Prehistoric Geraki: work in progress (2005)

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Prehistoric Geraki: work in progress (2005) Author(s): Joost Crouwel Source: British School at Athens Studies, Vol. 16, SPARTA AND LACONIA: FROM PREHISTORY

TO PRE-MODERN (2009), pp. 67-76Published by: British School at AthensStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40960623Accessed: 01-07-2015 09:33 UTC

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7 Prehistoric Geraki: work in progress (2005)1

Joost Crouwel

The modern agricultural village of Geraki, which has long been known as the site of Geronthrai mentioned in ancient Greek inscriptions and texts, is situated 26 km SE of Sparta in the foothills of the Parnon mountains. The village is built against and around an imposing acropolis, whose wall of megalithic construction encloses an area of 240 x 160 m (fig. 7.1). The acropolis, with a highest point of 390 m, dominates the large fertile plain that slopes down to the Eurotas valley in the w.

Brief British excavations in 1905, and chance finds on the acropolis and elsewhere at Geraki, had already produced material ranging from the Early Bronze Age (EBA) to mediaeval and more recent times.2 Newly resumed investigations by the University of Amsterdam (since 1995) confirm and refine this picture, significantly increasing our understanding of Geraki 's place in the political and socio-economic configuration of Laconia and the wider Aegean world.3

The Dutch work, directed by the author and led in the field by Mieke Prent, started with an intensive on- site survey covering the whole of the acropolis and its adjoining slopes. This was followed by a season of trial excavations focusing on the summit and northern and northwestern slopes. The subsequent systematic excavations concentrate on an area in the northwestern part of the summit (our Field 17; FIG. 7.2).

The campaigns of intensive survey, excavation and study conducted so far have shown that habitation on the acropolis of Geraki began in the Final Neolithic (FN) and continued - albeit with significant interruptions, notably in the Mycenaean period - into the later first century BC and after.

This paper will be concerned with the prehistoric habitation. Our knowledge of prehistoric Laconia is in a state of flux. Until recently the only reasonably full site report was that of the limited investigations that were conducted during the Second World War at Kouphovouno near Sparta in the Eurotas valley.4 Now we have the detailed publications of the Laconia Survey5 and the Laconia Rural Site Project.6 These interdisciplinary surface surveys have revealed and studied sites dating from the FN onwards, in an area of c. 70 km2 E of Sparta and extending into Parnon. Final excavation reports concerning the Bronze Age and later occupation at Ayios Stephanos in the Helos plain and at the Menelaion ridge on the edge of the Eurotas valley are now forthcoming.7 In addition, much new

information is currently being gathered by systematic work in the Kouveleïki caves not far s of Geraki with their Late Neolithic (LN) to FN sequence,8 and at Kouphovouno near Sparta where occupation stretches from the Middle Neolithic and through the Bronze Age.9 At the latter site, as at Geraki, the resumed large- scale investigations expand and refine the earlier picture. Finally, important prehistoric remains are being saved by Greek rescue excavations at Sparta and elsewhere in Laconia.10

As stated above, human occupation of the acropolis of Geraki appears to have started in the FN. The limited evidence from that period consists mainly of pottery fragments, found during excavation of (un)disturbed pockets in bedrock fissures or of later fills and erosion layers in Field 17.11 Several pieces bear plastic decoration in the form of cordons, with and without finger-tipping, which may be arranged in patterns (fig. 7.3). This distinctive kind of decoration has good parallels among FN pottery from other sites in Laconia and elsewhere.12 In addition, among the many artefacts of Melian obsidian from the surface survey at Geraki some have been identified as of FN or LN date.13

l I am most grateful to A. Panayiotopoulou, Ephor of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities for Arcadia and Laconia, and her predecessor T. G. Spyropolous, for their continued help and support. The assistance and friendship of H. Zavvou and N. Themos (Sparta) is also gratefully acknowledged.

2 Wace et al 1904-05; Wace and Hasluck 1908-09, 163-4. 3 Crouwel et al 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,

2002, 2003, 2004. 4 Renard 1989. 5 Cavanagh et al 1996, 2002. 6 Cavanagh et al 2004. 7 Ed. note. See now: Taylourf and Janko 2008 (Ayios

Stephanos) and Catling, forthcoming (Bronze Age levels at the Menelaion); a volume presenting later material from the Menelaion is in preparation.

8 Kontaxi et al 1 989; Koumouzeli 1 989; Kaznesi and Katsarou 2003.

9 Chapter 5 of this volume. io Chapters 4 and 1 1 of this volume. 1 1 Crouwel et al 1998, 94, 2000, 44, 67, 2003, 7-8, 16-17. 12 Cavanagh 1996, 3, no. 3; Phelps 2004, 1 16. 13 Carter 1998, 111.



68 JOOSTCROUWEL

Fig. 7.1 (above). Geraki: acropolis, seen from w.

Fig. 7.2. Geraki: acropolis, position of test trenches and Field 1 7.



PREHISTORIC GERAKI: WORK IN PROGRESS 69

Fig. 7.3. Geraki: Final Neolithic pottery fragment (Inv. no. 4787/64).

Interestingly, the first occupation of Geraki seems to coincide with an increase in open-air and cave sites in marginal areas elsewhere in Laconia and in other parts of the Péloponnèse.14

The earliest architectural remains consist of a few modest house walls in Field 17, which have been difficult to trace due to substantial overlying structures of succeeding periods. Pottery associated with these early walls is quite scarce and cannot yet be dated more precisely than as belonging to Early Helladic (EH) I or an early phase of EH II.15 During excavation, pottery fragments possibly of similar date have also turned up at other places and usually just above bedrock.

Later in the EH II period, the summit of the acropolis must have housed a sizeable and thriving community. The intensive survey of 1 995-6 had already shown the wide spread of pottery and obsidian of this period over much of the summit of the acropolis, suggesting that all or a large part of it had been inhabited. Excavation since has added much evidence for the scale and importance of the EH II settlement.

A notable feature of Geraki at that time must have been its substantial defensive system. Built c. 2 m inwards from the existing acropolis wall, the enceinte consists of a massive, double-faced and rubble-filled wall.16 In trench 13q, between the N and s faces of this wall, a casemate room had been built which served largely as a storage space (fig. 7.4). 17 In it were found, still in situ, the lower parts of three large pithoi, one of them containing a substantial quantity of charred grass

pea (Lathyrus sativus L.).18 The fill around these pithoi contained many fragments of burnt clay bands, which once sealed the rims and covers of these pithoi, thus safeguarding their contents.19 Some of the clay band fragments preserved impressions of lentoid seals, suggesting some kind of administration. Other objects kept in the casemate room consisted of a so-called fruit-stand (fig. 7.7), a duck askos, smaller ceramic vessels such as bowls and saucers, and some obsidian and flint tools.20

In digging below the mainly Hellenistic structures in trenches 12/13r and 12p, remains of three sturdy, roughly N-S running walls were found which must have been part of one or two buildings directly S of the defensive system (FIG. 7.4). Further w, in trench 12k, the remains of a wall running in a S/SW direction, belonged to another such building (fig. 7.4). In addition, somewhat further to the SW, in trench Hi, below a corner in Hellenistic room 7, a small part of another storage room was discovered, but here less architecture seems to have been preserved.21 As in the casemate room, excavation here yielded the lower part of a large pithos in situ, burnt pulses22 and fragments of burnt clay bands, several of them again bearing seal impressions. (One of the six seal designs is illustrated in fig. 7.5). In addition, one clay fragment bore an imprint of finely woven linen (FIG. 7.6).23

It is clear that this inland community was far from isolated. Contacts with the ne part of the Péloponnèse must have been particularly close. One only has to peruse the recent exemplary publication of the EH II occupation at the coastal site of Lerna in that area24 to reach this conclusion. Geraki 's double fortification wall with its casemate room, while unparalleled in Laconia and most of Greece, strongly recalls the enceinte of Lerna III, phase C, which dates to late EH II. The defensive system of Lerna IIIC, which is preserved over a much greater length, was also built on a much larger scale, with towers and several casemate rooms. The latter provided much more space for human activity and contained a wider variety of pottery and tools, including millstones and pestles, as well as botanical remains and sealings. It may be noted that at both sites, at least one building was set directly against the inner

14 Cavanagh 1999; Johnson 1996a, 19966; Cavanagh and Crouwel2002, 121-8.

15 Crouwel et al 1997, 57, 2002, 67; Crouwel 1999, 150. 16 Chapter 24 of this volume. 17 MacVeagh Thorne 2000, 62^, 2001, 14-18, 2002, 5-24. 18 Cappers and Mulder 2002, 25-33. 19 MacVeagh Thorne 2000, 63, 2001, 15, 2002, 9. 20 Crouwel 2001, 25-6, 2002, 9-24, Carter 2002, 37-8. 21 Crouwel et al 1997, 58-62, 1998, 96-101. 22 Cappers 1998, 106-110. 23 Weingarten et al 1999; Weingarten 2000, 2004, 535^1;

Müller 2004, 43-8; Krzyszkowska 2005, 37, 44, 46. 24 Wiencke 2000.



70 JOOSTCROUWEL

Fig. 7.4. Geraki: plan of excavated area (2005). One square is 5 x 5 m.

Fig. 7.5. Geraki: Early Helladic II seal impression.

Fig. 7. 7. Geraki: casemate room, Early Helladic II 'fruit-stand' in Geraki ware (Inv. no. 1723/SF I).

Fig. 7.6. Geraki: imprint of woven linen of Early Helladic II.

Fig. 7.8. Geraki: Early Helladic II steatite pendant (Inv.no. 1104/SF3).



PREHISTORIC GERAKI: WORK IN PROGRESS 7 1

face of the enceinte, viz. Room CA of Lerna IIIC and the buildings indicated by wall remains at Geraki.

Other finds from Geraki, such as the numerous sealing fragments - the first EH II ones discovered in Laconia - and a finely carved and incised stone pendant (fig. 7.8),25 also have counterparts in the north- east Péloponnèse. Several of the designs on the sealings recall similar finds from Lerna IIIC and HID, where the use of seals for administrative purposes similarly extended to more than one building at the time. The use of seals is of course also documented at other contemporary sites in the NE Péloponnèse and elsewhere in the Aegean world.26 Most of the EH II pottery of fine and medium coarse ware from Geraki comes in shapes and surface treatment that are akin to those from other sites in Laconia and elsewhere, including Lerna IIIC. The fine-ware shapes include saucers and sauceboats, their surfaces usually Light Painted (formerly sometimes called Yellow Mottled), whereas the medium-coarse pottery is mostly Dark Painted (in the past called Urfirnis).27 These and other correspondences confirm the remarkable degree of homogeneity which has been observed in the material record throughout the Péloponnèse in EH II, and which extends to central mainland Greece and the adjacent islands.28

On the other hand, much of the coarse- ware pottery of EH II Geraki, with its distinctive plastic decoration of patterned 'ridges', at present appears to be a local phenomenon (fig. 7.6, showing the 'fruit-stand' from the casemate room).29 This so-called Geraki Ware may have antecedents in EH I Laconia, as suggested by finds from a recent rescue excavation near Anthochori in the Eurotas valley.30

Study of the pottery and stratigraphy suggests that Geraki, like Lerna IIIC and other sites in the NE Péloponnèse, was afflicted by widespread fire destruction in late EH II.31 Interestingly, in Area II the eroding mudbrick from the upper structure of the fortification wall has yielded a finely carved and finished miniature vessel of serpentine (fig. 7.9), probably an import from Prepalatial Crete.32 If so, this would be the earliest Minoan stone vessel so far found in mainland Greece. The example from inland Geraki may well have arrived via the island of Kythera, which had contacts with both Prepalatial Crete and the EH mainland.33

After the devastating fire destruction the site seems to have been abandoned for quite some time, judging from both the lack of immediate overbuilding and the severe erosion of the EH II remains. Reoccupation appears to have come in the Middle Helladic (MH) period. While MH ceramics are abundantly present, pottery which would belong exclusively to EH III is notably absent. Some coarse-ware fragments with roughly incised decoration may well have belonged to a well-known type of wide-mouthed jar with one vertical strap handle.34 At Lerna such incised vessels

2 Fig. 7.9. Geraki: Prepalatial Minoan miniature vessel of serpentine (Inv. no. 7029/SF 1).

first appear in levels belonging to EH III (Lerna IV) and then continue into early MH (Lerna V). At other sites in the Péloponnèse and central Greece they are usually found together with diagnostically MH pottery.35 A similar case is presented by the few shaft- hole axes that have turned up out of context in excavation and survey at Geraki.36 At other sites, such axes have been attributed to both EH III and MH.37

25 Crouwel 1999. 26 Most recently. Krzvszkowska 2005. chanter 3. 27 Crouwel 2002, 20-1. 28 See inter alia Kutter 1993; Renard 1995; Maran 1998; Alram-

Stern 2004. 29 Crouwel 2002, 100-01. 30 For the excavation, see Zavvou in Chapter 4. I am most

grateful to her for showing me this and other material from her various excavations.

3 1 One of these sites is Petri near Nemea in the Corinthia, where, as at Geraki, recent excavations have produced many (jar) sealings; see Kostoula 2000; Alram-Stern 2004, 1135-53; Krzyszkowska 2005, 37, 44.

32 Warren 1 969, 72-4, type 4 ('miniature goblet'). I am grateful to him as well as to A. Bevan and D. Evely for their expert comments on the new find from Geraki.

33 Rutter and Zerner 1984, 75-7; Broodbank 1999, 211-12. 34 Crouwel et al. 200 1 , 27-8, pl. XIV 35 Rutter 1995, 442-5, 632-4; Zerner 1978, 188-9. 36 Crouwel et al 1996, 103, pl. IV, 2000, 57, pl. X. 37 Forsén 1992, 227-32; Carter and Ydo 1996, 172, 174 no. 1 e.



72 JOOSTCROUWEL

Elsewhere in Laconia several EH II sites, including Ayios Stephanos, also show signs of occupation in MH, but not in EH III; yet others seem to be new in MH. In actual fact, remains of EH III seem to be absent altogether from Laconia. This may indicate a real gap in occupation.38 Alternatively, the EH II culture may have survived here longer than in the central and NE Péloponnèse.39 At Geraki at any rate, the results of the excavations so far suggest a real hiatus in habitation.

Architectural remains of MH date are far fewer than those of the EH II period, but there are signs of a partial rebuilding of the enceinte as well as remnants of other walls.40 In addition, during the British trial excavations of 1 905, three MH cist graves were discovered, of which the exact location on the summit of the acropolis is no longer known. Only one of these tombs was reported to have had grave goods: two small pots and a decorated bronze pin, now on display in Sparta Museum (FIG.

Fig. 7.10. Middle Helladic tomb group (after Kilian-Dirlmeier 1984, pl. 116, 1-3).

7.10).41 In 2004, the Dutch excavations discovered another such grave in trench 131, which had been dug into the eroded mudbrick of the EH II defensive system (FIG. 7. 1 1). The tomb was roughly rectangular in shape and contained one human skeleton, lying on its side in a contracted position. While one end of the tomb had partially eroded due to the gradual collapse of the earlier external fortification wall, the skeleton itself (of an adult male) was largely left intact. A bone pin may have been the sole burial gift. Nothing remained of the covering slabs that are part of MH cist graves at other sites in Laconia and elsewhere.42

When the tomb was dug in MH times, it had destroyed the skull of a sow whose body had been placed in a shallow pit, which had similarly been dug into the decomposed mudbrick of the EH II enceinte. Apart from the skull, the sow skeleton was found intact.43

Besides the bone pin and several obsidian hollow points of distinct MH type,44 the artefacts of this period found in the Dutch investigations consist of masses of potsherds. Unfortunately, the material is highly fragmentary and was not found in situ. Instead, the pottery, along with animal bones, mostly comes from mixed fills that were laid out during later building activities.

The pottery is mostly of coarse, probably local, fabrics and usually very hard to date within the MH period.45 At the same time, several pieces of well- known classes like Dark Burnished,46 sometimes with the characteristic incised festoons, and Lustrous Decorated are attested.47 All in all, despite the lack of stratigraphy, early, middle and late MH seem to be represented, suggesting continuous habitation. There are also Minoanising sherds, with counterparts in the area of the Laconia Survey and, in sizeable quantity, at the then coastal site of Ayios Stephanos.48 A Cretan connection is also indicated by a fragment from a small

38 Cavanagh and Crouwel 2002, 130, 136-7. 39 Rutter 2001, 123; Boyd 2002, 2. 40 MacVeagh Thome 2000, 64-5, 2001, 18-21, 2002, 8-9;

Crouwel et al 1997, 68-9, 2000, 68. 41 Wace 1 909-1 0; Cavanagh and Mee 1 998, 36, no. 1 1 7; Boyd

2002, no. 54; Kilian-Dirlmeier 1984, 48-9, s.v. no. 103. 42 Cavanagh and Mee 1 998, 26-3 1 , 36-7; Boyd 2002, chapters

5-8. 43 We may have here the first instance of a sow burial in Greece .

The animal was identified as a pregnant sow by H. Buitenhuis. 44 Carter 1998, 114,2002,39. 45 Crouwel et al. 2000, 53, pl. VII, 2003, 18-19, pl. XIII. 46 Crouwel et al. 2000, pl. VII, centre of top row. 47 Zerner 1993; Cavanagh and Crouwel 1996, 17-2ó. 48 Cavanagh and Crouwel 1996, 20, 26, 2002, 141; Rutter and

Rutter 1976, 10-12, 63-5; Rutter and Zerner 1984, 77, 79, Appendix III.B.5.




Fig. 7.11. Geraki: Middle Helladic cist grave.

J Fig. 7.12. Geraki: Middle Helladic pottery fragment (Inv. no. 6085/2).

>£ ^f-QOOQ O OOOOOOOOÜQ nO O QQOqÕÕOq OnOOon

F/g. 7.73. ̂yios Stephanos: Middle Helladic cup (after Taylour 1972, 215, fig. 7).

vessel of medium fine fabric; its well smoothed surface carries incised decoration (fig. 7.12). Shape and decoration bring to mind a small, almost cylindrical cup from a MH cist grave at Ay ios Stephanos (fig. 7.13).49 The shape of the cup from Ayios Stephanos, which has been dated late in the MH sequence at the site, clearly reveals influences from Minoan stone vessels of the Second Palaces.50 These influences may well have been transmitted via Kythera, which at that time had probably been colonised by Minoans. At the same time, the surface treatment of the pottery cup from Ayios Stephanos and its fragmentary counterpart from Geraki seems Laconian.

The acropolis was once again abandoned, this time at the transition between MH and LH, again allowing its constructions to collapse and erode. Such a date is suggested, for instance, by the small painted cup with one horizontal handle rising from the rim that belonged to the burial gifts in one of the cist graves found in 1905 (FIG. 7.10).51 This cup has close parallels in the NE Péloponnèse which have sometimes been attributed to LH I.52 Important evidence for dating the

abandonment of Geraki may also be provided by a pottery fragment from a Dutch test trench on the summit of the acropolis above Field 17 (fig. 7.14). Its fabric and painted decoration suggest that the fragment belonged to an imported closed vessel of LM IA Crete.

The lack of diagnostically Mycenaean finds from the acropolis of Geraki comes as a great surprise,53 in the light of the many settlements and funerary establishments of that period known from different parts of Laconia.54 The acropolis wall of Geraki, still visible today, has often been regarded as Mycenaean

49 Taylour 1972, 215-16, no. HS 17, from Area A, burial 23. 50 Rutter 1979. 51 Wace 1909-10, 75, fig. 3. 52 Dietz 1 99 1 , 1 59, fig. 48, AB7( 1 ). 53 A Mycenaean alabastron and other potsherds of that period

have reportedly been found in a cave at Geraki: see Efstratiou- Manolakou in Chapter 2 of this volume.

54 Cavanagh 1995; Cavanagh and Crouwel 2002, 143-50.



74 JOOSTCROUWEL

Fig. 7.14. Gerald: Late Minoan IA (?) pottery fragment (Inv. no. 1357/6).

on the grounds of its megalithic construction, but the current work makes a Hellenistic date appear likely.55

After an apparently long gap, human activity at the acropolis is again firmly attested from the Protogeometric period onwards, the earliest scattered pottery fragments being indistinguishable from those from the Amyklaion site near Sparta.56

55 See Prent and MacVeagh Thorne in Chapter 24 of this volume. 56 Crouwel et al 1997, 69, pl. XI ; 2000, 69.

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Prehistoric Geraki: work in progress (2005)

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