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Priests and the Jewish People at the Time of the Holocaust Reflections in Light of the Newest Research

Heroism Amid Terror

The Marzheuser Lecture, Cincinnati, OH, November 24, 2014

Fr. Paweł Rytel-Andrianik

University of Oxford/PUSC (www.pusc.it) email: x.rytel@gmail.com; tweeter: @xrytel

The whole lecture can be watched on St. James Project Platform: http://stjamesproject.org/2014/11/25/2014-marzheuser-lecture-video/ One may ask: Has not enough been written about the Holocaust? When you type the word “Holocaust” into amazon.com you see that there are 30,550 hits for book results, movies, and other resources on the subject. Therefore, people sometimes assume that we know everything or almost everything about the Holocaust. It is argued in this lecture that such an assumption is mistaken, and there are many areas of Holocaust studies that should be developed for a holistic and proper education.

To this end, an image may be helpful. It is widely known that Swiss cheese has holes (or gaps) which are known as “eyes.” If there are many holes – or “eyes,” it means that it is a good cheese. Swiss cheese without these “eyes” is called “blind.” In scholarship, it is precisely the other way around. If there is a topic of research with these so called “eyes,” or gaps in our knowledge, people who follow this scholarship are “blind,” and they can make wrong assumptions.

This Lecture The Marzheuser Lecture has the goal to fill one of the gaps in the Holocaust studies, which is the relationship between Priests and the Jewish People at the time of the Holocaust. In order to proceed in a clear way, the lecture is divided in three parts, namely:

1) Priests and the Jewish People; 2) Bishops and the Jewish People; 3) Pope Pius XII and the Jewish People. This research is based on about 17,000 interviews; 10,000 pages of documents; extensive research in archives, libraries, and museums, especially in the Yad Vashem Institute in Jerusalem, which is a center for Holocaust studies. About 70 percent of the collected material was never published in English.1

1 The material is collected in the Righteous for the World Foundation Archive (RFWA) in Poland.

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1. Priests and the Jewish People at the time of the Holocaust

The focus of this research is the territory of German occupied Poland, because before the Second World War the largest Jewish Community in the world was in this country. Let’s look at some statistics to get the whole picture: According to the United States Holocaust Museum in Washington, approximately 9.5 million Jewish people lived in Europe in 1933. This was about 1.7% of the total European population and 60 percent of the world’s Jewish population at that time, which was estimated at 15.3 million. About 3,000,000 Jewish People were in Poland, and 2,500,000 were in the European part of the Soviet Union. Jewish life was flourishing in Poland and Eastern Europe up to the very beginning of the Second World War, when the German Nazis first began to discriminate against the Jewish people and then proceeded to exterminate them in a cruel plan called “Aktion Reinhard,” named after Reinhard Heydrich, one of the German Nazi officers (1904-1942). At the same time, the Poles were also victims of the German Nazis. It is not widely known that in Second World War about 3,000,000 Polish Jews and about 3,000,000 Polish Christians, mainly Catholics, were killed. According to the Yad Vashem Institute in Jerusalem, about 6,000,000 Jewish People were killed throughout all the German occupied countries. Most of them were sent to the extermination camps in German occupied Poland such as Treblinka, Auschwitz, Bełżec, Sobibór and others. In addition, entire Jewish communities were shot just outside the places they had been living for centuries. According to the Nazi rules, the German occupied Poland was the only country where providing help to the Jewish People was punishable by death, not only to the person who helped, but also to members of their family. In the area of Treblinka alone, where I come from, five people were killed just for giving a piece of bread to the Jews, almost 40 other people were shot or sent to the extermination camps for providing shelter to them.2 Very rarely will you see a picture that documents this, but recently, almost 70 years after the Second World War, a photo was discovered that was taken just after the extermination of more than 20 Poles for sheltering Jewish People. The picture was taken in Cegłow-Cisie, about 50 miles East of Warsaw.3

2 P. Rytel-Andrianik, “Polacy z okolic Treblinki zamordowani za pomoc Żydom,” [Poles from the Area of Treblinka Killed for Helping Jews] 167-172. 3 W. Bartoszewski, Z. Lewinówna, Ten jest z Ojczyzny mojej [He Is from My Homeland] 624-625; E. Kopówka, P. Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki (Iz 56,5) [I Will Give Them an Everlasting Name] 128-129, 164-166.

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Poles killed for helping the Jewish People (Cisie, East of Warsaw). Photo Credit: Private Archive Similar situations were abundant in Poland and they show the true history of the Holocaust, which can be described with a word from the title of this lecture, namely… Horror. Sometimes people say that it was hell on earth. In such a difficult and dangerous situation there were many unknown heroes, who amid the Horror risked their lives and lives of their families to save the Jewish People. One of the most important Jewish historians of our time, prof. Anthony Polonsky wrote the introduction of a book entitled: “I Will Give Them an Everlasting Name” (Is 56:5): Poles Saving Jews in the Area of Treblinka”:

Around 40-60,000 Jews survived thanks to Polish assistance. It took more than one Pole to save a Jewish person. “This gives a figure of between 160,000 and 360,000 Poles who, at the risk of their own lives and those of their families, helped rescue Jews.”4

Among the people who risked their lives to save the Jewish People were many priests. According to the statistics, in 1939 about 16,000 priests were in Poland. During the Second World War 4,000 priest were imprisoned in various extermination camps. Thus, in various parishes remained about 12,000 priests. Now is the crucial question: Were they involved in helping the Jewish People? Did some of the Catholic priests risk their lives to save Jewish lives, despite difference of religion and nationality? I remember a similar question asked by a teacher in one of the Israeli schools in Modi’in, Israel

4 A. Polonsky, “Próba podziękowania,” [An Attempt to Thank] 10.

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where I was invited to speak about the Holocaust for a group of young people who were going to visit the extermination camps in Poland. This teacher asked: Would you risk your own life and the lives of your children or spouses to save other people in danger? We can ask ourselves the same question now in Cincinnati, OH more than 70 years after the Holocaust: Would I risk my life and the lives of loved ones to save other people in danger? There was silence in the Israeli school, but the teacher was not waiting for an answer at that very time. He wanted to indicate those who actually did risk their lives. They were heroes! They were saints! In terms of the Catholic priests, after reading miles of the documents and books as well as listening more than 300,000 min. of interviews, the group of researchers, which I coordinate, came to the conclusion that in Poland about 1,000 Catholic priests risked their lives in order to save the Jewish People. Moreover, there is a list of 368 female religious convents, where the Polish Jews found their home at the time of the Holocaust or received other help. We count that in every convent there were at least five nuns, totaling more than 1,500 nuns involved in saving lives, mainly the lives of children. Now, there is the question of how a Catholic priest could have helped in time when everything must be done in absolute secrecy and when a priest in a parish was wearing a cassock every day, so it was extremely difficult for a priest to do something that was not noticed. Moreover, a priest was a widely known public figure, so even without a cassock people could easily notice that he was a priest. In order to answer this question and to see how the Jewish people remember the Catholic Priests at the time of the Holocaust, our team of researchers (eight in total) worked almost two months – July and August 2014 in the archive in Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, which is the world center for Holocaust studies.5 Now, let me share with you the newest results of this research. Our group found 115 testimonies of the Holocaust survivors in which a Catholic priest was mentioned. Actually, all of us were surprised and edified at the same time. In 114 cases Jewish people spoke very positively about the Roman Catholic priests, as people who risked their own lives to help them. They describe all sorts of ways in which they received help. Only one testimony is ambiguous, namely, the one in which Germans used to visit a local priest and he did not refuse to receive them the day after they destroyed the Jewish Community in that place. However, we do not know if he had the contact with the Jews or not. So almost all the testimonies of the Jewish survivors are very positive, and they describe the help received. In some cases we have very inspiring and surprising pictures. In one of the testimonies Alicja Heiler describes the story regarding her brother, Dr. Stefan Stiefel from Krosno (southern part of Poland), who received help from Fr. Chodorski, from the national Catholic Church. She writes that Fr. Chodorski not only agreed to give him shelter, but also sent

5 For the summary of the research see: RFWA, A. Dąbek, Człowieczeństwo w czasie Holocaustu [Humanity at the Time of the Holocaust].

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him his priestly cassock, which helped him to leave the city and escape into one of the villages. She writes:

“And so, my brother in the bright day, at noon, left Krosno wearing a cassock in the company of Jadwiga Niepokoj and other known person called Cichocka. When they were walking on the street women approached my brother – and according to the custom – kissed his hand. It did not even come to their mind who was this “priest.” In the village is a tradition that a new priest celebrates a Mass. Fr. Chodorkowski had to find an excuse to save my brother and himself from this problematic situation. He said that my brother is a refugee from the Poznan area, who suffers some kind of nervous instability as a result of German repressions. They did not even think: who was this priest? My brother stayed with Chodorski certain time and than, with Aryan documents left for Krakow.”6

Dr. Stefan Stiefel survived the Holocaust and lived in Austria.

This story has a happy ending, but not all of them finished like this. There is a list of about 30 Catholic priests who were killed for helping the Jewish people.7

One example is Fr. Adam Stark, a Jesuit from Słonim, Eastern Poland. He provided food

and money to Jews, issued false baptismal records, urged parishioners to help their Jewish neighbors and hid Jewish children in the convent. When the Germans were burning the ghetto and taking the Jewish people to shoot them, he was courageously collecting children on the streets of the ghetto. Fr. Sztark then sent the children to the convent of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, where the superior Sister Marta and Sister Ewa, a medical doctor, took care of them. Unfortunately, German Nazis found the Jewish children hidden under the roof of their convent. First, the Jewish children and then later Fr. Sztark and Sisters Marta and Ewa were killed on the 19th of December 1942 together with other people who were accused of sheltering Jewish people.8

We have the audio recording from one of the people from the area who testifies that Fr. Sztark was given a chance to escape. He could hide under a car, but he refused saying that he will offer his life with his people.9

The two sisters are now beatified by Pope John Paul II, and the beatification of Fr. Sztark is on the way, as an example of loving one’s neighbor to the end.

6 AYV, sygn. O.3/3421, Testimony of Alicji Heiler (Stiefel) 7-8. 7 RFWA, Lista księży zamordowanych za pomoc ludności żydowskiej [List of Catholic Priests Killed for Helping Jewish People]. 8 E. Kopówka, P. Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki (Iz 56,5) 453, 457, 459. 9 RFWA, sygn. 130607_001, Testimony of Irena Korgul; RFWA, sygn. 130608_001 and sygn. 130608_002, Testimony of Zofia Brancewicz; RFWA, sygn. 130608_003, Testimony of Janina Bućko.

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Fr. Adam Sztark with his father and brother. Photo Credit: Private Archive Now let me share with you something very personal. I lived in Israel about 5 years and

I have had the chance to know many Jewish people and institutions (among them Hebrew Union College, where I studied Hebrew). In particular, I become close to the Jewish Community that comes from my area of Poland. Every year I was invited to participate in their annual meeting. The first time I went there I spoke about the book I wrote with the director of the Treblinka Museum, entitled: “I will give them an everlasting name.” (Is 56:5): Poles saving Jews in the area of Treblinka. When I was speaking about the role of the Catholic priests in saving the prisoners who escaped Treblinka, one of the women, actually a chairperson responsible for this group asked:

- Father, may I interrupt. - Absolutely, please do. - I just wanted to confess, that my life was saved by a priest. - How come? - And she said: We were hidden by one family in the place called Morze.

When the situation was very dangerous for this family the woman went to see the priest and asked what to do. The priest answered: “They are innocent people! If you can, keep them!” The woman came back and referred what the priest advised and they decided to keep us to the end of the war. In this way, my life was saved – said Hana Broder from Tel Aviv.

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Chana Broder. Photo Credit : Private Archive

Fr. Jan Auder. Photo Credit: Diocese of Drohiczyn Archive

This story opened my eyes to one thing. I was actually a parochial vicar in this parish, and I know very well where the village Morze is, where she was sheltered. I know many stories about the pastor at that time, Fr. Jan Auder, but I did not know that he saved her life. I had to go to Tel Aviv to learn about a pastor of my small parish in Eastern Poland.10 Moreover, this story shows that sometimes the Jewish people did not even see even person who helped them. Obviously this was not the only case where the people who were sheltering the Jewish people were encouraged to do so by their priests. If somebody knows the reality in Poland at the time of the Second World War, they realize that many times people were asking priests for advice in such cases, and thanks to the authority of the priests, many Jewish lives were saved.

10 See also account of H. Seroszko (Blumsztajn), קריסטן הָאבן מיך רעגאַ טעוועט [Christians Saved Me] 400-404.

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3. Bishops and the Jewish People at the time of the Holocaust

Bishop Karol Niemira. Photo Credit: Diocese of Drohiczyn Archive

In 1939, there were 21 Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland. Seven remained without diocesan bishops, who were murdered (Diocese of Płock), lived in exile (dioceses of Gniezno, Poznań and Włocław), were interned (Diocese of Lublin), were expelled from the diocese (Diocese of Katowice), or were forced to leave their diocese (Diocese of Pińsk). Thirteen out of the remaining fourteen diocesan bishops or diocese administrators were involved in helping the Jewish population. The activity of the one remaining is being researched.11

Just to give you some examples:

Diocese of Czestochowa – Bishop Teodor Kubina Upon his arrival in Czestochowa in 1925, Kubina became friends with the local Rabbi

Nachum Asz. During the war he encouraged priests to issue forged Christian birth certificates to Jews and to find shelter for them. According to the Bishop’s instruction, this involvement of priests and laics was effective. Jews in Czestochowa were concealed in the convents of: Albertine Sisters, Magdalene Sisters, Sisters of Nazareth, Oblation Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Sisters of the Reparation of the Holy Face, Good Shepherd Sisters, Sister Servants of Mary Immaculate (starowiejskie), Ursulines of the Roman Union, Sisters of the Resurrection, and others. Similarly, the Order of Saint Paul and Salesians of Don Bosco sheltered Jews. The granddaughter of Rabbi Asz (now Elizabeth Zielińska-Mundlak) had been concealed in one of the convent kindergartens.

11 For more information cf. P. Rytel-Andrianik, “Biskupi ratujący Żydów, czyli lista z piuską,” [Bishops Saving Jews, So to Say the List with the Zucchetto] 21-23.

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Archdiocese of Lviv – Archbishop Bolesław Twardowski According to the testimony of Fr. Mieczyslaw Marszalik, secretary to Archbishop

Twardowski, the four-member Jewish, baptized family of Doctor Artur Władyslaw Elmer was concealed at the archbishop’s home for two years. Unfortunately, Elmer’s son was stopped on the street by the Gestapo on August 8, 1943, and after being tortured he disclosed their hiding place. The whole family was killed and Archbishop was being more frequently controlled.

Apart from the above-mentioned diocesan bishops and diocese administrators there were other bishops who, staying outside their dioceses, engaged themselves in helping the Jewish population. Karol Radoński, Bishop of Włocławek, for example, condemned German atrocities against Jews in his speech on December 14, 1942, on the London radio. He said: “The murders committed openly on Jews in Poland midst the blustering and jibes of the executioners and their vassals must evoke horror and disgust in the entire civilized world. (…) As a Polish bishop I condemn with all certainty the crime committed in Poland on the Jewish population.”12 Karol Niemira, auxiliary Bishop of Pińsk, staying at St. Augustine parish in Warsaw (at the ghetto border) helped over hundred people, mostly Jewish children.

The only bishop who is under investigation is Bishop Maria Splett who, being German in nationality, was appointed as temporary administrator of the neighboring Diocese of Chełmno due to the extremely hard situation there. The main charge against him was his subordination to Nazi authorities. When Germans issued the regulation of October 1939 commanding the use of the German language in churches, Bishop Splett repeated the order. This was met with overwhelming criticism of Cardinal Luigi Maglione, the Vatican Secretary of State, who ordered him to withdraw the regulation in the letter of November 12, 1940. Bishop Splett explained later that he had introduced it after Gestapo arrested six priests hearing confessions in Polish.

In terms of Bishops being involved in saving the Jews, it would be naïve to think that thay

did not know what their priests are doing in terms, for instance, of issuing false baptism certificates, which served as identity cards, called Kenkarte. At the same time it would be naïve to think that priests did such things without oral permission from their bishops.

Pope Pius XII and the Jewish People As we know, sometimes people accuse him of being silent during the Holocaust. Personally I think that Pope Francis gave the best answer, in a very frank and open way. In an interview done in Israel during his visit to the Holy Land, he said to the “La Vanguardia” newspaper (published on June 13, 2014):

“They have said all sorts of things about poor Pius XII. But we need to remember that before he was seen as the great defender of the Jews. He hid many in convents in Rome and in other Italian cities, and also in the residence of Castel Gandolfo. Forty-two babies, children of Jews and other persecuted who sought refuge there were born there, in the

12 M. Paul, Wartime Rescue of Jews by the Polish Catholc Clergy. The Testimony of Survivors (Toronto, 2014) 13. This book can be downloaded from: http://www.kpk-toronto.org/archives/clergy_recue_kpk.pdf.

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Pope’s room, in his own bed. I don’t want to say that Pius XII did not make any mistakes – I myself make many – but one needs to see his role in the context of the time. For example, was it better for him not to speak so that more Jews would not be killed or for him to speak? I also want to say that sometimes I get “existential hives” when I see that everyone takes it out against the Church and Pius XII, and they forget the great powers. Did you know that they knew the rail network of the Nazis perfectly well to take the Jews to concentration camps? They had the pictures. But they did not bomb those railroad tracks. Why?” – asked Pope Francis.

In past years scholars made significant progress in the study of the case of Pius XII, to the point that the exposition regarding this pope in the Yad Vashem Museum has changed from being negative and accusing him for being silent to a more balanced statement. That research is in process and the truth will be known after the Vatican archive becomes available to scholars, which is, actually, the will of Pope Francis. When Pope John Paul II was asked about the attitude of Pope Pius XII to the Jewish Community he answered: “Read Blett” – which means: read the documents of the Holy See published by a renowned Church Historian and Jesuit who spent many years in the Vatican Archives – Fr. Pierre Blett, a Jesuit. A large part of the document is already available online in the collection of Acts and Documents of the Holy See Relative to the Second World War. You can find this online at the address: http://www.vatican.va/archive/actes/index_en.htm These documents show clearly the efforts of the Holy See to save Jewish lives. At this point is should be mentioned that in the whole of Europe 80% of the Jewish people were killed, but in Italy it was the opposite: about 80% were saved, and many of them in the Catholic convents and seminaries. Many religious houses were opened to the Jewish People because of the informal, oral encouragement coming from the Holy See.13 I had a chance to read Blett, which means these documents regarding Jewish People and Pope Pius XII, and it became clear that many diplomats advised Pius XII not to make a public statement, because it would do much harm to the Jewish people sheltered in the Catholic Convents as well as to the priests and nuns who were sheltering them. One of the examples how it worked is the case of the Dutch Bishops, who made a public statement read in all the churches on July 20, 1942, condemning Nazi racism. As a reaction to this statement, on 7 August, the Nazis deported 987 Jews to the Auschwitz concentration camp, among them Sister Edith Stein and her sister.

13 Cf. P.E. Lapide, The Last Three Popes and the Jews, 214.

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At the end we have to answer the question: Why did the priests help the Jewish people? Sometimes it was out of compassion or a feeling of moral duty. Other times it was a sign of human solidarity. Often it was a natural gesture, because at that time many people asked priests for help. It happened also that priests helped the Jewish people whom they knew from before the Holocaust. From the various testimonies we see clearly that very often priests helped for religious reasons. For instance, Fr. Jan Rębisz confessed in a letter sent to the Jewish Historical Commission why he helped a Jewish woman: “I know the danger for two of us, but the Christian thought of helping the other person was stronger.”14

Personally, I think that many priests were convinced that the Anti-Semitism is one of the greatest anti-Christian heresies. We cannot understand Christianity without Judaism. Pope Francis said “within every Christian there is a Jew,” and he specified in the interview mentioned above:

“Perhaps it would be more correct to say “you cannot live your Christianity, you cannot be a real Christian, if you do not recognize your Jewish roots.” I don’t speak of Jewish in the sense of the Semitic race but rather in the religious sense. I think that inter-religious dialogue needs to deepen in this, in Christianity’s Jewish roots and in the Christian flowering of Judaism. I understand it is a challenge, a hot potato, but it can be done as brothers. I pray the divine office every day with the Psalms of David. We do the 150 psalms in one week. My prayer is Jewish and I have the Eucharist, which is Christian.”

Conclusion

The newest research shows many unknown situations where Catholic priests risked their lives in order to save the Jewish People. This data point to the three conclusions:

1) about 1,000 Catholic priests in Poland risked their lives to save Jewish People during the Holocaust. Some of them were killed for such help.

2) Twelve out of the fourteen diocesan bishops or diocesan administrators were involved in helping the Jewish population in Poland. The activity of two remaining is being researched.

3) Catholic clergy’s action to save Jews was not sporadic; rather, it was typical of Catholic charity work during the Holocaust, which is still unknown, because priests did not look for recognitions and honors, but did this according to their Christian values.

In this lecture we spoke mainly about the Catholic priests, but there were also courageous nuns and Lay Catholics who risked their lives to save the Jewish people. Let us remember them all as they are heroes amid the horror of the Holocaust.

14 AYV, sygn. O.62/478, List nadesłany w marcu 1947 do Woj[ewódzkiej] Żyd[owskiej] Komisji Historycznej w Krakowie przez ks. Jana Rębisza, wieś Dołha, st. p. Międzyrzec Podl. koło Łukowa, [A letter sent in March 1947 to Voievodship Jewish Historical Commission in Cracow by Fr. Jan Rębisz, village Dołha, railway station Międzyrzec Podl. close to Łuków] 2.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archival documents

AYV –Yad Vashem Archive in Jerusalem

sygn. O.3/3421, Testimony of Alicji Heiler (Stiefel) 7-8.

sygn. O.62/478, List nadesłany w marcu 1947 do Woj[ewódzkiej] Żyd[owskiej] Komisji Historycznej w Krakowie przez ks. Jana Rębisza, wieś Dołha, st. p. Międzyrzec Podl. koło Łukowa, [A letter sent in March 1947 to Voievodship Jewish Historical Commission in Cracow by Fr. Jan Rębisz, village Dołha, railway station Międzyrzec Podl. close to Łuków], 2.

RFWA – Righteous for the World Foundation Archive in Poland.

sygn. 130607_001, Testimony of Irena Korgul.

sygn. 130608_001 and sygn. 130608_002, Testimony of Zofia Brancewicz.

sygn. 130608_003, Testimony of Janina Bućko.

Other documents

Dąbek, A., Człowieczeństwo w czasie Holocaustu. Postawy księży rzymskokatolickich wobec ludności żydowskiej w Polsce wg archiwum Yad Vashem w Jerozolimie [Humanity at the Time of the Holocaust. Attitude of the Roman Catholic Priests Towards Jewish People in Poland According to the Yad Vashem Archive], Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika. Wydział Teologiczny, II Teologiczno-Etnologiczna Konferencja Akademicka. Człowiek – Ciało i Duch, 26.09.2014 r.

Lista księży zamordowanych za pomoc ludności żydowskiej [List of Catholic Priests Killed for Helping Jewish People].

Publications

Bartoszewski, W., Lewinówna, Z., Ten jest z Ojczyzny mojej. Polacy z pomocą Żydom 1939-1945 [He Is from My Homeland. Poles helping Jews 1939-1945] (Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie ŻIH, 32007).

Kopówka, E., Rytel-Andrianik, P., Dam im imię na wieki (Iz 56,5). Polacy z okolic Treblinki ratujący Żydów [I Will Give Them an Everlasting Name (Is 56,5). Poles from the Area of Treblinka Rescuing Jews] (Biblioteka Drohiczyńska V; Treblinka-Oxford: Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2011).

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Lapide, P.E., The Last Three Popes and the Jews (London, 1967).

Paul, M., Wartime Rescue of Jews by the Polish Catholc Clergy. The Testimony of Survivors (Toronto, 2014). This book can be downloaded from: http://www.kpk-toronto.org/archives/clergy_recue_kpk.pdf.

Polonsky, A., “Próba podziękowania,” [An Attempt to Thank] in: E. Kopówka, P. Rytel-Andrianik, Dam im imię na wieki (Iz 56,5). Polacy z okolic Treblinki ratujący Żydów [I Will Give Them an Everlasting Name. Poles from the Area of Treblinka Rescuing Jews] (Biblioteka Drohiczyńska V; Treblinka-Oxford: Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2011) 10.

Rytel-Andrianik, P., “Biskupi ratujący Żydów, czyli lista z piuską,” [Bishops Saving Jews, so to say the List with the Zocchetto], wSieci Historii, 4/2014 [April 2014], 21-23.

Rytel-Andrianik, P., “Polacy z okolic Treblinki zamordowani za pomoc Żydom,” [Poles from the Area of Treblinka Killed for Helping Jews] in: E. Kopówka (ed.), Co wiemy o Treblince? Stan badań. What do We Know About Treblinka? The Current State of Research (Siedlce: Elpil, 2013) 167-172.

Seroszko (Blumsztajn), H., קריסטן הָאבן מיך רעגאַ טעוועט [Christians Saved Me] in D. Shtokfish (ed.), ,Tel Aviv) [The Book of Drohiczyna, Yizkor Book] .ספר דרוהיטשין .יזכור־בוך1969).

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