1. INTRODUCTION

Qualitative research is a type of research that usesparticipant observation with outcome in narrative ordescriptive explanation of a setting. It is a practical andpragmatic research. It analyzes or examines things in rawcircumstances or contexts trying to make meaning frominterpretation individuals perceive it. It gatheredfirsthand information that depict everyday tough situationin a person's life.This information can be collected through case studies,observation, history, interaction, story of someone's lifeand interview. It involved societal interpretation andunderstanding of the basis of analysis and descriptionwhich require knowing the intricacy, catalog and backgroundThe objectives of a researcher is to collect an extensiveor thorough understanding of the conduct of people and whybehaving like that. It is concerning researching intomatters, explaining developments, and questions areanswered by examining into details in order to discovermeaning to essential features of a lacking a clearlydefined structure data. It is a daily routine thatqualitative research takes place in our both working andstudy environment, for example in both academic and marketresearch, health studies and so on. It employs different types of tools and proficiencies toacquire clear understanding of how people see their socialenvironment which is the resultant effect of theirbehavior. The people attempt to link cases, perceptualexperience and activities in order to dig deep in awholistic manner.It's mainly to arrive at a profound understanding ofspecial area, set of people, particular company etc instead

of vague description of sample of a population. In qualitative research, the researcher goes to the site orscene to observe the organization, people or the subject.It should be carried out orderly, precisely and with allseriousness. Qualitative researchers must follow principlesof research design such as purpose of study, researchquestions, data collection, data analysis, interpretationof the result and conclusion. The researcher should makethe qualitative research pliable and he should continuallyask his responsibility in the research process.

2. DEFINITIONS

I will like to define Qualitative Research in the followingwaysQualitative research is arriving at a crypticallyrealization of particular organization or case, instead ofa mere description of a prominent or big sample of apopulation.Qualitative research is defined as providing an expresseddelivering of the structure, arrange and extensiveblueprint found within a group of participantsQualitative research can also be defined as a type ofresearch that is mainly pertained with practices and seriesof activities or event instead of only results. 3. CHARACTERISTICS

1. Goal: The aim of the researcher is to try or attempt toknow how individual perceives a situation2. Conceptualism: The action of individual changes bytheir perceptual experience.3. Standpoint: The individual within the scene orsituation see the situation as it is.

4. Worthiness: Worthiness will definitely have an effect inresearch consequently researcher should take this into consideration whencarrying out and describing the research. 5. Centre: Look at the scene or the situation in thewholistic manner6. Predilection: When data are gathered, theories andhypothesis are developed7. Information8. Outcomes9. The researcher should be physically present and be onground in order to get true picture of the situation10. Qualitative research is not carried out in anartificial setting but in a raw or natural setting11. In a qualitative research, the researcher permits therespondents to express themselves and encourage them to benatural

4. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Below are the methods of data collection1. Ground theory2. Narratology3. Storytelling4. Ethnography5. Shadowing

1. Storytelling:Storytelling is the expression or realm in which astoryteller communicate an information, fact, veracity,knowledge to group of spectators at a public events in a

concert or theatre using whatever proficiency, facility andcleverness or anything to strengthened the spectatorsenjoyment, hold and understanding information passed.Storytelling is one of the greatest precious, desirable andquality in linking people to one another. The most powerfulweapon in moving people to action is storytelling

Techniques of storytellinga. Show it big:b. Duration matters: The time taken by the storytellermatters a lot. If the story is lengthy, the audiencebecomes bored and loose interest in the story. The best wayis to make the story as short as possible. c. Appealing character: Character of the storyteller isvital, consequently his or her character must be appealingto the audience in order to retain their interest andconcentration in the story. The character must be dynamicd. There should be a scheme: A scheme is an impetus in aStory. It assures that there is a beginning, centre andfinal stage with a lot of amusement in between. This isvital because the audience feels comfortable, enjoythemselves and made them concentrate on the storye. Prefiguring or beforehand: When a storyteller provideskey to the solution of a problem for his audience, theybecome more excited and fully involved in the story. f. Exchange ideas with your audience: The storytellershould engage the audience in conversation to prevent themfrom being distracted. The easiest way is to read the storyaloud.g. Disunity or contention: A story that does not involvecontention will not engage your audience. Storytellershould introduce conflict in between the story. h. Use an example:

i. Add a personal touch: Whether you are making story toentertain the audience or to promote the product you needto add your personal touch which may be inform of yourpersonal testimony and sharing your personal experience.This personal testimony will make your story original andmore interesting. j. Viewpoint or Standpoint: Start from first point of viewto experiment to bring life and cheerful joy into the storyk. Start with a slam: Start your story with a puzzle in themiddle or at the endl. Spell out the purpose of the story: The storytellershould define the purpose of the story. Is to entertain, toconvey information or teach a lesson. m. The final delivery: The storyteller is to decide themethods of delivery. The method may be, reading the storyby someone else or himself or herself. The storyteller maypresent it in a written form.

2. Grounded Theory:Is a type of theory that is fully based on data and it'saim is to evolve or originate a theory that interpret anoutlook of the social world "operates”. The objective is tounfold a theory that emanates from and is therefore linkedto the very truth that the theory is designed to explain. Grounded theory from my perspective can be defined as anorderly or taxonomic qualitative research methodology insocial sciences accentuating creation of theory from datain the proceedings of carrying out a research

Components1. Defining or articulating the questions 2. Hypothetical sampling

3. Interview transliterating and contact sum- up4. Data hunking and Data naming5. Originating abstract groups6. Unchanging similarity7. Developing theory

Strengths and weaknesses

Weakness1 Because of its difficulty, researchers are not applyingthe theory in their research2. It requires large volume of data3. The researcher new a lot of patient, wealth ofexperience and ability to judge well4. There are a lot of confusion in the data5. Generic application is needed for data gathering

Strengths1. The theory requires the researcher not to be biased andlook at the data in different ways2. Data gathering takes place at different levels andtime, ensuring that meaningful results are realized3. Findings and methods are elegant and managed

Data collectionIn ground theory, there are many methods researchers canuse in gathering data such as observation, interview,unconventional conversation, group centred , analysis offeedback from the group and any other relevant datagenerated from individual or group.

3. EthnographyIt is an arm of anthropology that deals with scientificcharacter of individual way of life and how people live

their lives, practices, convictions based on informationcollected through fieldwork. It is called participation-observation method because it makes the ethnographer to befully buried or involved having a clear knowledge andunderstanding of the informants by choosing and promotingclose relationships with individual that can supply specialinformation on ceremony, family relationships and othervital information related to cultural life. Ethnography through qualitative proficiencies such asinterview, participant-observation, is an intentionalendeavor to give or provide more data than the researcheris conscious of at the moment of gathering. Consequently,it is suitable for studying unpredictable results,difficult evolution of social formations and technologicaland market changesEthnography heightens and extends top down opinions andimprove investigation process, to draw from both bottom-upinsights and views of strong policy-makers at the topmanagement level and originates new analytic insights byemploying interaction, team investigation of cunning areaof human difference and similarity. Ethnographer findingsmay share it with others and this can lead to policydecision, new ideas, new way of doing things and betterrelationship between the peopleThe objective of ethnography is to render or make availableprolific, wholistic understanding of people's view andactions as well as sights, sounds etc or the place theylive through the gathering of thorough observations andinterviews.

Elements1. The inquiry of a small number of cases2. Much emphasis on studying or investigating the nature

of an exact or special social event or incident3. Possibilities of working with uuencoded data at thepoint of data collection

Modifications in Observational MethodsThe first step is decision of employing field method whichrequire a great commitment which involve ethnographer beingimmersed himself among the informants in their naturalsetting to enable him obtain factual report.

Modifications in Observer involvementThe ethnographer should decide whether to be participant oronlooker. If he does decide to be a participant, then hewill immerse himself continuously as a participant, hebecomes a spectator and it can be for a period of one totwo years. Participant-ObservationIn participant-Observation, ethnographer is closelyinvolved in the activities and life of the respondents inthe observed event. The objective of this to enable theethnographer gain the inside view of what is happening andalso feels what the people is going through in other wordshe is equipped with first hand information and Experience .The degree to which an ethnographer becoming fullparticipant-observer will be determine by the nature of thesettings. Some ethnographer is of the opinion that for theresearch to be valid and reliable, the researcher must beboth insider and outsider, be at the border of the groupboth socially and intellectually

Methodological Principles1. Realism: The significance of realism are as followsi. The objective of social research is to apprehend the

character of naturally occurring human behavior, this notby illusion from what people do in counterfeit settings forinstance interview, experiment or what people do somewhereelse but achieved by first contact .ii. The vital significance or realism should not influencethe behavior of the people being studiediii. The goal of realism is to increase the opportunity ofgeneralizing the discovery from the research with othersettings that have not been research2. Knowing or RealizingIt is important that ethnographer studied the way of lifeof the respondents before generating explanations of itsmembers3. InductiveIn Ethnography research, phenomenon should not be addressedwith hypotheses because in doing this assumptions in thehypotheses will not allow the researcher to discover thetrue behavior of the respondents in the natural settings.Standard guidelines for carrying out fieldwork1. Collect diversity of information from different views2. Describe the settings in your field notes3. Crossvine and separate by collecting sorts of data4. Ensure that you use the program participants terms andapprehend participants' views of their experiences in theirown words5. Choose important informants intelligently and use themwith caution6. Distinctly triangulate description from interpretationand discernment7. Make provision for feedback8. The researcher should add field data to his field notes

Standard guidelines for Interviewi. Keep focus on the intention of the research effortduring the stages of interview, planning, data gatheringand data analysisii. The central rule of qualitative interviewing is torender or produce a model within which informants canconvey their words using their own termsiii. The researcher should have a clear understanding ofthe advantages and disadvantages of different types ofinterviewsiv. The researcher should choose the type of interview mostsuitable for the plan of the research endeavorv. The must have a good knowledge of the variety ofinformation he can gather through interviewvi. The researcher should be sincere when asking open-endedquestionsvii. The researcher must use language understandable to therespondentsviii. The researcher should ask one question at a timeix. Use scrutinize or investigating and follow-upquestions to advocate details and profundity answersx. The researcher should involve the respondents in theinterviewing process and explain to him in a clear termsinformation requiredxi. The researcher should be attentive to therespondents and provide answers to his questionsxii. There should be a cordial relationship between theresearcher and the respondents’xiii. The researcher should be in charge of the interviewxiv. The researcher should respect the respondents xv. The researcher should constantly review his notes andclarify any ambiguity before leaving the site

In summary, the intention of the analysis is to organizethe description in such a way that it is achievable.Description is equitable or proportion by analysis andprecedes interpretation. An interesting and readable lastaccount provides ample or adequate description to permitthe reader to understand the interpretation and explanationpresented.

4. ShadowingShadowing as a way of escorting a person for a period oftime; the period of time may be a day or two days toobserve him while working and learn from his observation.Shadowing permit the person who shadows someone to:i. Observe and study an experienced practitioner/leaderii. Move into someone else's daily work experienceiii. Link to someone who is confronting alike challengesAimThe aim of the Shadowing exercise is to watch and engagepractical and intuition knowledge from a colleague,customer and interesting personResultsi. Real-time understanding on practices of an experiencedleaderii. Unconventional access to the daily routines ofleadership job without being "on stage"iii. Identifying the threats to and opportunities forleadership that needs attentioniv. Spread out the personal networkv. Innovation for the leadership practicesvi. Using the lens of shadowing experience to increase theclearness about the leadership challengeMovement and PlanningPeople and Position

Participants discover a possible shadowedTimeHalf a day or full dayProcedure

Step 1Define the aim of the procedure and determine a suitabletarget person to shadow. The aim person and its settingshould be both interesting (from the standpoint of theshadower) and strange

Step 2i. Book a date with the shadoweeii. The shadower must ensure that the shadowee isinterested and do not require special treatment or programiii. There is no need for extra time for him or heriv. The shadower should acquaint the shadowee what you areis interested to learn? The shadowee should be givenopportunity to choose the best day for your shadowingexperiencev. The shadower must assure the shadowee that whatever heobserved will be confidential

Step 3 In the morning of the exercise, ten to twenty minutesshould be dedicated before the exercise toa. Centre on the aim of the shadowingb. Think the best possible result of the day both for youand the shadoweec. The shadower is to link the future with what he wantedto produceDebriefing InterviewThe shadower is to question shadowee formally and

systematically in order to obtain useful informationFor example1. How do you arrive at your present position?2. What is your experience with the leadership of theorganization?

Step 5 "Debrief" and shed light on the right way

Step 6Express your profound gratitude to your shadowee throughemail within 24 hoursBe empathic

5 METHODS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCHi. Participant - Observationii. Non Participant Observationiii. Field notesiv. Reflective Journalsv. Structured Interviewvi. Unstructured Interview vii. Analysis of documents and materials

1. Non- participant observation is whereby the personobserves the respondent but absent in the setting underexamination. It is also an observational inquiry methodwhereby the researcher goes to group events and enters theobservation into record book without participating in thegroup activities . The group has the cognition that theresearcher is present but he or she is passiveReasons for Non-participation by the researchera. The researcher did not want to be includedb. The respondents or the subjects might not want to

cooperate with the researcher

Advantagesi. The risk of Hawthorne effect can be reduced by reducingthe degree of relationship between the researcher and thesubjectsii. The researcher can record the data more accurately andprecisely if the researcher is passive in the settingiii. The researcher is not faced with ethical problemsiv. The possibility of a researcher being biased iseliminatedv. It helps to surmount issues on validity

Disadvantagesi. The researcher is more at risk of Hawthorne if thesubjects know that they are being observed especially if itis an overt type of observationii. The researcher did not have the opportunity ofgathering sufficient information because is not immersed inthe group settingiii. It is time consumingiv. It is not cost effectivev. Select of sample by the researcher is deceptive orcrafty

Tools used in Non-participant observations: The tools used by the researcher depends on theaccessibility of the respondents in the natural settings1. Video recording2. Tape or audio recording3. Telephone conversation

2. Structured InterviewIt is a control type of interview that the data aroused or

evoked by the respondents is quite restricted and limited.The interview is structured because the questions to beanswered by the respondents are predetermined with alimited number of classifications. The questions arestandardized and in a straightforward way. Rules of thumbs in structured interviewa. Remain uniform with the introduction, be sequential bothin questions and wording of questionb. The researcher should prevent another person to answerfor his respondentsc. The researcher should not suggest an answer to hisrespondentsd. The researcher should not explain the questions to therespondentse. The researcher should not conduct the interview when hehas not made adequate preparation

3 Unstructured InterviewsIn unstructured interview, the rules are not stick. Thereis a cordial relationship between the researcher and thesubjects, it is more of conversation .The method is usedto get more information about a topic that could have beenpossible if structured interview is used.

Characteristicsa. The researcher and the subjects are aware that there isgoing to be an interview, consequently the interview isformal with a specific time and place. b. The researcher has a clear understanding and this guidehim throughout the process of the interviewc. The type of questions is open- ended and the researcherallows the respondents to express themselves. d. The best approach to record the interview using tape

recorder and transcript later for analysis

Advantagesi. When a culture, experience and setting not fullyunderstood the best method of interview to be used isunstructured interview ii. It helped the researcher to concentrate the respondentson the topic of his own interests; I mean the researcher'sinterestiii. It helps the researcher to evaluate himself of hispreliminary knowledge of the topic of his considerationwhile seeking to acquire moreiv Unstructured Interview serve as basis or foundation forpreparing structured interviewv. The questions and answers are on the spot-checkvi .They are rigorous and valid, once the interviewmeasures what is expected to measurevii. The answers given by respondents are precise andaccurate

Disadvantages1. The researcher affects the data if he or she is notstable2. Time consuming3. It is not suitable for large number of respondents4. There is possibility that the researcher may be biased

4 Reflective JournalA reflective journal is defined as a means of thinking in adecisive and analytical manner about someone's work inprogress. It shows how dissimilar view of someone’s workinterlinks. A well written journal is a tool, which assistsa person to do quick movements backward and forward from

the surrounding in which the person is working to thesynopsis generalizations the person has read or heard inclass. Reflective 'writing' which is also called "Journal Entry"is a series of 'writing in reaction to life experiences andcases that may also contain expressions what happened,emotions expressed, interpretations and conclusions,planned actions and lessons learned.Configuration of a Reflective Journal EntryA reflective journal entry is an oral communication withoneself

Four elements of of the Centered Conversation Method1. Objective DataThe situation is described through what the person saw,heard tasted, smell, and touched2. Reflective DataEmotional feelings helps the person to describe hisreaction in a situation and this determine whether it isimportant or worth it to write about it. 3. Interpretive DataThe person should explain what he has observed4. Decisional DataThe person should have a plan of action that he will liketo take in a similar or different situation and how tomanage the situation in a better way

Function of a Reflective Journala. A reflective journal is a way of conversation andcommunicationb. A reflective journal renders usual feedback and helps tomatch anticipationc. A reflective journal provide a platform for combining

knowledge and ideasd. It assists to arouse or evoked desired topics, ,challenging topics that requires improvemente. It assists formulate precise thinking

Contents of the Reflective Journali Reflective Journal should be snappy containing senseorgan, and exact questions about people and yourselfii integrity is vital for the journal to be successfuliii Exercise freedom when writing journaliv Put down what you observe in each visit

5. Participant Observations

Participant Observation is when a researcher immersed orburied him or her in a natural setting in order to gatherdata to enable him or her study the behavior of the people.The researcher usually lives among the people and becomemember of the group for a period of time to enable themgain access to intimate details and what is happening inthe groupThe aim of this method is to arrive at a deep understandingand intimacy with a group of people. ParticipantObservation expects the researcher to be subjectiveparticipant in the way that he used the knowledge heacquired through personal interactive with the subjects andgain further access to the group. When a researcher do notallow feelings and emotions to affect the record ofinformation he or she have see, this is called ParticipantObservation objective.

Types of Participant Observation1. External participation is done by watching the position

on television or videotape2. Inactive participation is a type of participation inwhich the researcher is in the field but do notparticipate. He is an onlooker3. Equitable participation is a mode of research in whichthe researcher sustain a balance between an inside andbeing outsider4. Active participation, the researcher activelyparticipate fully by immersing himself in the context5. Absolute participation

Components of Participant Observation1. Moving into the place where you want to studyResearcher always be in place where the activities is, forexample homes, workplaces, consecrated place, recreationalsites2. Building cordial relationship with the participantsFor a researcher to be successful in the study and gaindeep understanding of them, he must have a good reputationand relationship with the people3. The researcher must not be in a hurry . He must spendquality time with the people to enable him gathersufficient experience, conversations and unstructuredInterview for his analysis.

Guidelines for carrying out Participant Observationi Selection of the research venue Selection of the venue will depend on who are therespondents, where are they located and what is theresearcher observing? The selection of the venue will also depends on the scopeof the study in terms of labor, area to cover, fund

available, research objectives and so on. The choice of venue depends on ethical issues.ii Getting ready to enter the siteThe researcher should be acquainted and armed with all thethings he is going to do when he arrives at the site. Theresearcher need to know that failure to plan is plan tofail. Below are basic considerations as the researcher making hisplans.

a. Self-PresentationIn this sub-section, it has to do with the way theresearcher will present himself that will be acceptable bythe respondents, privacy and the concealment ofinformation, will definitely have effect on the types ofdata collection, cordial relationship with the respondentsand limitation to data analysis.

b. Data collection objectivesThe researcher should planned his objectives beforearriving at the venue . If the researcher is proactiveabout his activities in the site, it will assist him in hisdata collection.iii Moving into the Observation VenueThe researcher should ensure that he got all necessarypermissions, visas if he is entering another country,before entering the fieldwork to prevent him beingfrustrated at the venue. When the researchers get to thevenue, he should introduce himself briefly taking intoconsideration norm and rules of the people. The researchershould learn how to handle challenges at the site to enablehim continue his work in the site . The researcher personalstyle is vital to gain the attention of the respondents.

iv What to seeThe researcher should observe the followingi Appearance in terms of clothing, sex (male or female),age(child, teenager, youth, old) etcii Physical and verbal behaviors in terms of languages,gestures etciii Closeness of the respondents wh have to do withrelationshipiv How many people are in the site and how did theycommunicate with each otherv Coordinating the dataThe researcher should cultivate the habit of expanding hisnotes immediately he left the site because it is not idealfor him to write during the observation due toconfidentiality of the information, it will slow down theprocess of the interview or conversation and unnecessarymistakes may occur during this periodvi Time frameThat researcher should ensure that he stayed long enough tocollect the data that is commensurate to his statedobjectivesvii Living the venueWhen leaving the researcher should ensure that his data iscomplete, arranged and have a backup. I will suggest GoogleDrive for the backup because flash drive and hard disk canfail. The researcher should appreciate the participants andhave their details for future reference.

Ethical issuesThe researcher should not overlook the ethical issuesbecause it can affect his project. Below are some of the ethical issues to be considered by

the researcheri The researcher should seek the consent of the respondentsin the research processii The researcher should give brief description of thestudy to the respondents and he should not be betrayediii The researcher should give opportunity to therespondents at anytime he wishes to disengageiv Data collected from the participants should be treatedwith privately except with permission from the participantsv The researcher should safeguard the participants fromphysical and psychological violence

Advantages and disadvantages of Participant ObservationAdvantagesa Researcher's participation gives him opportunity to haveaccess to insider's view of the field and help him todiscover issues that cannot be found easily in scientificenquiriesb Qualitative characterization can show vital role implyingpossible rapport, causes effects and dynamic processc . Participant observation permits acumen and observationinto situation, rapport, behaviord. Participant observation can furnish information hithertounknown to researchers that is vital for project design,data gathering, and interpretation of other datae Participant observation is appropriate for obtaining anunderstanding of the physical, communal, ethics, andeconomic situation in which study participants stay; therapport between people, situation, belief, model andevents; and people's behavior. Disadvantagesi. It is time consumingii The researcher have to select through data from large

amount of notesiii It is difficult to generalized from the finding becausethe study usually focus on small groupvi The study might lack objectivity because of fullyparticipation of the researcher

6. CASE STUDYA case study is an interrogation into a case by anindividual, organization or corporation. Case study iscreated through orderly and methodical research, analysisand reporting and they are cited from scientific andprofessional sources, used in cultivating new process intechnology, marketing and medicine. They are formed to askquestions such as "how" and "why” about a case, process ordevelopmentsCase studies are favorites chosen plan of action that askedthe question "when"," how", or "why."When the researcherhas little control over the cases and when the actual lifesetting is centered on the present day, case study is thebest method.

Types of Case studies1 .Descriptive case studiesCase studies generally use two examples of cases to showwhat the setting is likely to be. Descriptive case studiesprincipally make the unknown known2 .Introductory or Preparatory case studiesThese are concise case studies accomplished prior to putinto action a big scale thorough check. The fundamentalpurpose is to assist in identifying questions and selectingtypes of measurements before the principal thorough check.The disadvantage of the case studies is that the researchermay be sufficiently satisfied to submit immature or

incomplete initial findings as conclusion.3 .Aggregate case studiesThe reason behind this type of Case studies is to reduceboth time and cost being spent on new or repeated studiesby simply using the past studies for bettergeneralizations. 4 .Critical Instance case studiesThis type of Case studies is beneficial or valuable foranswering cause and effect questions by investigating oneor more sites with the aim of investigating an event ofspecial interest with no interest of generalization.

Conducting Case Studies1. Single or Multi-modal methodCase studies researchers make use of diversity of methodssuch as interview, fieldwork and participant observation toacquire a complete picture to the participant.2 .Participant SelectionCase studies can utilize one participant, or small group ofparticipant from different sections of the society. Sometimes a concise case history is performed on theparticipant so as to furnish the researcher with a clearunderstanding on their participant and also intuitivenessas how their own personal information might influence theresult of the study.

Data CollectionTypesi Documentsii Archival recordsiii Interviewiv Participant Observationv Artifacts

Data AnalysisWhen the researcher must have collected the data from thegroup, he needs to analyze and interpret the data which canbe done in two ways namely 1 Holistically which infer conclusions based on text2. Coding

Characteristics of Case Studiesa Reliabilityb Interchangeability or movablec Validity or Provabilityd TrustworthinessSteps for conducting case studies researcha Establish research questionScientific research method should be used to examine theresearch questions. b Outline the protocol, plan of action and structure forthe case study This entails the formulating the aim andjustification for the case study Decision on how to collect the data such as reportcollection, library and Internet research, typology and soon Explain the total case and analyses the data inorderly manner c Develop the interviewProduce or prepare the interviewd Gather the data within a weekThe researcher should ensure that he has sufficient datafor his analysis. e Analyze the dataf Write the case study inform of a narrative

Introduction Explain the situation, define the key words, andmention the key players. Explain the research methods used and the outcome ofthe research Write a conclusion and researcher should make sure itcorrelates with the research questions and hypothesisg Proof reading the case studyh Publish the case study

Advantages of Case studies1. Flexibility

Case studies are flexible because the researcher is free tofind out and solve the problem as it arises in theirexperiment. The flexibility of Case studies permits the researcher tocommence the research with all-encompassing, wide questionsand restricted their focus as the experiment continue.

2. Stresses more on settingCase studies concentrate more on information based onspecific setting that can provide research outcomes in aclear picture. The emphasis will assist link the spacebetween abstract research and concrete practice .Weaknesses1. Underlying Subjectivity2. High Investment3. Ethical Consideration

6. SUSTAINING THE VALIDITY OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH1. Ability to listen: The research input should befurnished by the subjects while the researcher should takeresponsibility of interpreting the responses2. Record precisely: All records should be provided in the

mode or pattern of comprehensive notes, or video recording3. Institute writing early: The researcher should prepare adraft before going to the field. This will help him toconcentrate on data gathering that will be appropriate tothe exact research4. Incorporate the principal or main evidence in theconcluding report: Researcher should incorporate the mainevidence in the concluding report to permit the editorobserve the foundation on he inferred his conclusion5. Incorporate all evidence collected in the concludingreport: He is to ensure that all information areincorporated in the final report to enable the reader drawhis conclusion6. Be sincere and straightforward: The researcher shouldnot be biased7. Pursue feedback: The researcher should put in placefeedback mechanism to enable others make comments until thereport is precise and complete8. Endeavour to accomplish equity: The researcher shouldendeavour to accomplish equity between anticipatedimportance and substantial importance9. Write precisely: The validity of a good study can beendangered by incorrect spellings, grammatical errors,punctuations and so on.

7. JUDGMENT OF TRUTHFULNESS OR DEPENDABLE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Below are the standards for rating of Qualitative research:

Standards Qualitative researchAccurate value BelievabilityPesinency interchangeability Firmness Reliability

Disinterest VerifiableBlueprints to Base Truthfulnessor DependabilityBlueprint StandardInterchangeably Constitutional adherence

Suggested sample

characterizing Contrast between thestatistics

broken down by Segments of humanpopulations age, sex, income etc andsampleTime sampleHeavy characterization

Reliability methods Reliability checking Large characterization ofresearch Step-by-step or bit-by-bitduplicationTriangulationInvestigation of theassociatesEncryption- encryption

Verification ,

Verification checkTriangulation Reflectivity

8 ANALYSES OF QUALITATIVE DATA

Interpretive techniques

The acceptable analysis of qualitative data is observerimpression. Expert observers investigate the data by theway of making a belief and give account of their belief inan methodical form.

CodingCoding is an interpretive procedure that both coordinatesthe data and renders a way to suggest the interpretation ofit into certain quantitative methods. The analyst isrequired to read the data and delimitates sections withinit which can be done at various times of the duration ofthe process. After the completion of the coding, theaccount prepared by the analysis contains the resemblanceand dissimilarity in associated codes clear-cut originalsources, encapsulating the pervasiveness of codes andequating connection between one or more codes.The qualitative data is extremely methodical, typicallycoded that is absent of extra sectioning of the content.The present-day qualitative data analyses are in someoccasions backed by computer programs, called ComputerAssisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software. The purpose ofthis software is to increase the analyst's adeptness atdata storage, retrieval and put into use of the codes tothe data. It also effective in refining, reviewing thecoding, which permit for sharing of work, associaterevising and repeated examination data.

Recursive abstractionRecursive abstraction is a method whereby datasets areencapsulated and further re-encapsulated and so on. Thefinal result is a compressed encapsulate which would havebeen hard to precisely distinguish if the leading steps ofdistilment is absent

A common assessment or comment of recursive abstraction isthat the end completion are of various times got rid offrom the fundamental data. The quantitative analyst reactto this comment or judgment by using coding method, givenexamples from the data where statements were admitted, andwhere statements were barred from the immediate encapsulateand documenting the argument behind each recap.

Mechanical techniquesMore or less techniques depend on utilizing computers toscan and cut down large sets of qualitative data. At themost fundamental level, mechanical system depend onphrases, words counting and concurrences of token withinthe data mostly referred to as content analysis and the endproduct from these systems are conformable to manysophisticated statistical analysisMechanical procedure is used where the datasets are too bigfor human to analyze effective and is not cost effectivecompared to the important information it contained. Anotherway mechanical system is useful is when the chief value ofa datasets is the degree of how it contains either “redflags"or"green flags"A common assessment or judgment of mechanical techniquesthat there is no human interpreter. The analyst react tothis by showing the important of their methods in relationto either employing and educating the human team on how toanalyze the data or by not touching the data leaving theactive gems unnoticed.

9 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCHAdvantages1. It allows flexibility in the sense that research can

change or rearrange his field research design at any pointin time. 2. It is cost effective when compared with other socialscientific research in terms of staff and expensiveequipment required3. It helps the researcher to have deep understanding ofthe respondents especially when studying the affectivedomain of the respondents.

Disadvantages1. Qualitative research is not suitable for getting at thestatistical descriptions when dealing with largepopulations2. Qualitative research is not reliable because personalbias from the researcher3. It is time consuming4. It involves transliterate large amount of data5. It is hard to code the data6 It cannot be used for generalizations7. It is hard to measure

CONCLUSION

The paper covers the following areas: definitions,characteristics, methods of data collection methods ofqualitative research, sustaining the validity ofqualitative research, judgments of truthfulness, ordependable qualitative research, analyzes of qualitativedata, advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research.Qualitative research is about digging into matters,understanding, and developments, responding to questions,by examining and determining and making sense ofunstructured data

Qualitative research is mainly exploratory utilize to earnunderstanding of fundamental reasons, impressions, andmotivations. It furnishes perceptivenesses into theproblems or assists to originate thoughts or hypotheses forpossible qualitative research.Qualitative research has the power to investigate orexamine into reactions and answers from the participants..The researcher can obtain information not expected by theresearcher

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