QUOTATIONS FRENCH CIVIL LAW FROM

SHARIA LAW

PRESENTED BY:

Dr.AZIEZ SALAH EDDINE

Bessami.doc@gmail.com

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CONTENTENT

- Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. …..3

- Definitions and meanings……………………………………………………..…….4

- The laws known by the name of their founders……………………….

…………….5

- Genesis of the law…………………………………………………………………...7

- The Islamic miracle legislative………………………………………………………7

- The assets of the legislation in the French civil lawin general and especially in the law ofnapoleon………………………………………………………………………..7

- The emergence of the Napoleoniccode……………………………………………...8

- Brief history about the origins of legislation in someEuropean countries and inAmerica…………………………………………………………………………….….9

- Evidences who proves that the napoleon’s law is based

on the doctrine of imam

malik………………………………………………………………………………….10

- proof of the historical relationship between Islamic

law and western society………………………………………………………………………………..10

- Some examples of quotations French civil law (spirit

and arguments) from shariah law……..11

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- The more that defended the legislative comparisons from

muslims searchers……..14

- Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….15

- References……………………………………………………………………..…..17

INTRODUCTION

ك�ره: ّل ذ� ال ج�� چ چ چ چ چ چ چچ چ چ چ چ چ چ چ چ چ چچ چ چ ق��ساء: ساء: چ ١٠٥ال�ن� [.105]ال�ن�

ALLAH - the Almighty said (meaning) "surely, we have

sent down to you (O Mohamed SAW) the book(this Qur'an) in

truth that you might judge between men by that which

ALLAH has shown you, so bee not a pleader for the

treacherous."

Allah honoured this nation ( مة� by a full and total ,(الأ"legislation, this was since its first existence, it

and it was the cause of her advancement of abysses

defaults to the highest degree of progress in record

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time. While the other nations proceed in her legislation

by the precedents and experiences in a series of

evolutionary open endless, the basis of which the whole

of the human mind.

The importance of the subject stand in that many of

the intellectuals as well as others do not know that the

basis of the law of Napoleon ( their Miracle!) Is derived

in most of its assets and explanation of the doctrine of

Imam Malik - may God have mercy on him –. On that day

were southern Europe in Spain and Portugal (Paradise

Lost) under the enlightened Islamic law (and we ask God

to his return to the fold of Islam). That day throughout

Europe were in ignorance and darkness, and question them

in the ranking of women: they are of human or otherwise?

David described (the senior professor of

comparative law in France in 19661), in his book (Large

systems contemporary law); that Islamic law is one of the

great major systems in the modern world.

اري�&س 1 , ب�� ي.&ث, ون3 ال�حد ان�� ي& ال�ق� مة� ال�كب�رى; ف� Bظ ن�� رو . 447م,ص1966)( الأ" Bظ ن� لىي�& Tا ، ص س�لأمي& Tي& ال�عال�م الأ ة� ف� س�لأم�ي& Tعة� الأ ي.& ر ق� ال�ش, ي& dطب . 97ال�عطار، ن��

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DEFINITIONS AND MEANINGS

*According to el kamus el- muhit ((ط ام�وس ال�محن& of Fairuz ال�ق;;;;;�Abadi2 ((..The law; a measure of all things).

*In the lissan el arab ( of Ibn Manzur3 ; ((and the ( ل�سان3 ال�عرب�

law of everything: the way and its scale)) .

*According to the book: philosophy of legislation in

islam (لأم ي& الأس;;� ع ف� &rي ر ش;;, ة� ال�ن� لس;;ف� of Sobhi Mahmassani4 that: ((The (ق��

word law is a Greek origin, and was originally used in

the sense of the ruler ,and became the rule, which is

used today in European languages in the sense as the

Shariah Church. It is ... measure of all things, and it is

used in any general definition and obliged, it’s said:

Health law and the laws of nature ...))

وب� ) 2 عق� ن3 ي�& ن3 م�حمد ب�� ب.& ، م�حمد ال�د اذى& ب�� ب&رور� ا� ق�817 ال�ف� ي& حق� ط، ت�� ام�وس ال�محن& چ(، ال�ق�، ط س�سة� ال�رس�الة� ي& م�و" ق� الب�راب, ف� ي& حق� ، 5م�كت�ب� ت�� س�سة� ال�رس�الة� ، م�و" ب&روب� dچ/1416، ب�

.1582م، ص 1996ور، ) 3 Bظ ،711 -630اب��ن3 م�ن� شرى& ن& هارسة ع�لي& س�, ع ف�� ة ووض�� ، ع�لق� ع�لي& چ(، ل�سان3 ال�عرب�

، 1ط ى& ب�� اء الب�راب, ال�عر ح�ي& Tذار ا ، ان3 ي� (.11/327م،)1988چ/1408، ل�ب�ة� ع�لي 4 س�لأم�ي& Tعة� الأ ي.& ر ي& ذراسة� ال�ش, دمة� ف� س�لأم، م�ق� Tي& الأ ع ف� &rي ر ش, ة� ال�ن� لسف� ، ق�� حي& ، ص�ب� �ى& ال�محمصاب¡

ها، عت� اف� وم�طب� ة� ال�كس, ي� ، م�كب� ب&روب� dب� ، ة� ي, &rي ن3 ال�حد ي& وان�� وء ال�ق� ة� وض�� لف� ت� ها ال�مح� اه�ت� وء م�د� چ/1356ض�� . 5م، ص 1947

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*According to the book (Introduction to the Islamic law)

( ة� لأم�ي& عة� الأس;;;;� ي.& ر ل ل�دراس;;;;ة� ال�ش;;;;, دج�� :of Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi5, he said (م;;;;�

((Our ancient scientists have known that: the general

base that fall underneath provisions partial)).

*According to the book (history of legislation) (ع &rي ر ش;;, خ� ال�ن� ارت¡& ب;;��) to Mustafa Rafii6 : (( the right and the law cannot be

separated , The right is not respected only under the

law, and the law exist it ,only to protect the right ,

and to impose its safeguards))

Idiomatically:

((the Muslim jurists used less this word kanun (

ون3 ان�� رع) but used in its place, the words Sharaa ,(ق;;;�� and (ش;;;,Shariah ( عة� ي.& ر and legal judgment...Today’s, this word , (ال�ش;;;;,has three meanings:

، ط 5 ة� س�لأم�ي& Tعة� الأ ي.& ر ل ل�دراسة� ال�ش, ، م�دج�� وس�ف� ، ن�& اوى& ـ1ال�ق�رض�� ة� ة� وه�ي� ي� ، م�كب� اه�ره� ، ال�ق� . 23م، ص1991چ/1411

، ط 6 ة� رع�ي& ة� وال�ش, ي& وي�� ان�� واع�د ال�ق� ع وال�ق� &rي ر ش, خ� ال�ن� ارت¡& ي، ب�� ، م�صظف� عي& رك�ة�1ال�راف�� اه�ره� ال�ش, ، ال�ق� ، اب� ة� ل�لكي� .175م، ص 1993ال�عال�مي&

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*First: a set of legal provisions (code), for example it

is said: the Ottoman Penal Code, and the Lebanese law of

obligations and contracts ... etc...

*The second: in general is intended to Shara and shariah,

for example as we say: English law.... Unlike Muslims,

who attribute the law to the Shari’a to Allah only.

*Third: the word is used in particular, for each

Mandatory base (rule), for example it is said: the House

of Representatives in Parliament legalized law antitrust

or....

*Much has been use of the law word in the Ottoman era to

denote the judgments of the state to be differentiated

from the rulings of Islam religion, which based on the

Qur'an and sunna. For example usury (Riba) is forbidden by

sharia, but permitted by the law))7

THE LAWS KNOWN BY THE NAME OF THEIR FOUNDERS:

We take some example:

A - Code of Hammurabi8 (1792 BC -1750 BC):

Hammurabi was the sixth king of the first dynasty of

Babylon, and is best known for the promulgation of a new

code of Babylonian law: the Code of Hammurabi. One of the

ع، ص 7 &rي ر ش, ة� ال�ن� لسف� ، ق�� �ى& . 14ال�محمصاب¡8 Wikipedia.

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first written ordinary laws (unlike shariah) in the world,

the Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a stele and placed

in a public place so that all could see it. it was

discovered there in 1901 at Susa in Iran and is now in

the Louvre Museum in Paris. The code of Hammurabi

contained 282 laws. And ((stipulate a system of the

kingdom who heritage is limited to males only))9.

B- Solon law:

(638 BC – 558 BC) was an Athenian statesman,

lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his

efforts to legislate against political, economic, and

moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in

the short term, yet he is often credited with having laid

the foundations for Athenian democracy.

C-Justinian law:

The Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is

the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in

jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of

Justinian I (482 – 565 c), Eastern Roman Emperor. It is

also sometimes referred to as the Code of Justinian.

، ط 9 ون3 ان�� خ� ال�ق� ارت¡& ي& ب�� راب� ف� د ال�سلأم، م�حاض� ، ع�ي� ي& ن� ب& ة� ال�كت�ب�1الب�رم�ان�� ي.&رب¡& ، م�د ة� ، س�ورب�& ، ة� ام�عي& وع�اب� ال�ح� .53م، ص 1964وال�مطي�

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D-Code Napoleon:

Known as: The French civil law, his fame noun: the

Europe's law10: ((is the set of French laws issued during

the reign of Napoleon - Emperor of France - In order to

work her in the Kingdom French))11.

GENESIS OF THE LAW:

((.....the ordinary law resembles at the newborn,Generates weak, then it grows gradually until itreaches its peak, the Law accelerates in its developmentand growth in proportion to the development of the groupthat it is governed by her... And vice versa. In fact, itis the group that created its own law who interested it,and this law it still follows the group. Unlike Shariahis reveal by ALLAH and it is she who still leads thenation. ALLAH said:

ن3 ب��ن3 م�حمد ) 10 ي& ، م�حّمد ح�سي� اوى& ي& لوف� ال�مب� مح� هور ب�� لوف� ال�عدوى&ّ ال�مش, ر: م�ح� Bظ ن� چ -1235ي�&"ى& ع�لي1292 اب¡ ت� �ى& وال�ح� ب. ون3 ال�مد ان�� ق� ال�ق� ي& dطب ، ن�� ة� عي& ري�& ش, اب� ال�ن� ارب�� ، ال�مق� ة� عي& ري�& ش, اب� ال�ن� ارب�� م( ال�مق�

معة� م�حمد، ط .ذ ع�لي& ج�� ج�مد شراج3 و ا" .ذ م�حمد ا" ق� ا" ي& حق� م�ام م�ال�كÌ، ذراسة� وت�� Tالأ �ه�ب ، ذار1م�د� اه�ره� ، ال�ق�ع، &Îي ور� ر وال�ي� ش, اعة� وال�ن� (.1/9م، )1999چ - 1420ال�سلأم، ل�لطي�

ع 11 &rي ر ش, ة� وال�ن� ي& ة� ال�مدي�� عي& ن3 ال�وض�� ي& وان�� يÑن3 ال�ق� ة� ن�� عي& ري�& ش, اب� ال�ن� ارب�� د ال�لة، ال�مق� د ع�ي� ، س�ي& ن3 ع�لي& ح�سي&س ي�� م�ام م�ال�كÌ ب��ن3 ا" Tالأ �ه�ب سي& وم�د� ون3 ال�ق�ري¡� ان�� ة ال�ق� ف� يÑن3 ف�� ة� ن�� ارب�� س�لأمي& م�ق� Tذارسة�چالأ

، ذار ال�سلأم، اه�ره� ، ال�ق� دران3 اي��ر ب�� ج�مد ج�� معة� م�حمد وا" . ذ ع�لي& ج�� ج�مد شراج3 , ا" .ذ م�حمد ا" ق� ا" ي& حق� وت��( ، ع، ذ. ب� &Îي ور� ر وال�ي� ش, اعة� وال�ن� (. 1/62ل�لطي�

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ا( ي� &rي ب� ل�كم الأس�لأم ذ ت& ي& ورص�� عمن� كم ي�� ممب� ع�لي& ب�� كم وا" ي� ك�ملث� ل�كم ذي�& وم ا" )ال�ي&(Meaning): "This day have I perfected your religion foryou and completed My favor unto you, and have chosen foryou as religion AL- ISLAM". Shariah did not come to onegroup without another, or one people without other , orone state without other , but it came to allpeople ...))12

THE ISLAMIC MIRACLE LEGISLATIVE:

This is the miracle in its perfection, with theshort duration of its inception, which did not exceed thequarter of a century (23 years old). Unlike ordinary law,which has not been completed and never ends in itsdevelopment in the management of the human interests.

Note:

No disagreement between Shariah and Law in theliterary perspective. But the absolute disagreement is insource, the first is from Allah and the second is fromhuman.

THE ASSETS OF THE LEGISLATION IN THE FRENCH CIVIL LAW INGENERAL AND ESPECIALLY IN THE LAW OF NAPOLEON:

Abdullah saiid13 in his book (legislative approaches)

( ش;;;;;;, اب� ال�ب� ارب;;;;;;�� عة�رال�مق� ي�& ) said: "French civil law had taken fromseveral legislative origins:

، ص 12 ة� س�لأم�ي& Tعة� الأ ي.& ر ل ل�دراسة� ال�ش, ، م�دج�� اوى& .26 - 24ال�ق�رض��13 (egyptian scholar )

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First: the Roman law in the south of France than a year(50 BC) to 1785.

Second: Germanic law: In the north of France, who gavethe habits law (custom and habit), who was also in theadministrative departments of the North.

Third: Churches law: was a Catholic Church law, whichbeen the first legislation group in the marriage...

Fourth: the law of absolute monarchy: that was found onthe orders of (Louis XIV) [was ruler French between 1634- 1715] and (Louis XV) [grandson of Louis XIV was rulerbetween 1715-1774] and (Louis XVI) [was ruler between1774 - 1792 ]."14

Fifth: Napoleonic Code (Revolution code): called :TheFrench civil law, his fame name : the Europe's law15.

THE EMERGENCE OF THE NAPOLEONIC CODE:

Subhi mahmassani said : that "... France in thelate Middle Ages [was] prey of the chaos, same case inall Europe at the time. and the French regions werefragmented of the legislative point of view in two bigparts:

-The northern part: known as: common law countries

-The southern part: known As: country of written law:who it was influenced by Romanian laws....and after therevolution and the completion of the unity of the state,Napoleon felt the need to unify the different laws and

14 ، ة� عي& ري�& ش, اب� ال�ن� ارب�� د ال�لة، ال�مق� د ع�ي� . 64-63س�ي&ن3 ب��ن3 م�حمد ) 15 ي& ، م�حّمد ح�سي� اوى& ي& لوف� ال�مب� مح� هور ب�� لوف� ال�عدوى&ّ ال�مش, ر: م�ح� Bظ ن� ق�1292چ - 1235ي�& ي& dطب ، ن�� ة� عي& ري�& ش, اب� ال�ن� ارب�� ، ال�مق� ة� عي& ري�& ش, اب� ال�ن� ارب�� م( ال�مق�

معة� م�حمد، ط .ذ ع�لي& ج�� ج�مد شراج3 و ا" .ذ م�حمد ا" ق� ا" ي& حق� م�ام م�ال�كÌ، ذراسة� وت�� Tالأ �ه�ب "ى;& ع�لي م�د� اب¡ ت� �ى& وال�ح� ب. ون3 ال�مد ان�� ع،1ال�ق� &Îي ور� ر وال�ي� ش, اعة� وال�ن� ، ذار ال�سلأم، ل�لطي� اه�ره� ، ال�ق�(. 1/9م، )1999چ - 1420

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customs. It was a major step in replacing the previouspatchwork of feudal laws.

He has ordered to being drafted rapidly by acommission of four eminent jurists, established underNapoleon in 1804. And entered into force on 21 March1804. Known as: The Napoleonic Code, the official name isthe French civil code.

this law is still in effect today in France, with somemodifications It contains (2281) articles. "16

It was, however, the first modern legal code to beadopted with a pan-European scope, followed by the mostEuropean countries , and it spread in many countriesthat were under British and French occupation, such asAlgeria, Morocco, Tunisia, egypte, in the Middle East...and a lot of African countries17.

BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF LEGISLATION IN SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND IN AMERICA18 :

- The assets of the legislation in the Belgian civil law:Predominantly taken from the Napoleonic Code with somechanges necessary caused by the special issues.

- the legislation in Switzerland and Germany: relied

largely on the Napoleonic Code while retaining its

national character and its theoretical scientific

way .This is due to the geniuses masters in codifying ,

and it is of the finest laws.

ع، ص 16 &rي ر ش, ة� ال�ن� لسف� ، ق�� �ى& ر,ال�محمصاب¡ Bظ ن� . 100ي�&د ال�لة، ص 17 د ع�ي� ، س�ي& اب� ارب�� لى ال�مق� Tر ا Bظ ن� . 65ي�&ع/ 18 &rي ر ش, ة� ال�ن� لسف� ، ق�� �ى& لى ال�محمصاب¡ Tر ا Bظ ن� . 105 - 100ي�&

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-The assets of the legislation in England and America:

based on habit (general custom) and precedents, known as

(common law) ,without any writing of this law.

Many people may think that the American and British judge

ruled in its own way,In other words, without any

restrictions.

Subhi Mahmassani, answers19 : ((... This is a mistake,

because on their judges must abide on the habits (general

custom) and the precedents in the courts.

but here we point out that the many men in England,

demanded notation (codification) general and official, as

stated in the proposal and Westbury (wesbury` s digest)

in 1870, but their quest was not crowned with success,

for several reasons:

-The spirit of maintaining the traditions that made her

famous .

-the different sects and races that make up the British

Empire which give a multiplicity of laws and different

habits)).

EVIDENCES WHO PROVES THAT THE NAPOLEON’S LAW IS BASED ON

THE DOCTRINE OF IMAM MALIK :

• The first : the inevitability of development in the

ordinary laws: This is a result of this limited

ع، ص 19 &rي ر ش, ة� ال�ن� لسف� ، ق�� �ى& .105ال�محمصاب¡13

legislation on the situation and on the time , which it

is based on its three factors (the legislature, the time

and place(.

• Second: The legislative miracle : which was completed

in a period not exceeding twenty-three years. Unlike

ordinary law, which has not been completed and never ends

in its development, and still scalable as needed.

On this subject said abdelkader uda: ((- ... but I

compare when I compare between the law in the present era

and the Shariah, I compare between the law who is in

continually developing, And the Sharia since the thirteen

century who has not changed .....))20.

*The third: Silent consensus non-equitable among

lawmakers: Abdullah saiid said in his comparisons

legislative ( ة� عي& ري�& ش;;;;;;;;, اب� ال�ن� ارب;;;;;;;;�� ":(ال�مق� Lawmakers have a silent

consensus for not mentioned the shariah which filled the

earth with justice,in date that they had been living in

ignorance . The day that they do not marry women unless

if she stayed in the house of Señor, and whenever she

stayed with him for a long time, this give more honor in

her husband!!..."21

، ط 20 عي& ون3 ال�وض�� ان�� ال�ق� ًا ب�� ارب�� س�لأمي& م�ق� Tع الأ &rي ر ش, اذر، ال�ن� د ال�ق� ، ع�ي� ، ذار4عوذه� ب&روب� dب� ، ، ى& ب�� اء الب�راب, ال�عر ح�ي& T(.24ـ 1/4م، )1985چ/1405ا

، ص 21 اب� ارب�� د ال�لة، ال�مق� د ع�ي� . 74-61س�ي&14

PROOF OF THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISLAMIC LAW AND WESTERN SOCIETY22:

That was by several factors:

*the Entry of Islamic law in Andalusia since the year 93

AH / 711 AD., And since that Muslims conquered the Goths

country (وط لأذ ال�ق;;� through the heroes (Spain and Portugal) (ب��such as Musa Bin Naseer and Tariq ibn Ziyad, and Tarif

ibn Malik ....... - Allah have mercy for them - and Islam

radiating his light in these areas dark.

*Increasing incursion of Islam to South Europe until

arrived in the south of France in the provinces of

(Lyon), and (Laloire), and (Avignon), and (Poitier),

which is the field of Battle of Tours (bilatoshohada's

battle (oct 732/ 3ان ه�ـ;;;114رم�ص;;;� )) and martyrdom of commanderAbd al-Rahmaan al-ghafiki and others - may Allah have

mercy –.

*The survival of Islam rule in southern Europe nearly

eight centuries until the fall of Granada year 977 AH /

1492.

The prevailing doctrine was Imam Malik – R A -

introduced by Chaptone ( Abu Abdullah Ziad bin Abdul

Rahman, scholar and the Mufti of Al-Andalus, died :193AH)

22 ، اب� ارب�� د ال�لة، ال�مق� د ع�ي� ر س�ي& Bظ ن� . 73 - 50ي�&15

, companion for imam malik in the era of Hisham bin Abdul

Rahman bin Muawiya king of Andalusia.

*The spread of the Islamic conquest of Eastern Europe by

the Ottomans, who arrived in the Carpathian Mountains in

Hungary and ruled by shariah nearly one hundred and fifty

(150) years, and ruled (ottoman empire) for more than

three centuries in East of Europe.

*The Crusades ( ة� ي& dب which established the friction ,(ال�حروب� ال�صلي&of Europe with Islamic legislation.

*Trade: these transactions have created the influential

relation in these countries.

SOME EXAMPLES OF QUOTATIONS FRENCH CIVIL LAW (SPIRIT AND

ARGUMENTS) FROM SHARIA LAW.

Sayed Abdullah Says: "We do not respond by one

example, but nine-tenths of the French civil law ".in

this research we will mention some examples only , and

who wanted to survey more , he see the references that I

will mention some of them later.

The bill of exchange and transfer:

Al-Mahmassani Said: "..the bill of exchange and

transfer were been not known in Europe before the twelfth

(12) century AD, although it was known in all the books

of Islamic jurisprudence , especially in the Hanafi books

which dates back to the eighth(8) century AD, and are

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also were taken to the West after four centuries said

Grasshov , by Italy at the time of the Crusades , and by

Andalusia when it was still an Arab country .

This effect kept the character in the word transfer

itself. Has been suggested that the word (Aval) French

used the sense of showing the bill of exchange signed by

a for the third bail is derived from the Arabic word

hawala ( and also like the word (Avaries) used in the (ح�وال;;ة�French law of maritime trade in the sense marine

casualties are taken from the Arabic word Al awar (ال�ع;;;وار)"23.

When laws are be applied24 ?

French law: Clause 2, and see also clause 691, item 2281

from the Criminal Law:

May not apply the provisions of the laws on the facts and

incidents except for the future time, after the date of

its declaration, the provisions do not apply to the

incident earlier..

Islamic law: the judge cannot base his decision on what

was done before this incident , but the judgment will

focus on new incidents only.

ع، ص 23 &rي ر ش, ة� ال�ن� لسف� ، ق�� �ى& . 230 - 229ال�محمصاب¡، ص 24 اب� ارب�� ، ال�مق� اوى& ي& لوف� ال�مب� . 50م�ح�

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When is the deprivation of civil rights25?

*French law: Item 17 : French identity be lost its

owner for cause one of three things:

-The first: Identity taken in foreign countries.

-The second: entry in the service in foreign government

without permission from the king of France.

-The Third: to settle in foreign countries with no

intention of the return to the Motherland.

Note: and it is known that the establishment of trade in

the foreign country, with using commercial premises , Do

not enter in this case.

* Islamic law:

In the Aljori manual :( ه;;;;ورى& ج�� رج الأ" ص;;;;ر ش;;;;, ن� for anyone which :(ال�مح�has swear on the particular sect, is not authorized for

him to marry women from this sect.

The marriage (26):

French law: Item 165: the marriage contract must beDeclared publicly in the presence of the officer of civilstatus in the town of the husband or wife.

، ص 25 اب� ارب�� ، ال�مق� اوى& ي& لوف� ال�مب� . 55-54م�ح�، ص 26 اب� اب�� ، ال�مق� اوى& ي� لوف� ال�مب& . 74م�ح�

18

Islamic law: It is desirable to announce the marriage becelebrated with a feast, our prophet said: "Proclaim the

wedding .“ دف� ال;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;� ة ب�� وا ع�لي;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;& رن¡� ك;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;اج واض;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;� وا ال�ن� س;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;, ف�� ".ا" Must testify Two men of good character, Otherwise the

marrige Becomes null and void.(see: (( ي& ي.&ر و ال�دس�وف� رج ال�درذ .(ش,

About reporting loss27:

French law: Item 115: If a man disappeared from hishome or place of residence... of a time for four years,it permits any person close to the missing, to bring thecase to court to settle in what is called: The

significant absence or ghaiba mutabara ( ره� ب� ة� ال�معت� ي� Ñب .(ال�ع�Islamic law: the wife of the disappeared, must requestthe court or the governor to manage his case.Proclaiminga period of four years, and after that it willautomatically divorce.

Note: watch this similarity in period: 4 years.

Life of couple28:

*French law: Item 213: the husband must protect his wife,the woman must obey her husband.

*Islamic law : the husband must be protect his wifeenough, it should be avoided any damage, and the wifemust obey her husband where she is legitimately obliged.

اب� ، ص 27 اب�� ، ال�مق� اوى& ي� لوف� ال�مب& .64، 63م�ح�اب� ، ص 28 اب�� ، ال�مق� اوى& ي� لوف� ال�مب& .90م�ح�

19

How invalidate the marriages29?

French law item 227: the marriage can be cancelled for

three things: first: the death of one of couple. Second:

Divorce convicted in a court of law. Third: Judgment

implicitly requires civil death.

Islamic law: It is known that the death makes the

marriage non-existent, and divorce also annuls the

marriage, and put it in dead's list by missing ; judged

as dead.

Where has Napoleon took these similarities and sometimes

these approvals in his legislation? Where he did not

receive any revelations from ALLAH( S W)!

THE MORE THAT DEFENDED THE LEGISLATIVE COMPARISONS FROM

MUSLIMS SEARCHERS:

1)Sheikh Mohammed Hassanein bin Mohammed Makhlouf

(makhlov Minawi 1235 AH --1292): in his book the

legislative comparisons application of civil and criminal

law on the doctrine of Imam Malik.

( Ìالأم�ام م�ال�ك �ه�ب "ى& ع�لي م�د� ب¡ ا ت� �ى;& وال�ح� ب. ون3 ال�مد ان�� ق� ال�ق� ي& dطب ة� ن�� عي& ري�& ش, اب� اي�� ارب�� (ال�مق�، ص 29 اب� ارب�� ، ال�مق� اوى& ي� لوف� ال�مب& . 95م�ح�

20

2)Sheikh Sayed Ali Abdullah Hussein Scholars of Al-Azhar

in his book: comparisons between the legislative civil

and Islamic law, a comparison between the jurisprudence

of French law an the doctrine of Imam Malik ibn Anas.

( سي& ون3 ال�ق�ري¡� ان�� ة ال�ق� ف� يÑن3 ف�� ة� ن�� ارب�� ، م�ق� س�لأمي& Tع الأ &rي ر ش, ة� وال�ن� ي& ة� ال�مدي�� عي& ن3 ال�وض�� ي& وان�� يÑن3 ال�ق� ة� ن�� عي& ري�& ش, اب� ال�ن� ارب�� ال�مق�س ي�� ن3 ا" م�ام م�ال�كÌ ب�� Tالأ �ه�ب ( وم�د�

3) Subhi Mahmassani in his books :

" In the paths of justice " And " legislative

conditions in the Arab state past and present “ And "

jurisprudence in Islam Introduction to the study of the

law in the light of doctrines different light modern laws

"

" ي& ع ف� &rي ر ش, ة� ال�ن� لسف� ق�� ره�ا و ها وج�اض� ت& ة� م�اص�� ي& dÎي ي& ال�دولة� ال�عر ة� ف� عي& ري�& ش, اع ال�ن� وض�� الأ" و ي& ذروب� ال�عدالة� "ف� " " "

ة� ي, &rي ن3 ال�حد ي& وان�� وء ال�ق� ة� وض�� لف� ت� ها ال�مح� اه�ت� وء م�د� عة� ع�لي ض�� ي.& ر ي& ذراسة� ال�ش, دمة� ف� س�لأم م�ق� Tالأ".

CONCLUSION

I conclude this study by the correspondence witch

was made on 13.02.1946; by Sayed Ali Abd Allah, and

sent to the royal majesty Farouk I, King of Egypt at

that time:

21

".... Legislators of Islam have left us a

considerable pride in governance rules and the assets of

the legislation, pirated by Western's lawyers, and they

pirate also (these legislative principles) to each legal

vacuum, after injects their legislation in Islamic

nations as if it were their fruit.

And Allah knows that it is the rules of Islam and the

research of Muslim legal schools. And after that they

have agreed a silent consensus, to not declare the

spiritual origins of this legislation..... I do not say

that instinctively.... but I do that after studying

Islamic law, and have been one of the scholars of al-

Azhar El Sharif, and after studying ordinary legislation

at the European universities (French) …. Thus I found

myself indebted to my religion by obligation to

demonstrate to everyone and especially to Muslims that

ordinary legislation has been inspired from the Islamic

law. Therefore, I wrote " ة� عي& ري�& ش;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;, اب� ال�ن� ارب;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;�� Legislative)"ال�مق�comparisons) after a long search that lasted seven years,

during which I translated the French jurisprudence....

then I compared with the legislative texts specifically

under the light of Imam Malik Ibn El Aness osbohi. "30

، ص 30 اب� ارب�� د ال�لة، ال�مق� د ع�ي� . 33س�ي&22

وم ي& ن;;;�& ة� ف� ا ال�ملكي;;;& لى ال�ش;;;راب�& Tد ال�ل;;;ة ع�لي& ا د ع�ي;;;� ي& لة� م�ن3 س;;;� ه ال�مراس;;;� ه;;;د� حب, ب�� ا ال�مب� د� م ه;;;� ت� ح��ْ ë"ان13/2/19463ا ، وك;;;�. شره� م�حمد ع�لي& ر م�ن3 ا" ول م�لكÌ م�صر ال�حاذى& ع�ش, اروق� الأ" ب� ال�ملكÌ ق�� ل�كÌ ال�وف�� ي& ذ� م�لكÌ م�صر ف�

هم ع�لم;;اء ه ع�ت� د� ج;;�� ا" ع. ق�� &rي ر ش, ض�ول ال�ن� واع�د ال�حكم وا" ح�رًا م�دى ال�ده�ر، م�ن3 ق� عد; ف�� س�لأم م�ا ي�& Tرعوا الأ ا م�ش, "... ي��رك�Ì ل�ي�ة� ع�لي لوب;�� م�م ال�مع� لى الأ" Tة ا م ي�&رذوب;�� اه� ث�, اك�ل ال�حي;& ام�هم م�س;, م;� ب� ا" عت� س;, ة ك�ّلم;ا ي�� هل;ون3 م�ي;� ت� وا ي�& ال;� ، ولأ ر� ة� عي& ن3 ال�وض�� ي& وان�� ال�ق�

اه�ب� د� لأم وم;;;;;;� س;;;;;;� Tد الأ واع;;;;;;� ه;;;;;;ا ق� ب�� علم ا" ك;;;;;;ب&ره�م، وال�ل;;;;;;ة ي�& ق� ة م�ن3 ع�ملهم وي�� ب;;;;;;�� ي& ع�لي ا" ن� ب;;;;;;� ج�� ع ا" &rي ر ش;;;;;;, ن� لأه� ن�� ي� ا، ال�مب� مره;;;;;;� ا"د ق;;� ا ف�� اق;;�� ر� ول ج�� ي& ال�ق;;� ل�ف� ع ال�س;;ماوى& ... ل�س;;ب� ا" &rي ر ش;;, ا ال�ن� د� ر ه;;� ك;;� دم ذ� ًا ع�لي ع;;� ي& ي¡� كو ًا س;;� ماع;;� ج�� Tمع;;وا ا ج�� م ا" ، ث�, ن3 ب.& ه;;د ت� ال�مح�

ام�ع;;اب� ح� ة� ت�� عي& ن3 ال�وض;;�� ي& وان�� ب� ال�ق;;� م ذرس;;� ف� ث�, ري¡& ر ال�ش;;, ه;;� ر� لأمي& وك�ت�ب�ُ م�ن3 ع�لم;;اء الأ" س;;� Tع الأ &rي ر ش;;, ب� ال�ن� ذرس;;�ع &rي ر ش;;, عي& م�ن3 ال�ن� ع ال�وض�� &rي ر ش, د� ال�ن� ج�� ا" ëاصة� م� ن3 ج�� ة� ول�لمسلمي& اس ك�اف� يÑّن3 ل�لي� ن�� ن3 ا" ي& ا" ن� &rي ي& ل�د ف� ي& ع�ب� ًا ف� ي� &rي دب� ذ وج�� ا ق� ورب¡� ا"ه;ا ت& مب� ف�� رج�� , ي;�� ن3 ي& ي� ع س;� ب� [ س;� ة� ]ذام�ب� اف� حوب, س�, عد; ت�� [ ي�� ة� عي& ري�& ش, اب� ال�ن� ارب�� ا ]ال�مق� ي& ه�د� ف� ِ ل�ّ عب� م�و" وض�� ، ق� س�لأمي& Tالأس ي�� ن3 ا" كÌ ب�� ام م�ال;;;;;;� م;;;;;;� Tالأ �ه�ب د� ًا ع�لي م;;;;;;;� صوض;;;;;;� ة� خ�� رع�ي& ص;;;;;;وص ال�ش;;;;;;;, ال�ن� ة ب�� لي;;;;;;;� اب�� م ق�� س;;;;;;;ي& ....ث�, ون3 ال�ق�ري¡� ان�� ة ال�ق;;;;;;;� ف;;;;;;� ف��

)) حي& ص�ب� . (31)الأ"

  .

، ص 31 اب� ارب�� د ال�لة، ال�مق� د ع�ي� . 33 س�ي&

23

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، ط س�سة� ال�رس�الة� ، 5م�و" س�سة� ال�رس�الة� ، م�و" ب&روب� d1582م، ص 1996چ/1416، ب� .* ، ف� وس;;� ، ن�& اوى& ة�ال�ق�رض;;�� لأم�ي& س;;� Tعة� الأ ي.& ر ل ل�دراس;;ة� ال�ش;;, دج�� ـ 1، طم;;� ة� ة� وه�ي� ي;;� ، م�كب� اه�ره� م، ص1991چ/1411، ال�ق;;�

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ها، عت� اف� وم�طب� ة� ال�كس, ي� ، م�كب� ب&روب� dب� ، ة� ي, &rي ن3 ال�حد ي& وان�� وء ال�ق� . 5م، ص 1947چ/ 1356وض��د ال�لة، * د ع�ي� ، س�ي& ن3 لأمي&ع�لي& ح�سي& س;� Tع الأ &rي ر ش;, ة� وال�ن� ي& ة� ال�مدي�� عي& ن3 ال�وض�� ي& وان�� يÑن3 ال�ق� ة� ن�� عي& ري�& ش, اب� ال�ن� ارب�� ةال�مق� ف;� يÑن3 ف�� ة� ن�� ارب;�� م�ق�

س ي�� ن3 ا" كÌ ب�� ام م�ال;;;� م;;;� Tالأ �ه�ب د� س;;;ي;& وم;;;� ون3 ال�ق�ري¡� ان�� مع;;;ة� م�حم;;;د;چال�ق;;;� . ذ ع�لي& ج�� ج�م;;;د ش;;;راج3 , ا" .ذ م�حم;;;د ا" ق� ا" ي;;;& حق� ذارس;;;ة� وت��( ، ع، ذ. ب� &Îي ور� ر وال�ي� ش, اعة� وال�ن� ، ذار ال�سلأم، ل�لطي� اه�ره� ، ال�ق� دران3 اي��ر ب�� ج�مد ج�� (. 1/62وا"

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25

ن3 م�حم;;;;;د )* ن3 ب�� ي& د; ح�س;;;;;ي� ، م�حمّ;;;;; اوى& ي;;;;;& ل;;;;;وف� ال�مب� مح� هور ب�� ل;;;;;وف� ال�ع;;;;;دوى&ّ ال�مش;;;;;, -;;;;; 1235م�ح� اب�م( 1292چ;;; ارب;;;;;�� ال�مق�

ة� عي& ري�& ش;;, .ذال�ن� ج�م;;د ش;;راج3 و ا" .ذ م�حم;;د; ا" ق� ا" ي;;& حق� كÌ، ذراس;;ة� وت�� ام م�ال;;� م;;� Tالأ �ه�ب د� "ى& ع�لي م;;� ب¡ ا ت;;� �ى;& وال�ح� ب. ون3 ال�م;;د ان�� ق� ال�ق;;� ي& dط;;ب ، ن��معة� م�حمد،; ط ع، 1ع�لي& ج�� &Îي ور� ر وال�ي� ش, اعة� وال�ن� ، ذار ال�سلأم، ل�لطي� اه�ره� (. 1/9م، )1999چ - 1420، ال�ق�

APPENDIX

Code of Hammurabi stele. Louvre Museum, Paris

26

Solon law

Justinian I

27

The cover of the Napoleonic Code, issued in 1804

The Napoleonic Code

28

29