h n - i - ~ a z h dar6, ...

Urdak saldi, . .. 10 ,, I 7 C h i r h h mldf. I 8 Foot of the C h i r k h Hal$

Pws, ...

9 , nrl<h&brid, or " S~irkhRnk," (bank of the stream),

In the valley ; the " Kum" river, in which the Ab-i-Xu.&gh falls, is here cros~cd ; another stream Sur Khanil" slso joins here. The roud runs np the " SOT-

khana" stream, then turn8 at this point (halting place) in a northerly direction towards the 8'Aghildawan," followinp stage.

Across the Pmn, which is an may pnap over a low r idga A hrltinp. place.

Rawl s l o n ~ the Nbls Aghil; dawbn stream in the valley. The strenm join^ the Yarkand river a t thin m i n t iDahn-i-Bwar darhl.

8 ,, 12 .,,

5 9,

. 12 ,,

12 ,

I See Appendix XXIV. T a y e of Roater, KO. I A.

'

A halting Road in a valley up the Yar-

knnd river. A halting place. Read in a vdlep np the Yar-

kend river. A hnlting plnce. R o d in a valley up the Chi-

ragh-raldi stream, which joins the Yarkrnrl r ivetat Chirnghwldi.

The Kotal-i-Chimgh saldi, an m y pass, is c m d ; thence t h e road descends down the SnrkM- Ucl valley, along the stream.

In the vnllec, dong Me Snr- IthhbLd &ream.

P ~ s t n r a g r a n d ditto ditto, inhabited by pastoral tribes.

Ditto ditto. Ditto ditto.

Ditto ditto. The SurkbabAcZ stream here joins the ' f i z n ~ f rive, Here the road joins the caravan route from Leh to Yb- kand.

APPENDIX XXX.- Conti~zued,

REMARKS.

---- Road nlong the " I<nm"ntrea~n.

This is tlir snme staxe as KO. 2 of the preceding route.

At Chirn-h anldi two rnntb se- parntc, one goen to " JIw.Ar" ns detailed in the prcredin~ route. the 0tht.r to "jiu]anulfi" stage on the Carnva~i route between Lrh and YArkAnd. See the

Zamiadni route, Appendix XXIV, Table of Routes, So. I A.

Rosd up the YBrkand riven

This is the mad by which the Knnjrrti robbers crms over from Knqjut to Kulanuld to infest an&l plunder the caravan route from Leh to Yhrkand, between Kulamld and Aktbgh.

Tlie Sliingshal Pass is muclr easier than tho two ptcceding passes, " Chhorhat" and '' Mnq- tAgh," inasmuch as i t in paasable to laden horucs and is open throughout the year.

VI, VII, VIII.* O ~ R THE GKUNDBAB," r r KALIK " AND

c' MINTAKA" PASSES, .from Kwnjid, Ilunzi, iTugar, and Gilgit into Pamer-i-TagAd~tn1LR and T&AX.trgAcin i i x ~ tie Sur-i-kut territory.

. Prros~ss,~ DISTANCE IH ma.

--

12 kos.

9

10 ,, --- 67 koa

\

- ~ 6 .

-_ 1

2

8

NAME or BTAQE.

----- From the Pas6 to Janga- lak,

Chiragh saldi, 5 s t i p s . Nos. 2 to 7 of the prc- codingroute<

K h d d i , ... Total, ...

-

1

- - Theae three Pesses are 1210313 to ench other ; tliry nre easier than the

Shinglol pass, practicable for laden horses and open t b r o u g h o ~ ~ t the year.

Between 8 and 10

kos.

From each of the three Passes to

Kqhan-i-Ujadbbi, ,...

Road nlonz ~trenms througlt the Pamrr-i-Tagltdrini11as11, Kur- ghsn-i-Ujdbbi in a large villnge.

ccclvii

APPENDIX XXL- Contilawd.

PROBA~LE DISTANCE IN KOS.

No.

A fortified town, capital of the Sar-i-kul or TBshkurphbn t e m - tory. The Chitml and Badskhshan muks to Yarkand pass through TBshkurghAn. See Houte Appen- dix I V B, and the mute fiom Kundnz to Yarkand, Appendix XXXI. The Badakhslue. Wa.. khis, (of WakhAn) and Sbi h& (of ShighnAn), csn-y on k v e - trade by these three Paesra. They buy slaves in Kunjut, Oil- git, Chitral, and take th61n for sale to enstem and western Tur- kistan, viz., Yarkand, Bukhkrq drc.

NAME OF STAGE.

IX. OVER THE CHITUL OR BIRUGI~IL Pass. Caravan route . from Jalata6ad to Y a r I a d . See Aappendia IP B.

X. BY THE SATISBTIRAK KOTAL, leading from Chitrad into

Fakhan, a dependeng of Badakhshan, a dz$icult pass, impacealrle

to laden animak. Not used lly caracans.

F r m Buni, in the Chitral territory, in the valley of the Kuner river, stage No. 19 of the route from Jalalabad to Yarkand, Appendix IVB, to

12 kos. A large village in a rich inhabited valley. Road up the '' Kut" stream nlong tho leR bank.

Ditto ditto.

APPENDIX XXX.- Conti~aued.

,-

NAME OF STA08.

Kut, . . . ( a large village, )

Foot of the Satishtirak Pass, .. .

A halting place across the Kotal (Pass), ...

Sat-i~htirak. . . . (a largc village,)

15 kos.

20 kos or 2 days sour- "'7,

12 kos.

12 kos.

Total estimated distance, 83 kos. I I

Two roach hranch off here, ono poea to *' Kila-i-ZiPbeg" rm follows :-

From Kut to s h.lting? place in a rich vdleg 1 called 8hn.j.n Ali, )l2 kos. along the Shqjw Ali etream, J . ,

l'henre to Ki1a.i-Zibeg* road dong the .hove stream,

And tho other leads to the Sati~htirak-kotal or pass M here detailed.

Road in a valley along a stream rising in the Satiihtirak Pw

Paan difficrrlt, m&ed with perpetual snow, not paamble to laden animals.

In Wakhlln, a dependency of Rudakhshan, ntepe No. 34 of the Route from Kunduz to YArkand thronph Bndskhshnn, Appentlir No. XXXL

* Zi4beg is stage No. 2G of the Route from Jdalabad to Yarkand, Appendix I V B.

NOTE.-Thin is not a Caravan Rontc.

ccclix

APPENDIX .XXX.- Continued.

XI. THE " KOTAL-I-KHABTEZA,'.' 3 Leading from Chit- XII. THE KOTAL-I-NUKSAN, rat into Badakhshan.

XIII. THE K O T A L - I - A G L ~ ,

n e s e three Passes are used by Earaaana of petty BadallsL4 tra-

ders awd ehae dealera, impassable fdr laden animala, safe even fo.r

sil~gle travelleis.

XIV. THE KOTAL-I,DURAH, Passable for laden animah, end

largely @sect by caravana of tradersfrom Bukhlird, Bodakfish&n, gc.,

to Chitral and Peahawar.

REMABKS.

- - - -

Acrom the river a' Kunm." Chitml, also called " Koiahk~~" (Kashgnrh of the maps 2) is the cspital of the Chitral territorg, containing about 1000 houle~~ and a market called " Deh-i- Baz?r."

A village containing about 200 houses nt the confluence of the Kuner and Shughur rivers. Hosd up the Ksner river. This ia the place of Munfat Khan, w n of Mohabbnt Khan, one of the CLitral Grandcea.

PROBABLE DIBTANCE Ia gob.

2 kos.

6 ,,

-.

1

2

NAME OF BTAQE.

- - I

From " Danin" (a stve, No. 14) on the left bank of the Kuner river, on the caravan route from Jalalabad to Yarkand, Appendix I V B, to

C h i t d ,

Chingur, ...

I

XXX.-Continued.

REXABXS.

- - R o d along the left bank of the

Shughnr river. A villa:t%, the re- ~idence of a son of the Chitral Ring. T)ree streatna join here, viz :-

1. " Lutku," rising In the Dnrah Pass.

2. " ArliaPi, r i a i n ~ i n the Ag- rani, Khartem, and h'uksan Pas-.

3. Khuxam, rising a t the foot of tlie Tirirhmir peak of the Hindu Kush or Rarakoran~ rnnge, covered with perpetual snow, and the ktrean~ thenrefor- ward called " Shughur" falls in- to the Kuner river a t Chingnr as above stated. Twe road8 branch off a t this

plnce ; one leading to the Khar- teza, ( X I ) the X'nksnn, (XII) and the Agrnm, (XIII) Passes. and the other to the 1)urah Pass (XI\?.

Road np the ~ r k & stream. Shafi is a large village in the Chitral territory, on the right of the Arkari atream

Road as above. A large village containing 600 houses

In a rich valley. No habitation. Here the roads to the three Paaam separate.

Summit of the Pass Kharteza, This is a very ateep difficult Poss. ' h e w w n t and desmnk iue covered with perpetual.anow ; the former extenda for about 5 kos and

PBOBABLE DISTANCE

X08.

- . 10 kos.

10 ,,

10 ,, 8 ,,

I ,,

No.

3

4

5

6

7

APPENDIX

NAME OR STAGE.

-- - Shughur, , . .

Road leading to tLe Rhr- tazia, ( X I ) the Nuk- sdn, (XlI) and Agram, ( XIII) Poeees.

S h d , .. .

Arkari, ... A halting place a t the

confluence of three streams, viz :-

1. Nalai Kharteza. 2. ,, Agram. 3. ,, N u k s h .

To ~ o ? a l - i - ~ h ~ l b ~ d ' ,

APPENDIX XXX.-Contiraued,

NO. NAKE OF STAGE.

----

I

Total from Danfn to Ze- bak, ...

the latter about 6 kos, irn- ble for laden animals, used by foot trnsellers and caravam of pettv tradern of Badalihnhan trading with Chitral.

71 kos. I

10 kos. A . village acrms the Pam in Radakhshan. Road descends iqto the vallcv of Deh-i.gul. This is the residence of an Arbab or Head man. Here the mads from the three " Kotals" Khartezn, Nuksan, and Agram, unite.

10 ,, A village in the " Damh" or

-

BY KOTAL-I-NU w (XII) , or " Hill of i ~ j u y," &con mAich

--

traveller8 slide upon the frozen snow on a ZeatAern shirt on t i e tXitra2

valley of Zebnk. T h i ~ is a stage on the caravnn route from Kun- dua to Yarkand by Badakhshan, Appendix XXXI.

side o f the Paas.

From the halting place No. 6 of the preceding road, to the

Summit of the Kotal-i- Nukaan, ,

Deb-i-pl, . . . (No. 8 of the preceding road),

ZebBk, ... (No. 9 of ditto),

Total distance from Danfn to ZebBk, ...

5 koB.

10 ,,

10 ,, --

71 kos.

The same remarks ss to the Kharteza Paas apply to t h i a Road along the K u k m stream.

APPENDIX XXX.- Cmtinued.

BY KOTAGI-AQMX. (XIII.)

NoTE.-AU these three Pnsaen, Kharteza, Nuksan and Agram, are covered with perpetual snow. Kharteza is passable to foot psrengers only. On the Chitral side of the Nukson Paw, men crossing from the I+xlakhsllan side have to slide down upon the frozen snow on a leathern shirt. Ponies if tnken by this Paas are tied hands and feet after having been relieved of their bntden, and then rolled down upon the snow. I3.y these processes both men and bersts generally reach the base of the Psss safely. The " Agram," which is the easiest of all the three Passes, k passable to foot passengers as well as to unladen animals, a t times.

The Nuksan and A p m Passes are closed d a r i n ~ the height of winter, the Khnrteza in open thronghout the year.

REMAEKE.

------ The same remarks cul to the

Kharteza Pars. Road liee along the Agmm stream.

No.

-

All the above roade on either side of the P~~saes run through a safe populons conntry, where supplies are procurable in abundance.

Thene Passes are traversed by petty traders from Badakhshan, who bring " Ila- cha" striped cotton cloth, and other deacriptiona of cotton piece goods mannfactnred in Badakhshan, rock salt from Kalavgnn, (in Kundua) and sheep, to Chitral, and take back slaves, mnle and female children, and grow- up persons, whom they bny from the ruler of Chitrnl.

NAME OF BTAGE.

-- From the halting place, No. 6, to the summit of the Kotal or Pass, ...

Deb-i-gul, ... (No. 8, as above),

Zebak, ... (No. 91,

Total distance from Da nin to Zebak, ...

The ruler of Chitrd in in the habit of enslaving all permm from the tribes of K a b h , Dnngiri and Bashghali, idolaters living in the Chitral territory, an well as fmm the Shin sects who are convicted of any crime, and the children of culprits Prom tbese clnsses, and eelling them to slave dealen from Badakhahnn, Kundnz, Bnlkh, BukMra, Be., receiving their price in money and merchandize.

PROBABLE DISTANCE IN X08.

)

1 10 ,

10 ,,

-- 71 kos.

The Siah-posh Katlrs of Ka6riian kidnapped or forcibly seized from the adjacent country of Kafiristan are alao sold as slavea by the Chitral ruler. The price of slaves varies from 25 Tillas (= 166 Company'e rupeee) to 12 Tillas (= 76 Com- pany'~ ~ p e e s ) each.

. ccclxiii

APPENDIX XXX.-- Cmtinued.

Road Zeading over i7re Kotal-i-Bnralt (No. XITJ

R~aaasne.

------

Rosd along the U L n t W strenm. A village in a vsrlley.

Ditto ditto.

Ditto ditto. h luge village on both banks of the Lntkn stream.

Ditto ditto. A hot spring in a rich pastam ground.

Thin ia the &ert of dl the P w leading fiom Chitrnl to Badnthshan exkept No. 1, (the Chitral or Bimghd Pas6 pmsa- ble to Iden ho- an2 c l o d only in the height of winter by mow.

The ascont and descent ue gradual, the former extends b about three kos and the latter to about 5 kw.

A halting place in a wide rich valIey, whem there in a enlphar mine. Road along the Qopmhsht stream, which raking in the '# KO- tal-i-Darah" Pass joins the Vu- doj river (a tributary of the Oxus) at Uaokhnnq rtage No. SO of the road from Kundu to Yar- hd, Appendix XXXL

A village in the Gogprdsrbt valley which m w e here. Bod dong the Gogadedt rtreun.

A village containing about ZOO houscq in ditto ditto.

PROBABLE DISTANCE LN K08.

lo kos.

10 , 12 ,, 12 ,

. *

6 ,, 87

10 ,,

G ,,

No.

- 1 '

2

8

41

6

6

7

8

Q

NAME OF BIPA~E.

- -

From Shughw, stage No. 8, from Danin, to

Mogh, ... hchti, ... Lhtka, - ... Shah-i-saliim, ... Summit of the Kotal-i-

Durah Pass, ".

Base of the Paas acms on the Badabhshan side,

Qogardasht, "'

Sanglich, ,..

lskitul, ... 1

APPENDIX X=.-CoptcZuded.

Nm.-This route by the Durnh Pass is the most frequented of al l tho routea

leading from Chitral into Baddshshan by travellers and caravans from Badakhshan,

or from Bukhara, Balkh, Knndu.l, &., through Bdakhshan to C h i t d The great

bulk cf the trade* between these countries in carried on by this route. The Chit-

rah ddom or never cross over into Badakhsh. Some of thq Badnkhshanl mer-

chants journey on to Affgllanistan snd the other coktries bordering 'on Chitirnl.

The road in the vicinity of the Durah-kotal is subject to the depredations of tho

6ih-posh Kaffra, whose country hero bordefa on thc I;hitral territory.

No.

- 10

. . Tho imports a d etporta are the eame iu epocified in the preceding routea.

NAD OF ~ T A Q E .

Zebak, . . . stage No. 9, under

Khartela Psse, No. XI,

Tot$ from Danin to Ze- bak, by the Durhh Pus, .. .

~ O B A B L E DIBTANCE IN K08.

--- 10 koa. .

--- 100, kos.

B E ~ R K ~ .

APPENDIX XXXL.

Caravan Route from Kunduz to YhrkanrE, tArougA BadakAal&n,

the Pamer steppes, and tle Sar-i-Kul or ThAkurgllin Territory, given

, by Muhammad Bmln of Ydrkand.

PPOBA- BLB DIS- No. NAMES OF STAOXB.

TmCE R P X A E X S .

- -- 6 A town in n wide valley. River

Bangi. 6 A fort and a town.

6 1 A large tom. Plain open conn-

3 %ummit of the Lateb id KoW, an eaay pass, not closed' in winter. paasable for laden animals. Salt mine close by.

6 I n a valley. Stream.

Do. inhabited by pastoral 1 1 tribes. KattPghm Uzbak~.

8 1 Ahan dad, ... 1 5 1 Along a stream in a valley. Do.

7

I Along 8 stream in a valley. b s e an easy Pass, '' Kotal-i-Gsndakul, on the road.

Do. Do.

An eesy Pam.

Kila-i-Maahhad, .

I Chid city of BadakhtJhan.

10 " Chinar-i-Gondushkan," a p l m on the road. The " Ab-i-Yiraach" stream. Inhabited by pastoral tribes. I n Badakhshlln Territory.

16

16

Chatta, ... Bagh*i*Mnbarik, ,..

2

6 Crow an easy Pass, (Rafak).

APPENDIX XXX1.- Cmtiaued.

l9 ( Waghar darn, ,, 1 P I DO;" DO.

No.

- l7

PBOBA- BLB DI8'

TANCE IN 608.

1

lo

NAXEB OF STAOBB.

Deh-i-no~, "'

20

21

22

REYABKB.

--- Iq the Daaht-i-Xhss. A luge

well cultivated valley inhabited by s

nomadea.

23

Xila-i-Jirm, ... Dasht-i-Furghamach, ... Dasht-i-Farngh, . Kila-i-Ynrdar, As above, in a valley. Ab- i -Vdq,

Sang-i-duzdan, ,.. Do.

26

26

Kila-i-Wojg DO. DO.

Y6,nlrl, Do. "

29

30

10

10

10

31

A city. Kokcha river is here crossed on a wooden bri

inhabited by nomades. A well cultivated

DO. Da

Kar~nng, ... Tfrgsrsn, ... Snfed darg ... Gao Khana, ...

32

33 #

a 35

36

Zcbak, ' ...

I n the valley of the Daria-i- Knl bala, (village), ... Panj" (river Oxus). The stages

Nos. 7 to 33 are in the Province Shieshum, (village), ... of Badakhehan. Nos. 34 to38 are in

Wakhan, a dependency of Badakh- Satiahterak, (village), ... shan. Two r o d separate at Kih-i-

Panja; one roceeds throu h Pamer Pigish, (village), HaIan by t i e Agbajan Zotal, and

the other by Sarhadd-i-Wakhan Kila-i-Psnje (town), and the Barzasht PUS.

12

5

5

10

A large stone in the valley, which ia wider here.

In the valley. A village.

Do. Do.

Do. Do.

a . Three streams join here, via :- Go *ht. ~ e k i - ~ u l . Kulbda Zebak ie a emall town with a fwt,

in a wide valley.

range.

B B Y ~ ~ K ~ .

- In the valley. In Wskhan

territory. .

.a, Termination of s deep ravine in

the Pamer steppee.

,, 10 Aatream. Pmer steppes.

Jmgnlak,

Ham damin,

Aghil, ...

From Aghil to Yarkmd,

TOTAL DUTANCE, .. .

P~sd between two sections of the high insulated chain of Pamer mountainn.

BIouth of the Aghajan Paas, (m eaey Pa, dobed during height of winter).

A village in the vall of Taah- Imrgban acroa the Bod along the Watekhaii s t s w , rising in the 'Kotal-i-Aghsjan.

A town in the valley, now deserted.

A cattle shed in ditto. Here the road joine the Chitral route from .Jalalnbad to Yarkand, Appendk IV. B.

8 e t a g a detnild in above muto, Appen x IV B.

From Kunduz to Parkand by the Aghajan PUB.

APPENDIX XXXI.-C~2zuEed.

BoodJCrom Ela-CPonja, r t q a No. 86, by ki5add-i-Wakh, and

t h e to Pmkund by the Barzmit Pa88 om the Pornor range.

Further on as detailed in the Chitrnl route A pendix IV B. from ~ a r f n d d . i-Wakhan to Yarkand, 19 etages, ..a

A Fort add a village. In the valle of the l g P 4 " river,

(Oxus). w d h a n territory. A de pendency of Bedakhehan.

TmCE I Bxylsxr.

KOB.

No*

d village in Wulchan.

N~xne O? STAOB~. I

Do. Do. The road 'oim here the Chitnrl route from .!&&bad to Yarkand, Appendix IV B.

From Knndnr, to Yarknnd by the Banasht Pma.

&tc from ~brknd.do;Aksl5,! (W .the ead of Yhrkand) givcn . . . . 6jMalianQnaddnrin,ofY&h& . , . . . : .# . . . .

. . . . . . .

No.

1

2 B 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15

' - 1

N m OF STAGE.

_I-

From Yhrkand to Ajit- k6, ..,

Chauki Mahnat, ... ,, A18@hit, ... ,, Shimirl ... ,, Aksakmar41,-

Maralbiwhi, slim " La i d .

,

,, Tumshuk, ... ,, Chilan, ... ,, Kuduk, ,, Yukh ~ u d & ; ' ,, SBirik, ... ,, Kiia, ... ,, KGkbhhi, ... ,, Baltang, ... . &ti, ...

Total, ... ,-a

D!BTANOE 908.

--- 12

1

12 l a 12' 12

12

' 12 12 12 12 la 12 7 12

12

-- 175

W '. " ' "'- " ' ' ' -

R ~ ~ a s x e .

- . ,

A Chinese " Urthang" or Police end Qak dtatiion;. .

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

Do. Do. A toan of mme importance founded by the Chinese about 30 e m ago. Has

.*form of 9,000 chhese. water su plied by stream from the ~ & h g p a r dvet. A mti a a northerly direction from thin lacs l e d to ~ l n r ~ $ m , " a new ku- sinn settlement on the Khokand boundru y fmnded ~ & h h the last 8 years, and another to the eaet lea& h ~lck in Khutan by Karh Kbh.

A Chinese #' Urthang." Do. Do.

. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Road from hence to

Khutan in southerly direction. A city in Turkish China On

the high road Gom Yarkand to l? ekin.

Thia route which ia the c o m m ~ Q of the high rbad between

YBrkand and Pekin, lies in an emterly direction in s plsin jangle cow-

try, inhabited within YBrkand jurisdiction up to stage NO. 10, by an

" Elebhi," or nomad tribe called DlilBa, Turk or rather Moghal Md. *

mana-wh~ keep large flocks of sheep, goata, cowe, csmels and horses,

and supply the town of YBrkand with milk, ghee, end fuel, &.

The rive^ Y4rkand rune along the line aa far a~ SBirig No. 11,

where it joins +be river " AM," flowing :g a eovth easterly dire+

IVl~eeled e a g e a , drawn bg hornerr, ara $ad for the conveyance of 0

m~chandize.'

,Qhe journey to Pekin by regular stages ~ c u p i e a air months. Tho . .D&, bowever, which ia taken by the relaye of soware (horsemen) eta.

tiosed at the differeqt " Urthangs" or Chaukis, reschea Pekin from Y&r. kana in 40 daye ; and BksG id one day and oqe night only.

t

The mercbwdize is conveyed in carts b w n by horses. . 1 1 . 1

- - - -- -- - -

Nm.-The native nomw.ue spelt wcording to Siu W-. Jones' .U&ZR 91 -. - orthopphy.

APPENDSX XXXIII.

Road from Piirkand to tlic capital of Khutan.

Nom.-The route lies in a plain open country. The native names ue epelt according to Sir W. Jones' nystem of

orthography.

APPENDIX XXXIV.

E l TRACTS from letlers f rom Dr. IT, 7V. Beller, ~f ttAe Guide

Corps, and Dr. IT. chghrta, Conserc.ulor of Forest8, to lde

Secretary lo Government Prnju6, nykrrling t i e produce

SaJep, A~uf&ticla, 4c.

Nzbrdan, 12tj July 1SG2.

On reference to my notes on the jonrney to Kandahar, I see that

at Hazrah, an elevation of some 11,000 feet above the sea, anci four \ 4

merahes west,from Kurram firt, we found the portions of surface

from which the snow had melted away, were covered with Absinta

and Orchis plants. This was on the 31st March 1857. Owing

to the scarcity of Govisions there obr horses ate the Absinta with

apparent relish, and d n y of our escort and camp followers ate the

leaves of the orchis, which they cooked as we do greens. TVe

also, by way of experiment, tasted this dkh.

The leaves of this orchis are thick and f i b r , ~ , and contain s

good deal of water ; ita root is a firm roundish tuber, from the size

of an almond to that of a walnut. I believe it is the true Salep.

'J: have often examined ~nmples of the Sitlep exposed for sale in the

bazars, and always found them to contain the roots of three or four

different plapts. These I could not positively recognize; but con-

jectured them to be the dried roots of the wild squill, the wild leek

and onion, and of the long thin leaved ,and other kinds of orchis

plants, all of which I have seen growing in the same Ioalities as

the true Salep-yielding orchis.

I believe that the best or true Salep is obtained, at least in

these parts, only from the plant above described, and which I think

is the Orchis MasculaJJ of Botanists.

The A'ssfuctida of commerce is obtained from only one plant

in Afghanistan, viz. " Nadhex Asafoetida." The " tearJJ uort is the

gum resin that exudes and driea drop by drop from incisions around

the top of the root ; the " lump " sop! is the gum resin as i t exudes

from a broad surface, as when the t6p of the root is sliced off. The

latter sort is more frequently met with than the former, but I

don't know of any dierence in the qualities of the two sorts.

There are several other umbelliferow plants in Afghanistan,

which resemble the Asafetida plant in external appenrance, and

which also, like it, when wounded, exude a milky viscid sap, but I never heard that the sap of these plants (also resinous gums) wae

ever collected by the natives, though the plante are very abundant,

especially on the western slopes and ranges of the Sufaid Koh.

FEOM DR. H. CLEGHOBN.

Fallegr of Chandre6agLaJ near Tilzdi, CAota Lahul ,

11th August 1562.

1. SALEP is believed to be the produce of several Terrestrial

Orchids, belonging to the genera OrcRia and Satyrinm, The tharch

is highly nutritious, and the tubers fetch a high price. Tbe com-

mercial route is not e&ly known by which they are brought to

the plains, but aa Cabul horse-dealers carry the genuine Salep as

far south aa Banedore, we may inferthat Afghanistan ia the nntive

country. The producing p b t a occur both in the Himabyis and

Nilghirry his. Old residents at Simla and Ootacamund collect

the tubers of various ground Orchids, which they use in, their

f d i e a as " S~lep.'~

2. ~s.iiac~r~a.-Dr. I-I. Falconer described the plant (ilTar-

ihex Asafaetida), and process of obtaining the exudation in the

Linnean Society's Transactions ? He sent weds from Iskardo to

llussooree and to Britain, where i t thrivea in the open air. The

plant grows in the Pangi valley ; about a meek ago specimens were

brought to me, and J hope an opportunity may occur of shewing

the villagers the method of obtaining the gum resin. The Raja of

Chamba is anxious about this, and sent instructions to his officers,

but the manipulation was a failure.

The drug is in .great demand, both for medicinal and culinary

purposes. There' are two other stout umbelliferea, yielding medici-

nal gums, but my information regarding them .is very scanty.

~.-MADDER.-T~~ plant is indigenous in all the valleys of

the Himalayas ; the root is procurable in the bazars of Simla and

Chsmba, but there is little demand. The hill people do not dye

their clothing.

I paid some attention to this article on the XlgIerry hills, and

rmbmitted a bale of Mad& to an eminent Dye Chemist, who

reported favorably, though the roots were inferior in size and color

to some I have gathered in this valley. The great consumem, I believe, are the Calico-printers of Manchester and Glasgow, to whom

a cheap red is a desideratum.

Colonel Burnett and Mr. Cope have grown Madder in the

Punjal; from French seed, and I doubt not their specimem will

attract attention in Kensington.

ccclxxvii *

4.-Kaw JEERA. (Cuminwn Cyn~inomj.-The Cumin eeed

of Scripture, is widely diffused over the Kohistan and Punjab, and

is an article of trade where I now am, as also in Kunamr ; the

price here is 6 pucka seers for a rupee. The Coolies and 'Cnupras- I sies gather it every day 011 the river bank. Last year from want

of rain the plant yielded little fruit, but this year there is an im-

mense quantity in all the pasture land.

5.-KOOT. (AucX.landia Perwosta) is another product of this

valley. The aromatic roots are sent down to the plains visS Chamba

and Dalhousie in considerable quantity. They pass on to Bombay

and Calcutta, and are partly exported to China ?

6.-EKULBEEB. (Datrica Canvta&aa). The yellow cwkz of

the root is exported from Lahoul, Kulu, and, Pe, for dyeing

cloth (wool and silk) in Umritsur, Nadown, 8tc.

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