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NON NOK THA

THE HUMAN SKELETAL REMA1NS FROM THE 1966

EXCAVAT工ONS AT NON NOK THA , NORTHEASTERN THA1LAND

Michae1 Pietrusewsky

VOLUME 6

Otago University Studies

ln

prehistoric Anthropo1ogy

f ~

Former Vo1umes:

l

2

3

4

5

。

B.F. Leach - The cdncept of Simi1arity in Prehistoric Studies.

H.M. Leach - Subsistence Patterns in prehistoric New Zea1and.

J. 工. Kennedy - Sett1ement ih the S.E. Bay of 1s 工ands ， 1772.

D.T. Bayard - Non Nok Tha. The 1968 Excavation: procedure Stratigraphy and a Summary of the Evidence.

P.J.F. c.outts .and M. Jurisich - .An Archaeo1ogica1 Survey 。f Ruapuke 1s1and , New Zea1and.

University of Otago , Department of Anthropo1ogy. This book is copyright in a11 countries

subscribing to the Berne Convention 1974

Cover . design by Peter Duncan

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgements. • • • • • . • . . • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . . • • • • • • 工ntroduction. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Methods • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Cleaning , reconstruction , cataloguing........~.. A.ge determination........~....................... Sex deterrnination............................... Osteornetry and rnorphological observations....... Analysis of data................................

Burial Descriptions & Surnrnary of Vital Statistics..~~ Burial .Descriptions. . • • • • • • . ,. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ..-. Age and Sex distribution........................ Life tables..............................r......

Craniometry. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • Skull Morphology.....................................

F acìal region................ lI! • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Basal region;................................. 一­Vault............ Lateral Aspect........ ~ • • • . . • • . • Mandible. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • •

DentalObservations..........;. . ..................... Dental morpho logy. • • • • • • •..• • •.• . • • . . • . • • • • • • • • . . . . Dental pathology......... ~ • • . . • . • . . . • . . • • . • ,. • • • •

工nfracranial Measurernents............................ 工nfracranial Morphology..............................

Vertebral col1lItlIl................................ Long' bone 'morpholegy. • • • • • • • • • . . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • •

Palaeopathology....~.... 三. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Degenerative changes (osteoarthritis)........... Evidehce of infectious diseases................. Por~tic hyperos tos is • • • • . • . • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • . . . • • .

Comparisons. • . '. . • • • • • • • • ... ;. . • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • •.• • • . • • • • • Samp le. • . • . • • • • . . . • • • • . . • • • • • • . • • . . . • . • • • • • • • . • • Application of distance statistics to cranial measurements. • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • . . . • . Application of distance statistics ~o crania工morphology. • • • . • • • • . . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • . • . .• 29 Final observations and conclusions.............. 30

Bibliography.. . . • • . • • • • • . • . . . • • • • . • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • . • . • 114 Appendices

A Burial Descriptions B Craniometry. . . • • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • . • . • • • • • . . . • . C Skull Morpho logy • • • • • • . • • . . . . • . • . • • • . . • . • • . D DentalObservations......... . .............. E 工nfracranial Measurernents.................. F 工nfracranial Morphology.................... G Cornparisons. • . • • • . • . • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . . .

Tables...... Life

,. , ~

11

TABLES Tab1e page

A-1 Burìa1 Descriptions of 1966 Excavations at

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-3

-4 -5

-6

-7

-8

-9

B-1 -2

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-4

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E-1

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Non Nok Tha....................................... 33 Cross-1isting of Buria1 Numbers and Skeletal Numbers.................................. 46 Age and Sex Distribution for 83 Buria1s from 1966 Excavations at Non Nok Tha. ...... . ... 47 Distribution of Non Nok Tha Buria1s by 1eve1... 48 Life Table for A11 Leve1s Combined , Non Nok Tha.................................... ~ : . .. • • • 49

Life Tab1e for Midd1e Perìod (leve1s 1-8) ,

Life Tab1es for Ear1y Period (leve1s l-3) , Non Nok Tha....................................... 50

Non Nok Tha........................................... Life Tab1e for Midd1e Period (leve1s 1~3) ， and Midd1e Period (leve1s 1-3) , Non Nok Tha.. Life Tab1e for Midd1e period (leve1s 4-8 ) , Non Nok Tha........................................ Non Nok Tha Sku11 Measurements..... .... 工ndividua1 Crania1 Measurements from Non Nok Tha.............................~ ........ .".... .. Non Nok Tha Crania1 工ndices..................................... .. Non Nok Tha Sku11 Morpho1ogy................... Frequency of Occurrence of Cusp Patterns of Mandibular Molars........................... A Summary of Variation found among Non Nok Tha- Dental Remains.............."............................................ Frequency ôf Occurrence of periodonta1 Disease found ìn Non Nok Tha Denta1 RemainS .... Frequency of Occurrence of Caries , Abcesses , and Attrition in Non Nok Tha Denta1 Remains.... 工ncidence of Premortem and Postmortem Tooth Loss according to Sex from Non Nok Tha......... Frequency of Occurrence of Wear Facets in Upper 工nc~sors .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Infracrania1 Measurements of ' Individua1s from Non Nok Tha.... Non Nok Tha Infracrania1 Metrics.. ... .. ... Non Nok Tha 工nfracrania1lndices... ........工ndivìdua1 Stature Estimates based on Ma1e and Fema1e Remaìns from Non Nok Tha.. Summary of Variation of the Cervica1 Vertebrae found at Non Nok Tha..

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87 Summary of the Variation of the Spinous Process of Cervica1 Vertebrae in Non Nok Tha Remains................................................. 91 工ncidence of Lamina1 Spurring in the Thoracic & Lumbar Vertebrae........ ......... ...... ...... 92

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Tab1e

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Morpho1ogy of the Lumbar and Sacra1 Vertebrae from Non Nok Tha......... Morpho1ogica1 Variation of Bi1atera11y-Occurring Traits .of the 工nfracrania1 Ske1eto"n... Crania1 Samp1es to which Mu工tivariateDìstance Ana1ys.es were App1ied.......... Eight Ma1e Crania1 Measurements and Their Mean Va1ues fo耳 13 Samp1es to which M~ha1anobis' D- Statistic w~s App1ied........~:. D- Scores which Resu1t from an App1ication of Maha1anobis' Genera1ized Dìstance Statistic to 13 Ma1e Crania1 Samp1es using 8 Variab1es.... Computationa1 Scheme for finding Clusters for 工 3 Ma1e Crania1 Samp1es using 8 Variab1es... Sixteen Female Crania1 Measurements and their M~an Values for 13 Samples to which Maha1anobis' D 三 Statistic was App1ied...........

. D- Scores which Resu1t from an App1ication 。主Maha1anobis' Genera1ized Distance Statistic to 13 Fema1e Crania1 Samp1es using. 16 Variab1es Computationa1 Scheme for Finding C1usters f。主13 Fema1e Crania1 Samp1es using 16 Va;iab1es.... 工~tra - and 工nter - C1uster Average D- Va1ues... D 于 Scores which resu1t from an App1ication of Maha1anobis' Genera1ized Distance Statistic 七。 13 Fema1e Crania1 Samp1es using 8 Variab1es.. Computationa1 Scheme for Finding Clusters for 13 Fema1e Crania1 Samp1es Using 8 Va耳iab1es.....工ntra - & Inter - C1usters Average D- Va1ues .... Frequency of Occurrence of 32 Discontinuous Traits for 12 Samp1es of Crania to which Berry & Smith's Distance Statistic was applied. . Measures of Divergence which Resu1t from an App1ication of Berry & Smith's Distance Statistic to 32 Discontinuous Crania1 Variab1es for 12 Samp1es....

-3

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-7

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Figure 工 . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Figure 2.............................................. Ph。七。graphic Figures l.l - 8.3.. . .............. . ......

87

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124-141

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Research upon which this report ìs based received funding from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for ~nthropo1ogica1 Research , Inc. (Gr. #2681) which paid air transportion , the East-West Popu1ation 工nstitute of the East-West Popu1ation 工nstitute of the East-West Centre who granted me a two-months's appointment as Research Assistant , and the University of Hawaii who provided a per diem a ,lJowance for my assistant. Many thanks are given to these institutions and peop1e without whose he1p this project would not have been possib1e.

The author further wishes to acknowledge the permission granted him and his assistant by the National Research Council of Thailand to enter Thailand for the purpose of undertakìng this project.

My grateful thanks are also due to Dr Sood Sangvichien 。f the Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Medicine and Siriraj Hospita1 , Dhonburi , who permitted and encouraged the study of these remains which are under his care. Dr Sood not only provided the space for the study in the small laboratory for prehistoric research but a1so offered his assìsta.nce ìn every phase . of the study while we were in Thailand. .Most appreciated and unexpected was his arrangement for us to have lunch in the faculty ~ining room each day whìch yielded an unending and varied samþling of Thaì cuisìne causing us to look forward to this part of each day with great anticipation.

On returning from Bangkok the long process of ordering and analyzing the data began. Miss Jean Kennedy helped with the burial descriptions and secured their provenance , the importance of which , in all other aspects of the analysis , cannot be over-stressed. My thanks are accorded her also for readìng and comrnenting of thema1uscript of this report.

Computer assistance in using the University of Hawaii's IBM 360 computer and the newly installed time sharing termìnal in the Socia1 Science Research Institute are gratefully given to Miss Karen Essene , Data Systems Analyst for SSR工 ， who proved inva1uable in her help throughout th土Sphase of the project.

Mr Pe七er Gilpin developed the film and Mr Wendell W.S. K且n printed the photographs which appear in this report and their patience and professionalìsm in this sphere are very rnuch appreciated.

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F主nally ， my sincerest thanks go to Mr Graham S. Mills who typed the rough draft of the text and over 60 pages of tabulat主。ns which accompan主ed 主t and for his attention t。many other aspects of work whìch have gone ìnto this report. 卦

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工NTRODUCT10N

This report describes a study of human ske1eta1 and denta1 remains recovered in 1966 from Site No 7 (Non Nok Tha) near 七he hamlet of Ban Na Di 主n Khon Kaen Province , northeastern Thai1and. These excava t主ons were part of the Tha 主 FineÃ~ts Departme~~~U~iversit~_ of Hawaii Sa1vage program directed by Wi1he1m G. Solheim 11.

The research was supported by .the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropo1ogica1 Research ，工nc. ， the East-West Popu1ation Institute , _East-West Centre , University of Hawaii , and the Department of Anthropo1ogy , University of Hawaii and .was comp1~ted du~i~g the mo~ths_of J~lX ~~d.Augus~ ， ~~9?0 ， : in Depar恤.ent of Anatomy , Facu1ty of Medicine and Siriraj H。全pìta1 ， Dhonburi , Thai1and. Mìss Jean Kennedy , a graduate student in the Department of Anthropo1ogy , University of Hawaii , assisted the author.

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The archaeo1ogica1 findings of the 1966 excavation of Non Nok Tha are avai1ab1e in a pre工iminary report (Solheim , Bavard , Parker , 1968). Brief1y , three .major cu1tura1 。eriods are represented at the site; the first two are prehistoric. They span the ear1y pre-meta1 period (Ear1y Í>eriod) and the period fo11owing the beginning of extensive bronze working (Midd1e period) , up to the gap in occupation which separates this period .from ~he iron-using Late period. 三 The ske1etons studìed- be10ng to the two ear1ier periods. Throughout the two periods this site was used as a burial - ground by peop1e who had a we11-deve1oped ceramic cu1ture and were probab1y swidden cu1tivators. Much 。f the archaeo1ogica1 evidence re1ating to these periods derives f~om the inhumation buria1s from which the ske1etons were recovered. At 1east 80 individua1 ske1etons are represented. During the second period there is evidence for bronze-working , though continuity with the first period is evident in buria1 types , stone too1s , and ceramics. \位liledetai1ed chrono1ogy and dating of these periods is not yet known , it is c1ear that they are of greater age than had previous1y been suggested for Neolithic and meta1-working cu1tures in Southeast Asia; they have a probable time span 。f from 4000-5000 B.C. to about 200 A.D. (Bayard ，工971) . _ As yet , 1i tt1e is known of the cu1.ture of this period and virtua11y nothing about the origin or physica1 attributes of the people. The primary purpose of this study is therefore an ana1ysis and description of the physical characteristics 。f the.se peop1e as seen in their ske1eta1 and denta1 remains and the examination of certain demographic . parameters of the samp1e.

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The report includes brief descriptions of the burials , determination of age at death , sex , skull measurements , morphology of the skull , dental observations , long bone measurements (including stature estimates) , morphology of the infracranial skeleton , and a description of pathology of the remains.

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two Multivariate analyses of distance types of data on cranìal morphology:

工. cranial metrics , and 2. non-metric or discrete traits. On these

statistical applications is based a _ comparison of Non Nok Tha skulls wì th other cranial -samples , which include the recently published Ban Kao material from western Thailand (Sood Sangvìchien et al. , 1969) , ahd modern Thai and Pacific Island samples studied by the author.

presented -for are

3

METHODS

c1eaning , recons truct'i 'o'n ,' 'ca't 'alögui'ng.

The ske1eta1 remains from the 1966 season of excavations at Non_Nok_~ha are ~e~~ in the Depar~ment of Ãnatomy , Fac~lty_?f Medicine and Siriraj Ho~pita1! U~iversity of Medica1 Sciences , Dhonburi , Thai1and.. The ~~wspaper-~ra~p~d bones are stored i~_wooden boxes , usu~~ly 。ne lndividua1 in each box. The co11ection was virtua11y untouched unti1 the author and his assistant began their study in 1970.

( .. As many of the bones were in an extreme1y fragi1e

condit~on when exposed by the excavators , it was their po1icy to rem~ve_ them ~n bZ~a_when~ver possib1e. A1though the crania and the shafts of 10ng bones were in most cases broken in situ into many pieces , these fragments were he1d together in a ma~~ix of soi1 and other encrustations so that remova1 eη bZoc was the best procedure in the circumstances. A preservative app1ied to the outer surfaces of much 9f the bone , though preventing the 10ss of

,many fragments in ' n.and1主ng and transportation , had the unfortunate resu1t of preserving also adhering soi1 , makipg cleaning , reconstruction , and subsequent . observations more

-difficu1t and sometimes . impossible. Additiona1ly , much of 甘le bone was encased in concretions.

The first step after untying an individua1 package containing long bones was .to clean them, (usua11y with a sma11 br'ush and sca1pell and reconstruct as much as possib1e. 1n this manner a number of comp1ete adu1t 10ng bones were fu11y reconstructed enabling measurements to be taken. The procedure fo110wed when , an adult s1至ull was encountered was more 1aborious but was basica1ly the same , involving removing , piece by piece , indivìdual fragments he1d on1y by the earth surrounding , and fi11ing the interior. Fragments were piéced back together as soon after their removal as possib1e before , dis1odging others fram diffe主ent portions of the skull. The glue used was a epoxy resin cement', i ts strength and durabi1ity outweighing the chief disadvantage . which was its slow hardening. G1ued bones were set in a sand-box overnight , braced if necessary with ce11ulose tape.

Infant and child buria1s posed greater difficulties of reconstruction . because of ' their greater fragi1ity and unfused sutures and epiphyses. _ Much of the infracrania1 , ske1eton of these individua1s yie1ded litt1e usefu1 infor.mation for these reasonSi because of the great mu1titude of sku11 fragments no reconstruction offufant and juveni1e sku1ls could be made.

4

Black and white photos were taken of reconstructed skulls however incomplete , and of sorne of the long bones which displayed pathology.

The burial catalogue designation assigned by the excavators were not adequeate . for identifying all the individual skeletons in the laboratory , because of the assignrnent of sing工e field numbers t -o burial comp1exes containing several individua1s or to buria1s containing extra bones , intrus主ve from adjacent or intercutting burials. A new number series was therefore assigned to each new and separate individual enco~ntered in the laboratory. . 工n later checking of provenance with the excavators , it was necessary to revise ~he laboratory number series slight工y (see Table A-2) • .Remains are referred to throughout by this revised series ~keleton numbers)~ It was also found that the remains of one individual from one burial were sometimes scattered in several dìfferent boxes encountered at different periods of the study. These were placed together.

These procedures were followed for all the remains before .determinations of age .and sex were made and before they were measured and their morphology recorded. All remains are still preserved in the Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Medicine and Siriraj Hospital , Dhonburi.

Age determination

The ages of the subadult individuals were .determined on the basis of too~ eruption~ suture and fontane11e c10sure , and the appearance .and fusion . of ep土physes. Estimates were 。f necessity based .upon those avai1ab1e for Western European and American popu1ations (Krogman , 1962; Anderson , 1969; Brothwe11 , 1963).

Relative degrees of dental attrition , obliteration of cranial sutures , and the appearance of the symphyseal surface .of the pubic bone were the criteria used t。estimate the age of adu1t skeletons. Because very few intact .pubes were found and because the other sets of criteria are extremely relative , on1y a rough categorizing into young , middle-aged , and old-aged groups was attempted for adult remains.

Sex determination

Determining the sex of very young subadult remains was not attempted.

Various diagnostic criteria of the skull , pelvis , and genera工 size and robusticity of the bones of the ske1eton

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were used 1n determining the sex remains (Brothwe11 , 1963:51-57; Krogrnan , 1962:112-152).

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and morphologica1 öbservations

Measurernents of both crania1 and infracrania1 rernains f0110w procedures previously used by the author (Pietrusewsky , 1969a) and close1y approximate those of both British (Biαnetric) and German (Martin , 1957) schools of 。steornetry. Sliding and spreading ca1ipers and rneasuring board were used to make the measurernents. The syrnbo.1s representing crania1 measurernents correspond t。的。s已standarized by the Biometric schoo1 of craniometry (Fawcett , 1901:.416-419; Morant, 1936:116-122) and are exp1ained at the bottorn of Tab1e B-1.

Osteometry iairi-

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and Observations of non-metrica1 morpho10gy of ske1eta1 denta1 rernains f0110w previous work (Pietrusewsky , 1969a , 1969b, 1970 , 1971a) and were systernatica11y recorded for the entire series.

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Metrica1 and non~metrica1 data were punched on to cards which were then subjected to various statistical analyses using computer facilities at the University of Hawaii. The application of Berry and Smith's distance statistic (Berry & .Smith，趴d.) to the non-metrical morpho1ogy was accomp1ished through an .IBM 2741 Communications Ter.mina1. located in the Socia1 Science Research Institute ,University of Hawaii.

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BUR工AL DESCR工PT工ONS & SUMMARY OF V工TAL STAT工ST工CS

<.Appendix Al Buri'a1 descr主pt主on.s

A descriptîon of each ìndividua1 主s 9土ven in Tab1e 1isted by ske工eton number and 主nc1udìng age , sex ,

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cornp1eteness , preservatìon , provenance , and rnentìonìng -any other unusua1 or noteworthy feature of the rernaìns.

A cross....1îst主ng of óur主a1 nwnbers (nurnbers ..whìch assigned by the excavators) w主th the new1y assîgned

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ske1eta1 nurnbers are 9主ven in the table (Tab1e A-21 whìch fo11ows.

Age and sex dìst'rihutîon

The dìstr主butìon of each ìndìvîdua1 according to ìts assigned age and sex appears in Tab1e A-3. Tab1e A-4 p1aces each ind主v主dua1 ìn 主ts proper excavatîon 1evel and used subsequent1y to compare certaìn dernographìc features of var主ous 1eve1 groupî ngs.

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Of the 83 indìv ìdua1s counted , sixty-four are adu1t -and nineteen are sub-adu1t. Twenty-fìve of the adu1ts were assigned as rna1es , 33 as fema1es , and 6 cou1d not be assigned to e ì ther sex. An ìnspectìon of the sex rati。(rna1es/ :ferna1es-) according to periods revea1ed there to be too few ìndivìd~a1s from the Ear1y Period (8 rna1es , 5 ferna1es) to cornpare with the Mìdd1e perìod (31 rna1es , 38 fema1es). Sex ratios were compared for two more even1y constructed groups: one containìng a11 of the Early Period 1evels and the first three 1eve1s of the Midd1e Period , the othe r cornprising 1evels 4 to 8 of the Midd1e Period. This s h owed thern to have a1most exact1y the sarne ratio , 91.3 (n=4 4 ) and 90 Cn=38} . respective1y. This difference was not found to be statistìca11y sìgnìfìcant (chi-square).

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The rather 1arge age interva1s were se1ected of necessi t y because of the near impossìbìlity of deterrnining precìse age estimates from bad1y fragrnented and/ or ìncornp1ete ske1eta1 rnateria1 procedure , however , whìch does not prevent the construction of 1ìfe tab1es.

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For further exp1anatìon of 1ife tab1e functions and for a genera1 discussìon for usîng hurnan ske工eta1 rnateria1 în dernographìc ana1ysis see Swed1und & Arrne1agos (1969).

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Using the observed age at death of a11 individua1s from N。n N。K Tha which c。uld be gr。uped 主nto one of severa1 broad aαe categor主es-1， a lj主:fe table (Table A-•51 for the entìre 三孟勾n呻Im。玄ta1主ty 玄ate (q ..,. 12 ,_ or the probabì斗1ìty of dy主ng at age x , and 1主f~'" expectan~y 'cμ8g1L，。r the mean n曰T曲1由ber of years of lìfe remaìn主ng 。nce the individual has reached aqe zare of most concern here.

From thìs table the h主ghest mortalìty seems to be concentrated 主n the m主ddle-aged and old-aged groups with the 10west morta1ìty fal1主ng durìng late ch主1dhood n

(approxìmate1y 7-12 year~ of age). Lìfe ~xpecta~cy_ ~e_;) f主gures for var主ous age ìntervals reveal them to be higher for the younger segments of the populatìon.

Some reservatìons , however , should be ~oted before these results can be accepted._ The samp1e upon whìch this tab1e ìs based ìs quite sma11 and does not represent the entìre number of ìndìv主duals 主nìtìally examìned. Thìs number was greatly reduced by the fact that 31 adult ind主viduals ， because of their unusua11y fragmented andj or ìncomplete nature , cou1d not be c1assed into one of the three adult age categorìes. The burìals a1so span a consìderab1e length of time. Fìna11y , the sample represents 。n1y a portìon of the -entìre site. These _severe restrìctions , not uncornmon in many skeletal samp1es , make any interpretations of the demographic parame~二ers w_hich rnight be generated quite tentative. Therefore , these results rnust be vìewed wìth considerable caution.

c。mparison of mortality by 1evels

As the burìals were known to corne from two main cu1tural perìods , Ear1y and Mìddle , each containing several leve1s at the excavatìons , ì七 was desirable to see whether any rnarked differences in mortality data could be evidenced between them. With this in mind , two additiona1 life tab1es were constructed , one representative of the Ear1y period and the other of the Middle Period (Tables A-6 & A-7).

Mortality rates and life expectancies appear to be very differ~nt for these two periods. However , here the sample sìzes were greatly reduced for the Early Period making any further consìderatìon of these results pointless.

A more suitable division of the data into more equa11y comparable segments , however , was rnade by constructing a life table for the Early Period and the first three levels

L

4

8

of the Middle Period and another one which contained individuals dying in levels 4 to 8 of the Middle period. This created small but relat主vely equal sample sizes (Tables A-8 & A-9l. To further make use of all data , adult individuals which could not be initial1y assigned to one of the established age intervals were evenly distributed among the young , middle-aged , and old aged categories.

- 工nspection of mortality and 1主fe expectancy values in these tables reveal only slight differ.ences. One might conclude from these results , then , that very 1主ttle chang:e in mortality and life expectancy at any of the ag~ ~nterval~ from earlier to later levels of the site was taking place , wh主ch was the same conclusion reached when the sex distributions of these two relat主ve t :ùne per主。ds were compared.

工n due course , these data on age and. sex wil1 be combined with those derived from skeletons recovered during the 1968 season of excavations at Non Nok Tha. Thìs will have th己 dual effect of appreciably 主ncreasing the s缸nples主zes and also allow主ng more firm conclus主ons to he drawn with regard to any possible trends 主n mortalìty and further derived demographic statist主cs at th主s site.

A

CRANIOMETRY (Appendi.x B)

9

The means and other basìc stat主st主cs of twenty-one cranial and mandìbular measurements of the Non Nok Tha skulls are summarìzed ìn Table B-1. 工n a few cases there was no 。r only one measurement for a s 主ngle varìable for the eight male and eleven female skulls measured. Measurements recorded for each individual are gìven in Table B-2. The uneveness of the sample size is , for the most part , a reflection of the ìncompleteness and extremely fragil~ state 。f the . skulls. Because the measurements were recorded on reconstructed skulls , wh主ch pe玄haps at best only approximate the orig主nal cond主tion of- the skull-, and because of the smal1ness of the sample size these values should be viewed with extreme caut主on. They are , however , the best approx主mations that could be made. Co~parisons of these measurements w主th other cran主al s剖nples of early Thai , modern Tha主， and Pac主fic Isla_nders wìll be _ made 主n a later sectìon. 工ndices were calculated from the means of individual variables and are presented ìn Table B-3.

cran'ial c'apac'主ty

Usìng Lee 骨 s Formulae for estimat主ng cranial capacity males were found to have an average capac主ty of 1515 cc. and females arveraged l305 cc. 工f these values are interpreted literally , males would be characterìzed as megacranic (large-bra主nedl and females as small-bra主ned or ml.crocranl.cι

Cran主al 主ndex

The male skulls are typ主cally mesocran主c whereas female skulls fall 主nto a brachycran主c range 主ndìcat主ng relatively shorter , more squar主sh or fat skulls compared w主th male skulls.

He主ght 主ndex

Both male and female skulls are characteristically hypsicranic or high.

Breadth-he主çh:t、 主ndex

Female values for this 主ndex fall into a med主an range , males are a6rocranìc or h主gh-vaulted .

upper f'ac主a'l 、 and、 可二。ta"l facia:l ìndi'ces

Values for these two facial indices were obtainable for

-

司官

10

6n1y fema1e specimens and were found to fa11 into the upper ext玄eroes or hyper1eptenic range , indicating narrow faces.

Orbita1 index

F~treme1y high orbita1 indices for both ma1e and fema1e sku11s indicate hypsiconchìc or extreme1y parrow orbìts. These extremes may be a ref1ectìon on1y of the very sma11 samp1es from which these ìndìces were ca1cu1ated.

Nasa1 index , ..

More re1ìab1e perhaps because of a slìght1y 1arger sample size ìs the female value for this ìndex which indìcates a chamaerhinic or wide nasal aperture.

Maxìlla-alveol'ar index

oTypically hìgh values were found for thìs -index (brachyuranic} ind主cating relative1y broad pa1ates.

li-

-.. 11

1.'，寞，‘t'.盔，置，

-t

薯，as--zg

z't

it

tt

11

SKULL MORPHOLOGY

(Append土.x C)

A tabu1ation of the frequency of occurrence of crania1 morpho1ogy to be discussed in this section is given in Table c-1.

Facill1 reg :i.on

色

Robust facial skeletons are typical of the Non Nok Tha remains. The orbits are characterized by no one r , ~redominant shape but e11ipsoida1-and equi1atera11y-shaped ones are s1ight1y more frequent. Brow ridges are conspicuous1y absent in fema1es , in contrast to ma1es. The nasal aperture is pyriform in out1ine. Nasa1 bones are hour-g1ass-shaped in the four specimens ~or which this observation cou1d be made. Nasa1 profi1es are 1arge1y concave. An "omega" configuration was found to be b1urred in 70 per cent of the sku11s examined (10 specimens). Metopic suture , the persistence of the mediofronta1 suture into adu1t 1ife , was not found in these remains but a sma11 persis~en~~ of ~his structure ~~ the c~nt~a1 b~?w re~ion was found in five of .seventeen sku工1s examìned.. The on1y cases o~ fronta1 grooves are those found in two fema1e sku11s (n=14). The supraorbita1 structure is usua11y a sing1e notch , occurring in 11 of 24 sides examined. A sing1e foramen or. sing1e foramen and notch comb主nation is the second most .frequent expression. of this morphologica1 feature. The infraorbita1 foramina are typica11y sing1e. zygofacia1 for剖nina are a1so usua工ly sìng1e (7/12 sides) or complete1y absent as was observed in four of the twe1ve sides present for study. Fronta1 bossing is minima1 for the entire series , being present only to some degree in four 。f the thirteen skulls examined , the majority of which are fema1e. Ma1ar and zygomaxi11ary tuberosities and margina1 tuberc1es are slight1y more .marked in male sku11s but are genera11y. we11 pronounced "in both sexes.

Basa1 region

pa1atine and maxi11ary tori were not found in any of the sku11s examined. No observation of morpho1ogical variation of the pterygöid plate was possib1e because of its fragmentary state. The ovale-spinosum foramina were found to be common in on1y one of the four sides observable. Occipital condy1es are sing1e. A precondylar tubercle was found in one of the ten skulls examined for this" trait. Anterior condylar cana1s are sing1e in 93 per cent of the sides. No observations on the morpho1ogy of the posterior condy1ar canals cou1d be made. An ossified apica1 1igament

E ,

“‘:

。n the inner anterior border of the forαmen magnu,!! was found in one specimen. No paramastoid processes were observed.

Vau1t

12

parieta1 foramina are 1arge1y absent (12/19 sides). Wormian bones a10ng the corona1 and sagitta1 sutures were not found. However , wormian or extra-sutura1 bones were found in four of the twenty-two sides (18 per c~nt) of the 1ambdoid sutures examined. No other variations in the 1ambda area or superior occipita1 bone were recorded. - A slight kee1ing a10ng the sagitta1 suture was found in five 。f -the seventeen sku11s examined. The vau1t when viewed from the .back was usua11y hαus-form. A dichotomy in the shape of the occipìta1 protuberance was found: fema1e s~u11s disp1aying a smooth rounded (mound) occiput whi1e ma1e occiputs are more heavi1y constructed with ridge and inion deve1opment.

Latera1 . aspect

Morpho1ogica1 observations of the pterion region were not possib1e due t。尤he extreme fragmentatìon and incomp1eteness of thìs area of the sku11. A parieta1 notch bone was not found in 15 sìdes examined nor were any asterionìc bones observed. Both thickening and dehisce.nce 。f the ty.rrpanic p1ate ånd the p r.esence of e}{ostoses. on the inner surface of the auditory meati were also absent in 25 sku11s examined.

Mandib1e

Mandibu1ar tori and anoma1ies or variations of the roy1ohyoìd groove were not observed. Mandibu1ar foramina are typica11y sing1e but two of the twenty-four mandib工eshave mu1tip1e menta1 foramìna . Rocker jaw, a trait . frequent1y observed ìn the 10wer jaw of Pacific 工slanders(especia11y Po1ynesians) is fu11y deve10ped in orr工y one

mandib1e . but is ìncipient1y present in a11 . the 21 remaining 10wer jaws. Tha t is , the mandib1e was observed to rock from a resting posit主on on a f1at surface when depressed at the condy1e or the first mo1ar region of the mandib1e. Chins are norma11y pointed (medìan formation) and very often have a slight angulõ.rity along the inferior surfaces where the two halves of the mandìb工e meet.

DENTAL OBSERVATIONS

(Appendix D 1

Denta1 morphology (Tables D-1 & D-2).

13

The cusp pattern of the mandibular mo1ars has been summarized in Table D-1. Of the five first mo1ar teeth present, four have a "+4" cusp pattern , one a "+5" pattern. Of the 1arger s臼np-1e of second mo1a:rs the majority a1so has a "+4" arrangement of the cusp-s. Third mo1ars were found more often to have either a "+5" or a wrink1ed-crenu1ated cusp pattern. No significant differences in the incidenéés of these various mο1ar cusp patterns were found to distinguish ma1es from fema1es.

Rough1y 10 per cent (see Tab1e D-2) of the third mo1ars 。r sockets for this tooth are peg-shaped and an approximate1y equal percentage of . 1atera1 incisor teeth are a1so peg-shaped. On1y upper .dentitionsshow this condition. Shove1-shaped maxì11ary incisors were found to have a frequency of approximate1y 17.1 per cent. Carabel1主 's cusp was found in two of the thirty-three maxi11ary first molars examined.

Denta工 patho10gy (Tables D-3-D-6).

Periodonta1 disease (Tab1e D-3) •

The various effects of periodonta1 disease are moderately to heavily expressed.

Caries ,. .abcesses , and attrition {Table D-4}.

Denta1 caries were found more often in the cheek teeth of which forty-four per cent are carious. Abcesses are minima工， with only a slight1y higher incidence of posterior involvement. Attrition is very pronounced for a11 teeth examined quite commonly with exposure of dentine and pu1p cavities.

Tooth 10ss (Tab1e D-5).

Premortem tooth 10ss is minima1 with the -highest incidence in the mo1ar tooth region. No cases of premortem 10ss of upper canine or upper premo1ar teeth were found. The incidence of tooth 10ss after completion of the ske1eta1ization process (postmortem tooth 10ss) and any obvious postmortem damage are summarized in Tab1e D-5.

1

14

The incidence of comp1ete premortem 10ss of upper incisors 土n the Non Nok Tha remains is 1eS5 than that of 1055 。f 10wer incisors and no premortem 10ss of upper canines was noted. However , premortem 10ss of 10we,r canines amounts t。12 惠 (N=41) with the ma1e and fema1e samp1es combined. On the other hand , partia1 105S (crowns missing . but roots visib1e) , is more frequent (5/22) for upper incisors of females than for lower canines or any other tooth. 工t is not known if these examp1es of partia1 tooth 19S5 occurred after death of the individua1 (in view of the generally fragmentary state of the remains) , or is due ~已 deliberateattempts at tooth extraction. 工n genera1 , the 10wer dentitions suffered greater premortem tooth 19S5 than upper dentitions in the sample.

In the remains from Ban Kao (Sood Sangvichian et al. , 1969:33) the authors report' on what they feel to be s土gnificant evidence of premortem tooth aþ1ation of poth upper 1atera1 incisors and canines which they attribute to '_ deliberate extractions , a habit with perhaps re1igious significance.

Wear Facets (Table D-6).

Wear facets or the effects of tooth fi1ing were found 。n female upper incisor teeth , 41.7 per cent of which showed some such evidence. Centra工 incisors are more often inv olved than are 1ateral incisors. The frequency of occurrence of this trait is summarized in Tab1e D-6.

Sood Sangvichien et a1. (1969) described similar wear facets on the labia1 surfaces of teeth of at 1east ~hree of

, the indiv iduals from Ban Kao and mentioned comparab1e abrasions found o n the teeth of the Eskimo, who are known t。afix labrets on the inner side of the lips , causing a characteristic wear pattern. The authors however leave open explanation of the tooth abrasions found in the Ban Ka。remains. The type of tooth wear found in the Non Nok Tha sample does not appear to be the result of such a custom but rather the result of either direct abrasion of the teeth or the strippi ng of a fibrous material involving the use of the tee th whìch would sound more probable. _ As the trait is apparently found only in females , the latter possibility perhaps warrants further investigation by others.

14

。f 10ss es was nts t。

On

f t is rred y . rate

upper

a1. ,

th e t。

。undshowed

wear ree of

。wn t。

n ete puxh 。

ab

。七

h

eTmhfsy v

。。

t

。-lt

15

INFRACRAN工AL MEASUREMENTS

{Appendix El

工ndividua1 measurements are recorded in Tab1e E-1. Mean 1engths and diameters of 10ng bones are summarized in Tab1e E-2. Indices were ca1cu1ated from mean va1ues and are given in Tab1e E-3. Most of the measurements were made on reconstructed 10ng bones and because of this and the ra七her srna11 samp~e sizes , the means must not be taken too serious1y: the rather high va1ues- (and. the extreme variabi1ity of some of them) expressed in the accompa~ying basic statistics are some measure of the unre1iabi1ity of the means.

p1atymeric index

The va1ue pf this index expresses f1attening ~latymeria) of the fernora1 subtrochanteric 1eve1 for both sexes. ca1cu1ated from diameters taken in the (pi1astric index) ' shows rna1e femora t。than female fernora.

considerab1e shaft at the

The sarne index mid-shaft region be more flattened

platycnemic index

Fema1e tibiae are slightly flatter (mesocnernic) than male tibiae at the level of the nutrient foramen.

Radi'o'-h'unîe 'ral 'i 'ndex

Similar values of the radio-humeral index were obtained for both sexes , and indicate relatively longer upper arm to forearro length.

工ntermembral index

The relationship of upper to lower lirnb length which this index expresses is virtua11y the sarne for both sexes. These va1ues' are very sirnilar to those obtained for Hawaiian 工slanders and North American Indians.

Tibia-femur index

Values for this index are slight1y higher for males than for females and are relatively high compared with other published data. They approximate Negroid and Australoid more closely than White and Mongoloid indices. (Anderson , 1963:~251.

缸圖

l6

and this s l.gn betw traì samp for with

E-4).

工ndividual estimations of 1iving stature of roale specimens' were ca1cu1ated from various regression formu1ae based on White and Mongo1oid ske1etons of known statures (Trotter & G1e5er , 1958) and are recorded in Table E-4. The estimates of fema1e stature were calculated from formulae derived from White females in the Terry Col1ection (Trotte~ & G1eser , 1952) and 'are also entered in Table E- 4 .

(Tab1e estimations Stature

Verb

Ma1e estimates of 1iving stature using White formulae range from l63 mm. (approx. 5'5") to 186 mm. (approx. 5'11") with the majority ' fa11ing in the upper reaches of this range. Fema1e va1ues .ranged from 144 mm. (approx. 4'10") to 170 mm. (approx. 5' 5"1.

cerv:

typic are s super were 。therthe r:

the d these but s Super like proce.

vertel the S1

The 51 absen1 examil

.. ,

旦旦至2

z the hj vertet

.

站••• ",.-1

工6

nu1ae ~es

.4.

!ctíon Le E-4 .

nu1ae 5'11")

r 10"}

INFRACRANIAL MORP茲OLOGY

(..Appendix ~ 1

17

A descrìption of the rnorpho1ogy of the vertebra1 co1urnn and rnajor bones of the infracrania1 ske1eton is presented in this section. No atternpt was rnade to deterrnine if significant differences in percentage incidences exist either between right and 1eft sides for bi1atera11y-occurring 七raits or between sexes , because of the srna11ness of the sarnp1e. For these reasons too the percentage incidences for the various morpho1ogica1 features shou1d be viewed with caution. r ;

Vertebra1 colurnn

A sumrnary of the rnorpho1ogica1 variation of all cervical vertebrae is given in Tab1es F-l & F-2 .

First cervica1 vertebra

The foramen trαnsversαr心um of the atlas vertebra is typically a single structure. The super ior articular facets are sìng1e , oval and concave. No bridges of bone from the superior artìcular surface to the posterior or lateral arches

-were observed but on two occas主。ns ， one on -the right , the other on the left, a spur of bone was found projectìng frorn the posterior arch of the vertebra.

Second cervical vertebra -

An ossified apical ~lar) +igarnent sornetimes found on the dens process of the axis vertebra 1S not present in these remaìns . The foramen trαnsversarium is always single but sizes of right and left forarnina are not always the sarne. Superior articular facets are typical1y single and concave like thQse of the first cervical vertebra. The spinous process of this ve玄tebra is always bifid and divergent.

Remaining ce-rvical vertebrae

The forαmen trαηsversαrium of the rernaining cervical vertebrae are a11 sing1e structures without exception and the superior articular facets are always . oval and concave. The spinous processes of these vertebrae are generally absent or too fragmentary for observation , but of those examined , none are single non-bifid structures.

Thoracic and lurnbar vertebrae (Tab1es F-3 & F-4).

A1though observation of lamina1 spurring was lirnited , the highest incidence seerned to be in the lower thoracic vertebrae (see Tab1e F-3). Neither 1umbarization of the

18

fifth sacra1 vertebra nor sacra1ization of the fifth lumbar was observed. Comp1ete sacral h~atus was not recorded a1though various 工evels of unfu~ed posteri~r ~arn~~ae occur both . iñferior1y (from bottom up) ana superior1y (from top down) in the specimens. . (see Teb1e F-4).

Lonq Bone MorphoJogy (Tab1e F-5)

Sternum

On1y four sterna were sufficient1y preserved to a110w morpho1ogica1 observations. None of these were found to have a sterna1 aperture or perforation of one of the 10wer bodies.

C1avic1e

工n five of. the nineteen c1avic1es examined , an u1cerous condition was found at the site of attachment of the costoc1avicu1ar 1igarnent , on the inferior side of the sterna1 end of the bone.

scapu1a

The shape of the acromion was found genera11y to be either rectangu1ar or triangular. No separate epiphyses of acromions or evidence of such were found. Because of the extreme fragility of sc.apu1ae in general , no other observatìons of their morpho1ogy were possib1e.

Humerus

No cases of supratrochlear spurring were found in the thirty-six humeri s tudied . Septa1 aperture , or per foration of the olecranon and coronoid foss~e at the distal end of the humerus , is exceedingly rare , occurring in only two humeri.

Ulna , I

A spur of bone on the sty10id process of the u1na wa孟very rare. The trochlear notch, which articulates with the trochlea of the hume rus , at the proxima1 end of the ulna in this sarnp工e is usua11y in the forrn of a continuous uninterrupted articu1ar surface with no non-articu1ar strip intervening. Genera11y , this articular surface forrned by the_anter~or surface ~~ the olecranon and the superior surface of the c。玄。noid processes is slight1y coñstricted at their junction. This , the so-ca11ed "hour-g1ass" forrnation , was not observed in these rernains. Sornetirnes a

種

γ

non-ë portj (ind 。n1ytheF tubel:

forrna notch corre patho

n l.ne

A11en studi, the 1, l.S pr l

was nl

hla

‘L

tefm tza

f』

aux

。

D&se

9

c ‘.

. end 01 tibiae

t

Eesets

n

。

ut

pqa-­emeul h

。

rqa

tcfst

C

T

18

1umbar led occur

n top

a110w ld to 10wer

lt of the

6.­o e

sh eet bs

V4S-4

n the

q n e--1r

主 was

Lth the Lna in

strip ~d 'by

:ted

.rnes a

19

jiiiji?Eiiftfjiii:::jjjJiiEPiEjilt-: :3e豆豆i::ZT1hfL::2;a;;i::;a:n:芷江ni:λ::yt;iindf。zmati。n).Further studies are needed t。 clari fy the n。tch as expressi。nsof n。rZIlal variati。ZI 。r as char19es ~~;~~lated wi~~ degene:ative changes at the joint due to p;th~109y or the normal aging process.

, '" 工nnominate bone

An acetabular notch (pit or notch) was found to occur in nine of the sixteen acetabu1a exarnined.

Femur -圖-

A porosity in the neck region of the femur (Fossa of A11enl was observed in three of the thirty-nine femora s .tudied. The glutea1 tuberosity , where the deep fibres of the 10wer half of the Gluteus Maximus make their insertion , is present as a raised ridge in 82 per cent of the cases but was not found to forrn a distinct thìrd trochanter.

'Pate11a

The presence of a notch on the sppero-主atera1 surface of the patel1a , the vastus notch, was recorded in 22 宅 of the pate11ae examined. Spurs of bonè a10ng the anterior surface of pate11ae were found in 7 of the 27 pate11ae examined.

Tibia

Squatting facets on the anterior surface of the dista1 end of tibiae were observed in almost a11 of the thirty-s.ix tibiae examined.

Ta1us

Extensions of' the troch1ear su玄face of the ta1us into ~he neck region' were recorded as either media1 , 1atera1, or composite medial and 1atera1 extensions , with percentage frequencies of 73 , 6 , and 10 per cent respective1y. Ta1ar squatting facets are very comrnon , occurring in 36 of the 47 ta1i studied.

Ca1caneus

The anterior and middle articu1ar surfaces of the ta1us

...

aa

limj samf 。f t Pa tr. have 。bseinfr 。bsee.xa.m such and

but

20

are two separate structures in 15 per cent , a single uninterrupted structure in 18 per cent , and a continuous constricted (hour~glass) structure in 68 per cent of the samp1e .

生豆豆

arth. poss . find:

ver tE scorE l.ncre art主〈

to te combj presE swmnε

1.

2.

。f th which

1.

2 •

.• 3 •• s‘毛、。官，

20

10US but the

21

PALAEOPATHOLOGY

Observations of patho1ogica1 invo1vement of bone were 1imited by the genera11y poor state of preservation of the samp1e. Neverthe1ess a few exarnp1es of diseased bone , sorne of them quite remarkab1e , were noted in the course of study. patho1ogy of teeth (caries , attrition , tooth 10ss , etc.) have a1ready been discussed in the section on denta1 。bservations. Evidence of disease frorn crania1 and infracrania1 remains wi11 be considered here. As a11 。bservations were on a macroscopic 1eve1 , .diagnosis of these examp1es is 1arge1y in terms of non-specific categories such as osteoarth~itis ， d主sease due to infection , anemias and deficiency diseases , etc.

Degenerative changes or osteoarthritis

The joint surfaces of 10ng bones show very 1itt1e arthritic invQ1vernent; however few observations were possib1e. For this reason no detai1ed presentation of the findings is warranted.

Osteoarthritis of the articu1ar facets of presacra1 vertebrae was systernatica11y rec9rded for the entire sarnp1e , scored as 0 (absent) +, ++ or +++ indicating 1eve1s of increasing severity for superior and inferior right and 1eft articu1ar facets. Sarnp1e sizes range frorn no obeervations to ten for any one site with ma1e and fema1e remains cornbined. Because there are so 1itt1e data , no detai1ed presentation of these findings wi11 be made. A .genera1 sumrnary of the observations , -however , shows the fo11owing:

1. No arthritic invo1vement of the facets of the cervica1 vertebrae was found for either sex. (n= 2 to 9).

2. Alrnost no sìgn of arthritis was found on either thoracìc or 1umbar vertebrae articu1ar facets. (n-:: 4 to 10). .

A simi1ar recording of the incidence of osteophytosis 。f the vertebra1 bodies was a1so made , the rn~jor findings of which can be summarized as fo11ows:

1. The frequency of occurrence of osteophytosis in cervica1 vertebrae is very slight and then conf土ned to C-4 , C-5 , and C-6.

2. Of the . thoracic vertebrae on1y T-工 2 shows any invo1vement.

~ :

22

3. Compared with the other vertebrae , lurnbar vertebrae are only slight1y more affected . 在t;:: 8 tol.O).

In summary , very mìnima1 amounts of osteoarthritis or 。steophytosis were found ìn the vertebrae of these remains.

Evidence öf 工nfectious Diseases

Perhaps the most remarkab1e evidence or patho1ogy was found in the vertebra1 co1umn of Ske1eton 62 which came

..

from the 1ast 1eve1 of the Midd1e Period (see Fig. 8.1 & 8 . 2). In this individua1 , thoracic vertebrae three to nine were found to be comp1ete1y fused together forrning a sernicircu1ar rnass : the body of T- 9 at right ang1es to the body of T- 3 (90 degreeαngulαr kyphos玉 s) . The bodies of these vertebrae had become wedge-shaped to assume this pecu1iar configuration and are eroded by a~ extensive network of c1oacae. Theré is no apparen毛 arthriticinvo1vement on the superior surface of T- 3 or the inferior surface of T- 9. Other vertebrae of this individua1 (rnost1y 1umbar) ar~ unaffected and appear norma1.

A1thoug泣 such a _ condition may be due to non-specific infection of bone (osteornye'li tis l or a who1e host of other causes (see Morse，工967:250) the condition conforrns very c1ose1y to the typica1 description of tubercu10sis of the spine or so-ca11ed Pottls disease l~。玄se~ 1967: Morse et a1. 1964}. Simi1ar examp1es of this condition can be found in ske1eta工 remains of other popu1ations , for examp1e those of the North American 工ndians described by Anderson , whose photograph (Anderson , 1964:91l is an a1rnost exact

,rep1ìca of the Non Nok Tha specimen . Other examp1es , notab1y some from ancient Egypt , have been described and re~iewed by Morse (工967:254-268).

The oldest evidence of spina1 tubercu工osis seems to be found in the Nubian rernains reported by Derry (1938) , Row1ing (1960) , and Morse et a1. (1964) which date back to the Midd1e KingdGm or circα3000 B.C. The specirnen just described is not of cornparab1e antiquity bút is to the author~s know工edge ， the first case of possib1e spina1 tubercu10sis to be reported from this area of the wor1d . There is no mention 6f anything sirni1ar in the Ban Ka。rnateria1 (Sood Sangvichien et a1. , 1969).

One other exarnp1e of possib1y fused vertebrae was found in Individua1 12(69); the third (?) and fourth (?) thoracic vertebrae appeared fused between their spinous and transverse processes but the bodies remained separate , casting doubt on its inc1usion as an exarnp1e of spina1 TB.

Y

~

show r ang frorn the post pic t ' comp ,

The ref1. rema:

been Thai:

i s fé nortl (Chel

the E tha1ε balar. Many 1iteI G-6PD s土mil

.state

the 。. so fa 1atte hyper l.S re prese perha l.n Me.

deterl that greab extra‘ is ne、po pulê

23 22

Evperostosis

Wel1 over ha1f (工4/23) of the adult sku11s of both sexes chow porotic hyperost。sis 。r thickening of the d iploe which hnmon the averaqe from 8tollm.hr the parietal , and fro品 B to 10 mm. for the frontal bone. Irregularities of th~ oute~ ~a~le and invo~~ement.of~ot~e~. 7rani~~ ~nd postcranial bones generally typica工 of this pathological ~ictune were not observ~d_in the sample_nor w~r~ ~~rnparable features found in fragments of subadult The-absence of additiona1 manifestations rnay be a reflection on1y of the genera11y fragmentary condito訟 , of rerna~ns.

cran~a.

the

pnroti.c

has en cr ae pt ss e

ww 。

rm ro ar mfι

Simi1ar thickening of the dip10ic been described in the Ban Kao material Thailand (Sood Sangvichien, 1969).

金壘，筍，gRapt

‘-w缸，‘9.

‘.

~brae

rs on -­sa --m 令」且一

司4

C>

nHU

ae w&X ee w

m」w

the 。主

。

ss

』」2-.，』2，

The incidence of Hb E _and tha1assemia (beta and a1pha) is fair1y high in present-day Thai1and , especia1-1y in

- northeast Thailand; where these remains come from (Chernoff , 1959; Supa Na-Nakorn , 1956 , Wasi et a1. ,

feri。主(most1y

1967).

Porotic hyperostosis is now 1arge1y attributab1e to the effects of one of a number of anemias (particu1ar1y tha1assemia and sick1emia) which .apparent1y act as ba1anced polymorphisms maintained by fa1ciparurn malaria. Many examp1es of this condition can be found irt the literature (e.g. see Ange1 , 1967). ~ron deficiency anemia , G-6PD deficiency , and other abnorma1 hemog10bins may effect similar reactions in bone and may a1so exist as ba1anced states.

::ific 。ther

.rery E the ~se

in be ~amp1e

~rson ，

ict , , and.

it

The Ban - Kao and the Non Nok Tha s -amp1es are virtua11y the only archaeo1ogical1y provenanced human ske1etal remains so far known from rnainland southeast Asia , dating , at the 1atter site back as far as 3500 B.C. Because porotic hyperostosis has a rather high frequency in these remains is reasonab1e to assurne that Hb E and Tha1assemia were present in Southeast Asia well before this time , and are perhaps of antiquity comparable to that of simi1ar evidence in Mediterranean and Near Eastern remains.

be

。tt

s -ku c-3e

、.‘、

.•

t。

~n a study by Supa Na-Nakorn - et a1. (1956:491) on determining the preva1ence of HbF. carriers , it is reported that the incidence of these abnorma1 hemog10bins was greater (a good dea1 greater) in peop1e of unmixed Thai extraction than it is in Thai of mixed ancestry , and that it is never found in unmixed Chinese who comprise a substantia1 population of the modern day inhabitants of Thai1and.

了1d.

t。

found

TB.

and

LS

IUS

L1

咱

zag-νKE--

F

K-f

s

24

have 87 and 21 , 69 , Ske1etons of

patho1ogy

The femora and tibiae considerab1y bowed shafts.

Other

E moderr few ar Biblic rema~r:

prehis Thaila _collec known Sirira

is expanded of this two

The sternal end of a c lavicle (Skeleton -78) (swol leh)and sponqy in texture-The cranLIIZT‘ ind ividual has a ttlickened d -iploeFPossiblythe

- conditionsin thisindividualare linked .

add 工n

。

a

-l可

E-

vu ep r

。

PP

var l.Ou! the nw provem the _ nOI dependj per s~c

Al metrica cranial because collect PUPlish

在Eme.

Mal (Mahalal divergel S l.xteen applica1 measuren A detaiJ 。btaineëcranial these fi cranial applicat

.. ,

F。玄

。zall ,

24

17 have

d e d n as p-l xh

25

COMPARISONS

(Appendi.x G)

三坐車土豆

1):

published reports on any human skeletal rernains , modern or otherwise , from mainland southeas t Asia axe very f~~ and are not always readily available in English (see Ëibliography) . In this section the Non ~?~ Tha cr~nial ~~rnains are cornpared with the recent. ly published 。rehistoric (Neolithic?) skeletons frorn Ban Kao in western 全hailand (Sood Sangvichien et al . , 1969) and with da弋之collected by the author on a series of rnodern Thai skulls o f known age and sex housed in the Departrnent of Anatorny , siriraj Hospital and- Medical School , Dhonburi , Thailand. 工n addition , these skull series are cornpared with data , oreviously gathered by the author , on early and recent populations of the Pacific I~lands ， u~~~g collectio?~ in various .rnuseums in Europe and the Pacific. A breakdown of the nurnber of skulls rneasured in each sarnple and their provenance is presented in Table ι1 . The . ~arnples on which the non-rne七rical data are based are sornewhat larger and vary depending on whether the incidence recorded is per skull o r per side for both or only one sex.

All comparisons are restricted to rnetrical and non-metrical rnorphology of adult undeforrned skulls. The use of cranial information only is the ~est basis for cornparisons because of . the scarcity of infracranial bones in skeletal collections and their almost cornplete exclusion frorn published reports.

Application of distan:ce statistics to cranial rneasurements

Mahalanobis' generalized distance statistic ~ahalanobis ， 1936) , which prov主des a rneasure of. inter-group divergence , was initially applied to eight and subsequently sixteen rneasurernents of rnale crania followed by two sirnilar applications using eight and sixteen fernale cranial measureme nts rnaking a total of four separate cornputer runs. A detailed discussion and presentation of the results obtained frorn the application which utilizes sixteen rnale cranial rneasurernents is ornitted .because of the sirnilarity these findings share with results obtained when eight rnale cranial rne asurements a r e used. Tbe rernaining three applications and their r e spective results are presented.

For the majority of cases , only skülls represe.hted by all , or nearly al工， .the v ariables to which multivariate

A

..

軍

awqc

。

qrae--c nqHerrs 。。

r-lt

mrftaaJ

品

apo(pmD

26

ana工yses were app1ied were se1ected to comprise the series 1isted in Tab1e G-工. In those few cases where a specimen was missing one or a few . measurements , (usua11y not more than two or three if eight variab1es were being used) the variab1e's mean , as ca1cu工ated from the remaining members of the series , was supp1ied to comp1ete its set of data. This procedure , one of severa1 (see Howe11s , 1973) a110wed the retention of much important data , 1ike that for Non Nok Tha and Ban Kao , which otherwise wou工d have had to have been discarded from the anay1sis. Fc

samp1e:

C:

and

As wi11 be the procedure fo1工owed here , a tabu1ation of the variab1es' mean va1ues for each series and a matrix 。f D~ scores which. resu1ted from app1ication of Maha1anobis' genera1ized distance wi11 precede a mathematica1 scheme -for finding c1usters (Rao , 1952:361). The resu1ts of th~ severa1 computer runs wi11 be first díscussed separa~e1y then together. 工n two ca=is , ~ab1es G-8.& G-1工， intra­and inter-c1uster average D~ va1ues are a1so ca1cu1ated.

Cl three s C1uster from Fi neighb。eastern: a1so inl Po1ynes Nok Tha fiom .Mo] include: 7hai1an(

ThE measureè ~s outlj al1 abOl.: (1) is c

Dou distance The scor finding three cl c1uster precedin differen. ~amp1es: (2) - rema clUster ë

cran~a

The eight measurements to which distance- ana1ysis was app1ied are 1isted a10ng with their mean va1ues for the thirteen samples of male skulls compared in Tab工e G- 2. Table G-3 presents the distance scores as a matrix. An attempt to find clusters from these results (Table G-4) shows that there are no substantial g玄ounds for separating these series into distinct clusters: rather , a finely graded spectrum of associations is disp1ayed , from a primary close association between 七he Society and Guam samples to samples. from Southeast Asia. . The samp1e of Non Nok Tha crania appears the most aberrant , showing the greatest dissimi1arity compared with a1工 other groups. The resu1ts usìng eight additiona1 measurements (nasa1 height , nasa1 breadth , a1veo1ar 1ength , a1veo1ar breadth , bigonia1 width , symphysis height , ramus height , and ramus breadth) offer no further information that that a1ready provitied by the previous trial; therefore these resu1ts are not presented.

ma1e samp1es of us~ng Resu1ts

‘ .• 喔

，甚•• a ••• eE

from

cran~a

Tab1e G-5 contains the means of sixteen crania1 measurernents for each of thirteen fema1e samples to which Maha1anobis' genera1ized distance statistic was applied , first using eight measurements , then a1l sixteen. Distance scores obtained with eight measurements are arranged in Table G-6 , and a tab1e showing the computationa1 scheme (Tab1e G-7) for finding c1usters these is a1so presented.

一一

fema1e 。fsamples us~ng Resu1ts

27

figure 1. is a diagram representing the re1ationship among thirteen feITla le groups as drawn by the computer

pro~r~~~AR~~~_~~~~~latì~~~ ~e~::~::_L~~~:~:~:r~ ~~~~::~~:~ of gawali ，誼。no1u1u). This program constructs dendrograms (tree diagraI叫 by a method simi1ar to the so-ca11ed average ~~ir group method (Soka1 & Sneath, 1962) from simi1arity 已atrices which in this instance consisted of the matrix of o~ scores in Tab1e G-6.

26

n a h

snt ee -lme r-LZ

ec

。

SEn

nbers of • This i the 河。k Tha ::>een following the containing recognized , were c1usters Four

samples:

c1uster , ,

Zealand. New 1s. , Chatham Marquesas , Guam , (1 )

(2 )

(3}

Tonga-Samoa Fiji , Tha

工 s. , Nok

Easter

Non Thai , Tuamotu ,

Modern

Society , MokàpU , and

3.tion natrix lanobis' ~me for :le te1y tra-t:;ed. Kao

C1uster (1 r -contains the Microne-s ian samp1e , Guam , and three samp1es from southern and margina1 areas of Polynesia . C1uster (2) inc1udes a broad band across the mid-Pacific from Fiji in eastern Melanesia , and its western Polynesian neighbours , Tonga and Samoa , to isolated Easter Island in easternmost Po1ynesi~. 工n 主ts mìdst thìs 1atter cluster a1so inc1udes the Society and Tuarnotu sarnp1es frorn centra1 polynesia. C1uster (3) contains the modern Thai and Non Nok Tha series in addìtion to the samp1e of prehistoric crania from Mokapu , Oahu , ìn the Hawa主ian Chain. C1uster (4) includes the solìtary samp1e from the Ban Kao from western Thai1and.

Ban (41

lS was the 2.

An -4) rating ly

The re1ationship of these c1ust ers to one anot句er as measured by their intra and inter-c1uster average 0- values is out1ined in Table G 申 8. C1usters (1) , (2) , and (3) are a11 about equa11y removed frorn the Ban Kao samp1es. C1uste r (1) is c10ser to c1uster (2) than to c1uster (3).

、﹒

Doub1ìng the number of variables and app1ying the same distance ana工ysis to the same samp1es yields three c1usters . The scores for this tria1 and the computationa1 scheme for finding c1usters are given in Tables G-9 and G-IO. These t~ree c1usters a:2 1i:ted a1o~g. ~it~ ~~eir ~nter- ~nd.~~t~~­cluster average D~ values in Tab1e G-11. Compared with the preceding tria1 using eight variab1es the only major difference ìs that cluster (3) now inc1udes two additional samp1es: Guam and Ban Kao . The samp1es comprising c工uster(2) remaìn the sa耳e as in the previous trial. The inter-c1uster average 0- values indicate an extreme remoteness of

氾n

。fJ the " . 至1

ldth , ::-arnus ldy llts

~hich

Led ,

frorn

呵

c1ust

28

e 14 a m e Fs e

3l lb a

ral 。

r

ELa

v s e-­xa

e

oc

rc

‘l

usr qt .-?-e F.DM

工.

Samples n8 o g

dn e-­ss au hu Dendrogram

cran~

repre and h sampl separ is be the 'B. mo der:

-『-K

‘。za司的，‘oz。」F

帥，直凶，的‘山

2，。243』F

〉LF山-u。"

。za司dd‘WNE

山Z

的-罩‘Z」FS‘zu

的‘的叫樹2ozd‘革

-ad月20

3ad‘da。=

‘ZLFX。zz

。z

ofvazd‘國

Sununa: measu:

sampl E samplE not tJ of val affec1 re lat j or sí}

‘ZLF

.0。

2.2 7

4 .55

6.82

坐且主三

E made }: Smi th-, incidε tdisc:r appea :r di s cus ep~gen

meas ur 1972) , Parson us ed i Unfort the ab skelet traits Table repres 。ccurrbased (Pietr betwee Genera bilate

﹒』

ieye--'iws

，

aza

揖f

9.09

13.64

20.45

22. 73

11.36

14.91

18 .1 '" I

•• 2 •• ,ppa

d由

‘

••

25.0。

29 28

自『-u﹒

cluS乞er (3) from the other two clus七ers.

工t is apparent from both sets of results using female crania that Haw~iian c:ania_ ~onsiste~t~y_ ~luster ~ith samples ~~~resenti~g_mod7rn and preh~st~ric ~n~abitant~ of ~~ailand ~~d have their_~losest association with the modern ~hai ;~ple. Consider~ng ~he_ three So~theast Asian samples ~~pãrately ， it is found that the closest tie amongst these is~ between the Non Nok 'l'ha and Hodern Thai samples and that the Ban Kao sample is nearer to Non Nok Tha than to the modern Thai series.

ples

SUITUllary of_ aE_E工ìcations of distance statistics to cranial me as ureme nts.

From these distance analyses 只sing male and female samples there was found to be ~ good separation of the samples into discrete clusters using fema1e data; . this was not true of analyses of ma1e data. Second1y , - the number of variables (whether e ight o r sixteen) does not appreciably affect these resu1ts. That is , the c1usters found and their r .e1ative rank ordering did not differ greatly whether eight or sixteen variahles were used .

Application of dìstance statistics to crania1 morphology

Further comparisons of the Non Nok Tha remains were made by app1ying Berry & Smithts d istance statistic (Berry &

Smith, n.d.; Berry & Berry , 1967) to the percentage incidence of thirty-two non-metrical or discontinuous (discrete) crania工 traits. A description o f these traits appears in Pietrusewsky (1969a:89-99}. Additio nal discussion of non-metr主cal cranial traits , or -so-called epigenetic traits , and their usefulness in deterrnining measures of divergence may be found in Berry & Berry (1967 , 1972) , Brothwell (1958) , de Villiers (196 8 ) , and Ke1lock & Parsons (工 970) • The sku1ls r eprese.nt twel ve of the sarnples used in the p revious cornparison of cranìal rneasurements. Unfortunate工y the Ban Kao samp1e had to be omitted owing to the absence of sufficient c omparative data in the o riginal skeleta1 report describing these remains . The discontinuous traìts and their frequency of occurrence are presented in Table G-立2 .工n some cases fema1e data only , or data representing one side of the skull for sorne bilatera11y-occurring traits were used. Thìs se1ection of data is based on the assumption , shown in previous work (Pietrusewsky , 1969a , 1970) , that significant differences between sexes and sides exist for certain traits. Genera1ly however , a cornbined per side incidence of bilaterally-occurring traits was used.

30

An atternpt to apply Mahalanobis' generalized distance statist~c to comparable discontinuous variables of these S缸nples ~s the subject of current work.

。n

be

The inter-group distances obtained on comparing the twelve samples are presented in Table G-13. The same computer progr~ used to .construct the dendrogram based the matrix of D~ scores was used to draw the diagram in Figure 2. which represents the rela七ionship among twelve samples bases on a matrix of Berry & Smith's distances using thirty-two non-metrical cranial traits. 工t should emphasized here that such schernatizations only imply relative degrees of association and that no temporal interpre.tations of them are sugges.ted.

as of this application suggest two main isolated series. The g.roupings a.re

results and one

The clusters follows:

c luster

Zealand , New 工 s. , r e -t. 自制

EU G

', -Y,

t-L ea --h CT 。

cu 'S ST­a

臼訓

uh qt 缸旭

MC (1)

。

-

Eti

-

-aa

￡E

-

zd4faz-fe

Tha

The closest associat主。a 主5 between the series from the Society and. Marquesas islands whìch form a separate unit within the f主rst major cluster. Another g rouping within this first cluster consists of the series from Easter 1s. , New Zealand , and Chatham 工s. ， wh主ch are first tied to the Modern Thai sample and then , as a larger unit , to the init.i ~ü Marquesan-Society unit. Further joìned to this first larger major cluster is the Guamian CMìcronesian) s缸nple.The first six series , which form a nucleus , are from central , e a s t ern , and more isolated areas of Poly nesia. The second ma j or c工uster consists of cranial series from an area stradling Polynesia and eastern Melanesia: Tong a-Samoa and Fiji , and one sample of crania from Mokapu , Oahu , Hawaiian 工slands ， and more remote l y , the Tuamotu serìes from east central Polynesia. The most aberrant series is Non Nok which . falls within no major cluster and has t h e largest d istance scores of all paired groups.

Tha

Nok Non Tuamotu , Mokapu , Fiji , Tonga-Samoa , - (2}

based

conclusions

Two main similarities become obvious when results 。n metrical and non-metrical kinds of variables , as indicated by the diagrams in Figures 1 and 2 , are compared. 1} 1n analyses using both metrical and non-metrical cranial variables , Non Nok Tha assumes an isolated position which is

and 。bservationsFina工

TABLES .e c ne as te

be

n 。

ld

t

豆、

L

Mdnmu tee

--ls

。

‘.、--e••.. ‘ .••. E.、

as

A APPENDIX

T1\llLF.S LIFE DESCRIPT工ONSBURIAL nd ,

。k Tha

。ro the nit thin Is. , the initial

t ple. centra l.,

second

。a and aiian ast Nok Tha st

L一一

based

oared. cranial­hich 1.S

s

31

for & Smith's distances cranial traits.

va--a­

za rc e‘L

BX t

宇-e

e

。

m

rm nMXn gi

。

-lzn Ft

a2 m3 2.

Dendrogram based on a 12 s缸nples using

‘Z」FXOZ.. ‘

30

的--ad『Z」F4ZU

aza

‘44UH .

"-E山」F帥d『凶

LF』FU-u。曲

曲唱吶WDOEa‘••

3妒。gd‘3』F

2ad‘區。軍

‘。'‘啊，‘oz。」F

z 。z .

I ..

‘Z』F

軍

叫國Z

'『-“-

.00。

.025

.05。

L-....r一

.075

;

Ih-

-

.---回

.10。

.125

.1 50

可一.175

.200

.225

.25。

9 •• a4Het-EEEE--BE

a

.275

τ

Table

Skelet

32

especially noticeable in the analysis baseð. on non-metrical traits. Ban Kao , the other prehistoric ser土es fro.m Southeast Asia , whìle unable to be ìncluded ìn analysìs of non-metrical data , also consìstently assumes an a~errant position in dìstance analyses based on metrìcal variables . 2) 工n both types of analyses , the modern Thai series shares some degree of assocìation (as evidenced by its position in the dendrograms) wìth serìes from the Pacific.

Skelet

Asia

of

工n sum , whìle the prehìstoric series from Southeast are 工argely unrelated to any of the Pacifìc samples ìncluded , the modern Thai series shares a limiteð degree assocìation with some of the Pacifìc samples .

Skelet.

two Differences between results as suggested in the dendrograms are numerous if indìvidual pairings are compared. Especially noteworthy are differences in the exact ordering of the Pacific series regardless of the broader similarities they display .

Skeletc

Uncluè Lab #7~

Finally , the two prehìstoric series from Thailand (Ban Kao and Non Nok Tha) , although not included in analyses of both types of data , are - not found to form -consistently close associations ìn these comparisons despite their relatively closer geographìc and temporal.relationship. Furtherroore , these comparisons ' strongly indicate that before-.rnore defìnite conclusions can be reached 'concerning the biologìcal relationshìps arnong southeast Asian populations and those between Southeast Asia and the Pacific , rnany more remains frorn these and intermediate areas will be r equired.

Skeletc

SkeletO.

'‘.

'，全可、

E

畫畫唔

". , i

‘'"

etr主cal

sis of rant ables. s shares t l.on l.n

east Asia

::1ree of

two

the 1.e

n af4qd Bon (-L s-n deypr

九

至

1L

C

﹒L

』」主

Pacific , vill be

'1'aÞ1e A-~

SJceleton l

SJceleton 2

Skeleton 3

Skeleton 4

(includes Lab #791

Skeleton 5

Skeleton 6

3 3

Buri.al Descr i.ptions of 1966 Excavations at Non Nok Tha.

Young adult female. Reconstructed skull. Fragments of long bones , innominates , v ertebrae , metacarpals and metatarsa1s. Preservatìon fair. Burial 4 . C3/C4 Bau1k. Mìddle Perìod 3. Skul1 of thìs burial removed by intercutting Burial 34 , extra skul1 at feet.

Child. R主ght humerus , incorop1ete right femur -roissing dista1 extremity. Buria1 83. C4/D4 Bau1k. Early PerioB ' 工-3Mostly cut away by Bur主a1 82.

Middle-aged ma1e. Reconstructed skull missing rnost of right side of face. Few measureMents poss主b1e. Nearly cornplete .long bone representation . Fragments of ribs , vertebrae , scapu1ae , c1avicles and 主nnomìnates. Robust. Preservat主。n rnoderatè1y good , light concretions. Burial 22. Square D4. Midd1e period 4.

Middle- aged female. Complete reconstructed skull.工，ong bone representation substantially cornp1ete. Vertebrae very fragmentary ' and incomplete , fragrnents of scapulae and ìnnorninates. Hand and foot bones , including coroplete rnetacarpal~. Concretions moderate. Thickening of cranial vault bones (7- 8mm). Buria143. Square E4 ' (NW)/ and E4/ES Baulk; and unnurobered burial 11 square E4 (tibiae , fibulae and foot bones). Middle Period 7.

Young female. Fragrnentary skull , partial reconstruction. Considerable long bone representation , some very fragrnentary and limestone encrusted. A few verteb玄al fragrnents , soroe hand and foot bones 叭 Abnormal eruption and position of rightroaxillary incisor. Burial 30. Square F4. From mound rather than grave. ?Ear1y Period. Badly disturbed by later burials.

Adult f erna l e. No skull. Tibia and fibula fragrnents and foot bones. Distal and middle phalanges of fifth rnetatarsa工 fused together. Burial 27. Sq uare E4 and E4 / F4 Baulk. M主ddle perìod 3.

? - E

34

(Cont' d) A-工Table Table

Ske工e﹒Young fema1e. Few cranial vault fragments. Left innominate fragment , fragments of left 'femur , tibia and fibu1a , 1eft metacarpal and carpa1 bones. Preservation fair. Burial 49. E4/F4 Baulk. Middle Badly disturbed.

8. Period

7 Skeleton

Skelet least 6 years old. Crania1 fragments. 。f clavic1e , thoracic vertebrae.

D4/D5 Baulk. 'From Mound ra ther Ear1y Period.

-e

ts4v at6a

n

玄

,elq

dma --qτln

-lara hruh CFBt 8 Ske1eton

Skel'et

and Few fragments of innominates Robust. Light concretions.

Square C5. Early Period.

-r eu­-mo ae8 mf

1ι

tta lhi uqdr 『G-LU

AEB 9 Ske1eton

Ske1et 2.

11

Adult female. Fragments of skull , partia1 recons1二ruction. Left uln'a , fragments of left radius and humerus , dista1 right u1na. Few vertebral fraginents , right metatarsals l ' and Fragments of ribs and dista1 right humerus.

Light concretions. Buria1 2. Square C3i and unnumbered Square C3. Middle Period 2.

burial

10

(includes Lab. ' # 84)

Ske1eton

Ske1et

Chi1d~ 6-10 years . Sku11 fragments including portions of maxi1lary and ，m~ndibular dentitions. Major 1ong , bones (fragmentary) and . fragments of innominates , tibs and vertebrae~ Buria工 58.Square D4 (SE}. 'Middle Period 6. '

11 Skeleton

Ske1et,

Ske1etc ‘

'

，66，、-eJ

BB

Child , ， approximate工y 4 years. Numerous sku工 lfragments inc1uding portions of maxi1la with teeth -z- n s 乞~U. Right c1avicle and shaft fragment of humerus , fragments of cervical vertebrae and right innominate bone. Burial, 29. E4/F4 Baulk. Midd1e period 1 or 2. Probably buried ìn Mound of Burial 28 (Ske1eton 49).

工 2Skeleton

.. ,

Skeletc Adu1t female. Near1y complete vertebral column excepting cervica1 vértebrae. Preservation poor. Fie1d 1abel Buria1 59 is dubious. , Provenance doubtful , probably Square C3. Middle Period (see a1so Ske1eton 16, 1.

13 Skeleton

35 34

rìght

(Cont ' d}

Adu1t male. Incomplete humeri , complete femur , tibiae , fibu1ae and right patella. Burìa工 38. Square G4. Mìddle period . 3. Grave containìng many animal bones and miscel1aneous human fragments. (see also Ske1etons 15 and 43).

14

A- 1

Ske1eton

Tab1e

.‘-b峰，ake'、

.• '‘av

ItS. :ft and

ye

.

、414、.，

話，d3

a,d4

bi 。Md

rn pa Single shaft fragment , Buria1 38. Square G4.

(See a1so Skeletons 14

Juvenile. humerus. Period 3.

工 5Skele七。n

8.

agments.

Middle-aged fema1e. Skull complete , partial1y reconstructed. 工nfracranial ske1eton subst-antia1ly comp1ete. Cervica1 vertebrae , rìght tibia , fibu1a and foot bones' missing. Fair1y goo~ s .tate- of preservatì'on , light concretions'. Some thickening .of cranìa1 bones. Buria159. Square C3 and ' C3/C4 Bau1k. ?Mìdd1e Perìod 2.

~6 Skeleton

ther

and S

S.

of Mìdd-le-aged fema1e. Mandible and fragment maxi11a. Maj。主主ty of long bones and foot bones. Concretions 1ight. Burial 41. Square G4. Middle period 8.

17 Ske1eton 2 .

主l

1eft :'ew 'i nd ~ .

Mièd1e-aged ma1e. Reconstructed skul1. 工nfracrania1 skeleton , miss主ng most of vertebrae . Some hand and foot bones. Robust. Preservation good. Buria1 77. C5/D5 Mìdd1e Period. (See a1so Skeleton 56).

Baulk.

18 Skeleton

11

lding .tions. ltS o f 58.

~ial

Child , 4-5 years. Skul1 fragments and substantìal 10ng bone representatíon. Burial 57. Square D5. Middle period

19 Ske1eton

工。wer

1.

。主srrb toE no epe mr gya aru req FVS

No sku1工­innominate. Buria1 53.

3.

-td th

.0

1-αdn-l

u--。

r

『dr.-e

atp 司Ga

'nve earl --ed absd mme-­e-LZM Flp? 20 Ske工eton

ku11 th teeth nt of nd 4 buried

Young fema1e. Comp1ete sku11 reconstruc七ion.Fairly comp1ete infracranìal ske1eton. Concretions 1ìght . Abrasion markings on 工abia1 surface of upper central incisors. Femora bowed. Possib1e healed fracture of rìght c1avìc1e with pecu1ìar spur formatìon at media1 end. Burial 63. Square D5. Midd1e Period 3. Skull placed on knees , perhaps is that of another individual.

21 Skeleton r

no mo upe lcd onno c3

主

-L

36

Table

Skele

Skele tCont'd)

Young female. Foot bones , lumbar and sacral vertebrae. Burial 54. D4/D5 Baulk. Middle perìod 1. Disturbed by Burial 63 , to which skull wrongly bagged with this material belongs (see Skeleton 21).

22

A-1

Skeleton

tincludes Lab. #90)

Table

Young female. Fairly good skull reconstructìon. 工nfracranial skeleton substantially complete. Fragments of scapulae , right innominate , few thoracìc vertebrae. Cervical vertebrae , carpal bones and bones of feet missing. tThickness of parietal bones reaches 7mm}. Burìal 3l. Square E3. ?Middle period 5. l6 bronze bracelets on left arm , 1 on right.

24 Skeleton

2 ••

，喝喝ETa4.ι‘'，'，

E‘，ι‘••• ，E

﹒目，

•. 31 Adult male. No skull. Fragments of radii and

aulnae , Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae , lower limb bones. Some hand and foot bones. Concretions light. Robust. Burial 72. E4/F4 Baulk. Mìddle Period 3 or 5.

25 Skeleton

Skelet

Skelet<

。至Adult male. Reconstructed frontal-parietal and occipital-parìetal fragments. Fragments tempora~ and sphenoìd bone. 工nfracranialfragments ìnclud主ng acroroìon of left scapula , humerus and shaft of femur. Cranial bones thick , w主th light concretions. Burial 8. C5/D5 Baulk. ?Early Period 1. Burìal ß ìs a mound complex. This material and Skeletons 54 and 58 tbelow) may be from subsidìary burials ìn the mound. (see also Skeleton 87).

26 Skeleton

34

Skeleto 、"，

函，峙，ap

Middle-aged male. Mandibular fragments.-~ragments of sternum , ìnnomìnates , femora , metacarpals , lurnbar and sacral vertebrae. Concretions light to moderate 竺 Hemi-sacralizat主on of 5th lumbar vertebra. Burial J8. Square G4. Middle Perïod 4 (typological grounds). - Skull fragments on knees rather than in normal position.

27 Skeleton

,. I

Skeleto

(includt Lab. #3:

七00

Uiddle-aged female. Cranial fragments. Fragments of upper and lower lìmb bones , incomplete to permit recording of eìther measurements or morphology. Burial 73. Square E6. Middle period 3 or 4.

Skeleton '28

37 36

Crania1 and infracrania1 fragrnents , preserved. Robust. Burial 16.

Mìdd1e period 4.

(Cont I d)

-va e--­lrrb a

。

E

m。pe tr --v

‘a

uru deαa

AVS 29

A-l

Ske1eton

Tab1e

sacra1 Midd1e

which be10ngs Midd1e-aged ferna1e. Reconstructed craniurn

- rnissing 1arge portion of 1eft fronta1~parieta1-ternpora1 region. Fragrnents of 1eft hurnerus , u1na and radius , hand bones , bones of 10wer 1irnb , innorninates and 1urnbar and sacra1 vertebrae. Pate11ae. Concretions 1ight. Buria1 62! Square G4. Midd1e Period' ~. Mis1abel1ed in the fie1d as Buria1 77. Burial 62 included a mound , much disturbed by Buria1 78 (Skeleton 27). Material 1abelled Ske1eton 30 may be from the grave , or both this and the Ske1eton 53 materia1 (be1ow) may be frorn subsidiary buria1s in the mount.

30 Ske1eton

n o --t­cew ute ref­←」可扎

SO‘

:n) • j 5. ight.

', '=-

radii and lower

used.

Midd1e- aged f~a1e. Fragments of craniurn, rìght femur and ~ome foot bones. Preservation poor , 1ight concretions. Buria1 17. Square E6. Middle period 4. Burial -disturbed by Buria145 (Ske1eton 68l.

not number 3工

32 Skeleton

of

>

Letal 3'rnen毛S

La工

ipu1a , )nes

a

Midd~e-age9 ferna1e. Skul1 partia11y reconstructed. Hurnerì , radii , u1nae , fragments of scapu1ae and innominates . Near1y comp1ete vertebra1 colurnn rnissing on1y few 10wer thoracìc and upper 1urnbar vertebrae. Preservation good. Buria1 24. Square D4 and Bau工k D4/E3. ?Midd1e Period 2.

33 Skeleton

1 工­~rial

:rom a1so

used.

Midd1e-aged rna1e. 工nfracrania1 skeleton substantia1工y cornp1ete . Vertebrae and scapulae fragmentary. Otherwise we11 preserved , 1ig~concretions. Buria1 34. Square C3. Midd1e Period 5 .

not numbers 35

36

34 ,

Ske1eton

) . :a , -.

、.­

la ac ---l rgr uoe Blh

、月1.

Mìdd1e-aged ma1e . Sku11 partia11y reconstructed. Fernora , fragments of innominates , tibiae , thoracic and cervica1 vertebrae , hurneri , radii , u1nae , scapu1ae. Pate11ae , some hand and foot bones. Concretions heavy. Buria1 26. D3/D4 Bau1k . Ear1y Period 3. Sorne fragrnents (Lab. # 31) mis1abe11ed Buria1 81 in the field.

37 Skeleton

(inc1udes Lab. # 31)

too

Y

38

Tab1e

Ske1ei a11 Sku11 fragrnentary , Fair condition.

Midd1e Period

tCont 'dl

Chi1d , 2-5 years. major bones present. Buria1 46. Square C6.

38

Tab1e A-1

Ske1eton

7.

vertebrae rib , e 14 d

-d

sn-l toM n-L呵，-

et m-l qd an­r

。RJ

fcE of Few

Poor Square

Adu1t fema1e. and humerus. Buria1 75.

39 Ske1eton

Ske1et

7.

Adu1t ma1e. No sku11. Fragments of femora and tibiae. Questionab1e whether this materia工constitutes parts of one individua1. Buria1 25 Square 06. Midd1e period 工.

This materia1 and Ske1eton 41 subsidiary buria1s in mound.

from

Period

(below)

40 Ske1eton

Ske1e t.

Adu1t fema1e. Mandib1e and fragments of cranium . Fragments of right femur , fibu1a and of left tibia and . fibu1a. Buria1 25. Square 06. Midd1e P.eriod 1. From subsidiary .mound . buria1- (see Ske1eton 40).

41 Ske1eton

Ske1et<

No sku11. Fragments of femur , and innominates. Preservation too fragmentary for usua1

Buria1 70. Square C7.

Adu1t fema1e. fibu1a , tibia fair but bone observations. Midd1e Period

42 Ske1eton

Ske1etc

、'‘

革

，

t

sy

;

需ec--

SB包彎，••

•

1.

Adu1t. One shaft fragment of 1eft humerus. Burìa1 38. .Square G4. Midd1e period 3. Fie1d 1abe1 Buria1 71 incorrect. See a1so Ske1etons 14 and 15 (above).

43. Ske1eton

and Adu1t ma1e. Fragments of femora , tibiae fibu1ae. Preservation fair. Buria1 51. 05/E5 Bau1k. Midd1e period 8.

44 Ske工eton

Skeletc

Adu1t ma1e. No sku11. proximal ha1f of right humerus , shaft fragment .of 1eft tibia. Preservation g.ood.. Buria1 32. Square E3. Midd1e period 1 or 2. From mound rather than grave.

45 ..

Ske1eton

Skeleto

Very young child. Right radius , left i1ium, femora , tibiae and fibu1ae. Preservation good , no concretions. Burial 14. Square C6. ?Midd1e . period 4. (Typo1ogica11y more 1ike Ear1y period 2 or 3).

46 Skeleton

38

3.11

7.

:rtebrae

1 7.

c: emora materia1

3uria1 25

了om

de nrd aan uu

aqo lsm f-u >

3

,

femur , 'ation

rus.. 3. 1so

e and 1.

n a

--h a3t fiE

。

'。

r

Lium , )n good ,

like

39

~able A-l (Cont'd)

Skeleton 47

Skeleton 49

Ske1eton 40

Skeleton 51

Skeleton 52

Skeleton 53

Skeleton 54

Adult male. No sku1l. Fragments of 10ng bones down to and inc1uding femora. 工nnominates ， scapulae and vertebrae very incomplete and fragmentary. Some hand bones. Preservation generally fair , concretions lig~t. Burial 81 . C4/D4 Baulk. Early Period 3.

48 number not used

Young female . Partial1y reconstructedγßkull. Infracranial skeleton 1argely complete exc~pting cervica1 and thoracic vertebrae. Preservation fair1y good. Upper incisors appear to hav e wear facets on the 1abial surfaces. Burial 28. E4/F4 Baulk. Midd1e Period 1 or 2.

Juveni1e , between 工5 and 17 years. No skull. Dista1 1eft femur , tibiae and fibu1ae , right pate11a ,' some foot bones. ' Preservation good. Burial 56. Square D5/E5 and D6/E6 Baulks. Midd1e Period 3. Mis1abe11ed in the fie1d as Burial 55.

Midd1e-aged male. Comp1ete1y restored skull in exce11ent condition. Infracranial skeleton substantial1y comp'lete. Robust. Preservation good. Concretions 'light to moderate. Burial 55. 'Square E5 and E5/D5 Baulk. Middle Period 3.

Chi1d. Two fibu1a fragments and one tib ia shaft fragment. Concretions light. Buria工61. Square G4. ?Midd1e Period 8 .

Adult ma1e. No sku11. Ribs and rib fragments , bones of upper limb. Concretions light to moderate. Buria1 62. Square G4. Midd1e Period 2. From mound rather than grave (see note on Skeleton 30 above).

Midd1e - aged female. Skull reconstructed but missing most of face. 工nfracranial ske1eton substantially comp1ete. Concretions 1igh t. Buria1 8. C5/D5 Baulk. ?Ear1y Period 1. Possib1y from subsidiary mound burial (see note on Ske1eton 26; a1so Ske1eton 58). 'Provenance dubious.

司

". ' 、

itfti

40

Tab1e ~

Ske1et<

(Cont' d)

Adu1t ma1e. No sku1工. Few fragrnents of 19n9 bones (left side) , of right innominate ånd of 1urnbar and sacra1 vertebrae. Preservation good. Buria1 50. Square D5. ?Midd1e Period 4.

55

A-1

Ske1eton

Tab1e

Ske工etc

Adu1t ma1e. Hand -bones and dista1 quarter of right u1na. Concretions moderate. Buria1 77. Square D5. ?Midd1e Period 1. Not the same individua1 as Ske1eton 18. Uncertain whether this materia1. is from the fi11 of the grave containing Ske1eton 18 , 9r from beyond it , outside the gravé. 工f the 1atter~ it wou1d dat~ to the Ear1y Period.

56 Ske1etbn

Ske1eto 2.

a

bone.

or

from

工

Adu1t. Severa1 fragments Thickness from 7-9 mm. Buria1 68. Square D7. Midd1e Period Grave of this buria1 outside area of excavation. The c主~nia1 fragments are mound construction.

crania1 。至57 Ske1eton

Ske1etol Adu1t. Crania1 fragments: right portion of fronta1 bone , parts of parieta1 , occipita1 and mandib1e. Buria1~. C5/D5 Bau1k. ?Ear1y period 1. Possib1y .from subsidiary mound buria1 (see note on Ske1eton 26 , a1so Ske1eton 54 , and 87).

58 Ske1eton

Ske1eton

f.

p

.

'9'

、

、

:.Juveni1e , probab1y .ÿounger than 12 years. No sku11~ Femora1 shaft fragments , bad1y eroded fragments of tibiae and fibu1ae. N。concretions. Buria1 52. D5/E5 Bau1k. Middle Period 8.

59 Ske1eton

Ske1eton

。

、'，這正‘

4.

4••

m鴨FE

Juveni1e , 12-î3 years. No sku11. Long bone representation substantia11y comp1ete. No concretions. Buria1 19. Square E5. Midd1e Period 4.

60 Ske1eton

Midd1e-aged fema1e. . Mandib1e and maxi11a fragments. Fragments of 10ng bones , vertebrae , innominates , some hand bones. No concretions. Buria1 42. Square E4. Midd1e Period 8. Burial unnumbered in fie1d. . Label1ed Buria1 I E4.

61

" ,

Ske1eton

41 40

(Cont'd)

Old ferna1e. ' Mandib1e and fragrnents of craniurn. Infracrania1 ske1eton substantia11y comp1ete , 1acking sternurn and vertebrae. Thoracic vertebrae 3 through 9 fused with considerab1e erosion and destruction oß bodies. 90~ angu1ation. Buria1 40. Square F4. Midd1e Period 8. Buria1 unnurnbered in field. Label1ed Burial 工 F4.

62

!'ab1e J\-1

Skeleton d

qdo no OEg --o n­

fdo4 on

-­atd

Chi1d , 4-6 years. Skul1 fragrnents , right hurn己rus ， axis vertebra , proximal half of left fernur. Burial 36. Square C5. ?Midd1e period 6. Buria1 unnurnbered in field. Labe11ed Buria1 1工 C5.

63 Ske1eton

rter of .uria工 77.

e sarne whether rave it , would

6. Adu1t rna1e. Fragrnents of fernora and ribs , sorne foot bones. Preservation good. Burial Square Ç4. Ear1y Period 1. Subsidiary buria1 in rnound. Buria1 unnurnbered in fie1d. Label1ed Burial 1 C4.

64 Skeleton 2.

a

one.

l ' or

frorn

Middle-aged rna1e. Crania1 fragrnents and reconstructed rnandib1e. Left hurnerus , distal radius and ulna , left patella , cervical and sorne thoracic vertebrae , "fragrnents of scapulae , sorne ribs. Very 'good. condition , no concretions. Bu~ial 47. Square C3. Midd1e Period 8. Buria工 unnumbered in field. Labelled Burial 工 63.

65 Skeleton

Child , 2-4 years. Fragments of skull. . Burial 35. Square C5. ?Midd1e Period 8. Buria1 unnumbered in field. Label1ed Burial 工 65.

66 Skeleton

Middle-aged ' rnale. Reconstructed skul1 , rnissing rnost of face. . Mandib1e very large. Fragmènts of radii and u1nae, fernora , tibiae and fibu工ae ， right innorninate. Patellae , sorne hand and foot bones. Preservation fair , no concretions. Burial 88 (new nurnber , not used in field records) Square D4. Middle Period 1-3. Burial dug into rnound of Buria1 26 (Ske1eton 37) but not part 。f this cornplex. Buria1 unnurnbered in field. Label1ed Burial 1 D4.

67 Skeleton

ftit?

!-i

i--t

ion of tal and ?Ear工Ylnd (eleton

;. No eroded

19 bone No Middle

la rtebrae , etions. 8. urial

了42

Tab1e

Ske1et,

(Cont' d)

Adu1t rna1e. Fragments o f 10wer 1irnb ske1eton inc1uding feet. Preservation very poor. Robust. Buria1 45. Square E6. Midd1e Period 7. Lab. # 91 rnateria1 unnurnbered in fie1d , 1abe11ed Buria1 1 E6.

68

A-1

Ske1eton

(inc1udes Lab # 91)

Tab1e

Ske1et<

Ske1etc

'

I

Midd1e-aged rna1e. Reconstructed ca工variurn.Mandib1e and bones of face. 工nfracranialske1eton substantia工1y cornp1ete. Preservation very good. Dip10e thickened (9-10 rnrn near bregrna). Marked curvature of fernora and tibiae. Pecu1iar f1anges of bone at nutrient forarnen region of tibiae" Third and fourth thoracic vertebrae fused postêrior1y. Buria1 12. C5/C6 Bau1k. Midd1e Period 5.

Chi1d , 4-5 years. Fragrnents of rnandib1e and rnaxi1la , frontal and zygorna. A few infracranial fragrnent~可 ﹒ Concretions 1ight to rnoderate . Burial 79. Square C5 . Early Period.

69

70

Skeleton

Ske1eton

Skelet。' ••

4 •

••••••

輛••

da司

書

ribs Adult , ?ferna1e. and vertebrae. Burial 76. C5jD5. ?Early Period 1. Frorn buria1 cut in rnound of Buria1 8 (Skeleton 26) , probably roughly conternporary with it but not .part of the Burial 8 cornp1ex. (see alsQ Ske1etons 26 , 54 and 58).

bones , hand of s t n e m q a r F 71 Skeleton

SkeletOl

of Midd1e-aged ferna1e. Partia1 reconstruction ca1variurn. Few fragrnents of 10ng bones and vertebrae. Burial 20. E4/E5 Baulk. Middle Period 1 or 2. Frorn subsidiary rnound burial (see a1so Ske1eton 88).

72 Ske1eton

Adu1t. Dista1 extrernities of tibiae and fibu1ae , fo。乞 bones ， -partia1 rnetacarpals. Prevervation generally good. Burial 90. E3/E4 Bau1k. Midd1e Period 3-6.

73 Ske1eton

, I

Skeletor

Adult rnale. No sku11. A few fragrnents of 10ng bones. Preservation good , no concretions . Robust. Buria1 86. E3/E4 Baulk. Middl e Period 3-6.

74 Skeleton

42 43

n o tn e-­、4e

e-ld Skeleton 75

Table A- 1 (Cont'd)

: l.urn. .al !rvation lear ld ltrient .urth Burial

Skeleton 76

Skeleton 77

e and racranüil te.

Skeleton 78 s , ribs

eleton it (see

tion of and Midd工e

:.lrial Skeleton 80

1

Skeleton 81

:; of ~etions . idle

Child , 8 years. Mandible and a few cranial fragments. Clavic1es , most of pre-lumbar vertebrae , fragments of scapulae and ribs. Preservation fairly good . Burial 74. . Square E6. Middle Period 3. Provenance dubious , inadequate field label.

Middle- aged female. Skull fragmentary , vault 。nly reconstructed. Fragments of pelv~毒，vertebrae , right tibia , right femur ; left femur and right ulna. Concretions especially heavy on mandible. Burial 18. Square E6. Middle period 4.

Adult female. No skull. Sternum, left hurnerus , fragments of left scapula and radius and ulna. Most of presacral vertebrae.

. Fairly good preservation, ' no concretions. Burial 48. 'Square C5. Middle Period 4.

Middle-aged male . Reconstructed cranium , damaged mandible. Parts of left ann right humeri , left radius and ulna , clavicles , fragments of scapulae and a few cervical vertebrae fragments. Preservation fair. Cranial bones extremely thick (7-1lmm). Burial 65. Square F4. Mid Middle period ?Middle period 4.

79 number not used.

Child , approximately 10 years. Mandible fragment. Major long bones , some cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Burial 44. Square E4. Middle Period 7. .Buried wi th adul t fernale in sarne grave (see Skeleton 82). Unnumbered in field . Labelled Burial 工工工 E4.

Child , approxirnately 7 years. Fragmentary skull rernains. Fragmentary long bones , innorninates , cervical vertebrae including atlas and axis , sorne thoracic vertebrae. Preservation poor , concretions light to rnoderate. Burial 7. C4/C5 Baulk. Middle period 5.

44

Table A-l (Cont'd)

Skeleton 82 Middle-aged femι斗e. 一 Reconstructed skull missing most . of ;ace. Infracranial

Skeleton 83

84

Ske leton 85

(includes Lab. 書 92)

Skeleton 86

Skeleton 87

representation g; ;.lb.st~nti~lly complete excepting left 三五三apula ， humerus and vertebral column. Prese~ation good , no concretions. Burial 44. Sq可以are E4. Middl~ Period 7. Buried in same 字~ave with child (see Skeleton 80}. Mislabel~d Burial 47 in field.

Adult. No sku:"三. Lower leg bones and shaft fragment of lef乞 femur. Bones fragmentary , concretions lig乙~ to moderate~ Burial 9. Square C 4 • ?Mi..:云dle period 4 (on typological grourids , chief工7 orien乞ation) •

Number not used ,

Adult female - ?-了。ung. Recons主ructed cranium and one occipi七a':: fragment. 工nfracranialskeleton substa~~ially complete , lacking sternum , most of scapulae ' and cervical vertebrae. pre多~rvatìon good. Peg-shaped upper 3rd molar ~nd 2nd incisor , occurring bilaterally. B;1;;.rial 23. C4 /D4 Baulk. Middle Period 4. Cranium labelled in field Skull F (Lab. # ~2).

Middle-aged fema~e. ~artial工y reconstructed skull.工nfracr~~ial skeleton substantially complete. Ver乞~bral column fragmentary , no cervical or sacr~l vertebrae. Preservation fairly good , concretions variable. Upper right and left 2nd and 3rd molars. peculiarly shaped (oblique). Bur L~l 67. D4/D5 Bau~k.

Middle period 1 o r 2.

Adult male. A t e w cranial fragments . Major long bones present. Considerab工ereconstructlon ot l ong bones undertaken. Concretions ligh乞， Femora and tiDi~e bowed. Burial 10. G4/C5 Baulk. Middle period 5. Burial 10 is cut into the mound complex of Buria18 (Skeletvns 26 , 54 , and 58). The cran土al fragmentø may belong with this complex rather than with ßurial 10.

!'able J

- 'keletc

Ik.let。

44 45

Table A-l (Cont I d)

1

:bral ::>ns. 7. leton

Skeleton 88 Middle-aged adult. Skull fragments and partially reconstructed occipital bone. Burial 20. E4/E5 Baulk. Middle period 1 or 2. From mound offering , not primary interrment (see also Skeleton 72).

shaft ary , 9. 弓 ical

Skeleton 89 Child , approximately 4 years. - Fragments of skull and long bones. Extremely fragmentary. Burial 84. D4/D5 Baulk. Early Period 吐-3.

m -l n a、4

ra

aped ng

ield

ucted ally , no tion er right haped

Major

owed. d 5. of he omplex

46

Ske1eton q n -l t s .l-LS -r se

m心CN

coz

and Numbers Buria1

Numbers' ,1

.+J C

Nurnbers Ske1eton and Buria1 。fcross-1isting

s r e -us -nn --L -ea -dm -ue

ol416

是

8379692602835301-76925456634532271-402Ir

--6825588642376788344341243661142616885

-nl FLa

t te

。1-

ne k

ss e 。。

Dn

ωCOJ吶叫VMW〉吋OX伺

頁。hHLH

CH肉，廿KOZ

們∞hH。LHCO叫ω2A叫LHω心吶。

mVHHMW

of Table A-2

。hw〈

悶，〈。HAmwh

M內@的

UUOH

的

HMWJ呵hH2∞

'

-2

均可凶壘，語道會‘upe

No. Skeleton

88577549031-091362031886725859l86709729473 63675452255llll53527854227371452748767 ---一

一---一---一

一--

一-

一-

一一

一-一一-一

-

-----一---一

一一

一-一-

No.

oonynU可斗「JAUτrononu

呵，用Jnonononononon-J

Burial

5678901土43456789

4444455555555

.55

6l 62

世JAUτF3『Jnonu

「4「JA唔，』Jro司I

ζurorororo

弓，『J

『J

『，可J

弓，「J

No. Skeleton

-一---一-----

-一---

一

---一---一------

-一

一-一-------

---一--

--一--

No. Burial

'

6789

。可

42456

，8

句L呵，』司4呵，』可3弓J可3一句33J

可3、J

呵，-AHBCU弓，no

nynu、-4呵，-司JA品，

3JAHZA唔A茍

AUτA啥

902467890

可

4、414可4可

414149tE

呵，』「JaqFKJ

勻，臼弓，』呵，』弓

，-

i!li|

lili--•. 1.;

E古cludedwh王正hburi吉15。f主.-i

i

A

0、

a 叫 ~~".__>.>::iI崎過且函隘隘曲幽幽呵呵 ~-.' 一一 句 ? 司一-闖關閉""

"。口

|切。口20.

lυ

0..

at Non Excavations 1966 from

...... . "，，" OÞ、

Buria1s Sex Distribution for 83 Nok Tha

and Age A-3 Tab1e

Age Group Ma1e Fema1e ? Tota1

Infant 。Chi1d 2 , 8 ,12 ,63 , 70 , 11 (1-6 years) 19 , 38 , 46 , 52 ,

66 , 89

Late Chi1d (7-23 years) 正1 ， 75 ， 80 ， 81 4

Ado1escent ~1豆，三o.L5旦，豆。一 一 4 T1~了，吉4-yëars了

- .團- -因. -四- .回國- ‘- -‘- -間，四. -間，咽， - -呵，咽，蝠.. - - -國. -- -圈.. - _, -四 - .國﹒ 祖間. .圖- -

Young Adu1t 1 ,5 , 7 , 21 , 23 , 24 8 (25-36 years) 49 , 85 .

Midd1e- aged 3 , 18 , 27 , 36 ,37 , 4 ，工6 ， 17 ， 28 ， 30 ， 88 24 (37- 48 years) 51 ,67 ,69 ,78 32 , 33 ,54 , 61 , 65 ,

72 , 76 , 82 , 86

01d (49 + years) 62 1

Adu1t 9 ,14 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 6 ,10 ,13 , 20 ,22 , 43 , 57 ,58 ,73 , 31 (exact age 40 , 44 , 45 , 47 ,53 , | 39 ,41 , 42 ,71 ,7783 unknown) 55 ,56 ,64 ,68 , 74 , 1 !

87

,þ. '-.1

83 、

‘ 、

Sub"adu1ts adu1ts

一一.

...、旬以‘

19 6

Numbers.

33

Ske1eton to

25

refer Entries t

TOTAL

Leve1 by Buria1s Tha Nok Non of Distribution A-4. Tab1e

Numbers) (Ske1eton

e‘ α2

Leve1 1 2 3 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

----_.圓--~----2--•------- 18 10 l 3 24 11 4 7

-------~----5--~------~-----1 12------ 14 6 36 63 38 17

------------8--同﹒------ 19 16' 15 27 69 66 39 44

------------9--------- 23 30 20 29 81 68 52

26 37 40 33 21 32 87 80 59

54 47 41 53 (25)1 46 (25)1 82 61

58 42 ------2 8------ 62

64 ------4 悟----- 43 55 65

------- ---70咀圈， ------. 1------4 個一一- 50 60

71 56 51 76

------- ---89-- ------- ---圍--5 75 77

-------~-67--- ------- 78

--一---72------ 83

------8 他------ ----------------73-------~-- -------------8 8-----團 ---------目---- --74-目，------ --串----

85 L_____

PER工ODM工DDLE.‘ PERIOD EARLY

.... ._. . ... 1.. S\o:.. 'l. S.‘ ~100LE ~ERI00' 3 or 5 tNOT 4) 圓圓，團團 ato "'"闖關鷗明嘲祠，剛旬開翩翩翩恤哺伽喝瞞自。想齣胡田蜻嘲恥、.電話?τ~....叫H﹒吋唔， “社

、.. --...... 唔)JiI>O ‘ ﹒

吋hwwuHO

的

且，

• d

σ、

~、計.，.... .. ~ _""1.. ' '， .4μ .~. '，-叫﹒叫.......... ... .

斗，

HN

Hω1MKH

M間，ωm

ω斗thm心

叭。lum

峙。吋MFHU

時

間M《們V]

HZOhwωC閃而川

，

ωGOh叮叮

hwω恥"可H

UC目HUO門

“

OHωH

mu門OHUωHUUF

什YOHμFH川

什ωWOHMM川

HUOUFUAWO O

卅什yo

Hμ「怖。1什UF

49 48

Tha Nok Non Combined , Leve1s A11 f。主Tab1e Life A-5. Tab1e

o e z 1 ￡

d z d; S T

L Z q :r; * x

27.7 27723 894.5 211 1000 211 11 6 1-

28.33 22356 750.5 98 789 77 4 7-12

25.0 17853 673.5 108 712 77 4 13-24 4,4

.. EJro --9771 558.0 243 635 154 8 25- 36

3057 250.0 960 481 462 24 37-49

3.0 57 9.5 1000 19 19

1000 TOTAL - (N) 52

Exp1anation of terms used in life tab1es: x=age interva1 measured in yearsi d~=actua1 number of individua1s dying at age X i dT.=number of iridividua1s dying at age X expressed as a prqportion of a - cohort of 1 , 000 individua1s ; ~x= number of individua1s 1iving at beginning of age inτerva1 X or àlive at exact age x;qx=rnorta1ity rate or the probability of dying at age X; ~x=nurnber of individua1s the life tab1e a1ive between x and x+1 ;=surn of L~ values

x~ taken frorn the bottorn of the Lx co1urnn-to the ag~ interva1 b:i~~ _ calcu~a~ed (~~re rng1tiplie~ ~~ the~ap~:opria~~ span of thè age interval); e~= expectation of 1ife or the mean life- tirne rernaining to those indiv iduals attaining age x.

l 50-56

工n

*

-、-:1'

h02)

的訕。

("')

Q。HN抽凶心伺AQQH玄

-UAω

"

的N

r-l

'

自

f

自

F可可﹒

r、 r、

F、 l{可

α3 α3

自 4

'

r、4 、。 α3r、 α3α31

t

了1 Tab1e 50

1-3) , (leve1s d o --r e pa

h YT T

占rk ao EN

for Non

Tab1es Life A-6 Tab1e

o e x 1 z d z d主 x L S q :r; x

6 工-18.6 846 308 1000 308 4 6 工-

7-12 19.6 692 。692 。。7-12

13-24 13.6 692 。692 。。工 3-24

25-36 工6.0577 334 692 231 3 25-36

37-48 9.0 307 668 46.1 308 4 37-48

49-54 3.0

工-8) ,

77

(leve1s

1000

for Mìdd1e Period Non Nok Tha

153 153

工3

Life

工 00.1

Tab工e

2.

A-7

49~54

Tab1e '

，品句

，'，PFE

eg L x -qx Z x d x a;; x

A Tab1e 33.4 951.5 97 .1000 97 7 6 1~

x 30.6 875 62 903 56 4 7-12

6 工-26.5 8工966 847 56 4 13-24

7-12 15.9 680 280 791 222 16 25-36

13-24 7.8 340 805 569 458 33 37-48

28-36 3.0 56 1000 .111 工 11

72 1000

8 49-54"

37-48

49-54

51

50 軍'1'ab1e A- 8 L~fe Tab1e for Ear1y period (Leve1s 1-3) , and

Midd1e period (1eve1s 1-3 ) , Non Nok Tha

。x2

Z d d LE Z qx L eLO E .x x ..x

18.6 1- 6 6 130 1000 130 935 33.43

19.6 7- 12 。 。 870 。 870 32.0

13.6 13-24 3 65 870 75 838 26.0

' ''' 16 . 0 25- 36 12 261 805 324 675 15.6

9.0 37- 48 19 413 544 759 338 8.2

3.0 49一 54 6 131 131 1000 66 3.0

46 1000

'

13 :

33.4 Tab1e A- 9 Life Tab1e for Midd1e period (1eve1s 4- 8) ,

Non Nok Tha 30.6 ' . x dx d Z q.x L eo .x x x x 26.5

'

工- 6 5 132 15.9

1000 132 934 31. 7

7-12 4 105 7.8

868 121 816 30.1

13-24 2 53 3.0

763 69 737 27.8

28-36 6 158 710 223 631 17 .4

37-48 16 421 552 763 342 8 . 7

49-54 5 131 131 1000 66 3.0

38 1000

Tab1e B-1 NON NOK THA SKULL MEASUREMENTS

(in mm.) ‘、

** 、 MALE FE單ALE

Var- n Mean S.O. S.E. Max. Min. Range n Mean S.O. S.E. Max. Min. Range * iab1e

L 5 186 5.8 2.6 194 178 16 9 171 7.4 2.5 l80 160 20

B 6 143 6.9 2.8 151 136 15 11 141 4.5 1. 3 147 133 14

日， 2 140 2.8 2.0 142 138 4 5 131 4.3 1. 9 137 127 10

LB 2 100 1.4 1.0 101 99 2 5 93 4.9 2.2 97 85 12

GL' NO OATA FOR TH工S VARIABLE 4 93 9.1 4.6 99 79 20

B' 3 101 3.5 2.0 105 98 1 7 95 4.1 1.6 101 90 11

J NO OATA FOR THIS VARIABLE 2 129 6.4 4.5 133 124 9

G'H 2 76 1.4 1.0 77 75 2 5 71 4.6 2.1 76 65 11

GH NO OATA FOR THIS VAR工ABLE 3 121 6.1 3.6 125 114 11

。2 2 45 2.8 2.0 47 43 4 3 37 2.5 1.5 39 34 5

0 1 2 35 3.5 2.5 37 32 5 4 40 3.8 1. 9 44 37 7

NB 2 56 0.0 0.0 56 56 。 5 51 2.5 1.1 54 49 5 υ， 趴』

NH 2 29 5.7 4.0 33 . 25 8 5 28 2.6 1. 2 31 25 6

G2 3 56 3.5 2.0 58 52 6 6 50 4.4 1. 8 56 43 13

- 品4~咽，回~、.~角--‘-闕'þ唔 ，.'句恥“...". ~. ._ ~，甜， . ，食 ..-. -...甸~.-~...，..I. .‘. • .. .....~. 'VJI'叮.~凹'r~的積4措..... 旬..õ\ .... J .. . l'!o -ï '

i2

ID F、r-f

U可 F可

r、a 電F

r-f ID F可 U可

r、a α3 . . r-f r-f

, '" ID

唱，. . N 電F

APPEND工X B α3 o p、a U可

CRANIOMETRY

u、 、。

α:> 1.0

If) N N If)

F可 αDF可 M可

。.N

O.可

的﹒們

kr.的

σ、1.0N If)

r、J M

:I:: N Z t!)

d

一;. .- ~ .... 蹦亂h

一 、 一 一

Tab1e B-1 (Cont'd)

MALE FEMALE

Var- n Mean 8.0. 8.E. Max. Min. Range 月 Mean 8.0. S.E. Max. Min. Range iab1e

G1 3 68 2.6 1.5 70 65 5 6 64 4.1 1. 7 68 57 11

BG 6 108 5.1 2.1 116 102 14 7 95 9.3 3.5 109 83 26

H1 7 36 2.9 1. 1 40 32 8 9 32 2.2 0.7 36 29 7

RH 8 66 2 . 0 0.7 70 64 6 9 57 4.6 1. 5 66 51 15

RB' 8 35 2.8 1. 0 39 31 8 9 33 1. 5 0.5 34 30 4

ML 3 , 113 6.1 3.5 118 106 12 7 105 3.3 1. 2 108 100 8

BW 3 127 7.6 4.3 132 118 14 7 118 8.4 3.2 128 104 24

* n = samp1e size; mean = arithmetica1 meansi 5.0. = standard deviation; 5.E.= standarâ error of meani max. = maximum; min. = minimum.

'“ L=Crania1 1ength: B=Crania1 breadth; H1= Basion-bregma height; LB=basion-nasion 1ength,. GL'=Basion-prosthion 1engthi B'=minima1 frontal breadth; J=Bizygomatic breadth; G'H=Upper facia1 height; GH=Tota1 facia1 height; 02=Orbita1 breadth; 。 1=Orbita1 height; NH=Nasa1 heighti NB=Nasa1 breadth; G2xA1veolar breadth; BC=Bigonia1 diameteri H1=8ympysis height; RH=Ramus heightt . RB'=Ramus breadthi ML=Mandibu1ar 1ength; BW=Bicondylar width.

u、t且

Tab1e B- 2 Individua1 Crania 1 Measurements f r om Non Nok Tha (in mm.).

IBundriivail duNa 。. L B !l 日， lic句\ LB IGL' , IB' IJ IG'HI GH 10 2 10 1 個H INB ,G2 IG1 阻 ，H1RHIRB'吼叫Ma1e !

22( 3) 1 1151 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 )105 )361 67 132

77(18) 1185 1 146 1 142 j (山4.8) 11011 1105 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1521651102138165136

圳泊) 11941138 1 i 1 1 1 98 1 1 77 山 47137156125158170 山 38170139

26(37) 118811511 i 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 , 1 I 1 1 , 1' 1 137165137

55 (51) 1185 叫 138 1 (1461. 8) 1 991102 叫 I 1751 14 '3132!561331581691106140165135 山山88(67) 11781 ! 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 , 1 1 , ! 1 1 1111 1 16413811141132

山倒 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! i I 111051331641341106 叫65 (78) 則! : 1 1 132167131

Fema'1e

4 (1) 1177114311271 (山 5) 1 92 1 961 90 以 7~ I~~~ I ~= I~ .~ I ~~I ~~ ! ~~I :~I. ~~ I :: 1:: I:~ I~~: 山川) 1180 山山(山 5) ， 1 97 1 99 沁331 68 叫 37 吋9126 … 101 1 33154134 1106 山2(10) 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 I 1 1 i i! 1 1 166 134

59 (16) 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 129

63(21) 117611431127 1 (1310 .6 )1 92196 1 91 1 1 7611241 .137 154131153681 87 1 1511321107111~ 31(24) 11661133 ! I 1 1 i 921 1711 1 Î 149125156 , 631 1 31159134

62(30) 1160

Mm{叫l}l i l l|| 1 i ! ii: ll 109i 35 l 5吋5 | 344 108 m

;:J.JS.坦通區留祖國~益:...Lo....ι

鴨~四-可呵呵唔，開宵.... 一.. 一-亡計【."...可 可 宜一-嘲蟬棚"嘲~明智，嘲酬翩翩袖-恥屯的明陣恤啦呻

Individua Burial No.

Table B-2 (Cont'd)

Cap

v1 OÞ>

、 ')

b .!l .5 υj

24(33)

25 (41) li1i 」- ljjj一-Li- lJIE凹--.﹒軒--﹒-﹒前，酌---. -、'":"""'"鴨--耐.......... 鳴.... ，呀-肉"呵r...--一. -呵-‘-咽

Tab1e B-2 (Cont 'd )

Ind i v idua l Buria1 No .~ B 日， Ca p LB GL' B' J G' 日 GH 。2 0 1 NH NB G2

Ferna 1e

2 8(49) 140

8(54) 且77 144

20(72) 142

1 8 (76) 1 41

44( 82 ) tl7 5 1 38 129 (1 297. 9) 97 9 8 50 23(85 )

個 7 (8 6 ) 且6 5 1 47 101

23 (8 5 ) 且6 3 135 1 3 3 . (1268.6) 85 79 9 8 1. 世5 34 37 49 29 4 3

G1 BG

83

6 3 100

95

57

、 -

j-ji3:

H1 RH RB ML

30 55 30 106

32

32 59 32 100

3 3 100

BW

104

117

124

U司

υ，

U'I

s‘

』

56

Non Nok Tha C rania1 工nd~ces (Ca1cu1ated froro variable roeans in Table B-l)

B-3 Table

-aga電SEE實E看Ebn、dZ

權-R's-A賣Z嚕，‘余生gd'，tV-J-‘

FEMALE MALE 工NDEX

1305.0cc 1515.1cc capac耳tyCranial

148 156 modu1e Crania1

83 77 Cranial

77 75 Heìght

93

100 TH工S

98

NO DATA FOR VAR工ABLE

Breadth-height

Gnathic

55 " " " Facial Upper ; .. ;1.1:1 94 11 " " facial Tota工

93 129 Orbital

55 52 Nasa工

'

、Jazz

要‘."-s

s害，

••

司aazt

'‘EA'，3

gEEE晶，軍畢竟

128 121 Maxillo-alveolar

, J

, '"

C

SKULL MORPHOLOGY

APPENDIX

!

titil-

--

56

l fro.rn 'able B-~)

ttr

t:

••• :taisk

jjfj!il!

::r

isi---

i.e-

ea‘s.a-b

.

之•••

Rah-

.,.

L

.~訟r.f.i!

一一一 一一一..一的 ，一

Morphology Skull Tha Non Nok C- l Table

1. Facia1

Total Lf & Rt Tota1 Fema1e Male Region

% (n)

% (n) (n) (n)

(Variation) Trait

N N z N Z N

。。29

(17)

。5

。。23

(13)

。3

。。50

(4)

。2

suture

Present Persistent 。n brow Horizonta1 ridge

Metopic

12 2 8 l 25 l

9玄oovesFronta1

(19 ) (14) (5) Sku11 Per 13 2 14 2 。。。

5 (19)

l 7 (14 )

l 。。(5 )

。on1y side R

6 (17)

l 8 (12 )

l 。。(5)

。on1y side L

6 (36)

2 8 (26 )

2 。。(10)

。side) RL(per

υ' . 、2

、4AUτrOAU可可4

qLAq

呵，h

(24)

RJ、4可4、iEJ

14

、

、‘

呵，

nO呵，hnHUP3

、4AUτ

呵，h

(12)

呵，島、4EJ

可斗弓3

nU司3nunU

『r

nU可EAEJnU司』

(8 )

014403 nUAUFhdp3nu cJnuqL呵，bnu

(4)

呵，hnu--4、.-nu

Supraorbita1

nn ee-n mm-n-nc aacct rrtto oooon FLFιnn

n

eeeee l--llm qbqfDa nunur --0.loo sDSDF

R.

可

ia .

、.-

c a gL on

qJe

V4m

nba

r .

。

?UFL

One

( 3 )

1 3 3

、_v

一一 .- .一一一啊，一一一_. --

(Cont' d)

Trait (Variation) Ma1e

(n) N %

..L 三)V

(3)

i 1. 1 ~

Fema1e

(n) N %

Total

(n) N

i u、00

(6 )

3 100 4 67 且也盟過酋

• 一一 --可-喃喃珊，

l (2 )

(2)

(2 )

(4 )

Rt & Lf Tota1

(n) 第 % N

Infraorbital suture

Per Sku11

R.side only

L.side only

RL(per side)

08 jαpo nicum

Present

Fronta1 bossing

Medium Bi1ateral

BrQw ridges

Absent + V

Orbital shape

Equilatera1 Rectangu1ar Round E11ipsoi d

。。

。。

。

o l

。3

141-nvnu

)))) lll2 ', .. 、.'，‘、'，.‘、，'，‘、

nunuhu nυnUAU

。。(6 )

。 。(4 )

。。25

(3.)

00 100

(2) nunununU EJEJAUAU

l

1

2

(8 )

。(9 )

1 3

(9 )

8 1

(5) 呵，hnu、4呵，』

50

50

50

50

。。

11 33

89 11

nunununu auτnuqLAUτ

1

1

l

2

(14 )

。(13)

1 4

(1 2)

8 4

(7) qJ、4、.-qL

(3 )

(3)

(3)

(6 )

33

司3

可3

『3

2J

司3

司3

。。

8 31

67 33

『JA且，auτhHJ

A吟、

4、4呵，h

、

、 -

u、

、。 ‘

Tab1e C-1 (Cont ' d)

Trait (Variation) Ma1e

、 j e (n)

N

Nasa1 depression (2)

Present 。Nasa1-fronta1 juncti o n

(2)

Round l

Omega l

Nasa1 bone shape (21

Hour...g1ass 2

Nasa1 bone junction (2 )

Round 2

Nasal aperture (2 )

Pyriform 2

Nasal profi1e (2 ),

Concave 2

Tab le C- l (Con t'd )

Trait (Variation) Male

(n ) N

% N

。。 。

50 。50 3

100 2

100 2

100 3

100 。 2

% N

Fema1e

(n )

% N

(4 )

。。 。

(3)

。。 l

主00 4

αi

100 4

(2 )

100 4

(3 )

100 5

(2 )

100 4

.. ~甜旬，咱輛輛趟....."策，，1('''..... '、舟， ﹒ ".

Female

(n) % 'N

Tota 1

(n)

%

(6 )

。 。

(5 )

20

80

(4 )

100

(4 )

100

(5 )

100

(4 )

100

Total

(n ) %

月-一.有自可一一一_，...--，

Rt & Lf Total

(n )

N %

Rt & Lf Tota l

(n ) N %

σ、o

Tab1e C-1 (Con仁 I d)

Trait (Varia t ion) Ma1e

( n ) N %

Subnasa 1 reg ion (3)

Sharp 。 。。B1urred 2 67 Groove l 33

R. Ma1ar Tuberosity (5 )

Present 5 100

L . Ma1ar tuberosity (5)

Present 5 100

R. Zygo-Maxi11ary tub. (3)

Present 3 100

L. Zygo-Maxi11ar y tub . (5)

Present 5 100

R. Margina1 tuberc1e(3)

Present 3 100

L. Margina1 tuberc1e(3)

Present 3 100

闖關閉

Fema1e

(n) N % N

(7 )

2 29 2 5 71 7

。 。。 l

(4 )

1 25

(4 )

l 25

(4 )

4 100

(5)

5 100

(3)

2 67

(4)

3 75

Tota1

(n) %

(10)

20 70 10

‘.

Rt & Lf Tota l

(n) N 第

。、o

μ 。、

Tab1e C-1 tCont' d)

2. Nasa1 Region

Trait(Variation) ~q1e Fe ma1e Tota1 Rt & Lf Tota1

(n) ( n ) (n) (n) N % N % N % N 第

Pa1atine torus (3) (9 ) (1 2 )

Present 。 。。 。 。 。 。 。 。Maxi11ary torus (4 ) (10 ) (14 )

Present 。 。 。 。 。。 。 。。R. Ova1e-spinosum (3) (3) (4 )

Norma1 2 67 2 ' 67 3 75 Common l 33 l 33 l 25

L. Ova1e- spinosum (1) (1)

Norma1 1 100 l 100 c。前unon 。 。 。 。 。 。

R. Anterior condy1ar cana1 (6 ) (10 ) (16 ) (28)

Sing1e 5 83 10 100 15 94 2 6 93 Spurred 工 17 。 。 。 l 6 2 7

L. Anterior Condy1ar cana1 (5 ) (7 1. 位21

Sing1e 4 80 7 100 11' 92 Spurred l 20 l 8 。可

趴J

. ."‘ 、"

Ta ble C-l (Cont'd)

Tab1e C-1 (Cont'd)

Trait (Variation ) Ma1e Fema1e Tota1 Rt & Lf Tota1

(n ) (n ) (n ) (n )

N % N % N % N 質

Posterior condy1ar cana1 (2 ) (2)

R1 LO 。 。 l 50 1 50

R1 。 。 l 50 1 50

Occipita1 condy1e (.4) (8) (12 )

R1 L1 4 100 8 ,100 1 2 100

Precondy1ar (4 ) (6 ) (10 )

Facet or tuberc1e 。 。 l 17 1 10

Ossified apica1 (4 ) (6 ) (10 )

Present 。 。 l 17 l 10

Par剖nostoidprocess (.1 ) (4) (5 )

Pre Sku11 。 。 。 。 。 。

3 . Vau1t Region

R. Parieta1 for缸nen (3 ) (6 ) (9)

Sing1e l 33 3 50 4 44 、 、

。、t且

L. Parieta1 foramen , (3) (7 ) (10 )

Sing1e 。 。 3 43 3 30

Tab1e C-1 (Cont ' d)

Trait(Variation) Ma1e Fema1e Tota1 Rt & Lf Tota 1 (n) (n) {γ! ) ( n )

、 :N % N % N % N %

R. Corona1 worml.ans (5) (13 ) (18) (36)

Present 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。L. Corona 1 wormians (6 ) (12 ) (18 )

Present 。 。 。 。 。 。Bregmatic bone (6 ) (12 ) (18 )

Present 。 。 。 。 。 。Sagitta1 wormians (6 ) (12 ) (18)

Present 。 。 。 。 。 。L. Lambdoid wormians (5 ) (7 ) (12 ) (22 )

Present 。 。 2 29 . 2 17 4 18

R. Lambdoid wormians (5 ) (5 ) (10)

Present 。 。 2 40 2 20

At Lambda . (7 ) (10) (17)

Wormians 。 。 。 。 。 。Lambdic bone 。 。 。 。 。 。0 8 i naα 。 。 。 。 。 。

。、""

‘-:"'>:r":'." ""

Table C- l CCont ' d )

Tab1e C- 1 (Cont'd)

Trait(variation) Ma1e (n)

N % N

Vau1t form (post) (6 )

Haus form 3 50 7 Hayrick 3 50 。Round 。 。。 1

Sagitta1 kee1 (7 )

Present 2 29 .3

Occiput form (_7)

Mound 2 29 9 Mound-inion 2 29 1 Mound-ridge-l. n l.on 3 42 3

Sagitta1/breg. def1ect (7)

Absent 7 100 12

(. Latera1 Aspect:

R. parieta1 notch (2 )

Present 。 。 。 。L. Parieta1 notch (3 )

Present 。 。。 。

-J

Fema1e (η)

% . N

(8)

87 10

。。 3 13 1

(10 )

30 5

位3)

69 11 8 3

23 6

(12)

100 19

(5 )

00 。

(5)

。 。 。

Tota1 (n)

%

(14)

72 21

7

(17)

29

(20 )

55 15

30

(19 )

100

(7 )

。。

(8 )

。。

Rt & Lf Tota1 (n)

N %

(15)

。 。。、 、

σ、b

。、u1

，. .呵F一

Tab1e C-1 (Cont'd)

Trait{Variation) Ma1e Female Total Rt & Lf Total (n) ( n ) (η) (n)

N' 、 % N % N % N %

Asterionic bone (3) (5 ) (8 )

Per skull 。 。 。 。。 。 。。Tympanic thickening (7 ) (18 ) (25 )

Per skull 。 。 。 。 。。 。 。。Tympanic dehiscence (7 ) (18 ) (25 )

Per skull 。 。 。 。 。。 。 。。Auditory exostoses (7 ) (18) (25)

Per sku11 。 。。 。 。。 。 。。

5. Mandible Regions:

Mandibu1ar torus , (8) (20 ) (28)

Present 。 。。 。 。。 ' 。 。。R. My1o-hyoid (8 ) (15 ) (23)

Arch 。$

。。 。 。。 。 。 。L. My1o-hyoid (8) (14) (22 )

Arch 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。。Mu1tip1e

。、Mandibu1ar 。、foramina (8 ) (工 6) (24)

Per skull 。 。 。 。 。。 。 。。

Table C,-l (Cont'd)

、 V I

Per skull 。。。

Tab1e C-1 (Cont ' d)

Trait(Variation) Ma1e (n)

N %

Mu1tìp1e menta1 foramine

Per Sku11 l7 ) l 14

R. side on1y (7 )

。 。。L. side on1y (7) l 14

RL (per side) (14) l 7

Rocker Jaw (7 ) Present 。 。Ant . on1y 7 100

Chin form (7 )

Median l 14 Median ang1e 3 43

, Bi1atera1-ang1e 3 43 Median-bi1at-ang1e 。 。。

(1 6 )

。 o 。

Fema1e (n)

N %

(17 ) 1 6

(16) 1 6

(15 )

。 。(30) 1 2

(15 ) 1 7

14 93

(16 )

。 。。1: 3 81 2 13

l 6

(24)

。。。

Tota1 (n)

N %

(24) 2 8

(23 ) 工 4

(22) l 5

(44) 2 5

(22) l 5

21 95

。 (23)

l 4 16 70

5 22

工 4

Rt & Lf Tota1 (n)

N 1且

、、

。、

。、、』

68

of Patterns Cusp Frequency of Occurrence -of Mandibu1ar Mo1ars

D-1 Tab1e

'.,Bb'

,2.aEEE-

-•••

aE.s.,.,', ..

Tota1 (n)

Fema1e (n)

Ma1e (n)

lpatternl Tooth

% N % N % N

80 20

(5 )

4 1

100 o

(4 )

4

。o

100

(1 )

o l

mo1ar First

+4 +5

69 31

(16 )

1工

5 70 30

(10 )

7 3

67 33

(6 )

4 2

Second mo1ar

+4 +5

qd弓，nv弓，有d

可﹒-AHZ2J

(15 )

呵，-、，-ro、4EJ

、4、4AUτnU可J

1-1443

(9 )

可

414A可nu2J

70373 14

『JT414

(6 )

可﹒-nu司414弓，-

mo1ar

+4 Y 4 +5

+4-wrink1e d Wrìnk1ed

" ,

Third

. .

APPENDIX D

DENTAL OBSERVATIONS

, '"

批主穹

一一1

69 Tab1e 0-2 A Summary of Variation found among Non .Nok Tha

Denta1 Rernains

variation Ma1e Ferna1e Tota1 (n 1 (n) (n)

N 第 N % N %

Enarne1 extens主。n (5 ) (15) (20 )

Present 2 40 3 20 - 5 25

Shova1-shaped centra1 (4 ) (12) (工6.}

ìnCl. SOrS , "

Sli ght 1 25 。 。 工 6

Shove1-shaped 1atera1 01 (12) (19 ) incisors

Slight 2 29 3 25 5 26 Marked 。 。 1 8 l 5

Tota1 shove1-shaped (11) (24 ) (35 ) ~nc~sors

Slight 3 27 3 13 - 6 17 Marked 。 。 1 4 1 3

Carabe11i's cusp (6 ) (13) (19)

B主1atera11y present 。 。 工 7 1 5

protosylid (8 ) (15.) (2 3 )

Present 。 。 。 。 。 。Peg-shaped third rno1ar (48 ) (30) (78 ) (rnaxì11ary)

Right 3 6 4 13 7 9 Left 。 。 l 3 1 l

Peg-shaped 1atera1 位7) (40) (67) incis。主

Upper right 3 11 4 10 7 10

Tab1e D-3 Frequency of Occurence of Periodonta1 Diseas e in Non Nok Tha Denta1 Remains

‘、Ma1e Fe ma1e Tota1

N (n) % N (n) % N (n) %

Ca1cu1us bui1d-up (7 ) (17) (24 )

None Slight Medium Marked

Resorption

None Slight Medium Marked

Ro11ed rim

None Slight Medium Marked

Table 0-4

工 14 8 47 9 38

3 43 5 29 8 33

3 43 3 18 6 25 l 6 l 4

(8) (16) (24 )

l 12 1 6 2 8

2 25 6 38 8 34

4 50 8 50 12 50

l 13 l 6 2 8

(5 ) (15) (20)

1 20 5 33 6 30

2 40 7 47 9 45

2 40 3 20 5 25

。 。。 。 。 。 。 。 。

Frequency of Occurence of Caries I Ab,cesses I & Attri tion in Non Nok Tha Dental Remains

--.J ζ3

,.-.J .. Z車，品」

、J

Table D-4 Frequency of Occurence of Caries , Abcesses , & Attrition in Non Nok Tha Dental Remains

Ma1e Fema1e Tota1

N (n) % N (n) 第 N (n ) 完

Caries anterior (8) (14 ) (22 )

Absent 8 100 13 93 21 95

Present 。 。。 1 7 l 5

Caries posterior (8 ) (17 ) (25 )

Absent 6 75 8 47 14 56

Present 2 25 9 53 11 44

Tota1 Caries 2 (16) 13 10 (31) 32 12 (47) 26

Abcesses anterior (8) (17) (25 )

Absent 6 75 16 94 22 88

Present 2 25 l 6 3 12

Abcesses posterior (8) (18 ) (26 )

Absent 4 50 17 94 21 81

, Present 4 50 工 ， 6 5 19

Attrition anterior (8) (15 ) (23)

None 。 。。 。 。。 。 00

Ename1 3' 38 8 53 11 48

Dentine 3 38 6 40 9 39 、

' 、 、

-...) ,...

_... .......... ,j

(Con仁 'd)0-4 Tab1e Tota1 Fe ma1e Ma1e

% ( n ) N % (n) N % ( n) N 、、‘

13 00

3

。7

00 l o

25 00

2

。

(cont'd) anterior Attrition

(24)

Pu1p Root

(16) (8)

、」趴J

nU呵，hroqLnu

nUAUτAU3、4AU

nunu、4「JAU

、4、4

AUAU可AqqLnu

nUAU-A峰、.-nu

nU『I

可/呵，』nu

nunonuqLAU AU「JEJ1inu

huqJA丹、

4nu

poste 芷10玄Attrition

None F.name1 Oentine Pulp Root

from Sex t。According Lose Tooth Premortem and Postmortem Non Nok Tha

。fInci.dence D-5 Table

個闖一

仇，

Tab1e D-5 工ncidence of Premorte.m and Postmortem Tooth Lose According to Sex f玄omNon Nok Tha

Sex Postmortem Loss Premortem Loss Partia1 Tooth Loss (roots visib1e on1y)

η N 宅 N 老 N 宅

Upper Incisors M 23 7 30 。 。 5 22

Upper incisors F 36 9 25 1 3 l 3

Total 59 16 27 l 2 6 10

Lower íncìsors 的 30 9 30 。 。 l 3

Lower inc~sors _F 47 18 38. 4 9 l 2

Tota1 77 27 35 4 5 2 3

Tota1 Incisors '136 43 32 5 4 8 6

Upper canines M 12 5 42 。 。 l 8

Upper canìne's F 21 2 10 。 1 。 。 。

Tota1 33 7 21 。 。 l 3

Lower Canines M 17 。 。 1 6 。 。Lower canìnes F 24 。 G 4 17 2 8

Tota1 41 。 。 5 12 2 5

Tota1 canines 74 7 10 5 7 3 4

Upper premo1ars M 26 3 12 。 。 2 8 、、

Upper premo1ars F 45 4 9 。 。 。 。 、1w

Tota1 71 7 10 。 。 2 3

親朋闌珊

Partia1 Tooth Loss

Tab1e 0-5 (Cont ' d) Postmortem Loss Premortem Loss (RQots Visib1e on1y)

Sex n N 毛 N 老 N 軍

、、 a. Lower pre.mo1ars M 36 l 3 2 6 3 8 Lower premo1ars F 54 6 11 4 7 3 6

Tota1 90 7 8 6 7 6 7

Tota1 Premo1ars 161 1 4 9 6 4 8 5

Upper mo1ars M 39 3 8 10 26 3 8 Upper mo1ars F 68 5 7 1 1 。 。

Tota1 107 8 7 11 10 3 3

Lower mo1ars M 52 4 8 11 21 。 。Lower mo 1ars F 86 2 2 9 10 。 。Tota1 日8 6 4 20 15 。 。

Tota1 Mo1ars 245 14 6 31 13 3 l

、」,þ.

時VH

tf

‘fz 吋

OA

EYFFUEMFEU 許· CÐ ..... ;..... ib C. d

可hw(

74 言重 勻 75

'1'ab1e D-6

Frequency of Occurrence of Wear Facets in Upper Incisors

Ma1e Female

η 費 N* s n N 宅Right Centra工 2 。 。 6 4 66.7

Left Centra1 2 。 。 6 4 66.7

A工1 Centra1 工ncisors 4 。 。 12 8 ，已fJ .7

Right Latera工 2 。 。 5 l 20.0

Left Latera1 5 。 。 7 工 工4.3

A工工 Lateral 工ncisors 7 。 。 12 2 16.7

Tota1 of a11 工ncisors 工工 。 。 24 工。 4工 .7

*η - 三 size of 5缸np工e

**N = frequency of occurrence

, ,

APPENDIX E

INFRACRAN工AL MEASUREMENTS

Tab1e E-1 Infracrania1 Measurements of Individua1s from Non Nok Tha

Individua1 CLAVICLE HUMERUS ULNA RADIUS Length Length Min. IId. dia-m. max. hd.diam.Le ngth Length nd.diam.

(Ma1e) L 'n L R r. R La R L R L R L R

B22 ( 3) 255 240 240 22 23

B38 (15 ) B77 (18) 138 301 304 38 39 41 42 25 1 244 21 22

B72 (25 ) B78 (27) B81 (47) B34 (36 ) 322 324 42 42 45 46 280 285 257 21

B26 (37) B55 (51 ) 316 42 44 . 289 25

B62 (53 ) 145, 310 42 46 B50 (55 ) 40 45 270 23

B88 (67 ) B12 (69 ) 141 306 43 47 263 246 24

B65 (78) 136 B43 ( 4) B10 (87 ) 39 42

(Fema1e)

B4 ( 1) B43 ( 4) 125 29 0 293 35 36 38 38 233 19 19

B30 ( 5) 133 287 37 39 240 217 21

B27 ( 6) B49 ( 7) B2 (10) 252

B59 (16 ) 269 34 38 19 20

B41 (17) 、』

0'1 B53 (20) B63 (21) 110 109 265 273 34 35 38 37 20

B39 (2 2 ) 3 4 37 233 214 19

Table E-] Infracra nia1 Meas nrement只 ()f Tn r'l l 1T l r'1 ll::> 1 " ~r門'" 1Il門 H "' r. l _ 'T叫- -

llj~ l 沾沾}

Table E-1 (Cont'd)

34 37 233 214

Infracrania1 Measurements of Individua1s ' from Non Nok Tha

ULNA RADIUS

這υ

19

Individua1 CLAVICLE HUMERUS I.ength Length Min.hd.diam. Max. I1d:-ôiam.Length Length Hd.â1am.

(Fema1e) L R L R 1. R -B54 (23 ) B:3 1 (24) 287 35 B62 (30) ' B24 (33 ) 294 36

B25 (41 ) B28 (49 ) B 8 (54 ) B40 (62 ) 144 B47 '(651 130 284 38 B48 (771 297 39 B47 (02) 150 147 297 40 B9 (83 ) B23 (85) 125 B67 (.86) 145 312 310 41 41 B39 (22)

L R

37

40

40 42

43

45 45

L I R _!.

254

254 223

237 241

250

' 、、‘

R L R

235 20

21

237 19

229 22 22

235 21

19 260 21

--.J 、4

'"

Table E- l (Cont ' d)

F'EHUR FEMUR ' F'EMUR

I ndiv idualLenqth Subtrochanteric diam . Mid-shaft diam .

，eng 、 Hd. diam. Left Ridht Left . Right (Ma l e ) L R、 L R A-P Trans A-P Trans A- P Trans A- P Trans

B22 ( 3 ) B38 (15 ) B77 (18 ) 424 430 43 44 23 31 23 29 25 24 27 。 25B7 2 ( 25 ) 46 46 24 30 25 31 B78 ( 27 ) 45 46 24 31 B8 1 (47) B34 ( 36 ) 443 444 46 45 24 33 24 33 29 23 28 23 B26 (37 ) 46 45 23 30 B55 (51 ) 444 443 46 46 26 32 27 33 28 25 28 24 B62 (53 ) B50 (55 ) 46 23 31 B8 8 (6 7) 24 34 B12 (69 ) 434 440 48 48 25 32 24 31 29 27 29 27 B65 (7 8 ) B43 ( 4 )

.BI 0 (8 7) 4 5 4 I 49 28 32 26 32 35 28

(Female )

B4 ( 1 ) 42 23 29 23 28 B43 ( 4 ) 430 38 38 23 30 24 29 27 25 29 25 B30 ( 5 ) 43 B2 7 ( 6 ) B49 ( 7) 38 21 26 B2 (10) B59 (16 ) 22 30 22 30 26 26 26 25 B41 (1 7 ) B53 ( 20 ) 42 41 33 、』

B63 ( 21) 401 40 4 40 40 21 27 22 26 23 24 23 22 α3

B39 ( 22 )

Ta b l e E-l (Cont ' d )

Jj.J~ (2 2 ) ιs ιL Lb :.:!J 24 ,23 22 α3

Tab1e E-1 (Cont.d)

FEMUR FEMUR FEMUR

Individua1Length Subtrochanteric , diam . Mid- shaft diarn.

Hd. diarn. Left Ri宣ht Le f t Right

(Fema1e ) L R L R A-P Trans A-P Tra:ns A-P Trans A-P Trans

B54 '(23) 400 397 38 38 20 29

B31 (24) φ 391 41 23 29 20 28 24 26 24 25

B62 (30) 27 26

B24 (33) B25 (41 ) B28 (49) 434 43 43 25 27 23 27 27 22

BB (54 ) B40 (62 ) 42 42 20 26 22 27

B47 (65) B48 (7 7) B47 ( 82) 433 431 41 41 22 28 23 '30 27 22 27 25

B9 (83) B23 (85) 415 40 41 22 29 22 28 27 24

B67 (86) 430 431 46 46 23 30 24 29 30 23 28 23

B39 (22)

、 、

、』• \0

••. .... ~ _. -、. .. _...酌 '1'" 蟬，前由兩峙K_"咱倆....._帽，鼎時.Þ

Tab1e E-1 (Cont'd)

'l.'IBIA FIßULA PATELLA

Individua1 Shaft diametet 、 、 Left T一r主an主旦shAiE-P Len9th Left IZiqht Length 、

(Ma1e) L R Trans A-P L R Ht. Wd. Tn. Ht. Wd. Th.

B22 ( 3) 40 44 22 B38 (15) 28 . 32 27 33 37 41 21 B77 (18) 372 372 24 33 23 35 364 358 40 42 20 41 44 20 B72 (25) 379 23 36 39 43 20 B78 (27) B81 (47) 40 46 21 43 45 21 B34 ( 36') 374 377 24 34 22 37 370 371 B26 (37) B55 (51 ) 395 394 28 37 28 37 41 49 21 41 47 21 B62 (53 ) B50 (55 ) B88 (67) 26 36 49 22 39 50 24 B12 (69) 373 372 24 36 24 36 360 41 46 20 B65 (78) B43 ( 4) 357 355 22 34 21 34 40 42 18 B10 (87) 394 400 28 38 24 37 373 42 46 22 40 . 44 21

(Fema1e)

B4 (1) 22 ' 32 20 30 B43 (4 ) B30 (5) 342 21 32 B27 (6) 18 28 18 29 32 38 17 B49 (7) B2 (10) B59 (16) 36 42 19 B41 (17) 20 28 19 28 35 17 B53 (20) α3

B63 (21) 21 30 20 30 o

B39 (22) 21 30 36 39 19

Table E-l (Cont'd) 何1 Tγ、 γ n

這 i 30 36 '3 9 19

"

'l'ab1e E-1 (Con仁 'd )TIBIA FIBULA PATELI.A

Individua1 Shaft diameter Length Left Ri<Jht Lp.ngth

(Fema1e ) L R Trans Ä-P 'l' rans A.-P L R

-B54 (23 ) B31 ( 24 ). 20 31 20 30 37

B62 (30) 22 29 321 39 4 0 19 4 0

日24 (33 ) 825 (41 ) 19 28 B28 (49 ) 20 31 21 30 36 3 9 19 37

B8 (54 ) B4 0 . (62 ) 20 31 20 30

日4 7 (65 ) 35 40 18

B48 (7 7 1 B44 (82 ) 356 355 22 33 21 33 350 3 49 36 43 20 30

B9 (83 ) 355

B23 (85 ) 342 344 21 33 21 32 333

B67 (86 ) 22 35 22 33 41 41 21

B39 (22 ) 36 30 1 9

、 、

42 41

39

44

17 20

19

21

。3o

α3

~

Tab1e E- 2. NON NOI< TI I1\ INFRACRANIAL METRICS

(in nun) ' BONE 、 、 MALE FEMALE

、.

Measurement Side γ1 Mean S . O. S.E. Spre ad n Me'an S.O . S.E . Spread

CLAVICLI~

Length ' R 2 141 6 . 4 5.0 136-145 6 132 13 . 5 5.5 110- 147 Length L 2 140 2 . 1 1. 5 138-141 4 132 18.9 9.4 109,-1'50

HUMERUS Length R 3 310 11.,0 6 . 3 301-322 8 289 15 . 5 5..5 265-3 1 2 Length L 4 31 4 8.5 4 . 3 304-324 5 290 13 . 4 6 . 0 273- 3 1 0

Min. Hd. d iameter R 4 41 2 . 2 1. 1 38-43 7 37 2 . 9 1. 1 34-41 Min. hd . diameter ,L 5 41 1. 6 0.7 39-42 7 36 2 . 3 0 . 9 34 - 41

Max . hd diameter R 4 45 2.5 1. 3 41- 47 7 41 2 . 8 1 . 1 38- 45 Max. hd . diameter L 5 44 2.0 0 . 9 42 - 46 7 39 2 . 9 1. 1 37-45

ULNA Length R 3 266 12.8 7.4 255-280 5 245 9.5 4.3 233-25 4 Lengt h. L 3 275 20.9 1 2 .1 251- ~89 5 245 , 7.8 4.5 240-254

RAOIUS Length R 5 249 17.3 7 .7 223-270 3 227 1 1. 6 6 . 7 214-235 Length L 2 246 2 . 8 2 . 0 244 - 248 5 236 ' 15 .7 7.0 217-,260

Head d i ameter R 6 23 1. 6 0 . 7 21- 25 8 20 1. 2 。~ 4 19 ,.. 22 Head diameter L 2 23 0 . 7 0.5 22- 2 3 7 20 1. 1 0.4 19- 22 α3

A且

叫‘叩關神酬酬，間團珊，咱問帥.....，.14，..，.. 蠅制_，耐臨﹒ 呻.....關閉、“咽~

Tab1e E-2 (Cont.d ) NON NOK THA INFRACRANIAL METRICS

.、J

Tab1e E:- 2 (Con仁 I d) NON NOK 'rHA 工NFRACRANIAL METRICS (in mm)

BONE MALE FEMALE

Measurement Side 11 l'1ean S.D. S . E . Spread γl Mean S.D . I S . E . Spread

FEt.1UR Length R 5 440 11. 3 5 . 1 424-454 8 417 17 . 1 6 . 0 391-434

Length L 4 439 6.4 3.2 430-444 4 416 18 . 4 9.2 39 7-433

Head diameter ' R 9 46 1. 7 0 . 6 43-49 , 1 1 41 2 .4 0 . 7 38- 46

Head diameter L 7 46 1. 3 0.5 44-48 11 41 2 . 3 0.7 38-46

A-P (1) diameter R 9 25 1. 6 , 0 . 5 23- 28 12 22 1. 5 0 . 4 20-25

A-P (1 ) diameter L 7 25 1 , 5 0.6 23- 27 10 22 1. 2 0.4 20-24

Trans (1 ) diameter R 9 32 1. 2 0.4 30-34 1 2 29 1. 6 0. 5 26-30

Trans (1 ) diameter L 7 31 1. 5 0 . 6 29-33 11 28 1. 9 0 . 6 26- 33

A-P (2 ) diame ter R 5 29 3.6 1. 6 。 25-35 9 26 2.0 0.7 23-30

A-P (2 ) , , diameter L 4 28 0 . 8 0 . 4 27-29 6 26 2 . 3 0 . 9 23-29

Trans (2 ) diameter R 5 25 2 . 1 0 . 9 23-28 9 25 1.4 0 . 5 22-26

Trans (2 ) diameter L 4 25 1. 7 ' 0 . 9 23- 27 6 24 1. 5 0 .6 22-25

TIBIA Length R 7 378 13.3 5 . 0 357-395 2 349 ' 、9 . 2 6.5 342-355 α3

w

Length L 6 378 16 . 4 , 6 . 7 355-400 3 347 7. 6 4 . 4 342- 3~6

Tab 1e E- 2 (Con仁 ' d ) NON NOK TIIA INFRACRANIAL METRICS (in mm )

BONE Þ1ALE FEMALE

Measurement Side 、 、 Mean S . o. S.E . Spread Mean S.D . S.E . Spread 、 n n

Trans . d iameter R 9 25 2.3 0. 8 22- 2 8 1 3 21 1. 2 0 .3 1 8-22 Tran s d iameter L 7 24 2 . 5 1 . O. 21- 28 11 20 1.2 0 .4 18-22

A-P diam. R 9 35 2 . 0 0.7 32 - 38 1 3 31 2.2 0 .6 28-35 A- P diam. L 7 35 1. 7 0.7 33 .., 37 11 31 1. 6 0. 5 28-3 3

FIBULA Length R 3 365 5 . 0 2.9 360-37.0 2 341 11. 3 8.0 333-349 Length L 3 367 8 . 1 4.7 358-373 2 , 336 21. 0 15.0 321-350

PATELLA Height R 7 41 1. 0 0 . 4 39-42 9 36 2 .6 0.9 32-41 Height L 8 36 12.9 4 , 6 4-43 5 37 1. 6 0. 7 36- 40

Width R 8 45 3.2 1. 1 41-49 8 40 2.0 0 .7 3 8τ 44 Width L 8 45 2 . 8 1. 0 41- 50 5 41 1. 5 0.7 39 - 43

Thickness R 8 21 0.9 0.3 20-22 9 19 1. 5 0.5 17-21 Thickness L 8 21 1. 7 0 . 6. 18-24 5 19 1. 2 。 . 5 17-2 0

α3 幢幢

MV仰伊什

叮 叮叮吋 吋吋 H

r 抖抖 抖。 抖，口‘11 ‘_. 0 1 rr ..., .. 可. ......

MNh

WA

吋伽U

HZ>

85

Tab1e E-3 NON NOK THA 工NFRACRANIAL IND工CES

INDEX MALE FEMALE

Right Left Right Left

Radio-hurnera1 80 78 79 8工

工ntermembra1 6-8 69 67 69

Tibia-femu玄 86 86 84 83' ~

Femur-hurnera1 70 72 69 70

Tibia-radìa工 66 65 65 . 68

P1atymeric 78 81 76 79

pì1astrìc 工工6 112 工04 108

P1atycnemìc 7工 69 68 65

Pate11a modu工e 36 34 32 32

86

errorsì 工ndiv土dua1 Stature Estimates (with standard based on Ma工e and Fema1e Remains

、 from Non Nok Tha

Stature

E-4 Tab工e

,

itil

i--

On e a -­u m r

。-

FE

--G門b

.工。

1-一

。酬-4、‘.，

nm 。

C

M( based Es乞ìma七es

Formu1ae S.E.*

Formu1a 工ndividua工

White (cm)

AZ

(Ma工eì

:t 4.66 主 3. 工 8

土 3.80土3.18

:t 3.24 土 4.25

:t 4.60 :t 3. 工 8

:t 3.80 主 3. 工8

工69.8

166.4 172.0 169.4 工72.7166.3 .177.6 167.1 166.8 工7工 .1

土 4.66

:t3.74 土4.00:t3.62 1:3.74 :t 4.57 :t 4.66 士3.62

土 4.0 。主 3.62

工73.4 -

166.3 工73.7工69.6

工72.8167.7 181.8 工7工. 7 168.3 工7工 .4

QJ工

5

工

289

工

51

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(3) (18 ) (25) (36 ) (5 工〕臼31{551 (69 ) ( 4) (87 )

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APPENDIX F

工NFRACRAN工AL MORPHOLOGY

Tab1e F-1 Summary of Variation of the Cervica1 Vertebrae Found at Non Nok Tha

1. Atlφs Vertebra Ma1e Female Sex?' Tota1 Rt & Lf Tota1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

N 車 N s N 革 N 老 N 老

R. Foramen transversarium (.2 ) (2) .. (2) (6 ) (13) Sing1e 2 100 2 100 2 100 6 100 12 92

L. Foramen transversarium (2) (4 ) (1) (7 ) Single 2 100 3 75 l 100 6 86

R. Foramen :L Foramen (1) (2) (1) (4) R=L 1 100 。 。 1 . 100 2 50 R>L 。 。 l 50 。 。。 1 25 R<L 。 。。 1 50 。 。 。 1 25

R. Bridges (.3 ) (3) (2 ) (8) (17) Present 。 。。 。 。。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。。

L. Bridges (3) (4 ) (2) (9) Present 。 。。 。 。 。 。 。。 。 。 。

R. Arch foramen (3 ) (2) (2 ) (7) (1 5 ) Present 1 33 。 。。 。 。 。 1 14 2 13

L. Arçh foramen (2) (4 ) (2) (8) Present 。 。。 L. 25 。 。。 1 13

R. , Articu1ar facet (4 ) (2 ) (1) (7) (15) Sing1e 4 100 2 100 1 100 7 100 15 100

L. Articu1ar facet (3 ) (4 ) (1 ) (8 ) Sing1e 3 100 4 100 1 100 8 100

Ossified apica1 (3) (4 ) (1) (8) Present 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。。

、- :xl

~ Axis 、』

R. Forame n transversarium (2 ) (5) (1) (8 ) (1 5 ) Sing1e 2 100 5 100 1 100 8 100 15 100

Tab1e F-1 (Cont'd)

Ma1e Fe ma1e Sex? Tota1 Rt & Lf Tota1 ( n ) ( n ) ( n ) ( n ) (n)

、 、 N 完 N a N 車 N 這 N ‘ L. Foramen transversarium (1) (5) (1 ) . (7)

Sing1e 1 100 5 100 1 100 7 100

R. Foramen: L. Foramen (1) (5) (1) (7) R=L 。 ,00 3 60 ' 0 。。 3 43 R>L 1 100 2 40 。 。。 3 43 R<L 。 。。 。 。。 l 100 l 14

民. Articu1ar facet (4 ) (5 ) (1) (10) (20 ) Sing1e 4 100 5 100 1 100 10 100 20 100

L. Articu1ar facet (4 ) ( !$, ) (1) (10)

Sing1e' 4 100 5 100 l 100 ' 10 100

3. Third Cervi c a1

R. Foramen transversarium (1 ) ( 2) (1) (4 ) (7 ) Sing1e 1 100 2 100 1 100 4 100 7 100

L. Foramen transversarium (2 ) (1) (3) Sing1e 2 100 1 100 3 100

R. Foramen: L. Foramen (1) (1 ) (2) R=L 1 100 。 00 1 50 R<L 。 。 。 1 100 1 50

R. Articu1ar facet (1) (3 ) (1 ) (5) (10) Sing1e . 1 100 3 100 1 100 5 100 10 100

L. Articu1ar facet (1 ) (3 ) (1) (5 ) Sing1e 1 100 3 100 l 100 5 100

';Q

α3

'l'ah 1 正有 1" -1 ( r r ' r1 )

'l'ab1e F-1 (Cont ' d) t-1ale Fema1e

(n) (n) N 包 N 宅

4. Fourth Cervical

R. Foramen transversarium (1 ) (2) Single 1 100 l 50 Spurred 1 50

L. Foramen transversar1um (1) Single 1 100

R. Foramen : L. Foramen (1) R=L R>L 1 100

R. Articular face t (3) (4 )

Sing1e 3 100 4 100

L. Articu1ar facet (3 ) (4 ) Sing1e 3 100 4 100

5 . Fif仁h Cervica1

R. Foramen transversar1um '( 2 ) (1) Single 2 100 1 100

L . Foramen transversar1um (1) (1) Sing1e l 100 l 100

R. Articu1ar facet (5) ( 4 ) Sing1e 5 100 4 100

L. Articu1ar facet (3) (4) Sing1e ' 3 100 ' 4 100

Sex? Tota1 (n) (n)

N 革 N

(1 ) (4 ) l 100 3

l

(2) (3 ) 2 100 3

(1) (2) 1 100 l

1

(2) (9 ) 2 100 9

(2) (9) 2 100 9

(3) 3

(1) (3) 1 100 3

( 2 ) (11 ) 2 100 11

(2) (9") 2 100 9

‘、

毯

75 25

100

, 50 50

100

100

100

100

100

100

Rt & Lf Tota1 (n)

N 、

(7 ) 6 86 1 14

(18 ) 18 100

(6) 6 100

(20 ) 20 100

'::0 :::0

α3

、。

Tab1e F- 1 (Cont'd)

、、N

6. Sixth Cervica1

R. Foramen transversari um Si ng1e

L. Foramen transversarlum Sing1e l

R. Foramen: L . Foramen R>L

R. Ar t icu1ar facet Sing1e 3

L . Ar t icu1ar facet S i ng1e 3

L . Foramen transve~sar1um Sing1e

R. Articu1ar facet Sing1e

L. Articu1a r fac et Sing1e

一←卜

l

2

2

Ha1e (η)

(1 )

( 3)

(3)

(1 )

(2 )

(2 )

Fema1e ( 11 )

主 t J 毛 1

(2) . 2 100

(2 ) 100 2 100

(2 ) 2 100

( 3) 100 3 100

(4 ) 100 4 100

(1) 1.00 100

(4 ) 100 4 100

( 4 ) 100 4 100

Sex? 'l'o ta1 ( n ) ( n )

N % N

(2 ) 2

( 3 ) 3

(2 ) 2

(2 ) ( 8 )

2 100 8

(2) ( 9 ) 2 100 9

(1) ( 3 ) l 100 3

(6 ) 6

(6 ) 6

老

1 00

1 00

100

100

100

100

100

100

Rt & Lf Tota1 (n)

N

(5 ) 5

(17) 1 7

( 3 ) 3

(1 2 ) 12

s

1 00

1 00

100

100

、。。

'回.，....‘-

Ta b 1e F-2 Smnmary of the Va riation of the Spinous Process of Cervi r.司 1 "ργh>hr月ρ ; n

Tab1e F-2

Vertebra

C - 2

c - 3

C ' - 4

c - 5

c - 6

c - 7

SUIIUTlary OE the V-ar iation of the Spinous proces s of cexvicalvertebme ln Non Nok Tha Rema1ns

Variation n N 宅 n N 宅 n N 、

Bifid: divergent 3 3 100 5 5 100 8 8 100

Bifid: divergent - 1 1 100 1 1 100

Bifid: divergent - 1 l 100 1 1 100

Bifid : para11e1 1 1 100 1 1 100

Bifid: para11e1 l l 100 l 1 100 2 2 100

Bifid: para11e1 . 1 l 100 4 4 100 5 5 ' 100

‘ 、

、」

、。• A

92

Tab1e F-3 . 工ncidence of Lamina1 Spurring in the Thoracic &

Lurnbar Vertebrae τ

!1a1e Ferna1e Tota1

Vertebra n N 老 η N 毛 γ1 N 白色

T T 工 2 。 00 5 。 。。 7 。 00

T - 2 向4

。 。。 5 。 。 。 7 。 。。T - 3 工 。 。。 4 。 。。 6 。 。 。 L T - 4 2 。 。 。 5 工 2 0 . . 7 工 20

T - 5 2 2 工00 4 工 25 6 3 50

T - 6 工 工 100 2 。 。。 3 3 100

T - 7 工 。 。。 3 2 67 4 2 50 S <

T - 8 2 2 工 00 4 l 25 6 3 50

T - 9 2 工 50 4 工 25 6 2 33

1 .50 S ì.

T - 10 3 3 工0 0 5 20 8 4 h二

T -工工 3 3 100 5 工 20 8 4 50

T. - 12 3 2 67 3 l 33 6 3 50 工r

h i

L -工 i 。 。 。 4 。 。 。 5 。 。 。L - 2 工 。 。。 4 。 。 。 5 。 。 。L - 3 工 。 。 。 4 。 00 5 。 00

L - 4 工 。 。 。 2 。 。。 3 。 。 。L - 5 工 。 。。 3 。 00 4 。 。 。

,. J

92 93 &

Tab1e F-4 Morph。工。gy of 乞he Lumbar and 5acral Vertebrae frorn Non Nok Tha

Trait(Variation} Ma1e Ferna1e 5ex? Tota工

切) (n) (η} (n)

N 完 N % N % N %

Lurnbarization -of (主) (5 } (6 )

first sac玄a1 vertebra 。 。 。 。 。 , ~。

5acra工izati。泣。f

fifth (2 } (.5 ) (7 1

lurnbar vertebra 。 。 。 。 。 。5uperior sacra工hiatus (1) (2 ) 一- (3 )

rnid - 5 工 l .100 2 100 3 100

工nferior sacral hiatus (1 ) (4 } (5 )

Mid - 5 5 工 100 。 。 工 20 Mid - 5 3 。 。 工 25 工 20 5 -3/ 5 2 junction 0 。 工 2.5 工 . 20

'fab1e F-5 Morphological Variatio n of Bilaterally-Occurring Traits of the Inf racrania1 Ske1e ton

BONE 'l'RAI'f (Variation) . Male Female Se x? To tal Male Female Sex? Total R + L

‘、Grand Tota1

Side : R 民 R R L L L L

C1avic1e Costo-clavicular 2/ 6 1/4 3/ 10 2/ 5 0/ 4 2/ 9 .5/ 19

SU1CU6 屯 3 3 2 5 30 40 。 22 26

Costal spur 。/6 1/ 4 1 / 10 0/ 5 0 / 4 。 /9 1/ 19 '

s 。 25 10 ' 。 。 。 5

Scapu1a Acroll)ion shape Rec~ang1e 1 / 1 3/ 4 4/ 5 。/3 ' 0 / 3 4/ 8

軍 100 75 80 。 。 50

Triangle 0 / 1 1/ 4 1 / 5 3/ 3 3/ 3 4/ 8 注 。 25 20 100 100 50

Separa te epip 。 / 2 。 /2 1/ 1 1. / 1 1/ 3 革 。 。 100 100 33

Inferior ang1 e V-shape 1. / 1 1 / 1 1/ 1

宅 100 100 100

Humerus Supratroch1ear Spur 。 /10 。/ 6 0/ 1 。/ 17 0/ 9 0 / 9 。/ 1 。/19 。/ 3 6

老 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。Septa1 a pe rture 1 / 11 。 /6 . 。 / 1 1/ 18 1/ 9 0/ 9 0/ 1 1 / 19 2/ 37

革 9 . 0 。 6 11 。 。 5 5

‘9 ,t:.

. ~一， 一

Table F-5 (Cont ' d)

Table F-5 (Cont I d)

BONE TRAIT(Variation) Side

Ulna Ulnar spur a

'l'rochlear notch Continuous

、Hour -g1ass

宅

Discrete

、Incipient

、Is1and

、Radius Radia1 spur

a

Innominate Acetubu1ar Notch

a

Pit s

.v .þ.

Male Female Sex? Total Male Female Sex? Total R + L R R R R L L L L Grand Total

0/6 。/9 。/15 1/4 。/8 1/12 1/27

。 。 。 25 。 8 4

1/5 .' 7/9 1/1 9 / 15 2/6 6/9 8/15 17/30 20 78 100 60 33 67 53 57

。/5 . 0/9 。/1 0/15 。 /6 0/9 0/15 。 /30

。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。4/5 0/9 0/1 4/ 15 2/6 2/9 4/15 8/30

80 。 ' 0 27 33 22 27 27

0 /5 1/9 0/ 1 1/15 2/6 1/9 3/15 4/30

。 11 。 7 33 11 20 13

。 /5 1/9 。/1 1/15 0/6 0/9 0/15 1/30

。 11 。 7 。 。 。 3

0/5 0/6 0/ 11 1/6 0/ 6 1/12 1/23

。 。 。 17 。 8 4

2/3 3/6 5/9 。/2 2/5 2/7 7/16 67 50 56 。 40 29 44

1/3 0/6 1/9 0/2 1/5 、 1/7 2/16 33 。 11 。 20 、 14 13

、。υE

'可

Table F-5 (Cont' d

BONE TRA工T(Variation) Ma1e FeDlli1e Sex? Tota1 Ma1e Fema1e Sex? Tota1 R + L

‘、 Side Grand Tota1

R R R R L L L L

Innominate Groove 。 /3 0/6 0/9 0 / 2 0/ 5 。/7 0 / 16 電

。 。 。 。 。 。 。Irregu1ar 。/3 。 /6 0 / 9 。/2 0/5 。 /7 。/ 16

老 。 。 。 。 。 。 o.

Femur Fossa of Alle n Fossa 。 /8 0/10 0/18 0 / 11 0 / 10 . 0/21 0/ 39

a 。 。 。 。 。 。 。Porus 0/8 1/10 1/ 18 1/ 11 1 / 10 2/21 3/ 39

、 。 10 6 9 10 10 8

Third trochanter Present 。 /7 0 / 10 。/17 0 / 10 0 / 11 。/21 0/ 38

老 。 。 。 。 。 。 。Ridge 6/7 9/10 15/17 7/ 10 9/11 16/ 21 31/38

2 86 90 88 70 82 76 82

Pate11a Vastus notch 2/5 1/5 3/10 2/9 0 / 4 2/13 5/ 23

宅 40 20 30 22 。 15 22

Patel1er spurs 2/7 0 /5 2/12 3/9 2/6 5/ 15 7/ 27

毛 29 。 17 33 33 33 26

Tibia Squatting fac et 7 / 9 9/ 9 1 / 1 17/ 19 6/6 10/ 10 1/1 :17/ 17 34/36

s 78 100 100 89 100 . 100 100 100 94

、。。、

36

APPEND工X G

COMPARISONS

r ..

Table G-l Crania1 Samples to whi c h Mu1tivariate Distance Analyse~ were App1ied

Sample

Modern 'fhai

Ban Kao

Non Nok Tha

Guam

Fiji

'l'onga-Samoa

Hawaii

Society

Tuamotu

Marquesas

Easter Is1and

New Zealand

Number of skul1s measured f.1a1e 、 Fernale

Provenance

75

10

8

53

16

21

117

32

7

49

31

12

54

7

16

43

24

10

Ariatomy co11ection , Siriraj Ho~pita1 ， Dhonburi , Thai1and

Prehistoric(Sorensen , 1967}; Sangvichien et a1. , 1969}

Prehistorica1 (1100-3500B.C.) (So1heim et a1 , 1968).

B.P. Bishop , Museum , no provenance

Various museums (see be1ow)

Comprised most1y of prehistoric samp1e from Tonga (Davidso n , 1969).

159 Moka pu-prehistoric , B. P. Bishop Museum

2 日 These samples are preserved in yarious museums , in' Europe : Museé de 1'Homme , Paris , British

22 Museum (Natura1 History) , London and the Pacific: B.P. ßishop Museum , Hono1u1u , Auck1and

61 Institute & Museum , Auck1and , and the Canterbury Museum , Christchurch described

34 e1sewhere , (Piet二rusewsky ， 196 9a, 1971h).

38

Chatham Is1and 14 8

Table G- 2 . • h ,. M ;; 1 ，、 戶 、'、 a

丸。α3

Tab1e G-2. Eight Ma1e Cranial Meas阿~m~n!2 ~~d. ~h~~r Mean~va~~e: for 13 Samp1es to which Mahalanobis' D~ Statistic was App1ied

、。α3

Non Nok Ban Modern Tonga & Marqu- Easter Variab1e Tha Kao

何7Samp1e size (10)

L 186 179

B 143 151

H1 140 146

LB 100 101

BI 10~ 102

GfH 76 72

。 2 45 33

。 1 35 43

Thai Guam Samoa . Fiji Society Tuamotu esas Mokapu Island N.Z.Chatham

(75) (53 ) (21) (16) (32)

174 185 181 189 182

143 140 142 132 137

136 143 144 138 142

99 105 107 104 105

93 98 101 97 95

69 72 71 71 72

34 36 36 35 37

41 44 46 45 44

(7) (49) (117 )

178 185 184

132 137 145

142 137 143

105 105 106

93 94 97

69 71 72

35 36 36

42 44 43

、、

(31) (12)

191 187

134 136

144 139

111 104

96 97

68 71

35 35

43 44

(1 4)

186

141

137

106

99

74

36

45

、o\D

. 一一，一

Tab1e G-3. 0 2 Scores which Resu1t from an App1ication of Maha1anobis . Generalized 。istance S~atistic to 13 Ma1e Crania1 Samp1es using 8 Variab1es

Non . Modern '{'onga間 Marq- Easter Chat-

Nok 'l'ha Ban Kao rrhai Guam Sarnoa Fljì Society Tuamotu ues~s Mokapu Is1and N.Z. ham

Non Nok 'l'ha 0.0 30.580 25.649 32.172 42.736 43.095 33 ‘ 346 32.859 32.935 27 . 471 33.111 32.130 36.355

ßan Kao 30 . 580 0.0 7.091 9 . 147 10.739 23 . 363 13.060 17.779 16.193 6.910 25 . 494 15.778 15 . 437

Hodern Thai 25 . 649 7.091 0.0 6.625 9.950 14 . 646 6.884 8.977 6 . 564 4.463 17.319 8.526' 8 . 567

Guam 32.172 9 . 147 6 . 625 0 . 0 2.576 4 . 544 0.841 4.245 2 . 434 2.290 7.695 1. 913 4.132

| TonqH…… 10.739 9.950 2 . 576 0 . 0 9.414 3.649 8.272 5 . 857 3.986 11.274 6.345 5.465

Fiji 43.095 23.363 14 . 646 4 . 544 9.414 0 ,. 0 4.296 7.373 3.221 10.936 9 . 834 1. 303 5.189

Society 33 . 346 13 . 060 6 . 884 0 . 841 3.649 4.296 0.0 1. 780 1. 831 3.139 5.853 1.936 4.671

Tuamotu 32 . 859 17 . 779 8 . 977 4.245 8.272 7.373 1. 780 0.0 5 . 193 7. 074 5.668 4 . 5BO 10.441

Marquesas 32. 935 16.193 6.564 2 . 434 5.857 3.221 1. 831 5 . 193 0.0 3.655 6.561 1 . 156 1. 725

Mokapu 27.471 6.910 4.463 2.290 3.986 10.936 3 . 139 7.074 3.655 0.0 8 . 177 5.40B 4 . 660

Easter 33.111 25.494 17.319 7.695 11. 274 9.834 5 . 853 、 5.668 6.561 8.177 0 . 0 6.394 10.730

New Zea1and 32 . 130 15.778 8.526 1. 913 6 . 345 1. 303 1. 936 4.580 1. 156 5.40B 6.394 0.0 2 . 938

Chatham 36.355 15 , 437 8.567 4.132 5.465 5.189 4.671 10.441 1. 725 4.660 10.730 2.938 0.0

voc

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Tab1e G- 4 Computational Scheme fór f inding C1usters for 13 Ma1e Crania1 Samp1es using 8 Variab1es (after Rao , 19 52 : 361)

2 _ . _ ? t' n 2 Group Added D ~ n Inareα 8e in D2 rD~/n C1uster Incr ease i n n

Guam , Society . 0 . 841 ]. 0 . 841 Society ,. Guam

New Zea1and 4.690 3 1. 925 1. 563 New Zea1and

Marquesas 10 . 111 6 1. 807 1 . 68 5 Marquesas

Fi j i 23.475 10 , 3. 341 2 . 348 Fiji

Chath am Is1and 4 2 .130 15 3 .7 31 ' 2 . 809 Chatham I~1and

Mo~apu 72.218 21 5.015 3 . 439 Mokapu

Tonga-Samoa 1 09 . 510 28 5 . 3 27 3 . 91 1 To nga- Samoa

'l'uamotu J.58.468 36 6 .1 20 4.402 T~amotu

Easter Is1and 230.654 45 8. 0 21 5 . 126 Easter Island

Modern Th ai 323 . 175 55 9 . 252 5 . 876 Modern Thai

Ban Kao 484 .166 66 14 . 636 7 . 336 Ban Kao

Non Nok Tha 672 . 809. 78 15 . 720 8.626 Non Nok Th a

、 ‘

• A

。~

Table G-5 Sixteen Female C~~n~al ~e~sur~~e~t~2a~~ ~~e~r _M~~~ ~~~~7~~for 13 Samp1es to which Maha1anobis' D' Statistic was App1ied

Ban Non Nok Moderp ~onga & Soc~ Tuam- Marq-Jariab1e K;~ -' -~h~-" Th~ì~ Guam Mokapu Sãmoa Fij i i e ty otu uesas Easter New Zea1and Chatham

(7 )章 (16) (54) (43) (159) (10) (24) (28) (22) (61) (34)

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1

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~ ~:'_H . ~~r.'_ ?可一可一呵寸司

' :. .. ".

Tab1e G-6. D2 Scores which Resu1t f~om an App1ication of Maha1anobis. Genera1ized

Distance Statistic to 13 Fema1e Crania1 Samp1es Using 8 Variab1es

Ban Non Nok Modern Tonga (. Marq- Easter Kao 'l'ha Thai Guam Mokapu Samoa Fiji Society Tuamotu uesas Is1and N.Z. r.hathëm

(7.) * (16) (54) (43) (1 59 ) (10) (24) (28 ) (22) (61) . (34) (38) (0)

ßan Kao 0.0 17.814 32.875 18.196 30.929 30.31~ 25.723 30.927 31.916 22. 982 36.703 21. 014 20.892

Non Nok Tha 17.814 0.0 6.819 7.241 9.558 15.364 23.977 16.802 20.307 10.936 28.545 16.158 11.523

Modern Thai 32.875 '6.819 0.0 7.622 2.809 11.120 22.423 11.298 11.1旭 5 9.450 , 19.211 13.742 12.9f5

Guam 18.196 7.241 7.622 0.0 5.616 3 .81 2 10.163 , 4.256 5.318 3.371 ' 8.839 3 . 487 3 .603

Mokapu 30.929 9.558 2.809 5.616 0.0 7.218 16.476 7.987 8.382 6.199 12.198 8.925 7.219

Tonga 30 .311 15.364 11.120 3.812 7.218 0 .0 11.508 4.230 5.037 6.901 9.610 6.816 6.853

Fiji 25.723 23.977 22.423 10.163 1 6 . 476 11.508 0 .0 4.964 8.6Q8 6.414 6.262 4.193 8.711

Society 30.927 16.802 11. 298 4. 256 7 .987 4.230 4 .96 4 0.0 1.972 3.083 3.920 2.716 5.7C2

Tuamotu 31 .916 20.307 11.145 5.318 8.382 5 .037 8.608 1. 9 了 2 0.0 4.243 3.262 2.806 7.179

J.larquesas 22.982 10 .936 9. 450 3.371 6.199 6.901 6 .414 3.083 4. 243 0.0 6.194 1. 448 1. 2!'1

Easter 36.783 28 .545 19 . 211 8.839 12ν198 9.610 6.272 3.920 3 .262 6.194 0.0 2.943 8.019

New Zea1and 21. 014 16.158 13.742 3.487 8.925 6.816 4.193 2.716 ~.806 1. 44 8 2.943 0.0 2.471

Chathilm I 20.892 11. 523 12.985 3.603 7. 219 . 6.853 8.711 5. 78 2 7 _179 1. 291 8.019 2. 471 0.0

*Numbers, in parentheses indicate samp1e size

、 、 】「OU

Table G-7. Computational Scheme for Finding Clusters. for 13 Fema1e Crania1 Samples Using 8 Variables (after Rao , 1952:361)

Group Added 、、

門，hD

n 呵，』

D-n n-HU --Tl e-e s-nb a-a e-e XFr c-c n-HU T---74

1: 0 2/n Cluster

Marquesas , Chatham 1s1and 1.291 1 1.291 Marquesas , Chatham 1s.

New Zea1and 5.210 3 1. 960

3.487

1.737 New Zea1and

Guam 15.671 6 2.612 Guam

Socìety 31. 508 10 3.959 3.151

Society , Tuarnotu 1. 972 l 1.972 Society , Tuarn6tu

Easter 1s1and 9.154 3 3.591 3.051 Eas i:er 1s1and

Fiji 26 .919 6 5.922 4.487 Fiji

Tonga-Samoa 57 . 304 10 7.596 5 .730 Tonga-Samoa ﹒圖- - _.咽- ‘-國- ..、圖. .恤- -剖- - -司.. - -國﹒ - 團_ _ _ _ 4田間- - - -四.-----_.圖- - - _.圓圈- - - - -國. -祖- -團- -團回國~ - - - -Mokapu 109.565 15 10.452 7.304

Mokapu , Modern Thai 2.809 1 2.009 Mokapu , Modern Thai

Non Nok Tha 19.186 3 0.189 6.395 Non Nok Tha

Ban Kao 100.804 6 27.206 16.801 HOKM

Ban Kao , Non Nok Tha 17.814 l 17.814 Ban Kao

b w N 1-' ,() .4 一

d

.. .. • ~ "I''' •

2 Tab1e G-9 . D- Scores whic h Resu1t from an App1ication of Maha1anobis ' Genera1 ized Distanc e Statistic to 13 FeMa1e Cran ia1 Samp1es Using 16 Varia~1es

Ban Non Nok. Modern Tong宣& Soc- 'I'uam- Marq- East-Kao 'fha Thai Guam Mokapu Samoa Fiji iety otu ußsas er N. Z . Chatham ( 7 )* . (16 ) (54 ) (4 3 ) (159 ) (10 ) (24 ) (28 ( 22 ) , , (61 ) (34 ) (38) ( 8 )

Ba n Kao 0. 0 28 , 336 31.230 21.890 31 . 330 52.091 37 i 070 4 2 .5 74 41 . 452 31. 7 90 36 . 600 26 . 998 30. 7 55

Non No k Tha28.336 0 .0 15 . 763 17. 423 16.027 36.245 35.370 29.027 34.865 22 . 69 0 31. 382 26.11 1 22.038 ‘ Mod Th a i 31. 23 8 1 5 . 763 0 .0 13 . 290 6 . 745 30 . 414 29.113 21 . 92 4 19 . 5 7 8 14 . 429 25 . 732 1 8 . 189 20. 993

Gua m 21.890 1 7 . 423 13 . 290 0 . 0 7.799 20 .494 15 . 688 14 . 133 16.522 1 1 . 71 4 15 . 19 9 1 2.069 18 . 356

Mokapu 31. 330 16 . 027 6.745 7 .799 0 . 0 21. 528 20.477 1 4.025 14.4 78 8 . 701 1 3 . 8 94 1 2.6 97 15 . 183

Tong a & Samoa 52.091 36 . 245 30 . 414 20 . 494 21 . 5 28 0.0 14.866 14 .4 16 12.995 14 . 541 24 . 131 21. 643 22.733

Fij i 37.870 35.370 29. 113 15. 688 20.477 14 . 866 0.0 9.17 3 1 2 . 25 7 9 . 25 9 10. 296 9.134 1 4.6 0 6

Society 42 . 574 29. 0 2 7 21 . 924 14.133 14 . 025 14 . 416 9.173 0.0 4 . '741 5~822 8.036 10. 04 7 15.684

Tuamot u 41 . 452 34 . 865 19.57 8 16. 5 22 14 . 478 1 2 . 995 12 . 25 7, 4 .741 0 . 0 , 4 . 522 8 . 47 0 7 .761 13 . 203

Ma rqu e s a s 31 .790 22. 690 14.429 1 1 .714 ' 8.701 14 . 54 1 9 , 259 5 . 822 4.522 0 . 0 6 .4 44 2 . 96 7 5.603

Easter 36 . 600 31 . 382 25.732 15.19 9 13 . 894 24.131 10 . 296 8 . 036 8 . 470 6.444 0. 0 8 .182 15 . 442

N. Z . 26. 9 98 26.111 18.189 土2. 0 69 12.69 7 21. 643 9.134 1.0 .04 7 7 .7 61 2.967 8 . 182 0.0 4.986

Cha tham 30 . 755 22 .8 38 20 .993 18 . 3 56 15.183 22 . 733 14 ,606 15.684 13.203 5 . 603 15 . 442 4 .9 86 0 . 0

* Numbers in pare ntheses indica te samp l e s i ze.

]「oa

r

Table G- .l 行 Comp l1 tat i () nη 1 Sr.hρmρ Fnr F' i n ,H n門戶 ， ， 、 n 令 ~ -【 .ç: ~ . - 可..， ，、

Table G-IO. Cornputationa1 SClleme for Finding C1usters for 13 Fema1e Crania1 Samples using 16 variables (after Rao , 1952:361)

Group l\dqed D2 2 ' ED2/ C1uster n Increase in D Increase in n n

Marquesas , ' N.Z. 2.967 1 2.967 Marquesas , New Zealand

Chatham Island 13.556 3 5.295 4.519 Cha tham 1 s Hmd - - -唱. - _.團- - 、- -司- - - ‘. -. 『﹒司﹒司.. - - - .. 闕- .扭曲- -國- - - .間-圖. -四- -團- .國- 咱﹒司- - - -間. .圖- -司. _.圈- - -間. -- ‘國- - ‘-團- - - -國﹒

Society 45.109 6 10.518 7.518

Socie ty , 'l'uamotu 4.741 1 ' 4.741 Society , Tuamotu

Easter Is1and 21. 247 3 8.253 7.082 Easter Island

Fiji 52.973 6 10.575 8.829 Fiji

Tonga-Samoa 119.381 10 16.602 11. 938 Tonga-Samoa 一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一-一Mokapu 203.783 15 16.880 13.586

Mokapu , Modern ,'1'hai 6.745 l 6.745 , Mokapu , Modern Thai

Guam 27.834 3 10.545 9.278 Guarn

Non Nok Tha 77.047 6 ' 16.404 12.841 Non Nok Tha

Ban Kao 140:993 10 28.199 14.099 、Ban Kao 、、

抖。叫

108

values 2 D average 工nter-clusterand 工ntra-G-l1 Table

3 2 工

Zealand Marquesas , New Chatham 工s 工and

C工uster

工

- 19.568 工1.9354.5工9

Society , Tuamotu , Easter 工s 工and ， Fiji , Tonga-Samoa

2

26.889

工4.099

工工 .938

26.889

工工 .935

工9.568

Mokap\且， Modern Thai , Guam , Non Nok Tha , Ban Ka。

3

r r

u <

tft

〈

tpeh=E

巳

C

. .

L

C

〉CC

巳『dcωUHh-NH

FE

.. , ,

。HA旬，們

、u ∞ FO∞

Table G-12. Frequency of Occurrence of 32 Distcontinuous Traits for 12 Samp1es of Crania-to which Berry & Smith's Distance Statistic was app1ied

Tonga- Marq- Easter Chatham So- Tuam- Modern Non Nok Samo a- Fij i uesasIs.N-2.Is.ciety otu Moltapu Guam Thai Tha

2 . Fema1e fronta1 grooves ( HL )

3.Supraorbit foramen mu tip1e(RL)

4. Rt . parieta f o ramen absent

5.Corona1 worm1ans (RL )

6. Sagi tta1 ' wo rmìàns

7.La mbdoida1 worm1ans (RL )

8.Tympanic thicke ning (RL)

- 1/ 44 0/3 3 3/ 111 0/70 1/5 1 。/26 '1/52 。/29 5/299 0/99 4/142 祖 2.3 0.0 2.7 0.0 2.0 0.0 1. 9 0.0 1. 7 0.0 2.8 .0

2/39 2/48 24/120 12/70 16/ 78 4/36 8/ 50 7/40 58/354 4/ 92 15/164 2/26 車 5.1 4.2 20.0 17.1 20.5 1 1. 1 16.0 17.5 16.4 4.3 9.8 7.7

a1 1-16/87 30/80 107/2 24 68/143 :')1/102 20/80 48/106 23/66 53/598 2/198 21/282 11/24

20.5 37.5 47.8 47.6 50.0 22.7 4 5 . 3 34.8 8. ,9 1,.0 7.4 45.8

1 24 / 44 19/36 69/111 30/76 24/50 24/50 31/53 1 2/32 296/59 ~32/98 108/2a~ 5/9 54.5 52.8 62 .2 39.5 48.0 48.0 58.5 37.5 50.0 32.7 38.0 55.6

8 / 44 13/52 2/202 1/118 5/94 1/ 72 1.3/94 。/5 4 自 7/538 12/198 10/268 0/36 % 18.2 25.0 1. 0 1ü .8 5 . 3 1. 3 13.8 0 .0 1. 3 1. 0 3 .7 0.0

6 / 40 8/3 2 5/86 3/50 1/40 2/26 。/45 0/16 2/259 。/96 4/1 31 0/18 宅 15.0 25.0 5.8 16~0 2.5 7.7 0.0 ' 0.0 '0.8 0.0 3.1 0 . 0

44 / 96 56/96 64/199 ~9/132 40/8 3 45/80 4 -3 /1 03 18/56 281/54 f5 37/196 74/253 4/22 色 45.8 58.3 32 . 2 44.7 48 .2 56.3 41. 7 ' 32.1 51. 6 18.9 29.2 18.2

24/102 7/ 74 57/222 20/140 22/102 1 9/2 85 11/107 6/64 83 1人598 34/198 17/284 。/45車 23 .5 9.5 25.7 且 4. 3 21. 6 1. 10.3 9.4 13.‘9 、 17.2 6.0 0.0

抖。心

e r p c .-e D

&re OUC

Tttn Ieue MASS T-

Table G-12 (Cont'd)

'l'onga-‘、 Marq旬 'Easter Ch atham So- Tuam- , Modern Non Nok Samba Fiji uesas Is. N.~. Is . ciety otu Mokapu Gtiam Thai Tha

nu

roo

o6760

925.J/-14. J/-J/AU

弓，QJ//EJ

F3r3n

y--‘

EAd、JAU

可向4

L

a.w.-nHMS'

。au

et

、

ch

ccvlCF cnyen-'ltd -lerSOLaot-­nceonvlRetneux aslttr(1elp{

。弋1

、，

a-lseea--

、，

ea--m

mhLmdotnmELnmcr) vseReuxsoeaRoecoe Td(FaeAbFP{bFofq ..... AYAU

司

A

勻，』弓

J

、AZA

、i

﹒ι

14.08 Inoα

8/19 祖 - 42.1

1/42 宅 2.4

15.Anterior condy1ar cana1 4/38 mu1t . (RL) % 10.5

L6.Post. condy1ar cana1 absent7/37 (per skull)

龜 18.9

3/78 3.8

4/46 8.7

33 / 74 ' 44.6 I

2/21 9.5

2/23 8.7

1/37 2.7

4/ 64 6.3

6/29

20.7

4/223 15/144 1. 8 13. 5

7/119 :1/70 5.9' ,1. 4

76 /221 52/14 4 34. 再 1 36 • 1

3/59 1/35 5.1 2.9

19/60 1/ 35 31 .7 2.9 ,

0/99 0/67 0.0 0.0

15/212 4/143 7.1 2.8

25/103 17/70

24.3 24.3

8/102 7.8

0/78 O. 。

31/100 31.。

6/37 16.2

' 5/ 39 12.8

ι 。 /430.0

8/91 8.8

3/41

7.3

1/85 1.2

0 / 34 O. 。46 /6 8 67.6

|3川16.7

!0/18 10.0

0/ 41 i 0.0

。/990.0

0 / 49 O. 。27/ 106 25.5

7/25 28.0

r3nuny q4

.

治qnU

J/

AUJ/­EJqL

、iqL

EJ nu 、i

、i

/5RJ nu-

J/

、iny

nu可J

FO

呵，

Aq

-d .. Y/

/r6

2

ro--4

、

4

27.9 15.7

0/64 0.0

0/42 0.0

1 2/6 4 18 ,'0

FD

呵，&

ro

AU-nu

、JAU

、

inU

J/-J/-J/

­

AUAUAUAUnunu

'nu

nU

AUτAUτ

呵，b

noζu

l/、4

司4A咱可

LrOA-­

f/-J/

.07

、inu

-

-ihU

可i

、J

nD

hu

-

ny

ny

-

qL

、iAU可

、inunwJhu

ff'﹒

//-r/-A

均勻，

tIf--hMlp

lhuhv

.. 7ehM

司J

nuny

nur3r3 QJqJJ

/

可J

EJ可IJJ'、4EJ

﹒

/.2.16

AUZAUqJAHJ

q4、J

1/21 4.8

12/ 21 : 57 .1 !

1/ 27

7/ 54 i 13.0 ' 1

6/2 7

、

4nynHJ J/

-

nynu 、4司4

司4

p3 1J J/EJ r0. 可

AAU可

8/ 176 4.5

0/ 284 O. 。

0/ 46 0.0

0/99 O. 。

nu 可

Eanu

'',

­

nunu 、--

ro 、

4//令J

EJ

. 、

iny

1/60 1. 7

2/130 1. 5

0/ 13 0.0

0/ 17 O. 。

37/ 593 13/ 176 21/279 0/2 8 6.2 7.4 7.5 0.0

15/140 0/ 2

22.2 ' 20.7

61/294 9 / 89

10.1 10.7 0.0 HHO

17.Precondy1 tuberc1e

18.Paramasto process (RL)

19.0ssified ' apica1 ligament

20 . 0va1e­sp~nosum

common (RL)

21.Nasa1-fronta1 suture round

22.1nfraorbi foramen douh1e ( (RL)

23.Suhnasa1 sharp

24.Zygomaxi1 1ary tuberc1e absent (RL)

Tab1e G-12 (Cont二， d )

Tonga- - MarqEEas ter e chathaIIISo-Tuam-Modern Non NOK S~~~a Fiji ue sâs 18. N.Z. Is. ciety otu Mokapu Guam Thai Tha

。 /31 12/102 。 /70 6/46 4/44 13/49 4123 24/281 7/87 12/142 1/10 0.0 11. 8 0.0 13.0 9.1 26 .5 17.4 8.5 8.0 8.5 10.0

13/68 54/200 27/135 25 / 80 5/88 27/92 5/37 95/572 24/178 102/276 。/1019 .1 27.0 20.0 31. 3 5.7 29.3 13.5 16.6 13.5 0.0

。/31 4/105 2/ 70 0 / 46 。/44 3/50 0/27 4/296 。/87 ' 6/142 1/10

0 .0 3.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 1. 4 ,0 .0 4.2 10.0

7/51 4/222 1/144 6/95 5/07 0/ 107 0/58 19/5 95 ~3/183 ; 2/282 :1/4 13.7 1. 8 0.7 6.3 5.7 0.0 0.0 3.2 ;7.1 0.7 25.0

8/38 21/112 17/71 31 49 3/44 6/52 1/29 76/299 '14 /95 18/142 1/5 21. 1 10.8 23.9 6.1 6.8 1 1. 5 3.4 25.4 14 . 7 12.7 20.0

'

12/82 20/229 23/135 12/98 5/87 8/100 2/47 27/59 0 22 / 185 27/284 0/8 14.0 8 .7 17.0 12.2 5.7 0.0 4.3 4~6 11. 9 9.5 0.0

8/25 20/110 24/69 20/86 11/ 43 11/49 7/ 2 3 57/293 20/91 62/141 2/10

32.0 18.2 34 . 8 23.3 25.6 22 .4 30.4 19.5 22.0 44 .0 20 .0

、、

3/39 34/218 14/ 136 0 / 23 ,13/87 I 28/101 6/48 1 04/5894/183 15/142 0/17 15 .6 10.3 0 . 0 3 .4 i 27 . 7 12.5 17.7 2.2 10.6 0.0

HHUF

25.Marginal tubercle absent (RL)

26 .Fema le malar (RL tuberos­ity

27.Palatine torus

28.Mylo hyoi arch(RL)

29.Mandibul foramen multiple (RL)

30.Mental foramen multiple (RL)

31.Rocker Jaw absent

32.Lambdic bone

「一

Table G-12 (Cont 'd)

Tonga- ‘ 、 。 Marq- . Easter Chatham So- Tuam- . Modern Non Nok Samoa pi j i uesaS I s1and N-2.I s.ciety l otu Moltapu GuanlThai Tlla

. '

45/6 4 36 / 76 35/217 1 日1137 。123 3/88 19/101 23/51 450/585 351183 15/284 2113

70.3 47.3 16.1 13.1 0.0 3 .4 18.8 45 ,1 76.9 19.1 5.3 15.4

'

2/14 16 / 47 37/118 14/68 24/72 8135 14/46 0}27 59 / 348 12/84 102 / 16 4 1/4

車 14 .3 34.0 31. 4 20.6 33.3 22.9. 30.4 0.0 17.0 14.3 62.2 25.0

。13 4 0/4 0 。1108 2/70 9/49 4/4 4 1/ 49 0 /2 5 1/2 96 1 / 93 41/ 141 。/12祖 0.0 0 . 0 0.0 2 . 9 1日 .4 9.1 2 .0 0.0 0.3 1. 1 29.1 0.0

d 0/10 6 1/ 72 4/66 4/62 1 /2 8 3/11 6/81 0/ 17 26/467 10/ 144 8/2 73 。/25龜 0.0 1. 4 6.1 6.5 3.6 2.7 8.6 0.0 5.6 6 . 9 2.9 0.0

ar

。/104 7/5 4 7/66 8/6 4 5/3 3 1/16 4/ 79 。 /17 36/ 464 ~4/149 41/274 。/41% 0.0 13.0 10.6 12 . 5 15 .2 6 . 3 5.1 0.0 7.8 22 . 8 15.0 0.0

8/107 2/62 5/66 11/64 4/33 0/ 12 9/80 0/18 23/ 470 10/154 22/2 74 1/4 4

% 7.5 3.2 7.6 1"1.2 12.1 0 .0 11. 3 0.0 4.9 6.5 8.0 2.3

12/58 13/ 29 19/33 3/32 2/ 17 2/8 .10/40 1 /9 16/234 37/ 70 48/137 0/22

% 20 . 7 44.8 57.6 9.4 1 1. 8 25.0 40.0 11. 1 6.8 52.9 35.0 0.0 t

1/ 41 1/22 1/99 。/67 1 / 43 。 /41 0/ 54 。/27 7/284 11/ 9 9 4/130 0/ 17

車 2.4 4. 5 1. 0 0.0 2 .3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 11.1 3.1 0.0 HUFN

有

'p且 F、 l n 司 ，可 ft.~ '""' -、 ro ，'_ '- ' " r" .

N

一一一一

'l'ab1e ' G-13 Measures of oi ve rge nce which Re su1 t from an App1ication of Berry & Sroi th' s oistance Stati~tic to 32 Oiscontinuous Crania1 Variab1es for 12 Samp1es .

Tonga- Marq- Easter Chatham Soc- 'fuam- Modern Non Nok Samoa Fiji uesas Is1and N.Z. 15. i e ty motu . Mokapu Guam Thai Tha

Tonga-Samoa 0.0975 0.1297 0 .191 4 0.2902 0.2902 0.1159 0. 1429 0.1063 0.2964 0.2662 0.4509

Fiji 0.1032 0 .1009 0.1847 0.1469 0.1545 0.2494 0.1267 0.174 0 0 .1775 0.3301

Marquesas 0.0912 0.1222 0.1449 0.Ö612 0.1595 0.1560 0.1763 0 . 1550 0.3154

Eas ter Is. 0.0837 0.1918 0.1052 0.1980 0.1209 0.1665 0.1234 0.1993

N.Z. 0.0889 0.1003 0.2442 0.2541 0.1824 0.1027 0.2425

Chatham ls . 0.1401 0.2461 0.1795 0.1109 0.1257 0.2976

Society 0.1260 0.1464 0.1849 0 .1226 0 .2632

Tuamotu 0.1529 0.26 56 0.3191 0.2371

Mokapu 0 .1652 0.2124 0.2432

Guam 0.1218 0 .2891

Modern Thai 0.3091

Non Nok Tha

、、

HUFω

工工4

B工BLIOGRAPHYE

1964

Anderson , J.E.

工969

Ange1 , J.L.

The peop工e of Fairty: An o~teo1ogical ana工ysis。f an 工玄。quoìs ossuary. BuZl . NαtL _ Mu s. ' Cαnαdα. 193:28-工29.

The Human Sk e Ze ton. A Mαnuα è Îo r Ar ahaeologists . (Rev . ed.). Natìona1 Museurn o f Canada , Ottawa. B

Osteoarthritis: Tha1assernìa? Amer玉。αn JOUlηtal oÎ Phys 古σα l Anthr opoZogy N.S. 2l:369-37工

工966 P。玄。tìc hyperostosìs , anemias , ma1arìas , and marshes ìn prehìstorìc eastern Medìterranean. 5a王e nae 工53:760-763.

工964

工967

T D­

d ',. 、

G

n

z a v-

a B

c:

Porotic hyperostosìs or osteop。玄。sìs s ymmetrica. In Bro thwe11 , D. & A.T. Sandìson (e d s .) Diseαses 王n An古至qu~ty . Pp. 378~389. Char1es C . rhomas , Sprìngfie工d.

C<

Dξ

Non Nok Tha: Th e 1968 Exσαυα古玉。ηs: Pro aeäure ~ Strα 古至grαphy~ αnd a Summαry oÎ the Ev玉denae .Unìv. o f - Otago: Studìes ìn prehìstorìc Anthrop。工。gy. V。工 .4.

Bergman , R. A.M.

工955 The 1eng乞h of the body and 10ng bones o f t h e Javanese. Doa. M~d . Geogr . Tr op . 7: 工9 7 -2 工4

dε

工9 5-8

Brothwe11 , D.R. Dε

1963

Berry , R.J.

1968

.. ,

-The use of non-metrica工 characters of t h e s k u11 ìn differentìating popu1atìons. Deutsaheη gesσ he lZ sahaft f ilr Anthr opoZogie in Ki e Z 6:103-109 .

Diggi ng u.p Bones.- _ Bri tish Museum (Na乞ura工茲ìstocy-) ， London.

F a

The bì。工。gy of non-metrica工 variationand men. 1ηBrothwe11 ， D.R. (ed). B毛。 Zo g苛 oÎ Eαr Zier Humαn Popu lα 七 土 。ns.133. London , Pergamon.

~n m~ce

The S k e l e t aZ Pp. 103-

. . ‘.

工工4

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115

Berry ， λ. C. & R. J ~ . Berry -. ‘

Epigenetic variatìon in the human cranium. JournaZ of Anatomy. 10l (2):361-379.

Origins and re工ationships of the Ancìent Egyptians. Based on a study of non-metrica1 variations in the sku工1. J. of Eumαn BioZogy 1:199-208

1967

1972

Berry , R.J. & C.A.B. Smith

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The genetica1 -characterization of rat popu1ations from ske1eta1 data. (In ms.) citeã by Berry，工968.

_Chernoff , A. 工.

工959 The distribution cf the Tha1assemia gene: A historica1 review. BZood. X工V (8) : 899-912.

Cox , P.R.

工970UM en p­G W

•• σvs

os

me ex DP Cambridge: The University -4th ed.

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1969 Archae。工。gica1 excava乞ions in two buria1 mounds at 'A七e工e ， Tongatapu. Records o f the AuckZαnd Ins t王 tute &. Museum ô (4-6):251-286. -

de Vi11iers , H.

工968 The SkuZZ of the South Afriσαn Neg r o . w:主twatersrand University Press , Johannesburg.

Derry , D.E.

之938 p。七七 's ãisease in ancient Egypt. 工97: 工.

Med . Press

Fawcett , C.D.

工90工 A second stuãy of the variation anà cor玄e工ati。n。主七he human sku11 wi乞h specia1 reference to the Naqada crania. B玉ome .trikα 工 :408-467.

1 1 6

Genet-Varcin E .

1958 Les restes osseux des 立00 rues. Eu ZZ. EcoZe 1rαncaise d~ Eztro.-‘ Ozo i;ent , par主s. 七.49 ， No . 工:215-2宣5. _

Howe1工s ， W.W.

工973 CraniaZ γαriαtion -tn Mαη. A study by mu工tivariate aria工ysis of pat乞erns of difference among recent human popu1ations. Peαbody Museum 01 Arctiαeo l，ogy αnd Ethno Zogy H，αrvαrd Vn王versity ，Cambr主dge ， Massachusetts.

Kahike , H.E. & Nguyen Van Ngh主a

工965 pre1ìm主nary report on pa1aeonto1ogica1 and pa工aeoanthropo1ogica1 researches ìn North Vìetnam. ~in tuc - hoαt doγtg khoα ho_c ， Hanoi 5:l5-23 (ìn V ìetnamesel.

Ke1工。ck ， W.L. & P.A. Parsons

工970 Varìatìon of mìnor non-metrìca工 cranìa"lvarìants ìn Austra1ìan Aborigìnes. - Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 32(31:409-422.

I<rogman , W. M.

工962 The H.uman Ske Ze 七on iγt Forensic Medic毛ne .Char1es C . Thomas , Sprìngfield.

Kwang-Chih Chang

工9 62 New Evìdence on fossi1 man in China. Science 136 (No . 35 工 8) •

Lerìche , E.

19 是工 Etuàe de deux fragments maxì1工aires" . prehistori還ues ~ndochinoìs. Bu Z. Z. de Z. ' In s t .

Indoσ h . pour Z. ' etude de Z. ' Homme 工& II 乞 .4.

Maha1anobìs , P.C.

工936 On genera1ìzed àistance ìn statis七ics.Nat . Inst至在 • Science CIndiaJ 工2:49-55.

Proc .

F

r-:

K

117

Stati.ons dans 1es cavernes d 1;t rnass戶Bacson1~ restes huma主ns de Döngthuoc. 5'e1"1). ~eo Z. J'nd. 立工(2 1 . :15早20

Stat主。ns préÍ).主st。玄主ques de Keophay , Mem. Serv. GeoZ. r:ηd. 12 (2 1:6-工7.

司、'、

La , caverne ~epu1cra1e ~e Harnrong; description~d'un crane 工ndon益sien de Chδganñ. BuZL Serv. 'GeoL Ind . , . Hanoi, Vo1. 14. (61:5-28

de ca1caire Mem .

Khacki益ffi.

R. Mansuy , 192忌了

1925a

1925b

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Denta工 cond.主tion of the Shang Dynasty excavated frorn Anvara and Huu-Xian. PaZasiαt乞ca (Ch主na) 3 (41 :工83-186.

Fischer , G. 工.Band Antã.ropoZ 'o gie .

Sa11er

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Brothwe1工，

Tubercu10sis in Ancient Egypt. Am . Resp王ratory D王seases 90(4 ) :524-54工.

Uck。P.J. & D. , D.R. t1orse , 工964

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峙。主主tfliq口e inferieur (Bacsonien) sgper主eur dans 1e Haut-Tonk主n.Geo z. Ind. , l2 (31.

M. ra -me5 u2 SGd n14 a M

& H.C.

工959

K. & R. Mar七l泣，

1~57

Mao ,

ma nè.ible. human the A biometric study 0主Biometrikα 28:84-工工2.

G.H. Morant , 工936

More on 七he ancient Qnynhvan sku工工s . Repo玄t in: The .1 st. ArchαeoZogicaZ Congress. Hanoi ，工966.(.In V主etn缸nesel.

On a , Dabut ancient sku工工. Report in: The 1st. Arcñαeologicα z Coηgress， Han。三，工966. (In Viet ) .

On a Ladoi ancient sku11. Repört in: The 1 s t . Arσ 在aeo logica Z Coηgress， Han。土，工966. (工n Vìe乞) •

DuV 'a n6 epb y.9

u1-q N

1966b

1966c

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Nguyen , Duy (.Cont '.d}_

工18

1966d

工966e

主967

On a qang.muoi anc主ent sku11. Report in; The ..1 s t A.1'σ 丑αeo 7， ogicα l Cong1'e ss J Hanoì. 工966.(In V主e乞nameseL

舟 ，、

On the ancient Tfiìëduduòng sku11s. Memoi1's 01 tEe viø古ηαmese A1'c 荒aeologi了。αl Inst i tute . Hanoì. 臼n V主etnamesel.

Etat actue1 de 1tetude rac主a1e des cranes anc主ens decouver乞s au V主etn缸n. L ~Anth1'opo log玉 e7l: 263-270.

? r

Nguyen , Duy & Nguyen Quang Quyen

工966a Ear工y Neo1ithìc sku主ls ìn Quynh Van , Nghean , North V主etnam. Ve1' t eb1'ata Pα Zαsiαti。αlO Cl t:49-5么

Etude_anthropolog主que du c~âne neo lìthìque de m主nhcam. Bull . Se1'v . Geol . Ind . J Hαno王­t. 工3 No. 5.

Le kjökkenmödã主ng d e Danut et ses .sepu1tures, prσv主nce de Thanh Hoa，工ndochìne. Bu 7, l . Serv . Ge o l. Ind ' J Hαnoi. t. 工9. No 3.

工935 .ttude dMTISquelette hutIain de 的ngsôn. Bu l Z. Eco 7, e. 11'. d "Ex古1'.一 O1'ient. Parìs. T.34:617-637.

Patte , E.

工925

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工965

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Les ossements du kjδkkenmδdding de Oa But. Saigon , Bul~et石n de la Societe des Etudes z元戶。chiηo i s e s . Vo 1. ~-Q.. (N . S • ) 工75 pp .

SC

Pietrusewsky , M.

工969a The physìca工 Anthropo1ogy o f Ear工y Tonga n Popu1ations: A study of bones and teeth and a n assessment of . their bì。工。gìca工 affìnìtìes based 。n cranìa1 comparisons wìth eìght other Pacific popu1atìons. Ph.D. Thesis. Unìversi七y o f T。玄。nto.

工969b

工970

S<

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An osteologìca王 stuãy of cranial and infracranìa l remaìns from Tonga. Reâo1'd s o f - the Aucklαn.d In. st吉 它u te & Mus eum 6(4-6):287-402.

An oste。工。g主ca1 view of indìgenous populatìons in Ocean主a. In Green , R.C. & M. Kel工Y (.eãs) s t u.dies i n. Oceαγ1 玉。 Cu Z 七u1' e Hi s七o1'y- Vo l. . 1 . Pac主主主c Anthropolog主cal Recorãs. No. 工工-Pp. 工-ll. B.P. B主shop Museum , Honolu工u.

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斗9.1..la

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Rao , C.R.

工957

工工 9

App工ica乞土。n of distance statistics t。an乞hroposcopic data and a cornparison of resu1ts with those obta主ned by using discrete traits 。f the sku11. ArahaeoZogy & Phy s i aαZ A nthropoZogy 的 。σeaniα rJ位} : 2l-33.

Human SkeZetα Z Col l eati ons in the Bi sho p Museum. Report 71-7. Dept. of Antnrop。工。gy ， B.,P. Bìshop Museum , Hono1u工u.

Advαnaed Stα ti stiσα Z Met hod in Bi omediaa l Reseαrah. New York. Wìley.

, ~

工960

Row1ìng , J.T.

Univ. Dìsease in Ancìent Egypt. M.D. Thesis. 。f Càrnbridge. Cited by Morse ，工967.

工939 Cranes pr毛hìstorìques in毛dits -de Langcuôrn. Fαr Easterη A ss. trop. Med. 10th Congress. Hanoì , 1939.

工963

Sokal R.R. & P.H . A. Sneath

W.H • .

Pr王η0至p Z es of Nume!，玉。α Z Tαxonomy . Freeman & Co. , San Francisco.

Saurin , E.D.

Solheirn 工工; W.G.', R.H. Parker , & D-. Bayard

工968 Archae。工。gìcal survey and excav ations at Ban Nadì , Ban Sao Loa and Pirnai. No. 工. Ms. Prepared for N.S.F.

1966a

Sooà Sangvichìan

工966b

Neoli七hic ske工etons frorn . Ban Kao , Tha土工anà ， and 乞he prob工em of Thai origins. Curren 古Anthr o pology . 7(2 ) :234-235.

A prelimìnary report on non-metrical 司characteristics of Neolithic skeletons f ounà at Ban Kao , Kanchanaburi . The Journα l 01 the Siαm So aie 古y . L工V Pa玄t 工. 8 pages text &工o pages figures.

工20

Sood Sangv主chie泣， Patai. Sirigaroon , J.B. J~rgensen & Teuku Jacob

19 已 9 . Archαeolog玉。α Z Excαvα七ions 毛 γt ThαiZ αγld. Vo1. 工工工. Part Two. The PreãistoT﹒玉。 Thα i Skele 七ons.Copenhagen , Munksgaard.

Sorense泣， P. & Tove Hat乞ing

19已可 Archαeolog毛。α Z E::cαvα 七毛。ns 土 n Thα iZαnd. Vo z. II. Bαn 芷α。 ?α?七 Oγte. The ArchαeoZogicα Z Mα 七 er毛α1from the BUI心α Zs. Copenhagen. Mu~~sgaard.

Supa Na-Nakorn , V. Minnìch , & .A. 工. Chernoff

工956 Studìes ìn hemog1obin E. 工工. The incidence of hemog1obin E in Thai1and. J. of LaDorα tory and CZini.cα l Med王σine. 47: 企90-498.

Swed1und, A.C. & G.J. Arme工agos

1969 Une recherche en pa-1eo-demographie: La Nubìe Soudanaìse. Annα Zes No. 6:1287-1298. 司

Trev。玄， J.C. & D.R. Brothwel工

工96"2 The human ske工eta工 remains of Mes。工ithic and Neo1ithic data from Gua Cha , Ke1antan. Kua工a Lumpur. Fed. Museums JournaZ. 7ω. S • ) : 6-22 •

. Tr。七七er ， M. & G.C. G1eser

工952 Estìmatìon of stature frorn 工。ng bones 。主Arnerican Whíte and Negroes. Amer玉。αη JoUz>ηαzof Physiσα l AnthropoZogy 10(4): 463-5工4.

工958 A re-eva1uation of estìmation of stature based on measurernents of stature -taken during 1ife and of 工。ng bones after death. Ameriσαn Journα Z of Physicα Z An 主hropology ﹒ N.S. 16:79-124.

Verneau , R.

工909 Le~ cranes hurnains du gisement prehistorique de Phobìnhgìa , Nord-Vietnam. LtAη台 b.ropoZog玉 e20:545-559.

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工2l:0.

Siam. l.n excava乞ed

H.G .Q.

Some anc主ent human skeletons Man 37: (113-l3斗): 88-90.

Wales , 1937

Jacob

Siam: l.n hurnan skeletons excavated Man 64(14l-l43):12工.

Some ancient A C。玄玄ection.

工964

S.

Suigdurnrong

The distribution of hemoglobin E , ' Thalassemia , & G-6PD deficiency ìn N。主乞heastern Thaìland. Nαture. 2l4:501-502.

A. & Na-Nakorn , S. P. S. , 工 967

Wasì , :I.

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Royα Z Tha玉 A l'medMassachusetts.

Survey of the Army , Natick ,

。. • ZS T-4

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R.M. White , 工964

the Ve l' tebrαtα

Yu-Min

E正eport on the ske工eta1 remains from Neolithìc Site at Bao Ji , Shensì. PαZαsiα ticα IV (2): 103-

Gu & Chang-Zhi Liu Yin , 工960

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E.C. Zaino ,

1964

、.Ihy'，，aE•.

工22

N。n Nok Tha Ph。七。graph P"escr主ptiöns

photograpn: F主穹u玄e

工.工 Fronta工 view of aL~ost cornp1etely reconstructeà skull 。f Burial 43 CSkeleton 41. Mìàdle-aged fernale. Note slender zygorna bones and the主r rather high"placernent.

工 .2 Lateral (工eft) view of sku11 of Burial 43 (Skelet∞ 4) frorn Non Nok Tha. Mìddle~aged fernale. View brings 。ut high forehead , evenly rounded occiput , slìght a工.veolar prognath主sm ， and rocker jaw condition.

。工 .3 Basa工 view of craniurn of Bu"rial 43 (Ske工eton 4) showing moderate dental attrìtion of the maxi工1ary dentition. Mìddle-aged Íema1e.

2.1 Fron七a工 view of reconstructed sku1l of Burial 55 (Skele乞on 5l} frorn Non Nok Tha showìng heavy brow ridge constructìon , heavy facia工 "ske1eton ， constricted nasal region , narrow forehead. Middle-aged rnale.

2.2 Lateral view (left} of skul工。f Burial 55 CSkeleton 5l) revea工ing thick vau1t bones , slight alveolar prognathisrn"sharp 令 gonia1 ang工e ， wel1-deve玉。pedfronta工 region. Midd1e-aged rnale.

2.3 Posteriòr view of cranium of Buria工 55 (Skeleton 5 工)showing hαy -riσ友 。u乞工ine "of cranium when viewed frorn behind. Midd1e-aged "~ale.

2.4 Superior view of cranium of Buria1 55 (Skeleton 5 工)revea1ing 5工ìght1y ovoid outlìne. Midd工e-aged rnale.

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3.1 Fronta1 view of incornpletely reconstruc乞ed sku工工 of Buria1 (Ske1eton 2 工) frorn Non - Nok "Tha showing- 乞ypica1facial rnorph。工。gy of 乞hese 玄ernains. Young fernale.

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3.2 Láte玄al (left) vìew of craniurn of Buria工 63 (Skele七。n21) showìng prognathìsrn, well~rounded forehead and 。cciput ， and thickened cranìa工 vau工t bones. - Young fernale.

4.l Fronta1 view of craniurn of Burial 23 (Skeleton 85) from Non Nok Tha. - Young fernale.

4.2 Lateral (left) view of craniurn of Buria1 23 (Ske1eton 85). Young fernale.

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5.1 Frontal view tleftl of cranium of Burial 77 tSkeleton 工8) revealing typica工 morph。工。gy. Middle-aged male.

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Fronta工 v主ew of cranium of Burial 34 CSkeleton 36) from Non Nok Tha showing heavy facial and vaul乞const=uction. Middle-aged male.

Lateral view of cranium of Burial 34 (Skeleton 36 ) revealing prognathic maxilla and a prominent nuch宇工protuberance. Middle-aged male.

Latera工 (leftl view of fused thoraci.c -vertehrae (T-3 to T-91 of Buria工 40 (Skeleton 62) showing extreme angular kyphosis , wedging of cen乞ra'， . and numerous -cloacae. Old fema工e.

7.2 Lateral (right) vìew of same fused 乞horacic vertebrae of Burial 40 (Skeleton 62). 。工d f包na工e.

8. 工 Fronta工 vìew of skull of t10dern Thaì Skull (S81) ' showing typical facial morpho~ogy. Male , 50 years of age. 工n Dep之. of Anatomy , Siriraj Hospita工， Dhonburi , Thai工and.

8.2 Lateral (left) view of S81. No七e supraorbita工 ridgedevelopment , constricted nasal-frontal area , slight-alveolar prognatþism , well眉deve工。ped chin , fairly 令evenly rounded . occiput , and strongly ma玄ked temporal lines.

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