Ren Iwata - Tohoku University

(2004.10)

Ren Iwata

Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center Tohoku University

[email protected]

Record of update

1st version July 1998 2nd version January 2001 3rd version August 2002 4th version October 2004

A pdf version is available at http://kakuyaku.cyric.tohoku.ac.jp/indexe.html

Copyright © 2004 by Ren Iwata

PREFACE This is the fourth version of “Reference Book”. When the first version was released in 1998, it listed approximately 1,000 references that were taken mainly from the following four journals: Applied Radiation Isotopes, Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Medicine and Biology and Journal of Nuclear Medicine. The present version lists approximately 1,400 references. This increase in paper number surely indicates that PET radiochemistry has been steadily growing and expanding. Accordingly, the number of journals carrying PET compounds has also expanded and this makes it more and more difficult to collect all papers concerned. At present two journals, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Bioorganic &.Medicinal Chemistry, have become another major sources. For all efforts towards picking up new compounds meeting abstracts or proceedings are still not referred to in this book. Some major modifications are made on the present version. Reference numbers put on each compound name in the previous versions are replaced with first author names and published years, and all references are put together in a later chapter and arranged in alphabetical order of its first author name as often seen in journals. This change makes it impossible that compound names directly refer to references. Compound name index just lists the name of a chapter where a compound can be found. However, the following modification makes up for this inconvenience. In the previous version compound names were written together with their chemical structures using ISIS/Draw and then put on pages of an MS Word file, while these are separated in the present version, that is, compound names are directly written on the pages. This enables to use a powerful search engine of Acrobat to find out a compound interested.

Another modification is the addition of a new chapter “Amyloid imaging agents”. This field is currently expanding very rapidly and gaining an increased interest. A few new chapters will be added in next version. Many of compound names are simply copied from those appearing in the journals. However, some of the compounds are not properly named. Renaming according to the IUPAC nomenclature will be one of possible modifications.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Shozo Furumoto, TUBERO, Tohoku University, for his kind and careful proofread of the draft. He found many mistakes in chemical structures and compound names, and he also brought me some important articles I overlooked. I am deeply thankful for support from many friends. Without their encouragement I could not have continued to update the book.

October 5, 2004

Ren Iwata

Preface to the first version PET radiochemistry, dating from the early 1970s, has been a rather small field but is now rapidly expanding. It covers organic, inorganic and pharmaceutical chemistries as well as radiochemistry, and its field is interwoven with chemistry, biology, medicine and engineering as it is dedicated to routine clinical diagnosis. The features of PET radiochemistry thus make a newcomer perplexed when he faces unfamiliar subjects and finds no up-to-date guide book as a great classic, “Short-lived radioactive gases for clinical use” by J. C. Clark and P. D. Buckingham (Butterworth, London 1975) used to be. There sometimes appears a timely review on a particular topic in a journal. A fine review book, “Fluorine-18 labeling of radiopharmaceuticals” by M. R. Kilbourn (National Acad. Press, Washington D.C. 1990), is very appreciated but no more available. The European Community issued useful books such as “radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography” edited by G. Stöcklin and V. W. Pike (Kluwer Acad. Publisher, Dordrecht 1993) or “PET for drug development and evaluation” edited by D. Comar (Kluwer Acad. Publisher, Dordrecht 1995). However, they do not cover the whole aspect of PET radiochemistry or serve as database for PET radiopharmaceuticals. This booklet is not aimed at reviewing PET radiopharmaceuticals and it is beyond its scope to deal with all aspects of PET radiochemistry. In spite of the Internet Era offering convenient access to large databases such as MEDLINE, I sometimes thought it must be useful if a concise reference book of PET radiopharmaceuticals was ready at hand, and when I found myself free of routine work for the renewal of our cyclotron facilities, I decided to set out to make this book using my private database, in which I have accumulated reference data in my PC for myself, mainly from three journals of Applied Radiation Isotopes, Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals and Journal of Nuclear Medicine. Approximately a thousand references were classified according to PET radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals described therein. This classification is somehow arbitrary and some compounds might be found in a wrong category. Those are all due to my stupid mistakes and poor knowledge. Many important references might be ignored especially when they were published in journals other than the above ones, and in addition, no labeled compounds reported in meeting abstracts are referred. Any correction and kind suggestion to improve this book should be welcomed. I do hope a PDF file of this book will be downloaded from our homepage by many PET radiochemists and I would be very happy if I am given a chance to update it. July 14, 1998

CONTENTS

Alcohols 1

Amines and amides 2

Amino acids and related compounds 5

• Amino acids 5 • Peptides and proteins 11

Amyloid imaging agents 14

Antibiotic agents 16

Carbohydrates and related compounds 19

• Sugars 19 • Nucleosides 21

Carboxylic acids and related compounds 26

Cytotoxic (chemotherapeutic and antitumor) agents 31

Hydrocarbons and related compounds 34

Hypoxic cell markers 39

Receptor ligands, inhibitors and related compounds 40

• Adenosines 40 • Adrenergics 41 • Angiotensins 45 • Benzodiazepines and related compounds 46 • Cannabinoid receptor ligands 48 • Cholecytokinin receptor ligands 49 • Cholinergics 50 • Cocaine and related compounds 56 • Dopaminergics 59 • Enzyme inhibitors and related compounds 69 • Excitatory amino acids 77 • GABA-ergics 80 • Histaminergics 81 • Ion channel modulators 81 • Melatonins 83 • Neurotoxins 83

• Opioids 84 • Serotonergics 87 • Sigma receptor ligands 96 • Signal transduction agents 97 • Stimulants 99 • Tachykinins 100 • Others 101

Steroid hormones and related compounds 103

Ureas and related compounds 109

Other biologically active compounds 112

• Blood flow 112 • Energy metabolism 112 • Mitochondrial complex I activity 113 • Others 114

Labeling precursors 115

• 11C 115 • 18F 120

References 127

Miscellaneous references 185

• Reviews 185 • Targetry and production 187 • Automated synthesis 193 • Biosynthesis 199 • Quality control 200 • Reaction and mechanistic approaches 203

Compound name index 205

Alcohols

Alcohols

OH

CH3

NCH3

CH3

C11 H3CH3

Allyl alcohol, 11C (Lasne 1994)

C11 H2OH

CH2

Allyl alcohol, 11C (Lasne 1994)

CH3

C11 H2OH

Ethanol, 11C (DeGrazia 1975; Fiore 1986)

CH3

C11 H2OH

Butanol, 11C (Fiore 1986)

C11 H3

OH

1-Phenylethanol, 11C (Elsinga 1995)

C11

H2

OHNO2

1-Nitro-4-phenylbutan-2-ol, 11C

(Gustavsson 2003)

CH3 C11 H2 OH

Propanol, 11C(Lasne 1994)

F18OH

4-Fluorophenylethynyl-cyclopentylcarbinol, 18F(Wust 2003)

CH3 O15 H

Butanol, 15O,(Kabalka 1985; Berridge

1986, 1990; Moerlein 1993)

1

Amines and amides

Amines and amides • Amines

NH

C11

NH2

NH

Benzylguanidine, 11C (Iwata 1983)

C11 NH2

Aniline, 11C (Steinbach 1994)

C11

NH

O

N

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid pyridin-2-ylamide, 11C

(Lu 2003)

C11

NH

O

N

C11

NH

O

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid phenylamide, 11C

(Lu 2003)

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid pyridin-4-ylamide, 11C

(Lu 2003)

NCH3

C11 H3

Dimethylphenyl ethylamine, 11C (Halldin 1989)

C11 H2

NCH3

CH3

Dimethylphenylethylamine, 11C(Halldin 1989)

NH

C11

NH2

INH

m-Iodoguanidine 11C (Westergerg 1997)

NN

C11CH3

CH3

1-Isopropyl-4-phenylpiperazine, 11C(van der Mij 2003)

11CH3NH2

Methylamine, 11C (Amano 1986)

C11 H2

NH2

Phenethylamine, 11C (Schoeps 1992)

CH3 C11 H2

NH2

Octylamine, 11C (Fowler 1976; Maeda 1990)

2

Amines and amides

C11 H2

NH2

OH

Phenylethanolamine, 11C(Maeda 1988)

NH2 C11 H2

NH2

Putrescine, 11C (Welch 1977; Lerabek 1985; McPherson

1985; Somawardhana 1991)

NH

NH2

NH

F18

4-Fluorobenzylguanidne, 18F(Garg 1994)

NH

NH2

NH

F18

3-Fluorobenzylguanidine, 18F(Garg 1994)

NF18CH3

NHF18

N-(2-Fluoroethyl)-N-methyl-aniline, 18F(Briard 2004) N-(2-Fluoroethyl)-aniline, 18F

(Briard 2004)

NH

NH2

NH

I

F18

(4-Fluoro-3-iodobenzyl)lguanidne, 18F(Vaidyanathan 1994)

NH2

NH F18

N-(3-Fluoropropyl)putrescine, 18F(Hwang 1989)

NH2

NH2

F18

2-Fluoroputrescine, 18F(Hwang 1986)

N13 H3

Ammonia, 13N (Parks 1978; Wieland 1991; Berridge 1993; Krasikova 1999; Sobczyk 2002)

CH3 N13 H24

Aminodecane, 13N (Kothari 1986)

NH2

N13 H2

Putrescine, 13N (Kabalka 1992)

N13H2 OH

Hydroxylamine, 13N (Kaseman 1984)

3

Amines and amides

• Amides

C11

NH2

O

Benzamide, 11C(Anderson 1994)

N

C11

NH2

O

Nicotinamide, 11C (Machulla 1979)

N

N13 H2

O

Nicotinamide, 13N (Irie 1985)

4

Amino acids and related compounds

5

Amino acids and related compounds • Amino acids

S+ O

OHOHC11 H3

NH2

-OOC

N

N

N

N

NH2

S-Adenosyl-methionine, 11C(Gueguen 1982; Ishiwata 1986)

NH2

11COOH

ACHC, 11C (Hayes 1978; Iwata 1987)

NH2

HHO2C

11COOH

2-Amino-adipic acid, 11C (Fasth 1995)

CH311COOH

NH2

CH3

α-Aminoisobutyric acid, 11C (Dunzendorfer 1981; Fissekis 1991)

CH3 COOH

NH2

C11 H3

α-Aminoisobutyric acid, 11C (Oberdorfer 1993; Schmall 1996)

NH2

COOH

C11 H3

β-Aminoisobutyric acid, 11C (Alauddin 1997)

CH3 COOH

NH

CH3

C11

O

CH3

α-(N-Acetyl)aminoisobutyric acid, 11C (Prenant 1996)

NH2

11COOH

ACPC, 11C (Hayes 1976, 1978; Sabre 1985;

Iwata 1987, 1995; Fissekis 1991)

CH311COOH

NH2

Alanine, 11C (Machulla 1976; Langstrom

1979; Takahashi 1990)

NH2

C11 H3HHO2C

L-Alanine, 11C (Fasth 1995; Sasaki 2000;

Harada 2000)

NH2 C11 NH2

O CO2H

Asparagine, 11C (Gillings 2001)

C11 NH2

CO2H

OH

O

Asparatic acid, 11C (Bolster 1985; Gillings 2001)


6

HOOC 11COOH

NH2

L-Glutamic acid, 11C (Cohen 1982)

NH

OHC11 H2

NH2

COOH

L-5-Hydroxytryptophan, 11C(Sasaki 2000; Harada 2000)

NH2

C11 H2 COOH

NH2

2,4-Diaminobutyric acid, 11C (Antoni 1997; Gillings 2001)

SC11 O

NH2

Homocysteine, 11C (Hamacher 1989)

CH311COOH

NH2CH3

L-Leucine, 11C (Barrio 1983; Fissekis 1991)

NH

11COOHNH2

OCH3

CH3

L-Leucylglycine, 11C (Bolster 1986)

11COOH

NH2

NH2

Lysine, 11C (Bolster 1985)

NH2

H

HO2CC11

H2

NH2

Lysine, 11C (Fasth 1995)

NH2

11COOH

Glycine, 11C (Johnstroem 1987)

NH2

NH

NH

COOH

O

O

SC11 H3

Glycine-L-methionine-glycine, 11C (Langstrom 1981)

C11 H2CH

COOH

NH2Cl

4-Chlorophenylalanine, 11C(Plenevaux 1994)

OHOH

C11 H2 NH2

COOH

L-Dopa, 11C (Sasaki 2000; Harada 2000)


7

COOH

NH2

SC11H3

Methionine, 11C (Långström 1976, 1987; Comar 1976;

Davis 1982; Bolster 1986; Mizuno 1993; Schmitz 1995; Kaneko 1999)

NH2

NH

NH

NH

NH

COOH

O

O

O

O

OHS

C11H3

Methionine-enkephalin, 11C (Nagren 1986, 1988)

NHCH3

CH3

C11 H3

COOH

α-Methylamino-isobutyric acid, 11C(Nagren 2000)

NH

NH2

COOHC11H3

α-Methyl-L-tryptophan, 11C (Chaly 1988; Suehiro 1992; Plenevaux

1994; Mzengeza 1995; Chakraborty 1996)

11COOH

NH2

NH2

Ornithine, 11C (Bolster 1985)

11COOH

NH2

Phenylalanine, 11C (Casey 1981; Studenov 2003)

C11 H2 COOH

NH2

Phenylalanine, 11C (Halldin 1984; Kilbourn 1984; Antoni 1987; Labarre 1991)

NH

11COOHNH2

O

L-Phenylalanylglycine, 11C (Bolster 1986)

NH

11COOH

Proline, 11C (Bolster 1985)

OHC11 H2 COOH

NH2

Serine, 11C (Svard 1990)

Phenylglycine, 11C (Halldin 1985)

C11 HNH2

COOH

O-Methyl-L-tyrosine, 11C (Iwata 2003)

OC11H3 NH2

COOH


8

COOH

NH2

SeC11H3

Selenomethionine, 11C (Någren 1988)

11COOH

NH2OH

Tyrosine, 11C (Bolster 1986; Halldin 1987;

Luurtsema 1994; Studenov 2003)

NH

NH2

11COOH

Tryptophan, 11C (Washburn 1979; Zalutsky 1981)

CH3 11COOH

NH2

CH3

Valine, 11C (Washburn 1982; Fissekis 1991)

CH3C11 H COOH

NH2

CH3

Valine, 11C(Antoni 1987)

COOH

NH2F18BOH

OH

Borono-2-fluorophenylalanine, 18F(Ishiwata 1991)

OHNH2

F18

COOHF

3,5-Difluoro-L-tyrosine, 18F (Vasdev 2001)

H

F18

NH2

COOH

FACBC, 18F (Shoup 1999, 1999: McConathy 2003)

F18 COOH

CH3NH2

FAMP, 18F (McConathy 2002)

OHNH2

O

B10OH

OHF18

FBPA, 18F (Vaehaetalo 2002)

FAMB, 18F (McConathy 2003)

COOH

CH3NH2

F18


9

F18 COOH

NH2

3-Fluoroalanine, 18F (Van der Ley 1983)

OF18 NH2

COOH

O-(2-Fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine, 18F (Wester 1999; Hamacher 2002:

Tang 2003)

NH2

CH3 COOH

OH

OH

F18

6-Fluoro-α-methyl-L-dopa, 18F(Damhaut 1997)

NH2

CH3 COOH

OHF18

2-Fluoro-α-methyl-L-tyrosine, 18F (Damhaut 1997)

COOH

NH2F18

L-4-Fluorophenylalanine, 18F(Lemaire 1987)

F18

NH2

CH3 COOH

4-Fluoro-α-methyl-L-phenylalanine, 18F(Damhaut 1997)

COOH

NH2F18

L-2-Fluorophenylalanine, 18F (Hoyte 1971; Murakami 1988)

O-Fluoromethyl-L-tyrosine, 11C (Iwata 2003)

OF18 NH2

COOH

6-Fluoro-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 18F(Krasikova 2004)

OH

NH2

F18 COOH

OH

F18

S COOH

NH2

Fluoroethionine, 18F (Tang 2003)

F18

SNH2

COOH

S-4-Fluorophenylcycteine, 18F(Patt 2002)

F18

OH

CH2FNH2

COOH

α-Fluoromethyl-6-fluoro-m-tyrosine, 18F(Murali 2003)


10

NH

F18 COOH

cis-4-Fluoroproline, 18F (Hamacher 1999; Mazza 2000)

NH

F18 COOH

trans-4-Fluoroproline, 18F (Hamacher 1999; Mazza 2000)

NH

CO2HF18

4-Fluoroproline, 18F (Van der Ley 1983)

COOH

NH2F18OH

L-2-Fluorotyrosine, 18F (Coenen 1989; Hess 2002;

Krasikova 2004)

FCOOH

CH3NH

CH3

N-MeFAMP, 18F(McConathy 2002)

CH3 COOH

N13 H2

L-Alanine, 13N (Straatman 1973; Cohen 1974;

Baumgartner 1981; Cooper 1981)

F18

NH2

H CO2H

FMACBC, 18F (Martarello 2002)

HOOCCOOH

N13 H2

L-Aspartic acid, 13N (Gelbard 1974)

CH3 COOH

N13 H2CH3

L-Leucine, 13N (Straatman 1973; Cooper 1981)

HOOC COOH

N13 H2

L-Glutamic acid, 13N (Straatman 1973; Gelbard 1975; Baumgartner 1981; Cooper 1981)

O-(3-Fluoropropyl)-L-tyrosine, 18F (Tang 2003, 2003)

NH2OF18

COOH


11

• Peptides and proteins

COOH

N13 H2

SCH3

L-Methionine, 13N (Cooper 1981)

CH2CH

COOH

N13 H2

Phenylalanine, 13N (Gelbard 1990)

CH2CH

COOH

N13 H2OH

Tyrosine, 13N (Gelbard 1990)

CH3 COOH

N13 H2

CH3

L-Valine, 13N (Straatman 1973; Cooper 1981)

F18

NO

NH-Leu-Glu--Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2

O

FBOA-minigastrin, 18F(Poethko 2004)

Concanavalin-ANH

C11 H3

Concanavlin-A, 11C (Berger 1984)

ProteinNH

C11 NH2

O

HAS or transferin, 11C (Westergerg 1994)

HSANH

C11 H3

Methyl-HSA, 11C (Turton 1984)

NH

Oprotein

F18

Erythropoietin, 18F (Lang 1997)

F18

NH

Annexin VO

F-Annexin V, 18F (Grierson 2004; Murakami 2004;

Toretsky 2004)

NH

Annexin V

F18

O

4-Fluorobenzoyl-Annexin V, 18F (Zijlstra 2003)


12

F18

FF

FF

NH

OProtein

Fluorinated HSA, 18F (Herman 1994)

F18

NH

OC-peptide

N-4-Fluorobenzoyl-C-peptide, 18F(Fredriksson 2001)

F18

NH

Oprotein

Fibrinogen, 18F (Kilbourn 1987)

Cys Tyr Ile

Gln

SS

Cys

Pro

Asn

Leu Gly NH

F18

[Gly-(2-fluoroethyl)NH9]oxytocin, 18F(Jelinski 2002)

CH3

O

F18

D-Phe Cys PheD-Trp

Lys

ThrThr(ol) Cys

(±)-(2-Fluoropropionyl-(D)phe1)-octretide, 18F(Guhlke 1994)

F18

NH

SO

NH

PNA

O

NH2 CO2H

N-[4-Fluorobenzyl-2-(NH2CCCTAACCCTAACCCTAA-CysCOOH)]-acetamide, 18F

(Kuhnast 2002)

F18

NH

Oprotein

Mel-14 F(ab’)2, 18F(Vaidyanathan 1992)

F18

NH

O

P

[Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH, 18F (Vaidyanathan 1997)

F18

NO

NH-Leu-Glu-Phe-NH2

O

FBOA-LEF-NH2, 18F (Poethko 2004)


13

NH2

NH

NH

NH

N13 H2

O

O

O

O

OH

S+

OCH3

SD-62, 13N(Saji 1992)

NH

NHNH2

O

O

CO2H

CO2H

F18

FB-5, 18F (Wüst 2003)

NH

NHNH2

O

O

CO2H

CO2H

F18

FB-6, 18F (Wüst 2003)

Amyloid imaging agens

14

Amyloid imaging agents

OH

O C11 H3

OH

OH

(E,E)-1-(3',4'-Dihydroxystyryl)-4- 3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxystyryl)benzene, 11C

(Wang 2002)

FENE, 18F (Agdeppa 2001)

CH3

O

NCH3

F18

BTA-1, 11C (Mathis 2002)

S

NNH

C11 H3

6-Me-BTA-1, 11C (Klunk 2001)

N

SNH

C11 H3CH3

(E)-4-Methylamino-4'-hydroxystilbene, 11C(Ono 2003)

OH

NH

C11H3

CH3

NCH3

F18

NC CN

FDDNP, 18F (Agdeppa 2001, 2003)

O

N

NH

C11 H3

F

2-(4-Methylaminostyryl)-5-fluorobenzoxazole(BF-145), 11C

(Shimadzu 2004) 6-OH-BTA-1 (PIB), 11C

(Mathis 2003; Wilson 2004)

N

SOHNH

C11 H3

6-MeO-BTA-0, 11C (Mathis 2003)

N

S11CH3O

NH2

6-MeO-BTA-2, 11C (Mathis 2003)

N

SCH3ON

CH3

C11 H3

Alcohols

15

2-(4-Methylaminostyryl)-6-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzoxazole (BF-168), 18F

(Shimadzu 2004)

O

N

OF18

NH

CH3

3-(2-Fluoroethyl)ethylamino-6-diethylaminoacridine (BF-108), 18F

(Shimadzu 2003)

NEt

F18

Et3N

FEM-IMPYE, 18F (Cai 2004)

N

N

I

NCH3

F18

FPM-IMPY, 18F (Cai 2004)

N

N

I

NCH3

F18

Antibiotic agents

16

Antibiotic agents

N

NH

NH2N11C

O

2-Cyano-isonicotinic acid hydrazide, 11C(Somawardhana 1991)

O

OH

C11 H3CH3

CH3O

OO

OCH3

OH

CH3

CH3

O

CH3

CH3OH

CH3

OHO

OH

H5C2

OCH3

CH3

CH3

Erythromycin A lactobionate, 11C (Pike 1984)

ONN

F

O

NMe

O

OC11 H3

Levofloxacin, 11C (Berridge 2001)

OOH

N

NN

N

OC11 H3

NH2

N-Methylacyclovir, 11C (Wilson 1991)

NNN

F

O

OH

C11H3

O

N’4-Methyl-ciprofloxacin, 11C(Goethals 2002) O

OO

NOCH2(CH2)2OCH3

CH3

OHOH

CH3

O

CH3

CH3CH2

O

CH3

CH3

OCH3

OHOH NH

C11 H3

CH3

CH3

OH

OCH3

CH3

Roxithromycine, 11C (Barre 1995)

OCH3

NH

N

OC11 H3

O

Stavudine, 11C(Livni 2004)

Antibiotic agents

17

F18

F OH

N

NN

N NN

Fluconazole, 18F (Livni 1992)

COOH

O

F18

F

F

NN

CH3

Flueroxacin, 18F (Livni 1993)

SNH

NH

H

OH

NH

OH

F18

3aS-(3aα,4β,6aα)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thienol[3,3-d]imidazole-4-N-3- (1-fluoropropyl))pentanamide, 18F

(Shoup 1994)

N

F18

SNH

H

O

H

H

COOH

N-(4-Fluorobenzyl)biotin, 18F (Najafi 1993)

NNN

O

OH

O

CH3

F

CH3

F18

Lomefloxacin, 18F (Tewson 1996)

SNH

NH

H

OH

F18

H

3aS-(3aα,4β,6aα)-tetrahydro-4- (5-(1-fluoropropentyl)-1H-

thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-2(3H9-one, 18F (Shoup 1994)

NNNH

O

F18 COOH

Ciprofloxacin, 18F (Langer 2003)

2-Fluoronicotinic acid hydrazide, 18F(Amartey 2002)

N

F18

NH

O

NH2

Norfloxacin, 18F (Langer 2003)

NNNH

O

F18

CH3

COOH

NNN

O

F18

CH3

COOH

CH3

Pefloxacin, 18F (Langer 2003)

Antibiotic agents

18

N N

O

OH

OF18

N

H

H

NH2

F

FTrovafloxacin, 18F

(Babich 1996)

Carbohydrates

19

Carbohydrates and related compounds • Sugars

O

OHOH

OH

OH

NHCO11CH3

N-Acetyl-D-glucose, 11C (Mannens 1990; Tada 1991)

C11O

OHOH

OH

OH

2-Deoxy-D-glucose, 11C (MacGregor 1981; Van Haver

1985; Stone-Elander 1985)

C11OOH

OH

OH

OH

OHD-Galactose, 11C

(Palmer 1974; Fares 1978; Ehrin 1980; Shiue 1985; Ishiwata 1987; Tada 1989)

C11O

OHOH

OH

OH

NH2

D-Glucosamine, 11C (Thorell 1993)

*

O**

* *

*

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHD-Glucose, 11C

(Goulding 1973; Palmer 1974; Fares 1978; Ehrin 1980; Ishiwata 1987)

C11O

OHOH

OH

OH

OHD-Glucose, 11C

(Shiue 1985; Tada 1989; Schoeps 1991; Stone-Elander 1992; Dence 1993;

Bender 1998)

OC11 H2

OHOH

OH

OH

OHD-Glucose, 11C

(Grierson 1993)

C11O

OHOH

OH

OHOH

D-Mannose, 11C (Shiue 1985; Schoeps 1991)

O

OHOH

OH

OH

F18

F

2-Deoxy-2,2-difluoroglucose, 18F(Adam 1990)

OOHOH

OH

OH

F18

2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose, 18F(Tada 1987; Oberdorfer 1988;

Haradahira 1988)

O

OHO11CH3

OH

OH

OH

3-Methyl-D-glucose, 11C(Laufer 1982)

Carbohydrates

20

O

OHOH

OH

F18F18

2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride, 18F

(Lemire 1978; Shiue 1984)

O

OHOH

OH

OH

F18

2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose, 18F (Ido 1978; Fowler 1981, 1986; Barrio 1981; Shiue

1982a, 1982b; Levy 1982; Sood 1983; Tewson 1983; Adam 1984; Ehrenkaufer 1984; Bida 1984; Iwata 1984; Van Rijn 1985; Vora 1985; Hutchins 1985; Alexoff 1986; Vogt 1986: Hamacher 1986, 1990; Ginos 1987; Brodack

1988; Haradaihira 1988; Feliu 1989; Padgett 1989; Chaly 1990; Toorongian 1990; Najafi 1993 ; Chrakal

1995; Culbert 1995; Mulholland 1995; Fuechtner 1996; Mock 1996; Taylor 1996; Varelis 1996; Yuasa 1997;

Lemaire 2002; Kim 2004) O

OHF18

OH

OH

OH

3-Deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose, 18F(Vogt 1986; Knust 1986)

OOH

OH

OH OHF18

2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-L-glucose, 18F(Meng 1994)

O

OHOH

OH

OHF18

2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose, 18F (Luxen 1986; Varelis 1996)

O

OHOH

OH

F18

F18

2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-β-mannosyl fluoride, 18F(McCarter 1992)

O

OHOH

OHOH

F18

1-Deoxy-1-fluoro-D-fructose, 18F (Haradahira 1995)

OOHOH

OH

OHF18

2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-talose, 18F(Haradahira 1992)

O

OHOH

OH

F18

OH

1-Deoxy-1-fluoro-glucose, 18F (de Groot 1999)

OOHOH

OH

OH

NHCOCH218F

N-Fluoroacetyl-D-galactosamine, 18F(Tada 1990)

O

OHOH

OH

OH

NHCOCH218F

N-Fluoroacetyl-D-glucosamine, 18F (Tada 1989)

Carbohydrates

21

• Nucleosides

O

OHOH

F18OHOH

6-Fluoro-L-fucose, 18F (Ishiwata 1990)

NH

C11

NH

O

O

5,6-Benzouracil, 11C (Brinkman 1978)

O

OHOH

OH

OH

OF18

ω-Fluoro-n-ethyl-β-D-glucoside, 18F(de Groot 2003)

O

OHOH

OH

OH

OF18

ω-Fluoro-n-butyl-β-D-glucoside, 18F(de Groot 2003)

O

OHOH

OH

OH

OF18

ω-Fluoro-n-octyl-β-D-glucoside, 18F (de Groot 2003)

FMAU, 11C (Hughes 1995; Conti 1995; Samuelsson 2003)

ON

OH

FOH

NH

O

O

C11 H3

β-Psedothymidine, 11C (Grierson 1995)

O

OH

OH

NH

O

O

C11 H3

6-Methyl-2’-deoxyuridine, 11C (Goethals 1997)

ON

OH

OH

NH

O

O C11 H3

Thymidine, 11C (Christman 1972; Crawford 1978;

Poupeye 1989; Goethals 1992; Alauddin 1995; Hughes 1995; )

ON

OH

OH

NH

O

O

C11 H3

Thymidine, 11C (Borght 1991; Steel 1999))

ON

OH

OH

NHC11

O

O

CH3

Carbohydrates

22

N

NH

N

N

O

NH2F18

OH

FHBG, 18F (Alauddin 1998; Shiue 2001; Ponde 2004)

OF18

NOH

NH

N

N

O

NH2

FHPG, 18F (Monclus 1997; Shiue 2001)

ON

OH

F18OH

NHC2H5

O

O

1-(2’-Deoxy-2’-fluoro-1-β-D-arabinosyl)-5-ethyluracil, 18F

(Alauddin 2003)

FAU, 18F (Alauddin 2003; Mangner 2003)

ON

OH

F18OH

NH

O

O

1-(2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-1-β-D- arabinofyranosyl)-5-fluorouracil, 18F

(Alauddin 2003)

ON

OH

F18OH

NH

O

O

F

OOH

N

N

N

N

NH2

OH

F18

2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-9-β-D-arabino-furanosyladenine, 18F

(Alauddin 2003)

3'-Deoxy-3'-fluoro-9-β-D-xylo-furanosyladenine, 18F

(Alauddin 2003)

OOH

N

N

N

N

NH2

OH

F18

5’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 18F (Shiue 1984; Ishiwata 1987)

ON

OH

OH

NH

O

O

F18

FBAU, 18F (Mangner 2003)

ON

OH

OH

NH

O

O

Br

F18

O

OH

OH F

F

F18

5-(2,4-difluoro-5-fluoromethylphenyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-ol, 18F

(Issa 2004)

Carbohydrates

23

N

O

N

O

NH2

F18

OH

8-Fluoroacylclovir, 18F (Namavari 2000)

N

N

N

N

F18

6-Fluoro-9-benzylpurine, 18F (Irie 1982)

N

O

N

O

NH2

F18OH

OH

8-Fluoroganciclovir, 18F (Namavari 2000)

N

N

O

NH2

F18

OH

OH

8-Fluoropenciclovir, 18F (Namavari 2000)

FIAU, 18F (Alauddin 2003; Mangner 2003)

ON

OH

F18OH

NH

O

O

I

FLT, 18F (Grierson 2000; Machulla 2000; Wodarski 2000;

Martin 2002; Yun 2003; Oh 2004)

ON

F18

OH

NH

O

O

CH3

5-Fluorocytidine, 18F (Visser 1986a, 1986b)

ONOH

NH

NH

O

F18

OHOH

5-(2-Fluoroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, 18F (Yu 2003)

ONOH

NH

O

O

OH

F18

5’-Fluoro-5’-deoxyadenosine, 18F (Martarello 2003)

OF18

OH

N

N

N

N

NH2

OH

8-Fluoroguanosine, 18F (Namavari 2000)

OOH

OH OH

N

N

O

NH2

F18

Carbohydrates

24

N

N

N

N

F18

6-Fluoropurine, 18F (Irie 1982)

O

NH

N

C F18NH

O

OHOHOH

OH

1-(β-D-Galactopyranosyl)-5-fluorouracil, 18F(Haeckel 1996)

NH

NH

F18

O

O

5-Fluorouracil, 18F (Fowler 1973; Vine 1979;

Oberdorfer 1989)

FMAU, 18F (Alaiddin 2002, 2003; Mangner 2003)

ON

OH

OH

NH

O

O

CH3

F18

5-(4'-Fluorophenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, 18F

(Wüst 2004)

ONOH

NH

O

O

OH

F18

5-(4'-Fluorophenyl)-uridine, 18F (Wüst 2004)

ONOH

NH

O

O

OH

F18

OH

Adenosine, 13N(Irie 1985)

OOH

OH OH

N

N

N

N

N13 H2

Adenosine-5'-O-[S-[N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-acetoamide]]thiophosphate, 18F

(de Vries 2003)

O

OH OHF18

NS

O

OP

O

OHN

N

N

N

NH2

Adenosine-5'-O-[S-[3-(fluoromethyl)-Benzyl]]thiophosphate, 18F

(de Vries 2003)

O

OH OH

S

OP

O

OHN

N

N

N

NH2

F18

Carbohydrates

25

N NH

(CH2)6 Oligo

O2N

F18

N

O2N

F18

NH

(CH2)6Oligo

Fluoro-aptamers, 18F (Lange 2002)

F18

NH

SO

P OO

GCCGATCCGO

N-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-2-(ACCGATCCG3'-ps)-acetamide, 18F (Dolle 1997)

F18

NH

S PO

O

O

O

Oligonucleotide

Fluoro-oligonucleotide, 18F(Kuhnast 2000)

F18

NH

NH

S

OLIGONUCLEOTIDE

Fluoro-oligonucleotide, 18F(Hedberg 1997)

F18

NS

O

5'-GTC-CAT-GAT-GGT-CAC-ATT-CTG-CTT-3'

Phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide, 18F(deVries 2004)

N-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-2-(51Ps-AGAAUACAGGGUCCAAAU)-acetamide, 18F (Kuhnast 2003)

F18

NH

SO

PO

OHO 5'-oligo-3'-OH

Adenosine-5'-O-[S-(4-fluorophenacyl)- Thiophosphate], 18F

(de Vries 2003)

O

OH OH

S

OP

O

OHN

N

N

N

NH2

O

F18

Carboxylic acids and related compounds

26


CH311COOH

Acetic acid, 11C (Winstead 1973; Pike 1981, 1981, 1982; Norenberg

1992; Ishiwata 1993, 1995; Kihlberg 1994; Berridge 1995; Iwata 1995; Kruijer 1995; Davenport 1997; Moerlein 2002; Roeda 2002; Mitterhauser 2004)

CH3 11COOHO

Acetoacetic acid, 11C (Straatman 1974; Prenen 1990)

O11COOH

O

CH3

O-Acetylsalicylic acid, 11C (Sasaki 1999)

11COOH

CH3

Arachidonic acid, 11C (Channing 1992)

C11 H2

COOH

CH3

Arachidonic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994)

C11H3 COOH

Butyric acid, 11C (Neu 1997)

C11H3 COOH3

Decanoic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994)

CH3(CH2)6C C11COOH

2-Decynoic acid, 11C (Kawashima 1997)

CH3CH3

6CH3

11COOH

3,3-Dimethylheptadecanoic acid, 11C(Jones 1988)

CH3 11COOH

Hexanoic acid, 11C (Ishiwata 1995, 1995)

C11H3 COOH

Hexanoic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994)

NH

C11

CH3

COOHOH

S CH3

OCOOH

5(S)-Hydroxy-6(R)-(N-acetyl)cysteinyl-7,9-trans-11,14-cis-ecosatetraenoic acid, 11C

(Oberdorfer 1992)


27

CH311COOH

OH

Lactic acid, 11C (Winstead 1978; Cohen 1980; Bjurling 1990)

C11H3 COOH

OH

Lactic acid, 11C (Kloster 1980; Bjurling 1988)

C11H3 COOH4

Laurylic acid, 11C (Neu 1997)

C11H3 (CH2)7 COOH

Linoleic acid, 11C (Neu 1997)

O11COOH

CH3

2-Methoxybenzoic acid, 11C(Sasaki 1999)

CH3 COOH

C11 H3

2-Methylbutyric acid, 11C (Bjurling 1990)

CH311COOH

CH3

6

β-Methylheptadecanoic acid, 11C(Livni 1982)

11COOHCH3

OH

m-Methylmandelic acid, 11C (Winstead 1978)

11COOHCH3

CH3

3-(R,S)-Methyloctanoic acid, 11C(Kawashima 1997)

COOH

C11 H3

6CH3

2-Methylpalmitic acid, 11C (Bjurling 1990)

C11H3 COOH

Octanoic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994; Neu 1997)

OH 11COOH

O

Oxalic acid, 11C (Thorell 1993)

CH3 11COOH

Octanoic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994; Yajima 1997)

CH3C11 H2 COOH

Octanoic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994)


28

C11H3 COOH6

Palmitic acid, 11C (Buckman 1994; Kihlberg 1994;

Neu 1997; Wüst 2000)

C11H3 COOH

Pentanoic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994; Neu 1997)

C11 H2 COOH

O

Phenylpyruvic acid, 11C(Halldin 1986)

CH2 CH211COOH

Propenoic acid, 11C (Lasne 1992)

C11H3 COOH

Propionic acid, 11C (Ogawa 1997; Neu 1997)

C11H3 COOH

O

Pyruvic acid, 11C (Kloster 1980; Bjurling 1988; Ikemoto 1998)

CH311COOH

O

Pyruvic acid, 11C (Cohen 1980; Kilbourn 1982; Hara 1985)

OH11COOH

Salicylic acid, 11C (Sasaki 1999)

COOHC11 H2CH3

5

Palmitic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994)

CH3C11

H2

COOH6

Palmitic acid, 11C (Wüst 2000)

C11 H2 COOHCH3 4

Palmitic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994)

CH3 C11

H2

COOH5

Palmitic acid, 11C (Wüst 2000)

CH3(CH2)4C C11COOH

2-Octynoic acid, 11C (Kawashima 1997)

CH3 11COOH6

Palmitic acid, 11C (Weiss 1977; Pike 1981, 1981; Welch 1983; Jewett 1985; Takahashi 1988,

1990; Kihlberg 1994; Iwata 1995)


29

O O

OHOH

OHF18

6-Deoxy-6-fluoro-L-ascorbic acid, 18F(Yamamoto 1992)

F18 COOH

Fluoroacetic acid, 18F (Bosch 1986; Jeong 1997)

COOH

F18

20-Fluoroarachidonic acid, 18F(Nagatsugi 1994)

COOH

F18

2-Fluorobenzoic acid, 18F (Strouphauer 1984)

CH3 COOH

F18

4-Fluorodecanoic acid, 18F(DeGrado 1992)

F18 COOHCH3CH3

8-Fluoro-3,3-dimethyloctanoic acid, 18F(Nagatsugi 1994)

F18 S COOH4

CH3CH3

14-Fluoro-13,13-dimethyl-3-thiatetradecanoic acid, 18F

(DeGrado 1992)

F18 COOH6

16-Fluorohexadecanoic acid, 18F(Knust 1980; Bosch 1986)

F18

COOH7

17-Fluoroheptadecanoic acid, 18F(Knust 1980; Coenen 1986)

NH

COOH

F18

O

2-Fluorohippuric acid, 18F (Ndiokwere 1978)

COOHCH3

F18

6

17-Fluoro-3-methylheptadecanoic acid, 18F(Takahashi 1991)

COOH

CH3

F18

5

17-Fluoro-5-methylheptadecanoic acid, 18FTakahashi 1992)

COOH

CH3

F18

8-Fluoro-3-methyloctanoic acid, 18F(Nagatsugi 1994)

F18 COOH2

8-Fluorooctanoic acid, 18F (Nagatsugi 1994)


30

CH3 COOH

F18

4

6-Fluoropalmitic acid, 18F (Berridge 1983)

COOH

F18

CH33

7-Fluoropalmitic acid, 18F (Berridge 1983)

CH3 COOH

F18

7

2-Fluorostearic acid, 18F(Knust 1980)

SCOOHCH3 3

F18

14(R,S)-Fluoro-6-heptadecanoic acid, 18F(DeGrado1991, 1991; Gunawan 1996)

SF18

5COOH

16-Fluoro-4-thia-hexadecanoic acid, 18F(DeGrado 2000)

CH3 S COOH4

F18

13(R,S)-Fluoro-3-thia-hexadecanoic acid, 18F(DeGrado 1992)

F18

S COOH5

15-Fluoro-3-thia-pentadecanoic acid, 18F(DeGrado 1992)

Cytotoxic agents

31

Cytotoxic (chemotherapeutic or antitumor) agents

NC11

NHO

Cl

Cl NO

BCNU, 11C (Diksic 1982, 1985)

NHC11

NO

F NO

F

BFNU, 11C (Diksic 1985)

CH3SO2O C11 H2

OSO2CH3

Busulphan, 11C (Hassan 1991)

NHC11

NO

Cl NO

CCNU, 11C (Diksic 1985)

NHC11

NO

Cl NO

F

CFNU, 11C (Diksic 1985)

O11CH3

O

NH

CH3

OCH3O

CH3OOCH3

n-Colchicine, 11C (Kothari 1995)

N

O NH

NCH3

C11 H3

N-DACA, 11C (Brady 1997)

O

O OH

O OH

C11 H3

O

OO

OH

CH3

OH NH2

CH3

Daunorubicin, 11C (Elsinga 1996; Eriks-Fluks 1998)

O

N11CH2CH3Cl

NH

O

COOH

COOH

4-[(2-Chloroethyl)(2-ethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid, 11C

(Malik 2004)

O

NHOC11H3

O

OH

O

OH

OH O OH

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

O

CH3

O

CH3

Docetaxel, 11C (van Tilburg 2004)

Cytotoxic agents

32

N+ N

+CH3

C11H3CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3

Hexamethonium, 11C (Jewett 2002)

C11

NH

NHO

OH

Cl

HECNU, 11C (Conway 1991)

NH

CH3

OCH3O

CH3OO

O

O11CH3CH3

Isocolchicine, 11C (Kothari 1995)

C11

NH2

OH NHO

Hydroxyurea, 11C (Winstead 1978)

N+

N+

C11H3

CH3

Paraquat, 11C (Jewett 2002)

OOH

ONH

C11

OCH3

CH3

CH3

OHO

OCH3COO

CH3

OH

CH3COOO

O

Paclitaxel, 11C (Tavert 2002)

CH3

ON

CH3

C11 H3

Tamoxifen, 11C (Van haver 1985; Ram 1989)

C11

NH

NCH3

O

NH2

O

Cl

SarCNU, 11C (Conway 1988)

N

C11 H3CNMeO

MeO

OMe

OMe

Verapamil, 11C(Elsinga 1996; Wegman 2002)

Cytotoxic agents

33

N

O

O

OO

CH3

F18 COO

Chelidone 4-fluorobenzoate ester, 18F(Jalilian 2002)

H

O

OO

OCH3

CH3O OCH3

F18O

HOHH

Fluoropodophyllotoxin, 18F(Visser 1989)

NH

NH

F18

O

O

5-Fluorouracil, 18F (Fowler 1973; Vine 1979;

Oberdorfer 1989)

OOOCH3

OH OH O

O

OO

OHCH3O OCH3

F18O

HH

HHH

H

Fluoro-VP16-213, 18F(Visser 1989)

PtNH2

Cl ClN13 H2

Cisplatin, 13N(De Spiegeleer 1986; Holschbach 1997)

O

O

OH

NHO

F18

CH3

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

OH

O

O

OHCH3

OO

OCH3

O

4-Fluoropaclitaxel, 18F (Kiesewetter 2003)

Hydrocarbons and related compounds

34


C11H CH

Acetylene, 11C (Speranza 1982)

C11

NH2

OCH3

3-Aminoanisole, 11C (Mäding 1997)

NH

C11 N

CH3O

α-Anilino-4-methoxyphenylacetonitrile, 11C(Winstead 1975)

11CN

Benzonitrile, 11C (Balatoni 1989)

C11O

Benzophenone, 11C(Zeisler 1997; Al-Qahtani 2000)

11CN

Cl

4-Chlorobenzonitrile, 11C (Balatoni 1989)

C11

NO2

OCH3CH3

CH3

2,6-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-nitrobenzene, 11C(Mäding 2000)

NO2

C11

H

NO2

β,2-Dinitro-styrene, 11C (Zessin 1998)

11CH3F

Fluoromethane, 11C(Stone-Elander 1986)

NH

C11 H

Indole, 11C (Zessin 1998, 1999)

NH

C11

CH3

N

α-Anilino-4-methylphenylacetonitrile, 11C(Winstead 1975)

NH

C11 N

α-Anilino-phenylacetonitrile, 11C(Winstead 1975)


35

CH311CN

OH

Lactonitrile, 11C (Winstead 1978)

11CNCH3

2-Methylbenzonitrile, 11C (Balatoni 1989)

CH3 C11 H3

Pentane, 11C (Langström 1981)

CH

C11 H2

Phenylethylene, 11C (Ögren 1995)

C11

CH3

NO2

4-Nitrotoluene, 11C (Mäding 1998)

C11

NO2

CH3CH3

CH3

2-Nitromesitylene, 11C (Mäding 2000)

CH3 C11 H36

Nonane, 11C (Langström 1981)

C11

CH3

NO2

3-Nitrotoluene, 11C (Mäding 1998)

C11 H3

2-Methylnaphtalene, 11C(Langström 1981)

NH

C11 NI

α-(p-Iodoanilino)-methylphenylacetonitrile, 11C(Winstead 1979)

C11

NO2

OCH3

3-Nitroanisole, 11C (Mäding 1997)

C11

OCH3

O2N

4-Nitroanisole, 11C (Mäding 2000)

C11 OH

Phenol, 11C (Mäding 200)

C11 H3

Toluene, 11C (Langström 1981)


36

C11

CH3

NH2

p-Toluidine, 11C (Mäding 1998)

CH3 C11 H34

Undecane, 11C (Langström 1981)

F18

Benzyl fluoride, 18F (De Kleijn 1977; Speranza 1984)

OCF

CHCl2

F18

O2N

1,1-Difluoro-2,2- dichloroethyl 3-nitrophenyl ether, 18F

(Kilbourn 1990)

OCF

CHCl2

F18

1,1-Difluoro-2,2- dichloroethyl phenyl ether, 18F

(Kilbourn 1990)

F18

OCH3

3-Fluoroanisole, 18F (Plenevaux 1992)

F18

Fluorobenzene, 18F (Adam1981; Shiue 1984; Speranza

1984; Berridge 1985; Plenevaux 1992; Reischl 2002)

F18

4-Fluorobiphenyl, 18F (Allain-Barbier 1998)

F18

CH3

CH3

CH3

4-Fluoro-tert-butylbenzene, 18F (Shah 1998)

CN

F18

4-Fluorocyanobenzene, 18F(Cacace 1981; Attina 1983, 1983;

Angelini 1985; Berridge 1985)

CH3 F18

Fluoroethane, 11C (Gatley 1981, 1982)

4-Fluoroanisole, 18F (Ludwig 2002)

OCH3

F18


37

CH318F

Fluoromethane, 18F (Gatley 1981, 1982, 1991; Banks 1994) N

F18

CH3

3-Fluoro-N-methylpyrrole, 18F (Crestoni 1990)

N2O

F18

4-Fluoronitrobenznene, 18F (Cacace 1981; Attina 1983a, 1983b;

Angelini 1985; Berridge 1985)

O

F18

CH3

4-Fluorophenyl ethyl ether, 18F (Ludwig 2002)

F18

N

(E)-1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-piperidylpropene, 18F(Allain-Barbier 1998)

CH3 CH3

F18

2-Fluoropropane, 18F (Gatley 1981, 1982)

N F18

2-Fluoropyridine, 18F (Dolci 1999; Karramkam 2003)

O F18

2-(3-Fluoropropoxy)naphtalene, 18F(Kim 2003)

1-(4-Fluorophenyl)heptan-1-one, 18F(Khan 2002)

F18

O

CH3

1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-4-phenylbutan-1-one, 18F(Khan 2002)

F18

O

1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-4-phenoxylbutan-1-one, 18F(Khan 2002)

F18

OO

N

F18

4-Fluoropyridine, 18F(Karramkam 2003)

N

F18

3-Fluoropyridine, 18F(Karramkam 2003)


38

S F18

2-Fluorothiophene, 18F (Crestoni 1990)

18FF2C O CF3

Fluothyl, 18F (Satter 1994)

CH3

F18

4-Fluorotoluene, 18F (Speranza 1984; Knoechel 1991, 1996)

F18 OCH3

OCH3

4-Fluoroveratrole, 18F (Plenevauz 1992)

18FF2C O CH2

Fluroxene, 18F (Satter 1994)

F

FCl

Br

F18

Halothane, 18F (Satter 1994)

CF3

FF

FF18

2H-Heptafluoropropane, 18F(Finch 1995)

O

ClF

FF18 F

F

Isoflurane, 18F (Satter 1994)

F18

CH3

CH3

CH3

2,4,6-Trimethylfluorobenzene, 18F(Shah 1998)

F

FF18 F

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, 18F(Satter 1994; Finch 1995)

4-Fluorostyrene, 18F (Allain-Barbier 1998)

F18

CH2

O

CF3

F

FF

FF18

Sevoflurane, 18F (Satter 1994)

39

Hypoxic cell markers

NNH

F18

O

N

NO2

EF1, 18F (Kachur 1999)

NNH

F18N

NO2

O

F F

F F

EF5, 18F (Dolbier 2001)

N OOH

N

NO2 F18

FRP-170, 18F (Wada 2000)

NF18N

NO2

OH

OH

FETNIM, 18F (Yang 1995)

NNF18

NO2

1-(2-Fluoroethyl)-2-nitroimidazole, 18F(Jerabek 1986)

NNNH

F18

NO2

O

Fluoroetanidazole, 18F (Tewson 1997)

NN F18

NO2

OH

Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO), 18F(Jerabek 1986; Grierson 1989; Lim 1993;

McCarthy 1993; Tada 1996; Kamarainen 2004)

NNF18

CH3

NO2

Fluoro-norhydroxy metronidazole, 18F(Jerabek 1986)

NN

NO2

F18

FON, 18F (Yamamoto 1999)

N F18N

NO2

FPN, 18F (Yamamoto 19999)

NNH

F18N

NO2

O F F

EF3, 18F (Josse 2001)

Receptor ligands

40

Receptor ligands, inhibitors and related compounds • Adenosines

N

N N

N

OCH3

OCH3

C11 H3

Cl

CSC, 11C (Marian 1999)

C11 H2CH3N

N

O

O N

NH

CH3

KF15372, 11C (Ishiwata 1995)

N

N N

NC11 H3

O

O OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

KF17837, 11C (Ishiwata 1996)

N

NMe

O

C11 H3

O

N

NN

OMeOMe

KF21652, 11C (Ishiwata 2001)

N

NNNN

NO

NH2

O11CH3

SCH442416, 11C (Todde 2000)

KW-6002, 11C(Hirani 2001)

N

N N

N

O

O

CH3

O11CH3

OMe

CH3

CH3

KF21213, 11C (Wang 2000)

N

N N

N CH3 CH3

O

CH3

O

CH3

C11 H3

OMe

KF8446, 11C (Ishiwata 2000)

N

N N

N

O

CH3

O

CH3

C11 H3

OMe

OMe

OMe

KF19631, 11C (Ishiwata 2000)

N

N N

N

O

O

C11 H3

OMe

OMe

OMe

Receptor ligands

41

• Adrenergics

O

OHOH

N

N

N

N

NH2

O

NH

F18

FNECA, 18F (Lehel 200)

O

OHOH

NOH

N

N

N

N13 H2

Adenosine, 13N(Irie 1985)

NH

O NH

O

OH OC11 H3

Carvedilol, 11C (Doze 2002)

CH

OHOH

OHNH

C11 H3

Epinephrine, 11C (Soussain 1984)

N

N N

NH

O

O

F18

CH3

8-Cyclopentyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine, 18F

(Holschbach 2002)

O

NH2

O

OHNH

C11 HCH3

CH3

Atenolol, 11C (Antoni 1989)

NH

NC11 H

CH3

Atipamezole, 11C (Roeda 2002)

O NH

11C(CH3)2

OO CH3

CH3

OH

Bisoprolol, 11C (Soloviev 2001)

O

OH

NH C11 HCH3

CH3

NH

Carazolol, 11C (Berridge 1992)

Receptor ligands

42

NH

C11NH

O

Ot-BuNHCH2

HOH

S-CGP 12177, 11C(Hammadi 1991; Moresco 2000)

NH

NH

O

OHOH

NH

C11 HCH3

CH3

S-CGP 12388, 11C (Elsinga 1997)

OH

CONH2ONH

OOH

N

NF3C

C11 H3

CGP 20712A, 11C(Elsinga 1994)

N

NH

C11 H3

Desipramine, 11C (Van Dort 1997)

OHNH

OHC11 H3

CH3

m-Hydroxyephedrine, 11C(Rosenspire 1990)

OHNH

CH3

OHC11 H3

(-)-m-Hydroxyephedrine, 11C (Van Dort 2000)

OHNH

CH3

OHC11 H3

(+)-m-Hydroxyephdrine, 11C(Van Dort 2000)

N

N

NNH

O

F

NN

NN

C11H3

1-[2-[4-[1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-(2-methyl-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-1-piperidinyl]- ethyl]imidazolidin-2-one, 11C

(Ball 2000)

N

N

NNH

O

F

NN

NC11H3

1-[2-[4-[1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methyl-(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-

1-piperidinyl]ethyl]imidazolidin-2-one, 11C(Ball 2000)

Receptor ligands

43

CH3

O NH

C11

H CH3OH

CH3 CH3

(±)-ICI 118551, 11C (Moresco 2000)

N

N

ON

C11 H3

O

CH3

H

MK 912, 11C (Shiue 1998)

OHC11 H

OH

CH3

NH2

Metaraminol, 11C (Någren 1996)

C11 H3

OHN+

N

I

1-Methyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide, 11C

(Elmaleh 1993)

OOH

NH

C11 HCH3

CH3CH3O

Metoprotol, 11C (Antoni 1989)

CH

OHOH

C11 H2

OHNH2

Norepinephrine, 11C (Fowler 1974, 1975; Någren 1994)

OHNHOH

C11 H3

Phenylephrine, 11C (Rosario 1996)

OOH

NH

C11 HCH3

CH3

NH

Pindolol, 11C (Prenant 1987; Doze 2002)

NCH3

OO

OHNH

C11

CH3

CH3

Practolol, 11C (Berger 1983)

N

N NN

C11O

OCH3O

CH3ONH2

Prazosin, 11C (Ehrin 1988)

OC11 H3

O

NH

O

H H

(S,S)-MeNER, 11C (Wilson 2003)

OH

C11H3

NH2

CH3

OH

4-Methylmetaraminol, 11C(Langer 2003)

Receptor ligands

44

NH

OOH

OHNH

CH3

C11

CH3

CH3

Procaterol, 11C (Visser 2000)

OOH

NH

C11 HCH3

CH3

Propranolol, 11C (Berger 1982; Antoni 1989)

OH

C11 H2

NH2

p-Tyramine, 11C (Schoeps1993)

O

OH

NHCH3

F18

NH

Fluorocarazolol, 18F (Zheng 1994; Elsinga 1996)

C11 H2

NH2

OHm-Tyramine, 11C (Schoeps 1993)

NH

NH

O

ONH

CH3

F18

OH

S-Fluoro-CGP 12388, 18F (Elsinga 1997)

NH

F18

CH3

CH3

1-Fluoro-1-deoxyephedrine, 18F(Van Dort 1995)

NH

F18

CH3

CH3

1-Fluoro-1-deoxypseudoephedrine, 18F(Van Dort 1995)

NH2OH

OH F18

6-Fluorodopamine, 18F (Ding 1991, 1993; Chaly 1993; Namavari 1995;

Culbert 1995; Chirakal 1996)

O NH

OH

CH3

F18Cl

CH3

Fluoro-isopropyl-bupranolol, 18F(Doze 2002)

O

CH3 CH3

NH

C11 H3

Talopram, 11C (McConathy 1996)

S

CH3 CH3

NH

C11 H3

Talsupram, 11C (McConathy 1996)

Receptor ligands

45

• Angiotensins

O NH

OH

CH3

F18

Fluoro-isopropyl-penbutolol, 18F(Doze 2002)

CH3

NH2

OH

OH

F18

(1R,2S)-4-Fluorometaraminol, 18F (Langer 2000, 2001)

OH NH2

OH

CH3F18

6-Fluorometaraminol, 18F (Mislankar 1988; Langer 2001)

CH3O

O NH

F18

OH

CH3

1’-Fluorometoprolol, 18F (De Groot 1993)

NH2

OH F18

OH

OH

R-(-)-6-Fluoronorepinephrine, 18F(Lui 1998)

OHNH2OH

OH F18

6-Fluoronorepinephrine, 18F (Ding 1991)

CH3F18

OHNH2

erythro-4-Fluoronorephedrine, 18F(Ermert 2000)

CH3F18

OH

NH2

threo-4-Fluoronorephedrine, 18F (Ermert 2000)

O NH

F18

OH

CH3

Fluoropropranolol, 18F(Tewson 1999)

N N

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

SO2

NH

O

O11CH3

L-159,884, 11C (Firnau 1973)

N N

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

SO2

NHC11O

MK996, 11C (Mathews 1995)

Receptor ligands

46

• Benzodiazepines and related compounds

N

N

N

C11 H3

CO2CH2CH3

OI

Iomazenil, 11C (Baldwin 1995)

N

N

N

FC11 H3

CO2CH2CH3

OFlumazenil, 11C

(Maziere 1984; Suzuki 1985; Halldin 1988; Någren 1998)

N

N

N

FCH3

CO211CH2CH3

O

Flumazenil, 11C (Halldin 1988)

N

NC11 H3 O

O2N

F

Flunitrazepam, 11C (Maziere 1980)

N

C11

NN

N

Cl

CH3

Alprazolam, 11C (Banks 1990)

N

NC11 H3 O

Cl

Cl

4’-Chlorodiazepam, 11C (Watkins 1988)

N

NC11 H3 O

Cl

Diazepam, 11C (Maziere 1980; Sassaman 1999)

N

NC11 H3 O

Cl

Cl

Fludiazepam, 11C (Ishiwata 1988)

N

OC11 H3

N

NCO2CH2CH3

N3

Ro15-4513, 11C (Noguchi 2003)

N

O

F

CH3O

OC11 H3

OCH3

DDA1106, 11C (Zhang 2003)

Receptor ligands

47

N

NO

Cl

F3C

F18

2-Oxoquazepam, 18F (Duelfer 1991; Johnstrom 1994;

Bergman 1995)

N

N

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

F18

O2N

PK 14105, 18F (Pascali 1990)

N

Cl

N

OC11 H3

CH3

CH3

PK 11195, 18F (Camsonne 1984; Shah 1994)

S

SN

ON

N

OOC

Cl

N N C11 H3

Suriclone, 11C (Boullais 1985)

O CH3

O

NH

N

NH

F18

Ethyl 6-(4’-fluorobenzylamino)-β-carboline-3-carboxylate, 18F

(Elder 1995)

O CH3

O

NH

N

NH

F18

CH3

Isopropyl 6-(4’-fluorobenzylamino)-β-carboline-3-carboxylate, 18F

(Elder 1995)

OF18

O

N

N

N

OCH3

F

2-Fluoroflumazenil, 18F(Wadsak 2003; Yoon 2003)

N

NCH3

NCH3

OC11 H3

CH3

Zolpidem, 11C (Dumont 2003)

N

O

CH3O

F

O

O F18

CH3

FMDAA1106, 18F (Zhang 2004)

N

O

CH3O

F

O

OF18

CH3

FEDAA1106, 18F (Zhang 2004)

Receptor ligands

48

• Cannabinoid receptor ligands

O

O

F18

O

NN

O

5-(2-Phenoxy)phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl-4-fluorobenzoate, 18F

(Jalilian 2000)

NNH

O

NN

Cl

Cl

F18

Cl

SR144385, 18F(Mathews 1999)

N F18

OI

AM694, 18F (Willis 2003)

SR149080, 11C (Mathews 2002)

NO

NH

O

NN

OC11H3

CH3

Cl

Cl

SR149568, 11C (Mathews 2002)

NO

NH

O

NN

OC11H3

CH3

Cl

Cl

NIDA-42033, 18F (Katoch-Rouse 2003)

NNH

O

NN

F18

Cl

OCH3

Receptor ligands

49

• Cholecytokinin receptor ligands

ON

N

O

NH

NH

N

O

N(CH3)2

O O11CH3

3-[3-(1-Dimethylcarbamoylmethyl-2-oxo-5-pyridin-2-yl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-

3-yl)-ureido]-benzoic acid methyl ester, 11C (Wilson 2001)

ON

N

O

NH

NH

N

O

NHC11 H3

N(CH3)2

N,N-Dimethyl-2-{3-[3-(3-methylamino-phenyl)-ureido]-2-oxo-5-pyridin-2-yl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[e]

[1,4]diazepin-1-yl}-acetamide, 11C (Wilson 2001)

N

N

C11H3 O

NH

NH

H O

CH3

L-365,260, 11C (Haradahira 1998)

N

N

C11H3 O

NH

NH

H O

CH3

L-365,346, 11C (Haradahira 1998)

ON

N

O

NH

NH

N

O

NHC11 H3

C(CH3)3

YF 476, 11C(Wilson 2001)

Receptor ligands

50

• Cholinergics

NO N

CH3

C11 H3

ABT-418, 11C (Dolle 1996)

N

ON C11 H3

3-[(2S)-Azetidin-2-ylmethoxy]- 5-methylpyridine, 11C

(Karimi 2002)

N C11 NH

OBr

N-(4-Bromophenyl)carbamic acidquinuclidin-3-yl ester, 11C

(Dolle 2001)

N+

C11 H3OH

CH3

CH3

Choline, 11C (Friedland 1983; Rosen 1985; Diksic 1984, 1986; Hara 1999;

Pascali 2000; Reischl 2004)

N

N C11 H3

HO

(S)-Cotinine, 11C (Halldin 1992)

NNH

OO

C11 H2

Dexetimide, 11C (Dannals 1988)

N

O

OOH

C11

H2

CH3

N-Ethyl-4-piperidyl benzilate, 11C (Nishiyama 2000)

N+CH3

C11H3

CH3

OH

Edrophonium, 11C (Zheng 2003)

Edrophonium ethyl analog, 11C

(Zheng 2003)

N+

C11H3

OH

CH3

CH3

Edrophonium methyl analog, 11C

(Zheng 2003)

N+CH3

CH3

C11H3

OH

Receptor ligands

51

NNH

OO

C11 H2

Levetimide, 11C (Dannals 1988)

N

NH

C11 H3

Metanicotine (RJR-2403), 11C (Brown-Proctor 2000; Studenov 2001)

N

OH

NHC11 H3

Methylaminobenzovesamicol, 11C(Mulholland 1992)

N

O

N C11 H3

N-Methylcytisine, 11C (Dolle 1996)

N NC11 H3

N-Methyl-dechloroepibatidine, 11C(Spang 1999)

NN Cl

C11 H3

N-Methyl-(-)-epibatidine, 11C (Patt 1999)

NNCl

C11 H3

N-Methyl-(+)-epibatidine, 11C(Patt 1999)

NC11H3

N

Cl

N-Methyl-(+)-homoepibatidine, 11C(Patt 2000, 2001)

NC11 H3

N

Cl

N-Methyl-(-)-homoepibatidine, 11C(Patt 2000, 2001)

N N

C11 H3

N-Methyl-2PABH, 11C (Spang 1999)

Receptor ligands

52

NC11 H3 O

OOH

N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate, 11C(Takahashi 1999)

N

ON

C11 H3

3-[(1-Methylpyrrolidinyl)- methoxy]pyridine, 11C

(Kassiou 1997)

N

N

H

C11 H3

Nicotine, 11C (Maziere 1976; Halldin 1992)

OH O

ON

+C11 H3

CH3

CH3

I

d-Oxyphenonium iodide, 11C (Vlek 1990)

N

O

OOH

C11

H2

CH3

N-Propyl-4-piperidyl benzilate, 11C(Nishiyama 2000)

NN

C11H3

OH

OHN

NCH3

PipzA-4, 11C (Gilissen 1999)

N

N

O

Cl

N

C11 H3

5-[2-(4-Pyridinyl)vinyl]-6-chloro-3-(1-methyl-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine, 11C

(Brown 2001)

N

OC11

O

OH

QNB, 11C (Prenant 1989)

N+

O

O

OH

C11 H3

3-Quinuclidinylbenzilate, 11C (Dolle 2001)

O N

O

CH3

CH3N+

C11H3

Pyridostigmine, 11C (Wang 2004)

Receptor ligands

53

OH

N

O

C11 H3

O

O

Scopolamine, 11C (Vora 1983; Mulholland 1988)

N C11 H3

OO

OH

2α-Tropanyl benzilate, 11C (Mulholland 1992)

NN

OH

OHN

NCH3

F18

FA-4, 18F(Gilissen 1999)

NF18

ONH

2-Fluoro-A-85380, 18F (Horti 1998, 1998; Dolle 1998, 1999)

N

F18

ONH

6-Fluoro-A-85380, 18F (Koren 2000; Scheffel 2000;

Ding 2000)

N

OH

NH

OF18

N-Fluoroacetoamidobenzovesamicol, 18F(Rogers 1994)

N

OH

N

OF18CH3

N-Ethyl-N-fluoroacetoamidobenzovesamicol, 18F(Rogers 1994)

NF18O

OOH

PhPh

3-FEPB, 18F (Skaddan 2000)

NF18

O

OOH

Ph Ph

4-FEPB, 18F (Skaddan 2000)

Receptor ligands

54

N+OH

CH3

CH3F18

Fluorocholine, 18F (DeGrado 2000, 2001; Iwata 2002)

N+OH

CH3

CH3 F18

Fluoroethylcholine, 18F (DeGrado 2001; Hara 2002)

N+OH

CH3

CH3 F18

Fluoropropylcholine, 18F (DeGrado 2001; Hara 2002)

N NH

OO

F18

2-Fluorodexetimide, 18F (Wilson 1990; Hwang 1991)

N NH

F18

OO

4-Fluorodexetimide, 18F (Wilson 1990; Hwang 1991)

N

OH

OF18

Fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol, 18F(Mulholland 1993)

N

O

F18

CH3

O

N-Fluoroethyl-4-piperidyl acetate, 18F (Zhang 2002)

N

OH

F18

cis-4-Fluoromethylvesamicol, 18F (Rogers 1994)

N

N

N

FCH3O

OF18

O

3-(2'-Fluoro)-flumazenil, 18F(Wadsak 2003)

N+CH3

CH3

CH3 F18

Dehydroxy-fluorocholine, 18F(Henriksen 2004)

Receptor ligands

55

NSN

NCH3

S

F18

FP-TZTP, 18F (Kiesewetter 1995, 2003)

N

O

O

OH

F18

FQNE, 18F (Luo 1996)

N

F18

OH

OO

FQNPe, 18F (Luo 1998)

NCH3

O

O

F18

1-Methyl-4-piperidyl-4-fluorobenzoate, 18F(Bormans 1996)

NN

F18H

Norchlorofluoroepibatidine, 18F(Horti 1996; Ding 1997; Dolci 1999)

N

NCH3F18

(+)-Spiro-FBT, 18F(Efange 1999)

NF18

ON

NicFP, 18F (Dumont 2003)

R121920, 18F (Zhang 2004)

N Cl

O

N

F18

NH

F18O

NNH

9-(4’-Fluorophenyl)cytisine 18F(Marriere 2000)

Receptor ligands

56

• Cocaine and related compounds

N

OCOOH

C11H3

Benzoylecgonine, 11C (Gatley 1994)

N

ClH

COO11CH3

H

CH3

2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane, 11C(Wilson 1994)

NCOOCH3

H

H

I

C11H3

β-CIT, 11C (Muller 1993; Någren 1995; Zheng 1996)

N

CH3H

COO11CH3

H

CH3

2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4-methylphenyl)tropane, 11C(Wilson 1994)

NCOO11CH3

H

IH

F

β-CIT-FE, 11C (Halldin 1995)

N

H

H

I

COO11CH3

F18

β-CIT-FP, 11C (Lundkvist 1995)

NCOOCH3

FH

H

C11H3

CFT, 11C (Dannals 1993; Någren 1995)

NCOO11CH3

FH

H

F

β-CFT-FP, 11C (Kamarainen 2000)

O

O

NCOOCH3

H

H

C11H3

Cocaine, 11C (Fowler 1989)

N

OCOO11CH3

CH3

Cocaine, 11C (Gatley 1994)

Receptor ligands

57

ON

N

H

H

Cl

C11H3

β-CPPIT, 11C (Scoenbächler 1999)

NH

OCOO11CH3

Norcocaine, 11C (Gatley 1994)

O

O

NCOOCH3

H

H

C11H3

I

(o,m,p)-Iodococaine, 11C (Yu 1992)

N

Cl

Cl

N OCH3

C11H3

NS 2214, 11C (Gee 1997)

NCOO11CH3

CH3H

H

I

PE21, 11C(Langer 2000)

NCOOCH3

H

H

Cl

F18

FECNT, 18F (Goodman 2000)

NCOOCH3

FH

H

F18

β-CFT-FP, 18F (Kamarainen 2000)

N

H

H

Cl

CH3

CO2

H CH3

F18

FIPCT, 18F (Xing 2000)

N

H

H

I

COOCH3

F18

FP-CIT, 18F (Horti 1998)

Receptor ligands

58

NCOOCH3

H

H

F18

FPCMT, 18F(Chaly 1999)

NCOOCH3

H

H

CH3

F18

3β-(4-Fluoromethylphenyl)tropane- 2β-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 18F

(Petric 1999; Stout 1999)

NCOOCH3

H

H

CH3

F18

3β-(2-Fluoromethylphenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 18F

(Petric 1999; Stout 1999)

Receptor ligands

59

• Dopaminergics

N

CH3O

C11 H3CH3O

OH

CH3O Br

A-69024, 11C (Kassiou 1994)

NNS

C11 H3

BTCP methylpiperazine, 11C (Loustau 1997)

O

N

O

Cl

11CH3O

3-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-8-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one, 11C

(Zhang 2002)

N

S

Cl

NC11 H3

CH3

Chloropromazine, 11C (Maziere 1975; Ram 1989)

NN

N

NH

C11 H3

Cl

Clozapine, 11C (Bender 1994)

OHOH

NH2

11COOH

L-Dopa, 11C (Reiffers 1977; Bolster 1983;

Adam 1987)

OHOH

C11 H2 NH2

COOH

Dopa, 11C (Halldin 1984)

CH2

OHOH

C11 H2

NH2

Dopamine, 11C (Christman 1970; Fowler 1974)

OH

OH

NCH3

C11 H3

2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-6,7-dihydroxytetralin, 11C

(Van der Werf 1984)

NNH H

I

OCH3

O11CH3 CH3

O

Epidepride, 11C (Langer 1999, 1999)

Receptor ligands

60

CH3CH2

OH

ClOCH3

NH

O

NH C11 H2

CH3

Eticlopride, 11C (Halldin 1990)

CH3CH2

OH

ClO11CH3

NH

O

NCH2CH3H

Eticlopride, 11C (Halldin 1990)

NNH H

OBr

OO11CH3 C2H5

CH3

FLB 457, 11C (Halldin 1995; Lundkvist 1998;

langer 1999; Sandell 2000)

NH

CH3

NH

N

Cl

OCH3 O C11 H3

I

IMB, 11C (Wilson 1989)

N N N C11 H3

OO

F

N-Methylbenperidol, 11C(Suehiro1990)

OHOH

NH

COOHC11 H3

N-Methyl-L-dopa, 11C (Horti 1992)

NC11 H3

OH

OH

CH3

N-Methyl-norapomorphine, 11C(Zijlstra 1993)

NH

O

O11CH3

Methylphenidate, 11C (Ding 1994)

OH

OH

NCH2CH2CH3

C11 H3

2-(N-Methyl-N-n-propylamino)-6,7-dihydroxytetralin, 11C

(Van der Werf 1984)

NN

N

OO

F

C11 H3

N-Methylspiperone, 11C (Burns 1984; Dannals 1986; Suzuki 1990; Iwata 1992; Pascali 1992; Någren 1998)

Receptor ligands

61

NH

Cl

OCH3

NH

NO

CH3

C11 H3

Nemonapride, 11C (Hatano 1989; Iwata 1991)

OH

NC11H2

CH3

CH3

5-OH-DPAT, 11C (Shi 1999)

N

O

Cl

OH

C11 H3

Cl

Cl

NNC 22-0215, 11C (Foged 1998)

NN

Cl

O11CH3

O

NH

PB-12, 11C (Langer 2000; Zhang 2002)

N N NHC11O

F

F

Pimozide, 11C (Crouzel 1980)

OH

NC11H2 CH3

PPHT, 11C (Shi 1999)

N

OHOH

C11HCH3

(-)-N-Propyl-norapomorphine, 11C (Hwang 2000)

CClOH

ClOCH3

NH

O

NC11 H2

CH3

Raclopride, 11C (Ehrin 1985)

ClOH

ClO11CH3

NH

O

N

CH3

Raclopride, 11C (Ehrin 1987; Langer 1999;

Iwata 2001)

ON

NO11CH3

NN

S

RGH-1756, 11C (Dolle 2000)

Receptor ligands

62

N C11 H3

Cl

OH

SCH 23390, 11C (Halldin 1986; DeJesus 1987;

Ravert 1987; Ram 1989)

O

OO

N

C11 H3

SB-235753, 11C (Matarrese 2000)

N

Cl

OHC11 H3

HH

SCH 39166, 11C (Halldin 1991)

N

OH

OHC11 H3

SKF75670, 11C (DaSilva 1996)

N

H

ClOH

OH

C11 H3

R-SKF82957, 11C (DaSilva 1999)

N

OH

OHC11 H3

Cl

SKF82957, 11C (DaSilva 1996)

C11 NN

NH

OO

F

Spiperone, 11C (Fowler 1982)

NCl

NH

O

OCH3

O

NH

O11CH3

YM50001, 11C (Zhang 2000)

OH

NC11H2 CH3

ZYY-339, 11C (Shi 1999)

O

N

11CH3O O

CF3

3-(4-Trifluoromethylbenzyl)-8-methoxy- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one, 11C

(De Vos 2000)

Receptor ligands

63

NHNNO

F18

O

Benperidol, 18F (Shiue 1985; Katsifis 1993)

NN

F18

S

1-[1-(2-Benzo[b]thiophenyl)cyclohexyl]-4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazine, 18F

(Loustau-Then 1996, 1997)

OH F18

COOH

NH2

OHF18

2,6-Difluorodopa, 18F (Hatano 1996)

NH

O

OCH3

N

F18

OCH3

Br

5-Bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-N-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]benzamide, 18F

(Mach 1993)

NF18 N

H

O

OCH3

OCH3

H

CH3

(S)-2,3-Dimethoxy-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(3-fluoropropyl)benzamide, 18F

(Mathis 1992)

NF18 N

H

O

OCH3

OCH3

H

OH

CH3

(S)-2,3-Dimethoxy-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-methyl]-5-(3fluoropropyl)-6-hydroxybenzamide, 18F

(Mathis 1992)

NH

O

OCH3

N

F18

OCH3

2,3-Dimethoxy-N-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]benzamide, 18F

(Mach 1993)

F18

NNH

O

OCH3

OCH3

I

(R)-(+)-2,3-Dimethoxy-N-[[1-(4'-fluorobenzyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]-5-iodobenzamide, 18F

(Chumpradit 1993)

OCH3

OCH3

NH

O N

F18

2,3-Dimethoxy-N-[9-(4-fluorobenzyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3β-yl]benzamide, 18F

(Mach 1993)

NN

O

O N

Cl

F18

N-[2-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-3-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzamide, 18F

(Zhang 2003)

Receptor ligands

64

NHNNO

F18

O

Droperidol, 18F (Katsifis 1993)

N

CH3

OCH3

F18

NH

O

CH3

(S)-N-[(1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]- 5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2-methoxybenzamine, 18F

(Mukherjee 1991)

N

O

O

F18

NH

CH3

N-[(1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(2-fluoroethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-carboxamide, 18F

(Takao 1993)

N

CH3

OCH3

NH

O

CH3

F18

CH3O

(S)-N-[(1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]- 5-(3fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide, 18F

(Mukherjee 1991)

N

CH3

OCH3

NH

O

F18

H

(S)-N-[(1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(2-fluoroethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide, 18F

(Mukherjee 1990)

NCH2

F18

O

OCH3

OCH3

NH

Fallypride, 18F (Mukherjee 1995)

NN

N

OO

F

F18

N-(4-Fluorobutyl)spiperone, 18F (Chi 1986)

N NO

F18 CH3O

Fluanisone, 18F (Katsifs 1993)

N

F18N

N

OO

F

N-(4-Fluorobenzyl)spiperone, 18F(Mach 1993)

3-[[4-(4-Fluorobenzyl)]piperazin-1-yl]- methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, 18F

(Tian 2003)

NNN N

H

F18

Receptor ligands

65

NH

O

OCH3NH2

Cl

N

F18

Fluoroclebopride, 18F (Mach 1993)

COOH

NH2OH

OH

F18

5-Fluorodopa, 18F (Firnau1973)

OH F18

COOH

NH2

OH

6-Fluoro-L-dopa, 18F (Chirakal 1984, 1986; Firnau 1984, 1986;

Diksic 1985; Adam 1986, 1988; Chaly 1986; Lemaire 1991, 1994; Namavari 1992;

Ishiwata 1993; Horti 1995; Luxen 1990; Reddy 1993; Dolle 1998; Kaneko 1999;

Zhang 2002)

NH2

OH F18

OH

6-Fluorodopamine, 18F (Ding 1991, 1993; Chaly 1993; Namavari 1995; Culbert 1995;

Chirakal 1996)

NS F18

3-Fluoromethyl-1-[1-(2-benzothienyl)-cyclohexyl]piperidine, 18F

(Ponchant 1993)

NN

N

OO

F

F18

N-(2-Fluoroethyl)spiperone, 18F (Kiesewetter 1986; Chi 1986;

Zhang 2002)

N

CH3NH

Cl

OCH3

NH

O

F18

Fluoroethylnemonapride, 18F (Hatano 1990)

NN

N

OO

F

F18

N-(4-Fluoromethylbenzyl)spiperone, 18F (Choe 1998)

N N F18

N NH

3-[[4-(4-Fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, 18F

(Lemaire 1991)

O F18

COOH

NH2

OH

(CH3)3C

O

6-Fluoro-O-pivaloyl-L-dopa, 18F (Ishiwata 1996)

Receptor ligands

66

N

F18

FOH

2-[N-(3-n-Fluoropropyl)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)-ethylamino]-5-hydroxytetalin, 18F

(Zijlstra 1993)

N

F18

CH3

OH

2-[N-(3-n-Fluoropropyl)-N-(4-methylphenyl)-ethylamino]-5-hydroxytetalin, 18F

(Zijlstra 1993)

NN

N

OO

F

F18

N-(3-Fluoropropyl)spiperone, 18F(Chi 1986; Shiue 1987; MacGregor 1987)

ClOH

ClOCH3

NH

O

NH

F18

Fluororaclopride, 18F (Kiesewetter 1989)

OCH3

OCH3

NH

O N

F18

2-Fluorotropapride, 18F(Damhaut 1992)

NH2OH

F18

4-Fluoro-m-tyramine, 18F(Namavari 1995)

OCH3

OCH3

NH

O N

F18

4-Fluorotropapride, 18F (Damhaut 1992)

COOH

NH2

OH

F18

4-Fluoro-L-m-tyrosine, 18F(Perlmutter 1990; Namavari 1993)

NH2

F18

OH

6-Fluoro-m-tyramine, 18F (Namavari 1995; vanBrocklin 2004)

F18

COOH

NH2

OH

6-Fluoro-L-m-tyrrosine, 18F (Namavari 1993)

Receptor ligands

67

OHOH

F18

COOH

NH2CH3

(S)-FMEdopa, 18F (Yost 1996)

COOH

NH2

OH

F18

FMMT, 18F (Murali 1992; Lacan 1999)

NCH3

O

F18

Cl

Haloperidol, 18F (Kook 1975; Kilbourn 1984; Farrokhzad

1985;Hashizume 1997; Dence 1997)

NN

O

F18

F

GBR 12909, 18F (Haka 1990)

NNNO

F18

O

CH3

(3-N-Methyl)benperidol, 18F (Moerlein 1992)

OH F18

CH3O

NH2

COOH

3-O-Methyl-6-fluorodopa, 18F (Adam 1992, 1994; Chaly1994)

F18

NNH

OCH3

CH3O

Br

O

NCQ-115, 18F (Najafi 1993; Halldin 1994)

NN

N

OO

F18

NO2

N-(4-Nitrobenzyl)spiperone, 18F(Mach 1993)

O

F18

NN

F

O

S

NNC 12-0817, 18F (Muller 1995)

N

H

H

Br

COOCH3

F18

FPCBT, 18F (Chaly 2004)

Receptor ligands

68

O

F18

NN

F

OH

S

NNC 12-0818, 18F (Muller 1995)

NN

NH

OO

F18

Spiperone, 18F(Kilbourn 1984; Shiue 1985; Banks 1994;

Katsifis 1993; Hamacher 1995)

5-OH-FPPAT, 18F (Shi 2004)

N F18

CH3

OH

Receptor ligands

69

• Enzyme inhibitors and related compounds

S

NN

SO2NH2C11

CH3

O

Acetazolamidel, 11C(Le Bars 1988)

NNH

NH

S

C11 H3

AR-R 17443, 11C (Pomper 2000)

NH

NH

S

NC11 H3

AR-R 18512, 11C (Pomper 2000)

ONH

11CH3O

Br

Brofaromine, 11C (Ametamey 1996; Bergström 1997)

O NCl

Cl

C11 H3

CH

Clorgyline, 11C (Bergström 1997)

N

NO

NC11H3

O

CP-126,998, 11C (Musachio 2002 1990; Bencherif 2002)

N

CH3

C11 H3

L-Deprenyl, 11C (MacGregor 1988)

C11N

OF3CO

OH

OCH3

Befloxatone, 11C (Dolle 2003)

OHNH

NS

O

O OO11CH3

CH3CH3

CGS 25966, 11C (Fei 2003)

C11O O

O

NH

2-(2-Benzoylphenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide, 11C(Nader 2002)

Receptor ligands

70

N

CH3

C11 H3

(R)-L-Deprenyl, 11C (Dolle 2002)

O11CH3O

CH3O

N

Donepezil, 11C (De Vos 2000)

N

N

CH3

H3C11CH2OOC

Etomidate, 11C (Bergtröm 1998)

F

N

CH3

C11 H3

4-Fluorodeprenyl, 11C (Plenevaux 1990)

OH

OH

OH

AcNH COOH

NHC11

NH2

NH

H

GG167, 11C (Westerberg 1996)

NH

N11CH3O

CH3

Harmaline, 11C (Bergström 1997)

NH

N11CH3O

CH3

Harmine, 11C (Bergström 1997)

N

NNH

O

C11 H3

CH3CH3

CH3 O

LY186,126, 11C (Prenant 1992)

N

11CH3O

CH3O

OHCH3

CH3

Dihydrotetrabenazinel, 11C (Jewett 1997)

SNH

OO

OC11H3

O

F

CH3 CH3

(2R)-2-[[4-(6-Fluorohex-1-ynyl)phenyl]- sulfonylamino]-4-methylbutyric acid, 11C

(Zheng 2003)

Receptor ligands

71

NH

NNO

O11CH3

O

NH

H CH3

O

CH3CH3

Methoxy staurosporine, 11C (Sasaki 1996)

NH

CH3O

C11NH

6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- β-carboline, 11C (Nader 1998)

NH

C11 H3O

N

NO

N-[N-[4-[4-(N-Methylamino)phenyl] butyl]-L-propyl]pyrrolidine, 11C

(Van Dort 1994)

OCH3

SN

O ONH

11CH3O

O

CH3 CH3

N

Methyl-CGS 27023A, 11C (Fei 2002)

N

NHC11 H3

9-Methylamoino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine, 11C(Bonnot 1991)

O CH3

SN

O ONH

11CH3O

O

CH3 CH3

Methyl-benzyl-CGS 27023A, 11C (Fei 2002)

NOH

OH

OH

C11 H3

H OHH

N-Methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin, 11C (Ishiwata 1993)

SC11 H3

NH2 NH

S-Methylisothiourea, 11C (Zhang 1996)

S

NH

O

OC11 H3

NH O

OCH3CH3

HOOC

(2R)-3-Methyl-2-[[4-[(4-methoxybenzoyl)- amino]benzenesulfonyl]amino]butanoic acid, 11C

(Kuhnast 2003)

11CH3O NH

NS

O

CH3 CH3

O O

N

X

(X=2-F, 4-F, 2-Cl, 3-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-Br, 3-Br, 4-Br, 4-I)Methyl-halo-CGS 27023A analogs, 11C

(Zheng 2002)

Receptor ligands

72

SN

O ONH

O

O

CH3 CH3

C11H3

NO2

Methyl-nitro-CGS 27023A, 11C(Fei 2002)

NC11H3

O CH3

O

1-Methyl-4-piperidyl-acetate, 11C(Bormans 1996; Irie 1996)

NH NH

COOHS

C11 H3

NH2

S-Methyl-L-thiocitrulline, 11C(Zhang 1997)

N

N

CH3

H311COOC

Metomidate, 11C (Bergström 1998)

NH

O

OC11 H3

MIQO, 11C (Miyake 2000)

NO

OC11H3 N

MPPB, 11C (Lui 1998)

O2NNH

NH

NH

O11CH3

O

NH2

L-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 11C(Zessin 2001)

N

NH2

C11 H3

Nomifensine, 11C (Ulin 1989)

OCH3

ONC11 H3

N-Methyl-3-pyrrolidinyl propionate, 11C

(Shao 2003)

NC11 H3

O CH3

O

(S)-N-Methyl-2-pyrolidinemethyl acetate, 11C (Shao 2003)

Receptor ligands

73

N

CH3O

CH3O

CH3

CH3

O11CH3

TBZOMe, 11C (Dasilva 1993)

N

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

OC11

O

NHCH3

Physostigmine, 11C (Bonnot-Lours 1993; Crouzel 1995)

O

OCH3

C11H3 NH

NH

O

Ro 20-1724, 11C (DaSilva 2001) NH

O

OO

C11H3

H

S-Rolipram, 11C (DaSilva 2001)

NH

O

OO

C11H3H

R-Rolipram, 11C (DaSilva 2001)

N

N

NH Br

O

O

CH3

C11H3

PD153035, 11C (Johnström 1998)

NC11H3

O

O

C2H5

PMP, 11C (Snyder 1998)

PCH3 OO

F

C11 H CH3

CH3

Sarin, 11C (Prenant 1990)

N

11CH3O

CH3O

OCH3

CH3

Tetrabenazine, 11C (DaSilva 1993)

11COO-

NH3+

γ-Vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid (GVG), 11C(Zhang 2002)

Receptor ligands

74

N

NN

NN

NC11 H3

Cl

Vorozole, 11C (Lidstrom 1998)

N

O

S

CH3

CH3

S(CH2)8 N

CH3

C11 H3

Y-29794, 11C (Charalambous 1994)

NNH

F18

O

NH2

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-5-fluoropyridine-2-carboxamide, 18F

(Beer 1995) N

N N

N

O

NH2

F18

6-Benzyloxy-7-(2-fluoroethyl)-7H-purin-2-yl-amine, 18F

(Schirrmacher 2002)

N

O

CH3

SH

F18

COOH

4-cis-Fluorocaptopril, 18F (Hwang 1991)

N

N N

N

O

F18

NH2

6-Benzyloxy-9-(2-fluoroethyl)-9H-purin-2-yl-amine, 18F

(Schirrmacher 2002)

N

CH3 CH

F18

FHMP, 18F (Mukherjee 1999)

Cl Cl

O NCH3

F18

Fluoroclorgyline, 18F (Mukherjee 1999)

NO

NCH3

F18

3-[1-(4-Fluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1- (1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propan1-1-one, 18F

(Choe 2000)

F18

O

ON

N

CH3

FETO, 18F (Wadsak 2003)

Receptor ligands

75

N

CH3

CH3

F18

4-Fluorodeprenyl, 18F (Plenevaux 1990, 1991)

OCH3O

CH3O

NF18

4-Fluorodonepezil, 18F (Lee 2000)

S

NH2 NH

F18

S-(2-Fluoroethyl)isothiourea, 18F(Zhang 1996)

NO

NCH3 F18

3-[1-(4-Fluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propan1-1-one, 18F

(Choe 2000)

NO

F18

NCH3

3-[1-(3-Fluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propan1-1-one, 18F

(Choe 2000)

(2R)-2-[[4-(6-Fluorohex-1-ynyl)phenyl]-sulfonylamino]-4-methylsulfanylbutyric acid, 18F

(Furumoto 2002)

SNH

OO

OCH3

O

F18

SCH3

(2R)-2-[[4-(6-Fluorohex-1-ynyl)phenyl]- sulfonylamino]-4-methylbutyric acid, 18F

(Furumoto 2002)

SNH

OO

OCH3

O

F18

CH3 CH3

N

O

F18

CH3

O

N-Fluoroethyl-4-piperidyl acetate, 18F(Zhang 2002, 2003; Shao 2003)

NO CH3

O

F18

N-Fluoroethyl-2-piperidinemethyl acetate, 18F(Shao 2003)

O CH3

ON

F18

N-Fluoroethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl acetate, 18F(Shao 2003)

Receptor ligands

76

O

OH

OHNO2

F18

Ro 41-0960, 18F(Ding 1997)

N NCF3

F18

OCH3

SC63217, 18F (McCarthy 2002)

N NCF3

F18

SCH3

OO

SC58125, 18F (McCarthy 2002)

F18

OH

CH2FNH2

COOH

α-Fluoromethyl-6-fluoro-m-tyrosine, 18F(Murali 2003)

2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-[4-(methyl-sulfonyl)phenyl]thiophene, 11C

(de Vries 2003)

S

F18 SO2CH3

Receptor ligands

77

• Excitatory amino acids

NH

C11NH

O

O

NO2

Cl

Cl

ACEA, 11C (Thorell 1998)

N OHO2CC11 H3

F

ALX-5407, 11C (Ravert 2001)

NH

CH3N11C

(+)-Cyano-MK-801, 11C(Andersson 1998)

BrS

N+

S

OC11 H3

(±)-12,12-Bis(2-thienyl)-9,10-ethano- 8-hydroxy-4a-azonia-anthracene bromide, 11C

(Ishibashi 2000)

Cl NH

C11

NH

Cl O

O

DCQX, 11C (Thorell 1995)

OH

N

OH

OHOH

OC11 H3

(±)-threo-1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-[4-hydroxy-4-(p-methoxyphenyl)piperidino]-1-propanol, 11C

(Haradahira 2002)

NHO

C11 H3

Cl

Ketamine, 11C (Hartvig 1994; Shiue 1997)

NH

OH

OCl

OC11 H3

L-703,717, 11C (Haradahira 1999)

NH

N

SCH3

Cl

NH

CH3

OC11 H3

GMOM, 11C (Waterhouse 2002)

S NH

C11

CH3

O

OH

O

OAcetylhomotaurine, 11C

(Courtyn 2004)

Receptor ligands

78

NH

C11 NNN

NH

H

H

HCO2H

LY202157 11C (Ponchant 2000)

NH

NHCl

Cl OH

O

OO

C11 H3

3-[2-[(3-Methoxyphenylamino)carbonyl]ethenyl]-4,6-dichloroindole-2-carboxylic acid, 11C

(Waterhouse 2002)

N

OC11 H3

N-[1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexyl]piperidine, 11C

(Haradahira 1998) N

OC11 H3

CH3

trans-N-[1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-4- methylcyclohexyl]piperidine, 11C

(Haradahira 1998) C11 H3

NH

MK801, 11C (Kiesewetter 1990)

S

N

OC11 H3

N-[1-Thienyl-2-methoxymethylcyclohexyl]piperidine, 11C

(Haradahira 1998)

S N

F

F18

1-[1-[5-(2'-Fluoroethyl)-2- thienyl]cyclohexyl]piperidine, 18F

(Orita 1993)

Br

F18

S

N+

S

(±)-12-(5-Fluoroethyl-2-thienyl)-12-(2-thienyl)-12-(2-thienyl)-9,10-ethano-

4a-azonia-anthracene bromide, 18F (Ishibashi 2000)

NOH

F18

4-Fluoro-1-[1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)- cyclohexyl]piperidine, 18F

(He 1993)

NH

NH

NH

NN

F18

ClO

OH

Cl

O

5,7-Dichloro-4-[3-[4-[4-(2-fluoroethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-phenyl]-ureido]-1,2,3,4-

tetrahydroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid, 18F (Piel 2003)

Receptor ligands

79

NS

F18

N-[1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl]-fluoropiperidine, 18F (Kiesewetter 1989)

NH

F18

13-Fluoro-MK801, 18F (Brady 1989)

NH

F18

13-Fluoromethyl-MK801, 18F (Wieland 1988; Brady 1989;

Denis 1989)

S N

F18

OO CH3

2-(Methoxymethyloxymethyl)-1-(N-piperidyl)-1-[2-(2'-fluoroethyl)thiophenyl]cyclohexane, 18F

(Shibayama 1996)

S N

F18

OH

2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1-(N-piperidyl)-1-[2-(2'fluoroethyl)thiophenyl]cyclohexane, 18F

(Sibayama 1996)

NS F18

3-Fluoromethyl-1-[1-(2-thienyl)-cyclohexyl]piperidine, 18F

(Ponchant 1992)

S N

F18

cis-/trans-1-[4-Fluoromethyl-1- (2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine, 18F

(Maeda 1991)

Receptor ligands

80

• GABA-ergics

N

H5C2OOCO

F18

OMe

OMe

O

[2-[4-(2-Fluoroethoxy)phenyl]bis[4-methoxy-Phenyl]methoxy]ethypiperidine-3-carboxylic acid, 18F

(Schirrmacher 2001)

CH3

C11

NH

SO

O

O O

Acamprosate, 11C (Courtyn 2001)

NH2

C11 H2COOH

γ-Aminobutyric acid, 11C (Antoni 1989)

NH

P

OC11 H3

O

OH

OH

CH3

COOH

CGP62349, 11C (Todde 2000)

NF

OH

COOH

O11CH3

Methoxyprogabidic acid, 11C (De Vos 1994)

NHOOC

O11CH3

MPB-P acid, 11C(Vandersteene 1996)

NO

F18

HOOC

F

(R,S)-1-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)(4-fluorophenyl)-methoxyethyl]piperidine-3-carboxylic acid, 18F

(Kilbourn 1990)

NO

CF218F

HOOC

CF3

(R,S)-1-[2-[(4-Trifluoromethyl)phenyl][(4-trifluoromethyl)-Phenyl]methoxyethyl]piperidine-3-carboxylic acid, 18F

(Kilbourn 1990)

NO

F18

HOOC

(R,S)-1-[2-[(4-Fluorophenyl)phenyl]-methoxyethyl]piperidine-3-carboxylic acid, 18F

(Kilbourn 1990)

Receptor ligands

81

• Histaminergics • Ion channel modulators

N13H2 COOH

γ-Aminobutyric acid, 13N(Kabalka 1992)

O

NC11 H3

CH3

Doxepin, 11C (Ravert 1992; Iwata 2002)

N

N

NC11 H3CH3

CH3O

Pyrilamine, 11C (Yanai 1988; Iwata 1991)

NH

NO

N

CH3

O

O

OCH3

O

CH3

CH3

C11 H3

Isrodipine, 11C (Crouzel 1990)

NH

N O

F18

Fluoroproxyfan, 18F (Iwata 2000)

N

S

NH

NNH F18

VUF, 18F (Windhorst 1999)

NH

NO2

CO2CH3

CH3CH3

O

11CH3O

Nifedipine, 11C (Wilson 1989; Holschbavch 1991)

NH

CH3CH3

O

11CH3O

NO2

O

ONCH3

Nicardipine, 11C (Wilson 1989)

NH

NO2

CH3CH3

OH

OOCH3

O

OC11

CH3

CH3

Nimodipine, 11C (Stone-Elander 1991)

Receptor ligands

82

NH

NO2

CO2CH2(CH3)2

CH3CH3

O

11CH3O

Nisoldipine, 11C (Holschbach 1991)

NH

CO2CH2CH3

CH3CH3

O

11CH3O

NO2

Nitrendipine, 11C (Holschbach 1991)

N

S

OO

CH3

H

OCH3

NO

C11 H3

O

O

Semotiadil, 11C(Ishiwata 1994)

NH

Cl

O

OC11 H3

CH3

O

ONH2

Cl

OCH3

O

S12968, 11C (Dolle 1998, 1999)

Cl

N+

F18C2H5 C2H5

Fluoroclofilium, 18F(Yu 2003)

Receptor ligands

83

• Melatonins • Neurotoxins

NH

NH

CH3O

C11

O

CH3

F

6-Fluoromelatonin, 11C (Le Bars 1988)

NH

NH

CH3O

IC11

O

CH3

2-Iodomelatonin, 11C (Chen 1998)

NH

NH

CH3O

phC11

O

CH3

2-Phenylmelatonin, 11C (Chen 1998)

NH

NH

CH3O

C11

O

CH3

Melatonin, 11C (Le Bars 1987; Tada 1991)

NC11H3

MPTP, 11C(Hartvig 1986; Livni 1986)

NH

NH

CH3O

O

CH3F18

6-Fluoromelatonin, 18F (Chirakal 1988)

NH

NH

CH3O

O

F18

Fluoromelatonin, 18F (Tada 1993)

NCH3 F18

2’-Fluoromethyl-MPTP, 18F (Berridge 1993)

NCH3

F18

2’-Fluoro-MPTP, 18F (Berridge 1993)

Receptor ligands

84

• Opioids

N

OO

N

C11 H3

CH3

NNN N

O

CH3

Alfentanil, 11C (Feliu 1992)

OH

N C11 H2

CH3O

O

OH tBuCH3

Buprenorphine, 11C (Luthra 1987, 1994; Lever 1990)

NN

OCH3

OO

C11 H3

Carfentanil, 11C (Dannals 1985; Jewett 2001; Studenov 2003)

OH

N C11 H2

Cyclophan, 11C (McPherson 1986)

OH

N C11 H2

CH3O

O

OH CH3

CH3

Diprenorphine, 11C (Luthra 1985, 1994; Lever 1987)

OH

O

CH3O

N C11 H3

OHCH3

CH3

Etorphine, 11C (Maziere 1987)

N

O

ClCl

N

N

O

OC11 H3

GR89696, 11C (Ravert 1999)

OH

N C11 H3

O

O

Hydromorphone, 11C (Rimland 1987)

Receptor ligands

85

NC11 H3

CH3

OH

Meptazinol, 11C (Turton 1987)

N

O

C11H3

NOH

OH

N1’-Methylnaltrindole, 11C (Lever 1995)

NCH3

NC11

OH

OCH3

Ohmefentanyl, 11C (Zhu 1992)

OH

NCH3 C11 H3

CH3O

Tramadol, 11C (Gail 1992)

OH

NCH3 CH3

11CH3O

Tramadol, 11C (Gail 1992)

Cl

Cl

NOC11 H3 N

U-50,488H, 11C (Noble 1992)

O

CH3 O

O

F18CH3

N

3-Acetylcyclofoxy, 18F (Channing 1985)

NOH O

F18

OHN

FEtNTI, 18F (Mathews 1999)

N

OH

O

O

OHCH3

CH3

F18

FDPN, 18F (Wester 2000)

N

F18

N

O

CH3

OH

Fluorofentanol, 18F (Hwang 1986)

Receptor ligands

86

N

F18

N

O

CH3

Fluorofentanyl, 18F (Hwang 1986)

N

F18

N

O

CH3

O

Keto-fluorofentanyl, 18F (Hwang 1986)

N

OH

CH3O

O

OH CH3

CH3

F18

N-(3-Fluoropropyl)- N-nordiprenorphine, 18F

(Chesis 1990)

N F18

CH3

OH

N-(3-Fluoropropyl)-N-normetazocine, 18F(Shiue 1987)

Receptor ligands

87

• Serotonergics

NH

C11

O

CH3

NH

OH

N-Acetylserotonin, 11C(Tada 1991)

S

I

NH2

NC11 H3

CH3

ADAM, 11C (Vercouillie 2001)

NH

NH C11 H3

OH

Bufotenine, 11C (Takahashi 1985)

ON

CH3

C11 H3

NC

FCitalopram, 11C

(Dannals 1990; Ram 1990; Madsen 2004)

NN

NC11

O

N

Br

OMe

6BPWAY, 11C (Sandell 2001)

N

NC11 H3

CH3

Cl

Clomipramine, 11C (Maziere 1978)

SNH2

NCH3 C11 H3

Cl

5-Chloro-2-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile, 11C

(Wilson 2000)

3-Amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)benzonitorile, 11C

(Wilson 2000)

SNH2

NCH3 C11 H3

CN

ON

CH3

NC

F

11CD3

[methyl-d3]Citalopram, 11C(Madsen 2004) Citalopram-α,α-d2, 11C

(Madsen 2004)

ON

CH3

C11 H3

NC

F

D D

Receptor ligands

88

NC11 H3

HO

CH3

Dapoxetine, 11C (Livni 1994)

C11 H3

N CH3

Cl

Cl

cis-N,N-Dimethyl-3-(2',4'- dichlorophenyl)indanamine, 11C

(Suehiro 1992)

NH

NCH3

C11 H3

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, 11C (Takahashi 1985)

NH

COO11CH3

H

H CH3

IEINT, 11C

(Sandell 2000)

CF3

O11CH3

NO

NH2

Fluvoxamine, 11C (Matarresse 1997)

NN

NC11

O

N

F

OMe

6FPWAY, 11C (Sandell 2001)

SNH2

NC11 H3

CH3

Br

DAPA, 11C (Huang 2002)

N

NO

C11 H3

S

DR4446, 11C (Zhang 2002)

SNH2

F

NC11 H3

CH3

2-[2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl-thio]-5-fluoromethylphenylamine, 11C

(Huang 2004)

2-(2-Dimethylaminomethylphenyl-sulfanyl)-5-methoxyphenylamine, 11C

(Wilson 2000)

SNH2

NCH3 C11 H3

OMe

Receptor ligands

89

NN

NHO

CH3

NC11 H3

Granisetron, 11C (Vandersteene 1998)

C11 H2

NH2

COOH

NH

OH

L-5-Hydroxytryptophan, 11C (Ikemoto 1999)

N

NC11 H3

CH3

Imipramine, 11C (Berger 1979; Denutte 1983;

Ram 1986)

NC11N O

O

N

O

F

Ketanserin, 11C (Berridge 1983)

N

N OCH3

OO

C11 H3

KF17643, 11C (Ishiwata 1996)

N

N

O

N

C11 H3

L-683,877, 11C (Sajagopal 1992)

NH

COO11CH3

H

HCH3

I

LBT-14, 11C (Sandell 2000)

NC11 NH

OF

N

CH3

CH3

N

Lu 29-066, 11C (Amokhtari 1999)

F

N

CH3

CH3

NC11 H3

Lu 29-024, 11C (Amokhtari 1998)

NH

COO11CH3

H

H CH3

ICH3

LBT-44, 11C (Sandell 2000)

Receptor ligands

90

NN

C11 H3OCH3

Br

LY257327, 11C (Zea-Ponce 1997)

SC11 H3

NC3H7

C3H7H

LY274601, 11C (Suehiro 1998)

SNH2

CH3

NC11 H3

CH3

MADAM, 11C (Tarkiainen 2001)

SNH2

C11H3

NCH3

CH3

MADAM, 11C (Tarkiainen 2001)

O

OCl

Cl

NC11 H3

MDL72,22, 11C (Barre 1992)

N

H

H

SC11 H3

McN-5652-Z, 11C (Suehiro 1992;, 1993, 1995; Huang 1998; Zessin 1999)

OH

N

F

OO

CH3

C11 H3

MDL 100907, 11C (Halldin 1995; Hunag 1999; Matarrese 2003)

NNO

N

O

N

C11H3

4-(2'-Methoxyphenyl)-1-[2'-[N-(2'-pyridinyl)-2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanecarboxamido]ethyl]-piperazine, 11C

(Wilson 1998)

N NNH

N2OC11 H3

MNQP, 11C (Sandell 2002)

NH

NH2

COOHC11H3

α-Methyl-L-tryptophan, 11C (Chaly 1988: Suehiro 1992; Plenevaux 1994;

Mzengeza 1995; Chakraborty 1996)

Receptor ligands

91

N NN

C11 H3

N-Methylquipazine, 11C (Thorell 1997)

N

NC11 H3

Mianserin, 11C (Marthi 2001)

NH

NHC11 H3

N-Methyltryptamine 11C (Takahashi 1985)

O

C11

O NH2

N

F

NAD-299, 11C (Sandell 1999)

NC11H3

OCF3

NS2456, 11C (Smith 2001)

N

NS

NN

C11 H2

S21007, 11C (Guillouet 1996)

NH

C11 H2

NH2

OH

Serotonin, 11C (Matzke 1991)

S OHO N

NO

C11 H3

8-[[3-[4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-hydroxypropyl]oxy]thiochroman, 11C

(Zimmer 2003)

NSC11H3

O

NH

(S)-PPMMB, 11C (Fujio 2002)

N

N NO2

NC11H3

NS 2495, 11C (Audrain 2003)

Receptor ligands

92

NH

C11 H3Cl

Cl

Sertraline, 11C (Lasne 1989)

NH

NH2

11COOH

Tryptophan, 11C (Washburn 1979; Zalutsky 1981)

O11CH3

NCH3

CH3

OH

Venlafaxine, 11C (Gee 1997)

N

11CH3O

NH

CH2

Viqualine, 11C (Pascali 1990)

NN

N

O

N

OC11H3

WAY-100635, 11C (Mathis 1994; Wilson 1996)

NN

NC11

O

N

OCH3

WAY-100635, 11C (McCarron 1996; Hwang 1999; Matareese 2002)

NNH

O

C11H3

O

Cl

O

Y-25130, 11C (Ishiwata 1995)

O

NH

N

NC11 H3

YM060, 11C (Ishiwata 1995)

Receptor ligands

93

N

NH

S

O

N

O

F18

Altanserin, 18F (Lemaire 1991; Tan 1999)

N

NH

S

O

N

O

F18

D D

Deuteroaltanserin, 18F(Tan 1999)

NOCH3 N

N

O

N

F18

FBWAY, 18F (Lang 1999)

NH

OH NH F18

O

N-Fluoroacetylserotonin, 18F (Tada 1994)

NOCH3 N

N

O

N

F18

FCWAY, 18F (Lang 1999)

NN

N

O

N

O

F18

N-[2-[4-(2,3'-Fluoroethoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexane carboxamide, 18F

(Wilson 1996)

S F18

NH

Fluoromethyl-(+)-McN5652, 18F (Zessin 2001)

S

F18

NH2

NCH3

CH3

4-Fluoro-ADAM, 18F(Shuie 2003)

S

Cl

NH2

NCH3

CH3

F18

ACF, 18F (Oya 2002)

SNH2

NCH3

CH3

F18

5-Fluoro-ADAM, 18F (Fang 2004)

Receptor ligands

94

NOCH3 N

N

O

N

F18

CH3

MeFBWAY, 18F (Lang 1999)

N

F

O

OO

F18

N-(3-Fluoropropyl)paroxetine, 18F(Suehiro 1991)

NNH

F18

CF3

3-Fluoro-N-(α,α,α-trifluoro -m-tolyl)piperazine, 18F

(Mishani 1997)

NH

CH3

H O

CF218F

Fluoxetine, 18F (Das 1993; Hammadi 1993)

F18

NCH3

N

CH3

CH3

Lu29-024, 18F (Sobrio 2000)

NN

N

O

N

OCH3

F18

p-MPPF, 18F (Le Bars 1998)

N

N

CH3O NN

F18

MR18445, 18F (Katounina 1998)

N

NS

O

CH3N

F

F18

Ritanserin, 18F (Crouzel 1988)

2-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-N-methylbenzylamine, 18F

(Stoll 2004)

F18

O

NHCH3

2-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-N,N- dimethylbenzylamine, 18F

(Stoll 2004)

F18

O

NCH3

CH3

Receptor ligands

95

N NSN

OO

F18

RP 62203, 18F (Lasne 1994)

O

NF18

N-(4-Phenylbutyl)-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidine, 18F(Hashimoto 1998)

N

N

S

O

CH3

N

O

F18

Setoperone, 18F (Crouzel 1988)

NO

NCH3

CH3

OHF18

SR46349B, 18F (Tan 1995)

NNH

CF218F

N-(α,α,α-Trifluoro-m-tolyl)piperazine, 18F(Angelini 1990)

Receptor ligands

96

• Sigma receptor ligands

OHCH3

N

CH3

C11 H2

N-Benzylnormetazocine, 11C(Musachio 1994)

O

N

Cl

OOC11H3

3-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-8-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one, 11C

(De Vos 2000; Zhang 2002)

NH

C11 NH

NH

CH3 CH3

1,3-Di(2-tolyl)guanidine, 11C(Westerberg 1994)

NH

NH

NHO11CH3

CH3

1-[4-(Methoxy)-2-methylphenyl]- 3-(1-adamantyl)guanidine, 11C

(Wilson 1991)

NH

NH

NHO11CH3

1-[4-(Methoxy)phenyl]-3-(1-adamantyl)-guanidine, 11C (Wislon 1991)

OO

C11H3

NCH3

CH3

NE-100, 11C (Ishiwata 1998)

Cl

Cl

NN OCH3

O11CH3

SA6298, 11C (Kawamura 1999)

OO

CH3

NC11 CH3

CH3

NE-100, 11C (Ishiwata 1998)

NN

OCH3

OC11 H3

1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine, 11C

(Kawamura 2003)

NN

OCH3

OC11 H3F

1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenethyl)-4- [3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]piperazine, 11C

(Kawamura 2003)

Receptor ligands

97

• Signal transduction agents

NH

N

F18

O

N-(N-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide, 18F

(Shiue 1997)

NN N

NF

F18

OH

BMY 14802, 18F (Shiue 1993; Ding 1993)

NNH

Br

O

F18

N-4'-Fluorobenzyl-4-(3-bromophenyl)acetamide, 18F (Mach 2001)

N

F18

I

NH

O

(N-Fluorobenzyl-piperidin-4-yl)-4- iodobenzamide, 18F

(Dence 1997)

NH

NH

NHF18

CH3

1-(4-Fluoro-2-methylphenyl)- 3-(1-adamantyl)guanidine, 18F

(Wilson 1991)

ClCl

NN F18

N1-3-Fluoroproyl-N4-2-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]piperazine, 18F

(Kiesewetter 1993)

11COOH

CH3

Arachidonic acid, 11C (Channing 1993)

C11

COOH

CH3

Arachidonic acid, 11C (Kihlberg 1994)

NN

OCH3

OF18

1-(4-Fluoroethoxy-3-methoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine, 18F

(Kawamura 2003)

Receptor ligands

98

OO O

OC11 H3

OCH3 H

H

OH

CH3

CH3

(-)-DHROL, 11C (Snyder 1999)

O

OH

CH3CH3

CH3

OHO11COCH3

CH3

CH3OCH2

OH

Forskolin, 11C (Sasaki 1993, 1996)

SC11 H3

NH2 NH

S-Methylisothiourea, 11C (Zhang 1996)

NH

NNO

O

O

NH

H

C11 H3

O

CH3CH3

Methoxy staurosporine, 11C(Sasaki 1996)

NH NH

COOHS

C11 H3

NH2

S-Methyl-L-thiocitrulline, 11C(Zhang 1997) CO2CH(CH3)2

OH

OH OHC11 H3

17-(3-Methylphenyl)-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2α isopropyl ester, 11C

(Bjorkman 2000) CH2 OOCC15H31

HC3H711COO

CH2 OH

1-Palmitoyl-2-butyryl- sn-glycerol, 11C (Imahori 1992) O2N

NH

NH

NH

O11CH3

O

NH2

N-Nitro-L-arginine methylester, 11C(Roeda 1996)

CH3

O OH

OHOCH3

OHCH3

CH3

OH

C11O

C3H7

Phorbol 13-butyrate, 11C(Imahori 1989)

Receptor ligands

99

• Stimulants

CH3

OH

O

OH

O

O C11 H3

Prostaglandin E2 methylester, 11C(Gullberg 1987)

CH3

O

OH

OH

O

O C11 H3

Prostaglandin D2 methylester, 11C(Gullberg 1987)

NHCH3 F18

OO

15-Deoxy-13,14-dihydro-∆7-PGA14-fluorobenzylamide, 18F

(Haradahira 1998)

O

O

F18O

CH3

OOH

3

6

1,2-FDAG, 18F (Takahashi 2000; Furumoto 2000)

COOH

F18

20-Fluoroarachidonic acid, 18F(Nagatsugi 1994)

8

OH

OCH3

O3

OF18

Fluoro-DAG analogue, 18F (Hatano 1999)

O

OH

CH3CH3

CH3

O

CH3

CH3OCH2

OHO CH3

O

O

NHF18

7-(2-Fluoroethyl)carbamoyl forskolin, 18F(Kiesewetter 2000)

S

NH2 NH

F18

S-(2-Fluoroethyl)isothiourea, 18F(Zhang 1996)

C11 HCH3

NH2

Amphetamine, 11C (Schoeps 1992)

N

N N

N

O

CH3

O

CH3

C11 H3

Caffeine, 11C (Denutte 1982)

Receptor ligands

100

• Tachykinins

F FCH3

NHC11 H3

β,β-Difluoro-methamphetamine, 11C(Gillings 1999)

O

O CH3

NH

C11 H3

MDMA, 11C (Patt 1999)

O

O CH3

NH

C11 H3

CH3

MDMA-6, 11C (Patt 1999)

CH3

NHC11 H3

Methamphetamine, 11C(Shiue 1993)

CH3

NHC11 H3

O

O

3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine(MDMA), 11C

(Shiue 1993; Patt 1999)

CH3

NH2F18

O

O

6-Fluoro-3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine, 18F

(Shiue 1993)

CH3

NH2F18

4-Fluoroamphetamine, 18F (Shiue 1993)

F18H3CO

OCH3

CH3

NCH3 CH3

5-Fluoro-2,4-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylamphetamine, 18F

(Mathis 1986)

NNH

O11CH3

H

H

CP-96,345, 11C (Del Rosario 1993)

11CH3O

NH

NH

CP-99,994, 11C (Livni 1995)

Receptor ligands

101

• Others

NH

OC11 H3

O

OH

OH

AG957, 11C (tyrphostins)

(Ackermann 2002)

H(CH3)2N

OO(CH2)15CH3

PO

OO

N+

CH3

C11 H3

CH3

1-O-Hexadecyl-2-O-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 11C

(platelet-activating factor) (Sasaki 1993)

OO

NCH3

CO2-Na+

O

CO2-Na+

C11 H3

L-753,037, 11C (endothelin ETA and TEB antagonist)

(Ravert 2000)

Benazoline, 11C (imidazoline receptors)

(Roeda 2003)

C11

NH

N

O,m,p-O6-AMMP, 11C (O6-Alkylguanidine-DNA

alkyltransferase imaging agent) (Zheng 2002, 2003)

N

N N

N

NH2CH3

O

CH2O11CH3

ABMMP, 11C (O6-Alkylguanidine-DNA

alkyltransferase imaging agent) (Zheng 2002)

N

N N

N

NH2

O

CH2CO211CH3

N

N

N

N

NH2

O

CO211CH3

ABMBP, 11C (O6-Alkylguanidine-DNA

alkyltransferase imaging agent)(Zheng 2002)

CPEB, 11C (ORL1 receptor) (Ogawa 2003)

N

C11 H2N N

O

OH

CH3

Receptor ligands

102

N

N

HN

OC11 H3

Methyl-Ro 64-6198, 11C (ORL1 receptors)

(Ogawa 2001)

N

OH

F18

Fluorobenzyltrozamicol (FBT), 18F(vesamicol receptors)

(Efange 1994)

N

N

N

Me

Me

NMeF18

Me

Me

Me

FBPPA, 18F (CRF1 receptors)- (Martarello 2001) R121920, 11C

(CRF1 receptor) (Kumar 2003)

N

NCH3 C11 H3

CH3 NCH3

N

NN

CH3

CH3

Fluoro-repaglinide, 18F (sulfonylurea receptor; β-cell imaging agent)

(Wangler 2004)

N

NH

O

O

F18

CH3

CH3

COOH

ML03, 11C (epidermal growth factor receptor)

(Ben-David 2003)

N

NNH

C11CH2

NH

F Cl

Cl

O

F18

NH

ON

N CH3

O

FK960, 18F (Anti-dementia drung, somatostatin releaser)

(Murakami 2002)

NHF3C

O

F18

Cl

OCH3

MaxipostTM, 18F (Post-stroke neuroprotection)

(Dschino 2003)

Steroid hormones

103

Steroid hormones and related compounds

O

C11 H3

H

OH

Mesterolone, 11C (Neu 1998)

OH

CH3OH

C11 H3

17α-Methylestradiol, 11C (Dence 1996)

O

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

17α-Methylestosterone, 11C(Berger 1981)

O

CH3

CH3C11 H3

O

Progesterone, 11C (Lindström 1997)

CH3

ON

CH3

C11 H3

Tamoxifen, 11C (Van Haver 1985; Ram 1989)

Cl

ON

CH3

C11 H3

Toremifene, 11C (Någren 1991)

O

CH3

CH3

O

OH

OH

F

OC11O

CH3

CH3

Triamcinolone acetonide, 11C (Berridge 1994)

CH3

CH3

CO2

CH3

CH3

CH3F18

Cholesterol 4-(fluoromethyl)benzoate, 18F(Jalilian 2001)

O

F18

OCH3 H

CH3

H

CH3

CH3

CH3H

Cholesteryl-p-fluorobenzoate, 18F (Jonson 1999)

OCH3

CH3OH

C11 H3

17α-(3'-Prop-1-yn-1-yl)-3-methoxy-3,17β-estradiol, 11C(Wüst 2003)

Steroid hormones

104

O

CH3

CH3

O

F18

OH

F

O

OCH3

CH3

21-Fluoro-21-deoxytriamcinoloneacetonide, 18F (Pomper 1992)

O

OHCH3

CH3

F18

H

11β-Fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone, 18F(Choe 1995)

O

OH

F18

CH3

CH3

16β-Fluorodihydrotestosterone, 18F(Liu 1992)

COOH

F18

OH

CH3

H

Fluorodoisynolic acid, 18F (Scribner 1997)

CH3OH

F18

OH

Fluoroestradiol, 18F (Hostetler 1999)

OH

CH3

F18

OH

4-Fluoroestradiol, 18F (Eakins 1979)

OH

CH3OH

F18

16-Fluoroestradiol, 18F (Kiesewetter 1984; Brodack 1986,

1986; VanBrocklin 1993; Lim 1996; Römer 1996, 1999)

CH3

O

O

F18

SO ONH2

SO

O

NH2

16α-Fluoroestradiol-3,17β-disulphamate, 18F(Römer 2000;, 2001, 2001)

CH3

O

OH

F18

SO ONH2

16α-Fluoroestradiol-3-sulphamate, 18F(Römer 2001)

CH3

OH

O

F18

SO

O

NH2

16α-Fluoroestradiol-17β-sulphamate, 18F(Römer 2001)

Steroid hormones

105

OH

CH3

F18

O

4-Fluoroestrone, 18F (Eakins 1979)

OH

CH3OH

F18CH3

16-Fluoro-11β-ethylestradiol, 18F (VanBrocklin 1993)

OH

OHCH

F18

CH3

16α-Fluoro-17α-ethynylestradiol, 18F(Buckman 1995)

OH

CH3OH

F18CH3

CH

16-Fluoro-11β-ethyl-17α-ethynylestradiol, 18F(VanBrocklin 1993)

OH

CH3OH

F18

CH

16-Fluoro-17α-ethynylestradiol, 18F(VanBrocklin 1992, 1993)

O

CH3

CH3 C2H5

O

F18

21-Fluoro-16α-ethylprogesterone, 18F(de Groot 1991)

O

CH3

C2H5

O

F18

21-Fluoro-16α-ethyl-19-norprogesterone, 18F(Pomper 1988; de Groot 1991)

OH

CH3 OH

F18

1-Fluorohexestrol, 18F (Kiesewetter 1984)

O

CH3

H

O

F18

O

O OCH3

21-Fluoro-16α,17α-[(R)-(1'-α-furylethylidene)-dioxy]-19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 18F

(Buckman 1995)

O

CH3

H

O

F18

O

O O

21-Fluoro-16α,17α-[(R)-(1'-α-furylmethylidene)-dioxy]-19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 18F

(Buckman 1995)

Steroid hormones

106

O

CH3

CH3

O

F18

OH OH

21-Fluoro-11β-hydroxyprogesterone, 18F(Pomper 1992)

O

Me

HF18

MeOHMe

7α-F-MDHT, 18F (Garg 2001)

OH

CH3OH

F18

CH3O

16-Fluoro-11β-methoxyestradiol, 18F(VanBrocklin 1993)

OH

CH3OH

F18

CHCH3O

16-Fluoro-11β-methyl-17α-ethynylestradiol, 18F(VanBrocklin 1992, 1993)

O

CH3

CH3

O

F18

21-Fluoro-16α-methyl-19-norprogesterone, 18F(de Groot 1991)

O

OH

F18

CH3

H

CH3

16-Fluoro-7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone, 18F(Liu 1992)

O

OH

F18

CH3

H

CH3

16β-Fluoro-7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone, 18F(Liu 1992)

O

CH3C

CH3

OF18

CH3

21-Fluoro-16α-methylprogesterone, 18F(de Groot 1991)

O

OHCH3 F18

20-Fluorometribolone, 18F(Liu 1992)

O

CH3

OH

CH3

F18H

20-Fluoromibolerone, 18F (Liu 1991)

Steroid hormones

107

O

OHCH3

H

F18

H

11β-Fluoro-19-nor-5α-dihydrotestosterone, 18F(Buckman 1995)

O

CH3

CH3

O

F18

OH

F

CH3

CH3

Fluoro-Org 6141, 18F (Visse 1995)

CH3O

F18

O

CH3

CH3

OCH3

O

16α,17α-[(R)-1'-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethylenedioxy]-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 18F

(Kochanny 1993)

CH3O

F18

O

CH3

H

O

O

CH3

16α,17α-[(R)-1'-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethylenedioxy]-21-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 18F

(Kochanny 1993)

OH F18

CH3 OH

1-Fluoropentestrol, 18F (Kiesewetter 1984)

O

CH3

CH3

O

F18

O OH

21-Fluoroprednisone, 18F (Feliu 1986)

O

CH3

CH3

OCH3

F18

6α-Fluoroprogesterone, 18F (De Groot 1994; Choe 1995)

O

CH3

CH3

O

F18

21-Fluoroprogesterone, 18F(Irie 1982, 1984; Choe 1995)

O

O

CH3

CH3

O

F18

3’-Fluoro-RU 26752, 18F (Pomper 1992)

OH

CH3OH

F18

17α-(4-Fluorophenylethynyl)-3,17β-estradioll, 18F(Wüst 2003)

Steroid hormones

108

O

OH

F18

CH3

CH3

16β-Fluorotestosterone, 18F (Liu 1992) O

CH3

OHCH3

F

F

H

OCOC2H5CH3

O

SCH218F

Fluticasone propionate, 18F (Aigbirhio 1997)

OH

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

OH

F18

3’-RU 52461, 18F (Pomper 1992; DaSilva 1992)

NN

F18

OH

OHOH

Propyl pyrazole triol, 18F (Vijaykumar 2003)

Ureas

109

Ureas and related compounds

NH

NHC11 O

O

O

CH3

CH3

Barbital, 11C (Roeda 1981)

NH

NHO

O

O

C11 H2CH3

CH3

CH3

Amobarbital, 11C (Gee 1991)

NHC11

NO

F NO

F

BFNU, 11C (Diksic 1985)

NHC11

NO

Cl

Cl

NO

BCNU, 11C (Diksic 1982, 1985)

NHC11

NO

Cl NO

FCFNU, 11C

(Diksic 1985)

NHC11

NO

Cl NO

CCNU, 11C (Diksic 1985)

CH3 NH

C11NH

O

O

5,5-Diphenyl-hydantoin, 11C (Emran 1986)

NH

NHC11

O

O

Cl

Cl

5,5-bis(p-Chlorophenyl)-hydantoin, 11C(Winstead 1976)

NH

C11NH

O

O

CH3

5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-hydantoin, 11C (Roeda 1981)

O C11NH

O

O

CH3

CH3

DMO, 11C (Berridge 1982; Ginos 1982; Kearfott 1983; Diksic 1984)

Ureas

110

C11

NH2

OH NHO

Hydroxyurea, 11C (Winstead 1978)

N

NHO

C11 H3O

O

CH3

1-Hexobarbital, 11C(Kloster 1981)

CH3 NH

NHC11

O

O

5-Methyl-5-phenyl-hydantoin, 11C (Winstead 1976)

HOOCNH

NHC11

O

O

CH3

Levulinic acid hydantoin, 11C(Winstead 1976)

NH

NHC11

O

O

5,5-Pentamethylene-hydantoin, 11C (Winstead 1976)

NH

NHO

O

O

C11 H2CH3

CH3

CH3

Pentobarbital, 11C(Gee 1991)

NH

NHO

O

O

C11 H2CH3

Phenobarbital, 11C (Gee 1991)

NH

NHC11 O

O

O

CH3

Phenobarbital, 11C(Roeda 1981; Berridge 1983)

NH2

C11NH2

O

Urea, 11C(Roeda 1980; Emran 1983,

1985; Boothe 1985; Bera 1991)

Ureas

111

NH

ONH

OS

O

NH

O

O

Cl

F18

2-Fluoroethoxyglyburide, 18F (Shiue 2001)

OF18

SNH

NH

OOOCH3

1-[4-(2-Fluoroethyl)benzenesulfonyl]-3-butyl urea, 18F(Schirrmacher 2002)

F18

O

NH

O

O

CH3

5-(3'-Fluoropropyl)- 5-methyloxazolidine-2,4-dione, 18F

(Maeda 1989)

NH CH3

ONH

OS

OF18

p-Fluorotolbutamide, 18F (Shiue 2001)

Others

112

Other biologically active compounds • Blood flow • Energy metabolism

COOH

ON

+CH3

CH3

CH3

C11

O

CH3

Acetyl-L-carnitine, 11C (Jacobson 1997)

NNO

CH3

C11 H3

Antipyrine, 11C (Campbell 1981; Van Haver 1982)

COOH

ON

+CH3

CH3

CH3

O

C11 H3

Acetyl-L-carnitine, 11C (Jacobson 1997)

NNO

CH3

C11 H3

I

Iodoantipurine, 11C (Cambell 1981)

X

CH3

CH3 NH

C11 H3

X=H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3

N-Methylphentermine, 11C (Elmaleh 1993)

NNO

CH3

C11 H3

CH3

CH3

Isopropylantipyrine, 11C (Stone-Elander 1985)

NNO

CH3

CH3

F18

4-Fluoroantipyrine, 18F (Shiue 1981; Diksic 1985)

N+

CH3

CH3CH3

F18

(4’-Fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)tri- N-methylammoium (FBTMA), 18F

(Studenov 2001)

N+

CH3

CH3CH3

OF18

[2-(2-Fluoroethoxy)ethyl]tri- N-methylammoium (FEETMA), 18F

(Studenov 2001)

F18

N+

CH3

CH3CH3

4-Fluorotri-N-methylanilium, 18F(Studenov 2001)

Others

113

• Mitochondrial complex I activity

C11H3 O

OCoA

Acetyl CoA, 11C (Jacobson 1997)

CH3

C11

O

OCoA

Acetyl CoA, 11C (Mannens 1988; Jacobson 1997)

O

O

O

O

CH3CH3

C11H3

Coenzyme Q0, 11C (Sasaki 1999)

COOH

OHN

+C11H3

CH3

CH3

L-Carnitine, 11C (Holschbach 1991; Jacobson 1997)

HCH3 CH3

9

11CH3O

CH3

O

O

CH3

Coenzyme Q10, 11C (Takahahsi 1985)

OO O

CH3

CH3

O11CH3

CH3O OHH

H

6’,7’-Dihydrorotenol, 11C(Charalambous 1995)

COOH

ON

+C11H3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

Propyl-L-carnitine, 11C (Vavenport 1995)

ON

+

CH3C11 H3

CH3COOH

O CH3

CH3

Isovaleroyl-L-carnitine, 11C (Angelini 1999)

COOH

ON

+CH3

CH3

CH3

C11

OCH3

Propionyl-L-carnitine, 11C (Vavenport 1997)

OO O

CH3

CH2

O11CH3

CH3O OH

H

Rotenone, 11C (Charalabous 1995)

Others

114

• Others

O

O

O

O

CH3CH3

C11H3 OH

Idebenone, 11C (Sasaki 1999)

OO O

CH3 F18

H

HO

OCH3

H3CO

DHRT, 18F (Martarello 1999)

OO O

CH3 F18

H

H

OCH3

H3CO

DDRT, 18F (Martarello 1999)

N+

N+

CH3

C11 H3 I

I

1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium diiodide(paraquat: weed-killer), 11C

(Palmer 1978)

N+

CH3

F18

CH3

O

CH3

N-tert-Butyl-α-(4-fluorophenyl)nitrone(free radical scavenger), 18F

(Bormans 1995)

S+

N

CH3

CH3

NCH3

C11 H3

Cl

Methylene blue, 11C (Schweiger 2003)

CH3

N

O

OCH3 OCH3

CH3

OHO

O

OO

H

HOH

CH3O CH3

OH

O

CH3

CH3

C11 H2

FK506 (immunosupressive agent), 11C(Murakami 2003)

Labeling precursors

115

Labeling precursors • 11C

CH3 C11 H3

O

Acetone, 11C (Elsinga 1996; Studenov 1999)

CH3

C11

CH3

O

Acetone, 11C (Berger 1980)

CH 11CH

Acetylene, 11C (Myers 1972; Crouzel 1979)

CH211CN

Acrylonitrile, 11C (Antoni 1992)

CH3

C11

Cl

O

Acetyl chloride, 11C (Le Bars 1987)

11CHO

Benzaldehyde, 11C (Tang 1979)

C11O

Benzophenone, 11C (Zeisler 1994; Al-Qahtani 2000)

C11

Cl

O

Benzoyl chloride, 11C (Luthrsa 1990)

11CH2I

Benzyl iodide, 11C (Antoni 1987)

C11 H3

O

Benzylacetone, 11C (Elsinga 1996)

11CH2ICH3

Butyl iodide, 11C (Langström 1986)

C11

Cl

O

CH3

Butyryl chloride, 11C (Luthra 1990)

Labeling precursors

116

S C11 S

Carbon disulfide, 11C (Niisawa 1984)

11CH2I

Cl

4-Chlorobenzyl iodide, 11C (Fasth 1990)

11CN

Cinnamonitrile, 11C (Antoni 1992)

Cu(I) 11CN

Copper (I) cyanide, 11C (Ponchant 1997)

C11 NNH2

Cyanamide, 11C (Iwata 1983; Kruijer 1996) P

+Ph

Ph

Ph 11CNBr

5-Cyanobutyltriphenyl- phosphonium bromide, 11C

(Hörnfeldt 1994)

Br 11CN

Cyanogen bromide, 11C (Westerberg 1997)

(CH3)3C O

O

11CN

Cyanomethyl pivalate, 11C(Thorell 1994)

C11

Cl

O

Cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride, 11C(Luthra 1990)

C11

Cl

O

Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride, 11C (McCarron 1996; Matarrese 2002)

C11

Cl

O

Cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride, 11C(Luthra 1985)

11CH2N2

Diazomethane, 11C (Crouzel 1987)

P+

11CNPh

Ph

PhBr

3-Cyanoetyltriphenyl-phosphonium bromide, 11C

(Hörnfeldt 1994)

P+Ph

Ph

Ph11CN

Br

4-Cyanopropyltriphenyl- phosphonium bromide, 11C

(Hörnfeldt 1994)

Labeling precursors

117

C11 OO

O O

C2H5

C2H5

Diethyl oxalate, 11C (Thorell 1993)

11CH2I

CH3O

CH3O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl iodide, 11C (Fasth 1990)

CH211CH2

Ethylene, 11C (Shah 1997)

CH311CH2I

Ethyl iodide, 11C (Langström 1986; Sleger 1986; Ishiwata 1999; Eriksson 2004)

N C11 OCH3

Ethylisocyanate, 11C (Brown 2001)

11CH2I

F

4-Fluorobenzyl iodide, 11C (Fasth 1990)

11CH2O

Formaldehyde, 11C (Marazano 1977; Berger 1980; Finn 1984; Slegers 1984; Hughes 1995; Nader 1998;

Roeda 2001, 2003)

C11

Cl

O

O

Furoyl chloride, 11C (Ehrin 1988)

C11NHNH2

NH2

Guanidine, 11C (Iwata 1981)

H 11CN

Hydrogen cyanide, 11C (Finn 1971; Lamb 1971;

Christman 1973; Iwata 1987)

N C11CH3(CH2)6

O

Heptylisocyanate, 11C (Crouzel 1995)

CH311CH2I

CH3

Isobutyl iodide, 11C (Langström 11986)

11CH3Br

Methyl bromide, 11C (Mock 1999)

2-Methylacryloyl chloride, 11C(Matarrese 2002)

CH2CH3

11COCl

Labeling precursors

118

11CH2IO

O

3,4-Methylenedioxybenzyl iodide, 11C(Fasth 1990)

11CH3I

Methyl iodide, 11C (Marazano 1977; Iwata 1979; Wagner 1981; Finn 1984; Oberdorfer 1985; Crouzel 1987; Holschbach 1993; Larsen 1997; Link 1997;

Noguchi 2003)

N C11CH3

O

Methylisocyanate, 11C (Crouzel 1995; Brown 2001)

11CH3Li

Methyl lithium, 11C (Reiffers 1980)

11CH3MgBr

Methyl magnesium bromide, 11C(Elsinga 1995)

11CH3OTf

Methyl triflate, 11C (Jewett 1992; Holschbach 1993;

Någren 1195; Mock 1999)

P+

C11 H3PhPh

Ph I

Methyltriphenyl phosphonium iodide, 11C

(Kihlberg 1990)

11CH2I

CH3O

4-Methoxybenzyl iodide, 11C(Fasth 1990)

11CH3NO2

Nitromethane, 11C (Schoeps 1988, 1989)

CH3

11CHO

Octanal, 11C (Tang 1979)

C11 OHO

O OH

Oxalic acid, 11C (Thorell 1993)

C11 H3SO2Cl

Mesyl chloride, 11C (McCarron 2003)

11CD3I

Methyl iodide-d3, 11C (Mdsen 2004)

SnC11 H3

N

Methyl stannane, 11C (Forngren 2004)

Labeling precursors

119

11CH2I

4-Phenylbenzyl iodide, 11C(Fasth 1990)

11CH2I

Phenethyl iodide, 11C (Halldin 1989)

C11

Cl

OCH3

Propionyl chloride, 11C(Luthra 1990)

Cl

OC11H3

Propionyl chloride, 11C (Ravert 1995)

ClC11

Cl

O

Phosgene, 11C (Roeda 1981; Crouzel 1983;

Landais 1987; Nishijima 2002)

CH311CH2I

Propyl iodide, 11C (Langström 1986; Ishiwata 1999)

CH3CH2CH C11 O

Propyl ketene, 11C (Fujii 1991)

-S 11CN

Thiocyanate, 11C (Westerberg 1994)

As C11 H2

PhPh

Ph

Trphenylarsonium methylide, 11C(Zessin 1999)

NH2

C11

NH2

O

Urea, 11C (Roeda 1980; Emran 1983, 1985; Boothe

1985; Bera 1991; Chakraborty 1997)

S

C11 H3

3-Methylthiophene, 11C(Karramkam 2003)

Labeling precursors

120

• 18F

CH3 O

OF18

Acetyl hypofluorite, 18F (Shiue 1982; Chirakal 1988)

F18

O2N N3

3-Azido-5-nitrobenzyl fluoride, 18F(Lange 2002)

OH

NH

F18Cl

CH3

4-Chloro-2-(N-methyl)amino- 2'-fluorobenzhydrol, 18F

(Johnström 1994)

FSi

F

N F18

CH3

CH3

Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST), 18F

(Straatmann 1977)

F18 CF2

O

CH3

Ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate, 18F(Johnström 1997) SO2 CH3N

F18

N-Fluoro-N-endonorbornyl- p-tolylsulfonamide, 18F

(Satyamurthy 1990)

F18 COOH

Fluoroacetic acid, 18F (Tada 1989; Guhlke 1994)

F18

O

OCH3

Fluoroacetic acid methyl ester, 18F(Block 1988)

CH3

OF18

2-Fluoroacetophenone, 18F (Banks 1994)

F18

CH3

O

4-Fluoroacetophenone, 18F (Maeda 1987; Banks 1994)

H+

F18

NMe2Me2N

1,8-bis-(Dimethylamino)- naphthalene/HF complex, 18F

(Pascali 2004)

OF18

N3

4-Azidophenacyl fluoride, 18F(Wester 1996)

Labeling precursors

121

NH2

F18

4-Fluoroaniline, 18F(Shiue 1984)

CHOF18

CH3O

2-Fluoro-4-anisaldehyde, 18F (Lemaire 1992)

CHO

F18

CH3O

4-Fluoro-3-anisaldehyde, 18F(Lemaire 1992)

N2+Cl-

F18

4-Fluorobenzene- diazonium chloride, 18F

(Feliu 1988)

CN

F18

4-Fluorobenzonitrile, 18F(Maeda 1987; Haka 1989)

Br

F18

2-Fluorobenzyl bromide, 18F (Hatano 1991; Lemaire 1992)

Br

F18

4-Fluorobenzyl bromide, 18F(Hatano 1991; Lemaire 1992; Iwata 2000)

I

F18

4-Fluorobenzyl iodide, 18F (Mach 1993; Iwata 2000)

Br

F18

4-Fluorobromobenzene, 18F(Gail 1994; Forngren 1998; Ermert 2004)

OH

OHF18

4-Fluorocatechol, 18F (Chakraborty 1991)

CHOF18

2-Fluorobenzaldehyde, 18F (Lemaire 1992)

CHO

F18

4-Fluorobenzaldehyde, 18F(Haka 1989; Lemaire 1992)

Labeling precursors

122

Br

F18

CH3OOCH3

2-Fluoro-4,5-dimethoxy-benzyl bromide, 18F

(Lemaire 1992)

BrF18

2-Fluoroethyl bromide, 18F (Block 1987; Shiue 1987; Teng 1990;

Chesis 1990; Comagic 2002; Zhang 2002; Bauman 2003)

IF18

2-Fluoroethyl iodide, 18F (Shiue 1987)

I

F18

4-Fluoroiodobenzene, 18F(Gail 1994; Wust 2003)

MsOF18

2-Fluoroethyl mesylate, 18F(Block 1987)

TsOF18

2-Fluoroethyl tosylate, 18F (Block 1987; Bauman 2003)

Br

F18

CH3O

2-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzyl bromide, 18F(Lemaire 1992)

Br

F18

CH3O

4-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzyl bromide, 18F(Lemaire 1992)

TfOF18

2-Fluoroethyl triflate, 18F(Zhang 2003)

CH3

SN

NO O

OF18

N-(2-Fluoroethyl)-N-nitroso- 4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide, 18F

(Schirrmacher 2003)

N-(2-Fluorobutyl)-N-nitroso-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide, 18F

(Schirrmacher 2003)

CH3

SN

NO O

OF18

IO

F18

NH

OBr

N-[2-Fluoro-5-(3-iodobenzoyl)benzyl]-2-bromoacetamide, 18F

(Li 2003)

Labeling precursors

123

MsO

F18

Fluoromethylbenzyl mesylate, 18F(Choe 1998)

Br F18

Fluoromethyl bromide, 18F (Coenen 1986; Bergman 2001; Iwata 2002)

I F18

Fluoromethyl iodide, 18F(Zheng 2000)

F18 OH

CH3

3-Fluoro-4-methylphenol, 18F (Chakraborty 1991)

NCS

F18

4-(Fluoromethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate, 18F(Hedberg 1997)

F18TfO

Fluoromethyl triflate, 18F (Iwata 2002)

NCH3

F18

OTs

N-Fluoro-N-methyl tosylate, 18F(Satyamurthy 1990)

NO2

F18

2-Fluoronitrobenzene, 18F (Maeda 1987; Karramkam 2002)

NO2

F18

4-Fluoronitrobenzene, 18F(Shiue 1984; Maeda 1987; Haka 1989)

CHO

CH3O

CH3O

F18

6-Fluoroveratraldehyde, 18F (Ding 1990; Lemaire 1992)

TsOF18

Fluoromethylbenzyl tosylate, 18F(Choe 1998)

N-(2-Fluoropropyl)-N-nitroso- 4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide, 18F

(Schirrmacher 2003)

CH3

SN

NO O

O

F18

Labeling precursors

124

OHF18

2-Fluorophenol, 18F (Ekaeva 1995)

F18

Br

4-Fluorophenethyl bromide, 18F(Hwang 1991)

F18

OH

3-Fluorophenol, 18F (Chakraborty 1991)

F18

OH

4-Fluorophenol, 18F (Ekaeva 1995; Ludwig 2002)

F18

OBr

4-Fluorophenacyl bromide, 18F(Dence 1993; Downer 1997)

CHO

F18

O

O

6-Fluoropiperonal, 18F (Lemaire 1992; Ding 1990)

Br

F18

O

O

6-Fluoropiperonyl bromide, 18F(Lemaire 1992)

F18

CH3

OTs

1-Fluoro-2-propano tosylate, 18F(de Groot 1992)

F18

CH3

COOCH3

2-Fluoropropionic acid methyl ester, 18F(Guhlke 1994)

F18

OCH3

4-Fluoropropiophenone, 18F (Banks 1994)

F18Br

3-Fluoropropyl bromide, 18F(Block 1987; Shiue 1987; Oh 1999)

F18I

3-Fluoropropyl iodide, 18F (Shiue 1987; Chesis 1990; Teng 1990)

Labeling precursors

125

F18MsO

3-Fluoropropyl mesylate, 18F(Block 1987)

F18TsO

3-Fluoropropyl tosylate, 18F (Block 1987)

N+ F18

-OSO2CF3

N-Fluoropyridium triflate, 18F(Oberdorfer 1988)

NF18

O

1-Fluoro-2-pyridone, 18F (Oberdorfer 1988)

CH3

SiCH3

CH3 F18

Fluorotrimethylsilane, 18F(Rosenthal 1985; Chirakal 1988;

Gatley 1989)

OH

NH

F18O2N

CH3

4-Nitro-2-(N-methyl)amino- 2'-fluorobenzhydrol, 18F

(Johnström 1994)

O

O

N

F18

O

O

N-Succinimidyl 4- fluorobenzoate, 18F (Guhlke 1994; Wester 1996)

O

O

N

O

OF18

N-Succinimidyl 4-(fluoromethyl)benzoate, 18F(Lang 1994)

18FClO3

Perchloryl fluoride, 18F (Ehrenkaufer 1983)

F3CO

F18

Trifluoromethyl hypofluorite, 18F(Neirinckx 1978)

α-Trifluoromethyl-(naphthalen-1-yl) ketone, 18F(Prakash 2003)

O

F

F18

F

F18

CH3

OO2N

4-Nitrophenyl 2-fluoropropionate,

18F (Wester 1996)

Labeling precursors

126

Xe18FF

Xenon difluoride, 18F(Chirakal 1984)

α-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl ketone, 18F(Prakash 2003)

O

F

F18

F

References

127

References

-A-

Ackermann U, Tochon-Danguy HJ, Young K, Sachinidis JI, Chan JG, Scott AM. 11C labelling of AG957- a potential tyrphostin radiotracer for PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 157-165 (2002).

Adam MJ, Pate BD, Ruth TJ , et al. Cleavage of aryl-tin bonds with elemental fluorine: rapid synthesis of [18F]fluorobenzene. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 733 (1981).

Adam MJ, Ruth TJ, Jivan S, Pate BD. The use of C-18 Sep PAK cartridges to simplify routine production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 985-986 (1984).

Adam MJ, Grierson JR, Ruth TJ, et al. Routine synthesis of carbon-11-carboxyl-labeled L-dopa. J. Nucl. Med. 28, 1599-1603 (1987).

Adam MJ, Ruth TJ, Grierson JR, et al. Routine synthesis of L-[18F]6-fluorodopa with fluorine-18 acetyl hypofluorite. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 1462-1466 (1986).

Adam MJ, Jivan S. Synthesis and purification of L-6-[18F]fluorodopa. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 1203-1206 (1988).

Adam MJ, Jivan S. Synthesis and separation of 3-O-methyl-2- and 6-[18F]-fluorodopa. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 39-43 (1992).

Adam MJ, Lu J, Jivan S. Stereoselective synthesis of 3-O-methyl-6-[18F]fluorodopa via fluorodestannylation. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 565-570 (1994).

Adam MJ. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [18F]2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-glucose as a potential PET imaging agent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 809-813 (1999).

Agdeppa ED, Kepe V, Liu J, Flores-Torres S, Satyamurthy N, Petric A, Cole GM, Small GW, Huang SC, Barrio JR. Binding characteristics of radiofluorinated 6-dialkylamin- 2-naphthylethylidene derivatives as positron emission tomography imaging probes for β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 21, RC189 ( 2001).

Agdeppa ED, Kepe V, Petric A, Satyamurthy N, Liu J, Hunag SC, Small GW, Cole GM, Barrio JR. In vitro detection of (S)-naproxen and ibuprofen binding to plaques in the Alzheimer's brain using the positron emission tomography molecular imaging probe 2-(1-{6-[(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]- 2-naphthyl}ethylidene) malononitrile. Neuroscience 117, 723-730 (2003).

Aigbirhio FI, Carr RM, Pike VW, et al. Automated radiosynthesis of no-carrier-added [S-fluoromethyl-18F]fluticasone propionate as a radiotracer for lung deposition studies with PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 567-584 (1997).

Al-Qahtani MH, Pike VW. Rapid mild synthesis of [11C]benzophenones by Pd(0)-catalysed 11C-carbonylative coupling of iodoarenes with phenyltributylstannane in DME-water. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 825-835 (2000).

Alauddin MM, Ravert H, Musachio JL, Mathews WB, Dannals RF, Conti PS. Selective alkylation of pyrimidyl dianions III: no-carrier-added synthesis of [11C-methyl]-thymidine. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 791-794 (1995).

Alauddin MM, Fissekis JD, Conti PS. α-Alkylation of amino acid derivatives: synthesis and chiral resolution of [11C]β-aminoisobutyric acid. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24 ,771-775 (1997).

Alauddin MM, Conti PS. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of 9-(4-[18F]- fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG): a new potential imaging agent for viral infection and gene therapy using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 175-180 (1998).

Alauddin MM, Conti PS, Fissekis JD. Synthesis of [18F]-labeled 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-5- methyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil ([18F]-FMAU). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 583-590 (2002).

Alauddin MM, Conti PS, Fissekis JD. A general synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-[18F]fluoro-1-β- D-arabinofyranosyluracul and its 5-substituted nucleosides. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm., 46, 285-289 (2003).

Alauddin MM, Fissekis JD, Conti PS. Synthesis of [18F]-labeled adenosine analogues as potential PET imaging agents. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 805-814 (2003).

Alexoff DL, Russell JAG, Shiue CY, et al. Modular automation in PET tracer manufacturing: application of an autosynthesizer to the production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1045-1061 (1986).

References

128

Allain-Barbier L, Lasne MC, Perrio-Huard C, et al. Synthesis of 4-[18F]fluorophenyl- alkenes and -arenes via palladium-catalyzed coupling of 4-[18F]fluoroiodobenzene with vinyl and aryl tin reagents. Acta Chem. Scand. 52, 480-489 (1998).

Amano R, Crouzel C. Synthesis of no-carrier-added 11C-labelled methylamine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 541-543 (1986).

Amartey JK, Al-Jammaz I, Al-Otaibi B, Esguerra C. Novel synthesis of 2-[18F]- fluoroisonicotinic acid hydrazide and initial biological evaluation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 817-823 (2002).

Ametamey SM, Beer HF, Guenther I, et al. Radiosynthesis of [11C]brofaromine, a potential tracer for imaging monoamine oxidase A. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 229-234 (1996).

Amokhtari M, Andersen K, Ibazizene M, et al. Radiosynthesis of [11C]Lu 29-024: a potential radiotracer for 5HT2 receptors PET studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 517-522 (1998).

Amokhtari M, Anderson K, Ibazizene M, et al. Synthesis of [11C]Lu 29-066, a 5-HT2 receptor anragonist. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 437-446 (1999).

Andersson Y, Bengström M, Langström B. Synthesis of 11C-labelled benzamide compounds as potential tracers for poly(ADP-ribose) synthethase. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 707-714 (1994).

Andersson Y, Tyrefors N, Sihver S, et al. Synthesis of a 11C-labelled derivative of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 567-576 (1998).

Angelini G, Speranza M, Wolf AP, Shiue CY. Synthesis of N-(α,α,α-tri[18F]fluoro- m-tolyl)piperazine. A potent serotonin agonist. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 1441-1448 (1990).

Angelini G, Speranza S, Wolf AP, Shiue CY. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of activated cationic groups by 18F-labeled fluoride. A useful route to no-carrier-added (NCA) 18F-labeled aryl fluorides. J. Fluorine Chem. 27, 177-191 (1985).

Angelini G, Carnevaletti F, Margonelli A, et al. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 303-309 (1999). Antoni G, Langström B. Synthesis of 3-11C-labelled alanine, 2-aminobutyric acid, norvaline,

norleucine and phenylalanine and preparation of L-[3-11C]alanine and L-[3-11C]phenylalanine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 24, 125-143 (1987).

Antoni G, Langström B. Synthesis of DL-[3-11C]valine using [2-11C]isopropyl iodide and preparation of L-[3-11C]valine by treatment with D-amino acid oxidase. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 655-659 (1987).

Antoni G, Langström B. Sythesis of γ-amino[4-11C]butyric acid (GABA). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 571-576 (1989).

Antoni G, Omura H, Bergström M, et al. Synthesis of L-2,4-diamino[4-11C]butyric acid and its use in some in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 595-601 (1997).

Antoni G, Ulin J, Långström B. Synthesis of the 11C-labelled β-adrenergic receptor ligands, atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 561-564 (1989).

Antoni G, Langström B. Synthesis of 11C-labelled α,β-unsaturated nitriles. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 903-905 (1992).

Attina M, Cacace F, Wolf AP. Displacement of a nitro-group by [18F]fluoride. A new route to aryl fluorides of high specific activity. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 108-109 (1983).

Attina M, Cacace F, Wolf AP. Labelled aryl fluorides from the nucleophilic displacement of activated nitro groups by 18F-F-. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 20, 501-514 (1983).

Audrain H, Bender D, Scheel-Kruger J, Nielsen EO, Olsen GM, Peters D, Cumming P. Synthesis of the serotonin transporter ligand (±)-10-methyl 3-[6-nitro-(2-quinolinyl)]- 3,10-diazabicyclo-[4.3.1]-decane ([11C]NS 2495) and first in vivo results. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 873-882 (2003).

-B-

Babich JW, Rubin RH, Graham WA, Wilkinson RA, Vincent J, Fischman AJ. 18F-Labeling and

distribution of the novel fluoro-quinolone antimicrobial agent, trovafloxacin (CP 99,219). Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 995-998 (1996).

Balatoni JA, Adam MJ, Hall LD. Synthesis of 11C-labeled aromatics using aryl chromium tricarbonyl intermediates. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 1429-1435 (1989).

Baldwin RM, Horti AG, Bremner JD, et al. Synthesis and PET imaging of the benzodiazepine receptor tracer [N-methyl-11C]iomazenil. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 656-665 (1995).

References

129

Balle T, Halldin C, Andersen L, Alifragis LH, Badolo L, Jensen GJ, Chou YW, Andersen K, Perregaad J, Farde L. New α1-adrenoreceptor antagonists derived from the antipsychotic sertindole - carbon-11 labelling and pet examination of brain uptake in the cynomolgus monkey. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 327-336 (2004).

Banks WR, Tewson TJ, Digenis GA. Radiosynthesis of a 11C-labelled benzodiazepine receptor agonist: 1-[11C]alprazolam. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 719-725 (1990).

Banks WR, Hwang DR. NCA F-18 Fluoroarylketones: useful bifunctional radiopharmaceutical intermediates. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 599-608 (1994).

Banks WR, Satter MR, Hwang DR. A new method for the nca production of [18F]fluoromethane. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 69-74 (1994).

Banks WR, Borchert RD, Hwang DR. Improvements in the production of fluorine-18 labeled butyrophenone neuroleptic agents. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 75-81 (1994).

Barre L, Debruyne D, Lanse MC, et al. Synthesis and regional rat brain distribution of [11C]MDL 72222: a 5HT3 receptor antagonist. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 509-516 (1992).

Barre L, Lasne MC, Charbonneau P. Synthesis of non-carrier added [N-methyl- 11C]roxithromycine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 801-803 (1995).

Barrio JR, Egbert JE, Heinrich E, et al. L-[4-11C]Aspartic acid: enzymatic synthesis, myocardial uptake, and metabolism. J. Med. Chem. 25, 93-96 (1982).

Barrio JR, MacDonald NS, Robinson GD, et al. Remote, semiautomated production of F-18-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 372-375 (1981).

Barrio JR, Keen RE, Ropchan JR, et al. L-[1-11C]Leucine: routine synthesis by enzymatic resolution. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 515-521 (1983).

Bauman A, Piel M, Schirrmacher R, Rösch F. Efficient alkali iodide promoted 18F-fluoroethylations with 2-[18F]fluoroethyl tosylate and 1-bromo-2-[18F]fluoroethane. Tetrahedron Lett. 44, 9165-9167 (2003).

Baumgartner FJ, Barrio JR, Henze E, et al. 13N-labeled L-amino acids for in vivo assessment of local myocardial metabolism. J. Med. Chem. 24, 764-766 (1981).

Beer HF, Haeberli M, Ametamey S, Schubiger PA. Comparison of two synthetic methods to obtain [18F]N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-fluoropyridine-2-carboxamide, a potential MAO-B imaging tracer for PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 933-945 (1995).

Ben-David I, Rozen Y, Ortu G, Mishani E. Radiosynthesis of ML03, a novel positron emission tomography biomarker for targeting epidermal growth factor receptor via the labeling synthon: [11C]acryloyl chloride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 58, 209-217 (2003).

Bencherif B, Endres CJ, Musachio JL, Villalobos A, Hilton J, Scheffel U, Dannals RF, Williams S, Frost JJ. PET imaging of brain acetylcholinesterase using [11C]CP-126,998, a brain selective enzyme inhibitor. Synapse 45, 1-9 (2002).

Bender D, Holschbach M, Stöcklin G. Synthesis of n.c.a. carbon-11 labelled clozapine and its major metabolite clozapine-N-oxide and comparison of their biodistribution in mice. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 921-925 (1994).

Bender D, Gee AD. Solid phase-supported reaction of n.c.a. H1CN with arabinose: a simple automated synthesis of D-[1-11C]glucose. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 287-300 (1998).

Bera RK, Hartman NG, Jay M. Continuous production of [11C]urea for medical application. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 407-409 (1991).

Berger G, Maziere M, Knipper R, et al. Automated synthesis of 11C-labelled radiopharmaceuticals: imipramine, chlorpromazine, nicotine and methionine. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 393-399 (1979).

Berger G, Maziere M, Prenant C, Comar D. Synthesis of carbon-11-labelled acetone. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 31, 577-578 (1980).

Berger G, Maziere M, Sastre J, Comar D. Carrier-free 11C formaldehyde: an approach. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 17, 59-71 (1980).

Berger G, Maziere M, Prenant C, Sastre J, Comar D. Synthesis of high specific activity 11C 17α methyltestpsterone. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 32, 811-815 (1981).

Berger G, Maziere M, Prenant C, Sastre J, Syrota S, Comar D. Synthesis of 11C-propranolol. J. Radioanal. Chem. 74, 301-306 (1982).

Berger G, Sastre PJ, Syrota A, Comar D. Synthesis of β-blocker for heart visualization: [11C]practolol. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 1556-1557 (1983).

Berger G, Maziere M, Prenant C, et al. 11C Labelling of a protein: Concanavalin. A. Int. J.

References

130

Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 81-83 (1984). Bergman J, Johnstrom P, Haaparanta M, Solin O, Duelfer T, Stone-Elander S. Radiolabelling

of 2-oxoquazepam with electrophilic 18F prepared from [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 1027-1034 (1995).

Bergman J, Eskola O, Lehikoinen P, Solin O. Automated synthesis and purifcation of [18F]bromofluoromethane at high specific radioactivity. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 54, 927-933 (2001).

Bergström M, Westerberg G, Kihlberg T, Langström B. Synthesis of some 11C-labelled MAO-A inhibitors and their in vivo uptake kinetics in rhesus monkey brain. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 381-388 (1997).

Bergström M, Bonasera A, Lu L, et al. In vitro and in vivo primate evaluation of carbon-11-etomidate and carbon-11-metomidate as potential tracers for PET imaging of the adrenal cirtex and its tumors. J. Nucl. Med. 39, 982-989 (1998).

Berridge M, Comar D, Roeda D, Syrota A. Synthesis and in vivo characteristics of [2-11C]5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (DMO). Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 647-651 (1982).

Berridge MS, Tewson TJ, Welch MJ. Synthesis of 18F-labeled 6- and 7-fluoropalmitic acids. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 727-730 (1983).

Berridge M, Comar D, Crouzel C. A new synthesis of [2-11C]phenobarbital. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 1657-1658 (1983).

Berridge M, Comar D, Crouzel C, Baron JC. 11C-labeled ketanserin: a selective serotonin S2 antagonist. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 20, 73-78 (1983).

Berridge MS, Crouzel C, Comar D. Aromatics fluorination with n.c.a. F-18 fluoride: a comparative study. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 687-694 (1985).

Berridge MS, Franceschini MP, Tewson TJ, Gould KL. Preparation of oxygen-15 butanol for positron tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 834-837 (1986).

Berridge MS, Cassidy EH, Terris AH. A routine, automated synthesis of oxygen-15-labeled butanol for positron tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 31, 1727-1731 (1990).

Berridge MS, Cassidy EH, Terris AH, Vesselle JM. Preparation and in vivo binding of [11C]carazolol, a radiotracer for the beta-adrenergic receptor. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 563-569 (1992).

Berridge MS, Landmeier BJ. In-target production of [13N]ammonia: target design, products, and operating parameters. Appl. Radiat. Isot 44, 1433-1441 (1993).

Berridge MS, Sayre LM, Arora PK, et al. Design and synthesis of 18F-labeled neurotoxic analogs of MPTP. J. Med. Chem. 36, 1284-1290 (1993).

Berridge MS, Cassidy EH, Bordeaux KG. Preparation of [11C]triamcinolone acetanide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 91-95 (1994).

Berridge MS, Cassidy EH, Miraldi F. [11C]Acetate and [11C]methionine syntheses and quality control. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 173-175 (1995).

Berridge MS, Burnazi EM. Synthesis of [11C]levofloxacin. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 859-864 (2001).

Bida G, Satyamurthy N, Barrio JR. The synthesis of 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using glycals: a reexamination. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 1327-1334 (1984).

Bjorkman M, Doi H, Resul B,Suzuki M, Noyori R, Watanabe Y, Langström B. Synthesis of a 11C-labelled prostaglandin F2α analogue using an improved method for stille reactions with [11C]methyl iodide. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43,1327-1334 (2000).

Bjurling P, Watanabe Y, Långström B. The synthesis of [3-11C]pyruvic acid, a useful synthon, via an enzymatic route. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 627-630 (1988).

Bjurling P, Langström B. Synthesis of 1-and 3-11C-labelled L-lactic acid using multi-enzyme catalysis. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 427-432 (1990).

Block D, Coenen HH, Stöcklin G. The n.c.a. nucleophilic [18F]-fluorination of 1,N-disubstituted alkanes as fluoroalkylation agents. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 24, 1029-1042 (1987).

Block D, Coenen HH, Stöcklin G. N.C.A. 18F-fluoroacylation via fluorocarboxylic acid esters. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 185-200 (1988).

Bolster JM, Vaalburg W, Van Veen W, et al. Synthesis of no-carrier added L- and D-1-11C-DOPA. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 1650-1652 (1983).

Bolster JM, Vaalburg W, Van Dijk TH, et al. Syntheses of carbon-11 labelled ornithine and

References

131

lysine. Preliminary accumulation studies in rats with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 263-267 (1985).

Bolster JM, Ten Hoeve W, Vaalburg W, et al. The preparation of carbon-11 labelled proline for positron emission tomography. Preliminary distribution studies in rats with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 339-343 (1985).

Bolster JM, Vaalburg W, Paans AMJ, et al. Carbon-11 labelled tyrosine to study tumor metabolism by positron emission tomography (PET). Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 12, 321-324 (1986).

Bolster JM, Vaalburg W, Elsinga PH, et al. Synthesis of carbon-11 labelled glycine and the dipeptides L-phenylanalylglycine and L-leucylglycine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 985-987(1986).

Bolster JM, Vaalburg W, Elsinga PH, et al. Synthesis of DL-[1-11C]methionine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1069-1070 (1986).

Bonnot S, Prenant C, Crouzel C. Synthesis of 9-[11C]methylamino-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroacridine, a potent acetylcholine esterase inhibitor. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 690-691 (1991).

Bonnot-Lours S, Crouzel C, Prenant C, Hinnen F. Carbon-11 labelling of an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase: [11C]physostigmine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 277-284 (1993).

Boothe TE, Emran AM, Finn RD, et al. Use of 11C as a tracer for studying the synthesis of [11C]urea from [11C]cyanide. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 141-144 (1985).

Borght TV, Labar D, Pauwels S, Lambotte L. Production of [2-11C]thymidine for quantification of cellular proliferation with PET. Appl. Rdait. Isot. 42, 103-104 (1991).

Bormans G, Kilbourn MR. Synthesis of N-tert-butyl-α-(4-[18F]fluorophenyl)nitrone ([18F]FPBN) for in vivo detection of free radicals. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 103-110 (1995).

Bormans G, Sherman P, Snyder E, Kilbourn MR. Synthesis of carbon-11- and fluorine-18-labeled 1-methyl-4-piperidyl-4'-fluorobenzoate and their biodistribution in mice. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 513-517 (1996).

Bosch AL, Degrado TR, Gatley SJ. Preparation of no-carrier-added fluorine-18 labeled 16-fluorohexadecanoic and fluoroacetic acids from highly reactive tetraethylammonium [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 305-308 (1986).

Boullais C, Oberdorfer F, Sastre J, Prenant C, Crouzel C. Synthesis of 11C-suriclone. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 1081-1086 (1985).

Brady F, Luthra SK, Pike VW. Nucleophilic substitution at cyclic sulphamates-routes to nca [18F]fluoro-analogues of MK 801. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 325-328 (1989).

Brady F, Luthra SK, Tochon-Danguy HJ, et al. Asymmetric synthesis of a precursor for the automated radiosynthesis of S-(3'-t-butylamino-2'-hydroxypropoxy)-benzimidazol- 2-[11C]one (S-[11C]CGP 12177) as a preferred radioligand for β-adrenergic receptors. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 621-628 (1991).

Brady F, Luthra SK, Brown G, et al. Carbon-11 labelling of the antitumour agent N-[2- (dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide (DACA) and determination of plasma metabolites in man. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 487-492 (1997).

Briard E, Pike VW. Substitution-reduction: an alternative process for the [18F]N-(2- fluoroethylation) of anilines. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 217-232 (2004).

Brinkman GA, Hass-Lisewska I, Veenboer JT, Lindner L. Preparation of [11C]COCl2. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 29, 701-702 (1978).

Brodack JW, Kilbourn M, Welch MJ, Katzenellenbogen JA. NCA 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol-17β: the effect of reaction vessel on fluorine-18 resolubilization, product yield, and effective specific activity. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 217-221 (1986).

Brodack JW., Kilbourn MR, Welch MJ, Katzenellenbogen JA. Application of robotics to radiopharmaceutical preparation: controlled synthesis of fluorine-18 16α- fluoroestradiol-17β. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 714-721 (1986).

Brodack JW, Dence CS, Kilbourn MR, Welch MJ. Robotic production of 2-deoxy- 2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose: a routine method of synthesis using tetrabutylammonium [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 699-703 (1988).

Brown GD, Henderson D, Steel C, Luthra SK, Price PM, Brady F. Two routes to [11C-carbonyl]organo-isocyanates utilizing [11C]phosgene ([11C]organo-isocyanates from [11C]phosgene). Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 991-998 (2001).

References

132

Brown LL, Pavlova O, Mukhin A, Kimes AS, Horti AG. Radiosynthesis of 5-(2-(4- pyridinyl)vinyl)-6-chloro-3-(1-[11C]methyl-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine, a high affinity ligand for studying nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by positron emission tomography. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9, 6055-6058 (2001).

Brown-Proctor C, Snyder SE, Sherman PS, Kilbourn M. Synthesis and evaluation of 6-[11C]methoxy-3-[2-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazole as an in vivo radioligand for acetylcholinesterase. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 99-103 (1999).

Brown-Proctor C, Snyder SE, Sherman PS, Kilbourn MR. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of (E)-N-[11C]methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine ([11C]metanicotine) as a nitotinic receptor radioligand. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 415-418 (2000).

Buckman BO, VanBrocklin HF, Dence CS, et al. Synthesis and tissue biodistribution of [ω-11C]palitic acid. A novel PET imaging agent for cardiac fatty acid metabolism. J. Med. Chem. 37, 2481-2485 (1994).

Buckman BO, Bonasera TA, Kirschbaun KS, et al. Fluorine-18-labeled progestin 16α,17α- dioxolanes: development of high-affinity ligands for the progesterone receptor with high in vivo target site selectivity. J. Med. Chem. 38, 328-337 (1995).

Burns HD, Dannals RF, Langström B, et al. (3-N-[11C]methyl)spiperone, a ligand binding to dopamine receptors: Radiochemical synthesis and biodistribution studies in mice. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 1222-1227 (1984).

-C-

Cacace F, Speranza M, Wolf AP, Fowler JS. Labelling of fluorinated aromatics by isotopic

exchange with [18F]fluoride. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 18, 1721-1730 (1981). Cai L, Chin FT, Pike VW, Toyama H, Liow JS, Zoghbi SS, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of

two 18F-labeled 6-iodo-2-(4’-N,N-dimethylamino)phenylimidazol[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as prospective radioligands for β-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Med. Chem. 47, 2208-2218 (2004).

Campbell JA, Finn RD, Boothe TE, et al. Synthesis of C-11 iodoantipyrine for positron emission tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 538-541 (1981)

Camsonne R, Crouzel C, Comar D, et al. Synthesis of N-(11C)methyl, N-(methyl-1 propyl), (chloro-2 phenyl)-1 isoquinoline carboxamine-3 (PK 11195): a new ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 21, 985-991 (1984).

Casey L, Digenis GA, Wesner DA, et al. Preparation and preliminary tissue studies of optically active 11C-D- and L-phenylalanine. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 32, 325-330 (1981).

Chakraborty PK, Kilbourn MR. Oxidation of substituted 4-fluorobenzaldehydes: application to the no-carrier-added syntheses of 4-[18F]fluoroguaiacol and 4-[18F]fluorocatechol. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 673-681 (1991).

Chakraborty PK, Kilbourn M. [18F]Fluorination/decarbonylation: new route to aryl [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1 209-1213 (1991).

Chakraborty PK, Mangner TJ, Chugani DC, et al. A high-yield and simplified procedure for the synthesis of α-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 1005-1008 (1996).

Chakraborty PK, Mangner TJ, Chugani HT. The synthesis of no-carrier-added [11C]urea from [11C]carbon dioxide and application to [11C]uracil synthesis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 619-621 (1997).

Chaly T, Diksic M. High yield synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa by regioselective fluorination of protected L-dopa with [18F]acetylhypofluorite. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 1896-1901 (1986).

Chaly T, Diksic M. Synthesis of "no-carrier-added" α-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan J. Nucl. Med. 29, 370-374 (1988).

Chaly T, Mattacchieri R, Velez JW, et al. A large scale manual production of [18F]FDG using a synthetic unit made of sterile disposable components and operated by a master slave manipulator. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 29-34 (1990).

Chaly T, Dahl JR, Matacchieri R, et al. Synthesis of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine with a synthetic unit made up of primarily sterile disposable components and operated by a master slave manipulator. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 869-873 (1993).

Chaly T, Bandyopadhyay D, Matacchieri R, et al. A disposable synthetic unit for the preparation of 3-O-methyl-6-[18F]fluorodopa using a regioselective fluorodemercuration reaction. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 25-30 (1994).

References

133

Chaly T, Dhawan V, Kazumata K, et al. Radiosynthesis of [18F]N-3-fluoropropyl-2-β- carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-iodophenyl)-nortropane and the first human study with positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 999-1004 (1996).

Chaly T, Matacchieri R, Dahl R, et al. Radiosynthesis of [18F]N-3-fluoropropyl-2-β- carbomethoxy-3-β(4'-methylphenyl) nortropane (FPCMT). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 299-305 (1999).

Chaly T, Baldwin RM, Neumeyer JL, Hellman MJ, Dhawan V, Garg PK, Tamagnan G, Staley JK, et al. Radiosynthesis of [18F] N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4- bromophenyl) nortropane and the regional brain uptake in non human primate using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 125-131 (2004).

Channing MA, Eckelman WC, Bennett JM, et al. Radiosynthesis of [18F]3-acetylcyclofoxy: a high affinity opiate antagonist. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 429-433 (1985).

Channing MA, Simpson N. Radiosynthesis of 1-[11C]polyhomoallylic acids. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 541-546 (1993).

Charalambous A, Mangner TJ, Kilbourn MR. Synthesis of (N-[11C]methylY-29794, a competitive inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 499-503 (1994).

Charalambous A, Mangner TJ, Kilbourn MR. Synthesis of (2-[11C]methoxy)rotenone, a marker of mitochondrial complex I activity. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 65-69 (1995).

Charalambous A, Tluczek L, Frey KA, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation in mice of (2-[11C]methoxy)-6',7'-dihydrorotennol, a second generation rotenoid for marking mitochondrial complex I activity. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 491-496 (1995).

Chen JJ, Fiehn-Schulze B, Brough PA, et al. Synthesis of 2-iodo- and 2-phenyl- [11C]melatonin: potential PET tracers for melatonin binding sites. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1573-1579 (1998).

Chesis PL, Welch MJ. Comparison of bromo- and iodoalkyl triflates for 18F-radiolabeling of amines. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 259-265 (1990).

Chesis PL, Hwang DR, Welch MJ. N-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl)-N-nordiprenorphine: synthesis and characterization of a new agent for imaging opioid receptors with positron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 33, 1482-1490 (1990).

Chi DY, Kilbourn MR, Katzenellenbogen JA, et al. Synthesis of no-carrier-added N-([18F]fluoroalkyl)spiperone derivatives. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1173-1180 (1986).

Chirakal R, Firnau G, Schrobilgen GJ, et al. The synthesis of [18F]xenon difluoride from [18F]fluorine gas. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 401-404 (1984).

Chirakal R, Firnau G, Couse J, et al. Radiofluorination with F-18-labelled acetyl hypofluorite: [18F]L-6-fluorodopa. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 651-653 (1984).

Chirakal R, Firnau G, Garnett ES. High yield synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 417-421 (1986).

Chirakal R, Firnau G, Garnett ES. Sequential production of electrophilic and nucleophilic fluorinating agents from [18F]fluorine gas. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 1099-1101 (1988).

Chirakal R, Sayer BG, Firnau G, Garnett ES. Synthesis of F-18 labelled fluoro-metatonins and 5-hydroxy-fluorotrypt ophans. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 63-71 (1988).

Chirakal R, Mccarry B, Lonergan M, et al. Base-mediated decomposition of a mannose triflate during the synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 149-155 (1995).

Chirakal R, Coates G, Firnau G, et al. Direct radiofluorination of dopamine: 18F-labeled 6-fluorodopamine for imaging cardiac sympathetic innervation in humans using positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 41-45 (1996).

Choe YS, Bonasera TA, Chi DY, Welch MJ, Katzenellenbogen JA. 6α-[18F]Fluoroprogesterone: synthesis via halofluorination—oxidation, receptor binding and tissue distribution. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 635-642 (1995).

Choe YS, Lidström PJ, Chi DY, et al. Synthesis of 11β-[18F]fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone and 11β-[18F]fluoro-19-nor-5α-dihydrotestosterone: preparation via halofluorination-reduction, receptor binding, and tissue distribution. J. Med. Chem. 38, 816-825 (1995).

Choe YS, Song DH, Lee KJ, et al. [18F]Fluoromethylbenzylsulfonate ester: a rapid and efficient synthetic method for the N-[18F]fluoromethylbenzylation of amides and amines. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 73-77 (1998).

Choe YS, Oh SJ, Shim I, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 18F-labeled 3-(1-benzyl-

References

134

1-piperidin-4-yl)-1-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-1-ones for in vivo mapping of acetylcholinesterase. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 263-267 (2000).

Christman DR, Hoyte RM, Wolf AP. Organic radiopharmaceuticals labeled with isotopes of short half-life I: 11C-1-dopamine hydrochloride. J. Nucl. Med. 11, 474-478 (1970).

Christman D, Crawford EJ, Friedkin M, Wolf AP. Detection of DNA synthesis in intact organisms with positron-emitting [methyl-11C]thymidine. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 988992 (1972).

Christman DR, Finn RD, Karlstrom KI, Wolf AP. Production of carrier-free 11C-HCN for medical use and radiopharmaceutical syntheses. IX. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 864-866 (1973).

Chumpradit S, Kung MP, Billings J, et al. Fluorinated and iodinated dopamine agents: D2 imaging agents for PET and SPECT. J. Med. Chem. 36, 221-228 (1993).

Coenen HH, Colosimo M, Schuller M, Stöcklin G. Preparation of n.c.a. [18F]-CH2BrF via aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 23, 587-595 (1986).

Coenen HH, Colosimo M, Schuller M, Stöcklin G. Preparation of n.c.a. [17-18F]-fluoroheptadecanoic acid in high yields via aminopolyether supported nucleophilic fluorination. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 23, 455-465 (1986).

Coenen HH, Laufer P, Stöcklin G, et al. 3-N-(2-[18F]-Fluoroethyl)-spiperone: a novel ligand for cerebral dopamine receptor studies with PET. Life Science 40, 81-88 (1987).

Coenen HH, Kling P, Stöcklin G. Cerebral metabolism of L-[2-18F]fluorotyrosine, a new PET tracer of protein synthesis. J. Nucl. Med. 30, 1367-1372 (1989).

Cohen MB, Spolter L, Chang CC, et al. Immobilized enzymes in the production of radiopharmaceutically, pure amino acids labeled with 13N. J. Nucl. Med. 15, 1192-1195 (1974).

Cohen MB, Spolter L, Chang CC, Cook JS, MacDonald NS. Enzymatic synthesis of 11C-pyruvic acid and 11C-L-lactic acid. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 31, 45-49 (1980).

Cohen MB, Spolter L, Chang CC, et al. The varying tissue distribution of L-glutamic acid labelled at three different sites. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 613-617 (1982).

Comagic S, Piel M, Schirrmacher R, Hoehnemann S, Roesch F. Efficient synthesis of 2-bromo-1-[18F]fluoroethane and its application in the automated preparation of 18F-fluoroethylatedcompounds. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 56, 847-851 (2002).

Comar D, Cartron JC, Maziere M, Marazano C. Labelling and metabolism of methionine-methyl-11C. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1, 11-14 (1976).

Conti PS, Alauddin MM, Fissekis JR, Schmall B, Watanabe KA. Synthesis of 2’-fluoro-5-[11C]-methyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil ([11C]-FMAU): a potential nucleoside analog for in vivo study of cellular proliferation with PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 783-789 (1995).

Conway T, Diksic M. Synthesis of "no-carrier-added" carbon-11 SarCNU: the sarcosinamide analog of the chemotherapeutic agent BCNU. J. Nucl. Med. 29, 1957-1960 (1988).

Conway T, Diksic M. PET studies of potential chemotherapeutic agents-X. Synthesis of "no-carrier-added" (11C)-HECNU: the hydroxyethyl analog of the chemotherapeutic agent BCNU. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 441-446 (1991).

Cooper AJL, Gelbard AS. The use of immobilized glutamate dehydrogenase to synthesize 13N-labeled L-amino acids. Anal. Biochem. 111, 42-48 (1981).

Courtyn J, Goethals P, Van der Eycken J, Dams R. Synthesis of 11C-labelled acamprosate for PET studies. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 643-651 (2001).

Courtyn J, Cornelissen B, Oltenfreiter R, Vandecapelle M, Slegers G, Strijckmans K. Synthesis and assesment of [11C]acetylhomotaurine as an imaging agent for the study of the pharmacodynamic properties of acamprosate by positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 649-654 (2004).

Crawford EJ, Christman D, Atkins H, et al. Scintigraphy with positron-emitting compounds -I. Carbon-11 labeled thymidine and thymidylate. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 5, 61-69 (1978).

Crestoni ME. 18F-labelling of thiophene and N-methylpyrrole. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 1109-1112 (1990).

Crouzel C, Sejourne C, Comar D. Production of 11C-acetylene by methane pyrolysis. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 566-568 (1979).

Crouzel C, Mestelan G, Kraus E, Lecomte JM, Comar D. Synthesis of a 11C-labelled neuroleptic drug: pimozide. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 31, 545-548 (1980).

References

135

Crouzel C, Roeda D, Berridge M, et al. 11C-Labelled phosgene: an improved procedure and synthesis device. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 1558-1559 (1983).

Crouzel C, Langström B, Pike VW, Coenen HH. Recommendations of a Practical Production of [11C]Methyl Iodide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 601-603 (1987).

Crouzel C, Amano R, Fournier D. Synthesis of carbon-11 labelled diazomethane. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 669-670 (1987)

Crouzel C, Venet M, Irie T, et al. Labeling of a serotoninergic ligand with 18F: [18F]setoperone. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 403-414 (1988).

Crouzel C, Venet M, Sanz G, et al. Labelling of a new serotoninergic ligand: [18F]ritanserin. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 828-832 (1988).

Crouzel C, Syrota A. The use of [11C]diazomethane for labelling a calcium channel antagonist: PN 200-110 (Isrodipine). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 241-242 (1990).

Crouzel C, Hinnen F, Maitre E. Radiosynthesis of methyl and heptyl [11C]isocyanates from [11C]phosgene, application to the synthesis of carbamates: [11C]physostygmine and [11C]heptylphysostugmine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 167-170 (1995).

Culbert PA, Adam MJ, Jivan S. Facile synthesis of N-trifluoroacetyl-3,4- dimethoxy-6-trimethyl-stannylphenethylamine: a convenient precurosr to 6-[18F]- fluorodopamine.. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 883-885 (1995).

Culbert PA, Adam MJ, Hurtado ET, et al. Automated synthesis of [18F]FDG using tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 887-891 (1995).

-D-

Damhaut P, Cantineau R, Lemaire C, et al. 2- and 4-[18F]Fluorotropapride, two specific D2

receptor ligands for positron emission tomography: n.c.a. syntheses and animal studies. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1265-1274 (1992)

Damhaut P, Lemaire C, Plenevaux A, et al. No-carrier-added asymmetric synthesis of α-methyl-α-amino acids labelled with fluorine-18. Tetrahedron 53, 5785-5796 (1997).

Dannals RF, Ravert HT, Frost JJ, et al. Radiosynthesis of an opiate receptor binding radiotracer: [11C]carfentanil. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 303-306 (1985).

Dannals RF, Ravert HT, Wilson AA, Wagner HN. An improved synthesis of (3-N-[11C]methyl)spiperone. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 433-434 (1986).

Dannals RF, Neumeyer JL, Millus RA, et al. Synthesis of radiotracers for studying muscarinic chornergic receptors in the living human brain using positron emission tomography: [11C]dexetimide and [11C]levetimide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 291-295 (1988).

Dannals RF, Ravert HT, Wilson AA, Wagner HN. Synthesis of a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor: [11C]citalopram. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 541-543 (1990).

Dannals RF, Neumeyer JL, Milius RA, et al. Synthesis of a radiotracer for studying dopamine uptake sites in vivo using PET: 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)- [N-11C-methyl]tropane ([11C]CFT or [11C]WIN- 35,428). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 147-152 (1993).

Das MK, Mukherjee J. Radiosynthesis of [18F]fluoxetine as a potential radiotracer for serotonin reuptake sites. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 835-842 (1993).

DaSilva JN, Crouzel C, Stulzaft O, et al. Synthesis, tissue distribution in rats and PET studies in baboon brain of no-carrier-added [18F]RU 52461: in vivo evaluation as a brain glucocorticoid receptor radioligand. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 167-173 (1992).

DaSilva JN, Kilbourn MR, Mangner TJ. Synthesis of [11C]tetrabenazine, a vesicular monoamine uptake inhibitor, for PET imaging studies. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 673-676 (1993).

DaSilva JN, Kilbourn MR, Mangner TJ. Synthesis of a [11C]methoxy derivative of α-dihydrotetrabenazine: a radioligand for studying the vesicular monoamine transporter. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 1487-1489 (1993).

DaSilva JN. Synthesis and autoradiographic localization of the dopamine D-1 agonists [11C]SKF 75670 and [11C]SKF 82957 as potential PET radioligands. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 279-284 (1996).

DaSilva JN, Schwarts RA, Greenwald ER, et al. Dopamine D1 agonist R-[11C]SKF 82957: synthesis and in vivo characterization in Rats. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 537-542 (1999).

DaSilva JN, Lourenco CM, Wilson AA, Houle S. Synthesis of the phosphodiesterase-4

References

136

inhibitors [11C]Ro 20-1724, R-, R/S- and S-[11C]rolipram. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 373-384 (2001).

Davenport RJ, Pike VW, Dowsett K, et al. Automated chemoenzymatic synthesis of no-carrier-added [carbonyl-11C]propionyl L-carnitine for pharmacokinetic studies. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 917-924 (1997).

Davenport RJ, Dowsett K, Pike VW. A simple technique for the automated production of no-carrier-added [1-11C]acetate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 1117-1120 (1997).

Davis J, Yano Y, Cahoon J, Budinger TF. Preparation of 11C-methyl iodide and L-[S-methyl-11C]methionine by an automated continuous flow process. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 363-369 (1982).

de Groot TJ, Verhagen A, Elsinga PH, Vaalburg W. Synthesis of [18F]fluoro-labeled progestins for PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 471-474 (1991).

de Groot TJ, Elsinga PH, Visser GM, Vaalburg W. 1-[18F]Fluoro-2-propanol p-toluenesulfonate: a synthon for the preparation of N-([18F]fluoroisopropyl)amines. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1335-1339 (1992).

de Groot TJ, van Waarde A, Elsinga PH, Visser GM, Brodde OE, Vaalburg W. Synthesis and evaluation of 1'-[18F]fluorometoprolol as a potential tracer for the visualization of β-adrenoceptors with PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 637-642 (1993).

de Groot TJ, Braker AH, Elsinga PH, Visser GM, Vaalburg W. Synthesis of 6α-[18F]fluoroprogesterone: a first step towards a potential receptor-ligand for PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 811-813 (1994).

de Groot TJ, Bormans G, Busson R, et al. Synthesis of 1-[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose: an unexpected rearrangement in the reaction of 2-O-methanesulfonyl-β-D-mannopyranose with [18F]fluoride. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 147-157 (1999).

de Groot TJ, Veyhl M, Terwinghe C, Bempt V, Dupont P, Mortelmans L, Verbruggen AM, Bormans GM. Synthesis of 18F-fluoroalkyl-β-D-glucosides and their evaluation as tracers for sodium-dependet glucose transporters. J. Nucl. Med. 44, 1973-1981 (2003).

de Kleijn JP, Zawierko JF, Van Zanten B. Labelling with reactor produced F-18 -III. Polymer supported F-18 as a fluorinating agent. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 28, 591-594 (1977).

de Spiegeleer B, Slegers G, Vandecasteele C, et al. Microscale synthesis of nitrogen-13-labeled cisplatin. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 399-403 (1986).

de Vos F, Slegers G. The synthesis of 4-(4-[11C]methoxyphenyl)-(5-fluoro-2- hydroxyphenyl)- methylene-aminobutyric acid, as a potential radioligand for the GABA receptor in the brain. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 643-652 (1994).

de Vos F, Santens P, Slegers G, et al. Synthesis of 1-benzyl-4-[5,[11C]6-dimethoxy-1- oxoindan-2-yl]methyl]piperidine: a promising ligand for visualisation of acetylcholine esterase by PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 595-601 (2000).

de Vos F, Dumont F, Slegers G, Dierckx RA, De Reuck J. Synthesis of two dopamine D4 receptor ligands: 11C labelled chromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-ones. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 989-996 (2000).

de Vries EFJ, Vroegh J, Elsinga PH, Vaalburg W. Evaluation of fluorine-18-labeled alkylating agents as potential synthons for the labeling of oligonucleosides. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 58, 469-476 (2003).

de Vries EFJ, van Waarde A, Buursma AR, Vaalburg W. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 18F-desbromo-DuP-697 as a PET tracer for cyclooxygenase-2 expression. J. Nucl. Med. 44, 1700-1705 (2003).

de Vries EFJ, Vroegh J, Dijkstra G, Moshage H, Elsinga P, Jansen PLM, Vaalburg W. Synthesis and evaluation of a fluorine-18 labeled antisense oligonucleotide as a potential PET tracer for iNOS mRNA expression. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 605-612 (2004).

DeGrado TR, Coenen HH, Stöcklin G. 14(R,S)-[18F]Fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (FTHA): evaluation in mouse of a new probe of myocardial utilization of long chain fatty acids. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 989-995 (1991).

DeGrado TR, Coenen HH, Stöcklin G. 14(R,S)-[18F]Fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (FTHA): evaluation in mouse of a new probe of myocardial utilization of long chain fatty acids. J. Nucl. Med. 32, 1888-1896 (1991).

DeGrado TR, Moka DC. Non-β-oxidizable ω-[18F]fluoro long chain fatty acid analogs show cytochrome p-450-mediated defluorination: implications for the design of PET tracers of myocardial fatty acid utilization. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 389-397 (1992)

References

137

DeGrado TR, Wang S, Holden JE, et al. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of 18F-labeled 4-thia palmitate as a PET tracer of myocardial fatty acid oxidation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 221-231 (2000).

DeGrado TR, Coleman RE, Wang S, Baldwin SW, Orr MD, Robertson CN, Polascik TJ, Price DT. Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled choline as an oncologic tracer for positron emission tomography: initial findings in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 61, 110-117 (2000).

DeGrado TR, Baldwin SW, Wang S, Orr MD, Liao RP, Friedman HS, Reiman R, Price DT, Coleman RE. Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled choline analogs as oncologic PET tracers. J. Nucl. Med. 42, 1805-1814 (2001).

DeGrazia JA, Rodden AF, Teresi JD, Busick DD, Walz DR. Radioscintigraphic studies of 11C distribution in cats given 1-11C-ethanol. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 73-76 (1975).

DeJesus OT, Van Moffaert GJC, Friedman AM. Synthesis of [11C]SCH 23390 for Dopamine D1 Receptor Studies. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 345-348 (1987).

Del Rosario RB, Mangner TJ, Gildersleeve DL, et al. Synthesis of a nonpeptide carbon-11 labeled substance P antagonist for PET studies Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 545-547 (1993).

Del Rosario RB, Jung YW, Caraher J, et al. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [11C]-(-)-phenylephrine as a functional heart neuronal PET agent. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 611-616 (1996).

Dence CS, Powers WJ, Welch MJ. Improved synthesis of 1-[11C]D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 971-980 (1993).

Dence CS, McCarthy TJ, Welch MJ. Improved synthesis of [18F]4-fluorophenacyl bromide: the use of polymer supported perbromide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 981-983 (1993).

Dence CS, Napolitano E, Katzenellenbogen JA, Welch MJ. Carbon-11-labeled estrogens as potential imaging agents for breast tumors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 491-496 (1996).

Dence CS, John CS, Bowen WD, Welch MJ. Synthesis and evaluation of [18F]labeled benzamide: high affinity sigma receptor ligands for PET imaging. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 333-340 (1997).

Denutte HR, Vandewalle T, Cattoir HJ, et al. The preparation of 11C-labeled caffeine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 19, 735-743 (1982).

Denutte H, Goethals P, Cattoir H, et al. The production in high yield of N-(4- [11C]methyl)-imipramine. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 1185-1187 (1983).

Diksic M, Farrokhzad S, Yamamoto L, Feindel W. Synthesis of "no-carrier-added" 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea (BCNU). J. Nucl. Med. 23, 895-898 (1982).

Diksic M. A new, simple, high-yield synthesis of no-carrier-added 11C-labelled DMO. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 1035-1037 (1984).

Diksic M, Yamamoto YL, Feindel W. Synthesis of 11C-choline: J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 21, 815-820 (1984).

Diksic M, Diraddo P. A convenient, high-yield synthesis of [18F]4-fluoroanti-pyrine using [18F]acetylhypofluorite. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 643-645 (1985).

Diksic M, Farrokhzad S, Yamamoto L, Feindel W. Synthesis of “no-carrier-added” 11C-labelled nitrosoureas. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 89, 45-54 (1985).

Diksic M, Farrokhzad S. New synthesis of fluorine-18-labeled 6-fluoro-L-dopa by cleaving the carbon-silicon bond with fluorine. J. Nucl. Med. 26, 1314-1318 (1985).

Diksic M, Jolly D. Remotely operated synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1159-1161 (1986).

Diksic M, Jolly D. Synthesis of no-carrier added 11C-labelled [methyl]choline analogs. J. Label Compds. Radiopharm. 23, 987-993 (1986).

Denis A, Crouzel C. Synthesis and labelling with 18F of an MK 801 analogue: [18F]5-(β-fluoroethyl)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzocycloheptene-5,10-imine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 1007-1013 (1989).

Ding YS, Shiue CY, Fowler JS, et al. No-carrier-added (nca) aryl [18F]fluorides via the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of electron-rich aromatic rings. J. Fluorine Chem. 48, 189-205 (1990).

Ding YS, Fowler JS, Gatley SJ, Dewey SL, Wolf AP. Synthesis of high specific activity (+)- and (-)-6-[18F]fluoronorepinephrine via the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. J. Med. Chem. 34, 767-771 (1991).

Ding YS, Fowler JS, Gatley SJ, Dewey SL, Wolf AP. Synthesis of high specific activity 6-[18F]fluorodopamine for positron emission tomography studies of sympathetic nervous

References

138

tissue. J. Med. Chem. 34, 863-864 (1991). Ding YS, Fowler JS, Wolf AP. Rapid, regiospecific syntheses of deuterium substituted

6-[18F]fluorodopamine (α,α-D2;β,β-D2 and α,α,β,β-D4) for mechanistic studies with positron emission tomography. J. Label Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 645-654 (1993).

Ding YS, Fowler JS, Dewey SL, et al. Synthesis and PET studies of fluorine-18-BMY 14802: a potential antipsychotic drug J. Nucl. Med. 34, 246-254 (1993).

Ding YS, Sugano Y, Fowler JS, Salata C. Synthesis of the racemate and individual enantiomers of [11C]methylphenidate for studying presynaptic dopaminergic neuron with positron emission tomography. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 989-997 (1994).

Ding YS, Sugano Y, Koomen J, Aggarwal D. Synthesis of [18F]RO41-0960, a potent catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, for PET studies. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 303-318 (1997).

Ding YS, Liang F, Fowler JS, et al. Synthesis of [18F]norchlorofluoro-epibatidine and its N-methyl derivative: new PET ligands for mapping nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 827-832 (1997).

Ding YS, Liu N, Wang T, Marecek J, Garza V, Ojima I, Fowler JS. Synthesis and evaluation of 6-[18F]fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine as a PET tracer for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 381-389 (2000).

Dischino DD, Dulac HA, Gillman KW, Keller LS, Kozlowski ES, Marcin LR, Mongillo JJ, Starrett JE. Microwave-assisted synthesis and chiral HPLC separation of 18F-labeled MaxiPostTM. An agent for post-stroke neuroprotection., J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1161-1171 (2003).

Dolbier W, Li AR, Koch CJ, Shiue CY, Kachur AV. [18F]-EF5, a marker for PET detection of hypoxia: synthesis of precursor and a new fluorination procedure. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 54, 73-80 (2001).

Dolci L, Dolle F, Jubeau S, et al. 2-[18F]Fluoropyridines by no-carrier-added nucleophilic aromatic substitution with [18F]FK-K222 - A comparative study. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 975-985 (1999).

Dolci L, Dolle F, Valette H. Synthesis of a fluorine-18 labeled derivative of epibatidine for in vivo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor PET imaging. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 7, 467-479 (1999).

Dolle F, Dolci L, Valette H, et al. Synthesis and 11C-labelling of two selective high affinity nicotinic cholinergic agonists for evaluation as radioligands for PET studies. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 1099-1112 (1996).

Dolle F, Hinnen F, Vaufrey F, et al. A general method for labeling oligodeoxynucleotides with 18F for in vivo PET imaging. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 319-330 (1997).

Dolle F, Demphel S, Hinnen F. 6-[18F]Fluoro-L-DOPA by radiofluorodestannylation: a short and simple synthesis of a new labelling precursor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 105-114, (1998).

Dolle F, Valette H, Bottlaender M. Synthesis of 2-[18F]fluoro-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]- pyridine, a highly potent radioligand for in vivo imaging central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 451-463 (1998).

Dolle F, Valette H, Hinnen F, et al. Synthesis and characterization of a 11C-labelled derivative of S12968: an attempt to image in vivo brain calcium channels. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 339-342 (1998).

Dolle F, Hinnen F, Valette H, et al. Synthesis of two optically active calcium channel antagonists labelled with carbon-11 for in vivo cardiac PET imaging. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 5, 749-764, (1999).

Dolle F, Dolci L, Valette H, et al. Synthesis and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in vivo binding properties of 2-fluoro-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine: a new positron emission tomography ligand for nicotinic receptors. J. Med. Chem. 42, 2251-2259 (1999).

Dolle F, Bottlaender M, Demphel S, Emond P, Fuseau C, Coulon C, Ottaviani M, et al. Highly efficient synthesis of [11C]PE21, a selective radioligand for the quantification of the dopamine transporter using PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 997-1004 (2000).

Dolle F, Hinnen F, Vaufrey F, Demphel S, Bramoulle Y, Fournier D, Ponchant M, Valette H, Crouzel C. Highly efficient synthesis of [11C]Me-QNB, a selective radioligand for the quantification of the cardiac muscarinic receptors using PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 337-345 (2001).

Dolle F, Valette H, Hinnen F, Vaufrey F, Demphel S, Coulon C, Ottaviani M, Bottlaender M,

References

139

Crouzel C. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a carbon-11-labelled agonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 785-795 (2001).

Dolle F, Bramoulle Y, Hinnen F, Fowler JS. Efficient synthesis and formulation of (R)(-)-[11C]deprenyl, a selective radioligand for the quantification of MAO-B activity using PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 803-811 (2002).

Dolle F, Bramoulle Y, Hinnen F, Demphel S, George P, Bottlaender M. Efficient synthesis of [11C]befloxatone, a selective radioligand for the in vivo imaging of MAO-A density using PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 783-792 (2003).

Downer JB, McCarthy TJ, Barry W, et al. Reactivity of p-[18F]fluorophenacyl bromide for radiolabeling of proteins and peptides. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 907-916 (1997).

Doze P, Elsinga PH, Maas B, Van Waarde A, Wegman T, Vaalburg W. Synthesis and evaluation of radiolabeled antagonists for imaging of β-adrenoceptors in the brain with PET. Neurochem. Int. 40, 145-155 (2002).

Duelfer T, Johnström P, Stone-Elander S, et al. The labelling of 2-oxoquazepam with electrophilic 18F. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 1223-1239 (1991).

Dumont F, Sultana A, Balter A, Waterhouse R N. Synthesis of [18F]3-[1-(3-fluoropropyl)- (S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy]pyridine ([18F]NicFP): a potential α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor radioligand for PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1261-1268 (2003).

Dumont F, Waterhouse RN, Montoya JA, Mattner F, Katsifis A, Kegeles LS, Laruelle M. Synthesisand in vivo evaluation of [11C]zolpidem, an imidazopyridine with agonist properties at central benzodiazepine receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 435-439 (2003).

Dunzendorfer U, Schmall B, Bigler RE, et al. Synthesis and body distribution of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-L-11C in normal and prostate cancer-bearing rat after chemotherapy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 6, 535-538 (1981).

-E-

Eakins MN, Palmer AJ, Waters SL. Studies in the rat with 18F-4-fluoro-oestradiol and

18F-fluoro-oestrone as potential prostate scanning agents: comparison with 125I-2-iodo-oestradiol and 125I-2,4-di-iodo-oestradiol. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 695-700 (1979).

Efange SMN, Mach RH, Khare A, et al. p-[18F]Fluorobenzyltrozamicol ([18F]FBT): Molecular decomposition-reconstitution approach to vesamicol receptor radioligands for positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 465-472 (1994).

Efange SMN, Nader MA, Ehrenkaufer RLE, et al. (+)-p-([18F]Fluoro- benzyl)-spirotrozamicol {(+)-[18F]spiro-FBT}: synthesis and biological evaluation of a high-affinity ligand for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Nucl. Med. Biol., 26, 189-192 (1999).

Ehrenkaufer RE, MacGregor RR. Synthesis of [18F]perchloryl fluoride and its reactions with functionalized aryl lithiums. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 613-615 (1983).

Ehrenkaufer RE, Potocki JF, Jewett DM. Simple synthesis of F-18-labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 333-337 (1984).

Ehrin E, Westman E, Nilsson SO, Nilsson JLG. A convenient method for production of 11C-labelled glucose. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 17, 453-460 (1980).

Ehrin E, Farde L, de Paulis T, et al. Preparation of 11C-labelled raclopride, a new potent dopamine receptor antagonist: preliminary PET studies of cerebral dopamine receptors in monkey. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 269-273 (1985).

Ehrin E, Gawell L, Högberg T, de Paulis T, Ström P. Synthesis of [methoxy-3H]- and [methoxy-11C]-labelled raclopride. specific dopamine-D2 receptor ligands. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 24, 931-940 (1987).

Ehrin E, Luthra SK, Crouzel C, Pike VW. Preparation of carbon-11 labelled prazosin, a potent and selective α1-adrenoreceptor antagonist. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 177-183 (1988).

Ekaeva I, Barre L, Lasne MC, Gourand F. 2-and 4-[18F]Fluorophenols from Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of [18F]fluorophenylketones and [18F]fluorobenzaldehydes. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 777-782 (1995).

Elder ST, Mach RH, Nowak PA, Moroney DA, Rao AV, Ehrenkaufer RLE. Esters of 6-(4'-fluorobenzylamino)-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid as potential benzodiazepine imaging agents for P.E.T. J. Label Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 205-211 (1995).

References

140

Elmaleh DR, Kizuka H, Hanson RN, et al. Structure-localization relationships of 11C-labeled phentermine derivatives: Effect of aromatic substitution. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 821-829 (1993).

Elmaleh D. R., S. Padmanabhan, M. A. Hassan, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-[11C]methyl-4-aryl-piperazinium salts as myocardial imaging agents. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20 427-433 (1993).

Elsinga PH, Van Waarde A, Visser GM, Vaalburg W. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of (R,S)-1-[2-((carbamoyl-4-hydroxy)phenoxy)-ethylamino]-3-[4[(1-[11C]methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2-imidazoyl)phenoxyl]-2-propanol ([11C]CGP 20712A) as a selective β1- adrenoceptor ligand for PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 211-217 (1994).

Elsinga PH, Keller E, de Groot TJ, Visser GM, Vaalburg W. Synthesis of [11C]methyl magnesium iodide and its application to the introduction of [11C]-N-tert-butyl groups and [11C]-sec-alcohols. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 227-231 (1995).

Elsinga PH, Fluks E, Ffranssen EJ, et al. Synthesis of [11C]methyl ketones via [11C]methylation of dithiane intermediates. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 57-59 (1996).

Elsinga PH, Vos MG, van Waarde A, et al. (S,S)- and (S,R)-1'-[18F]Fluorocarazolol, ligands for the visualization of pulmonary β-adrenergic receptors with PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 159-167 (1996).

Elsinga PH, Franssen JF, Hendrikse NH, Fluks L, Weemaes AMA, van der Graaf WTA, de Vries EGE, Visser GM, Vaalburg W. Carbon-11-labeled daunorubicin and verapamil for probing P-glycoprotein in tumors with PET. J. Nucl. Med. 37, 1571-1575 (1996).

Elsinga PH, van Waarde A, Jaeggi KA, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of (S)-4-(3- (2'-[11C]isopropylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2H-benzimidazol-2-one ((S)-[11C]-CGP 12388) and (S)-4-(3-((-1'-[18F]fluoroisopropyl)amino)-2-hydroxypoxy)-2H-benzimidazol-2-one ((S)- [18F]fluoro-CGP 12388) for visualization of β-adrenoreceptors with postron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 40, 3829-3835 (1997).

Emran AM, Boothe TE, Finn RD, et al. Preparation of 11C-urea from no-carrier-added 11C-cyanide. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 1013-1014 (1983).

Emran AM, Boothe TE, Finn RD, et al. Opimized production of high specific activity [11C]urea. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 739-740 (1985).

Emran AM, Boothe TE, Finn RD, et al. Use of 11C as a tracer for studying the synthesis of radiolabelled compounds-II: 2-11C-5 5-diphenylhydantoin from [11C]cyanide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1033-1038 (1986).

Eriks-Fluks E, Elsinga PH, Hendrikse NH, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of [4-methoxy- 11C]daunorubicin for functional imaging of P-glycoprotein with PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 811-813 (1998).

Eriksson J, Antoni G, Långström B. Synthesis of [1-11C]ethyl iodide from [11C]carbon monoxide and its application in alkylation reactions. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 723-731 (2004).

Ermert J, Hamacher K, Coenen HH. N.C.A. 18F-Labelled norephedrine derivatives via a-aminopropiophenones. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1345-1363 (2000).

Ermert J, Hocke C, Ludwig T, Gail R, Coenen HH. Comparison of pathways to the versatile synthon of no-carrier-added 1-bromo-4-[18F]fluorobenzene. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 429-441 (2004).

Eskola O, Bergman J, Lehikoinen P, Haaparanta M, Groenroos T, Forsback S, Solin O. Synthesis of 3-[[4-(4-[18F]fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl]-1H- pyrrolo[2,3-b]- pyridine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 687-696 (2002).

-F-

Fang P, Shiue GG, Shimazu T, Greenberg JH, Shiue CY. Synthesis and evaluation of

N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-5-[18F]fluorophenylthio)benzylamine (5-[18F]-ADAM) as a serotonin transporter imaging agent. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 61, 1247-1254 (2004).

Fares Y, DeMichele DW, Goeschl JD, Baltuskonis DA. Continuously produced high specific activity 11C for studies of photosynthesis transport and metabolism. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 29, 431-441 (1978).

Farrokhzad S, Diksic M. The synthesis of no-carrier-added and carrier-added 18F-labelled haloperidol. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 721-733 (1985).

References

141

Fasth KJ, Antoni G, Langström B. Synthesis of some α-11C-labelled substituted benzyl iodides. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 611-613 (1990).

Fasth KJ, Hoernfeldt K, Langström B. Asymmetric synthesis of 11C-labelled L- and D-amino acids by alkylation of imidazolidinoe derivatives. Acta Chem. Scand. 49, 301-304 (1995).

Fei X, Zheng QH, Hutchins GD, Liu X, Stone KL, Carlson KA, Mock BH, et al. Synthesis of MMPI inhibitor radtitracers [11C]methyl-CGS 27023A and its analogs, new potential PET breast cancer imaging agents. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 449-470 (2002).

Fei X, Zheng QH, Liu X, Wang JQ, Stone KL, Miller KD, Sledge GW. Synthesis of MMP inhibitor radiotracer [11C]CGS 25966, a new potential PET tumor imaging agent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 341-351 (2003).

Feliu AL, Rottenberg DA. Synthesis and evaluation of fluorine-18 21-fluoroprednisone as a potential ligand for neuro-PET studies. J. Nucl. Med. 28, 998-1005 (1986).

Feliu AL. Synthetic studies with [18F]p-fluorobenzenediazonium chloride. Application to the synthesis of a radiolabelled glucocorticoid: [18F]WIN 44577. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 1245-1254 (1988).

Feliu AL. Designing flexible, "chemist-friendly" software to control a radiochemistry autosynthesizer. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 531-535 (1989).

Feliu AL. Studies to label alfentanil with carbon-11. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1159-1165 (1992). Finch JR, Banks WR, Hwang DR, et al. Synthesis and in vivo disposition studies of

18F-labeled HFA-134a. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 241-248 (1995). Finn RD, Christman DR, Ache HJ, Wolf AP. The preparation of cyanide-11C for use in the

synthesis of organic radiopharmaceuticals II. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 22, 735-744 (1971).

Finn RD, Boothe TE, Vora MM. Syntheses with isotopically labelled carbon. Methyl iodide formaldehyde and cyanide. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 323-335 (1984).

Fiore GD, Peters JM, Quaglia L, Boudjelida F, Pardon MC, Piette JL, Cantineau R, De Landsheere C, Rigo P. Automated preparation of carbon-11 ethanol and carbon-11 butanol for human studies using positron emission tomography. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 104, 301-316 (1986).

Firnau G, Nahmias C, Garnett S. Synthesis of 3,4-dihydroxy-5-fluoro-DL- phenylalamine and 3,4-dihydrpxy-5-[18F]fluoro-DL-phenylalaine. J. Med. Chem. 16, 416-418 (1973).

Firnau G, Chirakal R, Garnett ES. Aromatic radiofluorination with [18F]fluorine gas: 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 1228-1233 (1984).

Firnau G, Garnett ES, Chirakal R, et al. [18F]Fluoro-L-dopa for the in vivo study of intracerebral dopamine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 669-675 (1986).

Fissekis JD, Nielsen CM, Tirelli S, et al. A remote control process for the routine synthesis of branched chain [1-11C]α-amino acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1169-1176 (1991).

Foged C, Halldin C, Swahn CG, et al. [11C]NNC 22-0215, a metabolically stable dopamine D1 radioligand for PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 503-508 (1998).

Forngren T, Andersson Y, Lamm B, Långström B. Synthesis of [4-18F]-1-bromo-4- fluorobenzene and its use in palladium-promoted cross-coupling reactions with organostannanes. Acta Chem. Scand. 52, 475-479 (1998).

Forngren T, Samuelsson L, Långström B. A 11C-methyl stannane (5-[11C]methyl-1-aza-5- stanna-bicyclo[3,3,3]undecane) for use in palladium-mediated [11C]C-C bond forming reaction with organohalides. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 71-78 (2004).

Fowler JS, Finn RD, Lambrecht RM, Wolf AP. The synthesis of 18F-5-fluorouracil. VII. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 63-64 (1973).

Fowler JS, MacGregor RR, Ansari AN, Atkins HL, Wolf AP. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation in animals of carrier-free 11C-1-dopamine hydrochloride: X. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 867-869 (1973).

Fowler JS, MacGregor RR, Ansari AN, Atkins HL, Wolf AP. Radiopharmaceuticals. XII. A new rapid synthesis of carbon-11 labeled norepinephrine hydrochloride. J. Medic. Chem. 17, 246-248 (1974).

Fowler. SJ, Wolf AP, Christman DR, et al. Carrier-free 11C-labeled catecholamines. Radiopharmaceuticals (Edited by G. Subramanian, B. A. Rhodes, J. F. Cooper and V. J. Sodd) Society of Nuclear Medicine Inc., New York, 196-204 (1975).

Fowler JS, Gallagher BM, MacGregor RR, et al. Radiopharmaceuticals. XIX. 11C-Labeled octylamine, a potential diagnostic agent for lung structure and function. J. Nucl. Med. 17,

References

142

752-754 (1976). Fowler JS, Gallagher BM, MacGregor RR, Wolf AP. Carbon-11 labeled aliphatic amines in

lung uptake and metabolism studies: Potential for dynamic measurements in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 198, 133-145 (1976).

Fowler JS, MacGregor RR, Wolf AP, et al. A shielded synthesis system for production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 376-380 (1981).

Fowler JS, Arnett CD, Wolf AP, MacGregor RR, Norton EF, Findley AM. [11C]spiroperidol: synthesis specific activity determination and biodistribution in mice. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 437-445 (1982).

Fowler JS, Wolf AP. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose for metabolic studies: current status. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 663-668 (1986).

Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wolf AP, et al. Mapping cocaine binding sites in human and baboon brain in vivo. Synapse 4, 371-377 (1989).

Fredriksson A, Johnström P, Stone-Elander S, Jonasson P, Nygren PA, Ekberg K, Johansson BL, Wahren J. Labeling of human C-peptide by conjugation with N-succinimidyl- 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 509-519 (2001).

Friedland RP, Mathis CA, Budinger TF, Moyer BR, Rosen M. Labeled choline and phosphorylcholine: body distribution and brain autoradiography: concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 812-815 (1983).

Fuechtner F, Steinbach J, Mäding P, Johannsen B. Basic hydrolysis of 2-[18F]fluoro-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucose in the preparation of 2-[18F]fluoro- 2-deoxy-D-gluxcose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 61-66 (1996).

Fujii R, Imahori Y, Ido T, et al. New synthesis system of (C-11)propyl ketene and its reactions with various alchohols. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 497-505 (1991).

Fujio.M, Nagata S, Kawamura K, Sugiyama N, Tanaka H, Uno K, Ishiwata K. Synthesis and evaluation of 11C-labeled (S)-N-{[1-(2-phenylethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]-methyl}-3-methylthiobenzamide as a PET 5-HT1A receptor lignad. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 657-663 (2002).

Furumoto S, Iwata R, Ido T. Synthesis of 1-O-(8-[18F]fluorooctanoyl)-2-O-palmitoyl- rac-glycerol for imaging intracellular signal transduction. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1159-1172 (2000).

Furumoto S, Iwata R, Ido T. Design and synthesis of fluorine-18 labeled matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors for cancer imaging. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 975-986 (2002).

-G-

Gail R, Coenen HH, Hamacher K, Stöcklin G. 11C-Labelling of the analgestic tramadol and its

major metabolites by selective O- and N-methylation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1129-1137 (1992).

Gail R, Coenen HH. A one step preparation of the n.c.a. fluorine-18 labelled synthons: 4-fluorobromobenzene and 4-fluroroiodobenzene. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 105-111 (1994).

Garg PK, Garg S, Zalutsky M. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of para- and meta-[18F]fluorobenzylguanidine. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 97-103 (1994).

Garg PK, Labaree DC, Hoyte RM, Hochberg RB. [7α-18F]Fluoro-17α-methyl- 5α-dihydrotestosterone: a ligand for androgen receptor-mediated imaging of prostate cancer. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 85-90 (2001).

Gatley SJ, Hichwa RD, Shaughnessy WJ, et al. F-18-labeled lower fluoroalkanes: reactor- produced gaseous physiological tracers. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 32, 211-214 (1981).

Gatley SG. Silver oxide assisted synthesis of fluoroalkanes; measurements with a fluoride electrode and with fluorine-18. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 255-258 (1982).

Gatley SJ. Rapid production and trapping of [18F]fluorotrimethylsilane, and its use in nucleophilic fluorine-18 labeling without an aqueous evaporation step. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 541-544 (1989).

Gatley SJ, Franceschin R, Ferrieri R, et al. An Improved synthesis of the inert diffusible blood-flow tracer, [18F]fluoromethane. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1049-1053 (1991).

Gatley SJ, Yu DW, Fowler JS, MacGregor RR, Schlyer DJ, Dewey SL, Wolf AP, et al. Studies with differentially labeled [11C]cocaine, [11C]norcocaine, [11C]benzoylecgonine, and [11C]- and 4'-[18F]fluorococaine, to probe the extent to which [11C]cocaine metabolites contribute

References

143

to PET images of the baboon brain. J. Neurochem. 62, 1154-1162 (1994). Gee A, Langström B. The synthesis of 5-[1-11C]ethyl barbiturates from labelled malonic esters.

Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1195-1198 (1991). Gee AD, Smith DF, Gjedde A. The synthesis of [O-methyl-11C]venlafaxine: a non-classical,

fast-acting antidepressant. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 89-95 (1997). Gee AD, Moldt P, Gjedde A. The labelling of a novel tropane derivative [11C]NS 2214

(BMS-204756)-an inhibitor of the dopamine transporter. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 959-972 (1997).

Gelbard AS, Clarke LP, Laughlin JS. Enzymatic synthesis and use of 13N-labeled L-asparagine for myocardial imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 15, 1223-1225 (1974).

Gelbard AS, Clarke LP, McDonald JM, et al. Enzymatic synthesis and organ distribution studies with 13N-labeled L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid. Radiology 116, 127-132 (1975).

Gelbard S, Cooper AJL, Asano Y, et al. Methods for the enzymatic synthesis of tyrosine and phenylalanine labeled with nitrogen-13. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 229-233 (1990).

Gilissen C, Bormans G, de Groot T, et al. Synthesis of [18F]FA-4 and [11C]pipzA-4 as radioligands for the high affinity choline uptake system. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 1289-1300 (1999).

Gillings NM, Gee AD, Inoue O, et al. The synthesis of (R)- and (S)-[N-methyl-11C]β,β- difluoromethamphetamine for the investigation of the binding mechanism of biogenic amines in vivo. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 707-714 (1999).

Gillings NM, Gee AD. Synthesis of [4-11C]amino acids via ring-opening of aziridine-2- carboxylates. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 909-920 (2001).

Ginos JZ, Tilbury RS, Haber MT, Rottenberg DA. Synthesis of [2-11C]5,5-dimethyl-2,4- oxazolidinedione for studies with positron tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 255-258 (1982).

Ginos JZ, French R, Reamer R. The synthesis of high radiochemical purity of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-D-deoxy-glucose without the use of preparative HPLC. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 24, 805-815 (1987).

Goethals P, Sambre J, Coenen M, et al. A remotely controlled production system for routine preparation of [methyl-11C]thymidine Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 952-954 (1992).

Goethals P, Volders F, Van der Eycken J, et al. Synthesis of 6-methyl[11C]-2'-deoxyuridine and evaluation of its in vivo distribution in Wistar rats. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 713-718 (1997).

Goethals P, Volkaert A. Preparation of N'4-[11C]methyl-ciprofloxacin for postron emission tomography studies. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 213-216 (2002).

Goodman MM, Kilts CD, Keil R, et al. 18F-labeled FECNT: a selective radioligand for PET imaging of brain dopamine transporters. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 1-12 (2000).

Goulding RW, Palmer AJ. Aspects of the preparation of carbon-11 labelled glucose. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 24, 7-12 (1973).

Grierson JR, Link JM, Mathis CA, et al. A radiosynthesis of fluorine-18 fluoromisonidazole. J. Nucl. Med. 30, 343-350 (1989).

Grierson JR, Biskupiak JE, Link JM, Krohn KA. Radiosynthesis of 6-[C-11]-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 1449-1458 (1993).

Grierson JR, Shields AF, Zheng M, Kozawa SM, Couter JH. Radiosyntheses of labeled β-pseudothymidine ([C-11]- and [H-3]methyl) and its biodistribution and metabolism in normal and tumored mice. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 671-678 (1995).

Grierson JR, Shields AF. Radiosynthesis of 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine: [18F]FLT for imaging of cellular proliferation in vivo. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 143-156 (2000).

Grierson J, Yagle KJ, Eary JF, tait JF, Gibson DF, Lewellen BL, Link JM, Krohn KA. Production of [F-18]fluoroannexin for imaging apoptosis with PET. Bioconjugate Chem. 15, 373-379 (2004).

Gueguen P, Morgat JL, Maziere M, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of 11C-labelled S-adenosylmethionine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 19, 157-169 (1982).

Guhlke S, Coenen HH, Stöcklin G. Fluoroacylation agents based on small n.c.a. [18F]fluorocarboxylic acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 715-727 (1994).

Guhlke S, Wester HJ, Bruns C, Stöcklin G. (2-[18F]Fluoropropionyl-(D)phe1)- octreotide, a potential radiopharmaceutical for quantitative somatostatin receptor imaging with PET: Synthesis, radiolabeling, in vitro validation and biodistribution in mice. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 819-825 (1994).

Guillouet S, Barre L, Gourand F, et al. Synthesis of [11C]-S21007 a novel 5HT3 partial agonist

References

144

as a potential tracer for PET studies. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 367-371 (1996). Gullberg P, Watanabe Y, Svaerd H, et al. Synthesis of [11C]methyl esters of prostaglandins D2

and E2. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 647-649 (1987). Gunawan J, Zijlstra S, Notohamiprodjo G. Routine production of 14(R,S)-[18F]fluoro-6-

thia-heptadecanoic acid by a microcpmputer controlled module. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 45-49 (1996).

Gustavsson SA, Kato K, Langström B. Purification of[11C]nitromethane for use in asymmetric nitroaldol reactions. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1279-1285 (2003).

-H-

Haeckel R, Weber K, Germann C, et al. Synthesis of 18F labelled nucleoside analogues. J.

Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 1061-1070 (1996). Haka MS, Kilbourn MR, Watkins GE, Toorongian SA. Aryltrimethylammonium

trifluoromethanesulfonates as precursors to aryl [18F]fluoride: Improved synthesis of [18F]GBR-13119. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 823-833 (1989).

Haka MS, Kilbourn MR. Synthesis of [18F]GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 793-799 (1990).

Halldin C. Langström B. Synthesis of racemic [3-11C]phenylalanine and [3-11C]DOPA. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 779-782 (1984).

Halldin C, Langström B. Synthesis of racemic [2-11C]phenylglycine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 631-640 (1985).

Halldin C, Stone-Elander S, Farde L, Ehrin E, Fasth KJ, Långström B, Sedvall G. Preparation of 11C-labelled SCH 23390 for the in vivo study of dopamine D-1 receptors using positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1039-1043 (1986).

Halldin C, Långström B. Synthesis of [3-11C]phenylpyruvic acid and its use in an enzymatic transamination to [3-11C]phenylalanine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 23, 715-722 (1986).

Halldin C, Schoeps KO, Stone-Elander S, Wiesel FA. The Bucherer-Strecker synthesis of D- and L-(1-11C)tyrosine and the in vivo study of L-(1-11C)tyrosine in human brain using positron emission tomography. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 13, 288-291 (1987).

Halldin C, Stone-Elander S, Thorell JO, Persson A, Sedvall G. 11C-labelling of RO 15-1788 in two different positions, and also 11C-labelling of its main metabolite Ro 15-3890, for PET studies of benzodiazepine receptors. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 993-997 (1988).

Halldin C, Bjurling P, Stalnacke CG, et al. 11C-Labeling of dimethylphenethyl-amine in two different positions and biodistribution studies. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 557-560 (1989).

Halldin C, Farde L, Högberg T, Hall H, Sedvall G. Carbon-11 labelling of eticlopride in two different positions-a selective high affinity ligand for the study of dopamine D-2 receptors using PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 669-674 (1990).

Halldin C, Farde L, Barnett A, Sedvall G. Synthesis of carbon-11 labelled SCH 39166, a new selective dopamine D-1 receptor ligand, and preliminary PET investigations. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 451-455 (1991).

Halldin C, Nårgen K, Swahn CG, Långström B, Nybäck H. (S)- and (R)-[11C]nicotine and the metabolite (R/S)-[11C]cotinine. Preparation, metabolite studies and in vivo distribution in the human brain using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 871-880 (1992).

Halldin C, Hoegberg T, Farde L. Fluorine-18-labelled NCQ 115, a selective dopamine D-2 receptor ligand, preparation and positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 627-631 (1994).

Halldin C, Frade L, Hëgberg T, et al. Carbon-11-FLB 457: a radioligand for extrastriatal D2 dopamine receptors. J. Nucl. Med. 36, 1275-1281 (1995).

Hamacher K, Coenen HH, Stöcklin G. Efficient stereospecific synthesis of no-carrier-added 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using aminopolymer supported nucleophilic substitution. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 235-238 (1986).

Hamacher K, Hanus J. Synthesis of 1-[11C]-D,L-homocysteine thiolactone: a potential tracer for myocardial ischemia using PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 1275-1283 (1989).

Hamacher K, Blessing G, Nebeling B. Computer-aided synthesis (CAS) of no-carrier-added 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: an efficient automated system for the aminopolyether- supported nucleophilic fluorination. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 49-55 (1990).

References

145

Hamacher K, Hamkens W. Remote controlled one-step production of 18F-labeled butyrophenone neuroleptics exemplified by the synthesis of n.c.a. [18F]N-methylspiperone. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 911-916 (1995).

Hamacher K. Synthesis of N.C.A. cis- and trans-4-[18F]fluoro-L-proline, radiotracers for PET-investigation of disordered matrix protein synthesis. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 1135-1144 (1999).

Hamacher K, Coenen HH. Efficient routine production of the 18F-labelled amino acid O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrpsine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 853-856 (2002)

Hammadi A, Crouzel C. Asymmetric synthesis of (2S)- and (2R)-4-(3-t-butylamino-2- hydroxypropoxy)-benzimidazol-2-[11C]-one ((S)- and (R)-[11C]-CGP 12177) from optically active precursors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 681-690 (1991).

Hammadi A. Crouzel C. Synthesis of [18F]-(S)-fluoxetine: a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 703-710 (1993).

Hara T, Iio M, Izuchi R, Tsukiyama T, Yokoi F. Synthesis of pyruvate-1-11C as a radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 11, 275-278 (1985).

Hara T, Yuasa M. Automated synthesis of [11C]choline, a positron-emitting tracer for tumor imaging. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 531-533 (1999).

Hara T, Kosaka N, Kishi H. Development of 18F-fluoroethylcholine for cancer imaging with PET: synthesis, biochemistry, and prostate cancer imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 43, 187-199 (2002).

Harada N, Nishiyama S, Sato K, et al. Development of an automated synthesis apparatus for L-[3-11C] labeled aromatic amino acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 845-850 (2000).

Haradahira T, Maeda M, Kojima M. Alternative synthesis of no-carrier-added 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose using [18F]fluoride ion. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 497-507 (1988).

Haradahira T, Maeda M, Kai Y, Kojima M. A new synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro- D-galactose using [18F]fluoride ion. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 721-729 (1988).

Haradahira T, Kato A, Maeda M, Torii Y, Ichiya Y, Masuda K. Synthesis and biodistribution of a fluorine-18 labeled analogue of D-talose: 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-talose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 627-632 (1992).

Haradahira T, Tanaka A, Maeda M, et al. Radiosynthesis, rodent biodistribution, and metabolism of 1-deoxy-1-[18F]fluoro-D-fructose. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 719-725 (1995).

Haradahira T, Hasegawa Y, Furuta K, et al. Synthesis of a F-18 labeled analog of antitumor prostaglandin D7-PGA1 methyl ester using p-[18F]fluorobenzylamine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1551-1556 (1998).

Haradahira T, Inoue O, Kobayashi K, Suzuki K Synthesis and evaluation of 11C-labeled nonpeptide antagonists for cholecytokinin receptors: [11C]L-365,260 and [11C]L-365,346. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 203-208 (1998).

Haradahira T, Sasaki S, Maeda M, Suzuki K, et al. Synthesis and brain distribution of carbon-11 labeled analogs of antagonists for NMDA receptor coupled PCP-binding site. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 843-858 (1998).

Haradahira T, Suzuki K. An improved synthesis of [11C]L-703,717 as a radioligand for the glycine site of the NMDA receptor. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 245-247 (1999).

Haradahira T, Maeda J, Okauchi T, Zhang MR, Hojo J, Kida T, Arai T, Yamamoto F, Sasaki S, Maeda M, Suzuki K, Suhara T. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of a C-11 labeled analog of CP-101,606, (+/-)threo-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[4-hydroxy-4- (p-[11C]- methoxy-phenyl)piperidino]-1-propanol, as a PET tracer for NR2B subunit- containing NMDA receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 517-525 (2002).

Hartvig P, Valtysson J, Antoni G, et al. Brain kinetics of (R)- and (S)-[N-methyl- 11C]ketamine in the rhesus monkey studied by positron emission tomography (PET). Nucl. Med. Biol. 21 927-934 (1994).

Hartvig P, Lindquist NG, Aquilonius SM, et al. Distribution of 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in experimental animals studied by positron emission tomography and whole body autoradiography. Life Sci. 38, 89-97 (1986).

Hashimoto K, Hatano K, Minabe Y, et al. Radiosynthesis of [18F]N-(4-phenylbutyl)-4- (4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidine for studying serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 941-949 (1998).

Hashizume K, Tamakawa H, Hashimoto N, Miyake Y. Single-step synthesis of

References

146

[18F]haloperidol from the chloro-precursor and its applications in PET imaging of a cat's brain. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 1179-1185 (1997).

Hassan M, Thorell JO, Warne N, Stone-Elander S. 11C-Labeling of busulphan Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1055-1059 (1991).

Hatano K, Ishiwata K, Kawashima K, et al. D2-dopamine receptor specific brain uptake of carbon-11 labeled YM-09151-2. J. Nucl. Med. 30, 515-522 (1989).

Hatano K, Ido T, Ishiwata K, et al. Synthesis of ω-[18F]fluoroalkyl analogs of YM-09151-2 for the measurement of D2-dopamine receptors with PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 551-555 (1990).

Hatano K, Ido T, Iwata R. The synthesis of o- and p-[18F]fluorobenzyl bromides and their application to the preparation of labeled neuroleptics. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 373-380 (1991).

Hatano K, Ishiwata K, Yanagisawa T. Co-production of 2,6-[18F]difluoroDopa during electrophilic synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 101-103 (1996).

Hatano K, Ito K, Ido T. F-18 Labeling of ether-linked analogs of diacylglycerol. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 245-253 (1999).

Hayes RL, Washburn LC, Wieland BW, et al. Carboxyl-labeled 11C-1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid. A potent agent for cancer detection. J. Nucl. Med. 17, 748-751 (1976).

Hayes RL, Washburn LC, Wieland BW, et al. Synthesis and purification of 11C-carboxyl- labeled amino acids. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 29, 186-187 (1978).

He XS, Kiesewetter DO, Lee KS, et al. A comparison of the incorporation of 123I and 18F into 1-[1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]-4-(methanesulfonyloxy)-piperidine by nucleophilic displacement with 123I- and 18F-. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 573-581 (1993).

Hedberg E, Långström B. Synthesis of 4-([18F]fluoromethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate and its use in labelling oligonucleotides. Acta Chem. Scand. 51, 1236-1240 (1997).

Henriksen G, Herz M, Hauser A, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of the choline transport tracer deshydroxy-[18F]fluorocholine ([18F]dOC). Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 851-858 (2004).

Herman LW, Fischman AJ, Tompkins RG, et al. The use of pentafluorophenyl derivatives for the 18F labelling of proteins. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 1005-1010 (1994).

Hess E, Sichler S, Kluge A, Coenen HH. Synthesis of 2-[18F]fluoro-L-tyrosine via regiospecific fluoro-de-stannylation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 185-191 (2002).

Hirani E, Gillies J, Karasawa A, Shimada J, Kase H, Opacka-Juffry J, Osman S, Luthra SK, Hume SP, Brooks DJ. Evaluation of [4-O-methyl-11C]KW-6002 as a potential PET ligand for mapping central adenosine A2A receptors in rats. Synapse 42, 164-176 (2001).

Holschbach M, Hamkens W, Roden W, Feinendegen LE. Synthesis of carbon-11 labelled (R)-carnitine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 599-606 (1991).

Holschbach M, Roden W, Hamkens W. Synthesis of carbon-11 labelled calcium channel antagonists. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 431-441 (1991).

Holschbach M, Schuller M. A new and simple on-line method for the preparation of n.c.a. [11C]methyl iodide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 779-780 (1993).

Holschbach M, Schuller M. An on-line method for the preparation of n.c.a. [11CH3]trifluoromethanesulfonic acid methyl ester. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 897-898 (1993).

Holschbach M, Hamkens W, Steinbach A, Stöcklin G. [13N]Cisplatin: a fast and efficient on-line synthesis using a solid state support. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 739-744 (1997).

Holschbach MH, Olsson RA, Bier D, Wutz W, Sihver W, Schuller M, Palm B, Coenen HH. Synthesis and evaluation of no-carrier-added 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3- [18F]fluoropropyl)-1- propylxanthine ([18F]CPFPX): a potent and selective A1-adenosine receptor antagonist for in vivo imaging. J. Med. Chem. 45, 5150-5156 (2002).

Hörnfeldt K, Langström B. Synthesis of [11C]cyanoalkyltriphenylphosranes via [11C]cyanide substitution on haloalkylphosphonium salts. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 707-715 (1994).

Horti AG, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Wagner HN. Synthesis of N-[11C]methyl-L-DOPA. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 1029-1036 (1992).

Horti AG, Redmond E, Soufer R.:No-carrier-added (nca) synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA using 3,,5,6,7,8,8α-hexahydro-7,7,8α-trimethyl-[6S-(6α,8α,8αβ)]-6, 8-methano-2H-1,4- benzoxazin-2-one. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 409-424 (1995).

References

147

Horti AG, Ravert HT, London ED, Dannals RF. Synthesis of a radiotracer for studying nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: (±)-exo-2-(2-[18F]fluoro-5-pyridyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]- heptane. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 355-365 (1996).

Horti AG, Koren AO, Ravert HT. Synthesis of a radiotracer for studying nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: 2-[18F]fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (2-[18F]A-85380). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 309-318 (1998).

Horti A. G., U. Scheffel, A. O. Koren, et al. 2-[18F]Fluoro-A-85380, an in vivo tracer for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 599-603 (1998).

Hostetler ED, Jonson SD, Welch MJ, et al. Synthesis of 2-[18F]fluoroestradiol, a potential diagnostic imaging agent for breast cancer: Strategies to achieve nucleophilic substitution of an electron-rich aromatic ring with [18F]F-. J. Org. Chem. 64, 178-185 (1999).

Hoyte RM, Lin SS, Christman DR, et al. Organic radiopharmaceuticals labeled with short-lived nuclides III. 18F-labeled phenylalanines. J. Nucl. Med. 12, 280-286 (1971).

Huang Y, Mahmood K, Simpson NR, Mason NS. Stereoconservative synthesis of the enantiomerically pure precursors of [11C](+)-McN 5652 and [11C](-)-McN 5652. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 9-17 (1998).

Huang Y, Mahmood K, Mathis CA. An efficient synthesis of the precursors of [11C]MDL 100907 labeled in two specific positions. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 949-957 (1999).

Huang Y, Hwang DR, Zhu Z, Bae SA, Guo N, Sudo Y, Kegeles S, Laruelle M. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a new PET ligand for the serotonin transporter: [11C]5-bromo-2-[2-(dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)]-phenylamine ([11C]DAPA). Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 741-751 (2002).

Huang Y, Hwang DR, Bae SA, Sudo Y, Guo N, Zhu Z, Narendran R, Laruelle M. A new positron emission tomography imaging agent for the serotonin transpoter: synthesis, pharmacological characterization, and kinetic analysis of [11C]2-[2- (dimethylaminomethyl)phenylthio]-5-fluoromethylphenylamine ([11C]AFM). Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 543-556 (2004).

Huang Y, Narendran R, Bae SA, Erritzoe D, Guo N, Zhu Z, Hwang DR, Laruelle M. A PET imaging agent with fast kinetics: synthesis and in vivo evaluation of the serotonin transporter ligand [11C]2-[2-dimethylaminomethyl- phenylthio)]-5-fluorophenylamine ([11C]AFA). Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 727-738 (2004).

Hughes JA, Hartman NG, Jay M. Preparation of [11C]-thymidine and [11C]-2’-arabino- 2’-fluoro-β-5-methyl-uridine (FMAU). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 1133-1145 (1995).

Hughes JA, Jay M. Preparation of [11C]formaldehyde using a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Nucl. Med, Biol. 22, 105-109 (1995).

Hutchins LG, Bosch AL, Rosenthal MS, et al. Synthesis of [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose from highly reactive [18F]tetraethylammonium fluoride prepared by hydrolysis of [18F]fluorotrimethylsilane. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36 375-378 (1985).

Hwang DR, Jerabek PA, Kadmon D, et al. 2-[18F]Fluoroputrescine: preparation biodistribution and mechanism of defluorination. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 607-612 (1986).

Hwang DR, Feliu AL, Wolf AP, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of fluorinated derivatives of fentanyl as candidates for opiate receptor studies using positron emission tomography. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 23, 277-293 (1986).

Hwang DR, Lang L, Mathias CJ, et al. N-3-[18F]Fluoropropylputrescine as potential PET imaging agent for prostate and prostate derived tumors. J. Nucl. Med. 30, 1205-1210 (1989).

Hwang DR, Dence CS, Gong J, M. Welch J. A new procedure for labeling alkylbenzenes with [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1043-1047 (1991).

Hwang DR, Eckelman WC, Mathias CJ, et al. Positron-labeled angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor: fluorine-18-fluorocaptopril. Probing the ACE activity in vivo by positron emission tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 32 1730-1737 (1991).

Hwang DR, Dence CS, McKinnon ZA, Mathis CJ, Welch MJ. Positron labeled muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist: 2- and 4-[18F]fluorodexetimide. Synthesis and biodistribution. Nucl. Med. Biol. 18, 247-252 (1991).

Hwang DR, Simpson NR, Montoya J, et al. An improved one-pot procedure for the preparation

References

148

of [11C-carbonyl]-WAY100635. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 815-819 (1999). Hwang DR, Kegeles LS, Laruelle M. (-)-N-[11C]Propyl-norapomorphine: a positron-labeled

dopamine agonist for PET imaging of D2 receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 533-539 (2000).

-I- Ido T, Wan CN, Cassela V, Fowler JS, Wolf AP. Labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose analogs.

18F-Labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose and 14C-2-deoxy- 2-fluoro-D-glucose. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 14, 175-183 (1978).

Ikemoto M, Sasaki M, Haradahira T, et al. A new synthesis of [3-11C]pyruvic acid using alanine racemase. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1557-1562 (1998).

Ikemoto M, Sasaki M, Haradahira T, et al. Synthesis of L-[β-11C]amino acids using immobilized enzymes. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 715-721 (1999).

Imahori Y, Fujii R, Ido T, et al. Positron labeled phorbol ester: Synthesis method for "non-carrier added" phorbol 13-[1-11C]butyrate using ketene reaction. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 1025-1033 (1989).

Imahori Y, Fujii R, Ueda S, et al. Membrane trapping of carbon-11-labeled 1,2-diacylglycerols as a basic concept for assessing phosphatidylinositol turnover in neurotransmission process. J. Nucl. Med. 33, 413-422 (1992).

Irie T, Fukushi K, TIdo. Synthesis of 18F-6-fluoropurine and 18F-6-fluoro-9-β- D-ribofuranosylpurine. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 445-448 (1982).

Irie T, Fukishi K, Inoue O, Yamasaki T, Ido T, Nozaki T Preparation of of 18F-labeled 6- and 2-fluoro-9-benzyl as a potential brain-scanning agent. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 633-636 (1982).

Irie T, Fukushi K, Ido T, Nozaki T, Kasida Y. 18F-Fluorination by crown ether-metal fluoride: (I) on labeling 18F-21-fluoroprogesterone. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 1449-1452 (1982).

Irie T, Fukushi K, Ido T, et al. 18F-Fluorination by crown ether-metal fluoride: II. non-carrier-added labeling method. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 517-520 (1984).

Irie T, Inoue O, Suzuki K, Tominaga T. Labeling of 13N labeled adenosine and nicotinamide by ammonolysis. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 345-347 (1985).

Irie T, Fukushi K, Namba H, et al. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity: validation of a PET tracer in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Nucl. Med. 37, 649-655 (1996).

Ishibashi N, Kuwamura T, Sano H, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of 18F- and 11C-labelled 9,10-ethanobenzo[b]quinolizinium derivatives for imaging of the NMDA receptor at the TCP-binding site. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 375-383 (2000).

Ishiwata K, Ido T, Sato H, et al. Simplified enzymatic synthesis and biodistribution of 11C-S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 11, 449-452 (1986).

Ishiwata K, Monma M, Iwata R, Ido T. Automated synthesis of 5-[18F]fluoro-2'- deoxyuridine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 467-473 (1987).

Ishiwata K, Monma M, Ido T. A convenient method of preparing pure [11C]glucose by photosynthesis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 475-477 (1987).

Ishiwata K, Yanai K, Ido T, Miura-Kanno Y, Kawashima K. Synthesis and biodistribution of [11C]fludiazepam for imaging benzodiazepine receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 15, 365-371 (1988).

Ishiwata K, Tomura M, Ido T, et al. 6-[18F]Fluoro-L-fucose: a possible tracer for assessing glycoconjugate synthesis in tumors with positron emission tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 31, 1997-2003 (1990).

Ishiwata K, Ido T, Mejia AA, et al. Synthesis and radiation dosimetry of 4-borono-2- [18F]fluoro-D,L-phenylalanine: a target compound for PET and boron neutron capture therapy. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 325-328 (1991).

Ishiwata K, Ishii S, Senda M, et al. Electrophilic synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA: use of 4-O-pivaloyl-L-DOPA as a suitable precursor for routine production. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 755-759 (1993).

Ishiwata K, Ishii S, Sasaki T, Senda M, Nozaki T. A distillation method of preparing C-11 labeled acetate for routine clinical use. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 761-763 (1993).

Ishiwata K, Seki H, Sasaki T, et al. Synthesis and characteristics in tumor-bearing mice of N-[11C]methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin and N-[11C]methyl-1-deoxymannojirimycin. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 843-847 (1993).

References

149

Ishiwata K, Seki H, Ishii K, et al. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of [11C]semotiadil, a benzothiazine calcium antagonist. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 439-443 (1994).

Ishiwata K, Ishii K, Senda M. Synthesis of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, [11C]Y-25130 and [11C]YM060. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 907-910 (1995).

Ishiwata K, Furuta R, Shimada J, et al. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [11C]KF15372, a selective adenosine A1 antagonist. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 1009-1013 (1995).

Ishiwata K, Ishii S, Senda M. Successive preparation of 11C labeled sodium acetate and/or sodium hexanoate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 1035-1037 (1995).

Ishiwata K, Ishii K, Ogawa K, et al. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [1-11C]hexanoate as a PET tracer of fatty acid metabolism. Ann. Nucl. Med. 9, 51-57 (1995).

Ishiwata K, Furuta R, Toyama H, et al. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [11C]KF17837, a selective adenosine A2A antagonist.. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 507-511 (1996).

Ishiwata K, Saito N, Yanagawa K, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist [11C]KF17643. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 285-290 (1996).

Ishiwata K, Shinoda M, Ishii S, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of an 18F-labeled dopa prodrug as a PET tracer for studying brain dopamine metabolism. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 295-301 (1996).

Ishiwata K, Noguchi J, Ishii S, et al. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [11C]NE-100 labeled in two different positions as a PET sigma receptor ligand. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 195-202 (1998).

Ishiwata K, Ishii S, Shinoda M, et al. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 693-697 (1999). Ishiwata K, Noguchi J, Wakabayashi S, Shimada J, Ogi N, Nariai T, Tanaka A, Endo K,

Suzuki F, Senda M. 11C-labeled KF18446: a potential central nervous system adenosine A2A receptor ligand. J. Nucl. Med. 41, 345-354 (2000).

Ishiwata K, Takai H, Nonaka H, Ishii S, Simada J, Senda M. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a carbon-11-labeled adenosine transporter blocker [11C]KF21652. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 281-285 (2001).

Issa W, Tochon-Danguy HJ, Lambert J, Sachinidis JI, Ackermann U, Liu Z, Scott AM. Synthesis and evaluation of a thymidine analog for positron emission tomography study of tumor DNA proliferation in vivo. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 839-849 (2004).

Iwata R, Ido T, Saji H, et al. A remote-controlled synthesis of 11C-iodomethane for the practical preparation of 11C-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 194-196 (1979).

Iwata R, Ido T, Tominaga T. The production of [11C]guanidine by the proton irradiation of the liquid ammonia-nitrous oxide system and its use in the synthesis of [11C]pyrimidines. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 32, 303-308 (1981).

Iwata R, Ido T. Production of [11C]cyanamide as a new precursor for [11C]benzylguanidine synthesis. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 973-976 (1983).

Iwata R, Ido T, Takahashi T, Monma M. Automated synthesis system for production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose with computer control. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 445-454 (1984).

Iwata R, Ido T, Takahashi T, et al. Optimization of [11C]HCN production and no-carrier-added [1-11C]amino acid synthesis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 97-102 (1987).

Iwata R, Hatano K, Yanai K, et al. A semi-automated synthesis system for routine preparation of [11C]YM-09151-2 and [11C]pyrilamine from [11C]ethyl iodide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 202-205 (1991).

Iwata R, Pascali C, Yuasa M, et al. On-line [11C]methylation using [11C]methyl iodide for the automated preparation of 11C-radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43 1083-1088 (1992).

Iwata R, Ido T, Tada M. Column extraction method for rapid preparation of [11C]acetic acid and [11C]palmitic acid. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 117-121 (1995).

Iwata R, Ido T, Tada M. On-column preparation of 1-aminocyclopentane-1-[11C]carboxylic acid. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 899-905 (1995).

Iwata R, Pascali C, Bogni A, et al. A new, convenient method for the preparation of 4-[18F]fluorobenzyl halides. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 87-92 (2000).

Iwata R, Horvath G, Pascali C, Bogni A, Yanai K, Kovacs Z, Ido T. Synthesis of

References

150

3-[1H-imidazol-4-yl]propyl 4-[18F]fluorobenzyl ether ([18F]fluoroproxyfan): a potential radioligand for imaging histamine H3 receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 873-882 (2000).

Iwata R, Pascali C, Bogni A, Miyake Y, Yanai K, Ido T. A simple loop method for the automated preparation of [11C]raclopride from [11C]methyl triflate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 17-22 (2001).

Iwata R, Pascali C, Bogni A, Furumoto S, Terasaki K, Yanai K. [18F]Fluoromethyl triflate, a novel and reactive [18F]fluoromethylating agent: preparation and application to the on-column preparation of [18F]fluorocholine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 347-352 (2002).

Iwata R, Pascali C, Bogni A, Yanai K, Kato M, Ido T, Ishiwata K. A combined loop-SPE method for the automated preparation of [11C]doxepin. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 271-280 (2002).

Iwata R, Furumoto S, Pascali C, Bogni A, Ishiwata K. Radiosynthesis of O-[11C]methyl- L-tyrosine and O-[18F]fluoromethyl-L-tyrosine as potential PET tracers for imaging amino acid transport. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 555-566 (2003).

-J-

Jacobson GB, Watanabe Y, Valind S, et al. Synthesis of O-[11C]acetyl CoA,

O-[11C]acetyl-L-carnitine, and L-[11C]carnitine labelled in specific positions, applied in PET studies on rhesus monkey. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 471-478 (1997).

Jalilian AR, Tabatabai S.A, Shafiee A, Afarifeh H, Najafi R, Vasti MB. One-step, no-carrier-added, synthesis of a 18F-labelled benzodiazepine receptor ligand. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 545-555 (2000).

Jalilian AR, Seyfi P, Afarideh H, Shafiee A. Synthesis of a [18F]labeled chelidonine derivative as a possible antitumor agent. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 54, 407-411 (2001).

Jalilian AR, Bineshmarvasti M, Rafii, Afarideh H, Shafiee A. No-carrier-added, 18F-labelling of a cholesterol derivative, used in detection of adrenal malignancies. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 747-755 (2001).

Jelinski M, Hamacher K, Coenen HH. C-Terminal 18F-fluoroethylamidation exemplified on [Gly-OH9]oxytocin. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 217-229 (2002).

Jeong JM, Lee DS, Chung JK, et al. Synthesis of no-carrier-added [18F]fluoroacetate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 395-399 (1997).

Jerabek PA, Dence CS, Kilbourn MR, et al. Synthesis and uptake of no-carrier-added 1-[11C]putrescine into rat prostate. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 12, 349-352 (1985).

Jerabek PA, Patrick TB, Kilbourn M, et al. Synthesis and biodistribution of 18F-labeled fluoronitroimidazoles: potential in vivo markers of hypoxic tissue. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37 599-605 (1986).

Jewett DM, Ehrenkaufer RL, Ram S. A captive method for rapid radiosynthesis: application to the synthesis of [1-11C]palmitic acid. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 672-674 (1985).

Jewett DM. A simple synthesis of [11C]methyl triflate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1383-1385 (1992).

Jewett DM, Kilbourn MR, C. Lee L. A simple synthesis of [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ). Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 197-199 (1997).

Jewett DM. A simple synthesis of [11C]carfentanil using an extraction disk instead of HPLC. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 733-734 (2001).

Jewett DM, Kilbourn MR. A convenient synthesis of [11C]paraquat and other [N-methyl-11C]bisquaternary ammonium compounds. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 281-289 (2002).

Johnström P, Stone-Elander S, Ericson K, et al. 11C-Labelled glycine: synthesis and preliminary report on its use in the investigation of intracranial tumours using positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 729-734 (1987).

Johnström P, Stone-Elander S. 2-Amino-2'-[18F]fluorobenzhydrols, intermediates for the synthesis of [27-18F]-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-ones. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 135-145 (1994).

Johnström P, Stone-Elander S, Duefer T. [2'-18F]-2-Oxoquazepam: Synthesis of a 5-(2-[18F]fluorophenyl)-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 147-156 (1994).

References

151

Johnström PS, Stone-Elander S. Strategies for reducing isotopic dilution in the synthesis of 18F-labeled polyfluorinated ethyl groups. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 401-407 (1997).

Johnström P, Fredriksson A, Thorell JO, et al. Synthesis of [methoxy-11C]PD153035, a selective EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 623-629 (1998).

Jones GS, Livni E, Straus H, Hanson RN, Elamleh DR. Synthesis and biologic evaluation of 1-[11C]-3,3-dimethylheptadecanoic acid. J. Nucl. Med. 29, 68-72 (1988)

Jonson SD, Welch MJ. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and baboon PET imaging of the potential adrenal imaging agent cholesteryl-p-[18F]fluorobenzoate. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 131-138 (1999).

Josse O, Labar D, Georges B, Gregoire V, Marchand-Brynaert J. Synthesis of [18F]-labeled EF3 [2-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-N-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-acetamide], a marker for PET detection of hypoxia. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9, 665-675 (2001).

-K-

Kabalka GW, Lambrecht RM, Sajjad M, Fowler JS, Kunda SA, McCollum GW, MacGregor R.

Synthesis of 15O-labeled butanol via organoborane chemistry. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 853-855 (1985).

Kabalka GW, Wang Z, Green JF. Goodman MM. Synthesis of isomerically pure nitrogen-13 labeled gamma-aminobutyric acid and putrescine Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 389-391 (1992).

Kachur AV, Dolbier WR, Evans SM, et al. Synthesis of new hypoxia markers EF1 and [18F]-EF1. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 643-650 (1999).

Kamarainen EL, Kyllonen T, Airaksinen A, Lundkvist C, Yu M, Nagren K, Sandell J, et al. Preparation of [18F]β-CFT-FP and [11C]β-CFT-FP, selective radioligands for visualisation of the dopamine transporter using positron emission tomography (PET). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1235-1244 (2000).

Kamarainen EL, Kyllonen T, Nihtila O, Bjork H, Solin O. Preparation of fluorine-18-labelled fluoromisonidazole using two different synthesis method. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 37-45 (2004).

Kaneko S, Ishiwata K, Ishii S, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of carbon-11 labeled methionine and its derivatives with immobilized γ-cyano-a-aminobutyric acid synthase. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 285-291(1999).

Kaneko S, Ishiwata K, Hatano K, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of no-carrier-added 6-[18F]fluoro- L-dopa with β-tyrosinase. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 1025-1032 (1999).

Karimi F, Langström B. Synthesis of 3-[(2S)-azetidin-2-ylmethoxy]-5-[11C]-methylpyridine, an analogue of A-85380, via a Stille coupling. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 423-434 (2002).

Karramkam M, Hinnen F, Bramoulle Y, Jubeau S, Dolle F. Ortho-[18F]Fluoronitrobenzenes by no-carrier-added nucleophilic aromatic substitution with K[18F]-K222 - a comparative study. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 1103 (2002).

Karramkam M, Demphel S, Hinnen F, Trognon C, Dolle F. Methylation of the thiophene ring using carbon-11-labelled methyl iodide: formation of 3-[11C]methylthiophene., J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 255-261 (2003).

Kaseman DS, Cooper AJL, Meister A, et al. Synthesis of hydroxyl[13N]-amine and biding of 13NH2OH to two transaminases. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 21, 803-814 (1984).

Kassiou M, Mathews WB, Musachio JL, Ravert HT, Lambrecht RM, Dannals RF. Radiosynthesis of (±)-1-(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-[11C]- methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, [11C]A-69024: a non-benzazepine antagonist for studying dopamine D1 receptors in vivo using PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 431-437 (1994).

Kassiou M, Ravert HT, Mathews WB, et al. Synthesis of 3-[(1-[11C]methyl-2(S)- pyrrolidinyl)- methoxy]pyridine and 3-[(1-[11C]methyl-2(R)-pyrrolidinyl)-methoxy]-pyridine: radioligands for in vivo studies of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 425-431 (1997).

Katoch-Rouse R, Horti AG. Synthesis of N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2- chlorophenyl)-4-([18F]fluoro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide by nucleophilic [18F]fluorination:

References

152

a PET radiotracer for studying CB1 cannabinoid receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 93-98 (2003).

Katounina T, Besret L, Dhilly M, et al. Synthesis and biological investigations of [18F]MR18445, a 5-HT3 receptor partial agonist. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 6, 789-795 (1998).

Katsifis A, Hamacher K, Schnitter J, Stöcklin G. Optimization studies concerning the direct nucleophilic fluorination of butyrophenone neuroleptics. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 1015-1020 (1993).

Kawamura K, Ishiwata K, Tajima H, et al. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of [11C]SA6298 as a PET sigma1 receptor ligand. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 915-922 (1999,).

Kawamura K, Elsinga PH, Kobayashi T, Ishii S, Wang WF, Matsuno K, Vaalburg W, Ishiwata K. Synthesis and evaluation of 11C- and 18F-labeled 1-[2-(4-alkoxy-3- methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazines as sigma receptor ligands for positron emission tomography studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 273-284 (2003).

Kawashima H, Yajima K, Kuge Y. et al. Synthesis of [1-11C]-2-octynoic acid, [1-11C]-2-decynoic acid and [1-11C]-3-(R,S)-methyloctanoic acid as a potential markers for PET studies of fatty acid metabolism. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 181-193 (1997).

Kearfott KJ, Junck L, Rottenberg DA. C-11 dimethyloxazolidinedione (DMO): biodistribution, radiation absorbed dose, and potential for PET measurement of regional brain pH. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 805-811 (1983).

Khan NH, Lee BC, Lee SY, Choe YS, Jun CH, Chi DY. Hydroacylation of 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde: a novel method for the preparation of 4'-[18F]phenylketones. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 1045-1053 (2002).

Kiesewetter DO, Kilbourn MR, Landvatter SW, Heiman DF, Katzenellenbogen JA, Welch MJ. Preparation of four fluorine-18-labeled estrogens and their selective uptakes in target tissues of immature rats. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 1212-1221 (1984).

Kiesewetter DO, Eckelman WC, Cohen RM, et al. Syntheses and D2 receptor affinities of derivatives of spiperone containing aliphatic halogens. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1181-1188 (1986).

Kiesewetter DO, Brucke T, Finn RD. Radiochemical synthesis of [18F]fluororaclopride: Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 455-460 (1989).

Kiesewetter DO, Rice KC, Mattson MV, Finn RD. Radiochemical synthesis of [18F]-fluorothienylcyclohexylpiperidine ([18F]FTCP). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 277-286 (1989).

Kiesewetter DO, Finn RD, Rice KC, Monn JA. Synthesis of 11C-labeled (±)-5-methyl-10,11- dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine [(±)-[11C]MK801]. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 139-142 (1990).

Kiesewetter DO, de Costa B. Synthesis of N1-3-[18F]luoropropyl-N4-2- ([3,4-dichlorophenyl]- ethyl)piperazine, a high affinity ligand for sigma receptor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33 ,639-643 (1993).

Kiesewetter DO, Lee JT, Lang L, et al. Preparation of 18F-labeled muscarinic agonist with M2 selectivity. J. Med. Chem. 38, 5-8 (1995).

Kiesewetter DO, Sassaman MB, Robbins J, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of an 18F analogue of forskolin for imaging adenylyl cyclase. J. Fluorine Chem. 101, 297-304 (2000).

Kiesewetter DO, Jagoda EM, Kao CHK, Ma Y, Ravasi L, Shimoji K, Szajek LP, Eckelman WC. Fluoro-, bromo-, and iodopaclitaxel derivatives: synthesis and biological evaluation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 11-21 (2003).

Kiesewetter DO, Vuong B, Channing MA. The automated synthesis of [18F]FP-TZTP. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 73-77 (2003).

Kihlberg T, Gullberg P, Langström B. [11C]Methylenetriphenylphosphorane, a new 11C-precursor, used in a one-pot Wittig synthesis of [β-11C]styrene. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 1115-1120 (1990).

Kihlberg T, Långström B. Synthesis of [19-11C]arachidonic acid. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 617-626 (1994).

Kihlberg T, Valind S, Langström B. Synthesis of fatty acids specially labelled with 11C in various positions, including 2H substitution, for in vivo studies of myocardium using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 1053-1065 (1994).

Kihlberg T, Valind S, Langström B. Synthesis of [1-11C], [2-11C], [1-11C](2H3) and [2-11C](2H3)acetate for in vivo studies of myocardium using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21,

References

153

1067-1072 (1994). Kilbourn MR, Welch MJ. No-carrier-added synthesis of [1-11C]pyruvic acid. Int. J. Appl.

Radiat. Isot. 33, 359-361 (1982). Kilbourn MR, Welch MJ, Dence CS, et al. Carrier-added and no-carrier-added synthesis of

[18F]spiroperidol and [18F]haloperidol. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 591-598 (1984). Kilbourn MR, Dischino DD, Welch MJ. Synthesis of DL-[3-11C]phenylalanine. Int. J. Appl.

Radiat. Isot. 35, 603-605 (1984). Kilbourn MR, Dence CS, Welch MJ, et al. Fluorine-18 labeling of proteins. J. Nucl. Med. 28,

462-470 (1987). Kilbourn MR, Haka MS. Synthesis of [18F]GBR13119, a presynaptic dopamine uptake

antagonist. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 279-282 (1988). Kilbourn MR, Pavia MR, Gregor VE. Synthesis of fluorine-18 labeled GABA uptake inhibitors.

Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 823-828 (1990). Kilbourn MR, Subramanian R. Synthesis of fluorine-18 labeled 1,1-difluoro-2,2- dichloroethyl

arylethers by 18F-for-19F exchange. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 1355-1361 (1990). Kim DW, Choe YS., Chi DY. A new nucleophilic fluorine-18 labeling method for aliphatic

mesylates: raction in ionic liquids shows tolerance for water. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 345-350 (2003).

Kim HW, Jeong JM, Lee YS, Chi DY, Chung KH, Lee DS, Chung JK, Lee MC. Rapid synthesis of [18F]FDG without an evaporation step using an ionic liquid. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 61, 1241-1246 (2004).

Kloster G, Laufer P. Enzymatic synthesis and chromatographic purification of L-3-11C-lactic acid via DL-3-11C-alanine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 17, 889-894 (1980).

Kloster G, Muller-Platz C. Synthesis, chromatography and tissue distribution of 1-11C-hexobarbital. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 18, 731-738 (1981).

Klunk WE, Wang Y, Huang GF, Debnath ML, Holt DP, Mathis CA. Uncharged thioflavin-T derivatives bind to amyloid-beta protein with high affinity and readily enter the brain. Life Sci. 69, 1471-1484 (2001).

Knoechel A, Zwernmann O. Aromatic n.c.a. labelling with 18F- by modified Balz-Schiemann- decomposition. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1077-1080 (1991).

Knoechel A, Zwernemann O. Development of a no-carrier-added method for 18F-labelling of aromatic compounds by fluorodediazonation. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 325-336 (1996).

Knust EJ, Machulla HJ, Roden W. Production of fluorine-18 using an automated water target and a method for fluorinating aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 853-856 (1986).

Knust EJ, Schüller M, Stöcklin G. Synthesis and quality control of long-chain 18F-fatty acids. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 17, 353-363 (1980).

Kochanny MJ, VanBrocklin HF, Kym PR, et al. Fluorine-18-labeled progestin ketals: synthesis and target tissue uptake selectivity of potential imaging agents for receptor-positive breast tumors. J. Med. Chem. 36, 1120-1127 (1993).

Kook CS, Reed MF, Digenis GA. Preparation of [18F]haloperidol. J. Med. Chem. 18, 533-535 (1975).

Koren AO, Horti AG, Mukhin AG, et al. Synthesis and initial in vitrocharacetrization of 6-[18F]fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine, a high-affinity radioligand for central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 413-423 (2000).

Kothari PJ, Finn RD, Kabalka GW, et al. Synthesis of nitrogen-13 alkylamines via amination of organoboranes. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 469-470 (1986).

Kothari PJ, Finn RD, Larson SM. Synthesis of colchicine and isocolchicine labelled with carbon-11 or carbon-13. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 521-528 (1995).

Krasikova RN, Fedorova OS, Korsakov MV. Improved [13N]ammonia yield from the proton irradiation of water using methane gas. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 395-401 (1999).

Krasikova RN, Zaitsev VV, Ametamey SM, Kuznetsova OF, Fedorova OS, Mosevich IK, Belokon YN, Vyskocil S, et al. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of 18F-fluorinated α-amino acids under phase-transfer conditions using (S)-NOBIN. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 597-603 (2004).

Kruijer PS, Ter Linden T, Mooij R, Visser FC, Herscheid JDM. A practical method for the preparation of [11C]acetate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 317-321 (1995)

References

154

Kruijer PS, Van Leuffen PJ, Herscheid JDM. Synthesis of [11C]cyanamide, a versatile synthon for the production of 11C-labelled radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 611-616 (1996).

Kuhnast B, Dolle F, Vaufrey F, Hinnen F, Crouzel C, Tavitian B. Fluorine-18 labeling of oligonucleotides bearing chemically-modified ribose-phosphate backbones. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 837-848 (2000).

Kuhnast B, Dolle F, Tavitian B. Fluorine-18 labeling of peptide nucleic acids. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 1-11 (2002).

Kuhnast B, Bodenstein C, Wester HJ, Weber W. Carbon-11 labelling of an N-sulfonylamino acid derivative: a potential tracer for MMP-2 and MMP-9 imaging. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 539-553 (2003).

Kuhnast B, Hinnen F, Boisgard R, tavitian B, Dolle F. Fluorine-18 labelling of oligonucleotides: prosthetic labelling at the 5'-end using the N-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)- 2-bromoacetamide reagent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1093-1103 (2003).

Kumar JSD, Majo VJ, Prabhakaran J, Simpson NR, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ. Synthesis of [N-methyl-11C]-3-[(6-dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl]-2,5-dimethyl-N,N-dipropylpyrazolo- [1,5-a]-pyrimidine-7-amine: a potential PET ligand for in vivo imaging of CRF1 receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1055-1065 (2003).

-L-

Labarre J, Donie P, Crouzel C. The biosynthesis of L-[11C]phenylalanine using a mutant

strain of a cyanobacterium (Synechocystis PCC 6803). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 659-663 (1991).

Lacan G, Satyamurthy N, Barrio JR. Synthesis of stereo (R and S) and geometric (E and Z) isomers of [18F]fluoro-β-fluoromethylene-m-tyrosine derivatives: in vivo probes of central dopaminergic function. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 359-363 (1999).

Lamb JF, James RW, Winchell HS. Recoil synthesis of high specific activity 11C-cyanide. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 22, 475-479 (1971).

Landais P, Crouzel C. A new synthesis of carbon-11 labelled phosgene. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 297-300 (1987).

Lang L, Eckelman W. One-step synthesis of 18F labeled [18F]-N-succinimidyl 4-(fluoromethyl)benzoate for protein labeing. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 1155-1163 (1994).

Lang L, Eckelman W. Labeling proteins at high specific activity using N-succinimidyl 4-[18F](fluoromethyl)benzoate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 169-173 (1997).

Lang L, Jagoda E, Schmall B, et al. Development of fluorine-18-labeled 5-HT1A antagonists. J. Med. Chem. 42, 1576-1586 (1999).

Lange CW, VanBrocklin HF, Taylor SE. Photoconjugation of 3-azido-5-nitrobenzyl- [18F]fluoride to an oligonucleotide aptamer. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 257-268 (2002).

Langer O, Någren K, Dolle F, et al. Precursor synthesis and radiolabelling of the dopamine D2 receptor ligand [11C]raclopride from [11C]methyl triflate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 1183-1193 (1999).

Langer O, Halldin C, Dolle F, et al. Carbon-11 epidepride: a suitable radioligand for PET investigation of striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 509-518 (1999).

Langer O, Gulyas B, Sandell J, Laszlovszky L, Kiss B, Domany G, Acs T, Farde L, Halldin C. Radiochemical labelling of the dopamine D3 receptor ligand RGH-1756. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1069-1074 (2000).

Langer O, Valette H, Dolle F, et al. High specific radioactivity (1R,2S)-4-[18F]fluorometaraminol: a PET radiotracer for mapping synpathetic nerves of the heart. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 233-238 (2000).

Langer O, Halldin C, Chou YH, Sandell J, Swahn CG, Någren K, Perrone R, Berardi F, Leopoldo M, Farde L. Carbon-11 PB-12: an attempt to visualize the dopamine D4 receptor in the primate brain with positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 707-714 (2000).

Langer O, Dolle F, Valette H, Halldin C, Vaufrey F, Fuseau C, Coulon C, et al. Synthesis of high-specific-radioactivity 4- and 6-[18F]fluorometaraminol- PET tracers for the

References

155

adrenergic nervous system of the heart. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9, 677-694 (2001). Langer O, Forngren T, Sandell J, Dolle F, Langström B, Någren K, Halldin C. Preparation of

4-[11C]methylmetaraminol, a potential PET tracer for assessment of myocardial sympathetic innervation. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 55-65 (2003).

Langer O, Mitterhauser M, Wadsak W, Brunner M, Muller U, Kletter K, Muller M. A general method for the fluorine-18 labelling of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 715-727 (2003).

Langer O, Mitterhauser M, Brunner M, Zeitlinger M, Wadsak W, Mayer BX, Kletter K, Muller M. Synthesis of fluorine-18-labeled ciprofloxacin for PET studies in humans. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 285-291 (2003).

Langström B, Lundqvist H. The preparation of 11C-methyl iodide and its use in the synthesis of 11C-methyl-L-methionine. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 27, 357-363 (1976).

Langström B, Stridsberg B. Synthesis of racemic [1-11C]-alanine and partially resolved [3-11C]-alanine .Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 151-153 (1979).

Langström B, Sjoberg S, Ragnarsson U. A rapid and convenient method for specific 11C-labelling of synthetic polypeptides containing methionine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 18, 479-487 (1981).

Langström B, Sjoberg S. The synthesis of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons containing methyl groups labelled with 11C. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 18, 671-682 (1981).

Langström B, Antoni G, Gullberg G, et al. The synthesis of 1-11C-labelled ethyl, propyl, butyl and isobutyl iodides and examples of alkylation reactions. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1141-1145 (1986).

Langström B, Antoni G, Gullberg P, et al. Synthesis of L- and D-[methyl-11C]- methionine. J. Nucl. Med. 28, 1037-1040 (1987).

Larsen P, Ulin J, Dahlström K, Jensen M. Synthesis of [11C]iodomethane by iodination of [11C]methane. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 153-157 (1997).

Lasne MC, Pike VW, Turton DR. The radiosynthesis of [N-methyl-11C]-sertraline. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 147-151 (1989).

Lasne MC, Cairon P, Barre L. Synthesis of no carrier added [1-11C]propenoic acid and derivatives. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 621-625 (1992).

Lasne MC, Barre L, Huard C, et al. Preparation of [18F]RP 62203, a selective ligand for the study of serotonin receptor (5-TH2) by rapid "in situ" piperazine formation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 1085-1091 (1994).

Lasne M, Moreau B, Cairon P, Barre L. The radiosynthesis of no-carrier-added [1-11C]allyl alcohol evidence for the formation of a new reducing species: lithium alminium hydride-vinylmagnesium bromide. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 1165-1174 (1994).

Laufer P, Kloster G. Remote control synthesis of 3-[11C]-methyl-D-glucose. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 775-776 (1982).

Le Bars D, Luthra SK, Pike VW, Luu Duc C. The preparation of a carbon-11 labelled neurohormone-[11C]melatonin. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 1073-1077 (1987).

Le Bars D, Luthra SK, Pike VW, Kirk KL. Radiosynthesis of nca [carbonyl-11C]6- fluoromelatonin. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 287-290 (1988).

Le Bars D, Luthra SK, Pike VW, Swenson ER. The radiosynthesis of a 11C-labelled carbonic anhydrase inhibitor-[carbonyl-11C]acetazolamide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 671-675 (1988).

Le Bars D, Lemaire C, Ginovart N, et al. High-yield radiosynthesis and preliminary in vivo evaluation of p-[18F]MPPF, a fluoro analog of WAY-100635. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 343-350 (1998).

Lee SY, Choe YS, Sugimoto H, Kim SE, Hwang SH, Lee KH, Choi Y, Lee J, Kim BT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)-4-[5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxoindan-2-yl]- methyl]piperidine for in vivo studies of acetylcholinesterase. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 741-744 (2000).

Lehel S, Horvath G, Boros I, et al. Synthesis of 5'-N-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-carboxamidoadenosine: a promising tracer for investigation of adenosine receptor system by PET technique. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 807-815 (2000).

Lemaire C, Guillaume M, Palmer AJ, Cantineau R. A new route for the synthesis of [18F]fluoroaromatic substituted amino acids: no carrier added L-p-[18F]fluorophenylalanine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 1033-1038 (1987).

Lemaire C, Guillaume M, Cantineau R, et al. An approach to the asymmetric synthesis of

References

156

L-6-[18F]fluorodopa via nca nucleophilic fluorination. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 629-635 (1991).

Lemaire C, Cantineau R, Guillaume M, et al. Fluorine-18-altanserin: a radioligand for the study of serotonin receptors with PET: radiolabeling and in vivo biologic behavior in rats. J. Nucl. Med. 32, 2266-2272 (1991).

Lemaire C, Damhaut P, Plenevaux A, et al. Synthesis of fluorine-18 substituted aromatic aldehydes and benzyl bromides, new intermediates for n.c.a. [18F]fluorination. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 485-494 (1992).

Lemaire C, Damhaut P, Plenevaux A, Comar D. Enantioselective synthesis of 6-[fluorine-18]- fluoro-L-dopa from no-carrier-added fluorine-18-fluoride. J. Nucl. Med. 35, 1996-2002 (1994).

Lemaire C, Damhaut P, Lauricella B, Mosdzianowski C, Morelle JL, Monclus M, et al. Fast [18F]FDG synthesis by alkaline hydrolysis on a low polarity solid phase support. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 435-447 (2002).

Lemire AE, Reed MF. Preparation of 18F-β-D-glucosyl fluoride. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 15, 105-109 (1978).

Lever JR, Dannals RF, Wilson AA, et al. Synthesis of carbon-11 labeled diprenorphine: a radioligand for positron emission tomographic studies of opiate receptors. Tetrahed. Lett. 28, 4015-4018 (1987).

Lever JR, Lever JR, Dannals RF, et al. Facile synthesis of [11C]buprenorphine for positron emission tomographic studies of opioid receptors. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 745-752 (1990).

Lever JR, Kinter CM, Ravert HT, et al. Synthesis of N1'-([11C]methyl)naltrindole ([11C]MeNTI): a radioligand for positron emission tomographic studies of delta opioid receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 137-145 (1995).

Levy SL, Elmaleh DR, Livni E. A new method using anhydrous [18F]fluoride to radiolabeled 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 918-922 (1982).

Li Z, Ding YS, Gifford A, Fowler JS, Gatley JS. Synthesis of strucurally identical fluorine-18 and iodine isotope labeling compounds for comparative imaging. Bioconjugate Chem. 14, 287-294 (2003).

Lidström P, Neu H, Langström B. Synthesis of [21-11C] and (21-13C)progesterone. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 695-704 (1997).

Lidström P, Bonasera TA, Kirilovas D, et al. Synthesis, in vivo rhesus monkey biodistribution and in vitro evaluation of a 11C-labelled potent aromatase inhibitor: [N-methyl-11C]vorozole. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 497-501 (1998).

Lim JL, Berridge MS. An efficient radiosynthesis of [18F]fluoromisonidazole. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 1085-1091 (1993).

Lim JL, Zheng L, Berridge MS, Tewson TJ. The use of 3-methoxymethyl-16β, 17β-epiestriol-O-cyclic sulfone as the precursor in the synthesis of F-18 16α-fluoroestradiol. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 911-915 (1996).

Link JM, Krohn KA, Clark JC. Production of [11C]CH3I by single pass reaction of [11C]CH4 with I2. Nucl. Med, Biol. 24, 93-97 (1997).

Liu A, Katzenellenbogen JA, VanBrocklin HF, et al. 20-[18F]Fluoromibolerone, a positron- emitting radiotracer for androgen receptors: synthesis and tissue distribution studies. J. Nucl. Med. 32, 81-88 (1991).

Liu A, Dence CS, Welch MJ, et al. Fluorine-18-labeled androgens: radiochemical synthesis and tissue distribution studies on six fluorine-substituted androgens, potential imaging agents for prostatic cancer. J. Nucl. Med. 33 724-734 (1992).

Livni E, Elmaleh DR, Levy S, Brownell GL, Struass WH. Beta-methyl[1-11C]- heptadecanoic acid: a new myocardial metabolic tracer for positron emission tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 169-175 (1982).

Livni E, Spellman JP, Correia JA, et al. [11C]MPTP: a potential tracer for Parkinson's disease research in laboratory animals. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 1600-1603 (1986).

Livni E, Fischman AJ, Ray S, et al. Synthesis of 18F-labeled fluconazole and positron emission tomography studies in rabbits. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19 191-199 (1992).

Livni E, Babich J, Alpert NM, et al. Synthesis and biodistribution of 18F-labeled fleroxacin .Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 81-87 (1993).

Livni E, Satterlee W, Robey RL, et al. Synthesis of [11C]dapoxetine HCl, a serotonin re-uptake inhibitor: biodistribution in rat and preliminary PET imaging in the monkey. Nucl. Med.

References

157

Biol. 21, 669-675 (1994). Livni E, Babich JW, Desai MC, et al. Synthesis of a 11C-labeled NK1 receptor ligand for PET

studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 31-36 (1995). Livni E, Berker M, Hiller S, Waller SC, Ogan MD, Discordia RP, Rienhart JK, Rubin RH,

Fischman AJ. Preparation and pharmacokinetics of 11C labeled stavudine (d4T). Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 613-621 (2004).

Loustau-Then I, Ponchant M, Kamenka JM, Crouzel C. Synthesis of a dopamine uptake inhibtor for PET studies: 1-[1-(2-benzo(β)thiophenyl)cyclohexyl]-4-(2- [18F]fluoroethyl)-piperazine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 299-308 (1996).

Loustau-Then I, Ponchant M, Fuseau C, et al. Synthesis and biodistribution of two potential PET radioligands for dopamine reuptake sites: no-carrier-added 4-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl) and 4-[11C]methyl BTCP-piperazine. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 513-518 (1997).

Lu SL, Hong J, Pike VW. Synthesis of NCA [carbonyl-11C]amides by direct reaction of in situ generated [11C]carboxymagnesium halides with amines under microwave- enhanced conditions. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1249-1259 (2003).

Lu SY, Chin FT, McCarron JA, Pike VW. Efficient O- and N-(β-fluoroethylation)s with NCA [18F]β-fluoroethyl tosylate under microwave-enhanced conditions. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 289-297 (2004).

Ludwig T, Ermert J, Coenen HH. 4-[18F]Fluoroarylalkylethers via an improved synthesis of n.c.a. 4-[18F]fluorophenol. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 255-262 (2002).

Lui E, Chirakal R, Firnau G. Enzymatic synthesis of (-)-6-[18F]-fluoronorepinephrine from 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine by dopamine β-hydroxylase. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 503-521 (1998).

Lundkvist C, Halldin C, Swahn CG, et al. [O-Methyl-11C]β-CIT-FP, a potential radioligand for quantitation of the dopamine transporter: Preparation, autoradiography, metabolite studies, and positron emission tomography examinations. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 905-913 (1995).

Lundkvist C, Sandell J, Någren K. Improved synthesis of the PET radioligands, [11C]FLB 457, [11C]MDL 100907 and [11C]β-CIT-FE, by the use of [11C]methyl triflate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 545-556 (1998).

Luo H, Hasan A, Sood V, et al. Evaluation of 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl-α-fluoro-α- hydroxy-α- phenylacetates as potential ligands for the study of muscarinic receptor density by positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 267-276 (1996).

Luo H, Beets AL, McAllister MJ. Resolution, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of fluorine- 18-labeled isomers of 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl α-(1-fluoropent-5-yl)-α-hydroxy- α-phenylacetate (FQNPe) as new PET candidates for the imaging of muscarinic- cholnergic receptor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 681-704 (1998).

Luthra SK, Pike VW, Brady F. The preparation of carbon-11 labelled diprenorphine: a new radioligand for the study of the opiate receptor system in vivo. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1423-1425 (1985).

Luthra SK, Pike VW, Brady F. The preparation of carbon-11 labelled diprenorphine: a new radioligand for the study of the opiate receptor system in vivo. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1425-1427 (1985).

Luthra SK, Pike VW, Brady F, et al. Preparation of [11C]buprenorphine-a potential radioligand for the study of the opiate receptor system in vivo. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 65-66 (1987).

Luthra SK, Pike VW, Brady F. Preparation of some nca [1-C-11]acid chlorides as labelling agents. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 471-476 (1990).

Luthra SK, Brady F, Turton DR, et al. Automated radiosyntheses of [6-O-methyl-11C]- diprenorphine and [6-O-methyl-11C]buprenorphine from 3-O-trityl protected precursors. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 857-873 (1994).

Luxen A, Perlmutter M, Bida GT, et al. Remote, semiautomated production of 6-[18F]fluoro- L-dopa for human studies with PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 275-281 (1990).

Luurtsema G, Medema J, Elsinga P, et al. Robotic synthesis of L-[1-11C]tyrosine App. Radiat. Isot. 45, 821-828 (1994).

Luxen A, Satyamurthy N, Bida GT, Barrio JR. Stereospecific approach to the synthesis of [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 409-413 (1986).

References

158

-M- MacGregor RR, Fowler JS, Wolf AP. Synthesis of suicide inhibitors of monoamine oxidase:

Carbon-11 labeled clorgyline, L-deprenyl and D-deprenyl. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 1-9 (1988).

MacGregor RR, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, Shiue CY, Lade RE, Wan CN. A synthesis of 2-deoxy-D-[1-11C]glucose for regional metabolic studies: concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 800-803 (1981).

MacGregor RR, Schlyer DJ, Fowler JS, et al. Fluorine-18-N-methylspiroperidol: radiolytic decomposition as a consequence of high specific activity and high dose levels. J. Nucl. Med. 28, 60-67 (1987).

Mach RH, Nowak PA, Moroney DA, et al. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of [18F]-N-(p- nitrobenzyl)spiperone ([18F]PNBS) in rats. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 269-278 (1993).

Mach RH, Elder ST, Morton TE, et al. The use of [18F]4-fluorobenzyl iodide (FBI) in PET radiotracer synthesis: model alkylation studies and its application in the design of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-based imaging agents. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 777-794 (1993).

Mach RH, Luedtke RR, Unsworth CD, et al. 18F-Labeled benzamides for studying the dopamine D2 receptor with positron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 36, 3707-3720 (1993).

Mach RH, Huang Y, Buchheimer N, Kuhner R, Wu L, Morton TE, Wang LM, Ehrenkaufer RL, Wallen CA, Wheeler KT. [18F]N-4'-Fluorobenzyl-4-(3-bromophenyl) acetamide for imaging the sigma receptor status of tumors: comparison with [18F]FDG and [125I]IUdR. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 451-458 (2001).

Machulla HJ, Dutschka K. 11C-Labelled radiopharmaceuticals: synthesis and high-pressure liquid chromatography of α-alanine-1-11C. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 25, 309-316 (1976).

Machulla HJ, Dutschka K. 11C-Labelled radiopharmaceuticals: synthesis and high pressure liquid chromatography of nicotinic-11C acid amide. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 16, 287-293 (1979).

Machulla HJ, Blocher A, Kunztsch M, et al. Simplified labeling approach for synthesizing 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT). J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 243, 843-846 (2000).

Mäding P, Steibach J. N.C.A. 11C-labelling of benzenoid compounds in ring positions: synthesis of 3-nitro-[3-11C]toluene and 4-nitro-[4-11C]toluene and their corresponding toluidines. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 647-656 (1998)

Mäding P, Steinbach J, Johannsen B. N.c..a. 11C-labelling of benzenoid compounds in ring positions: [11C]anisole derivatives. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 585-599 (1997).

Mäding P, Steinbach J. Synthesis of [1-11C]phenol. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 557-563 (2000).

Mäding P, Steinbach J, Johannsen B. No-carrier-added 11C-labelling of benzenoid compounds in ring positrons by condensation of nitro-[11C]methane with pyrylium salts. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 565-583 (2000).

Madsen J, Elfving B, Andersen K, Martiny L, Knudsen GM. Gas phase production of [11C]methyl iodide-d3. Synthesis and biological evaluation of S-[N-methyl-11C]citalopram and deuterated analogues. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 335-348 (2004).

Maeda M, Nishimura S, Fukumura T, Kojima M. Enantioselective synthesis of 11C-labeled phenylethanolamine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 233-245 (1988).

Maeda M, Fukumura T, Kojima M. The dimethylsulfonium moiety as a leaving group in aromatic radiofluorination using tetra-n-butylammonium [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 307-310 (1987).

Maeda M, Tatsuki Y, Fukumura T, Kojima M. Synthesis of 5-fluoroalkyl-5-methyloxazolidine- 2,4-diones and their 18F-labeled analogs as potential indicators of tissue pH. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 553-563 (1989).

Maeda M, Koga Y, Fukumura T, Kojima M. [11C]Octopamine synthesis using [11C]cyanide: chemical and enzymatic approaches for [11C]cyanohydrin synthesis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 463-469 (1990).

Maeda M, Tsukiyama S, Tsukiyama S, et al. Positron labeled analogs of TCP: synthesis of 1-[4-[18F]fluoromethyl-1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 563-570

References

159

(1991). Malik N, Luthra SK, Burke P, Price PM, Aboagye EO, Latigo J, Zhao Y, Brady F.

Radiosynthesis of 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-[11C]ethyl)amino]- phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid a half mustard prodrug as a potential probe for imaging antibody- and gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy with positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 60, 825-834 (2004).

Mangner TJ, Klecker RW, Anderson L, Shields AF. Synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-[18F]fluoro-β-D- arabinofuranosyl nucleosides, [18F]FAU, [18F]FMAU, [18F]FBAU and [18F]FIAU, as potential PET agents for imaging cellular proliferation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 215-224 (2003).

Mannens G, Slegers G, Lambrecht R, Goethals P. Enzymatic synthesis of carbon-11 acetyl coenzyme A. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 695-705 (1988).

Mannens G, Slegers G, Goethals P, Claeys A. Enzymatic synthesis of carbon-11 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 53-64 (1990).

Marazano C, Maziere M, Berger G, Comar D. Synthesis of methyl iodide-11C and formaldehyde-11C. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 28, 49-52 (1977).

Marian T, Boros I, Lengyel Z, et al. Preparation and primary evaluation of [11C]CSC as a possible tracer for mapping adenosine A2A receptors by PET., Balkay L. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 887-893 (1999).

Marriere E, Rouden J, Tadino V, Lasne MC. Synthesis of analogues of (-)-cytisine for in vivo studies of nicotinic receptors using positron emission tomography. Organic Lett. 2, 1121-1124 (2000).

Martarello L, Kilts CD, Ely T, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB, Camp M, Goodman MM. Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated and iodinated pyrrolopyrimidines as PET/SPECT ligands for the CRF1 receptor. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 187-195 (2001).

Martarello L, Greenamyre T, Goodman MM. Synthesis and evaluation of a new fluorine-18 labeled rotenoid as a potential PET probe of mitochondrial complex I activity. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 1039-1051 (1999).

Martarello L, McConathy J, Camp VM, Malveaux EJ, Simpson NE, Simpson CP, Olson JJ, Bowers GD, Goodman MM. Synthesis of syn- and anti-amino-3-[18F]fluoromethyl- cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (FMACBC), potential PET ligands for tumor detection. J. Med. Chem. 45, 2250-2259 (2002).

Martarello L, Schaffrath C, Deng H, Gee AD, Lockhart A, O'Hagan D. The first enzymatic method for C-18F bond formation: the synthesis of 5'-[18F]-fluoro-5'-deoxyadenosine for imaging with PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1181-1189 (2003).

Marthi K, Bender D, Smith DF. Synthesis of [N-methyl-11C]mianserin: a tetracyclic, atypical antidepressant. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 121-26 (2001).

Martin SJ, Eisenbarth JA, Wagner-Utermann U, Mier W, Henze M, Pritzkow H, Haberkorn U, Eisenhut M. A new precursor for the radiosynthesis of [18F]FLT. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 263-273 (2002).

Matarrese M, Soloviev D, Todde S, et al. Synthesis of [O-methyl-11C]fluvoxamine-a potential serotonine uptake site radioligand. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 749-754 (1997).

Matarrese M, Soloviev D, Moresco RM, et al. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 3- [11C]methyl-(3-methoxy-naphthalen)-2-yl-(1-benzyl-piperidin)-4-yl-acetate (SB-235753), as a putative dopamine D4 receptors antagonist for PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 359-374 (2000).

Matarrese M, Sudati F, Soloviev D, Todde S, Tirolla EA, Kienle MG, Fazio F. Automation of [11C]acyl chloride syntheses using commercially available 11C-modules. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 675-679 (2002).

Matarrese M, Soloviev D, Todde S, Neutro F, Petta P, Carpinelli A, Brussermann M, Kienle M, Fazio F. Preparation of [11C]radioloigands with high specific radioactivity on a commercial PET tracer synthesizer. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 79-83 (2003).

Mathews WB, Burns HD, Dannals RF, et al. Carbon-11 labeling of a potent, nonpeptide, At1-selective angiotensin-II receptor antagonist: MK-996. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 729-737 (1995).

Mathews WB, Kinter CM, Palma J, et al. Synthesis of N1'-([18F]fluoroethyl)-naltrindole ([18F]FEtNTI): a radioligand for positron emission tomographic studies of delta opioid receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 43-54 (1999).

References

160

Mathews WB, Ravert HT, Musachio JL, et al. Synthesis of [18F] SR144385: a selective radioligand for positron emission tomographic studies of brain cannabinoid receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 589-596 (1999).

Mathews WB, Scheffel U, Rauseo PA, Ravert HT, Frank RA, Ellames GJ, Herbert JM, Barth F, Rinaldi-Carmona M, Dannals RF. Carbon-11 labeled radioligands for imaging brain cannabinoid receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 671-677 (2002).

Mathis CA, Shulgin AT, Yano Y, Sargent T. 18F-Labelled N,N-dimethylamphetamine analogues for brain imaging studies. App. Radiat. Isot. 37, 865-872 (1986).

Mathis CA, Bishop JE, Gerde JM, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of high affinity, aryl-substituted [18F]fluoropropylbenzamides for dopamine D-2 receptor studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 571-588 (1992).

Mathis CA, Simpson NR, Mahmood K, Kinahan PE, Mintun MA. [C-11]WAY 100635: a radioligand for imaging 5-HT1A receptors with positron emission tomography. Life Sci. 55, 403-407 (1994).

Mathis CA, Bacskai BJ, Kajdasz ST, McLellan ME, Frosch MP, Hyman BT, Holt DP, Wang Y, Huang GF, Debnath ML, Klung WE. A lipophilic thioflavin-T derivative for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of amyloid in brain. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 12, 295-298 (2002).

Mathis CA, Wang Y, Holt DP, Huang GF, Debnath ML, Klunk WE. Synthesis and evaluation of 11C-labeled 6-substituted 2-arylbenzothiazoles as amyloid imaging agents. J. Med. Chem. 46, 2740-2754 (2003).

Matzke KH, Meyer GJ, Osterholz A, et al. Synthesis of 11C-labeled 5-hydroxytryptamine for the measurement of pulmonary endothelial cell function, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 401-404 (1991).

Maziere M, Comar D, Marazano C, Berger G. Nicotine-11C: synthesis and distribution kinetics in animals. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1, 255-258 (1976).

Maziere M, Berger G, Comar D. 11C-Clomipramine: synthesis and analysis. J. Radioanal. Chem. 45, 453-457 (1978).

Maziere M, Sainte-Laudy JL, Crouzel M, Comar D. Synthesis and distribution kinetics of 11C-chlorpromazine in animals. Radiopharmaceuticals (Edited by G. Subramanian, B. A. Rhodes, J. F. Cooper and V. J. Sodd) Society of Nuclear Medicine Inc. New York, pp.189-195 (1975).

Maziere M, Godot JM, Berger G, Prenant C, Comar D. High specific activity carbon-11 labelling of benzodiazepines: diazepam and flunitrazepam. J. Radioanal. Chem. 56, 229-235 (1980).

Maziere M, Hantraye P, Prenant C, Sastre J, Comar D. Synthesis of ehyl 8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-[11C]methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate (RO 15,1788-11C): a specific radioligand for the in vivo study of central benzodiazepine receptors by positron emission tomography. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 973-976 (1984).

Maziere M, Godot JM, Prenant C, Comar D. 11C-Labelled etorphine for "in vivo" studies of opiate receptors in brain. J. Radioanal. Chem. 62, 279-284 (1987).

Mazza SM. Stereospecific, semi-automated, N.C.A. synthesis of cis-4-[18F]fluoro-L- proline and trans-4-[18F]fluoro-L-proline. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1047-1058 (2000).

McCarron JA, Turton DR, Pike VW, Poole KG. Remotely-controlled production of the 5-HT1A receptor radioligand, [carbonyl-11C]WAY-100635, via 11C-carboxylation of an immobilized Grignard reagent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 941-953 (1996).

McCarron JA, Pike VW. Synthesis of no-carrier-added [11C]methanesulfonyl chloride as a new labeling agent for PET radiopharmaceutical development. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1127-1140 (2003).

McCarte JD, Adam MJ, Withers SG. Synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-β-mannosyl [18F]-fluoride as a potential imaging probe for glycosidases. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 1005-1009 (1992).

McCarthy TJ, Dence CS, Welch MJ. Application of microwave heating to the synthesis of [18F]fluoromisonidazole. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 1129-1132 (1993).

McCarthy TJ, Sheriff AU, Graneto MJ, Talley JJ, Welch MJ. Radiosynthesis, in vitro validation, and in vivo evaluation of 18F-labeled COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. J. Nucl. Med. 43, 117-124 (2002).

References

161

McConathy J, Martarello L, Malveaux EJ, Camp VM, Simpson NE, Simpson CP, Bowers GD, Olson JJ, Goodman MM. Radiolabeled amino acids for tumor imaging with PET: radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of 2-amino-3-[18F]fluoro-2- methylpropanoic acid and 3-[18F]fluoro-2-methyl-2-(methylamino)propanoic acid. J. Med. Chem. 45, 2240-2249 (2002).

McConathy J, Voll RJ, Yu W, Crowe RJ, Goodman MM. Improved synthesis of anti-[18F]FACBC: improved preparation of labeling precursor and automated radiosynthesis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 58, 657-666 (2003).

McConathy J, Martarello L, Malveaux EJ, Camp VM, Simpson NE, Simpson CP, Bowers GD, Zhang Z, Olson JJ, Goodman MM. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-amino-4-[18F]fluoro- 2-methylbutanoic acid (FAMB): relationship of amino acid transport to tumor imaging properties of brached fluorinated amino acids. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 477-490 (2003).

McConathy J, Owens MJ, Kilts CD, Malveaux EJ, Camp VM, Votaw JR, Nemcroff CB, Goodman MM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of [11C]talopram and [11C]talsupram: candidate PET ligands for norepinephrine transporter. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 705-718 (2004).

McPherson DW, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, et al. Synthesis and biodistribution of no-carrier-added [1-11C]putrescine. J. Nucl. Med. 26, 1186-1189 (1985).

McPherson DW, Hwang DR, Fowler JS, et al. A simple one-pot synthesis of cyclopropane [C-11]carbonyl chloride. synthesis and biodistribution of [11C]cyclorphan. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 23, 505-514 (1986).

Meng J, Elmaleh DR, Jyawook S, et al. Synthesis of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-L-glucose and positron emission tomography studies in monkeys. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 633-640 (1994).

Mishani E, Cristel ME, Dence CS, et al. Application of a novel phenylpiperazine formation reaction to the radiosynthesis of a model fluorine-18-labeled radiopharmaceutical (18FTFMPP). Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 269-273 (1997).

Mislankar SG, Gildersleeve DL, Wieland DM, et al. 6-[18F]Fluorometaraminol: a radiotracer for in vivo mapping of adrenergic nerves of the heart. J. Med. Chem. 31, 362-366 (1988).

Mitterhauser M, Wadsak W, Krcal A, Schmaljohann J, Bartosch E, Eidherr H, Viernstein H, Kletter K. New aspects on the preparation of [11C]acetate—a simple and fast approach via distillation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 61, 1147-1150 (2004).

Miyake Y, Shimadzu H, Hashimoto N, Ishida Y, Shibakawa M, Nishimura T. Synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-5-[11C]methoxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone as apotential tracer for poly(ADP- ribose) synthetase. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 983-988 (2000).

Mizuno K, Yamazaki S, Iwata R, et al. Improved preparation of L-[methyl-11C]- methionine by on-line [11C]methylation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 788-790 (1993).

Mock BH, Vavrek MT, Mulholland GK. Back-to-back "One-pot" [18F]FDG synthesis in a single Siemens-CTI chemistry procsess control unit. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 497-501 (1996).

Mock BH, Mulholland GK, Vavrek MT. Convenient gas phase bromination of [11C]methane and production of [11C]methyl triflate. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 467-471 (1999).

Moerlein SM, Banks WR, Banks WR. Production of fluorine-18 labeled (3-N-methyl)benperidol for PET investigation of cerebral dopaminergic receptor binding. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 913-917 (1992).

Moerlein SM, Gaehle GG, Lechner KR, et al. Automated production of oxygen-15 labeled butanol for PET measurement of regional cerebral blood flow. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 1213-1218 (1993).

Moerlein SM, Gaehle GG, M. Welch MJ. Robotic preparation of sodium acetate C 11 injection for use in clinical PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 613-621 (2002).

Monclus M, Luxen A, Cool V, et al. Development of a positron emission tomography radiopharmaceutical for imaging thymidine kinase gene expression: synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 9-{(3-[18F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl}guanine. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 7, 1879-1882 (1997).

Moresco RM, Matarrese M, Soloviev D, Simonelli P, Rigamonti M, Gobbo C, Todde S, Carpinelli A, Kienle MG, Fazio F. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of [11C]ICI 118551 as a putative subtype selective b2-adrenergic radioligand. Int. J. Pharm. 204, 101-109 (2000).

Mukherjee J, Perry BD, Cooper M. Fluorinated benzamide neuroleptics. 1. Radiosynthesis of (S)-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(2[F-18]fluoroethyl)-2- methoxybenzamide: a potential fluorine-18 labeled PET radiotracer for dopamine D2 receptors. J. Label.

References

162

Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 609-616 (1990). Mukherjee J. Fluorinated benzamide neuroleptics-2. Synthesis and radiosynthesis of

(S)-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-3-substituted-2-methoxybenzamides. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 713-721 (1991).

Mukherjee J, Yang ZY, Das MK, Brown T. Fluorinated benzamide neuroleptics-III. Development of (S)-N-[(1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-2,3- dimethoxybenzamide as an improved dopamine D-2 receptor tracer. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 283-296 (1995).

Mukherjee J, Yang ZY, Lew R. N-(6-18F-Fluorohexyl)-N-methylpropargylamine: a fluorine- 18-labeled monoamine oxidase B inhibitor for potential use in PET studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 111-116 (1999).

Mukherjee J, Yang ZY. Development of N-[3-(2',4'-dichlorophenoxy)-2-18F-fluoropropyl]- N-methylpropargylamine (18F-fluoroclogyline) as a potential PET radiotracer for monoamine oxidase-A. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 619-625 (1999).

Mulholland GK, Jewett DM, Toorongian SA. Routine synthesis of N-[11C- methyl]scopolamine by phosphite mediated reductive methylation with [11C]formaldehyde. Appl.Radiat.Isot. 39, 373-379 (1988).

Mulholland GK, Jung YW. Improved synthesis of [11C]methylaminobenzovesamicol. J. Label Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 253-259 (1992).

Mulholland GK, Otto CA, Jewett DM, et al. Synthesis, rodent biodistribution, dosimetry, metabolism, and monkey images of carbon-11-labeled (+)-2α-tropanyl benzilate: a central muscarinic receptor imaging agent. J. Nucl. Med. 33, 423-430 (1992).

Mulholland GK, Jung YW, Wieland DM, Kilbourn MR, Kuhl DE. Synthesis of [18F]fluoroethoxy-benzovesamicol, a radiotracer for cholinergic neurons. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 583-591 (1993).

Mulholland GK. Simple rapid hydrolysis of acetyl protecting groups in the FDG synthesis using cation exchange resins. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 19-23 (1995).

Muller L, Halldin C, Farde L, et al. [11C]β-CIT, a cocaine analogue. Preparation, autoradiography and preliminary PET investigations. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 249-255 (1993).

Muller L, Halldin C, Foged C, Hohlweg R. Synthesis of [18F]NNC 12-0817 and [18F]NNC 12-0818; two potential radioligands for the dopamine transporter. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 323-328 (1995).

Murakami M, Takahashi T, Kondo Y, et al. The comparative synthesis of 18F-fluorophenylalanines by electrophilic substitution with 18F-F2 and 18F-AcOF. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 573-578 (1988).

Murakami Y, Nishimura S, Noda A, Harada N, Tsukada H. Synthesis of 18F labelled FK960, a candidate anti-dementia drug, and PET studies in concious monkeys. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 1219-1228 (2002).

Murakami Y, Kuroda A, Osoda K, Nishimura S. Rapid synthesis of 11C-labeled FK506 for positron emission tomography. Tetrahedron Lett. 44, 641-644 (2003).

Murakami Y, Takamatsu H, Taki J, Tatsumi M, Noda A, Ichise R, Tait JF, Nishimura S. 18F-Labelled annexin V: a PET tracer for apoptosis imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 31, 469-474 (2004).

Murali D, Dejesus OT, Sunderland JJ, Nickles RJ. [18F]Fluoro-β-fluoromethylene- m-tyrosine analogs, potential PET agents for presynaptic dopamine terminals: synthesis and spectroscopic characterization. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 969-977 (1992).

Musachio JL, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, et al. Synthesis of a radiotracer for studying σ receptors in vivo using PET: (+)-N-[11C]benzyl-N-normetazocine (1S,5S,9S- (+)-cis-2-[11C]benzyl-2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 49-57 (1994).

Musachio JL, Flesher JE, Scheffel UA, Rauseo P, Hilton J, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Frost JJ. Radiosynthesis and mouse brain distribution studies of [11C]CP-126,998: a PET ligand for in vivo study of acetylcholinesterase. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 547-552 (2002).

Murali D, Flores LG, Roberts AD, Nickles RJ, DeJesus OT. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitors as carcinoid tumor-imaging agents: synthesis of 18F-labeled α-fluoromethyl-6-fluoro-m-tyrosine (FM-6-FmT). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 59, 237-243 (2003).

References

163

Myers WG. 11C-Acetylene. J. Nucl. Med. 13, 699-701 (1972). Mzengeza S, Venkatachalam TK, Diksic M. Asymmetric radiosynthesis of α-[11C]methyl-L-

tryptophan for PET studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 303-307 (1995).

-N- Nader MW., Zeisler SK, Theobald A, Oberdorfer F. Low temperature synthesis of

no-carrier-added [11C]formaldehyde with metal hydrides and preparation of [1-11C]1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-b-carboline derivative. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1599-1603 (1998).

Nader MW, Oberdorfer F. Syntheses of [carbonyl-11C]2-(2-benzoylphenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide from [11C]carbon monoxide by the Suzuki and the Stille reactions. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 681-685 (2002).

Nagatsugi F, Hokazono J, Sasaki S, Maeda M. Synthesis of 20- [18F]fluoroarachidonic acid: a potential phospholipid metabolic agent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 1121-1127 (1994).

Nagatsugi F, Sasaki S, Maeda M. 8-[18F]Fluorooctanoic acid and its β-substituted derivatives as potential agents for cerebral fatty acid studies: synthesis and biodistribution. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 809-817 (1994).

Någren K, Ragnarsson U, Langström B, et al. The synthesis of the neuropeptide met- enkephalin and two metabolic fragments labelled with 11C in the methionine methyl group. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 537-539 (1986).

Någren K, Langström B. Synthesis of D/L- and L-Se-[methyl-11C]selenomethionine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 133-139 (1988).

Någren K, Ragnarsson U, Langström B. Synthesis of 11C-labelled methionine-conatining enkephalin analogues. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 149-160 (1988).

Någren K, Takahashi T, Lehikoinen P, Bergman J. Preparation of the antioestrogenic compound N-[methyl-11C]-toremifene for the study of estrogen-receptor positive tumors in vivo. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 1085-1089 (1991).

Någren K, Schoeps KO, Halldin C, Swahn CG, Farde L. Selective synthesis of racemic 1-11C-labelled norepinephrine, octopamine, norphenylephrine and phenylethanolamine using [11C]nitromethane. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 515-521 (1994).

Nårgen K, Müller L, Halldin C, Swahn CG, Lehikoinen P. Improved synthesis of some commonly used PET radioligands by the use of [11C]methyl triflate. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 235-239 (1995).

Någren K, Halldin C, Swahn CG, et al. [11C]Metaraminol, a false neurotransmitter: preparation, metabolite studies and positron emission tomography examination in monkey. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 221-227 (1996).

Någren K, Halldin C. Methylation of amide and thiol functions with [11C]methyl triflate, as exemplified by [11C]NMSP, [11C]flumazenil and [11C]methionine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 831-841 (1998).

Någren K, Sutinen E, Jyrkkio S. [N-methyl-11C]MeAIB, a tracer for system A amino acid transport: preparation from [11C]methyl triflate and HPLC metabolite analysis of plasma samples after intravenous administration in man. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1013-1021 (2000).

Najafi A, Peterson A. A modified and improved system for [18F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (2-FDG) based on the resin exchange method. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 125-126 (1993).

Najafi A, Peterson A. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of "no-carrier-added" 18F-labeled biotin. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 401-405 (1993).

Najafi A, Peterson A, Buchsbaum M, et al. Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of [18F]NCQ-115: a new selective reversible dopamine D2 receptor ligand. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 549-555 (1993).

Namavari M, Bishop A, Satyamurthy N, et al. Regioselective radiofluorodestannylation with [18F]F2 and [18F]CH3COOF: a high yield synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 989-996 (1992).

Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Phelps ME, Barrio JR. Synthesis of 6-[18F] and 4-[18F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosines via regioselective radiofluorodestannylation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 527-536 (1993).

Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Bario JR. Synthesis of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine, 6-[18F]fluoro-

References

164

m-tyramine and 4-[18F]fluoro-m-tyramine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 825-833 (1995).

Namavari M, Barrio JR, Toyokuni T, et al. Synthesis of 8-[18F]fluoroguanine derivatives: in vivo probes for imaging gene expression with positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 157-162 (2000).

Ndiokwere CL. Fluorine-18 labelling of ortho-fluorohippuric acid by isotope exchange reaction. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 14, 705-712 (1978).

Neirinckx RD, Lambrecht RM, Wolf AP. Cyclotron isotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals - XXV. An anhydrous F-18-fluorinating intermediate: trifluoromethyl hypofluorite. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 29, 323-327 (1978).

Neu H, Kihlberg T, Langström B. Synthesis of [18-11C/(13C)]linoleic acid. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 607-619 (1997).

Neu H, Hartvig P, Torstenson R, et al. Synthesis of [11C-methyl]-(-)-OSU6162, its regional brain distribution and some pharmacological effects of (-)-OSU6162 on the dopaminergic system studied in the rhesus monkey by positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 507-511 (1997).

Neu H, Bonasera TA, Långström B. Lithium [11C]methyl(2-thienyl)cuprate LiCN in 1,4-additions to a,b-unsaturated ketones. 11C and 13C Labelling of the androgen mesterolone. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 227-234 (1998).

Neu H, Kihlberg T, Langström B. Synthesis of saturated fatty acids 11C(13C)-labelled in the ω-methyl position. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 509-524 (1997).

Niisawa K, Ogawa K, Saito J, et al. Production of no-carrier-added 11C-carbon disulfide and 11C-hydrogen cyanide by microwave discharge Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 29-33 (1984).

Nishijima K, Kuge Y, Seki K, Ohkura K, Motoki N, Nagatsu K, Tanaka A, Tsukamoto E, Tamaki N. A simplified and improved synthesis of [11C]phosgene with iron and iron (III) oxide. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 345-350 (2002).

Nishiyama S, Sato K, Harada N, Kakiuchi T, Tsukada H. Development and evaluation of muscarinic cholinergic receptor ligands N-[11C]ethyl-4-piperidyl benzilate and N-[11C]propyl-4-piperidyl-4-piperidyl benzilate: a PET study in comparison with N-[11C]methyl-4-piperidyl benzilate in the concious monkey brain. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 733-740 (2000).

Noble GD, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, et al. Synthesis of a radiotracer for studying k-subtype opiate receptors: N-[11C-methyl]-N-(trans-2-pyrrolidinyl-cyclohexy)-3,4- dichlorophenylacetamide ([11C](±)U-50488H). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 81-89 (1992).

Noguchi J, Suzuki K. Automated synthesis of the ultra high specific activity of [11C]Ro15-4513 and its application in extremely low concentration region to an ARG study. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 335-343 (2003).

Norenberg JP, Simpson NR, Dunn BB, Kiesewetter DO. Remote synthesis of [11C]acetate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 943-945 (1992).

-O-

Oberdorfer F, Hanisch M, Helus F, Maier-Borst W. A new procedure for the preparation of

11C-labelled methyl iodide. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 435-438 (1985). Oberdorfer F, Hofmann E, Maier-Borst W. Preparation of a new 18F-labelled precursor:

1-[18F]fluoro-2-pyridone. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 685-688 (1988). Oberdorfer F, Traving BC, Maier-Borst W, Hull WE. Preparation and characterization of

2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-galactose. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 465-481 (1988). Oberdorfer F, Hofmann E, Maier-Borst W. Preparation of 18F-labelled N-fluoro-

pyridiniumtriflate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 999-1005 (1988). Oberdorfer F, Hofmann E, Maier-Borst W. Preparation of 18F-labelled 5-fluorouracil of very

high purity. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 137-145 (1989). Oberdorfer F, Siegel T, Guhlmann A, et al. The preparation of a 11C-labelled 5-lipoxygenase

product. 5(S)-Hydroxy-6(R)-(N-[1-11C]acetyl)cysteinyl-7,9-trans-11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 903-913 (1992).

Oberdorfer F, Zobeley A, Weber K, et al. Preparation of α-[3-11C]aminoisobutyric acid from an azadisilolidine derivative of alanine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 345-353 (1993).

Ogawa K, Sasaki M, Nozaki T. Malonic ester and acetoacetic ester synthesis of

References

165

2-[11,14C]methyl-fatty acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 623-630 (1997). Ogawa M, Hatano K, Kawasumi Y, Wichmann J, Ito K. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of

[11C]methyl-Ro 64-6198 as an ORL1 receptor imaging agent. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 941-947 (2001).

Ogawa M, Hatano K, Kawasumi Y, Ishiwata K, Kawamura K, Ozaki S, Ito K. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-[(3R,4R)-1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-[11C]ethyl- 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one as a brain ORL1 receptor imaging agent for positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 51-59 (2003).

Ögren M, Hörnfeldt K, Fasth KJ, Langström B. 11C-Labelled polymer-bound Wittig reagents in the synthesis of 11C-labelled aromatic alkenes. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 771-775 (1995).

Oh SJ, Choe YS, Chi DY, et al. Re-evaluation of 3-bromopropyl triflate as the precursor in the preparation of 3-[18F]fluoropropyl bromide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 293-297 (1999).

Oh SJ, Mosdzianowski C, Chi DY, Kim JY, Kang SH, Ryu JS, Yeo JS, Moon DH. Fully automated synthesis system of 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 803-809 (2004).

Ono M, Wilson A, Nobrega J, Westaway D, Verhoeff P, Zhuang ZP, Kung MP, Kung HF. 11C-labeled stilbene derivatives as Aβ-aggregate-specific PET imaging agents for Alzheimer's disease. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 565-571 (2003).

Orita K, Sasaki S, Maeda M, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-{1-[5-(2'-[18F]fluoroethyl)- 2-thienyl]-cyclohexyl}piperidine as a potential in vivo radioligand for the NMDA receptor-channel complex. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 865-873 (1993).

Oya S, Choi SR, Coenen H, Kung HF. New PET imaging agent for the serotonin transporter: [18F]ACF (2-[(2-amino-4-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)thio]-N,N-dimethyl-benzenmethanamine). J. Med. Chem. 45, 4716-4723 (2002).

-P-

Padgett HC, Schmidt DG, Luxen A, et al. Computer-controlled radiochemical synthesis: a

chemistry process control unit for the automated production of radiochemicals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 433-445 (1989).

Palmer AJ, Goulding RW. Biosynthetic preparation of 11C-labelled galactose glycerol and mannitol. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 10, 627-635 (1974).

Palmer AJ. The preparation of 11C-methyl labelled 1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-dipyridinium diiodide. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 14, 27-33 (1978).

Parks NJ, Krohn KA. The synthesis of 13N labeled ammonia, dinitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate using a single cyclotron target system. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 29, 754-756 (1978).

Pascali C, Luthra SK, Pike VW, et al. The radiosynthesis of [18F]PK 14105 as an alternative radioligand for peripheral type benzodiazepine binding sites. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 477-482 (1990).

Pascali C, Pike VW, Turton DR. The radiosynthesis of nca [O-methyl- 11C]viqualine, through an N-trityl-protected intermediate, as a potential PET radioligand for 5HT re-uptake sites. J.Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 1341-1350 (1990).

Pascali C, Iwata R, Ido T. Comparative study on the influence of bases on (3-N- [11C]methyl)spiperone synthesis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1526-1528 (1992).

Pascali C, Bogni A, Iwata R, et al. [11C]Methylation on a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge: a convenient way to produce [N-methyl-11C]choline. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 195-203 (2000).

Pascali G, Kiesewetter DO, Salvadori PA, Eckelman WC. Use of 1,8-bis-(dimethylamino)- naphthalene/H18F complex as new radiofluorinating agent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 373-383 (2004).

Patt M, Gundisch D, Wullner U, et al. N-[11C]Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (Ecstasy) and 2-methyl-N-[11C]methyl-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine: Synthesis and biodistribution studies. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 240, 535-540 (1999).

Patt JT, Spang JE, Westera G, et al. Synthesis and in vivo studies of [C-11]N- methylepibatidine: comparison of the stereoisomers. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 165-173 (1999).

Patt JT, Spang JE, Westera G, et al. [C-11]N-Methylhomoepibatidine: radiolabelling and biodistribution studies in mice. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 127-136 (2000).

Patt JT, Spang JE, Buck A, Cristina H, Arras M, Schubiger PA, Westera G. Synthesis and in

References

166

vivo studies of the stereoisomers of N-[11C]methyl-homoepibatidine. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 645-655 (2001).

Patt JT, Patt M. Reaction of [18F]4-fluorobenzenediazonium cations with cycteine or the cystenyl group: preparation of 18F-labeled S-aryl-cysteine and a radiolabeled peptide. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 1229-1238 (2002).

Perlmutter M, Satyamurthy N, Luxen A, et al. Synthesis of 4-[18F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine: a model analog for in vivo assessment of central dopaminergic function. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 801-807 (1990).

Petric A, Barrio JR, Namavari M, et al. Synthesis of 3β-(4-[18F]fluoromethylphenyl)- and 3β-(2-[18F]fluoromethylphenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic acid methylesters: new ligands for mapping brain dopamine transporter with positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 529-535 (1999).

Piel M, Schirrmacher R, Hohnemann S, Hamkens W, Kohl B, Jansen M, Schmitt U, Luddens H, Dannhardt G, Rosch F. Synthesis and evaluation of 5,7-dichloro-4-(3-{4-[4-(2- [18F]fluoroethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-phenyl}-ureido)-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid as a potential NMDA ligand to study glutamatergic neurotransmission in vivo. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 645-659 (2003).

Pike VW, Eakins MN, Allan RM, Selwyn AP. Preparation of carbon-11 labelled acetate and palmitic acid for the study of myocardial metabolism by emission-computerised axial tomography. J. Radioanal. Chem. 64, 291-297 (1981).

Pike VW, Eakins MN, Allan RM, Selwyn AP. Preparation of [1-11C]acetate - an agent for the synthesis of myocardial metabolism by positron emission tomography. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 505-512 (1982).

Pike VW, Palmer AJ, Horlock PL, et al. Semi-automated preparation of a 11C-labelled antibiotic -[N-methyl-11C]erythromycin A lactobionate. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 103-109 (1984).

Plenevaux A, Dewey SL, Fowler JS, et al. Synthesis of (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-4-fluorodeprenyl and (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-[N-11C-methyl]-4-fluorodeprenyl and positron emission tomography studies in baloon brain. J. Med. Chem. 33, 2015-2019 (1990).

Plenevaux A, Fowler JS, Dewey SL, et al. The synthesis of no-carrier-added DL-4- [18F]fluorodeprenyl via the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 121-127 (1991).

Plenevaux A, Lemaire C, Palmer AJ, et al. Synthesis of non-activated 18F-fluorinated aromatics compounds through nucleophilic substitution and decarboxylation reactions. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1035-1040 (1992).

Plenevaux A, Al-Darwich MJ, Lemaire C, et al. Enantioselective synthesis of n.c.a. (S)-L-[β-11C]-4-chlorophenylalanine and (S)-L-(α-methyl)-[β-11C]-4-chloro-phenylalanine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 361-369 (1994).

Plenevaux A, Lemaire C, Delfiore G, Comar D. Enantioselective synthesis of n.c.a. (S)-L-([α-11C]methyl)-tryptophan. App. Radiat. Isot. 45, 651-653 (1994).

Poethko T, Schottelius M, Thumshirn G, Hersel U, Herz M, henriksen G, Kessler H, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. two-step methodlogy for high-yield routine radiohalogenation of peptides: 18F-labeled RGD and octreotide analog. J. Nucl. Med. 45, 892-902 (2004).

Pomper MG, Katzenellenegorgen JA, Welch MJ, et al. 21-[18F]Fluoro-16α-ethyl- 19-norprogesterone: synthesis and target tissue selective uptake of a progestin receptor based radiotracer for positron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 31, 1360-1363 (1988).

Pomper MG, Kochanny MJ, Thieme AM, Carlson KE, Vanbrocklin HF, Mathias CJ, Welch MJ, Katzenellenbogen JA. Fluorine-substituted corticosteroids: synthesis and evaluation as potential receptor-based imaging agents for positron emission tomography of the brain. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 461-480 (1992).

Pomper MG, Musachio JL, Scheffel U, Macdonald JE, McCarthy DJ, Reif DW, Villemagne VL, Yokoi F, Dannals RF, Wong DF. Radiolabeled neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: synthesis, in vivo evaluation, and primate PET studies. J. Nucl. Med. 41, 1417-1425 (2000).

Ponchant M, Kamenka JM, Crouzel C. Synthesis of 3-[18F]-fluoromethyl-TCP, a potential tool for PET study of the NMDA receptor channel complex. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 955-960 (1992).

Ponchant M, Varastet M, Hantraye P, et al. Synthesis of 3-[18F]fluoromethyl-BTCP and

References

167

evaluation as a potential PET radioligand for the dopamine transporter in baboons. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 727-733 (1993).

Ponchant M, Hinnen F, Demphel S, Crouzel C. [11C]Copper(I) cyanide: a new radioactive precursor for 11C-cyanation and functionalization of haloarenes. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 755-762 (1997).

Ponchant M, Galea H, Bottlaender M, Coulon C, Fuseau C, Ottaviani M, Crouzel C. [tetrazoyl-11C]LY202157 synthesis for in vivo studies of the NMDA receptor channel complex. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1311-1320 (2000).

Ponde DE, Dence CS, Schuster DP, Welch MJ. Rapid and reproducible radiosynthesis of [18F] FHBG. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 133-138 (2004).

Poupeye E, Counsell RE, De Leenheer A, Slegers G, Goethals P. Synthesis of 11C-labelled thymidine for tumor visualization using positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 57-61 (1989).

Prakash GKS, Alauddin MM, Hu J, Conti PS, Olah GA. Expedient synthesis of [18F]-labeled a-trifluoromethyl ketones. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1087-1092 (2003).

Prenant C, Sastre J, Crouzel C, Syrota A. Synthesis of 11C-pindolol. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 24, 227-232 (1987).

Prenant C, Barre L, Crouzel C. Synthesis of [11C]-3-quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB). J. Label Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 1257-1265 (1989).

Prenant C, Crouze C. Synthesis of [11C]-sarin: J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 645-651 (1990).

Prenant C, Crouzel C, Valois JM, et al. Synthesis of [11C]LY186126, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 946-948 (1992).

Prenant C, Theobald A, Haberkorn U, et al. Feasibility of labeled α-acetamido- aminoisobutyric acid as new tracer compound for kinetic labeling of neutral amino acid transport: preparation of α-(N-[1-11C]acetyl)- and α-(N-[1-14C]acetyl)- aminoisobutyric acid. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 359-363 (1996).

Prenen GHM, Go KG, et al. An improved synthesis of carbon-11 labeled acetoacetic acid and an evaluation of its potential for the investigation of cerebral pathology by positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 1209-1216 (1990).

-R-

Rajagopal S, Diksic M, Francis B, et al. Synthesis of a 11C-labeled novel, quinuclidine based

ligand for the 5-HT3 receptor. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1369-1373 (1992). Ram S, Ehrenkaufer RE, Jewett DM. Rapid reductive-carboxylation of secondary amines, one

pot synthesis of N'-([4-11C]-methyl)imipramine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 391-395 (1986). Ram S, Spicer LD. Synthesis of 11C-labeled chlorpromazine directly from [11C]carbon dioxide.

Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 413-416 (1989). Ram S, Ehrenkaufer RE, Spicer LD. Synthesis of the labeled D1 receptor antagonist SCH

23390 using [11C]carbon dioxide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 425-427 (1989). Ram S, Spicer LD. Direct incorporation of [11C]carbon dioxide for labeling bioactive molecules.

An application to [11C]labeled tamoxifen. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 661-668 (1989).

Ram S. Synthesis of 11C-labeled citalopram, a selective uptake inhibitor. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 645-648 (1990).

Ravert HY, Wilson AA, Dannals RF, Wong D, Wagner HN. Radiosynthesis of a selective dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist: R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-[11C]methyl- 1-phenyl-2 3 4 5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine. ([11C]SCH 23390). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 305-306 (1987).

Ravert HT, Dannals RR, Wilson AA, Wagner HN. (N-[11C]-Methyl)doxepin: synthesis of a radiotracer for studying the histamine H-1 receptor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 403-407 (1992).

Ravert H, Mathews WB, Musachio JL, Dannals RF. Synthesis of carbon-11 labeled methylcarbamates from [11C]-methylcholoroformate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 365-371 (1995).

Ravert HT, Mathews WB, Musachio JL, et al. [11C]-Methyl 4-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- acetyl]-3-[(1-pyrrolidinyl)-methyl]-1-piperazinecarboxylate ([11C]GR89696): Synthesis and in vivo binding to kappa opiate receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 737-741 (1999).

References

168

Ravert HT, Mathews WB, Hamill TG, Burns HD, Dannals RF. Radiosynthesis of a potent endothelin receptor antagonist: [11C]L-753,037. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1205-1210 (2000).

Ravert HT, Mathews WB, Klitenick MA, Wong DF, Dannals RF. Radiosynthesis of a ligand for studying the glycine transporter: [11C]ALX-5407. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 241-246 (2001).

Ravert HT, Klecker RW, Collins JM, Mathews WB, Pomper MG, Wahl RL, Dannals RF. Radiosynthesis of [11C]paclitaxel. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 471-477 (2002).

Reddy GN, Haeberli M, Beer HF, Schubiger AP. An improved synthesis of no-carrier-added (NCA) 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA and its remote routine production for PET investigations of dopaminergic systems. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 645-649 (1993).

Reiffers S, Beerling-Van der Molen HD, Vaalburg W, et al. Rapid synthesis and purification of carbon-11 labelled DOPA: a potential agent for brain studies. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 28, 955-958 (1977).

Reiffers S, Vaalburg W, Wiegman T, et al. Carbon-11 labelled methyllithium as methyl donating agent: the addition to 17-keto steroids. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 31, 535-539 (1980).

Reischl G, Bieg C, Schmiedl O, Solbach C, Machulla HJ. Highly efficient automated synthesis of [11C]choline for multi dose utilization. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 60, 835-838 (2004).

Rimland A, Bergson G, Obenius U, et al. Synthesis of N-[Methyl-11C]hydromorphone by using multivariate strategies for optimization of radiochemical yields. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 651-654 (1987).

Roeda D, Crouzel C, Van Der Jagt PJ, et al. Synthesis of 11C-urea for medical use. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 31, 549-551 (1980).

Roeda D, Westera G. The synthesis of some 11C-labelled antiepileptic drugs with potential utility as radiopharmaceuticals: hydantoins and barbiturates. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 32, 843-845 (1981).

Roeda D, Westera G. A uv-induced on-line synthesis of 11C-phosgene and the preparation of some of its derivatives. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 32, 931-932 (1981).

Roeda D, Crouzel C, Brouillet E, Valette H. Synthesis and in vivo distribution of no-carrier-added N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine [11C]methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 509-512 (1996).

Roeda D, Crouzel C. [11C]Formaldehyde revisited: considerable concurrent [11C]formic acid formation in the low-temperature conversion of [11C]carbon dioxide into [11C]formaldehyde. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 54, 935-939 (2001).

Roeda D, Dolle F, Crouzel C. An improvement of [11C]acetate synthesis- non-radioactive contaminants by irradiation-induced species emanating from the [11C]carbon dioxide production target. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 857-860 (2002).

Roeda D, Sipila HT, Bramoulle Y, Enas JD, Vaufrey F, Dolle F, Crouzel C. Synthesis of [11C]atipamezole, a potential PET ligand for the α2-adrenergic receptor in the brain. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 37-47 (2002).

Roeda D, Dolle F. Preparation of [11C]formaldehyde using a silver-containing ceramic catalyst. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 449-458 (2003).

Roeda D, Hinnen F, Dolle F. Radiosynthesis of a 2-substituted 4,5-dihydro-1H- [2-11C]imidazole: the I2 imidazoline receptor ligand [11C]benazoline. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1141-1149 (2003).

Rogers GA, Stone-Elander S, Ingvar M, et al. 18F-Labelled vesamicol derivatives: Synthesis and preliminary in vivo small animal positron emission tomography evaluation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 219-230 (1994).

Römer J, Steinbach J, Kasch H. Studies on the synthesis of 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 395-399 (1996).

Römer J, Fuchtner F, Steinbach J, et al. Automated production of 16α-[18F]- fluoroestradiol for breast cancer imaging. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 473-479 (1999).

Römer J, Fuechtner F, Steinbach J. Synthesis of 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol-3,17β- disulphamate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 425-436 (2000).

Römer J, Fuechtner F, Steinbach J, Kasch H. Automated synthesis of 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol-3,17β-disulphamate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 631-639 (2001).

Römer J, Fuechtner F, Steinbach J, Kasch H. Simultaneous preparation of 16α-

References

169

[18F]fluoroestradiol-sulphamates in an automated module. A high-yield procedure for 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol-17β-sulphamate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 689-700 (2001).

Rosen MA, Jones RM, Yano Y, Budinger TF. Carbon-11 choline: Synthesis purification and brain uptake inhibition by 2-dimethylaminoethanol. J. Nucl. Med. 26, 1424-1428 (1985).

Rosenspire KC, Haka MS, Van Dort ME, et al. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of carbon-11-meta-hydroxyephedrine: a false transmitter agent for heart neuronal imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 31, 1328-1334 (1990).

Rosenthal MS, Bosch AL, Nickles RJ, Gatley SJ. Synthesis and some characteristics of no-carrier added [18F]fluorotrimethylsilane. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 318-319 (1985).

-S-

Sabre J, Vandecasteele C, Goethals P, et al. Routine production of [11C]HCN and

11C-1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 275-278 (1985). Saji H, Tsutsumi D, Kisom Y, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a 13N-labeled opioid

peptide. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 455-460 (1992). Samnick S, Ametamey S, Gold M, Schubiger PA. Synthesis and preliminary in vitro

evaluation of a new memantine derivative 1-amino-3-[18F]fluoromethyl-5- methyl- adamantane: a potential ligand for mapping the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 241-250 (1997).

Samuelsson L, Langström B. Synthesis of 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)- [methyl-11C]thymidine ([11C]FMAU] via a Stille cross-coupling reaction with [11C]methyl iodide. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 263-272 (2003).

Sandell J, Halldin C, Hall H, et al. Radiosynthsis and autoradiographic evaluation of [11C]NAD-299, a radioligand for visualization of the 5-HT1A receptor. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 159-164 (1999).

Sandell J, Langer O, Larsen P, et al. Improved specific radioactivity of the PET radioligand [11C]FLB 457 by use of the GE Medical System PETtrace MeI MicroLab. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 331-338 (2000).

Sandell J, Halldin C, Helfenbein J, Chou YH, Vercouillie J, Emond P, Swahn CG, et al. Synthesis of [11C]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(3'-iodo-4'-methyl, -ethyl and isopropyl phenyl)- nortropane as potential radiotracers for examination of the serotonin transporter with positron emission tomography. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1033-1046 (2000).

Sandell J, Halldin C, Pike VW, Chou YH, Varnas K, Hall H, Marchais S, et al. New halogenated [11C]WAY analogues, [11C]6FPWAY and [11C]6BFWAY-radiosynthesis and assessment as radioligands for the study of brain 5-HT1A receptors in living monkey. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 177-185 (2001).

Sandell J, Halldin C, Sovago J, Chou YH, Gulyas B, Yu M, Emond P, Någren K, Guilloteau D, Farde L. PET examination of [11C]5-methyl-6-nitroquipazine, a radioligand for visualization of the serotonin trasporter. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 651-656 (2002).

Sasaki T, Karasawa K, Ishiwata K, et al. Synthesis of [11C]platelet-activating factor (PAF) analogs for in vivo imaging of PAF receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 921-931 (1993).

Sasaki T, Enta A, Nozaki T, et al. Carbon-11-forskolin: a ligand for visualization of the adenylate cyclase-related second messenger system. J. Nucl. Med. 34, 1944-1948 (1993).

Sasaki T, Ishii S, Senda M, et al. Synthesis of [7β-methoxy-11C]methoxy staurosporine for imaging protein kinase C localization in the brain. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 67-69 (1996).

Sasaki T, Furukata K, Ishii S, et al. Regioselective acetylation of 7-deacetylforskolin with 11C-acetyl chloride. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 337-347 (1996).

Sasaki T, Ogawa K, Ishii S, Senda M. Synthesis of [11C]salicylic acid and related compounds and their biodistribution in mice. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 905-909 (1999).

Sasaki T, Matsuoka N, Kubodera A, et al. Synthesis of [11C]coenzyme Q-related compounds for in vivo estimation of mitochondrial electron transduction and Redox state in brain. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 183-187 (1999).

Sasaki M, Ikemoto M, Mutoh M, et al. Automated synthesis of L-[β-11C]amino acids using an immobilized enzyme column. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 199-204 (2000).

Sassaman MB, Panico M, Schmall B, et al. [11C]Diazepam synthesis: N-[11C]methylation of

References

170

desmethyldiazepam is facilitated by utilization of preformed sodium salt/ benzo-15-crown-5 complex. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 1229-1233 (1999).

Satter MR, Martin CC, Oakes TR, et al. Synthesis of the fluoride-18 labeled inhalation anesthetics. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 1093-1100 (1994).

Satyamurthy N, Bida G, Barrio J, et al. No-carrier-added 3-(2'-[18F]fluoroethyl)- spiperone, a new dopamine receptor-binding tracer for positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 13, 617-624 (1986).

Satyamurthy N, Barrio J., Bida GT, et al. 3-(2'-[18F]Fluoroethyl)spiperone, a potent dopamine antagonist: Synthesis, structural analysis and in-vivo utilization in humans. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 113-129 (1990).

Satyamurthy N, Bida GT, Phelps ME, Barrio JR. N-[18F]Fluoro-N-alkylsulfonamides: novel reagents for mild and regioselective radiofluorination. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 733-738 (1990).

Scheffel U, Horti AG, orenAOK, et al. 6-[18F]Fluoro-A-85380: an in vivo tracer for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 51-56 (2000).

Schirrmacher R, Hamkens W, Piel M, Schmitt U, Lueddens H, Hiemke C, Roesch F. Radiosynthesis of (±)-(2-((4-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)phenyl)bis(4-methoxy-phenyl)- methoxy)- ethypiperidine-3-carboxylic acid: a potential GAT-3 PET ligand to study GABAergic neuro-transmission in vivo. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 627-642 (2001).

Schirrmacher R, Nesseler E, Hamkens W, Eichhorn U, Schreckenberger M, Kaina B, Roesch F. An approach to the evaluation of the activity the DNA repair enzyme O6-methylguanidine-DNA-methyl-transferase in tumor tissue in vivo: synthesis of 6-benzyloxy-9-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-9H-purin-2-yl-amine and 6-benzyloxy-7-(2- [18F]fluoroethyl)-7H-purin-2-yl-amine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 56, 511-517 (2002).

Schirrmacher R, Weber M, Schmitz A, Shiue CY, Alavi AA, Feilen P, Schneider S, Kann P, Roesch F. Radiosynthesis of 1-(4-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)benzenesulfonyl)-3-butyl urea: a potential β-cell imaging agent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 763-774 (2002).

Schirrmacher R, Mathiasch B, Schirrmacher E, Radnic D, Rosch F. Synthesis of novel N-([18F]fluoroalkyl)-N-nitroso-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamides and decomposition studies of corresponding 19F- and bromo-analogues: potential new compounds for the 18F-labelling of radiopharmaceuticals. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 959-977 (2003).

Schmall B, Conti PS, Alauddin MM. Synthesis of [11C-methyl]-α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 263-266 (1996).

Schmitz F, Plenevaux A, del-Fiore G, et al. Fast routine production of L-[11C-methyl]- methionine with Al2O3/HF. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 893-897 (1995).

Schoeps KO, Halldin C, Stone-Elander S, et al. Preparation of 11C-nitromethane and an example of its use as a radiolabeling precursor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 749-758 (1988).

Schoeps KO, Sone-Elander S, Halldin C. On-line synthesis of [11C]nitroalkanes. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 261-262 (1989).

Schoeps KO, Långström B, Stone-Elander S, Halldin C. Synthesis of [1-11C]D-glucose and [1-11C]D-mannose from on-line produced [11C]nitromethane. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 877-883 (1991).

Schoeps KO, Halldin C. Synthesis of racemic [α-11C]amphetamine and [α−11C]-phenethylamine from [11C]nitroalkane. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 891-901 (1992).

Schoeps KO, Halldin C, Någren K, et al. Preparation of [1-11C]dopamine, [1-11C]p-tyramine and [1-11C]m-tyramine. Autoradiography and PET examination of [1-11C]dopamine in primates. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 669-678 (1993).

Schweiger L, Craib S, Welch A, Sharp P. Radiosynthesis of [N-methyl-11C]methylene blue. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1221-1228 (2003).

Scönbächler R, Ametamey SM, Schubiger PA, et al. Synthesis and 11C-labelling of a tropane derivative lacking the 2β ester group: a potential PET-tracer for the dopamine transporter. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 447-456 (1999).

Scribner AW, Jonson SD, Welch MJ, Katzenellenbogen JA. Synthesis, estrogen receptor binding, and tissue distribution of [18F]fluorodoisynolic acids. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 209-224 (1997).

Shah F, Hume SP, Pike VW, Ashworth S, McDermott J. Synthesis of the enantiomers of [N-methyl-11C]PK 11195 and comparison of their behaviours as radioligands for PK

References

171

binding sites in rats. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 573-581 (1994). Shah F, Pike VW, Dowsett K. Preparation of no-carrier-added [1-11C]ethylene and

[1-11C]1,2-dibromoethane as new labelling agents. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 931-941 (1997). Shah A, Pike VW, Widdowson. The synthesis of [18F]fluoroarenes from the reaction of

cyclotron-produced [18F]fluoride ion with diaryliodonium salts. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2043-2046 (1998).

Shao X, Lisi JM, Butch ER, Kilbourn MR, Snyder E. N-Methylpiperidinemethyl, N-methylpyrrolidyl and N-methylpyrrolidinemethyl esters as PET tracers for acetylcholineesterase activity. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 293-302 (2003).

Shao X, Butch ER, Kilbourn MR, Snyder SE. N-[18F]Fluoroethylpiperidinyl, N-[18F]fluoro- ethylpiperidinemethyl and N-[18F]fluoroethylpyrrolidinyl esters as radiotracers for acetylcholinesterase. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 491-500 (2003).

Shi B, Narayanan TK, Yang ZY, et al. Radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of 2-(N-alkyl-N-1'-11C-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin analogs as high affinity agonists for dopamine D-2 receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 725-735 (1999).

Shi B, Narayanan TK, Christian BT, Chattopadhyay S, Mukherjee J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the binding of dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist, (R,S)-5-hydroxy-2- (N-propyl-N-(5'-18F-fluoropentyl)aminotetralin (18F- 5OH-FPPAT) in rodents and nonhuman primates. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 303-311 (2004).

Shibayama Y, Sasaki S, Tomita U, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of new 18F-labelled thienylcyclohexylpiperidine (TCP) analogues as radioligands for the NMDA receptor-channel complex. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 77-86 (1996).

Shimadzu H, Suemoto T, Suzuki S, Shiomitsu T, Okamura N, Kudo Y, Sawada T. A novel probe for imaging amyloid-β: synthesis of F-18 labelled BF-108, an acridine orange analog. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 765-772 (2003).

Shimadzu H, Suemoto T, Suzuki M, Shiomitsu T, Okamura N, Kudo Y, Sawada T. Novel probes for imaging amyloid-β: F-18 and C-11 labeling of 2-(4-aminostyryl)benzoxazole derivatives. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 181-190 (2004).

Shiue CY, Wolf AP. Synthesis of 4-fluoro-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one (4-fluoroantipyrine) and 18F-labeled analog by direct fluorination of antipyrine with molecular fluorine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 18, 1059-1066 (1981).

Shiue CY, To KC, Wolf AP. A rapid synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose from xenon difluoride suitable for labelling with F-18. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 20, 157-162 (1982).

Shiue CY, Salvadori PA, Wolf AP, Fowler JS, MacGregor RR. A new improved synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose from 18F-labeled acetyl hypofluorite. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 899-903 (1982).

Shiue CY, Watanabe M, Wolf AP, et al. Application of the nucleophilic substitution reaction to the synthesis of no-carrier-added [18F]fluorobenzene and other 18F-labeled aryl fluorides. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 21, 533-547 (1984).

Shiue CY, Wolf AP, Friedkin M. Synthesis of 5’-deoxy-5-[18F]fluorouridine and related compounds as probes for measuring tissue proliferation in vivo. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 21, 865-873(1984).

Shiue CY, Arnett CD, Wolf AP. Synthesis and biodistribution of 2-deoxy-2- [18F]fluoro-D-glucopyranosyl [18F]fluoride in mice. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 9, 77-80 (1984).

Shiue CY, Wolf AP. The synthesis of 1-[11C]-D-glucose and related compounds for the measurement of brain glucose metabolism. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 171-182 (1985).

Shiue CY, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, et al. Syntheses and specific activity determinations of no-carrier-added (nca) F-18-labeled butyrophenone neuroleptics- benperidol haloperidol, spiroperidol, and pipamperone. J. Nucl. Med. 26, 181-186 (1985).

Shiue CY, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, et al. No-carrier-added fluorine-18-labeled N-methylspiroperidol: Synthesis and biodistribution in mice. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 226-234 (1986).

Shiue CY, Bai LQ, Teng RR, Wolf AP. Synthesis of no-carrier-added (nca) [18F]fluoroalkyl halides and their application in the synthesis of [18F]fluoroalkyl derivatives of neurotransmitter receptor active compounds. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 24, 55-64 (1987).

Shiue CY, Teng RR, Bai LQ, et al. No-carrier-added (nca) (±)-N-(3-[18F]fluoro-

References

172

propyl)-N-normetazocine-synthesis and PET studies in a baboon. Nucl. Med. Biol. 14, 119-122 (1987).

Shiue CY, Bai LQ, Teng RR, et al. No-carrier-added N-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)- spiroperidol: biodistribution in mice and tomographic studies in a baboon. J. Nucl. Med. 28, 1164-1170 (1987).

Shiue CY, Bai LQ, Shiue G, et al. Synthesis of (±)-[18F]BMY 14802, its enantiomers and their anatomical distributions in rodents. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 625-630 (1993).

Shiue CY, Shiue GG, Rysavy JA, et al. Fluorine-18 and carbon-11 labeled amphetamine analogs-synthesis, distribution, binding characteristics in mice and rat and a PET study in monkey. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 973-981 (1993).

Shiue CY, Vallabhahosula S, Wolf AP. Carbon-11 labelled ketamine-synthesis, distribution in mice and PET studies in baboons. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 145-150 (1997).

Shiue CY, Shiue GG, Zhang SX, et al. N-(N-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2- [18F]fluorobenzamide: a potential ligand for PET imaging of sigma receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 671-676 (1997)

Shiue CY, Pleus RC, Shiue GG, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of [11C]MK-912 as an α2-adrenergic receptor radioligand for PET studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 127-133 (1998).

Shiue GG, Shiue CY, Lee RL, MacDonald D, Hustinx R, Eck SL, Alavi AA. A simplified one-pot synthesis of 9-[3-[18F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-proxy)methyl]guanine ([18F]FHPG) and 9-(4-[18F]fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG) for gene therapy. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 875-883 (2001).

Shiue GG, Schirrmacher R, Shiue CY, Alvavi AA. Synthesis of fluorine-18 labeled sulfonureas as β-cell imaging agents. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 127-139 (2001).

Shiue GG, Fang PF, Shiue CY. Synthesis of N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-[18F]fluorophenylthio)benzylamine as a serotonin transporter imaging agent. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 58, 183-191 (2003).

Shoup TM, Fischman AJ, Jaywook S, et al. Synthesis of fluorine-18-labeled biotin derivatives: Biodistribution and infection localization J. Nucl. Med. 35 1685-1690 (1994).

Shoup TM, Goodman MM. Synthesis of [F-18]-1-amino-3-fluorocyclobutane-1- carboxylic acid (FACBC): a PET tracer for tumor delineation. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 215-225 (1999).

Shoup TM, Olson J, Hoffman JM, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of [18F]1-amino-3- fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid to image brain tumors. J. Nucl. Med. 40. 331-338 (1999).

Skaddan MB, Kilbourn MR, Snyder SE, Sherman PS, Desmond TJ, Frey KA. Synthesis, 18F-labeling, and biological evaluation of piperidyl and pyrrolidyl benzilates as in vivo ligands for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Med. Chem. 43, 4552-4562 (2000).

Slegers G, Lambrecht RHD, Vandewalle T, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of [11C]formaldehyde: concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 338-342 (1984).

Sleger G, Sambre J, Goethals P, et al. Synthesis of [1-11C]iodoethane for the preparation of [11C]ethyl labelled radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 279-282 (1986).

Smith DF, Bender D, Marthi K, Cumming P, Hansen SB, Peters D, Nielsen EO, Scheel-Kruger J, Gjedde A. Synthesis and evaluation of racemic [11C]NS2456 and its enantiomers as selective serotonin reuptake radiotracers for PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 265-270 (2001).

Snyder SE, Tluczek L, Jewett D. Synthesis of 1-[11C]methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate ([11C]PMP) for in vivo measurements of acetylcholinesterase activity. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 751-754 (1998).

Snyder SE, Sherman PS, Desmond TJ, et al. (-)-6',7'-[11C]Dihydroroten-12α-ol ((-)- [11C]DHROL) for in vivo measurement of mitochondrial complex I. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 641-652 (1999).

Sobczyk DP, van Grondelle J, de Jong AM, de Voigt MJA, van Santen RA. Production of chemically pure gaseous [13N]NH3 pulses for PEP studies using a modified DeVarda reduction. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 201-207 (2002).

Sobrio F, Amokhtari M, Gourand F, Dhilly M, Dauphin F, Barre L. Radiosynthesis of [18F]Lu29-024: a potential PET ligand for brain imaging of the serotonergic 5-HT2 receptor. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8, 2511-2518 (2000).

Soloviev DV, Matarrese M, Moresco RM, Todde S, Bonasera TA, Sudati F, Simonelli P, et al. Asymmetric synthesis and preliminary evaluation of (R)- and (S)-[11C]bisoprolol, a

References

173

putative β1-selective adrenoceptor radioligand. Neurochem. Int. 38, 169-180 (2001). Somawardhana CW, Sajjad M, Lambrecht RM. Solid state support for the synthesis of

[1-11C]-putrescene. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 555-558 (1991). Somawardhana CW, Sajjad M, Lambrecht RM. Radiopharmaceutical for differential diagnosis

of tuberculoma: Synthesis of 2-[11C]cyano-isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 559-562 (1991).

Sood S, Firnau G, Garnett ES. Radiofluorination with xenon difluoride: a new high yield synthesis of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 743-745 (1983).

Soussain R, Gueguen P, Morgat JL, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of 11C-labelled (-)-epinephrine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 21, 203-222 (1984).

Spang JE, Patt JT, Westera G, et al. Synthesis and [11C]-radiolabelling of dechloro-epibatidine and 2PABH, two potentila radioligands for studying the central nACHRs in vivo. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 761-771 (1999).

Speranza M, Ferrieri RA, Wolf AP, Cacace F. Rapid catalytic synthesis of 11C-labelled aromatics. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 19, 61-73 (1982).

Speranza M, Shiue CY, Wolf AP, et al. Regiospecific radiofluorination of arylpenta- fluorosilicates as a general route to F-18-labelled aryl fluorides. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1448-1449 (1984).

Steel CJ, Brady F, Luthra SK, et al. An automated radiosynthesis of 2-[11C]thymidine using anhydrous [11C]urea derived from [11C]phosgene. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 377-388 (1999).

Steinbach J, Maeding P, Fuechtner F, Johannsen B. N.C.A. 11C-labelling of benzenoid compounds in ring positions: synthesis of nitro-[1-11C]benzene and [1-11C]aniline. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 33-41 (1995).

Stoll T, Ermert J, Oya S, Kung HF, Coenen HH. Application of n.c.a. 4-[18F]fluorophenol in diaryl ether syntheses of 2-(4-[18F]fluorophenoxy)-benzylamines. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 443-455 (2004).

Stone-Elander S, Nilsson JLG, Blomqvist G, et al. 11C-2-Deoxy-D-glucose: synthesis and preliminary comparison with 11C-D-glucose as a tracer for cerebral energy metabolism in PET studies. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 10, 481-486 (1985).

Stone-Elander S, Ingvar M, Johnström P, et al. 11C-Labeled 4-isopropylantipyrine: preparation and biological evaluation as a blood flow tracer in positron emission tomography (PET). J. Med. Chem. 28, 1325-1328 (1985).

Stone-Elander S, Roland P, Eriksson L, et al. The preparation of 11C-labelled fluoromethane for the study of regional cerebral blood flow using positron emission tomography. Eur. J .Nucl. Med. 12, 236-239 (1986).

Stone-Elander S, Roland P, Schwenner E, et al. Synthesis of [isopropyl-11C]nimodipine for in vivo studies of dihydropyridine binding in man using positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 871-875 (1991).

Stone-Elander S, Halldin C, Langström B, et al. Remote-controlled production of [1-11C]- D-glucose and evaluation of the effect of labelling position on loss of [11C]CO2. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 721-729 (1992).

Stout D, Petric A, Satyamurthy N, et al. 2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4- and 2-[18F]fluoromethylphenyl)tropanes: Specific probes for in vivo quantification of central dopamine transporter sites. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 897-903 (1999).

Straatman MG, Welch MJ. Enzymatic synthesis of nitrogen-13 labeled amino acids. Radiat. Res. 56, 48-56 (1973).

Straatman MG, Houtmann AG, Welch MJ. Production of 11C-acetoacetic acid. J. Label. Compds. 10, 175- (1974).

Straatmann MG, Welch MJ. Fluorine-18-labeled diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST): an F-for-OH fluorinating agent. J. Nucl. Med. 18, 151-158 (1977).

Strouphauer AD, Liotta CL, Fink RW. Reaction of benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate with reactor-produced no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride. A new synthesis of 2-[18F]fluorobenzoic acid. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 787-791 (1984).

Studenov AR, Berridge MS, Soloviev DV, et al. High yield synthesis of [11C]-acetone through selective quenching of methyl lithium. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 431-435 (1999).

Studenov AR, Wegner AM, Ding YS. Radiosynthesis and PET studies of [11C]RJR-2403, a nicotinic agonist. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 425-436 (2001).

Studenov AR, Berridge MS. Synthesis and properties of 18F-labeled potential myocardial

References

174

blood flow tracers. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 683-693 (2001). Studenov R, Jivan S, Buckley KR, Adam MJ. Efficient in-loop synthesis of high specific

radioactivity [11C]carfentanil. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 837-842 (2003). Studenov AR, Szalda DE, Ding YS. Synthesis of no-carrier-added C-11 labeled D- and

L-enantiomers of phenylalanine and tyrosine for comparative PET studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 39-44 (2003).

Suehiro M, Dannals RF, Scheffel U, et al. In vivo labeling of the dopamine D2 receptor with N-11C-methyl-benperidol. J. Nucl. Med. 31, 2015-2021 (1990).

Suehiro M, Wilson AA, Scheffel U, et al. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of N-(3-[18F]- fluoropropyl)paroxetine as a radiotracer for in vivo labeling of serotonin uptake sites by PET. Nucl. Med. Biol., 18.791-796 (1991).

Suehiro M, Ravert HT, Wilson AA, et al. Further investigation on the radiosynthesis of α-[11C]methyl-tryptophan. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 151-157 (1992).

Suehiro M, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, et al. Synthesis of a radiotracer for studying serotonin uptake sites with positron emission tomography: [11C]McN-5652-Z. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 841-848 (1992).

Suehiro M, Scheffel U, Dannals RF, et al. Synthesis and biodistribution of a new radiotracer for in vivo labeling of serotonin uptake sites by PET, cis-N,N- [11C]dimethyl- 3-(2',4'-dichlorophenyl)-indanamine (cis-[11C]DDPI), Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 549-553 (1992).

Suehiro M, Scheffel U, Dannals RF, et al. A PET radiotracer for studying serotonin uptake sites: carbon-11-McN-5652Z. J. Nucl. Med. 34, 120-127 (1993).

Suehiro M, Musachio JL, Dannals RF, et al. An improved method for the synthesis of radiolabeled McN5652 via thioester precursor. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 543-545 (1995).

Suehiro M, Greenberg JH, Shiue CY, et al. Radiosynthesis and biodistribution of the S-[18F]fluoroethyl analog of McN5652. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 407-412 (1996).

Suehiro M, Wang TS, Yatabe T, et al. Synthesis of [11C] and [3H]LY274601, a serotonin1A receptor agonist. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 725-730 (1998)

Suzuki K, Inoue O, Hashimoto K, et al. Computer-controlled large scale production of high specific activity [11C]RO 15-1788 for PET studies of benzodiazepine receptors. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 971-976 (1985).

Suzuki K, Inoue O, Tamate K, Mikado F. Production of 3-N-[11C]methylspiperone with high specific activity and high radiochemical purity for PET studies: suppression of its radiolysis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 593-599 (1990).

Svard H, Jigerius SB,.Jangström B. The enzymatic synthesis of L-[3-11C]serine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 587-591 (1990).

-T-

Tada M, Matsuzawa T, Yamaguchi K, et al. Synthesis of 18F-labelled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-

galactopyranose using the acetyl hypofluorite procedure. Carbohyd. Res. 161, 314-317 (1987).

Tada M, Oikawa A, Matsuzawa T, et al. A convenient synthesis of D-[1-11C]glucopyranose and D-[1-11C]galactopyranose using diborane. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 1-7 (1989).

Tada M, Oikawa A, Iwata R, et al. An efficient, one-pot synthesis of 2-deoxy-2- [18F]fluoroacetamido-D-glucopyranose (N-[18F]fluoroacetyl-D-glucosamine), potential diagnostic imaging agent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 1317-1324 (1989).

Tada M, Oikawa A, Iwata R, et al. A rapid and efficient synthesis of 2-deoxy-2- [18F]fluoroacetamido-D-mannopyranose and –D-galactopyranose. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 847-854 (1990).

Tada M, Oikawa A, Iwata R, et al. An efficient synthesis of 2-[carbonyl-11C]acetamido-2-D- glucopyranose (N-[carbonyl-11C]acetyl-D-glucosamine). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 485-490 (1991).

Tada M, Oikawa A, Iwata R, et al. A concise synthesis of [carbonyl-11C]melatonin and N-[carbonyl-11C]acetylserotonin. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 949-955 (1991).

Tada M, Iwata R, Sugiyama H, et al. A rapid synthesis of [fluoroacetyl- 18F]fluoromelatonin (Nω-[18F]fluoroacetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a potential diagnostic imaging agent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 601-606 (1993).

Tada M, Iwata R, Sugiyama H, et al. An efficient synthesis of Nω- [18F]fluoroacetylserotonin

References

175

(Nω-[18F]fluoro-5-hydroxytryptamine). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 741-746 (1994).

Tada M, Iwata R, Sugiyama H, et al. A concise one-pot synthesis of [18F]fluoromisonidazole from (2R)-(-)-glycidyl tosylate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 771-774 (1996).

Takahashi K, Murakami M, Miura S, et al. Synthesis and autoradiographic localization of muscarinic cholinergic antagonist (+)N-[11C]methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate as a potent radioligand for positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 521-525 (1999).

Takahashi T, Takahashi K, Ido T, et al. 11C-labeling of indoealkylamine alkaloids and the comparative study of their tissue distributions. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 965-969 (1985).

Takahashi T, Ido T, Iwata R, et al. [11C]Labeling of coenzyme Q10 and its tissue distribution. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 565-575 (1985).

Takahashi T, Ido T, Iwata R, et al. Automated synthesis system with computer control for the production of [1-11C]fatty acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 659-665 (1988).

Takahashi T, Ido T, Hatano K, Iwata R, Nakanishi H. Synthesis of 1-11C-labeled fatty acid from [11C]HCN. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 649-654 (1990).

Takahashi T, Någren K, Aho K. An alternative synthesis of DL-[1-11C]alanine from [11C]HCN. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 1187-1191 (1990).

Takahashi T, Ido T, Iwata R. Study of leaving groups for the preparation of [ω-18F]fluorofatty acids via nucleophilic fluorination and its application to the synthesis of 17-[18F]fluoro-3-methylheptadecanoic acid. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 801-809 (1991).

Takahashi T, Ido T, Iwata R. Synthesis of 17-[18F]fluoro-5-methylheptadecanoic acid. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 822-824 (1992).

Takahashi T, Ido T, Nagata S, Iwata R. [18F]Labeling of 1,2-diacylglycerols. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 943-969 (2000).

Takao F, Sasaki S, Maeda M, et al. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of a new fluorine-18 labeled dopamine D2 radioligand with benzofuran benzamide skeleton. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 1107-1112 (1993).

Tan P, Fowler JS, Ding YS, Schlyer DJ. Rapid synthesis of [18F]SR46349B, a potent and selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36, 719-728 (1995).

Tan PZ, Baldwin RM, Soufer R, et al. A complete remote-control system for reliable preparation of [18F]altanserin. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 923-927 (1999).

Tan PZ, Baldwin RM, Fu T, et al. Rapid synthesis of F-18 and H-2 dual-labeled altanserin, a metabolically resistant PET ligand for 5-HT2A receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 457-467 (1999).

Tang DY, Lipman A, Meyer GJ, et al. 11C-labeled octanal and benzaldehyde. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 16, 435-440 (1979).

Tang G, Tang X, Wang M, Luo L, Gan M. Fully automated synthesis of O-(3- [18F]fluoropropyl)-L-tyrosine by direct nucleophilic exchange on a quaternary 4-aminopyridium resin. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 58, 685-689 (2003).

Tang G, Tang X, Wang M, Luo L, Gan M, Huang Z. Automated commercial synthesis system for preparation of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine by direct nucleophilic displacement on a resin column. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 661-668 (2003).

Tang G, Wang M, Tang X, Luo L, Gan M. Fully automated synthesis module for preparation of S-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-methionine by direct nucleophilic exchange on a quaternary 4-aminopyridium resin. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 509-512 (2003).

Tang G, Wang M, Tang X, Luo L, Gan M. Synthesis and evaluation of O-(3- [18F]fluoropropyl)-L-tyrosine as an oncologic PET tracer. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 733-739 (2003).

Tarkiainen J, Vercouillie J, Emond P, Sandell J, Hiltunen J, Frangin Y, Guilloteau D, Halldin C. Carbon-11 labelling of MADAM in two different positions: a highly selective PET radioligand for the serotonin transporter. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 1013-1023 (2001).

Taylor MD, Boberts AD, Nickles RJ. Improving the yield of 2-[18F]fluoro-2- deoxyglucose using a microwave cavity. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 605-609 (1996).

Teng RR, Bai LQ, Shiue CY, et al. The utility of 1-[18F]fluoro-3-iodopropane for the synthesis of certain dopamine D-1 and benzodiazepine receptor radioligands Nucl. Med, Biol. 17, 811-817 (1990).

References

176

Tewson TJ, Yang D, Wong G, Macy D, DeJesus OJ, Nickles RJ, Perlman SB, Taylor M, Frank P. The synthesis of fluorine-18 lomefloxacin and its preliminary use in human studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 767-772 (1996).

Tewson TJ. Synthesis of [18F]fluoroetanidazole: a potential new tracer for imaging hypoxia. Nucl. Med, Biol. 24, 755-760 (1997).

Tewson TJ. Synthesis of no-carrier-added fluorine-18 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 718-721 (1983).

Tewson T, Stekhova S, Kinsey B. Synthesis and biodistribution of R- and S-isomers of [18F]-fluoropropranolol, a lipophilic ligand for the β-adrenergic. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 891-896 (1999).

Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Von Holst H, Ingvar M. Synthesis of [1-11C]D-glucosamine and evaluation of its in vivo distribution in rat with PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 799-805 (1993).

Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Elander N. Preparation of [11C]diethyl oxalate and [11C]oxalic acid and demonstration of their use in the synthesis of [11C]-2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 995-1005 (1993).

Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Elander N. Difunctional two-carbon molecules derived from [11C]cyanide. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 383-390 (1994).

Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Ingvar M, Eriksson L. Synthesis of [2-11C]-6,7-dichloro- 2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline and evaluation of its in vivo distribution in rat with PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 36. 251-257 1995).

Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Eriksson L, Ingvar M. N-Methylquipazine: carbon-11 labelling of the 5-HT3 agonist and in vivo evaluation of its biodistribution using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 405-412 (1997).

Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Duelfer T, et al. Synthesis of a 11C-labelled nitrated 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, the NMDA glycine receptor antagonist ACEA 1021 (Licostinel). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 345-353 (1998).

Tian HB, Yin DZ, Li JL, Zhang L, Zhang CF, Wang YX, Zhou W. Radiosynthesis of 3-{[4-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)]piperazin-1-yl}methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine: a potential dopamine D4 receptor imaging agent. Radiochem. Acta 91, 241-245 (2003).

Todde S, Moresco RM, Frostl W, Stampf P, Matarrese M, Carpinelli A, Magni F, Kienle MG, Fazio F. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of [11C]CGP62349, a new GABAB receptor antagonist. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 565-569 (2000).

Todde S, Moresco RM, Simonelli P, Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Spalluto G, Varani K, et al. Design, radiosynthesis, and biodistribution of a new potent and selective ligand for in vivo imaging of the adenosine A2A receptor system using positron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 43, 4359-4362 (2000).

Toorongian SA, Mulholland GK, Jewett DM, et al. Routine production of 2-deoxy-2- [18F]fluoro-D-glucose by direct nucleophilic exchange on a quaternary 4-amninopyridinium resin. Nucl. Med. Biol. 17, 273-279 (1990).

Toretsky J, Levenson A, Weinberg IN, Tait JF, Uren A, Mease RC. Preparation of F-18 labeled annexin V: a potential PET radiopharmaceutical for imaging cell death. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 747-752 (2004).

Turton DR, Brady F, Pike VW, et al. Preparation of human serum [methyl-11C]methylalbumin microsperes and human serum [methyl-11C]methylalbumin for clinical use. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 337-344 (1984).

Turton DR, Luthra SK, Pike VW, Kensett MJ. The preparation of carbon-11 labelled analgesic - [N-methyl-11C]meptazinol. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 24, 1051-1059 (1987).

-U-

Ulin J, Gee AD, Malmborg P, et al. Synthesis of racemic (+) and (-) N-[methyl- 11C]nomifensine,

a ligand for evaluation of monoamin re-uptake sites by use of positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 171-176 (1989).

-V-

Vaehaetalo JK, Eskola O, Bergman J, Forsback S, Lehikoinen P, Jaeaeskelaeinen J, Solin O.

References

177

Synthesis of 4-dihydroxyboryl-2-[18F]fluorophenylalanine with relatively high-specific activity. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 697-704 (2002).

Vaidyanathan G, Affleck DJ, Zalutsky MR. (4-[18F]Fluoro-3-iodobenzyl)-guanidine, a potential MIBG analogue for postron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 37, 3655-3662 (1994).

Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR. Fluorine-18-labeled [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH, an α-melanocyte stimulating hormone analogue. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 171-178 (1997).

Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR. Labeling proteins with fluorine-18 using N-succinimidyl 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 275-281 (1992).

VanBrocklin HF, Pomper MG, Carlson KE, et al. Preparation and evaluation of 17-ethynyl-substituted 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiols: selective receptor-based PET imaging agents. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 363-374 (1992).

VanBrocklin HF, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen JA, Welch MJ. 16β-([18F]Fluoro)estrogens: systematic investigation of a new series of fluorine-18-labeled estrogens as potential imaging agents for estrogen-receptor-positive breast tumors. J. Med. Chem. 36, 1619-1629 (1993).

VanBrocklin HF, Blagoev M, Hoepping A, O7Neil JP, Klose M, Schubiger PA, Ametamey S. A new precursor for the preparation of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine ([18F]FMT): efficient synthesis and comparison of radiolabeling. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 61, 1289-1294 (2004).

Van der Ley M. [18F]Fluorine labeled aliphatic amino acids. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 20, 453-461 (1983).

Van Der Mij M, Carruthers NI, Herscheid JDM, Jablonowski JA, Leysen JE, Windhorst AD. Reductive N-alkylation of secondary amines with [2-11C]acetone. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1075-1085 (2003).

Vandersteene I, Slegers G. Synthesis of (R)-1-(4-[11C]-p-methoxyphenyl-4-phenyl-3- butenyl)-3-piperidinecarboxylic acid for positron emission tomography of the GABA uptake carrier. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 201-205 (1996).

Vandersteene I, Audenaert K, Slegers G, Dierckx RA. Synthesis of [11C]Granisetron, a possible positron emission tomography ligand for 5-HT3 receptor studies. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 171-180 (1998).

van Der Werf JF, Vaalburg W, Korf J, et al. Synthesis and in vivo distribution in rat brain of 11C-labelled N-alkylated ADTN derivatives. Int .J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 377-381 (1984).

van Dort ME, Kilbourn MR, Mangner TJ. Synthesis of N-{N-[4-(4-{N-[11C]methylamino}- phenyl)butyryl]-L-prolyl}pyrrolidine: a potential radiotracer for prolyl endopeptidase. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 447-452 (1994).

van Dort ME, Jung YW, Sherman PS, et al. Fluorine for hydroxy substitution in biogenic amines: asymmetric synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorine-18-labeled β-fluorophenylalkylamines as model systems. J. Med. Chem. 38, 810-815 (1995).

van Dort ME, Kim JH, Tluczek L, Wieland DM. Synthesis of 11C-labeled desipramine and its metabolite 2-hydroxydesipramine: potential radiotracers for PET studies of the norepinephrine transporter. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 707-711 (1997).

van Dort ME, Tluczek L. Synthesis and carbon-11 labeling of the stereoisomers of meta-hydroxyephedrine (HED) and meta-hydroxypseudoephedrine (HPED). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 603-612 (2000).

van Haver D, De Clercq P. Remote-controlled production of [11C]antipyrine. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 751-754 (1982).

van Haver D, Vandecasteele C, Vandewalle T, Vandecasteele C. Production of 11C-labeled quinidine and tamoxifen. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 535-545 (1985).

van Haver D, Rabi NA, Vandewalle M, Goethals P, Vandecasteele C. Routine production of 2-deoxy-D-[1-11C]glucose: an alternative. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 657-666 (1985).

van Rijn CJS, Herscheid JDM, Visser GWM, Hoekstra A. On the stereoselectivity of the reaction of [18F]acetylhypofluorite with glucals. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 111-115 (1985).

van Tilburg EW, Franssen EJF, van der Hoeven JJM, van der Meij M, Elshove D, Lammertsma AA, Windhorst AD. Radiosynthesis of [11C]docetaxel. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 763-777 (2004).

Varelis P, Barnes RK. Epimerization of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose under basic conditions. A convenient method for the preparation of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-mannose. Appl.

References

178

Radiat. Isot. 47, 731-733 (1996). Vasdev N, Chirakal R, Schrobiligen GJ, Nahmias C. Selectivity of elemental fluorine towards

L-tyrosine and L-α-methyltyrosine in acidic media and the syntheses of their [18F]3-fluoro and [18F]3,5-difluoro derivatives. J. Fluorine Chem. 111, 17-35 (2001).

Vavenport RJ, Law MP, Pike VW, et al. Propionyl-L-carnitine: Labelling in the N-methyl position with carbon-11 and pharmacokinetics studies in rats. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 699-709 (1995).

Vercouillie J, Tarkiainen J, Halldin C, Emond P, Chalon S, Sandell J, Langer O, Guilloteau D. Precursor synthesis and radiolabeling of [11C]ADAM: a potential radioligand for the serotonin transporter exploration by PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 113-120 (2001).

Vijaykumar D, Al-Qahtani MH, Welch MJ, Katzenellenbogen JA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a fluorine-18 labeled estrogen receptor-a selective ligand: [18F]propyl pyrazole triol. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 397-404 (2003).

Vine EN, Young D, Vine WH, Wolf W. An improved synthesis of 18F-5-fluorouracil. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 401-405 (1979).

Visser GM, Krugers HJ, Luurtsema G, et al. Synthesis and organ distribution of [18F]fluoro-Org6141 in the rat: A potential glucocorticoid receptor ligand for positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22 915-920 (1995).

Visser GWM, Noordhuis P, Zwaagsstra O, Herscheid JDM, Hoekstra A. A simplified synthesis of 18F-labelled cytosine- and uracil-nucleosides. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1074-1076 (1986).

Visser GWM, Zwaagstra O, Gorree GCM, et al. Synthesis and tumor-localizing properties of [18F]-5-fluorocytosine-arabinoside and [18F]-5-fluorocyclocytidine. Eur. J. Nulc. Med. 12, 137-140 (1986).

Visser GWM, Bijma AT, Dijksman JAR, Herscheid JDM. Synthesis of 18F-labelled VP 16-213 and podophyllotoxin using acetyl hypofluorite. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 47-51 (1989).

Visser TJ, van der Wouden A, de van Waar A, et al. Synthesis and biodistribution of [11C]procaterol, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist for postron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 857-863 (2000).

Vlek JW, Feitsma KG, Van der Mark TW, et al. Synthesis of d-[11C]oxyphenonium iodide, a potential radioligand for in vivo visualization of human cholinergic muscarinic receptor-sites by positron emission tomography. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 453-456 (1990).

Vogt M, Weinreich R, Knust EJ, Machulla HJ. Sythesis of [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose and [18F]3-deoxy-3-D-glucose with [18F]fluoride from a water target. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37 873-875 (1986).

Vora MM, Finn RD, Boothe TE. N-Methyl-11C-scopolamine: synthesis and distribution in rat brain. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 20, 1229-1236 (1983).

Vora MM, Boothe TE, Finn RO, et al. Multimillicurie preparation of 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy- D-glucose via nucleophilic displacement with fluorine-18 labelled fluoride. 1. Purification and quality control procedures. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 953-960 (1985).

-W-

Wada H, Iwata R, Ido T, Takai Y. Synthesis of 1-[2-[18F]fluoro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-

ethoxy]methyl-2-nitroimidazole ([18F]FENI, a potential agent for imaging hypoxic tissues by PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 785-793 (2000).

Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M. Synthesis of [18F]FETO, a novel potential 11-β hydroxylase inhibitor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 379-388 (2003).

Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M, Mien LK, Toegel S, Keppler B, Dudczak R, Kletter K. Radiosynthesis of 3-(2'-[18F]fluoro)-flumazenil ([18F]FFMZ). J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1229-1240 (2003).

Wagner R, Stöcklin G, Schaack W. Production of carbon-11 labelled methyl iodide by direct recoil synthesis. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 18,1557-1566 (1981).

Wang JQ, Miller MA, Fei X, Stone KL, Lopshire JC, Groh WJ, Zipes DP, Hutchins GD, Zheng QH. Facile synthesis and initial PET imaging of novel potential heart acetylcholinesterase imaging agents [11C]pyridostigmine and its analogs. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 957-964 (2004).

References

179

Wang WF, Ishiwata K, Nonaka H, Ishii S, Kiyosawa M, Shimada J, Suzuki F, Senda M. Carbon-11 labeled KF21213: a highly selective ligand for mapping CNS adenosine A2A receptors with positron emission tomography. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 541-546 (2000).

Wang Y, Mathis CA, Huang GF, Holt DP, Debnath ML, Klunk WE. Synthesis and 11C-labelling of (E,E)-1-(3',4'-dihydroxystyryl)-4-(3'methoxy-4'-hydroxystyryl) benzene for PET imaging of amiloyd deposits. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 647-664 (2002).

Wangler B, Schneider S, Schirrmacher TE, Comagic S, Feilen P, Schwanstecher C, Schwanstecher M, Shiue CY, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of (S)-2-(2-[18F]- fluoroethoxy)-4-([3-methyl-1-(2-piperidin-1-yl)-phenyl)-butyl-carbamoyl]-methyl)-benzoic acid ([18F]repaglinide): a promising radioligand for quantification of pancreatic β-cell mass with positron emission tomography (PET). Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 639-647 (2004).

Washburn LC, Sun TT, Byrd BL, et al. DL-[carboxyl-11C]tryptophan, a potential agent for pancreatic imaging: production and preclinical investigations. J. Nucl. Med. 20, 857-864 (1979).

Washburn LC, Sun TT, Byrd BL, Callahan AP. Production of L-[1-11C]valine by HPLC resolution. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 29-33 (1982).

Waterhouse RN, Sultana A, Guo N, Lee B, Simpson N, Collier L, Laruelle M. Synthesis and characterization of 4,6-dichloroindole-based radioligands for imaging the glycine site of the NMDA ion channel. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 91-102 (2002).

Waterhouse PN, Dumont F, Sultana A, Simpson N, Laruelle M. Synthesis of [11C]N-(2-chloro- 5-thiomethylphenyl)-N'-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N'-methylguanidine ([11C]GMOM): a candidate PET tracer for imaging the PCP site of the NMDA ion channel. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 955-964 (2002).

Watkins GL, Jewett DM, Mulholland GK, et al. A captive solvent method for rapid N-[11C]methylation of secondary amides: application to the benzodiazepine, 4'-chlorodiazepam(RO5-4864). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 441-444 (1988).

Wegman TD, Maas B, Elsinga PH, Vaalburg W. An improved method for the preparation of [11C]verapamil. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 505-507 (2002).

Weiss ES, Ahead SA, Welch MJ, Williamson JR, Ter-Pogossian MM, Sobel BE. Quantification of infarction in cross sections of canine myocardium in vivo with positron emission tomography and 11C-palmitate. Circulation 55, 66-73 (1977).

Welch MJ, Coleman RE, Straatmann MG. Carbon-11-labeled methylated polyamines analogs: uptake in prostate and tumor in animal models. J. Nucl. Med. 18, 74-78 (1977).

Welch MJ, Dence CS, Marshall DR, Kilbourn MR. Remote system for production of carbon-11 labeled palmitic acid. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 20, 1087-1094 (1983).

Wester HJ, Hamacher K, Stöcklin G. A comparative study of n.c.a. fluorine-18 labeling of proteins via acylation and photochemical conjugation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 365-372 (1996).

Wester HJ, Herz M, Weber W. Synthesis and radiopharmacology of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)- L-tyrosine for tumor imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 40. 205-212 (1999).

Wester HJ, Willoch F, Tolle TR, Munz F, Herz M, Oye I, Schadrack J, et al. 6-O-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-6-O-desmethyldiprenorphine ([18F]DPN: synthesis, biologic evaluation, and comparison with [11C]DPN in humans. J. Nucl. Med. 41, 1279-1286 (2000).

Westerberg G, Langström B. Labelling of proteins with 11C in high specific radioactivity: [11C]Albumin and [11C]transferring. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 773-782 (1994).

Westerberg G, Langström B. Synthesis of sodium [11C]thiocyanate using [11C]cyanogen bromide. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 545-548 (1994).

Westerberg G, Kaerger W, Onoe H, Langstöm B. [11C]Cyanogen bromide in the synthesis of 1,3-di(2-tolyl)-[11C]guanidine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 691-696 (1994).

Westerberg G, Bamford M, Daniel M, et al. Synthesis of 5-acetylamino-4- [11C]guanidino-2,6- anhydro-3,4,5-trideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enoic acid ([11C]GG167)-an influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 585-589 (1996).

Westerberg G, Langström B. On-line production of [11C]cyanogen bromide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 459-461 (1997).

Westerberg G, Langström B. Synthesis of meta-iodobenzyl [11C]guanidine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 525-529 (1997).

Wieland B, Bida G, Padgett H, et al. In-target production of [13N]ammonia via proton

References

180

irradiation of dilute aqueous ethanol and acetic acid mixtures. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1095-1098 (1991).

Wieland DM, Kilbourn MR, Yang DJ, et al. NMDA receptor channels: labeling of MK-801 with iodine-125 and fluorine-18. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 1219-1225 (1988).

Willis PG, Katoch-Rous,e R. and Horti AG. Regioselective F-18 radiolabeling of AM694, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor ligand. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 799-804 (2003).

Wilson AA, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, Wagner HN. Preparation of 11C- and [I-125]IMB: a dopamine D-2 receptor antagonist. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 369-373 (1989).

Wilson AA, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, et al. Radiosynthesis of [11C]nifedipine and [11C]nicardipine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 27, 589-598 (1989).

Wilson AA, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, Wagner HN. Reductive amination of [18F]fluorobenzaldehydes: radiosynthesis of [2-18F]- and [4-18F]fluorodexetimides. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 21, 1189-1199 (1990).

Wilson AA, Conti PS, Dannals RF, et al. Radiosynthesis of [11C]-N-methylacyclovir. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 765-768 (1991).

Wilson AA, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, et al. Radiosynthesis of σ receptor ligands for positron emission tomography: 11C- and 18F-labeled guanidines. J. Med. Chem. 34, 1867-1870 (1991).

Wilson AA, DaSilva JN, Houle S. Facile radiolabelling and purification of 2β-[O-11CH3]carbomethoxy-3β-aryltropanes: Radiotracers for dopamine transporter. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 759-765 (1994).

Wilson AA, DaSilva JN, Houle S. Solid-phase radiosynthesis of [11C]WAY 100635. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 149-154 (1996).

Wilson AA, DaSilva JN, Houle S. [18F]Fluoroalkyl analogues of the potent 5-HT1A antagonist WAY 100635: radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 487-490 (1996).

Wilson AA, Inaba T, Fischer N, et al. Derivatives of WAY 100635 as potential imaging agents for 5- HT1A receptors: syntheses, radiosyntheses, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 769-776 (1998).

Wilson AA, Ginovart N, Schmidt M, Meyer JH, Threlkeld PG, Houle S. Novel radiotracers for imaging the serotonin transporter by positron emission tomography: synthesis, radiosynthesis, and in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of (11)C-labeled 2-(phenylthio)- araalkylamines. J.. Med. Chem. 43, 3103-3110 (2000).

Wilson AA, Jin L, Garcia A, DaSilva JN, Houle S. Carbon-11 labelled cholecystokininB antagonists radiosynthesis and evaluation in rats. Life Sci. 68, 1223-1230 (2001).

Wilson AA, Johnson DP, Mozley D, Hussey D, Ginovart N, Nobrega J, Garcia A, Meyer J, Houle S. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of novel radiotracers for the in vivo imaging of the norepinephrine transporter. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 85-92 (2003).

Wilson AA, Garcia A, Chestakova A, Kung H, Houle S. A rapid one-step radiosynthesis of the b-amyloid imaging radiotracer N-methyl-[11C]2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxy- benzothiazole ([11C]-6-OH-BTA-1. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 679-682 (2004).

Windhorst A, Timmerman H, Menge WMPB, et al. Synthesis, in vitro pharmacology and radiosynthesis of N-(cis-4-fluoromethylcyclohexyl)-4-(1(H)-imidazol-4-yl)piperidine-1- thiocarbonamide (VUF 5000), a potential PET ligand for their hitamine H3 receptor. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 293-307, (1999).

Winstead MB, Lamb JF, Winchell HS. Relationship of chemical structure to in vivo scintigraphic distribution patterns of 11C compounds: I. 11C-carboxylates. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 747-754 (1973).

Winstead MB, Widner PJ, Means JL, et al. Relationship of chemical structure and solvent to in vivo scintigraphic distribution patterns of 11C compounds.II. 11C aminonitriles. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 1049-1057 (1975).

Winstead MB, Parr SJ, Rogal MJ, et al. Relationship of molecular structure to in vivo scintigraphic distribution patterns of carbon-11 labeled compounds. 3. [11C]hydantoins. J. Med. Chem. 19, 279-286 (1976).

Winstead MB, Chern CI, Lin TH, et al. Synthesis and preliminary scintigraphic evaluation of in vivo distribution of 11C-lactic acid and 11C-lactonitrile. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 29, 69-73 (1978).

Winstead MB, Chern CI, Lin TH, et al. Synthesis and preliminary scintigraphic evaluation of in vivo distribution of 11C-hydroxyurea/isohydroxyurea and 11C-cyanate. Int. J. Appl.

References

181

Radiat. Isot. 29, 443-447 (1978). Winstead MB, Dougherty DA, Lin TH, et al. Relationship of molecular structure to in vivo

scintigraphic distribution of carbon-11-labeled compounds. 4. Carbon-11-labeled mandelonitriles, mandelic acids, and their esters. J. Med. Chem. 21, 215-217 (1978).

Winstead MB, Dischino DD, Winchell HS. Concentration of activity in brain following administration of 11C-labeled α-p-iodoanilinophenylacetonitrile. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 293-295 (1979).

Wodarski C, Eisenbarth J, Weber K, Henze M, Haberkorn U, Eisenhut M. Synthesis of 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluoro-thymidine with 2,3'-anhydro-5'-O-(4,4'- dimethoxytrityl)-thymidine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1211-1218 (2000).

Wüst F, Dence CS, McCarthy TJ, Welch MJ. A new approach for the synthesis of [11C]-labeled fatty acids. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 1289-1300 (2000).

Wüst F, Hultsch C, Bergmann R, Johannsen B, Henle T. Radiolabelling of isopeptide Nε-(γ-glutamyl)-L-lysine by conjugation with N-succinimidyl- 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 59, 43-48 (2003).

Wüst F, Zessin J, Johannsen B. A new approach for 11C-C bond formation: synthesis of 17α-(3'-[11C]prop-1-yn-1-yl)-3-methoxy-3,17β-estradiol. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 333-342 (2003).

Wüst FR, Kniess T. Synthesis of 4-[18F]fluoroiodobenzene and its application in sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 699-713 (2003).

Wüst FR, Kniess T. No-carrier added synthesis of 18F-labelled nucleosides using Stille cross-coupling reactions with 4-[18F]fluoroiodobenzene. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 457-468 (2004).

-X-

Xing D, Chen O, Kilts CD, et al. synthesis, biodistribution, and primate imaging of fluorine-18

labeled 2β-carbo-1'-fluoro-2-propoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropanes, ligands for the imaging of dopamine transporters by positron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 43, 639-648 (2000).

-Y-

Yajima K, Kawashima H, Cui YS, et al. Synthesis of [1-11C]octanoic acid, [11C]raclopride and

[11C]nicergoline with a general-purpose automated synthesis apparatus of 11C-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 763-769 (1997).

Yamamoto F, Sasaki S, Maeda M Positron labeled antioxidants: synthesis and tissue biodistribution of 6-deoxy-6-[18F]fluoro-L-ascorbic acid. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 633-639 (1992).

Yamamoto F, Oka H, Ankoku S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of lipophilic 1-[18F]fluoroalkyl-2-nitroimidazoles for imaging hypoxia. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 22, 590-597 (1999).

Yanai K, Dannals RF, Wilson AA, et al. (N-Methyl-[11C])pyrilamine, a radiotracer for histamine H-1 receptors: radiochemical synthesis and biodistribution study in mice. Nucl. Med. Biol. 15, 605-610 (1988).

Yang DJ, Wallace S, Cherif A, Gretzer MB, Kim EE, Podoloff DA. Development of F-18-labeled fluoroerythronitroimidazole as a PET agent for imaging tumor hypoxia. Radiology 194, 795-800 (1995).

Yoon YH, Jeong JM, Kim HW, Hong SH, Lee YS, Kil HS, Chi DY, Lee DS, Chung JK, Lee MC. Novel one-pot synthesis of 2'-[18F]fluoroflumazenil (FFMZ) for benzodiazepine receptor imaging. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 521-527 (2003).

Yost Y, Conway T. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of (S)-(2-[18F]fluoro-4,5- dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl L-alanine, (S)-[18F]-FMEDOPA, a potentially improved imaging agent for the presynaptic dopaminergic nervous system. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 857-865 (1996).

Yu DW, Gatley SJ, Wolf AP, et al. Synthesis of carbon-11 labeled iodinated cocaine derivatives and their distribution in baboon brain measured using positron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 35, 2178-2183 (1992).

References

182

Yu CS, Eisenbarth J, Runz A, Weber K, Zeisler S, Oberdorfer F. Synthesis of 5-(2-radiohaloethyl)- and 5-(2-radiohalovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridines. Novel types of radiotracer for monitoring cancer gene therapy with PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 421-439 (2003).

Yu KH, Kim YS, Kim SW, Park JH, Yang SD, Herdering W, Knoechel A. Synthesis of [18F]fluoroclofilium as a potential cardiac imaging agent for PET studies. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1151-1160 (2003).

Yuasa M, Yoshida H, Hara T. Computer-controlled synthesis of [18F]FDG by the tetrabutylammonium method: achievement of high yield, purity, reproducibility, reliability, and safety. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 201-205 (1997).

Yun M, Oh SJ, Ha HJ, Ryu JS, Moon DH. High radiochemical yield synthesis of 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine using (5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-2'-deoxy-3'-O-nosyl-β-D- threo-pentofuranosyl)thymine and its 3-N-BOC-protected analogue as a labeling precursor. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 151-157 (2003).

-Z-

Zalutsky MR, Wu J, Harper PV, Wickland T. Synthesis of 11C-DL-tryptophan and its

purification using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 32, 192-184 (1981).

Zea-Ponce Y, Baldwin RM, Stratton MD, et al. Radiosynthesis and PET imaging of [N-methyl-11C]LY257327 as a tracer for 5-HT transporters. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 251-254 (1997).

Zeisler SK, Nader M, Theobald A, Oberdorfer F. Conversion of no-carrier-added [11C]carbon dioxide to [11C]carbon monoxide on molybdenum for the synthesis of 11C-labelled aromatic ketones. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 1091-1095 (1997).

Zessin J, Steibach J. 11C-Labelling of heterocyclic aromatic compounds in ring positions: synthesis of [2-11C]indole. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 669-676 (1998).

Zessin J, Steinbach J, Johannsen B. Synthesis of triphenylarsonium [11C]methylide, a new 11C-precursor. Application in the preparation of [2-11C]indole. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 725-736 (1999).

Zessin J, Gucker P, Ametamey SM, et al. Efficient synthesis of enantiomerically pure thioester precursors of [11C]McN-5652 from racemic McN-5652. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 1301-1312 (1999).

Zessin J, Eskola O, Brust P, Bergman J, Steinbach J, Lehikoinen P, Solin O, Johannsen B. Synthesis of S-([18F]fluoromethyl)-(+)-McN5652 as a potential PET radioligand for serotonin transporter. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 857-863 (2001).

Zhang J, McCarthy TJ, Moore WM, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of two positron-labeled nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, S-[11C]methylisothiourea and S-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)- isothiourea, as potential positron emission tomography tracers. J. Nucl. Med. 39, 5110-5118 (1996).

Zhang J, Xu M, Dence CS, et al. Synthesis, in vivo evaluation and PET study of a carbon-11 labeled neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline. J. Nucl. Med. 38, 1273-1278 (1997).

Zhang L, Tang G, Yin D, Tang X, Wang Y. Enantioselective synthesis of no-carrier-added (NCA) 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 145-151 (2002).

Zhang MR, Tsuchiyama A, Haradahira T, Yoshida Y, Furutsuka K, Suzuki K. Development of an automated system for synthesizing 18F-labeled compounds using [18F]fluoroethyl bromide as a synthetic precursor. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 335-342 (2002).

Zhang MR, Haradahira T, Maeda J, Okauchi T, Kida T, Obayashi S, Suzuki K, Suhara T. Synthesis and preliminary PET study of the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist [11C]DR4446. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 857-866 (2002).

Zhang MR, Haradahira T, Maeda J, Okauchi T, Kawabe K, Kida T, Obayashi S, Suzuki K, Suhara T. Synthesis and evaluation of 3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-8-[11C]methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one: a PET tracer for imaging sigma1 receptors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 469-476 (2002).

Zhang MR, Haradahira T, Maeda J, Okauchi T, Kawabe K, Noguchi J, Kida T, Suzuki K, Suhara T. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of two potent antagonists for

References

183

dopamine D4 receptors: [11C]YM-50001 and N-[2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)- piperizin- 1-yl]ethyl]-3-[11C]methoxybenzamide. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 233-241 (2002).

Zhang MR, Tsuchiyama A, Haradahira T, Furutsuka K, Yoshida Y, Kida T, Noguchi J, Irie T, Suzuki K. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [18F]FEtP4A, a promising PET tracer for mapping acetylcholinesterase in vivo. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 463-468 (2002).

Zhang MR, Furutsuka K, Yoshida Y, Suzuki K. How to increase the reactivity of [18F]fluoroethyl bromide: [18F]fluoroethylation of amine, phenol and amide functional groups with [18F]FEtBr, [18F]FEtBr/NaI and [18F]FEtOTf. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 587-598 (2003).

Zhang MR, Kida T, Noguchi J, Furutsuka K, Maeda J, Suhara T, Suzuki K. [11C]DAA1106: radiosynthesis and in vivo binding to peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in mouse brain. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 513-519 (2003).

Zhang MR, Furutsuka K, Meada J, Kikuchi T, Kida T, Okauchi T, Irie T, Suzuki K. N-[18F]Fluoroethyl-4-piperidyl acetate ([18F]FEtP4A): a PET tracer for imaging brain acetylcholinesterase in vivo. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 11, 2519-2527 (2003).

Zhang MR, Maeda J, Ogawa M, Noguchi J, Ito T, Yoshida Y, Okauchi T, Obayashi S, Suhara T, Suzuki K. Development of a new radioligand, N-(5-fluoro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-N-(2- [18F]fluoroethyl-5-methoxybenzyl)acetamide, for PET imaging of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in primate brain. J Med. Chem 47, 2228-2235 (2004).

Zhang Y, Hall AW, Horti AG. Efficient synthesis of 6-chloro-3-((2-(S)- azetidinyl)methoxy)-5-((E)-2-(2-[18F]fluoropyridin-4-yl)vinyl)pyridine ([18F]NIDA 52289), a very high affinity radioligand for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 385-392 (2004).

Zhang Z, Ding YS, Studenov AR, Gerasimov MR, Ferrieri RA. Novel synthesis of [1-11C]γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid ([1-11C]GVG) for pharmacokinetic studies of addiction treatment. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 199-211 (2002).

Zheng L, Berridge MS, Ernsberger P. Synthesis, binding properties, and 18F labeling of fluorocarazolol, a high-affinity β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. J. Med. Chem. 37, 3219-3230 (1994).

Zheng L, Berridge MS. Synthesis of [18F]fluoromethyl iodide, a synthetic precursor for fluoromethylation of radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 55-61 (2000).

Zheng QH, Mulholland GK. Improved synthesis of β-CIT and [11C]β-CIT labeled at nitrogen or oxygen positions. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 981-986 (1996).

Zheng QH, Liu X, Fei X, Wang JQ, Ohannesian DW, Erickson LC, Stone KL, Martinez T, Mille KD, Hutchins GD. Synthesis and radiolabeled O6-benzylguanidine derivatives as new potential PET imaging agents for the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanidine-DNA alkyltransferase. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 1239-1252 (2002).

Zheng QH, Fei X, Liu X, Wang JQ, Sun HB, Mock B., Stone KL, Martinez TD, Miller KD, Sledge GW, Hutchins GD. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of MMP inhibitor radiotracers [11C]methyl-halo-CGS 27023A analogs, new potential PET breast cancer imaging agents. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 761-770 (2002).

Zheng QH, Liu X, Fei X, Wang JQ, Ohannesian DW, Erickson LC, Stone KL, Hutchins GD. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of radiolabeled O6-benzylguanidine derivatives, new potential PET imaging agents for the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanidine-DNA alkyltransferase in breast cancer. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 405-415 (2003).

Zheng QH, Fei X, DeGrado TR, Wang JQ, Stone KL, Martinez TD, Gay DJ, Baity WL, Mock BH, Glick-Wilson BE, Sullivan ML, Miller KD, Sledge GW, Hutchins GD. Synthesis, biodistribution and micro-PET imaging of a potential cancer biomarker carbon-11 labeled MMP inhibitor (2R)-2-[[4-(6-fluorohex-1-ynl)phenyl]-sulfonylamino]-3-methylbutyric acid [11C]methyl ester. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 753-760 (2003).

Zheng QH, Liu X, Fei X, Wang JQ, Mock BH, Glick-Wilson BE, Sullivan ML, Hutchins GD. Facile synthesis of [11C]edrophonium and its analogues as new potential PET imaging agents for heart acetylcholinesterase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 13, 1787-1790 (2003).

Zhu YC, Prenant C, Crouzel C, et al. Synthesis of [11C]-ohmefentanyl, a novel, highly potent and selective agonist for opiate µ-receptors. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 853-860 (1992).

Zijlstra S, Zijlstra S, Oosterhuis EZ, et al. Synthesis and in vivo distribution in the rat of

References

184

several fluorine-18 labeled 5-hydroxy-2-aminotetralin derivatives. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 473-480 (1993).

Zijlstra S, Visser GM, Korf J, Vaalburg W. Synthesis and in vivo distribution in the rat of several fluorine-18 labeled N-fluoroalkylaporphines. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 651-658 (1993).

Zijlstra S, Van der Worp H, Wiegman T, Visser GM, Korf J, Vaalburg W. Synthesis and in vivo distribution in the rat of a dopamine agonist: N-([11C]methyl)norapomorphine. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 7-12 (1993).

Zijlstra S, Gunawan J, Burchert W. Synthesis and evaluation of a 18F-labelled recombinant annexin-V derivative, for identification and quantification of apoptotic cells with PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 58, 201-207 (2003).

Zimmer L, Fournet G, Joseph B, Guillaumet G, Le Bars D. Carbon-11 labelling of 8{{3-[4-(2-[11C]methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-hydroxypropyl}oxy}thiochroman, a presynaptic 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and its in vivo evaluation in anaesthetised rat and awaked cat. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 541-546 (2003).

Miscellaneous refernces

185

Miscellaneous references • Reviews

1. Straatmann MA. A look at 13N and 15O in radiopharmaceuticals. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 28, 13-20 (1977).

2. Wolf AP, Redvanly CS. Carbon-11 and radiopharmaceuticals. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 28, 29-48 (1977).

3. Wolf AP. Special characteristics and potential for radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography. Seminar in Nucl. Med. 11, 2-12 (1981).

4. Meyer GJ. Some aspects of radioanalytical quality control of cyclotron- produced short-lived radiopharmaceuticals. Radiochem. Acta 30, 175-184 (1982).

5. Wolf AP, Jones WB. Cyclotrons for biomedical radioisotope production. Radiochem. Acta 34, 1-7 (1983).

6. Ferrieri RA, Wolf AP. The chemistry of positron emitting nucleogenic (hot) atoms with regard to preparation of labeled compounds of practical utility. Radiochem. Acta 34, 69-83 (1983).

7. Brinkman GA. In-beam production of labeled compounds. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 525-532 (1982).

8. Nickles RJ, Gatley SJ, Votaw JR, Kornguth ML. Production of reactive fluorine-18. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 649-661 (1986).

9. Kilbourn MR, Welch MJ. Fluorine-18 labeled receptor based radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 677-683 (1986).

10. Berridge MS, Tewson TJ. Chemistry of fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 685-693 (1986).

11. Qaim SM. Recent developments in the production of 18F, 75,76,77Br and 123I. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 803-810 (1986).

12. Comar D, Crouzel C, Maziere B. Positron emission tomography: standardization of labelling procedures. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 587-596 (1987).

13. Coenen HH, Pike VW, Stöcklin G, Wagner R. Recommendation for a practical production of [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 605-610 (1987).

14. Ram S, Ehrenkaufer RL. Synthesis of 11C-radiopharmaceuticals using direct fixation of [11C]carbon dioxide and [11C]carbon monoxide. Nucl. Med. Biol. 15, 345-355 (1988).

15. Tewson TJ. Procedures, pitfalls and solutions in the production of [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose: a paradigm in the routine synthesis of fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals. Nucl. Med. Biol. 16, 533-551 (1989).

16. Guillaume M, Luxen A, Nebeling B, Argentini M, Clark JC, Pike VW. Recommendataionf for fluorine-18 production. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 749-762 (1991).

17. Maziere B, Coenen HH, Halldin C, Någren K, Pike VW. PET radioligands for dopamine receptors and re-uptake sites: chemistry and biochemistry. Nucl. Med. Biol. 19, 497-512 (1992).

18. Meyer GJ, Waters SL, Coenen HH, Luxen A, Maziere B, Langström B. PET radiopharmaceuticals in Europe: current use and data relevant for the formulation of summaries of product characteristics (SPCs). Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 1420-1432 (1995).

19. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Gatley SJ, Logan J, Wang GJ, Ding YS, Dewey S. PET evaluation of the dopamine system of the human brain. J. Nucl. Med. 37, 1242-1256 (1996).

20. Fowler JS, Wolf AP. Working against time: rapid radiotracer synthesis and imaging the human brain. Acc. Chem. Res. 30, 181-188 (1997).

21. Gambhir SS, Barrio JR, Herschman HR, Phelps ME. Assays for noninvasive

Miscellaneous references

186

imaging of receptor gene expression. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 481-490 (1999). 22. Phelps ME. PET: the merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging. J.

Nucl. Med. 41, 661-681 (2000). 23. Varagnolo L, Stokkel MPM, Mazzi U, Pauwels EKJ. 18F-Labeled

radiopharamecuticals for PET in oncology, excluding FDG. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 103-112 (2000).

24. Beuthien-Baumann B, Hamacher K, Oberdorfer F, Steinbach J. Preparation of fluporine-18 labelled sugars and derivatives and their application as tracer for positron-emission-tomography. Carbohyd. Res. 327, 107-118 (2000).

25. Pike VW, Law MP, Osman S, Davenport RJ, Rimoldi O, Giardina D, Camici PG. Selection, design and evaluation of new radioligands for PET studies of cardiac adrenoceptors. Pharm. Acta Helv. 74, 191-200 (2000).

26. Beuthien-Baumann B, Hamacher K, Oberdorfer F, Steinbach J. Preparation of fluorine-18 labelled sugars and derivatives and their application as tracer for positron-emission-tomography. Carbhyd. Res. 327, 107-110 (2000).

27. Ding YS. 18F-Labeled biomolecules for PET studies in the neurosciences. J. Fluorine Chem. 101, 291-295 (2000).

28. Bolton R. Isotopic metylation. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 701-736 (2001).

29. Katzenenbogen JA. Steroids labeled with 18F for imaging tumors by positron emission tomography. J. Fluorine Chem. 109, 49-54 2001.

30. Halldin C, Gulyas B, Langer O, Farde L. Brain radioligands - State of the art and new trends. Q. J. Nucl. Med. 45, 139-152 (2001).

31. Eckelman WC. Radiolabeled muscarinic radioligands for in vivo studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 485-491 (2001).

32. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Gatley SJ, Logan J. [11C]Cocaine: PET studies of cocaine pharmacokinetics, dopamine transporter availability and dopamine transporter occupancy. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 561-572 (2001).

33. Jager PL, Vaalburg W, Pruim J, de Vries GE, Langen KJ, Piers DA. Radiolabeled amino acids: basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology. J. Nucl. Med. 42, 432-445 (2001).

34. Brady F, Luthra S, Brown GD, Osman S, Aboagye E, Saleem A, Price PM. Radiolabelled tracers and anticancer drugs for assessment of therapeutic efficacy using. PET.Current Pharm. Design 7, 1863-1892 (2001).

35. Bolton R. Isotopic methylation. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 701-736 (2001).

36. Adam MJ. Radiohalogenated carbohydorates for use in PET and SPECT. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 167-180 (2002).

37. Laverman P, Bërman OC, Corstens FHM, Oyen WJG. Fluorinated amino acids for tumor imaging with positron emission tomography. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 29, 681-690 (2002).

38. Stone-Elander S, Elander N. Microwave applications in radiolabelling with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 715-746(2002).

39. Bolton R. Radiohalogen incorporation into organic systems. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 485-528 2002).

40. Nutt R. The history of positron emission tomography. Mol. Imag. Biol. 4, 11-26 (2002).

41. Toyohara J, Fujibayashi Y. Trends in nucleoside tracers for PET imaging of cell proliferation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 681-685 (2003)

42. Bergström M, Langström B. Positron emission tomography microdosing: a new concept with application in tracer and early clinical drug development. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 59, 357-366 (2003).

43. Nickles RJ. The production of a broader palette of PET tracers., J. Label.


187

Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1-27 (2003). 44. Couturier O, Luxen A, Chatal JF, Vuillez JP, Rigo P, Hustinx R. Fluorinated

tracers for imaging cancer with positron emission tomography. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 31, 1182-1206 (2004).

• Targetry and production

A. Targetry 45. Heselius SJ, Lindblom P, Solin O. Optical studies of the influence of an intense

ion beam on high-pressure gas target. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 653-659 (1982).

46. Wieland BW, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP. Charged particle penetration in gas targets designed for accelerator production of radionuclides used in nuclear medicine. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 387-396 (1984).

47. Heselius SJ, Lindblom P, Nyman EM, Solin O. Studies of emission-line profiles from ion-excited neon gas targets. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 977-980 (1984).

48. Ruth TJ, Adam MJ, Burgerjon JJ, et al. A gas target for radionuclide production with 500 MeV protons. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 931-933 (1985).

49. Heselius SJ, Malmborg P, Solin O, Langström B. Studies of proton beam penetration in nitrogen-gas targets with respect to production and specific radioactivity of carbon-11. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 49-57 (1987).

50. Schlyer DJ. Production of short-lived radiopharceuticals for PET. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B24/25, 925-927 (1987).

51. Heselius SJ, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP. A diagnostic study of proton-beam irradiated water targets. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 663-669 (1989).

52. Steinbach J, Guenther K, Lësel E, et al. Temperature course in small volume [18O]water targets for [18F]F- production. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 753-756 (1990).

53. Ferrieri RA, Alexoff DL, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP. A universal water target loading system with direct in-target liquid level sensing. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1485-1491 (1992).

54. Berridge MS, Kjellström R. Design and use of silver [18O]water targets for [18F]fluoride production. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 699-705 (1999).

55. Firouzbakht ML, Schlyer DJ, Fowler JS. Cryogenic target design considerations for the production of [18F]fluoride from enriched [18O]carbon dioxide. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 749-753 (1999).

B. Cross sections 11C 56. Casella VR, Christman DR, Ido T, Wolf AP. Excitation function for the 14N(p,

α)11C reaction up to 15 MeV. Radiochim. Acta 25, 17-20 (1978). 57. Bida GT, Ruth TJ, Wolf AP. Experimentally determined thick target yields for

the 14N(p, α)11C reaction. Radiochim. Acta 27, 181-185 (1978). 58. Firouzbakht ML, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP. Yield measurements for the 11B(p, n)11C

and 10B(p, n)11C reactions. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25, 161-164 (1998). 13N 59. Hill HA, Haase EL, Knudsen DB. High-resolution measurements of the O16(p,

α)N13 excitation function. Phys. Rev. 123, 1301-1304 (1961). 60. Sajjad M, Lambrecht RM, Wolf AP. Cyclotron isotopes and

radiopharmaceuticals XXXVII. Excitation functions for the 16O(p, α)13N and 14N(p, pn)13N reactions. Radiochim. Acta 39, 165-168 (1986).

61. Firouzbakht ML, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP. Cross-section measurements for the 13C(p, n)13N and 12C(d, n)13N nuclear reactions. Radiochim. Acta 55, 1-5 (1991)

62. Szucs Z, Hamkens W, Takacs S, Tarkanyi F. Excitation functions of 14N(d, t)13N and 14N(d, αn)11C reactions from threshold to 12.3 MeV: radionuclidic purity of


188

15O produced via the 14N(d, n)15O reaction. Radiochem. Acta 80, 59-63 (1998). 15O 63. Ruiz HV, Wolf AP. Excitation function for 15O production via the 14N(d, n)15O

reaction. Radiochim. Acta 24, 65-67 (1977). 64. Sajjad M, Lambrecht RM, Wolf AP. Cyclotron isotopes and

radiopharmaceuticals XXXIV. Excitation function for the 15N(p, n)15O reaction. Radiochim. Acta 36, 159-162 (1984).

65. Sajjad M, Lambrecht RM, Wolf AP. Cyclotron isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals XXXVI. Investigations of some excitation functions for the preparation of 15O, 13N and 11C. Radiochim. Acta 38, 57-63 (1985).

18F 66. Nozaki T, Iwamoto M, Ido T. Yield of 18F for various reactions from oxygen and

neon. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 25, 393-399 (1974). 67. Ruth TJ, Wolf AP. Absolute cross sections for the production of 18F via the 18O(p,

n)18F reaction. Radiochim. Acta 26, 21-24 (1979). 68. Lagunas-Solar MC, Carvacho OF. Cyclotron production of PET radionuclides:

no-carrier-added fluorine-18 with high-energy protons on natural neon gas targets. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 833-838 (1995).

69. Roberts AD, Ruth TJ. A reevaluation of natNe(p, x)18F yields with 19-41 MeV protons. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 563-567 (1996).

C. 11CO2/11CH4 production 70. Perris AG, Lane RO, Tong JY, Matthews JD. The production of carbon-11 for

medical uses by a Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator by the reaction 11B(p, n)11C. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 25, 19-23 (1974).

71. Vandewalle T, Vandecasteele C. Optimisation of the production of 11CO2 by proton irradiation of nitrogen gas. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 1459-1464 (1983).

72. Hanisch M, Helus F, Layer K, Maier-Borst W. Yield ratio of 11C-CO2, 11C-CO and 11C-CH4 from the irradiation of N2/H2-mixtures in a gas target. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 117, 369-378 (1987).

73. Steinbach J, Loesel E, Guenther K, et al. A rotating B2O3 target for 11C production with the attributes of a gas target. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 625-627 (1989).

74. Landais P, Finn RD. On-line preparation of [11C]carbon dioxide from [11C]methane. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 265-266 (1989).

75. Bera RK, Weil JL, Yates SW, Jay M. Production of [11C]carbon dioxide via the 11B(p, n)11C reaction and [18F]fluoride via the 18O(p, n)18F reaction for radiopharmaceutical development. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 683-686 (1991).

76. Buckley KR, Huser J, Chun KS, Ruth TJ. 11C-Methane production in small volume, high pressure gas targets. Radiochem. Acta 88, 201-205 (2000).

77. Suzuki K, Yamazaki T, Sasaki M, Kubodera A. Specific activity of [11C]CO2 generated in a N2 gas target: effect of irradiation dose, irradiation history, oxygen content and beam energy. Radiochem. Acta 88, 211-215 (2000).

78. Buckley KR, Jivan S, Ruth TJ. Improved yields for the in situ production of [11C]CH4 using a niobium target chamber. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 825-827 (2004).

D. 13NO3-/13NH3 production 79. Lindner L, Helmer J, Brinkman GA. Water "loop"-target for the in-cyclotron

production of 13N by the reaction 16O(p, α)13N. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 506-507 (1979).

80. McElfresh MW, Meeks JC, Parks NJ. The synthesis of 13N-labelled nitrite of high specific activity and purity. J. Radioanal. Chem. 53, 337-344 (1979).


189

81. McNaughton GS, More RD. The use of a 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator for the production of 13N-labelled ammonium and nitrate ions for biological experiments. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 489-492 (1979).

82. Ferrieri RA, Schlyer DJ, Wieland BW, Wolf AP. On-line production of 13N-nitrogen gas from a solid enriched 13C-target and its appliaction to 13N-ammonia synthesis using microwave radiation. Int. J. Appl. Radiat.I sot. 34, 897-900 (1983).

83. Wieland B, Bida G, Padgett H, et al. In-target production of [13N]ammonia via proton irradiation of dilute aqueous ethanol and acetic acid mixtures. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1095-1098 (1991).

84. Zippi E, Kabalka G, Bida G, et al. Deuteron irradiation of carbonized poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) resins for the in-target production of [13N]ammonia. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1363-1368 (1992).

85. Berridge MS, Landmeier BJ. In-target production of [13N]ammonia: target design, products, and operating parameters. Appl. Radiat. Isot 44, 1433-1441 (1993).

86. Dence CS, Welch MJ, Hughey BJ, et al. Production of [13N]ammonia applicable to low energy accelerators. Nucl. Med. Biol. 21, 987-996 (1994).

87. Shefer RE, Hughey BJ, Klinkowstein RE, et al. A windowless 13N production target for use with low energy deuteron accelerators. Nucl. Med, Biol. 21, 977-986 (1994).

88. Helmeke HJ, Harms T, Matzke KH, et al. Routine production of [13N]NH3 for PET examinations with a continuous flow water target. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 274-276 (1994).

89. Bormans G, Langendries W, Mortelmans L, Verbruggen A. On-line anion exchange purification of [13N]NH3 produced by 10 MeV proton irradiation of dilute aqueous ethanol. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 83-86 (1995).

90. Suzuki K, Yoshida Y. Production of [13N]NH3 with ultra-high specific activity. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 497-503 (1999).

91. Firouzbakht ML, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP, Fowler JS. Mechanism of nitrogen-13-labeled ammonia formation in a cryogenic water target. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26, 437-441 (1999).

E. 13N2-/13N2O production 92. Welch MJ. Production of active molecular nitrogen by the reaction of recoil

nitrogen-13. Chem. Comm., 1354-1355 (1968). 93. Austin SM, Galonsky A, Bortins J, Wolk CP. A batch process for the production

of 13N-labelled nitrogen gas. Nucl. Instr. Meth. 126, 373-379 (1975). 94. Suzuki K, Iwata R. A novel method for the production of 13NN by proton

irradaiation of an aqueous solution of ammonia. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 28, 263-268 (1977).

95. Nickles RJ, Gatley SJ, Hichwa RD, et al. The synthesis of 13N-labelled nitrous oxide. Int. J. Appl. Radiat.I sot. 29, 225-227 (1978).

96. Le Bars D. A convenient production of [13N]nitrogen for ventilation studies using a nitrogen gas target for 11C production. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 1-5 (2001).

F. 14O/15O production 97. Welch MJ, Ter-Pogossian MM. Preparation of short half-lived radioactive gases

for medical studies. Radiat. Res. 36, 580-587 (1968). 98. Welch MJ, Lifton JF, Ter-Pogossian MM. Preparation of millicurie quantities of

oxygen-15 labeled water. J. Label. Compds. 5, 168-172 (1969). 99. Dahl JR, Tilbury RS, Russ GA, Bigler RE. The preparation of oxygen-14 for

medical use. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 26, 107-116 (1976).


190

100. Ruiz HV, Wolf AP. Direct synthesis of oxygen-15 labelled water at high specific activities. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 15, 185-189 (1978).

101. Diksic M, Yamamoto YL, Feindel W. An on-line synthesis of [15O]N2O: new blood-flow tracer for PET imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 603-607 (1983).

102. Heselius SJ, Makela P, Solin O, Saarni H. An on-line system for long-distance transport of 15O-labelled gases. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. 227, 576-583 (1984).

103. Strijckmans K, Vandecasteele C, Sambre J. Production and quality control of 15O2 and C15O2 for medical use. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 279-283 (1985).

104. Welch MJ, Kilbourn MR. A remote system for the routine production of oxygen-15 radiopharmaceuticals. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 1193-1200 (1985).

105. Berridge MS, Terris AH, Cassidy EH. Low-carrier production of [15O]oxygen, water and carbon monoxide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 1173-1175 (1990).

106. Mulholland GK, Kilbourn MR, Moskwa JJ. Direct simultaneous production of [15O]water and [13N]ammonia or [18F]fluoride ion by 26 MeV proton irradiation of a double chamber water target. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 1193-1199 (1990).

107. Jackson JR, Dembowski BS, Ehrenkaufer RL, et al. [15O]H2O, [15O]O2 and [15O]CO gas production, monitoring and quality control system. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 631-634 (1993).

108. Iwata R, Ido T. Reaction of 15O with carbon: production of no-carrier-added [15O]CO and [15O]CO2. Radiochem. Acta 60, 75-79 (1993).

109. Van der Linde SC, Jansen WPA, De Goeij J M, et al. In-target production of high specific radioactivity [15O]nitrous oxide by deuteron irradiation of nitrogen gas. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 77-85 (2000).

110. Sajjad M, Liow JS, Moreno-Cantu J. A system for continuous production and infusion of [15O]H2O for PET activation studies. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 205-210 (2000).

111. Sajjad M, Zaini MR, Liow JS. Production and dosimetry of [14O]water for PET activation studies. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 607-615 (2002).

G. 18F2/H18F production 112. Lambrecht RM, Neirinckx R, Wolf AP. Cyclotron isotopes and

radiopharmaceuticals-XXIII. Novel anhydrous 18F-fluorinating intermediates Int. J. Appl. Radiat.Isot. 29, 175-183 (1978).

113. Crouzel C, Comar D. Production of carrier-free 18F-hydrofluoric acid. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 29, 407-408 (1978).

114. Casella V, Ido T, Wolf AP, et al. Anhydrous F-18 labeled elemental fluorine for radiopharmaceutical preparation. J. Nucl. Med. 21, 750-757 (1980).

115. Bida GT, Ehrenkaufer RL, Wolf AP, et al. The effect of target-gas purity on the chemical form of F-18 during 18F-F2 production using the neon-fluorine target. J. Nucl. Med. 21, 758-762 (1980).

116. Ehrenkaufer RE, Macgregor RR, Wolf AP, et al. Production of HF-18 by deuteron irradiation of a neon-hydrogen gas target. Radiochim. Acta 33, 49-56 (1983).

117. Nickles RJ, Daube ME, Ruth TJ. An 18O2 target for the production of [18F]F2. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 117-122 (1984).

118. Ruth TJ. The production of 18F-F2 and 15O-O2 sequentially from the same target chamber. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 107-110 (1985).

119. Blessing G, Coenen HH, Franken K, Qaim SM. Production of [18F]F2, H18F and F-18aq- using the 20Ne(d, α)18F process. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1135-1139 (1986).

120. Helus F, Uhlir V, Wolber G, et al. Contribution to cyclotron targetry I. Distribution and quantification of 18F-activity produced via 20Ne(d, α)18F reaction in a gas target. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 182, 237-245 (1994).


191

121. Helus F, Uhlir V, Wolber G, et al. Contribution to cyclotron targetry II. Testing of the target construction materials for 18F production via 20Ne(d, α)18F, recovery of 18F from various metal surfaces. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 182, 445-450 (1994).

122. Roberts AD, Oakes TR, Nickles RJ. Development of an improved target for [18F]F2 production. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 22, 87-91 (1995).

123. Bishop A, Satyamurthy N, Bida G, et al. Proton irradiation of [18O]O2: production of [18F]F2 and [18F]F2+[18F]OF2. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 189-199 (1996).

124. Bishop A, Satyamurthy N, Bida G, et al. Metals suitable for fluorine gas target bodies: first use of aluminum for the production of [18F]F2. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 181-188 (1996).

125. Bishop A, Satyamurthy N, Bida G, et al. Identification and quantitation of gaseous compounds of fluorine generated in [18F]F2 target systems. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 391-405 (1996).

126. Bishop A, Satyamurthy N, Bida G, Barrio JR. Chemical reactivity of the 18F electrophilic reagents from the 18O(p, n)18F gas target system. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 559-565 (1996).

127. Bishop A, Satyamurthy N, Bida G, et al. Production of [18F]F2 using the 16O(3He, p)18F reaction. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 385-389 (1996).

128. Bergman J, Solin O. Fluorine-18-labeled fluorine gas for synthesis of tracer molecules. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 677-683 (1997).

H. 18F- production 129. Dahl JR, Lee R, Bigler RE, et al. A new target system for the preparation of

no-carrier-added 18F-fluorinating compounds. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 693-700 (1983).

130. Knust EJ, Machulla HJ. High yield production of 18F in a water target via the 16O(3He, p)18F reaction. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 1627-1628 (1983).

131. Nickles RJ, Hichwa RD, Daube ME, et al. An 18O2-target for the high yield production of 18F-fluoride. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 625-629 (1983).

132. Kilbourn MR, Hood JT, Welch MJ. A simple O-18 water target for F-18 production. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 599-602 (1984).

133. Huszar I, Weinreich R. Production of F-18 with O-18 enriched water target. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 93, 349-354 (1985).

134. Kilbourn MR, Jerabek PA, Welch MJ. An improved [18O]water target for [18F]fluoride production. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 327-328 (1985).

135. Dejesus OT, Martin JA, Yasillo NJ, et al. [18F]fluoride from a small cyclotron for the routine synthesis of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 397-401 (1986).

136. Vogt M, Huszar I, Argentini M, et al. Improved production of [18F]fluoride via the [18O]H2O(p, n)18F reaction for no-carrier-added nucleophilic synthesis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 448-449 (1986).

137. Keinonen J, Fontell A, Kairento AL. Effective small-volume [18O]water target for the production of [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 631-632 (1986).

138. Iwata R, Ido T, Brady F, et al. [18F]Fluoride production with a circulating [18O]water target. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 979-984 (1987).

139. Brinkman GA, Wyand A. Production of [18F]fluoride from fluorocarbons by the 19F(γ, n)18F reaction. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 1141-1144 (1988).

140. Solin O, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Reissell A. Production of 18F from water targets. Specific radioactivity and anionic contaminants. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 1065-1071 (1988).

141. Tewson TJ, Berridge MS, Bolomey L, Gould KL. Routine production of reactive fluorine-18 fluoride salts from an oxygen-18 water target. Nucl. Med. Biol. 15, 499-504 (1988).


192

142. Firouzbakht ML, Schlyer DJ, Gatley SJ, Wolf AP. A cryogenic solid target for the production of [18F]fluoride from enriched [18O]carbon dioxide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 1081-1084 (1993).

143. Psarros N, Weber R. Rapid production of no-carrier-added 18F- from 2-fluoroaniline via the 19F(γ, n)18F reaction, using a hospital electron linear accelerator. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 22, 123-124 (1995).

144. Roberts AD, Daniel LC, Nickles RJ. A high power target for the production of [18F]fluoride. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B99, 797-799 (1995).

145. Chirakal R, Adams RM, Firnau G, et al. Electrophilic 18F from a Siemens 11MeV proton-only cyclotron. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 111-116 (1995).

146. Gonzalez CE, Dembowski B. Production of [18F]fluoride with high-pressure disposable [18O]water target. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 613-617 (1997).

147. Zeisler SK, Becker DW, Pavan RA, Moschel R, Ruhle H. A water-cooled spherical niobium target for the production of [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 53, 449-453 (2000).

148. Hess E, Blessing G, Coenen HH, Qaim SM. Improved target system for production of high purity [18F]fluorine via the 18O(p,n)18F reaction. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 53, 1431-1440 (2000).

149. Ruth TJ, Buckley KR, Chun KS, Hurtado ET, Jivan S, Zeisler S. A proof of principle for targetry to produce ultra high qunatities of 18F-fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 457-461 (2001).

150. Helmeke HJ, Harms T, Knapp WH. A water taregt with beam sweep for routine fluorine-18 production. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 54, 753-759 (2001).

151. Berridge MS, Völker KW, Bennington B. High-yield, low-pressure [18O]water targets of titanium and niobium for F-18 production on MC-17 cyclotrons. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 303-308 (2002).

152. Fawdry RM. A simple effective method for estimating the [18O] enrichment of water mixtures. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 60, 23-26 (2004).

I. Dispense, separation and concentration process 153. Jewett DM, Toorongian SA, Mulholland GK, et al. Multiphase extraction: rapid

phase-transfer of [18F]fluoride ion for nucleophilic radiolabeling reactions. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 1109-1111 (1988).

154. Alexoff D, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP. Recovery of [18F]fluoride from [18O]water in an electrochemical cell. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 1-6 (1989).

155. Tewson TJ, Banks WM, Franceschini J, et al. A trap for the removal of nitrogen oxides from carbon-11 carbon dioxide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 765-768 (1989).

156. Jewett DM, Toorongian SA, Bachelor MA, Kilbourn MR. Extraction of [18F]fluoride from [18O]water by a fast fibrous anion exchange resin. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 583-586 (1990).

157. Jewett DM. Ion exchange reaction of [18F]fluoride with an oxidized carbon surface. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 519-523 (1991).

158. Smith RD, Mock RH, Morton TE, et al. Optimization of [11C]CO2 trapping efficiencies from nitrogen gas streams. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 466-468 (1992).

159. Chaly T, Bandyopadhyay D, Matacchieri R, Margouleff D. An update on the recovery of [18O]water during the synthesis of [18F]FDG by a simple modification in the procedure. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1089-1091 (1992).

160. Kruijer PS, Herscheid JDM. A [11C]carbon dioxide generator. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 337-338 (1995).

161. Mock BH, Vavrek MT, Mulholland GK. Solid-phase reversible trap for [11C]carbon dioxide using carbon molecular sieves. Nucl. Med. Biol. 22, 667-670 (1995).

162. Iwata R, Ido T, Kovacs Z, Mahunka I. A convenient cryogenic trap with liquid nitrogen for the concentration of [11C]CO2. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 483-485


193

(1997). 163. Hamacher K, Hirschfelder T, Coenen HH. Electrochemical cell for separation of

[18F]fluoride from irradiated 18O-water and subsequent no carrier added nucleophilic fluorination. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 56, 519-523 (2002).

164. Saito F, Nagashima Y, Kurihara T, Suzuki N, Kim J, Wei L, Itoh Y, Goto A, Hyodo T. Recovery of 18F from [18O]water by electrochemical method. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 755-758 (2001).

• Automated synthesis

A. General technique 165. Ropchan JR, Ricci AR, Low GC, et al. An automated high pressure reaction

vessel for routine preparation of short-lived radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1063-1068 (1986).

166. Brodack JW, Kilbourn MR, Welch MJ. Automated production of several positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals using a single laboratory robot. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 689-698 (1988).

167. Iwata R, Yamazaki S, Ido T. Intelligent control of liquid transfer for the automated synthesis of positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 509-511 (1990).

168. Iwata R, Yamazaki S, Ido T. Automated injection of a radioactive sample for preparative HPLC with feedback control. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 1225-1227 (1990).

169. Padgett HC, Schmidt DG, Luxen A, et al. Computer-controlled radiochemical synthesis: a chemistry process control unit for the automated production of radiochemicals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 433-445 (1989).

170. Feliu AL. Designing flexible, "chemist-friendly" software to control a radiochemistry autosynthesizer. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 531-535 (1989).

171. Plascjak PS, Kim K, Meyer W, et al. An automated radiopharmaceutical dispenser. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 345-348 (1997).

172. Lemaire C, Plenevaux A, Aerts J, et al. A.,Solid phase extraction- an alternative to the use of rotary evaporator for solvent removal in the rapid formulation of PET radiopharmaceuticals. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 63-75 (1999).

B. [11C]Methyl iodide and [11C]methylation 173. Iwata R, Ido T, Saji H, et al. A remote-controlled synthesis of 11C-iodomethane

for the practical preparation of 11C-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 194-196 (1979).

174. Berger G, Maziere M, Knipper R, et al. Automated synthesis of 11C-labelled radiopharmaceuticals: imipramine, chlorpromazine, nicotine and methionine. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 30, 393-399 (1979).

175. Davis J, Yano Y, Cahoon J, Budinger TF. Preparation of 11C-methyl iodide and L-[S-methyl-11C]methionine by an automated continuous flow process. Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 363-369 (1982).

176. Pike VW, Palmer AJ, Horlock PL, et al. Semi-automated preparation of a 11C-labelled antibiotic -[N-methyl-11C]erythromycin A lactobionate. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 103-109 (1984).

177. Suzuki K, Inoue O, Hashimoto K, et al. Computer-controlled large scale production of high specific activity [11C]RO 15-1788 for PET studies of benzodiazepine receptors. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 971-976 (1985).

178. Watkins GL, Jewett DM, Mulholland GK, et al. A captive solvent method for rapid N-[11C]methylation of secondary amides: application to the benzodiazepine, 4'-chlorodiazepam(RO5-4864). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 441-444 (1988).


194

179. Iwata R, Hatano K, Yanai K, et al. A semi-automated synthesis system for routine preparation of [11C]YM-09151-2 and [11C]pyrilamine from [11C],ethyl iodide. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 202-205 (1991).

180. Goethals P, Sambre J, Coene M, et al. A remotely controlled production system for routine preparation of [methyl-11C]thymidine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 952-954 (1992).

181. Iwata R, Pascali C, Yuasa M, et al. On-line [11C]methylation using [11C]methyl iodide for the automated preparation of 11C-radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1083-1088 (1992).

182. Mizuno K, Yamazaki S, Iwata R, et al. Improved preparation of L-[methyl- 11C]methionine by on-line [11C]methylation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 788-790 (1993).

183. Luthra SK, Brady F, Turton DR, et al. Automated radiosyntheses of [6- O-methyl-11C]diprenorphine and [6-O-methyl-11C]buprenorphine from 3-O- trityl protected precursors. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 857-873 (1994).

184. Pascali C, Bogni A, Iwata R, et al. High efficiency preparation of L-[S-methyl-11C]methionine by on-column [11C]methylation on C18 Sep-Pak. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 715-724 (1999).

185. Wilson AA, Gacia A, Jin L, Houle S. Radiotracer synthesis from [11C]- iodomethane: a remarkably simple captive solvent method. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27, 529-532 (2000).

186. Iwata R, Pascali C, Bogni A, Miyake Y, Yanai K, Ido T. A simple loop method for the automated preparation of [11C]raclopride from [11C]methyl triflate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 17-22 (2001).

187. Jewett DM. A simple synthesis of [11C]carfentanil using an extraction disk instead of HPLC. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 733-734 (2001).

188. Iwata R, Pascali C, Bogni A, Yanai K, Kato M, Ido T, Ishiwata K. A combined loop-SPE method for the automated preparation of [11C]doxepin. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 271-280 (2002).

189. Noguchi J, Suzuki K. Automated synthesis of the ultra high specific activity of [11C]Ro15-4513 and its application in extremely low concentration region to an ARG study. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 335-343 (2003).

C. [11C]Acetate and [11C]palmitate 190. Welch MJ, Dence CS, Marshall DR, Kilbourn MR. Remote system for

production of carbon-11 labeled palmitic acid. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 20, 1087-1094 (1983).

191. Pike VW, Horlock PL, Brown C, Clark JC. The remotely-controlled preparation of a 11C-labelled radiopharmaceutical - [1-11C]acetate. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 623-627 (1984).

192. Jewett DM, Ehrenkaufer RL, Ram S. A captive solvent method for rapid radiosynthesis: Application to the synthesis of [1-11C]palmitic acid Int. J Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 672-674 (1985).

193. Takahashi T, Ido T, Iwata R, et al. Automated synthesis system with computer control for the production of [1-11C]fatty acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 659-665 (1988).

194. Norenberg JP, Simpson NR, Dunn BB, Kiesewetter DO. Remote synthesis of [11C]acetate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 943-945 (1992).

195. Ishiwata K, Ishii S, Sasaki T, et al. A distillation method of preparating C-11 labeled acetate for routine clinical use. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 761-763 (1993).

196. Iwata R, Ido T, Tada M. Column extraction method for rapid preparation of [11C]acetic and [11C]palmitic acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 117-121 (1995).

197. Ishiwata K, Ishii S, Senda M. Successive preparation of 11C labeled sodium acetate and/or sodium hexanoate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 1035-1037 (1995).


195

198. Davenport RJ, Dowsett K, Pike VW. A simple technique for the automated production of no-carrier-added [1-11C]acetate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 1117-1120 (1997).

199. Moerlein SM, Gaehle GG, Welch MJ. Robotic preparation of sodium acetate C 11 injection for use in clinical PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 613-621 (2002).

D. [18F]FDG 200. Fowler JS, MacGregor RR, Wolf AP, et al. A shielded synthesis system for

production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose J. Nucl. Med. 22, 376-380 (1981). 201. Barrio JR, MacDonald NS, Robinson GD, et al. Remote, semiautomated

production of F-18-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 372-375 (1981).

202. Iwata R, Ido T, Takahashi T, Monma M. Automated synthesis system for production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose with computer control. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35, 445-454 (1984).

203. Diksic M, Jolly D. Remotely operated synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro- D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1159-1161 (1986).

204. Alexoff DL, Russell JAG, Shiue CY, et al. Modular automation in PET tracer manufacturing: application of an autosynthesizer to the production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 1045-1061 (1986).

205. Brodack JW, Dence CS, Kilbourn MR, Welch MJ. Robotic production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose: a routine method of synthesis using tetrabutylammonium [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 699-703 (1988).

206. Toorongian SA, Mulholland GK, Jewett DM, et al. Routine production of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose by direct nucleophilic exchange on a quaternary 4-amninopyridinium resin. Nucl. Med, Biol. 17, 273-279 (1990).

207. Chaly T, Mattacchieri R, Velez JW, et al. A large scale manual production of [18F]FDG using a synthetic unit made of sterile disposable components and operated by a master slave manipulator. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 29-34 (1990).

208. Hamacher K, Blessing G, Nebeling B. Computer-aided synthesis (CAS) of no-carrier-added 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: an efficient automated system for the aminopolyether-supported nucleophilic fluorination. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 49-55 (1990).

209. Najafi A, Peterson A. A modified and improved system for [18F]- 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (2-FDG) based on the resin exchange method. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 125-126 (1993).

210. Culbert PA, Adam MJ, Hurtado ET, et al. Automated synthesis of [18F]FDG using tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 887-891 (1995).

211. Yuasa M, Yoshida H, Hara T. Computer-controlled synthesis of [18F]FDG by the tetrabutylammonium method: achievement of high yield, purity, reproducibility, reliability, and safety.. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 201-205 (1997).

212. Ohsaki K, Endo Y, Yamazaki S, et al. Polymer-supported catalysts for efficient on-column preparation of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 373-378 (1998).

213. Bogni A, Pascali C, Iwata R, et al. [18F]FDG synthesis by Anatech RB-86 robotics system: improvements and general considerations. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 230, 45-50 (1998).

214. Lemaire C, Damhaut P, Lauricella B, Mosdzianowski C, Morelle JL, Monclus M, et al. Fast [18F]FDG synthesis by alkaline hydrolysis on a low polarity solid phase support. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 45, 435-447 (2002).

E. [18F]FDOPA 215. Luxen A, Perlmutter M, Bida GT, et al. Remote, semiautomated production of

6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa for human studies with PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41,


196

275-281 (1990). 216. Chaly T, Dahl JR, Matacchieri R, et al. Synthesis of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine with

a synthetic unit made up of primarily sterile disposable components and operated by a master slave manipulator. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 869-873 (1993).

217. Reddy GN, Haeberli M, Beer HF, Schubiger AP. An improved synthesis of no-carrier-added (nca) 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA and its remote routine production for PET investigations of dopaminergic systems. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 645-649 (1993).

218. Szajek LP, Channing MA, Eckelman WC. Automated synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa using modified polystyrene supports with bound 6-mercuric dopa precursors. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 795-804 (1998).

219. de Vries EFJ, Luurtsema G, Brussermann M, et al. Fully automated synthesis module for the high yield one-pot preparation of 6-[18F]fluoro- L-DOPA. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 389-394 (1999).

F. [18F]Fluoroalkylating agents 220. Bergman J, Eskola O, Lehikoinen P, Solin O. Automated synthesis and

purifcation of [18F]bromofluoromethane at high specific radioactivity. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 54, 927-933 (2001).

221. Comagic S, Piel M, Schirrmacher R, Hoehnemann S, Roesch F. Efficient synthesis of 2-bromo-1-[18F]fluoroethane and its application in the automated preparation of 18F-fluoroethylatedcompounds. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 56, 847-851 (2002).

222. Zhang MR, Tsuchiyama A, Haradahira T, Yoshida Y, Furutsuka K, Suzuki K. Development of an automated system for synthesizing 18F-labeled compounds using [18F]fluoroethyl bromide as a synthetic precursor. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 335-342 (2002).

223. Iwata R, Pascali C, Bogni A, Furumoto S, Terasaki K, Yanai K. [18F]Fluoromethyl triflate, a novel and reactive [18F]fluoromethylating agent: preparation and application to the on-column preparation of [18F]fluorocholine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 347-352 (2002).

G. Miscellaous compounds 224. Karim HMA, Stöklin G. Fluorine-18 labelling of lower fatty acid esters by

heterogeneous exchange on gas chromatographic columns. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 13, 519-534 (1977).

225. Van Haver D, De Clercq P. Remote-controlled production of [11C]antipyrine. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 751-754 (1982).

226. Laufer P, Kloster G. Remote control synthesis of 3-11C-methyl-D-glucose. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 775-776 (1982).

227. Sabre J, Vandecasteele C, Goethals P, et al. Routine production of [11C]HCN and 11C-1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36, 275-278 (1985).

228. Welch MJ, Kilbourn MR. A remote system for the routine production of oxygen-15 radiopharmaceuticals. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 1193-1200 (1985).

229. Knust EJ, Machulla HJ, Roden W. Production of fluorine-18 using an automated water target and a method for fluorinating aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 37, 853-856 (1986).

230. Brodack JW, Kilbourn MR, Welch MJ, Katzenellenbogen JA. Application of robotics to radiopharmaceutical preparation: controlled synthesis of fluorine-18 16α-fluoroestradiol-17β. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 714-721 (1986).

231. Ishiwata K, Monma M, Iwata R, Ido T. Automated synthesis of 5-[18F]fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 467-473 (1987).


197

232. Berridge MS, Cassidy EH, Terris AH. A routine, automated synthesis of oxygen-15-labeled butanol for positron tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 31, 1727-1731 (1990).

233. Brady F, Luthra SK, Tochon-Danguy HJ, et al.: Asymmetric synthesis of a precursor for the automated radiosynthesis of S-(3'-t-butylamino-2'-hydroxypropoxy)-benzimidazol-2-[11C]one (S-[11C]CGP 12177) as a preferred radioligand for β-adrenergic receptors. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 621-628 (1991).

234. Fujii R, Imahori Y, Ido T, et al. New synthesis system of (C-11)propyl ketene and its reactions with various alcohols. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 29, 497-505 (1991).

235. Fissekis JD, Nielsen CM, Tirelli S, et al. A remote control process for the routine synthesis of branched chain [1-11C]α-amino acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1169-1176 (1991).

236. Moerlein SM, Gaehle GG, Lechner KR, et al. Automated production of oxygen-15 labeled butanol for PET measurement of regional cerebral blood flow. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 1213-1218 (1993).

237. Loettgen J, Wagner R, Richerzhagen N, Wienhard K. Automatic control device for the continuous administration of 15O labelled faseous tracers for PET measurements. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 923-928 (1994).

238. Ferrieri RA, Alexoff DL, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP. Remote processing, delivery and injection of H2[15O] produced from a N2/H2 gas target using a simple and compact apparatus. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 1149-1154 (1994).

239. Palmer BM, Sajjad M, Rottenberg DA. An automated [15O]H2O production and injection system for PET imaging. Nucl. Med, Biol. 22, 241-249 (1995).

240. Iwata R, Ido T, Tada M. On-column preparation of 1-aminocyclopentane- 1-[11C]carboxylic acid. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 899-905 (1995).

241. Hamacher K, Hamkens W. Remote controlled one-step production of 18F-labeled butyrophenone neuroleptics exemplified by the synthesis of n.c.a. [18F]N-methylspiperone. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 911-916 (1995).

242. Wilson AA, DaSilva JN, Houle S. Solid-phase radiosynthesis of [11C]WAY 100635. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 149-154 (1996).

243. Gunawan J, Zijlstra S, Notohamiprodjo G. Routine production of 14(R,S)-[18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid by a microcpmputer controlled module. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 45-49 (1996).

244. McCarron A, Turton DR, Pike VW, Poole KG. Remotely-controlled production of the 5-HT1A receptor radioligand, [carbonyl-11C]WAY-100635, via 11C-carboxylation of an immobilized Grignard reagent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 38, 941-953 (1996).

245. Yajima K, Kawashima H, Cui YS, et al. Synthesis of [1-11C]octanoic acid, [11C]raclopride and [11C]nicergoline with a general-purpose automated synthesis appratus of 11C-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 763-769 (1997).

246. Aigbirhio FI, Carr RM, Pike VW, et al. Automated radiosynthesis of no-carrier-added [S-fluoromethyl-18F]fluticasone propionate as a radiotracer for lung deposition studies with PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 39, 567-584 (1997).

247. Suzuki K, Yoshida Y, Shikano N, et al. Development of an automated system for the quick production of 13N-labeled compounds with high specific activity using anhydrous [13N]NH3. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 1033-1038 (1999).

248. Iwata R, Pascali C, Bogni A, et al. A new, convenient method for the preparation of 4-[18F]fluorobenzyl halides. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 87-92 (2000).

249. Sasaki M, Ikemoto M, Mutoh M, et al. Automated synthesis of L-[β-11C]amino acids using an immobilized enzyme column. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 199-204 (2000).


198

250. Harada N, Nishiyama S, Sato K, et al. Development of an automated synthesis apparatus for L-[3-11C] labeled aromatic amino acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 845-850 (2000).

251. Pascali C, Bogni A, Iwata R, et al. [11C]Methylation on a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge: a convenient way to produce [N-methyl-11C]choline. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 195-203 (2000).

252. Roemer J, Fuechtner F, Steinbach J, Kasch H. Automated synthesis of 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol-3,17β-disulphamate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 631-639 (2001).

253. Matarrese M, Sudati F, Soloviev D, Todde S, Tirolla EA, Kienle MG, Fazio F. Automation of [11C]acyl chloride syntheses using commercially available 11C-modules. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 675-679 (2002).

254. Matarrese M, Soloviev D, Todde S, Neutro F, Petta P, Carpinelli A, Brussermann M, Kienle M, Fazio F. Preparation of [11C] radioloigands with high specific radioactivity on a commercial PET tracer synthesizer. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 79-83 (2003).

255. Tang G, Tang X, Wang M, Luo L, Gan M. Fully automated synthesis of O-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-tyrosine by direct nucleophilic exchange on a quaternary 4-aminopyridium resin. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 58, 685-689 (2003).

256. Tang G, Tang X, Wang M, Luo L, Gan M, Huang Z. Automated commercial synthesis system for preparation of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)- L-tyrosine by direct nucleophilic displacement on a resin column. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 661-668 (2003).

257. Tang G, Wang M, Tang X, Luo L, Gan M. Fully automated synthesis module for preparation of S-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-methionine by direct nucleophilic exchange on a quaternary 4-aminopyridium resin. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 509-512 (2003).

258. Kiesewetter DO, Vuong B, Channing MA. The automated synthesis of [18F]FP-TZTP. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 73-77 (2003).

259. Oh SJ, Mosdzianowski C, Chi DY, kim JY, Kang SH, Ryu JS, Yeo JS, Moon DH. Fully automated synthesis system of 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine. Nucl. Med. Biol. 31, 803-809 (2004).

260. Reischl G, Bieg C, Schmiedl O, Solbach C, Machulla HJ. Highly efficient automated synthesis of [11C]choline for multi dose utilization. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 60, 835-838 (2004).

261. Matarrese M, Sudati F, Soloviev D, Todde S, Tirolla EA, Kienle MG, Fazio F. Automation of [11C]acyl chloride syntheses using commercially available 11C-modules. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 675-679 (2002).

• Biosynthesis 262. Christman DR, Crawford EJ, Friedkin M, Wolf AP, et at. Detection of DNA

synthesis in intact organisms with positron-emitting [methyl-11C]thymidine. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 988-992 (1972).

263. Crawford EJ, Christman D, Atkins H, et al. Scintigraphy with positron- emitting compounds -I. Carbon-11 labeled thymidine and thymidylate. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 5, 61-69 (1978).

264. Cohen MB, Spolter L, Chang CC, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of 11C-pyruvic acid and 11C-L-lactic acid. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 31, 45-49 (1980).

265. Kloster G, Laufer P. Enzymatic synthesis and chromatographic purification of L-3-11C-lactic acid via DL-3-11C-alanine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 17, 889-894 (1980).

266. Cohen MB, Spolter L, Chang CC, et al. The varying tissue distribution of L-glutamic acid labelled at three different sites. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33, 613-617 (1982).


199

267. Gueguen P, Morgat JL, Maziere M, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of 11C-labelled S-adenosylmethionine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 19, 157-169 (1982).

268. Slegers G, Lambrecht RHD, Vandewalle T, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of [11C]formaldehyde: concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 338-342 (1984).

269. Soussain R, Gueguen P, Morgat JL. Enzymatic synthesis of 11C-labelled (-)-epinephrine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 21, 203-222 (1984).

270. Hara T, Iio M, Izuchi R, et al. Synthesis of pyruvate-1-11C as a radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging. Eur. J .Nucl. Med. 11, 275-278 (1985).

271. Halldin C, Langström B. Synthesis of [3-11C]phenylpyruvic acid and its use in an enzymatic transamination to [3-11C]phenylalanine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 23,715-722 (1986).

272. Maeda M, Nishimura S, Fukumura T, Kojima M. Enantioselective synthesis of 11C-labeled phenylethanolamine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 233-245 (1988).

273. Mannens G, Slegers G, Lambrecht R, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of carbon-11 acetyl coenzyme. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 695-705 (1988).

274. Bjurling P, Watanabe Y, Langström B. The synthesis of [3-11C]pyruvic acid, a useful synthon, via an enzymatic route. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 627-630 (1988).

275. Mannens G, Slegers G, Goethals P, Claeys A. Enzymatic synthesis of carbon-11 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 53-64 (1990).

276. Bjurling P, Langström B. Synthesis of 1-and 3-11C-labelled L-lactic acid using multi-enzyme catalysis. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 427-432 (1990).

277. Gelbard AS, Cooper AJL, Asano Y, et al. Methods for the enzymatic synthesis of tyrosine and phenylalanine labeled with nitrogen-13. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 229-233 (1990).

278. Labarre J, Donie P, Crouzel C. The biosynthesis of L-[11C]phenylalanine using a mutant strain of a cyanobacterium (Synechocystis PCC 6803). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42,659-663 (1991).

279. Davenport RJ, Pike VW, Dowsett K, et al. Automated chemoenzymatic synthesis of no-carrier-added [carbonyl-11C]propionyl L-carnitine for pharmacokinetic studies. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 917-924 (1997).

280. Jacobson GB, Watanabe Y, Valind S, et al. Synthesis of O-[11C]acetyl CoA, O-[11C]acetyl-L-carnitine, and L-[11C]carnitine labelled in specific positions, applied in PET studies on rhesus monkey. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 471-478 (1997).

281. Eriks-Fluks E, Elsinga PH, Hendrikse NH. Enzymatic synthesis of [4-methoxy-11C]daunorubicin for functional imaging of P-glycoprotein with PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 811-813 (1998).

282. Ikemoto M, Sasaki M, Haradahira T, Suzuki K. A new synthesis of [3-11C]pyruvic acid using alanine racemase. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1557-1562 (1998).

283. Barrio JR, Egbert JE, Heinrich E, et al. L-[4-11C]Aspartic acid: enzymatic synthesis, myocardial uptake, and metabolism. J. Med. Chem. 25, 93-93 (1982).

284. Lui E, Chirakal R, Firnau G. Enzymatic synthesis of (-)-6-[18F]- fluoronorepinephrine from 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine by dopamine β-hydroxylase. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 41, 503-521 (1998).

285. Ikemoto M, Sasaki M, Haradahira T, Suzuki K. Synthesis of L-[β-11C]amino acids using immobilized enzymes. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 715-721 (1999).

286. Kaneko S, Ishiwata K, Hatano K, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of no-carrier-added 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa with β-tyrosinase. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50, 1025-1032 (1999).

287. Kaneko S, Ishiwata K, Ishii S, et al. Enzymatic synthesis of carbon-11 labeled methionine and its derivatives with immobilized γ-cyano-a-aminobutyric acid synthase. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 285-291 (1999).

288. Sasaki M, Ikemoto M, Mutoh M, et al. Automated synthesis of L-[β-11C]amino


200

acids using an immobilized enzyme column. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 199-204 (2000).

289. Harada N, Nishiyama S, Sato K, et al. Development of an automated synthesis apparatus for L-[3-11C] labeled aromatic amino acids. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 845-850 (2000).

290. Antoni G, Omura H, Ikemoto M, Watanabe Y, Langström B. Enzyme catalysed synthesis of L-[4-11C]aspartate and L-[5-11C]glutamate. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 44, 287-294 (2001).

291. Martarello L, Schaffrath C, Deng H, Gee AD, Lockhart A, O'Hagan D. The first enzymatic method for C-18F bond formation: the synthesis of 5'-[18F]-fluoro-5'-deoxyadenosine for imaging with PET. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1181-1189 (2003).

• Quality control

A. Sterility and apyrogenicity 292. Williams CC, Borchert RD, Clanton JA. The bacterial endotoxin test in the

PET facility. J. Nucl. Med. 34, 469-473 (1993). 293. Zijlstra S, Gerken P, Rechin C, et al. Validation of the Limulus Ambocyte

Lysate (LAL) test for routine PET radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 51-54 (1997).

B. Analysis 294. Lundqvist H, Langström B, Malmqvist M. Determination of enantiomeric

purity in biogenic [11C]labelled amino acids by aminocylation of tRNA. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 89, 79-87 (1985).

295. Shiue CY, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, et al. Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of relative amounts of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro- D-mannose synthesized from various methods.. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 22, 503-508 (1985).

296. Gatley SJ, Brown SG, Thompson CM. Rapid, inexpensive quality control of fluorine-18 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose preparation using the hexokinase reaction in vitro. J. Nucl. Med. 29, 1443-1447 (1988).

297. Chaly T, Dahl JR. Thin layer chromatographic detection of Kryptofix 2.2.2 in the routine synthesis of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Nucl. Med. Biol. 16, 385-387 (1989).

298. Pike VW, Kensett MJ, Turton DR, et al. Labelled agents for PET studies of the dopaminergic system-some quality assurance methods, exeprience and issues. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 483-492 (1990).

299. Magni F, Casati R, Todde S, et al. Sensitive GC-MS method for the determination of specific-activity of 16α[18F]fluoro-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene- 3,17β-diol. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1299-1300 (1992).

300. Alexoff DL, Casati R, Fowler JS, et al. Ion chromatographic analysis of high specific activity 18FDG preparations and detection of the chemical impurity 2-deoxy-2-chloro-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1313-1322 (1992).

301. Ferrieri RA, Schlyer DJ, Alexoff DL, et al. Direct analysis of Kryptofix 2.2.2 in 18FDG by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-selective detector. Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 367-369 (1993).

302. Reddy GN, Haeberli M, Beer HF, et al. Quality assureance and quality control methods for animal and human applications of no-carrier-added 6-[18F]fluorodopa for PET investigations of dopaminergic systems. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 993-998 (1993).

303. Franssen EJF, Luurtsema G, Medema J, et al. Application of liquid chromatography combined with mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) to establish identity and purity of PET-radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45,


201

937-940 (1994). 304. Chaar MR, Dufek P, Favre-Bonvin J, et al. Identification of

2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose (2-ClDG) and D-glucose as impurities formed in the synthesis of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (2-18FDG). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 267-270 (1994).

305. Mock BH, Winkle W, Vavrek MT. A color spot test for the detection of Kryptofix 2.2.2 in [18F]FDG preparations. Nucl. Med. Biol. 24, 193-195 (1997).

306. Mackay DB, Steel CJ, Poole K, et al. Quality assuarance for PET gas production using the Cyclone 3D oxygen-15 generator. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 403-409 (1999).

307. Sasaki T, Ishii S, Tomiyoshi K, et al. Tritium in [15O]water, its identification and removal. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 175-179 (2000).

308. Takei M, Kida T, Suzuki K. Sensitive measurement of positron emitters eluted from HPLC. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 29-234 (2001).

309. Channing MA, Huang BX, Eckelman WC. Analysis of residual solvents in 2-[18F]FDG by GC. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 469-471 (2001).

310. Kuge Y, Nishijima K, Nagatsu K, Seki K, Ohkura K, Tanaka A, Sasaki M, Tsukamoto E, Tamaki N. Chemical impurities in [18F]FDG preparations produced by solid-phase [18F]fluorination. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 275-279 (2002).

311. Mosdzianowski C, Lemaire C, Simoens F, Aerts J, Morelle JL, Luxen A. Epimerization study on [18F]FDG produced by an alkaline hydrolysis on solid support under stringent conditions. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 56, 871-875 (2002).

312. Fuechtner F, Angelberger P, Kvaternik H, Hammerschmidt F, Simovc BP, Steinbach J. Aspects of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA preparation: precursor synthesis, preparative HPLC purification and determination of radiochemical purity. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 477-481(2002).

313. Muller RD, Ferrieri RA, Gerasimov M, Garza V. Supercritical CO2 fluid radiochromatography system used to purify [11C]toluene. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 351-357 (2002).

314. Mishani E, Ben-David I, Rozen Y. Improved method for the quality assurance of [C-11]choline. Nucl. Med. Biol. 29, 359-363 (2002).

315. Kanu AB, Dixon M, Yin ZY, Bailey J, Gillies JM, Zweit J, Thomas CLP. Rapid screening of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose infusions for volatile organic compound contaminants by solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography - selective ion monitoring mass spectrometry (SPME-GC- SIMMS). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 58, 193-200 (2003).

316. Ito S, Saze T, Sakane H, Ito S, Ito S, Nishizawa K. Tritium in [18O]water containing [18F]fluoride for [18F]FDG synthesis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 61, 1179-1183 (2004).

C. Purification 317. Vora MM, Boothe TE, Finn RD, et al. Quality control procedures in the

preparation of 2-deoxy-D-[1-11C]glucose radiopharmaceutical. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 20, 417-427 (1983).

318. Ishiwata K, Ido T, Nakanishi H, Iwata R. Contamination of 2-deoxy-2- [18F]fluoro-D-mannose in the 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose preparations synthesized from [18F]acetyl hypofluorite and [18F]F2. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 463-466 (1987).

319. Moerlein SM, Brodack JW, Siegel BA, Welch MJ. Elimination of contaminant Kryptofix 2.2.2 in the routine production of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 40, 741-743 (1989).

320. Alexoff DL, Fowler JS, Gatley SJ. Removal of the 2.2.2 cryptand (Kryptofix 2.2.2TM) from 18FDG by cation exchange. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42, 1189-1193 (1991).


202

321. Dunn BB, Channing MA, Adams HR, et al. A single column, rapid quality control procedure for 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa and 6-[18F]fluorodopamine PET imaging agents. Nucl. Med. Biol. 18, 209-213 (1991).

322. Gatley SJ, Ferrieri RA, Fowler JS, et al. Rapid radiochemical and chemical quality control of [11C]putrescine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 765-767 (1993).

323. Reddy GN, Haeberli M, Beer HF, et al. Quality assurance and quality control methods for animal and human applications of no-carrier-added 6-[18F]Fluorodopa for PET investigations of dopaminergic systems. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 993-998 (1993).

324. Krasikova A, Fedorova O, Någren K, et al. A fast and convenient method for robotic preparation of [11C]flumazenil avoiding HPLC purification. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 613-621 (2000).

325. Kawamura K, Ishiwata K, Futatsubashi M, Ishii S, Ouchi Y, Homma Y, Senda M. Efficient HPLC separation of [11C]β-CFT or [11C]β-CIT from an N-desmethyl precursor on a semipreparative reversed phase ODS column. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 225-228 (2000).

326. Nishijima K, Kuge Y, Tsukamoto E, Seki K, Ohkura K, Magata Y, Tanaka A, Nagatsu K, Tamaki N. Increased [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) yield with recycled target [18O]water: factors affecting the [18F]FDG yield. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 43-49 (2002).

327. Mitterhauser M, Wadsak W, Langer O, Schmaljohann J, Zettinig G, Dudczak R, Viernstein H, Kletter K. Comparison of three different purification methods for the routine preparation of [11C] metomidate. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 59, 125-128 (2003).

328. Roeda D, Dolle F, Crouzel C. An improvement of [11C]acetate synthesis- non-radioactive contaminants by irradiation-induced species emanating from the [11C]carbon dioxide production target. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 57, 857-860 (2002).

D. Decomposition, stability and reactivity 329. MacGregor RR, Schlyer DJ, Fowler JS, et al. Fluorine-18-N-

methylspiroperidol: radiolytic decomposition as a consequence of high specific activity and high dose levels. J. Nucl. Med. 28, 60-67 (1987).

330. Suzuki K, Inoue O, Tamate K, Mikado F. Production of 3-N- [11C]methylspiperone with high specific activity and high radiochemical purity for PET studies: suppression of its radiolysis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 593-599 (1990).

331. Meyer GJ, Matzke KH, Hamacher K, et al. The stability of 2-[18F]fluoro- deoxy-D-glucose towards epimerisation under alkaline conditions. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 37-41 (1991).

332. Schlyer DJ, Firouzbakht ML, Wolf AP. Impurities in the [18O]water target and their effect on the yield of an aromatic displacement reaction with [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 1459-1465 (1993).

333. Fukumura T, Akaike S, Yoshida Y, Suzuki K. Decomposition of an aqueous solution of [11C]Ro 15-4513: implication of hydrated electrons in the radiolysis of [11C]Ro 15-4513. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 389-395 (2003).

334. Fukumura T, Nakao R, Yamaguchi M, Suzuki K. Stability of 11C-labeled PET radiopharmaceuticals. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 61, 1279-1287 (2004).

E. Specific activity 335. Berger G, Maziere M, Godot JM, et al. Synthesis of radioactive 11C molecules

for medical research on a micro-scale: a theoretical and practical approach. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 18, 1649-1671 (1981).

336. Berger G, Prenant C, Sastre J, Comar D. Separation of isotopic methanes by


203

capillary gas chromatography. Application to the improvement of [11C]methane specific activity. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 34, 1525-1530 (1983).

337. Heselius SJ, Malmborg P, Solin O, Langström B. Studies of proton beam penetration in nitrogen-gas targets with respect to production and specific radioactivity of carbon-11. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38, 49-57 (1987).

338. Iwata R, Ido T, Ujiie A, et al. Comparative study of specific activity of [11C]methyl iodide: A search for the source of carrier carbon. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 39, 1-7 (1988).

339. Sandell J, Langer O, Larsen P, et al. Improved specific radioactivity of the PET radioligand [11C]FLB 457 by use of the GE Medical System PETtrace MeI MicroLab. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 43, 331-338 (2000).

340. Suzuki K, Yamazaki T, Sasaki M, Kubodera A. Specific activity of [11C]CO2 generated in a N2 gas target: effect of irradiation dose, irradiation history, oxygen content and beam energy. Radiochem. Acta 88, 211-215 (2000).

341. Sasaki M, Haradahira T, Suzuki K. Effect of dissolved gas on the specific activity of N-13 labeled ions generated in water by the 16O(p,α)13N reaction. Radiochem. Acta 88, 217-220 (2000).

342. Noguchi J, Suzuki K. Automated synthesis of the ultra high specific activity of [11C]Ro15-4513 and its application in extremely low concentration region to an ARG study. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30, 335-343 (2003).

• Reaction and mechanistic approaches 343. Lerman O, Tor Y, Hebel D, Rozen S. A novel electrophilic fluorination of

activated aromatic rings using acetyl hypofluorite suitable also for introducing F-18 into benzene nuclei. J. Org. Chem. 49, 806-813 (1984).

344. Angelini G, Speranza M, Wolf AP, Shiue CY. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of activated cationic groups by 18F-labeled fluoride. A useful route to no-carrier-added (NCA) 18F-labeled aryl fluoride. J. Fluorine Chem. 27, 177-191 (1985).

345. Block D, Klatte B, Knoechel A, et al. N.C.A. 18F-Labelling of aliphatic compounds in high yields via aminopolyether-supported nucleophilic substitution. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 23, 467-477 (1986).

346. Korguth ML, DeGrando TR, Holden JE, et al. Effects of reaction conditions on rates of incorporation of no-carrier added F-18 fluoride into several organic compounds. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 25, 369-381 (1988).

347. Gysemans M, Mertens J. Mechanistic approach of the nucleophilic 18F- exchange on 4'-NO2-spiperone using TBA18F or K2.2.2/K18F. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 73-81 (1990).

348. Votaw JR, Satter MR, Nickles RJ. Oxygen present during azeotropic drying drastically reduces the radiochemical yield of 2-FDG. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 28, 83-88 (1990).

349. Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Elander N. Use of a microwave cavity to reduce reaction times in radiolabelling with [11C]cyanide. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 31, 207-217 (1992).

350. Rengan R, Chakraborty PK, Kilbourn MR. Can we predict reactivity for aromatic nucleophilic substitution with [18F]fluoride ion? J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 33, 563-572 (1993).

351. Stone-Elander S, Elander N. Fast chemistry in microwave fields: nucleophilic 18F-radiofluorinations of aromatic molecules. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 44, 889-893 (1993).

352. Stone-Elander SA, Elander N, Thorell JO, et al. A single-mode microwave cavity for reducing radiolabelling reaction times, demonstrated by alkylations with [11C]alkyl halides. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 34, 949-960 (1994).

353. Hatano K. Fluorine-18 labeling of methionine derivatives in the presence of


204

xenon difluoride. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 46,1337-1338 (1998). 354. Schirbel A, Holschbach MH, Coenen HH. N.C.A. [11C]CO2 as a safe substrate

for phosgene in the carbonylation of primary amines. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 42, 537-551 (1999).

355. Ferrieri RA, Garcia I, Fowler JS, Wolf AP. Investigation of acetonitrile solvent cluster formation in supercritical carbon dioxide, and its impact on microscale syntheses of carbon-11-labeled radiotracers for PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26,443-454 (1999).

356. Klein ATJ, Holschbach M. Labelling of the solvent DMSO as side reaction of methylations with n.c.a. [11C]CH3I. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 309-313 (2001).

357. Karimi F, Kihlberg T, Långstrom B. [11C]/(13C)Carbon monoxide in palladium-mediated synthesis of imides. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans 1 2001, 1528-1531.

358. Karimi F, Långstrom B. Palladium-mediated synthesis of [carbonyl-11C]amides and hydrates using [11C]carbon monoxide. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1 2002, 2111-2115.

359. Karimi F, Långstrom B. Palladium-mediated carbonylation of aryl halides (triflates) or benzyl halides using [13C]/[11C]carbon monoxide with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide or trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1 2002, 2256-2259.

360. Kihlberg T, Karimi F, Långstrom B. [11C]Carbon monoxide in selenium- mediated synthesis of 11C-carbamoyl compounds. J. Org. Cehm. 67, 3687-3692 (2002).

361. Karimi F, Långstrom B. Synthesis of 11C-labelled amides by palladium-mediated carboxamination using [11C]carbon monoxide, in situ activated amines and 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 2132-2137.

362. Karimi F, Långstrom B. Synthesis of 11C-amides using [11C]carbon monoxide and in situ activated amines by palladium-mediated carboxaminations. Org. Biomol. Chem. 1, 541-546 (2003).

363. Lu SL, Hong J, Pike VW. Synthesis of NCA [carbonyl-11C]amides by direct reaction of in situ generated [11C]carboxymagnesium halides with amines under microwave-enhanced conditions. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 1249-1259 (2003).

364. Pascali G, Kiesewetter DO, Salvadori PA, Eckelman WC: Use of 1,8-bis- (dimethylamino)-naphthalene/H18F complex as new radiofluorinating agent. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 373-383 (2004).

365. Kim DW, Choe YS, Chi DY. A new nucleophilic fluorine-18 labeling method for aliphatic mesylates: reaction in ionic liquids shows tolerance for water. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30,345-350 (2003).

366. Reischl G, Kienzle GJ, Machulla HJ. Electrochemical radiofluorination. Part 2. Anodic monofluorination of substituted benzene using [18F]fluoride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 58, 679-683 (2003).

367. Zhang MR, Furutsuka K, Yoshida Y, Suzuki K. How to increase the reactivity of [18F]fluoroethyl bromide: [18F]fluoroethylation of amine, phenol and amide functional groups with [18F]FEtBr, [18F]FEtBr/NaI and [18F]FEtOTf. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 587-598 (2003)

368. Karramkam M, Hinnen F, Vaufrey F, Dolle F. 2-, 3- and 4-[18F]Fluoropyridine by no-carrier-added nucleophilic aromatic substitution with K[18F]F-K222 - a comparative study. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 46, 979-992 (2003).

369. Lu SL, Chin FT, McCarron JA, Pike VW. Efficient O- and N-(β- fluoroethylation)s with NCA [18F]β-fluoroethyl tosylate under microwave-enhanced conditions. J. Label. Compds. Radiopharm. 47, 289-297 (2004).

Index

205

Compound name index

-A-

A-69024: Ligand dopaminergic ABMBP: Ligand other ABMMP: Ligand other ABT-418: Ligand cholinergic ACEA 1021: Ligand excitory amino acid ACF: Ligand serotonergic ACHC: Amino acid ACPC: Amino acid ADAM: Ligand serotonergic AG957: Ligand other AIB: Amino acid ALX-5407: Ligand excitory amino acid AM694: Ligand cannabinoid o,p,m-O6-AMMP: Ligand other ANBF: Labeling precursor AR-R 17443: Ligand enzyme inhibitor AR-R 18512: Ligand enzyme inhibitor acamprosate: Ligand GABAergic acetate: Carboxylic acid acetazolamide: Ligand enzyme inhibitor acetoacetic acid: Carboxykic acid acetone: Labeling precurosor acetyl-AIB: Amino acid 5-acetylamino-4-guanidino-2,6-anhydro-

3,4-5-trideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto- non-2-enoic acid→ GG167

acetyl-L-carnitine: Other compound acetyl CoA: Other compound acetyl chloride: Labeling precursor 3-acetylcyclofoxy: Ligand opioid acetylene: Hydrocarbon, Labeling

precurosor acetylhomotaurine: Ligand excitory

amino acid acetylhypofluorite: Labeling precurosor N-acetyl-D-glucosaminem: Carbohydrate acetyl leukotriene E4: Carboxylic acid O-acetylsalicylic acid: Carboxylic acid acetylserotonin: Ligand melatonin acrylonitrile: Labeling precursor adenosine: Carbohydrate adenosine-5'-O-[S-[N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-

acetoamide]]thiophosphate: Carbohydrate

adenosine-5'-O-[S-(4-fluorophenacyl)- thiophosphate]: Carbohydrate

adenosine-5'-O-[S-(3-(fluoromethyl)- benzyl)]thiophosphate: Carbohydrate

S-adenosyl-L-methionine: Amino acid alanine: Amino acid albumin: Amino acid alfentanil: Ligand opioid allyl alcohol: Alcohol

alprazolam: Ligand bezodiazepine altanserin: Ligand serotonergic 2-amino-adiptic acid: Amino acid 3-aminoanisole: Hydrocarbon γ-aminobutyric acid→ GABA 2-[(2-amino-4-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)thio]

-N,N-dimethyl-benzenmethanamine ACF

1-aminocyclohexane-1-Carboxylic acid→ ACHC

1-aminocyclopentane-1-Carboxylic acid→ ACPC

aminodecane: Amine 2-amino-6-7-dihydroxytetralin: Ligand

dopaminergic 3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-

phenylsulfanyl)benzonitorile: Ligand serotonergic

N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-fluoropyridine-2- carboxamide: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

2-amino-2'-fluorobenzhydrol: Labeling precursor

1-amino-3-fluorocyclobutane-1- Carboxylic acid→ FACBC

2-amino-4-fluoro-2-methylbutanoic acid: Amino acid

amino-3-fluoromethyl-5-methyl- adamantane: Ligand excitory amino acid

aminoisobutyric acid→ AIB aminooctane: Amine 2-(4'-aminophenyl)-6-methoxybenzo-

thiazole 6-MeO-BTA-0 ammonia: Amine amobarbital: Urea amphetamine: Ligand stimulant aniline: Amine α-anilino-4-methylphenylacetonitrile:

Hydrocarbon α-anilino-4-methoxylphenylacetonitrile:

Hydrocarbon α-anilino-phenylacetonitrile:

Hydrocarbon antipyrine: Other compound arachidonic acid: Carboxylic acid, Ligand

signal transduction aryl fluoride: Hydrocarbon arylpentafluorosilicate: Hydrocarbon asparagine: Amino acid aspartic acid: Amino acid atenolol: Ligand adrenergic atipamezole: Ligand adrenergic 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl

α-(1-fluoroeth-2-yl)-α-hydroxy-α-

Index

206

phenylacetate→ FQNE 3-[(2S)-azetidin-2-ylmethoxy]-5-

methylpyridine: Ligand chlonergic 3-azide-5-nitrobenzyl fluoride→ ANBF

-B- BCNU: Cytotoxic agent, Urea BFNU: Cytotoxic agent, Urea BMY 14802: Ligand sigma 6BPWAY: Ligand serotonergic BTA-1: Amyloid BTC: Labeling precursor methylpiperazine: Ligand dopaminergic barbital: Urea befloxatone: Ligand enzyme inhibitor benazoline: Ligand other benperidol: Ligand dopaminergic benzaldehyde: Labeling precursor benzamide: Amine, Ligand dopamineric 1-[1-(2-benzo[b]thiophenyl)cyclohexyl]-4-

(2-fluoroethyl)pepreidine: Ligand dopaminergic

benzonitrile: Hydrocarbon benzophenone: Hydrocarbon, Labeling

precursor benzouracil: Carbohydrate benzoyl chloride: Labeling precursor benzoylecgonine: Ligand cocaine 6-benzyloxy-7-(2-fluoroethyl)-7H-purin-2-

yl-amine: Ligand enzyme inhibitor 6-benzyloxy-9-(2-fluoroethyl)-9H-purin-2-

yl-amine: Ligand enzyme inhibitor 2-(2-benzoylphenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide:

Ligand enzyme inhibitor benzylacetone: Labeling precursor 1-benzyl-4-[5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxoindan-2-

yl]methyl]piperidine donepezil benzyl fluoride: Hydrocarbon benzylguanidine: Amine, Labeling

precursor benzyl iodide: Labeling precursor benzylnormetazocine: Ligand sigma N-(N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-fluoro-

benzamine: Ligand sigma biotin: Antibiotic 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea→

BCNU 5,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)hydantoin: Urea 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-

4-[4-hydoxy-4-(2-thienyl)butyl]- piperazine→ NNC 12-0818

1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]- 4-[4-oxo-4-(2-thienyl)butyl]- piperazine→ NNC 12-0817

(R,S)-1-[2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-methoxyethyl]peperidine-3-carboxylic acid: Ligand GABAergic

1-[2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl]- 4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine→ GBR 12909

bisoprolol: Ligand adrenergic 12,12-bis(2-thienyl)-9,10-ethano-8-

hydroxy-4a-azonia-anthracene bromide: Ligand excitory amino acid

(R,S)-1-[2-bis(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-methoxyethyl]peperidine-3- Carboxylic acid: Ligand GABAergic

4-borono-2-fluorophenylalanine: Amino acid

brofaromine: Ligand enzyme inhibitor 1-(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-7-

hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline→ A-69024

5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-N-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl]-benzamide: Ligand dopaminergic

5-bromo-2-[2-(dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)]phenylamine DAPA

1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene 4-fluorobromobenzene

(R)-5-bromo-N-[(1-fluorobenzyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl]-methyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide→ NCQ-115

1-bromo-2-fluoroethane→ 2-fluoroethyl bromide

bromofluoromethane→ fluoromethyl bromide

1-bromo-3-fluoropropane → 3-fluoropropyl bromide

N-(4-bromophenyl)-carbamic acid quinuclidin-3-yl ester: Ligand cholinergic

bufotenine: Ligand serotonergic buprenorphine: Ligand opioid busulphan: Cytotoxic agent butanol: Alcohol 4-(3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-

benzimidazol-2-one→ CGP N-tert-butyl-α-(4-fluorophenyl)nitrone:

Other compound butyl iodide: Labeling precursor butyric acid:Carboxylic acid (+)-(5S,6R,7R)-2-butyl-7-[2-((2S)-2-

carboxypropyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-5- (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)- cyclopenteno-[1,2-b]pyridine-6- carboxylate L-753,037

butyryl chloroide: Labeling precursor

Index

207

-C- CCNU: Cytotoxic agent, Hydrocarbon,

Urea CFB: Steroid CFNU: Hydrocarbon, Urea CFT: Ligand cocaine β-CFT-FP: Ligand dopaminergic CGP 12177: Ligand adrenergic CGP 12388: Ligand adrenergic CG 20712A: Ligand adrenergic CGP 62349: Ligand GABAergic CGS 25966: Ligand enzyme inhibitor β-CIT-FE: Ligand dopaminergic β-CIT-FP→ FP-CIT CP 99,219: Antibiotic CP 96,345: Ligand tachykinin CP 99,994: Ligand tachykinin CP 126,998: Ligand enzyme inhibitor CPEB: Ligand others β-CPPIT: Ligand dopaminergic CSC: Ligand adenosine caffeine: Ligand stimulant carazolol: Ligand adrenergic 1-[2-[(carbamoyl-4-hydroxy)phenoxy]-

ethylamino]-3-[4[(1-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2-imidazoyl)phenoxyl]- 2-propanol→ CG 20712A

2β-(R/S)-carbo-1'-fluoro-2-propoxy-3b-(4- chlorophenyl)tropane FIPCT

carboline: Ligand benzidiazepine 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-

tropane: Ligand cocaine 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-

(2-fluoroethyl)nortropane FECNT 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(2-fluoromethyl-

phenyl)tropane: Ligand cocaine 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluoromethyl-

phenyl)tropane: Ligand cocaine 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)-

tropane→ CFT 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(3'-iodo-4'-ethyl-

phenyl)nortropane EINT 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(3'-iodo-4'-isopropyl-

phenyl)nortropane LBT-44 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(3'-iodo-4'-methyl-

phenyl)nortropane LBT-14 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)-

nortropane→ CIT 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-methylphenyl)-

tropane: Ligand cocaine carbon disulfide: Labeling precursor carfentanil: Ligand opioid L-carnitine: Other compound carvedilol: Ligand adrenergic

chelidonine 4-fluorobenzoate ester: Cytotoxic agent

6-chloro-3-[(2-(S)-azetidinyl)methoxy]-5- [(E)-2-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)vinyl]- pyridine R121920

4-chlorobenzyl iodide: Labeling precursor 3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-8-methoxy-1,2,3,4-

tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one: Ligand sigma

4-chlorobenzonitrile: Hydrocarbon 4’-chlorodiazepam: Ligand

benzodiazepine 5-chloro-2-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-

phenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile: Ligand serotonergic

N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitroso-N’- (carboxamidomethylene)-N’- (methyl)-urea→ SarCNU

1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(cyclohexyl)-1- nitrosourea→ CCNU

4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-ethyl)amino]- phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid: Cytotoxic

1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(2- hydroxtethyl)urea→ HECNU

4-chloro-2-(N-methyl)amino-2’-fluorobenzhydrol: Labeling precursor

chlorophenylalanine: Amino acid 3β-(4'-chlorophenyl)-2β-(3'-phenylisoxazol

-5'-yl)tropane: Ligand dopaminergic N-[2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-piperizin-1-yl]-

ethyl]-3-methoxybenzamide PB-12 N-[2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-

ethyl]-3-(2-fluoroethoxy)-benzamide: Ligand dopaminergic

N-[2-[4-(chlorophenylpiperazin-1-yl)- ethyl]-3-methoxybenzamide PB-12

R-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3- methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol→ SCH 23390

N-(2-chloro-5-thiomethylphenyl)-N'-(3- methoxyphenyl)-N'-methylguanidine

GMOM chlorpromazine: Ligand dopaminergic cholesterol 4-(fluoromethyl)benzoate:

Steroid cholesteryl-p-fluorobenzoate CFB choline: Ligand cholinergic cinnamonitrile: Labeling precursor ciprofloxacin: Antibiotic cisplatin: Cytotoxic agent β-CIT: Ligand cocaine citalopram: Ligand serotonergic clomipramine: Ligand serotonergic clorgyline: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

Index

208

clozapine: Ligand dopaminergic cocaine: Ligand cocaine coenzyme Q0: Other compound coenzyme Q10: Other compound colchicine: Cytotoxic agent concanavalin-A: Amino acid copper cyanide: Labeling precursor cotinine: Ligand cholinergic cyanamide: Labeling precursor cyanide: Labeling precursor 3-cyanobutyltriphenylphosphonium

bromide: Labeling precursor 3-cyanoethyltriphenylphosphorane:

Labeling precursor cyanogen bromide: Labeling precursor 2-cyanoisonicotinic acid hydrazide:

Antibiotic cyanomethyl pivalate: Labeling precursor (+)-3-cyano-MK-801: Ligand excitory

amino acid 3-cyanopropyltriphenylphosphonium

bromide: Labeling precursor cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride: Labeling

precursor cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride: Labeling

precursor cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride: Labeling

precursor cyclohexanecarboxylic acid pyridin-

2-yl-amide: Amine 2-(N-cyclohexylethyl-N-1'-propyl)amino-

5-hydroxytetralin ZYY-339 8-Cyclopentyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-1-propyl

xanthine: Ligand adenosine 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-

oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-quinoline-3- carboxylic acid ciprofloxacin

cyclorphan: Ligand opioid

-D- DAA1106: Ligand benzodiazepine DACA: Cytotoxic agent DAPA: Ligand serotonergic DAST: Labeling precursor DCQX: Amino acid DDRT: Other compound DHROL: Ligand signal transduction DHRT: Other compound DMO: Urea DR4446: Ligand serotonergic dapoxetine: Ligand serotonergic daunorubicin: Cytotoxic agent cis-DDPI: Ligand serotonergic decanoic acid: Carboxylic acid

decynoic acid: Carboxylic acid dehydroxy-flurorcholine: Ligand

cholinergic 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-glucose:

Carbohydrate 15-deoxy-13,14-dihydro-D7-PGA1

4-fluorobenzylamide: Ligand signal transduction

2-deoxy-D-glucose: Carbohydrate 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-9-β-D-arabinofuranosyl

adenine: Carbohydrate 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-1-β-

D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethyluracil: Carbohydrate

1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-1-β- D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-fluorouracil: Carbohydrate

1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-1-β- D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil FIAU

1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-1-β- D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil FAU

6-deoxy-6-fluoro-L-ascorbic acid: Carboxylic acid

3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro-9-β-D-xylofuranosyl adenine: Carbohydrate

1-deoxy-1-fluoroglucose: Carbohydrate 1-deoxy-1-fluoro-D-fructose:

Carbohydrate 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose→ FDGal 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucopyranosyl

fluoride: Carbohydrate 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose→ FDG 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-glucose: Carbohydrate 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose→ 3-FDG 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose→ FDM 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-mannosyl fluoride:

Carbohydrate 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-talose: Carbohydrate 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine FLT 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine: Carbohydrate deprenyl: Ligand enzyme inhibitor (R)-(-)-deprenyl: Ligand enzyme inhibitor desipramine: Ligand adrenergic deuteroaltanserin: Ligand serotonergic dexetimide: Ligand cholinergic diacylglycerol: Ligand signal

transduction diaminobutyric acid: Amino acid diazepam: Ligand benzodiazepine diazomethane: Labeling precursor 6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline→

DCQX 5,7-dichloro-4-[3-[4-[4-(2-fluoroethyl)-

piperazin-1-yl]-phenyl]-ureido]-

Index

209

1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline- 2-carboxylic acid: Ligand excitory amino acid

6,7-dichloro-5-nitro-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ACEA 1021

N-[3-(2',4'-dichlorophenoxy)-2-fluoropropyl]-N-methylpropargylamine fluoroclorgyline

(1R,2R,3S)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-8- methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2- O-methyl-aldoxime→ NS 2214

8-dicyclopropylmethyl-1,3-dipropyl- xanthine→ KF15372

diethylaminosulfur trifluoride→ DAST diethyl oxalate: Labeling precursor 1,2-difluoro-2,2-dichloroethyl

3-nitrophenyl ether: Hydrocarbon 1,2-difluoro-2,2-dichloroethyl phenyl

ether: Hydrocarbon 2,6-difluorodopa: Ligand dopaminergic 5-(2,4-difluoro-5-fluoromethylphenyl)-2-

hydroxymethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-ol: Carbohydrate

difluoromethamphetamine: Ligand stimulant

difluorotyrosine: Amino acid (-)-6',7'-dihydroroten-12α-ol DHROL 3,4-dihydro-5-methoxy-1(2H)-

isoquinolinone MIQO 6’,7’-dihydrorotenol: Other compound dihydrotetrabenazine: Ligand enzyme

inhibitor 1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-5-(1,4,5,6-

tetrahydro-4-methyl-6-oxo-3- pyridazinyl)-2H-indol-2-one→ LY 186126

4-(N-2,5-dihydroxybenzyl)amino methyl benzoate AG957

4-dihydroxyboryl-2-fluoropenylalanine 4-borono-2-fluorophenylalanine

11,17β-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17α-(3-fluoro-prop-1-ynyl)androsta-1,4,6-trien-3-one→ RU 52461

3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitro-2’-fluoro- benzophenone→ RO41-0960

(E,E)-1-(3',4'-dihydroxystyryl)-4-(3'- methoxy-4'-hydroxystyryl)-benzene: Amyloid

N-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(5-fluoro-2- phenoxyphenyl)acetamide DAA1106

3,4-dimethoxybenzyl iodide: Labeling precursor

(S)-2,3-dimethoxy-N-[(1-ethyl-2- pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(3-fluoro-

propyl)benzamide: Ligand dopaminergic

(S)-2,3-dimethoxy-N-[(1-ethyl-2- pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-6-hydroxybenzamide: Ligand dopaminergic

2,3-dimethoxy-N-[9-(4-fluorobenzyl)- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3β-yl]- benzamide: Ligand dopaminergic

2,3-dimethoxy-N-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)- piperidin-4-yl]benzamide: Ligand dopaminergic

(R)-(+)-2,3-dimethoxy-N-[[1-4'-fluorobenzyl]-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]-5- iodobenzamide: Ligand dopaminergic

1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-[3-(4- fluorophenyl)propyl]piperazine: Ligand sigma

1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine: Ligand sigma

(E)-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine→ KF17837

2-(N.N-dimethylamino)-6,7-dihydroxytetralin: Ligand dopaminergic

N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4- carboxamide→ DACA

trans-4-[(3Z)3-(dimethylaminoethyl)- oxyimino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)propen- 1-yl]-phenol→ SR46349B

N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-fluorophenyl-thio)benzylamine 4-Fluoro-ADAM

N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-5-fluorophenyl-thio)benzylamine 5-Fluoro-ADAM

N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-iodophenyl- thio)benzylamine ADAM

2-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)-5-methoxyphenylamine: Ligand serotonergic

2-[2-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenylthio]- 5-fluoromethylphenylamine: Ligand serotonergic

1,8-bis-(dimethylamino)-naphthalene/HF complex: Labeling precursor

2-(4'-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-6-methoxy-benzothiazole 6-MeO-BTA-2

3-[3-(1-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl-2-oxo- 5-pyridin-2-yl-2,3-dihydro-1H- benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)-ureido]- benzoic acid methyl ester: Ligand cholecytokinin

cis-N,N-dimethyl-3-(2’,4’-dichlorophenyl)-indanamine→ cis-DDPI

1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-dipyridinium diiodide: Other compound

1-[2-[4-[2,5-dimethyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-

Index

210

1H-indol-1-yl]piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-2-imidazolidinone Lu 29-066

2,5-dimethyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(1- methyl-4-piperydinyl)-1H-indole Lu 29-024

dimethylheptadecanoic acid: Carboxylic acid

2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxy-nitrobenzene: Hydrocarbon

N,N-dimethyl-2-[3-[3-(3-methylaminophenyl)ureido]-2-oxo-5-pyridin-2-yl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[e][1,4]diazepin-1- yl]-acetamide: Ligand cholecytokinin

5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione→ DMO

dimethylphenetylamine: Amine (2S,12bS)1’,3’-dimethylspiro(1,3,4,5’,6,6’,

7,12b-octahydro-2H-benzo[b]furo-[2,3-a]quinolizine)-2,4’-pyrimidine-2’- one→ MK912

N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Ligand serotonergic

β,2-dinitorostyrene: Hydrocarbon 5,5-diphenylhydantoin: Urea (2S,3S)-cis-2-diphenylmethyl-N-[(2-

methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]-octan-3-amin→ CP 96,345

diprenorphine: Ligand opioid 1,3-di(2-tolyl)-guanidine: Ligand sigma 2-(N-dipropyl-N-1'-propyl)amino-

5-hydroxytetralin: Ligand dopaminergic

docetaxel: Cytotoxic agent donepezil: Ligand enzyme inhibitor dopa: Amino acid, Ligand dopaminergic dopamine: Ligand dopaminergic doxepin: Ligand histaminergic droperidol: Ligand dopaminergic

-E- EF1: Hypoxic cell marker EF3: Hypoxic cell marker EF5: Hypoxic cell marker EINT: Ligand serotonergic ecstasy: Ligand stimulant edrophonium: Ligand cholinergic edrophonium ethyl analog: Ligand

cholinergic edrophonium methyl analog: Ligand

cholinergic epibatidine analogue: Ligand cholinergic epidepride: Ligand dopaminergic epinephrine: Ligand adrenergic

erytro-(±)-1-[2.,3-(dihydro-7-methyl-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy]-3-[iso-propylamino]- 2-butanol ICI 118551

erythromycin A lactobionate: Antibiotic erythropoietin: Amino acid estrogen: Steroid ethanol: Alcohol 1, Alcohol N-[[4’[(2-ethyl-5,7-dimethyl-3H-imidazol

[4,5-b]pyridin-3-yl)methyl][1,1’- biphenyl]-2-yl]sulfonyl]-4-methoxybenzamide→ L-159,884

ethylene: Labeling precursor N-ethyl-N-fluoroacetoamidobenzo-

vesamicol: Ligand cholinergic ethyl 6-(4’-fluorobenzylamino)-β-

carboline-3-carboxylate: Ligand benzodiazepine

ethyl iodide: Labeling precursor ethylisocyanate: Labeling precursor 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin: Urea N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(2-

fluoroethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran- 7-carboxamide: Ligand dopaminergic

N-ethyl-4-piperidyl benzilate: Ligand cholinergic

(S)-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5- (2-fluoroethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide: Ligand opioid

(S)-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5- (3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide→ FPHB

(S)-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5- (3-fluoropropyl)-2-methoxybenzamide: Ligand dopaminergic

ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate: Ligand dopaminergic

eticlopride: Ligand dopaminergic etomidate: Ligand enzyme inhibitor etorphine: Ligand opioid exo-2-(2-fluoro-5-pyridyl)-7-azabicyclo-

[2.2.1]heptan→ norchlorofluoro-epibatidine

-F- FA-4: Ligand cholinergic FA-85380: Ligand cholinergic FACBC: Amino acid FAU: Carbohydrate FB-5: Amino acid FB-6: Amino acid FBAU: Carbohydrate FBOA-minigastrin: Amino acid FBPA 4-borono-2-fluorophenylalanine FBPPA: Ligand other

Index

211

FBT: Ligand other FBTMA: Other compound FBWAY: Ligand serotonergic FCWAY: Ligand serotonergic FDAG: Ligand signal transduction FDDNP: Amyloid FDG: Carbohydrate 3-FDG: Carbohydrate FDGal: Carbohydrate FDM: Carbohydrate FDOPA→ 6-FDOPA 5-FDOPA: Ligand dopaminergic 6-FDOPA: Ligand dopaminergic FDPN: Ligand opioid FECNT: Ligand cocaine FEBP: Ligand cholinergic FEDAA1106: Ligand benzodiazepine FEETMA: Other compound FEMcN5652: Ligand serotonergic FEM-IMPY: Amyloid FENE: Amyloid FE-TCP: Ligand excitory amino acid FETNIM: Hypoxic cell marker FETO: Ligand enzyme inhibitor FEtNTI: Ligand opioid FEtP4A: Ligand cholinergic, enzyme

inhibitor FHBG: Carbohydrate FHMP: Ligand enzyme inhibitor FHPG: Carbohydrate FIAU: Carbohydrate FIPCT: Ligand cocaine FK506: Other compound FK960: Ligand other 4-Fluoro-ADAM: Ligand serotonergic 5-Fluoro-ADAM: Ligand serotonergic FMAU: Carbohydrate FMDAA1106: Ligand benzodiazepine FMEDOPA: Ligand dopaminergic FMISO: Hypoxic cell marker FMMT: Ligand dopaminergic FNECA: Ligand adenosine FPCBT: Ligand dopaminergic FP-CIT: Ligand cocaine FPCMT: Ligand cocaine FPHB: Ligand dopaminergic FPM-IMPY: Amyloid FP-TZTP: Ligand cholinergic 6FPWAY: Ligand serotonergic FQNE: Ligand cholinergic FQNPe: Ligand cholinergic FRP-170: Hypoxic cell marker FTCP: Ligand excitory amino acid FTHA: Carboxylic acid FTMA: Other compound

fallypride: Ligand dopaminergic fatty acid: Carboxylic acid fibrinogen: Amino acid fleroxacin: Antibiotic fluanisone: Ligand dopaminergic FLB 457: Ligand dopaminergic FLT: Carbohydrate fluconazole: Antibiotic fludiazepam: Ligand benzodiazepine flueroxacin: Antibiotic flumazenil: Ligand benzodiazepine flunitrazepam: Ligand benzodiazepine 2-fluoro-A-85380: Ligand cholinergic 6-fluoro-A-85380: Ligand cholinergic fluoroacetate: Carboxykic acid, Labeling

precursor fluoroacetic acid methylester: Labeling

precursor N-fluoroacetoamidobenzovesamicol:

Ligand cholinergic fluoroacetophenone: Labeling precursor N-fluoroacetylgalactosamine:

Carbohydrate N-fluoroacetylglucosamine:

Carbohydrate N-fluoroacetylmannosamine:

Carbohydrate N-fluoroacetylserotonin: Ligand

serotonergic 8-fluoroacyclovir: Carbohydrate 3-fluoroalanine: Amino acid fluoroalkane: Hydrocarbon N-fluoroalkylaporphine: Ligand

dopaminergic N-fluoro-N-alkylsulfonamide: Labeling

precursor N-fluoroamphetamine: Ligand stimulant fluoro-androgen: Steroid 4-fluoroaniline: Labeling precursor fluoroanisaldehyde: Labeling precursor 3-fluoroanisole: Hydrocarbon 4-fluoroantipyrine: Other compound fluoro-aptamer: Carbohydrate fluoroarachidonic acid: Carboxylic acid,

Ligand signal transduction 6-fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)-

pyridine 6-fluoro-A-85380 fluorobenzaldehyde: Labeling precursor fluorobenzene: Hydrocarbon 4-fluorobenzenediazonium chloride:

Labeling precursor fluorobenzofuran benzamide: Ligand

dopaminergic 2-fluorobenzoic acid: Carboxylic acid 4-fluorobenzonitrile: Labeling precursor

Index

212

4-fluorobenzoyl-annexin V: Amino acid N-4-fluorobenzoyl-C-peptide: Amino acid N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-(ACCGATCCG3’-ps)-

amide: Carbohydrate 4-fluorobenzyl-biotin: Antibiotic fluorobenzyl bromide: Labeling precursor 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-4-[(5,6-dimethoxy-1-

oxoindan-2-yl)methyl]piperidine 4-fluorodonepezil

N-4'-fluorobenzyl-4-(3-bromophenyl) acetamide: Ligand sigma

fluorobenzylguanidine: Amine 4-fluorobenzyl iodide: Labeling precursor 4-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazino]-7-

methoxypyrrolo[1,2-α] quinoxaline MR18445

3-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propan1-1-one: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

(N-fluorobenzyl-piperidin-4-yl)-4- iodobenzamine: Ligand sigma

N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-PNA-acetamide: Amino acid

3-[[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)]piperazin-1-yl]- methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine: Ligand dopaminergic

fluorobenzylpurine: Carbohydrate N-(4-fluorobenzyl)spiperone: Ligand

dopaminergic fluorobenzyltrozamicol FBT (+)-p-(fluorobenzyl)spirotrozamicol

spiro-FBT 4-fluorobromobenzene: Labeling

precursor 4-fluorobiphenyl: Hydrocarbon (4'-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)tri-N-methyl-

ammonium FBTMA fluorobromoalkane→ bromofluoroalkane 4-fluorobromobenzene: Labeling

precursor 1-fluoro-3-bromopropane→

3-fluoropropyl bromide 4-fluoro-tert-butylbenzene: Hydrocarbon fluorobutyl[2,5-dimethyl-7-(2,4,6-

trimethylphenyl)-7H-pyrrolo [2,3-d] pyrimidin-4-yl]ethylamine FBPPA

ω-fluoro-n-butyl-β-D-glucoside: Carbohydrate

N-(3-fluorobutyl)-N-nitroso-4-methyl- benzenesulfonamide: labeling precursor

N-4-fluorobutylspiperone: Ligand dopaminergic

4-cis-fluorocaptopril :Ligand angiotensin fluorocarazolol: Ligand adrenergic

4-fluorocatechol: Labeling precursor fluoro-CGP 12388: Ligand adrenergic fluorocholine: Ligand cholinergic fluoroclebopride: Ligand dopaminergic fluoroclofilium: Ligand ion channel fluoroclorgyline: Ligand enzyme inhibitor fluorocorticosteroid: Steroid fluorocyanobenzene: Hydrocarbon 5-fluorocyclocytidine: Carbohydrate fluorocytosine-nucleoside: Carbohydrate 5-fluorocytosine-arabinoside:

Carbohydrate fluoro-DAG analogue: Ligand signal

transduction 4-fluorodecanoic acid: Carboxylic acid 2’-fluoro-4’-demethylepipodophyllo-

toxin-1-O-(4,6-O-ethylidiene-β-D- glucopyranoside→ fluoro-VP16-213

5’-fluoro-5’-deoxyadenosine: Carbohydrate

1-fluoro-1-deoxyephedrine: Ligand adrenergic

2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose: Carbohydrate 1-fluoro-1-deoxypseudoephedrine: Ligand

adrenergic 21-fluoro-21-deoxytriamcinolone

acetonide: Steroid 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine: Carbohydrate 4-fluorodeprenyl: Ligand enzyme

inhibitor 2-fluorodexetimide: Ligand cholinergic 4-fluorodexetimide: Ligand cholinergic 11β-fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone:

Steroid 16β-fluorodihydrotestosterone: Steroid (S)-(2-fluoro-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-

methyl-L-alanine→ FMEDOPA 2-fluoro-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl bromide:

Labeling precursor 6-fluoro-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine:

Amino acid 5-fluoro-2,4-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethyl-

amphethamine: Ligand stimulant 8-fluoro-3,3-dimethyloctanoic acid:

Carboxylic acid 14-fluoro-13,13-dimethyl-3-thiatetradeca

noic acid: Carboxylic acid fluorodoisynolic acid: Steroid 4-fluorodonepezil: Ligand enzyme

inhibitor fluorodopa→ FDOPA 6-fluorodopamine: Ligand dopaminergic N-fluoro-N-endonorbormyl-p-

tolylsulfonamide: Labeling precursor fluoroerythronitroimidazole→ EF5

Index

213

2-fluoroestradiol: Steroid 4-fluoroestradiol: Steroid 16α-fluoroestradiol: Steroid 16α-fluoroestradiol-17β: Steroid 16α-fluoroestradiol-3,17β-disulphamate:

Steroid 16α-fluoroestradiol-3-sulphamate:

Steroid 16α-fluoroestradiol-17β-sulphamate:

Steroid 4-fluoroestrone: Steroid fluoroetanidazole: Hypoxic cell marker fluoroethane: Hydrocarbon fluoroethionine: Amino acid fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol: Ligand

cholinergic 1-(4-fluoroethoxy-3-methoxyphenethyl)-

4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine: Ligand sigma

N-[2-[4-(2,3’-fluoroethoxyphenyl)-1- piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl)- cyclohexane carboxamide: Ligand serotonergic

[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethyl]tri-N-methyl- ammonium→ FEETMA

2-fluoroethoxyglyburide: Urea 1-[4-(2-fluoroethyl)benzenesulfonyl]-3-

butyl urea: Urea [2-[4-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl]bis(4-

methoxy-phenyl)methoxy]- ethypiperidine-3-carboxylic acid: Ligand GABAergic

N-(2-fluoroethyl)-aniline: Amine 2-fluoroethyl bromide: Labeling

precurosor fluoroethyl BTCP piperazine: Ligand

dopaminergic 5'-N-(2-fluoroethyl)-

carboxamidoadenosine FNECA 6-O-(2-fluoroethyl)-6-O-desmethyl-

diprenorphine FDPN 3-(2-fluoroethyl)ethylamino-6-diethyl-

aminoacridine: Amyloid 7-(2-fluoroethyl)carbamoyl forskolin:

Ligand signal transduction fluoroethylcholine: Ligand cholinergic 5-(2-fluoroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine:

Carbohydrate 16-fluoro-11β-ethylestradiol: Steroid 16α-fluoro-11β-ethyl-17-

ethylnylesteradiol: Steroid ω-fluoro-n-ethyl-β-D-glucoside:

Carbohydrate S-(2-fluoroethyl)isothiourea: Ligand

enzyme inhibitor

S-fluoroethyl-McN5652: Ligand serotonergic

2-fluoroethylmesylate: Labeling precursor

2-[1-[6-[(2-fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]-2- naphthyl]ethylidene]malononitrile FENE

1-[6-[(2-fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]- naphthalen-2-yl]ethanone FDDNP

N-(2-fluoroethyl)-N-methyl-aniline: Amine

N1'-(fluoroethyl)naltrindole FEtNTI fluoroethylnemonapride: Ligand

dopaminergic 1-(2-fluoroethyl)-2-nitroimidazole:

Hypoxic cell marker N-(2-fluoroethyl)-N-nitroso-4-methyl-

benzenesulfonamide: Labeling precursor

fluoroethylpiperazine: Ligand dopaminergic

N-fluoroethyl-2-piperidinemethyl acetate: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

N-fluoroethyl-4-piperidyl acetate: Ligand cholinergic, enzyme inhibitor

(R)-N-(2-fluoroethyl)-3-piperidyl benzilate FEBP

(R)-N-(2-fluoroethyl)-4-piperidyl benzilate FEBP

21-fluoro-16α-ethyl-19-norprogesterone: Steroid

21-fluoro-16α-ethylprogesterone: Steroid N-fluoroethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl acetate:

Lignad enzyme inhibitor fluoroethylspiperone: Ligand

dopaminergic N-(2'-fluoroethyl)spiperone: Ligand

dopaminergic 1-[1-[5-(2’-fluoroethyl)-2-thienyl]-

cyclohexyl]piperidine: Ligand excitory amino acid

12-(5-fluoroethyl-2-thienyl)-12-(2-thienyl)-12-(2-thienyl)-9,10-ethano-4α- azonia-anthracene bromide: Ligand424

2-fluoroethyl tosylate: Labeling precursor 2-fluoroethyl triflate: Labeling precursor N-(2-fluoroethyl)-N,N,N-trimethylcholine

dehydroxy-fluorocholine O-(2-fluoroethyl)tyrosine; Amino acid 16-fluoro-17α-ethynylestradiol: Steroid 16α-fluoro-17α-ethylnyl-11β-

methoxyesteradiol: Steroid fluorofentanol: Ligand opioid fluorofentanyl: Ligand opioid

Index

214

2-Fluoro-flumazenil: Ligand benzodiazepine

6-fluoro-L-fucose: Carbohydrate 21-Fluoro-16α,17α-[(R)-(1'-α-

furylethylidene)dioxy]-19-norpregn- 4-ene-3,20-dione: Steroid

21-fluoro-16α,17α-[(R)-(1'-α- furylmethylidene)dioxy]-19- norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione: Steroid

8-fluoroguanosine: Carbohydrate 17-fluoroheptadecanoic acid: Carboxylic

acid 16-fluorohexadecanoic acid: Carboxylic

acid 1-fluorohexestrol: Steroid N-(6-fluorohexyl)-N-methylpropargyl-

amine FHMP (2R)-2-[[4-(6-fluorohex-1-ynyl)phenyl]-

sulfonylamino]-4-methylbutyric acid: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

(2R)-2-[[4-(6-fluorohex-1-ynyl)phenyl]- sulfonylamino]-4-methylsulfanylbutyric acid: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

2-fluorohippuric acid: Carboxylic acid 9-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)-

guanine FHBG 1-[2-fluoro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethoxy]-

methyl-2-nitroimidazole FENI 4-fluoro-1-[1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-


21-fluoro-11β-hydroxyprogesterone: Steroid

9-[(3-fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)- methy]guanine FHPG

fluoroiodobenzene: Labeling precursor N-[2-fluoro-5-(3-iodobenzoyl)benzyl]-2-

bromoacetamide: Labeling precursor 4-(fluoro-3-iodobenzyl)guanidine: Amino

acid fluoroiodoethane→fluoromethyl iodide 1-fluoro-3-iodopropane: Labeling

precursor 2-fluoroisonicotinic acid hydrazide:

Antibiotic (S)-4-[3-[(1’-fluoroisopropyl)amino]-2-

hydroxypoxy]-2H-benzimidazol-2-one→ fluoro CGP 12388

fluoro-isopropyl-butpranolo: Ligand adrenergic

fluoro-isopropyl-penbutolol: Ligand adrenergic

7α-fluoro-MDHT: Steroid fluoromelatonin: Ligand melatonin

4-fluorometaraminol: Ligand adrenergic 6-fluorometaraminol: Ligand adrenergic fluoromethane: Hydrocarbon fluoromethoxybenzyl bromide: Labeling

precursor 16-fluoro-11β-methoxyestradiol: Steroid 4-fluoro-N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-

piperazino]ethyl]-3-methyl-N-(2- pyridinyl)benzamide MeFBWAY

4-fluoro-N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)- piperazino]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl)- benzamide FBWAY

4-fluoro-N-[2-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1- piperazinyl]ethyl-N-2-pyridinyl- benzamide p-MPPF

4-fluoro-N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)- piperazino]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridyl)- cyclohexanecarboxamide FCWAY

2’-fluoro-5-methyl-1-β-D- arabinofuranosyluracil→ FMAU

3-fluoromethyl-1-[1-(2-benzothienyl)- cyclohexyl]piperidine: Ligand144

3-[1-(3-fluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4- yl]-1-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)- propan-1-one: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

3-[1-(4-fluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4- yl]-1-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)- propan-1-one: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

N-(4-fluoromethylbenzyl)spiperone: Ligand dopaminergic

fluoromethylbenzyl mesylate: Labeling precurosor

fluoromethylbenzyl tosylate: Labeling precursor

fluoromethyl bromide: Labeling precurosor

fluoromethyl-BTCP: Ligand dopaminergic

N-[cis-4-fluoromethylcyclohexyl)-4-(1(H)- imidazol-4-yl)piperidine-1- thiocarbonamide VUF 5000

7α-fluoro-17α-methyl-5α-dihydrotestosterone 7α-fluoro-MDHT

fluoromethyl-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl- ammonium fluorocholine

6-fluoro-α-methyl-L-dopa: Amino acid α-fluoromethyl-6-fluoro-m-tyrosine:

Amino acid, Logand enzyme inhibitor

6-fluoro-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: Ligand stimulant

β-fluoromethylene-m-tyrosine→ FMMT 16-fluoro-11β-methyl-17α-ethylestradiol:

Index

215

Steroid 17-fluoro-3-methylheptadecanoic acid:

Carboxylic acid 17-fluoro-5-methylheptadecanoic acid:

Carboxylic acid fluoromethyl iodide: Labeling precursor S-fluoromethyl-(+)-McN5652: Ligand

serotonergic 13-fluoromethyl-MK801: Ligand excitory

amino acid 2’-fluoromethyl-MPTP: Ligand

neurotoxin 21-fluoro-16α-methyl-19-norprogesterone

: Steroid 16-fluoro-7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone:

Steroid 8-fluoro-3-methyloctanoic acid:

Carboxylic acid 1-(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)-3-(1-

adamantyl)guanidine: Ligand sigma fluoromethyl triflate: Labeling precursor 1-O-(8-fluorooctanoyl)-2-O-palmitoyl-rac-

glycerol FDAG 4-fluoro-α-methyl-L-phenylalanine:

Amino acid 4-(fluoromethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate:

Labeling precursor 3β-(2-fluoromethylphenyl)tropane-2β-

carboxylic acid methylester: Ligand cocaine

3-fluoro-4-methylphenol: Ligand dopaminergic

3β-(4-fluoromethylphenyl)tropane-2β- carboxylic acid methylester: Ligand cocaine

21-fluoro-16α-methylprogesterone: Steroid

3-fluoro-N-methylpyrrole: Hydrocarbon 3-fluoromethyl-TCP: Ligand excitory

amino acid 1-[4-fluoromethyl-1-(2-thienyl)-


3-fluoromethyl-1-[1-(2-thienyl)- cyclohexyl]piperidine→ 3-fluoromethyl-TCP

N-fluoro-N-methyl-tosylate: Labeling precursor

2-fluoro-α-methyl-L-tyrosine: Amino acid 3-fluoro-α-methyl-L-tyrosine: Amino acid O-fluoromethyl-L-tyrosine: Amino acid cis-4-fluoromethylvesamicol: Ligand

cholinergic fluorometoprolol: Ligand adrenergic 20-fluorometribolone: Steroid

16β-fluoromibolerone: Steroid 20-fluoromibolerone: Steroid fluoromisonidazole: Hypoxic cell marker 13-fluoro-MK801: Ligand excitory amino

acid 2’-fluoro-MPTP: Ligand neurotoxin fluoronitrobenzene: Hydrocarbon,

Labeling precursor fluoronitroimidazole: Hypoxic cell marker 4-fluoronorephedrine: Ligand adrenergic fluoro-norhydroxymetronidazole: Hypoxic

cell marker 6-fluoronorepinephirine: Ligand

adrenergic 11β-fluoro-19-nor-5α-dihydrotestosterone

: Steroid 8-fluorooctanoic acid: Carboxylic acid ω-fluoro-n-octyl-β-D-glucoside:

Carbohydrate 1-(8-fluorooctyl)-2-nitroimidazole:

Hypoxic cell marker fluoro-oestradiol: Steroid fluoro-oligonucleotide: Carbohydrate,

Labeling precursor fluoro-Org6141: Steroid 4-fluoropaclitaxe; Cytotoxic fluoropalmitic acid: Carboxylic acid 8-fluoropenciclovir: Carbohydrate 1-fluoropentestrol: Steroid [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2-

iodophenyl)methane AM694 fluorophenacyl bromide: Labeling

precursor 4-fluorophenethyl bromide: Labeling

precursor fluorophenethyl bromide Labeling

precursor 3-fluorophenol: Labeling precursor 4-fluorophenol: Labeling precursor 2-(4-fluorophenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzy-

lamine: Ligand serotonergic 2-(4-fluorophenoxy)-N-methylbenzyl-

amine: Ligand serotonergic N-(5-fluoro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-N-(2-fluoro

ethyl-5-methoxybenzyl)acetamide FEDAA1106

N-(5-fluoro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-N-(2-fluoromethyl-5-methoxybenzyl)acetamide

FMDAA1106 S-4-fluorophenyl-GSH: Amino acid L-2-fluorophenylalanine: Amino acid L-4-fluorophenylalanine :Amino acid S-4-fluorophenylcycteine: Amino acid 9-(4'-fluorophenyl)cytisine: Ligand

cholinergic

Index

216

5-(4'-fluorophenyl)-2'-deoxy-uridine: Carbohydrate

16α,17α-[(R)-1'-(4-fluorophenyl)- (ethylenedioxy)]pregn-4-ene-3,20- dione: Steroid

16α,17α-[(R)-1'-(4-fluorophenyl)- (ethylenedioxy)]21-hydropregn-4- ene-3,20-dione: Steroid

4-fluorophenyl ethylether: Hydrocarbon 4-fluorophenylethynyl-cyclopentyl-

carbinol: Alcohol 17α-(4-fluorophenylethynyl)-3,17β-

estradiol: Steroid (R,S)-1-[2-[(4-fluorophenyl)(4-fluoro-

phenyl)]methoxyethyl]-piperidine-3- Carboxylic acid: Ligand GABAergic

α-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidyl)-1-piperazinebutanol→BMY 14802

1-(4-fluorophenyl)heptan-1-one: Hydrocarbon

4-fluorophenyl methylether: Hydrocarbon 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[4-(methylsulfonyl)-

phenyl]thiophene: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

1-[2-[4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-methyl- tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-1- piperidinyl]ethyl]-imidazolidin-2- one: Ligand adrenergic

1-[2-[4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methyl- (1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-1- piperidinyl]ethyl]-imidazolidin-2- one: Ligand adrenergic

1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-phenoxylbutan-1- one: Hydrocarbon

1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-phenylbutan-1-one: Hydrocarbon

1-[(4-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methoxyethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)-piperazine→ GBR 13119

(R,S)-1-[2-[(4-fluorophenyl)phenyl]- methoxyethyl]piperidine-3- Carboxylic acid→ (R,S)-1-[2-bis-(4- fluorophenyl)-methoxyethyl]- peperidine-3-carboxylic acid

R-N-[3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'-phenyl- phenoxy)propyl]sarcosine ALX-5407

3-[[4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]- methyl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine: Ligand dopaminergic

2-[3-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)- propyl]-2H-naphth[1,8-cd]iso- thiazole-1,1-dioxide→ RP 62203

(E)-N-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-enyl]- piperidine: Hydrocarbon

5-(4'-fluorophenyl)-uridine: Carbohydrate 6-fluoropiperanal: Labeling precursor 6-fluoropiperonyl bromide: Labeling

precursor 6-fluoro-O-pivaloyl-L-dopa: Ligand

dopaminergic fluoropodophyllotoxin: Cytotoxic agent fluoropiperonyl bromide: Labeling

precursor 6-fluoro-O-pivaloyl-L-dopa: Ligand

dopaminergic 21-fluoroprednisone: Steroid 21-fluoroprogesterone: Steroid fluoroprogestin: Steroid 6α-fluoroprogesterone: Steroid 2-fluoroproline: Amino acid 4-fluoroproline: Amino acid fluoropropane: Hydrocarbon 1-fluoro-2-propanol-p-toluenesulfonate: Labeling precursor fluoropropanonol: Ligand adrenergic 2-fluoropropionic acid methylesther: Labeling precursor (2-fluoropropionyl-(D)phe1)-octreotide:

Amino acid 4-fluoropropiophenone: Labeling

precursor fluoropropylbenzamine: Ligand

dopaminergic 3-fluoropropyl bromide: Labeling

precursor N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-

β-(4-bromophenyl)-nortropane FPCBT

N-3-fluoropropyl-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β- (4-iodophenyl)-nortropane→ FP-CIP

N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane→ CIT-FP

N-3-fluoropropyl-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β− (4'-methylphenyl) nortropane FPCMT

N-(3-fluoropropyl)-N-2-(3,4-dichloro- phenylethyl)piperazine: Ligand sigma

2-[N-n-3-fluoropropyl-N-(4-fluoro-phenyl)ethylamino]-5-hydroxytetralin: Ligand dopaminergic

3-fluoropropyl mesylate: Labeling precursor

5-(3'-fluoropropyl)-5-methyloxazolidine-2,4-dione: Urea

2-[N-n-3-fluoropropyl-N-(4-methylphenyl)ethylamino]-5-hydroxytetralin: Ligand dopaminergic

1-(3-fluoropropyl)-2-nitroimidazole:

Index

217

Hypoxic cell marker N-(3-fluoropropyl)-N-nitroso-4-methyl-

benzenesulfonamide: labeling precursor

N-(3-fluoropropyl)-N-nordiprenorphine: Ligand opioid

N-(3-fluoropropyl)-N-normetazocine: Ligand opioid

N-(3-fluoropropyl)paroxetine: Ligand serotonergic

N-(3-fluoropropyl)putrescine: Amine 3-[1-(3-fluoropropyl)-(S)-pyrrolidin-2-

ylmethoxy]pyridine NicFP N-(3-fluoropropyl)spiperone: Ligand

dopaminergic 3-[3-[(3-fluoropropyl)thio]-1,2,5-thia-

diazol-yl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1- methylpyridine→ FP-TZTP

3-fluoropropyltosylate : Labeling precursor

O-(3-fluoropropyl)-L-tyrosine: Amino acid fluoroproxyfan: Ligand histaminergic 6-fluoropurine: Carbohydrate 2-fluoroputrescine: Amine fluoropyridine: Hydrocarbon fluoropyridinium triflate: Labeling

precursor 1-fluoro-2-pyridone: Labeling precursor fluororaclopride: Ligand dopaminergic fluoro-repaglinide: Ligand other 3’-fluoro-RU 26752: Steroid 2-fluorostearic acid: Carboxylic acid 4-fluorostyrene: Hydrocarbon 16β-fluorotestosterone: Steroid 14-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid→

FTHA 13-fluoro-3-thia-hexadecanoic acid:

Carboxylic acid 16-fluoro-4-thia-hexadecanoic acid:

Carboxylic acid 15-fluoro-3-thia-pentadecanoic acid:

Carboxylic acid fluorothienylcyclohexylpiperidine→

FTCP 2-fluorothiophene: Hydrocarbon fluorotolbutamide: Urea 4-fluorotoluene: Hydrocarbon 3-fluoro-N-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-

piperazine: Ligand serotonergic 4-fluorotri-N-methylanilinium→ FTMA fluorotrimethylsilane: Labeling precursor fluorotropapride: Ligand dopaminergic fluoro-m-tyramine: Ligand dopaminergic 2-fluoro-L-tyrosine: Amino acid 4-fluoro-L-m-tyrosine: Ligand

dopaminergic 6-fluoro-L-m-tyrosine: Ligand

dopaminergic 5-fluorouracil: Carbohydrate, Cytotoxic

agent fluoroveratraldehyde: Labeling precursor 4-fluoroveratrole: Hydrocarbon fluoro-VP16-213: Cytotoxic agent fluothyl: Hydrocarbon fluoxetine: Ligand serotonergic fluticasone propionate: Steroid fluvoxamine: Ligand serotonergic formaldehyde: Labeling precursor forskolin: Ligand signal transduction furoyl chloride: Labeling precursor

-G- GABA: Ligand GABAergic GBR12909: Ligand dopaminergic GBR13119: Ligand dopaminergic GG167: Ligand enzyme inhibitor GMOM: Ligand excitory amino acid GR89696: Ligand opioid GVG: Ligand enzyme inhibitor galactose: Carbohydrate glucosamine: Carbohydrate glucose: Carbohydrate glucosyl fluoride: Carbohydrate glutamate: Amino acid glycine :Amino acid [gly-(2-fluoroethyl)NH9]oxytocin: Amino

acid granisetron: Ligand serotonergic guanidine: Labeling precursor

-H- HECNU: Cytotoxic agent HED: Ligand adrenergic HPED: Ligand adrenergic HSA: Amino acid haloperidol: dopaminergic halothane: Hydrocarbon harmaline: Ligand enzyme inhibitor harmine: Ligand enzyme inhibitor 2H-heptafluoropropane: Hydrocarbon heptylisocyanate: Labeling precursor 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-N,N-dimethyl-

carbamoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine: Ligand other

trans-6,7,7a,8,9,13b-hexahydro-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-methyl-5H-benzo[d]- naphtho[2,1-b]azepine→ SCH 39166

trans-1,2,3,5,6,

Index

218

10b-hexahydro-6-[4-(fluoroethylthio)phenyl]pyrrolo-[2,1-a]- isoquinoline→ FEMcN5652

trans-1,2,3,5,6, 10b-hexahydro-6-[4-(methylthio)- phenyl]-pyrrolo-[2,1-a]-isoquinoline→ McN5652

[3aS-(3aα,4β,6aα)]-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H- thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-[N-3-(1- fluoropropyl)]pentanamide→ biotin

hexamethonium: Cytotoxic agent hexanoate: Carboxylic acid hexobarbital: Urea homocysteine thiolactone: Amino acid hydantoin: Urea hydrogen cyanide→ cyanide 5-hydroxytryptophan: Ligand

serotonergic hydromorphone Ligand opioid hydroxylamine: Amine 5-hydroxy-2-aminotetralin: Ligand

dopaminergic m-hydroxyephedrine HED 2-hydroxymethyl-1-(N-piperidyl)-1-[2-(2’-

fluoroethyl)thienyl]thiophenyl]- cyclohexane: Ligand excitory amino acid

(±)threo-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[4- hydroxy-4-(p-methoxyphenyl)- piperidino]-1-propanol: Ligand excitory amino acid

(R,S)-5-hydroxy-2-(N-propyl-N-(5'- fluoropentyl)aminotetralin 5-OH-FPPAT

m-hydroxypseudoephedrine HPED 5-hydroxytryptamine→ serotonin 5-hydroxytryptophan: Amino acid hydroxyurea: Urea

-I- ICI 118551: Ligand adrenergic IMB: Ligand dopaminergic idebenone: Other compound 3-[1H-imidazol-4-yl]propyl 4-fluorobenzyl

ether fluoroproxyfan imipramine: Ligand serotonergic indole: Hydrocarbon, Labeling precursor indolealkylamine: Ligand serotonergic iodoalkane→ alkyl iodide α-(p-iodoanilino)-phenylacetonitrile:

Hydrocarbon iodoantipyrine: Other compound 2-iodobenzylguanidine: Amine N-[2-(N’-4-iodobenzyl-N’-methyl)amino-

ethyl]-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4- (methylamino)benzamide → IMB

iodococaine: Ligand cocaine 6-iodo-2-[4'-N-(2-fluoroethyl)methyl-

amino]phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine FEM-IMPY

6-Iodo-2-[4'-N-(2-fluoropropyl)methylamino]phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine

FPM-IMPY 2-iodomelatonin: Ligand melatonin (E)-N-(3-iodopro-2-enyl)-2β-

carbomethoxy-3β-(4'-tolyl) nortropane PE21

iomazenil: Ligand benzodiazepine isobutyl iodide: Labeling precursor isocolchicine: Cytotoxic agent isoflurane: Hydrocarbon (S)-4-[3-(2'-isopropylamino)-2-hydroxy-

propoxy]-2H-benzimidazol-2-one→ CGP 12388

isopropylantipyrine: Other compound isopropyl-6-(4’-fluorobenzylamino)-

β-carboline-3-carboxylate: Ligand benzodiazepine

1-isopropyl-4-phenylpiperazine: Amine isovaleroyl-L-carnitine: Other compound isrodipine: Ligand ion channel

-K- KF15372: Ligand adenosine KF17643: Ligand serotonergic KF17837: Ligand adenosine KF18446: Ligand adenosine KF19631: Ligand adenosine KF21213: Ligand adenosine KF21652: Ligand adenosine KW-6002: Ligand adenosine ketamine: Ligand excitory amino acid ketanserin: Ligand serotonergic

-L- L-159,884: Ligand angiotensin L-365,260: Ligand cholecytokinin L-365,346: Ligand cholecytokinin L-683,877: Ligand serotonergic L-753,037: Ligand other L-703,717: Ligand excitory amino acid LBT-14: Ligand serotonergic LBT-44: Ligand serotonergic Lu 29-024: Ligand serotonergic Lu 29-066: Ligand serotonergic LY186126: Ligand enzyme inhibitor LY202157: Ligand excitory amino acid

Index

219

LY257327: Ligand serotonergic LY274601: Ligand serotonergic lactate: Carboxylic acid lactonitrile: Hydrocarbon laurylic acid: Carboxylic acid leucine: Amino acid leucylglycine: Amino acid levetimide: Ligand cholinergic levofloxacin: Antibiotic levulinic acid hydantoin: Urea licostinel ACEA 1021 linoleic acid: Carboxylic acid lomefloxacin: Antibiotic lysine: Amino acid

-M- MADAM: Ligand serotonergic MaxipostTM: Ligand pther McN5652-Z: Ligand serotonergic MDL72222: Ligand serotonergic MDL100907: Ligand serotonergic MDMA: Ligand stimulant MDMA-6: Ligand stimulant MeAIB α-Methylamino-isobutyric acid 6-Me-BTA-1: Amyloid MeFBWAY: Ligand serotonergic MeNER: Ligand adrenergic 6-MeO-BTA-0: Amyloid 6-MeO-BTA-2: Amyloid Me-QNB: Ligand cholinergic methyl-Ro 64-6198: Ligand other MIQO: Ligand enzyme inhibitor MK801: Ligand excitory amino acid MK912: Ligand adrenergic MK996: Ligand angiotensin ML03: Ligand other MNQP: Ligand serotonergic MP4A: Ligand enzyme inhibitor MPB-P acid: Ligand GABAergic MPPB: Ligand enzyme inhibitor p-MPPF: Ligand serotonergic MPTP: Ligand neurotoxin MR18445: Ligand serotonergic MTHC: Labeling precursor mannose: Carbohydrate melatonin: Ligand melatonin meptazinol: Ligand opioid mesterolone: Steroid mesylchloride: Labeling precursor metanicotine: Ligand cholinergic metaraminol: Ligand adrenergic methamphetamine: Ligand stimulant methionine: Amino acid D-methionine: Amino acid

methionine-enkephalin: Amino acid methionine-glycine: Amino acid 1- methoxybenzamide: Amine 2-methoxybenzoic acid: Carboxylic acid (2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-

phenylpiperidine→ CP 99,994 3-[1-(R)-[3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-hydroxy-

phosphinoyl-2-(S)-hydroxypropyl- amino]ethyl]benzoic acid CGP 62349

4-methoxybenzyl iodide: Labeling precursor

1-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-3-(1- adamantyl)guanidine: Ligand sigma

2-(methoxymethyoxymethyl)-1-(N- piperidyl)-1-[2-(2’-fluoroethyl)- thiophenyl]- cyclohexane: Ligand excitory amino acid

(S,S)-2-[(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl]morpholine MeNER

1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(1-adamantyl)- guanidine: Ligand sigma

3-[2-[(3-methoxyphenylamino)carbonyl]- ethenyl]-4,6-dichloroindole-2- carboxylic acid: Ligand excitory amino acid

N-[1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]- piperidine: Ligand excitory amino acid

1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-[4-(6-imidazo- [2,1-b]-thiazolyl)phenoxy]butyl]- piperazine RGH-1756

trans-N-[1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4- methylcyclohexyl]piperidine: Ligandd excitory amino acid

6-methoxy-3-[2-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4- piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazol MPPB

(R)-1-(4-p-methoxyphenyl-4-phenyl-3- butenyl)-3-piperidinecarboxylic acid → MPB-P acid

N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl)-cyclohexane→ WAY 100635

8-[[3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1- yl]-2-hydroxypropyl]oxy]- thiochroman: Ligand serotonerigc

methoxyprogabidic acid: Ligand GABAergic

methoxy staurosporine: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolineLabeling precursor

N-methylacyclovir: Antibiotic 2-methylacryloyl chloride: Labeling

Index

220

precursor methylamine: Amine methylaminobenzovesamicol: Ligand

cholinergic (E)-4-methylamino-4'-hydroxystilbene:

Amyloid 2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)benzothiazole:

BTA-1 N-[4-[4-(N-methylaminophenyl)-

butyryl]-L-propyl]pyrrolidine→ SUAM-1221

2-[4'-(methylamino)phenyl]-6-hydroxy- benzothiazole 6-OH-BTA-1

2-[4'-(methylamino)phenyl]-6-methyl- benzothiazole 6-Me-BTA-1

2-(4-methylaminostyryl)-6-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzoxazole: Amyloid

N-methylbenperidol: Ligand dopaminergic

α-Methylamino-isobutyric acid: Amino acid

2-(4-methylaminostyryl)-5- fluorobenzoxazole: Amyloid

N-methylamino-tetrahydroacridine: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

endo-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 2-(n-propyloxy)-4-quinoline- carboxylate fumarate→ KF17643

methylbenzene→ toluene 2-methylbenzonitrile: Hydrocarbon methyl-benzyl-CGS 27023A: Ligand enzyme inhibitor 3-methyl bromide: Labeling precursor 2-methylbutyric acid: Carboxylic acid 3-methyl-6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl

-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3- benzazepine→ SKF 82957

methylchloroformate→ propionyl chloride methyl-CGS 27023A: Ligand enzyme

inhibitor N’4-methyl-ciprofloxacin: Antibiotic N-methylcytisine: Ligand cholinergic N-methyl-dechloro-epibatidine: Ligand

cholinergic N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin: Ligand

enzyme inhibitor 6-methyl-2'-deoxyuridine: Carbohydrate methyl 4-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl]-

3-[(1-pyrrolidinyl)-methyl]-1- piperazinecarboxylate GR89696

5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cyclohepten-5-10-imine→ MK801

5-O-methyl dihydrotetrabenazine→ TBZOMe

3-methyl-7,8-dihydroxyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-

tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine→ SKF 75670

N-methyl-L-DOPA: Ligand dopaminergic methylene blue: Others methylenedioxy-benzyl iodide: Labeling

precursor 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine:

Ligand stimulant Methylenetriphenylphosphorane:

Labeling precursor N-methylepibatidine: Ligand cholinergic 17α-methylestradiol :Steroid 3-O-methyl-6-FDOPA: Ligand

dopaminergic 1-methyl-4-[2-(fluoromethyl)phenyl)]-1,2,

3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine→ 2’-fluoromethyl-MPTP

1-methyl-4-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-pyridine→ 2’-fluoro-MPTP

3-methyl-D-glucose: Carbohydrate N-methylhalmine: Ligand enzyme

inhibitor methyl-halo-CGS 27023A: Ligand

enzyme inhibitor β-methylheptadecanoic acid: Carboxylic

acid N-methylhomoepibatidine: Ligand

cholinergic 1-methyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-phenyl-

piperazinium iodide: Ligand adrenergic

2’-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-spiro(azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-3,5’(4’H)-oxazole → L-683,877

methyl iodide: Labeling precursor methylisocyanate: Labeling precursor S-methylisothiourea: Ligand enzyme

inhibitor methyllithium: Labeling precursor methylmagnesium bromide: Labeling

precursor m-methylmandelic acid: Carboxylic acid 4-methylmetaraminol: Ligand adrenergic (2R)-3-methyl-2-[[4-[(4-methoxybenzoyl)-

amino]benzenesulfonyl]amino]- butanoic acid: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

3-methyl-(3-methoxy-naphthalen)-2-yl- (1-benzyl-piperidin)-4-yl-acetate SB235753

N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDMA

2-methyl-N-methyl-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDMA-6

Index

221

N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-1-(2-fluoro-5-nitrophenyl) isoquinoline-3-carboxamide→ PK 14105

N-methyl-N-(methylpropyl)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-isoquinoline-3-carboxamide→ PK 11195

(S)-3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)- isoxazole→ ABT-418

methylnaltrindole: Ligand opioid methylnaphtalene: Hydrocarbon methyl-nitro-CGS 27023A: Ligand

enzyme inhibitor (±)-10-methyl 3-[6-nitro-(2-quinolinyl)]-

3,10-diazabicyclo-[4.3.1]-decane NS 2495

5-methyl-6-nitroquipazine MNQP N-methylnorapomorphine: Ligand

dopaminergic 3-methyloctanoic acid: Carboxylic acid N-methyl-2PABH: Ligand cholinergic 2-methylpalmitic acid: Carboxylic acid methylphenidate: Ligand dopaminergic N-methylphentermines: Other compound 5-methyl-5-phenylhydantoin: Urea 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-

pyridine→ MPTP 17-(3-methylphenyl)-18,19,20-trinor-

PGF2α isopropyl ester: Ligand signal transduction

2-N-(N’-methyl)piperazinyl)-8-methoxy- 5-bromoaminotetralin→ LY257327

N-methyl-2-piperidinemethyl acetate: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

1-methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate PMP 1-methyl-4-piperidyl acetate MP4A (+)-N-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate:

Ligand cholinergic 1-methyl-4-piperidyl-4-fluorobenzoate:

Ligand enzyme inhibitor 2-(N-methyl-N-n-propylamino)-6,7-

dihydroxytetralin: Ligand dopaminergic

(E)-N-methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine metanicotine

(S)-N-methyl-2-pyrolidinemethyl acetate: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

N-methyl-3-pyrrolidinyl propionate: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

3-[(1-methyl-pyrrolidinyl)methoxy]- pyridine: Ligand cholinergic

N-methyl-quinuclidin-3-yl benzilate Me-QNM

N-methylquipazine: Ligand serotonergic N-methylspiperone: Ligand dopaminergic

methyl stannane: Labeling precursor (S)-3-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-

propylpiperidine→ OSU6162 17α-methyltestosterone: Steroid 1-methyl-2α-[4-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno-

[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl)butyl]-2α,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1H-benz[cd]indole-2-one

DR4446 N-(2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-

isoquinoline-7-yl)-2-thiophene- carboximidamide AR-R 18512

S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

3-methylthiophene: Labeling precursor methyl triflate: Labeling precursor N-methyltryptamine: Ligand

serotonergic α-methyltryptophan: Amino acid O-methyl-L-tyrosine: Amino acid metomidate: Ligand enzyme inhibitor metoprolol: Ligand adrenergic mianserin: Ligand serotonergic

-N- NAD-299: Ligand serotonergic NCQ 115: Ligand dopaminergic NE-100: Ligand sigma NicFP: Ligand cholinergic NIDA-42033: Ligand cannabinoid NNC 12-0817: Ligand dopaminergic NNC 12-0818: Ligand dopaminergic NNC 22-0215: Ligand dopaminergic NS 2214: Ligand dopaminergic NS 2456: Ligand serotonergic NS 2495: Ligand serotonergic nemonapride: Ligand dopaminergic nicardipine: Ligand ion channel nicerogoline: Carboxylic acid nicotinamide: Amine nicotine: Ligand ion channel nifedipine: Ligand ion channel nisoldipine: Ligand ion channel nimodipine: Ligand ion channel nitrendipine: Ligand ion channel 3-nitroanisole: Hydrocarbon 4-nitroanisole: Hydrocarbon N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester: Ligand

enzyme inhibitor N-(4-nitrobenzyl)spiperone: Ligand

dopaminergic 2-(2-nitroimidazol-1[H]-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-

propyl)acetamide EF1 2-(2-nitro-1[H]-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3

-pentafluoropropyl)-acetamide→

Index

222

FETNIM 2-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-N-(3,3,3-

trifluoropropyl)-acetamide EF3 nitromethane: Labeling precursor 2-nitromesitylene: Hydrocarbon 2- nitro-2-(N-methyl)amino-2’-fluoro-

benzhydrol: Labeling precursor 1-nitro-4-phenylbutan-2-ol: Alcohol 3-nitrotoluene: Hydrocarbon 4-nitrotoluene: Hydrocarbon nomifensine: Ligand enzyme inhibitor nonane: Hydrocarbon norchlorofluoroepibatidine: Ligand

cholinergic norcocaine: Ligand cocaine norepinephrine: Ligand adrenergic norfloxacin: Antibiotic normetazocine: Ligand opioid

-O- 6-OH-BTA-1: Amyloid 5-OH-FPPAT: Ligand dopaminergic OSU6162: Ligand dopaminergic octanal: Labeling precursor octanoic acid: Carboxylic acid octylamine: Amine 2-octynoic acid: Carboxylic acid ohmefentanyl: Ligand opioid ornithine: Amino acid oxalic acid: Carboxylic acid, Labeling

precursor 2-oxoquazepam: Ligand benzodiazepine oxyphenonium iodide: Ligand cholinergic

-P- PB-12: Ligand dopaminergic PD153035: Ligand enzyme inhibitor PE21: Ligand dopaminergic PK 11195: Ligand benzodiazepine PK 14105: Ligand benzodiazepine PMP: Ligand enzyme inhibitor (S)-PPMMB: Ligand serotonergic paclitaxel: Cytotoxic agent palmitate: Carboxylic acid 1-palmitoyl-2-butyryl-sn-glycerol: Ligand

signal transduction paraquat: Cytotoxic agent pefloxacin: Antibiotic pentamethylenehydantoin: Urea pentane: Hydrocarbon pentanoic acid: Carboxylic acid pentobarbital: Urea perchloryl fluoride: Labeling precursor

phenethylamine: Amine, Ligand stimulant

2-(N-phenethyl-N-1'-propyl)amino-5- hydroxytetralin PPHT

(S)-N-[[1-(2-phenylethyl)pyrrolidin-2- yl]methyl]-3-methylthiobenzamide (S)-PPMMB

phenobarbital: Urea phenol: Hydrocarbon 5-(2-phenoxy)phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-

yl-4-fluorobenzoate: Ligand benzodiazepine

phenylalanine: Amino acid, Carboxylic acid

L-phenylalanylglycine: Amino acid 4-phenylbenzyl iodide: Labeling

precursor N-(4-phenylbutyl)-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-

piperidine: Ligand serotonergic phenylephrine: Ligand adrenergic 1-phenylethanol: Alcohol phenylethanolamine: Amine phenylethylene: Hydrocarbon (R)-1-(1-Phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-

carboxylic acid 2'-fluoroethylester FETO

phenylglycine: Amino acid 2-phenylmelatonin: Ligand melatonin N-[4-[2-[(phenylmethyl)(methyl)-amino]-

ethyl]phenyl]-2-thiophene- carboximidamide) AR-R 17443

4-phenylpiperazinium iodide: Ligand adrenergic

phenylpyruvate: Carboxylic acid phorbol 13-butyrate: Ligand signal

transduction phosgene: Labeling precursor physostigmine: Labeling precursor pimozide: Ligand dopaminergic pindolol: Ligand adrenergic pipamperone: Ligand dopaminergic piperidinocholine: Ligand cholinergic pipzA-4: Ligand cholinergic podophyllotoxin: Cytotoxic agent PPHT: Ligand dopaminergic practolol: Ligand adenosine prazosin: Ligand adenosine procaterol: Ligand adrenergic progesterone: Steroid proline: Amino acid pronionyl carnitine: Other compound propanol: Alcohol propenoic acid: Carboxylic acid propionic acid: Carboxylic acid propionyl chloride: Labeling precursor

Index

223

propionyl-L-carnitine: Other compound propranolol: Ligand adrenergic propyl iodide: Labeling precursor propyl ketene: Labeling precursor (-)-N-propyl-norapomorphine: Ligand

dopaminergic N-propyl-4-piperidyl benzilate: Ligand

cholinergic 17α-(3'-prop-1-yn-1-yl)-3-methoxy-3,17β-

estradiol: Steroid propyl pyrazole triol: Steroid prostaglandin D2 methylester: Ligand

signal transduction prostaglandin E2 methylester: Ligand

signal transduction pseudothymidine: Carbohydrate putrescine: Amine, Ligand GABAergic N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-

(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-fluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide SR144385

5-(2-(4-pyridinyl)vinyl)-6-chloro-3-(1- methyl-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)- pyridine: Ligand cholinergic

pyridostigmine: Ligand cholinergic pyrilamine: Ligand histaminergic pyrrolidinocholine: Ligand cholinergic N-(trans-2-pyrrolidinyl-cyclohexy)-3,4-

dichlorophenylacetamide→ (±)U-50488H

pyruvate: Carboxylic acid

-Q- QNB: Ligand cholinergic quinuclidinylbenzilate→ QNB

-R- R121920: Ligand other RGH-1756: Ligand dopaminergic RJR-2403 metanicotine Ro 15-1778→ flumazenil Ro15-4513: Ligand benzodiazepine Ro 41-0960: Ligand enzyme inhibitor Ro 20-1724: Ligand enzyme inhibitor RP 62203: Ligand serotonergic RUrea 52461: Steroid raclopride: Ligand dopaminergic ritanserin: Ligand serotonergic rolipram: Ligand enzyme inhibitor rotenone: Other compound roxithromycine: Antibiotic

-S-

S12968: Ligand ion channel S21007: Ligand serotonergic SA6298: Ligand sigam SarCNU: Cytotoxic agent SB-235753: Ligand dopaminergic SB-62: Amino acid SC58125: Ligand enzyme inhibitor SC63217: Ligand enzyme inhibitor SCH 23390: Ligand dopaminergic SCH 39166: Ligand dopaminergic SCH 442416: Ligand adenosine SKF 75670: Ligand dopaminergic SKF 82957: Ligand dopaminergic SR144385: Ligand cannabinoid SR149080: Ligand cannabinoid SR149568: Ligand cannabinoid SR46349B: Ligand serotonergic SUAM-1221: Ligand enzyme inhibitor salicylic acid: Carboxylic acid sarin: Ligand enzyme inhibitor scopolamine: Ligand dopaminergic selenomethionine: Amino acid semotiadil: Ligand ion channel serine: Amino acid serotonin: Ligand serotonergic sertraline: Ligand serotonergic setoperone: Ligand serotonergic sevoflurane: Hydrocarbon spiperone: dopaminergic spiro-FBT: Ligand cholinergic spiroperidol→ spiperone stavudine: Antibiotic N-succinimidyl-4-fluorobenzoate:

Labeling precursor N-succinimidyl-4-(fluoromethyl)benzoate:

Labeling precursor suriclone: Ligand benzodiazepine

-T- TBZOMe: Ligand enzyme inhibitor THCC: Labeling precursor talopram: Ligand adrenergic talsupram: Ligand adrenergic tamoxifen: Steroid tetrabenazine: Ligand enzyme inhibitor tetrafluoroethane: Hydrocarbon 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-

Carboxylic acid THCC [3aS-(3aα,4β,6aα)]-tetrahydro-4-[5-(1-

fluoropentyl)-1H-thieno[3,4-d]- imidazol-2(3H)-one→ biotin

(3S,4aR,6S,8aR)-6-(1H-tetrazo-5-yl- methyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-

Index

224

decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid LY202157

N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]-fluoropiperidine→ FTCP

N-(1-thienyl-2-methoxymethylcyclohexyl)piperidine: Ligand excitory amino acid

thiocyanate: Labeling precursor thymidine: Carbohydrate p-toluidine: Hydrocarbon toluene: Hydrocarbon toremifene: Steroid tramadol: Ligand opioid transferring: Amino acid triamcinolone acetonide: Steroid 3-(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-8-methoxy-1,

2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]- pyridin-5-one: Ligand dopaminergic

trifluoromethyl hypofluorite: Labeling precursor

α-trifluoromethyl-(naphthalen-1-yl)- ketone: Labeling precursor

α-trifluoromethyl-phenyl ketone: Labeling precursor

N-(trifluoro-m-tolyl)piperazine: Ligand serotonergic

2,4,6-trimethylfluorobenzene: Hydrocarbon

trimethylfluorosilane: Labeling precursor triphenylarsonium methylide: Labeling

precursor 2α-tropanyl benzilate: Ligand cholinergic trovafloxacin→ CP 99,219 tryptophan: Amino acid tyramine: Ligand adrenergic tyrosine: Amino acid

-U- (±)U-50488H: Ligand opioid undecane: Hydrocarbon urea: Labeling precursor, Urea

-V- VUF 5000: Ligand histaminergic valine: Amino acid venlafaxine: Ligand serotonergic verapamil: Cytotoxic agent γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid GVG viqualine: Ligand serotonergic vorozole: Ligand enzyme inhibitor

-W-

WAY 100635: Ligand serotonergic WAY 100635 analogues: Ligand

serotonergic WIN-35,428→ CFT

-X- xenon difluoride: Labeling precursor

-Y- Y25130: Ligand dopaminergic Y29794: Ligand enzyme inhibitor YF 476: Ligand cholecytokinin YM060: Ligand serotonergic YM09151-2→ nemonapride YM50001: Ligand dopaminergic

-Z- ZYY-339: Ligand dopaminergic zolpidem: Ligand benzodiazepine

Ren Iwata - Tohoku University

Documents

Transcript of Ren Iwata - Tohoku University