PO319The Media and Politics of Contemporary

Japan

Module Convenor: Dr Mitsutoshi Horii Email: m.horii@kent.ac.ukTeaching Period: Spring 20011/12Lectures/seminars: Lecture: Wed 10-11

Seminar: Wed 11-12Room: CGUS

Introduction :

The role of the mass media as a ‘key’ ideological state apparatus, informing and perpetuating political debate and opinion, is one that is often left under-analysed by degree programmes in Politics and International Relations.

The media-saturated and technologically advanced nature of Japan provides the basis for this module’s critical engagementwith a range of theoretical approaches to Media Studies. This module discusses a variety of contemporary issues and debates within the media of Japan. It pays particular attention to the discourse and ideological implications in media representation, the comparative examination of the political economy and the historical development of media institutions as well as the analysis of the media’s role in the social construction of the nation, historical memory, and cultural identities.

The module will be divided into three sections. The first section will introduce students to ‘key’ theoretical concepts in Media Studies. Students will encounter theoretical approaches and concepts, such as semiotics, discourse and ideology. Students will analyse a range of media ‘texts’ using the theoretical approaches they have learnt. In particular, students will focus on representations of ‘Japan’ in Anglo-American media and representations of the ‘West’ in

Japanese media. The second section of the module will explore the media’s role in the social construction of the nation and cultural identities. This section refers to various kinds of representations from nuclear explosions to gender in contemporary Japanese media including manga/anime. Students will analyse these in the context of globalisation and national/cultural identities. The third section will discuss arange of contemporary issues and debates about the media institutions of Japan. This section of the module will be organised around specific case studies of the political economy including the issue of censorship.

2

Course Schedule

13. Media and representation: Semiotics, Discourse andIdeology

14. ‘Japan’ in Anglo-American Media15. The ‘West’ and ‘Others’ in Japanese Media16. ‘Japan’ in the Japanese Media17. Representing Nuclear Explosions18. Reading Week19. Manga and Anime20. Sex and Gender21. The Political Economy of Japanese Media22. Representation and Japanese Politics23. Media Censorship in Contemporary Japan24. Course Summary

Inductive Reading List

Freeman, L. 2000 Closing the shop: information cartels and Japan's mass media. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.

Hammond, P. (ed) 1997. Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

3

ESSAY 1 (Deadline – Monday 25 February)An analysis of a printed image with the theme of Japan (no more than 1,000 words)Weighting for the module = 20%

Students will produce a 1000-word analysis of a printed image with the theme of Japan. The analysis should include the following:

Make use of semiotic terminology (i.e., sign, signifier, signified, denotation, connotation etc…) wherever possible.

Consider the ideological values promoted by the advert (Whatbeliefs/values are promoted by your advert?) and how have they been promoted (what kind of discourse it used?).

Refer to academic sources wherever possible to back up argument of your analysis.

Attach the printed material of your choice to your written analysis.

ESSAY 2 (Deadline – Tuesday 2 April)Choose one essay title from the below (no more than 2,000 words)Weighting for the module = 30%

Essay Titles:

1) Compare and contrast representations of nuclear explosions inthe American and Japanese media?

2) How are manga and anime related to Japanese politics?

3) What do representations of sex and gender in the contemporaryJapanese media tell you about the international relations ofJapan?

4) How far do media texts in contemporary Japan reflect theinterests of the government?

5) Critically discuss the ways in which the Japanese state is

4

portrayed by the Japanese media. What kind of imagery of theJapanese state is constructed?

FINAL EXAM:

Weighting for the module = 50%

5

Week 1 3

Media and representation: Semiotics, Discourse, andIdeology

This lecture explains what is meant by the media in this module,and explores the process by which the media constructs ‘reality’.It introduces Hall’s concept of ‘representation’, and examinesthe nature of ‘reality’: how it represents ideologies, how itbecomes ‘true’ through discourse, and what the media’s role is inthis process. This lecture also explains how to ‘decode’ mediatexts, especially images, and introduces some Japanese examples.

Essential Reading:

Hall, S. 1997 ‘The work of representation’, in Hall, S. (ed)Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage.

Befu, H. 2009. Concepts of Japan, Japanese culture and the Japanese, in Y. Sugimoto ed. The Cambridge Companion to Modern Japanese Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Further Reading:

Chandler, D. 2012. Semiotics for beginners. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/semiotic.html (Chapter 7, Denotation, Connotation, and Myth)

Barthes, R. 1982 [1970]. Empire of Signs. New York: Hill and Wang. [Trans. By Richard Howard].

Johansson, J. K. 1994. The Sense of “Nonsense”: Japanese TV Advertising. Journal of Advertising 23(1): 17-26.

Namba, K. 2002. Comparative Studies in USA and Japanese Advertising During the Post-War Era. International Journal of Japanese Sociology 11: 19-34.

O’Shaughnessy, M. & Stadler, J. 2005 Media and Society: an introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Chapters 4-13, 20-23)

Painter, A. 1993. ‘Japanese daytime television, polupar culture, and ideology’, Journal of Japanese Studies, 19(2): 295-325.

Tanaka, K. 1994. Advertising Language: a pragmatic approach to advertisements in Britain and Japan. London: Routledge. (esp. Chapter 6)

Winther-Tamaki, B. 2003. Oil painting in Postsurrender

6

Japan: Reconstructing Subjectivity through Deformation of the Body. Monumenta Nipponica, 58(3): 347-396.

7

Week 15

:‘Japan’ in Anglo-American Media

Who constructs the image of other cultures? In the case of‘Japan’ in the media, who exercise power over the construction ofits image? How has it been constructed historically? The ‘West’may be imposing its stereotype of Japan. The image of ‘Japan’ maybe the reflection of the western stereotype. This lectureinvestigates the construction of ‘Japan’ in the Anglo-Americanmedia.

Essential Reading:

Ben-Ami, D. 1997. ‘Is Japan Different?’ Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

Hammond, P. and Stirner, P. 1997. Fear and Loathing in the British Press. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

Further Reading:

Alison, A. 2006. Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the GlobalImagination. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Cooper-Chen, A. 1997. Mass communication in Japan. Ames: Iowa University Press. (Part 1, Chapter 1)

Iwabuchi, K. 2003. Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture andJapanese Transnationalism. Durham and London: Duke UniversityPress. (Chapter 1)

Littlewood, I. 1996. The Image of Japan: Western Images, Western Myth.London: Secker & Warburg.

Mayes, T. and Rowling, M. 1997. The Image Makers: British Journalists on Japan. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, MediaMemories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

Ota, C. 2007. Relay of Gaze: Representations of Culture in the Japanese Televisual and Cinematic Experience. Lexington Books. (Chapter 3-5)

Owens, G. 1997. The Making of the Yellow Peril: Pre-War Western Views of Japan. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

Revell, L. 1997. Nihonjinron: Make in the USA. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

8

Suvanto, M. 2008. Images of Japan and the Japanese: The Representationof the Japanese Culture in the Popular Literature Targeted at the Western Worldin the 1980s – 1990s. VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft &Co. KG

Tsutsui, W. and Ito, M. (ed). 2006. In Godzilla’s Footsteps: JapanesePopular Culture Icons on the Global Stage. Palgrave Macmillan.

9

Week 16

‘West’ and ‘Others’ in Japanese Media

This lecture investigates the construction of the ‘West’ and‘Others’ in Japanese media. The lecture outlines the constructionof particular imagery of the ‘West’ and ‘Others’ in Japan in thehistorical context, and discusses the ideology in the imagery ofthe ‘West’ and ‘Others’ in the contemporary Japanese media.

Essential Reading:

Creighton, M. R. 2003. ‘Imagining the Other in Japanese Advertising Campaigns’ James G. Carrier (ed) Occidentalism: Image of the West. Oxford: Clearendon Press.

Further Reading:

Bailey, K. 2006. Marketing the eikaiwa wonderland: ideology,akogare, and gender alterity in English conversation school advertising in Japan. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24(1): 105–130.

Cooper-Chen, A. 1997. Mass communication in Japan. Ames: Iowa University Press. (Part 1, Chapter 1)

Cornyetz, N. 1994. ‘Fetishized Blackness: Hip Hop and Racial Desire in Contemporary Japan’ Social Text, 41(4): 113-139.

Darling-Wolf, F. 2003. 'Media, class, and western influence in Japanese women's conceptions of attractiveness'. Feminist Media Studies 3(2):153-172.

Goldstein-Gidoni, O. and M. Daliot-Bul 2002. ‘Shall We Dansu?’: Dancing with the ‘West’ in contemporary Japan. Japan Forum, 14(1): 63-75.

Hayashi, K. and Lee, E. 2007. The Potential of Fandom andthe Limits of Soft Power: Media Representations on thePopularity of Korean Melodrama in Japan. Social Science JapanJournal 10(2): 197-216.

Iwabuchi, K. 2003. Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture andJapanese Transnationalism. Durham and London: Duke UniversityPress. (Chapter 5)

Iwashita, C. 2006. Media representation of the UK as a destination for Japanese tourists. Tourist Studies 6(1): 59-77.

Nakar, E. 2003. Nosing around: Visual representation of the

10

Other in Japanese society. Anthropological Forum, 13(1): 49-66. Ota, C. 2007. Relay of Gaze: Representations of Culture in the Japanese

Televisual and Cinematic Experience. Lexington Books. (Chapter 2) Russell, J. 1991. ‘Race and Reflexivity: The Black Other

in Contemporary Japanese Mass Culture’. Cultural Anthropology 6(1): 3-25

Yoshimi, S. 2003. ‘America’ as desire and violence: Americanization in postwar Japan and Asia during the Cold War, Inter-Asia Cultural studies 4(3): 433-450.

Week 17

‘Japan’ in the Japanese Media

If one applies Benedict Anderson’s famous term ‘imaginedcommunities’, the nation can be seen as a social construction.In the process of constructing a nation, the media plays acrucial role. This lecture explores the media’s role in theconstruction of the Japanese nation.

Essential Reading:

Yoshimi, S. 2003. ‘Television and Nationalism: Historical Change in the National Domestic TV Formation of Postwar Japan’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 6: 459-487.

Revell, L. 1997. Nihonjinron: Made in the USA. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

Further Reading:

Cazdyn, E. 2000. Representation, Reality Culture, and GlobalCapitalism in Japan. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 99(4): 903-927.

Darling-Wolf, F. 2004. Post-war Japan in Photographs: Erasing the past and building the future in the Japan Times.Journalism, 5(4): 403-422.

11

Fujitani, T. 1992. ‘Electronic pageantry and Japan’s “Symbolic Emperor”’, The Journal of Asian Studies, 51(4):824-850.

Gerow, A. 2000. Consuming Asia, Consuming Japan: The New Neonationalistic Revisionism in Japan. In L. Hein and M. Selden (ed.) Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany, and the United States. London: M.E. Sharpe.

Hogan, J. 1999. ‘The construction of gendered nationalidentities in the television advertisements of Japan andAustralis’, Media, Culture & Society, 21: 743-758.

Ito, M. 2002. Television and Violence in the Economy of Memory. International Journal of Japanese Sociology 11: 19-34.

Iwabuchi, K. 2003. Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture andJapanese Transnationalism. Durham and London: Duke UniversityPress. (Chapter 2)

Napier, S. 1993. ‘Panic Sites: The Japanese Imagination ofDisaster from Godzilla to Akira.’ Journal of Japanese Studies,19(3): 327-351.

Oblas, P. 1995. Perspectives on Race and Culture in Japanese Society: The Mass Media and Ethnicity. The Edwin Mellen Press.

Yoshimi, S. 1999. ‘Made in Japan’: the cultural politics of ‘home electrification’ in postwar Japan, Media, Culture & Society 21: 149-171.

Yoshimi, S. 2000. ‘The cultural politics of the mass-mediated emperor system in Japan’, in Gilroy, P., Grossberg,L. and McRobbie, A. (eds) Without Guarantees: in honour of Stuart Hall.London: Verso.

Week 17

Reading Week

Week 18

Representing Nuclear Explosion

Were the nuclear bombings on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasakiin 1945 necessary evils to finish the bloody war quickly and savemore lives, or were they crimes against humanity by targeting civilian populations? The memories and interpretations of the events of 1945 influences various imagery of nuclear explosions in the contemporary media. This lecture explores the constructionof various imagery of nuclear explosions in Japanese and Americanmedia.

12

Essential Reading:

Broderick, M. (ed) 1996. Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Nuclear Image in Japanese Film. London: Kegan Paul International.

Shapiro, J. 2002. Atomic Bomb Cinema. London: Routledge

Further reading:

Boyer, P. 1996. Exotic Resonances: Hiroshima in American Memory. Hogan, M. (ed) Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Broderick, M. 1988. Nuclear Movies: A Filmography. Northcote: Postmodern Publishing

Dower, J. 1996. ‘Three Narratives of our Humanity’, in Linenthal, E. and Engelhardt, T. (eds) History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. New York: An Owl Book.

Dower, J. 1996. The Bombed: Hiroshimas and Nagasakis in Japanese Memory. Hogan, M. (ed) Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hein, L. and Selden, M. 1997. Commemoration and Silence: Fifty Years of Remembering the Bomb in America and Japan. Hein, L. and Selden, M. (eds) Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age. London: M.E. Sharpe.

Hogan, M. 1996. The Enola Gay Controversy: History, Memory, and the Politics of Representation. Hogan, M. (ed) Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Knight, J. 1997. Japanese War Memories. Hammond, P. (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

Minear, R. 1995. Atomic Holocaust, Nazi Holocaust: Some Reflections. Diplomatic History, 19(2): 347-365.

Mohan, U. 1997. History and the News Media: the Smithsonian Controversy. Hammond, P. (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

Mohan, U. and Maley III, L. 1997. Orthodoxy and Dissent: theAmerican News Media and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb against Japan, 1945-1995. Hammond, P. (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.

13

Week 19

Manga and Anime

Manga and Anime are globalised cultural products from Japan. Thislecture outlines how they have been developed in Japan, exportedfrom Japan, and received in different countries. It alsodiscusses the cultural politics of manga and anime: e.g. how theyrepresent Japanese cultural identity in the global market, whilst‘hiding’ their Japaneseness.

Essential Reading:

Ito, K. 2005. A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Society. The Journal of Popular Culture, 38(3): 456-475.

Napier, S. 2005. Anime from Akira to Howl’s Moving Castle. New York: Palgrave McMillan.

Further Reading:

Allison, A. 2000. Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan. London: University of California Press. (Chapters 2 and 3)

Allison, A. 2006. Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the GlobalImagination. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bryce, M. et al. 2010. Manga and Anime: Fluidity and Hybridity in Global Imagery. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/2010/Bryce.html

Crawford, B. 1996. Emperor Tomato-Kechupe: Cartoon Properties from Japam. In Broderick, M. (ed) 1996. Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Nuclear Image in Japanese Film. London: Kegan Paul International.

Driscoll, M. 2009. Kobayashi Yoshinori Is Dead: Imperial War/ Sick Liberal Peace / Neoliberal Class War. Mechademia, 4: 290-303. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mec/summary/v004/4.driscoll.html

Freiberg, F. 1996. Akira and the Postmodern Sublime. In Broderick, M. (ed) 1996. Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Nuclear Image in Japanese Film. London: Kegan Paul International.

Galbraith, P. 2009. Moe: Exploring Virtual Potential in Post-Millennial Japan. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese

14

Studies, http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/2009/Galbraith.html

Kinsella, S. 1997. Adult Manga: culture and power in contemporary Japan. University of Hawai’i Press.

Kinsella, S. 1998. Japanese Subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the Amateur Manga Movement. Journal of Japanese Studies, 24(2):289-316.

Mori, Y. 2011. The Pitfall Facing the Cool Japan Project: The Transnational Development of the Anime Industry under the Condition of Post-Fordism. International Journal of Japanese Sociology, 20: 30-42.

Morris-Suzuki, T. and Peter Rimmer. 2002. Virtual Memories: Japanese History Debates in Manga and Cyberspace. Asian Studies Review, 26(2): 147-164.

Morris-Suzuki, T. 2005. The Past Within Us: Media, Memory, History. London: Verso. (Chapter 5)

Nagaike, K. 2010. The Sexual and Textual Politics of Japanese Lesbian Comics: Reading Romantic and Erotic Yuri Narratives. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/2010/Nagaike.html

Nakar, E. 2003. Memories of Pilots and Planes: World War II in Japanese Manga, 1957-1967. Social Science Japan Journal, 6(1): 57-76.

Zanghellini, A. 2009. Boys love in anime and manga: Japanesesubcultural production and its end users. Continuun: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 23(3): 279-294.

Zanghellini, A. 2009. Underage Sex and Romance in Japanese Homoerotic Manga and Anime. Social and Legal Studies, 18(2): 159-177.

Week 20

Sex and Gender

Imageries of sex and gender in the contemporary Japanese mediaoften represent wider social, political, and internationalissues. This lecture ‘decodes’ imageries of sex and gender in thecontemporary Japanese media and discusses ideologicalimplications of narratives constructed by those imageries in thecontext of politics and international relations.

Essential Reading:

Arima, A.N. 2002. Gender Stereotypes in Japanese television

15

advertisement. Sex Roles, 49(1/2): 81-90. Skov, L. and B. Moeran (eds.) 1996. Women, Media, and

Consumption in Japan. London: University of Hawai’i Press.

Further Reading:

Darling-Wolf, F. 2003. 'Media, class, and western influence in Japanese women's conceptions of attractiveness'. Feminist Media Studies 3(2):153-172.

Ford, F. et al. 1998. Gender Role Portrayals in Japanese Advertising: A Magazine Content Analysis. Journal of Advertising, 27(1): 113-124.

Iles, T. 2005. Female Voices, Male Words: Problems of Communication, Identity and Gendered Social Construction in Contemporary Japanese Cinema. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/2005/Iles.html

Kelsky, K. 1994. Intimate Ideologies: Transnational Theoryand Japan’s ‘Yellow Cabs’. Public Culture, 6:465-478.

Kelsky, K. 1996. The Gender Politics of Women’sInternationalism in Japan. International Journal ofPolitics, Culture and Society, 10(1): 29-50.

Kelsky, K. 2001. Women on the Verge: Japanese Women, Western Dreams.Durhan and London: Duke University Press.

Matanle, P., L. McCann, and D. Ashmore. 2008. Men Under Pressure: Representations of the ‘Salaryman’ and his Organization in Japanese Manga. Organization, 15(5): 636-664.

McLelland, M. 2003. ‘A Mirror for Men?’ Idealised Depictionsof White Men and Gay Men in Japanese Women’s Media.Transformations, 6: 1-14.

Miller, L. 2003. Male Beauty work in Japan. In J.E. Robersonand N. Suzuki (ed) Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan:Dislocating the salaryman doxa. London: Routledge Curzon.

Miller, L. 2004. Those Naughty Teenage Girls: JapaneseKogals, Slang, and Media Assessments. Journal of LinguisticAnthropology, 14(2): 225-247.

Miller, L. 2011. Cute Masquerade and the Pimping of Japan International Journal of Japanese Sociology, 20: 18-29.

Tanaka, K. 2003. The language of Japanese men’s magazines: young men who don’t want to get hurt. In B. Benwell. (ed) Masculinity and Men’s Lifestyle Magazines. London: Blackwell.

Yamaguchi, T. 2006. ‘Loser Dogs’ and ‘Demon Hags’: Single Women in Japan and the Declining Birth Rate, Social Science JapanJournal 9(1): 109–114.

16

Week 21

The Political Economy of Japanese Media

This lecture explores the political and economic connections to major media corporations, including NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation which is Japan's public service broadcasting organization. It also discusses Japan’s Kisha kurabu (press club) system and critically analyses economic and political relationships to media organisations.

Essential Reading:

Akhavan-Majid, R. 1990 ‘The Press as an Elite Power Group inJapan’, Journalism Quarterly 67 (4):1006-1014

Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) 1996. Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Further Reading:

Cooper-Chen, A. 1997. Mass communication in Japan. Ames: Iowa University Press. (Chapter 2-4, 7-8)

Freeman, L. 2000. Closing the shop: information cartels and Japan's mass media. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. (esp. Chapter 3)

Kelly, W., T. Matsumoto and D. Gibson. 2002. Kish kurabu andkoho: Japanese media relations and public relations. Public Relations Review, 28: 265-281.

Krauss, E. 2000. Broadcasting Politics in Japan: NHK television news. Cornell University Press. (esp. Chapters 1 and 9, and Part II)

Krauss, E. 1996. Portraying the State: NHK Television News and Politics. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Morris-Suzuki, T. ‘Free Speech – Silenced Voices: The Japanese Media and the NHK Affair.’ AsiaRights Issue Four 2005.http://rspas.anu.edu.au/asiarightsjournal/Morris-Suzuki.pdf

O’Dwyer, J. 2005. Japanese Kisha clubs and the Canberra Press Gallery: Siblings or strangers. Asia Pacific media Educator,Issue 16.

Pharr, S. 1996. Media as Trickster in Japan: A Comparative Perspective. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) Media and

17

Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Sugiyama, M. 2000. ‘Media and power in Japan’, in Curran, J.

& Myung-Jin, P. (eds) De-Westernising Media Studies. London: Routledge. Pp.191-201

Tasker, P. 1987. Inside Japan: Work, Wealth and Power in the New JapaneseEmpire. (Chapter 5)

Tracey, M. 1998. The Decline and Fall of Public Service Broadcasting. Clarendon Press.

Westney, D.E., 1996. Mass Media as Business Organizations: AU.S.-Japanese Comparison. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds.)Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Week 22

Representation and Japanese Politics

This lecture examines relationships between political power and media organizations, including NHK, which often claims to be politically ‘neutral’. Considering the political economy, mediatexts can be influenced by political power, whereas politics is also influenced by the media.

Essential Reading:

Ito, M. 2002. Television and Violence in the Economy of Memory. International Journal of Japanese Sociology 11: 19-34.

Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) 1996. Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Further Reading:

Altman, K.K. 1996. Television and Political Turmoil: Japan’sSummer of 1993. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Farley, M. 1996. Japan’s Press and the Politics of Scandal. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Feldman, O. 2005. Talking Politics in Japan Today. Sussex Academic press. (Chapter 7)

Iida, Y. 2003a. Media Politics and Reified Nation: Japanese Culture and Politics under Information Capitalism. Japanese Studies 23(1): 23-42.

Iida, Y. 2003b. Japanese Nationalism under Information

18

Capitalism. International Journal of the Humanities 1: 697-710. Kostic, Z. 2008. ‘The relationship between the Japanese

State and the public broadcaster NHK.’ ANZCA08 Conference, Power and Place. Wellington, July 2008. http://anzca08.massey.ac.nz

Krauss, E. 2000. Broadcasting Politics in Japan: NHK television news. Cornell University Press. (esp. Chapters 1 and 9, and Part I)

Krauss, E. 1996. The Mass Media and Japanese Politics: Effects and Consequences. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds)Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Krauss, E. and B. Nyblade. 2005. ‘Presidentialization’ in Japan? The Prime Minister, Media and Elections in Japan. British Journal of Political Studies, 35: 357-368.

McCargo, D. and L. Hyon-Suk. 2010. Japan’s Political Tsunami: What’s Media Got to Do with It? International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(2): 236-245.

Takiguchi, Masaki. 2007. Changing Media, Changing Politics in Japan. Japanese Journal of Political Science 8(1): 147-166.

Tkach-Kawasaki, L. 2003. Politics@Japan: Party Competition on the Internet in Japan. Party Politics, 9: 105-123.

Week 23

Censorship in Contemporary Japan

Media texts are often subject to legal restrictions. Whileobscene and violent images are often censored, some argue thatcensorship goes against the constitutional principle of freedomof speech. This lecture explores the issue of censorship incontemporary Japan and public debates surrounding it.

Essential Reading:

Dashiell, E. 1997. Law and regulation. In A. Cooper-Chen. Mass communication in Japan. Ames: Iowa University Press. (Part 3, Chapter 10)

Further Reading:

Alexander, JR. 2003. Obscenity, Pornography and the Law in Japan: Reconsidering Oshima's In the Realm of the Senses. Asian-Pacific law & policy journal, 4: 144-168.

Allison, A. 2000. Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and

19

Censorship in Japan. London: University of California Press. (Chapter 9)

Diamond, M. and A. Uchiyama. 1999. Pornography, Rape, and Sex Crimes in Japan. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22 (1): 1-22.

Hirano, K. 1992. Depletion of the Atomic Bombings in Japanese Cinema during the US Occupation Period. In Broderick, M. (ed) 1996. Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Nuclear Image in Japanese Film. London: Kegan Paul International.

Hori, H. 2005. Representing a Women’s Story: Explicit Film and the Efficacy of Censorship in Japan. In Sarai Collective(ed.) Sarai Reader 05: Bare Acts. Delhi: Autonomedia, pp.457-464. http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/05-bare-acts/05_hikari.pdf

Mathew, C. 2011. Manga, Virtual Child Pornography, and Censorship in Japan. In Centre for Applied Ethics and Philosophy, Hokkaido University (ed.) Applied Ethics: Old Wine in New Bottles. http://ethics.let.hokudai.ac.jp/ja/files/appliedethics_2011.pdf

McCormack, G.2000. The Japanese Movement to ‘Correct’ History. In L. Hein and M. Selden (ed.) Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany, and the United States. London: M.E. Sharpe.

Minamizono, S. 2007. Japanese Prefectural Scapegoats in the Constitutional Landscape: Protecting Children from Violent Video Games in the Name of Public Welfare. San Diego international law journal, 9: 135-165.

Morris-Suzuki, T. ‘Free Speech – Silenced Voices: The Japanese Media and the NHK Affair.’ AsiaRights Issue Four 2005.http://rspas.anu.edu.au/asiarightsjournal/Morris-Suzuki.pdf

Nozaki, Y. and H. Inokuchi. 2000. Japanese education, Nationalism, and Ienaga Saburo’s Textbook Lawsuits. In L. Hein and M. Selden (ed.) Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany, and the United States. London: M.E. Sharpe.

Trager, R. and Y. Obata. 2004. Obscenity Decisions inJapanese and United States Supreme Courts: Cultural Valuesin Interpreting Free Speech. University of California Davis Journal ofInternational Law and Policy, 247-275.

Yamaguchi, I. 2002. Beyond De Facto Freedom: Digital Transformation of Free Speech Theory in Japan. Stanford Journal of International Law, 38: 109-122.

Week 24

Course Summary

20

21