34

Masculinities

3-1 çLrkouk

3-2 mís';

3-3 iq#"kRo ¼eSLdqfyfuVh½ dh ppkZ D;ksa\

3-4 iq#"kRo dh ifjHkk"kk

3-5 iq#"kRo dks le>uk

3-6 iq#"kRo dh fufeZfr ¼jpuk½

3-7 iq#"kRoksa ¼masculinities½ ds :i

3-8 fir`lÙkk vkSj iq#"kRo

3-9 iq#"kRo vkSj efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk

3-10 ySafxdrk ¼lsDlqvfyVh½ vkSj iq#"kRo

3-11 ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk

3-12 fu"d"kZ

3-13 bdkbZ ds lekiu ij ç'u

3-14 lUnHkZ

lekt rFkk vdknfed txr nksuksa {ks=ksa esa çkjEHk esa efgykvksa ds vkUnksyu efgykvksa dsusrkvksa ds :i esa rFkk la?k"kZ ds ifj.kkeksa dks çkIr djus okyksa ds :i esa mHkjus ds lkFk'kq: gq,A ifjorZu dh nj /kheh ik;h xbZ vkSj ;g flDds ds egt ,d gh igyw dksns[kus tSlk FkkA ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd efgykvksa ds l'kähdj.k dh çfØ;k esa iq#"kksadks 'kkfey djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA blds fy, iq#"kRo dks rFkk iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ijblds çHkkoksa dks le>uk vfuok;Z gS rkfd lekt esa tsaMjh—r lkekftd vfHkofÙk vkSjmEehnksa esa ifjorZu yk;k tk ldsA

bl bdkbZ dh 'kq:vkr ge bl fo"k; ij ifjppkZ ls djsaxs fd tsaMj laosnhdj.k dsikB~;Øe esa iq#"kRo ¼masculinity½ vkSj iq#"kRo ¼masculinities½ ij ckr djuk D;ksat:jh gS] iq#"k vkSj efgyk bu ladYiukvksa ls fdl çdkj çHkkfor gksrs gSaA blds cknvki i<+saxs fd iq#"kRo dks fdl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS( blds :i D;k&D;k gSa(bldh jpuk dSls gksrh gS( firlÙkk] fgalk vkSj ySafxdrk ls bldk D;k lEcU/k gSA bdkbZdk vfUre fgLlk iq#"kRo dh jpuk esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ij dsfUær gS rFkk blds cknfu"d"kZ vkrk gSA vkb,] vc bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds mís';ksa ij fuxkg MkysaA

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd vki %

iq#"kRo dh jpuk dks ifjHkkf"kr vkSj O;k[;kf;r dj ldsaxs(

35

(Masculinities)iq#"kRo] firlÙkk] fgalk vkSj ySafxdrk ¼lsDlqvfyVh½ ds chp lEcU/k dk o.kZu djldsaxs( vkSj

iq#"kRo ds :iksa ij rFkk fofHkUu lektksa esa iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa ij mlds çHkkoksa ijppkZ dj ldsaxsA

yM+ds vkSj iq#"k ftl lekt esa jgrs gSa ;k viuk dk;Z djrs gSa] ml lekt dhiq#"kRoewyd ¼eSLdqfyu½ vis{kkvksa ¼mEehnksa½ ds vuq:i mi;qä tsaMj Hkwfedkvksa vkSjO;ogkjksa dks lh[krs gSaA yM+ds fcYdqy vius cpiu ls gh bl ckjs esa lUns'k ikus yxrsgSa fd ,d ÞyM+dkß gksus dk eryc D;k gSA yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks [ksyus ds fy, tksf[kykSus fn, tkrs gSa] mUgsa ns[kdj vki le> ldrs gSa fd tsaMjhdj.k ¼gendering½ fdlçdkj ?kfVr gksrk gSA mu [ksyksa dks Hkh xkSj ls nsf[k, tks NksVs yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;k¡[ksyrs gSa] nsf[k, fd muesa ls çR;sd fdl Hkwfedk dks gkFk esa ysrk gSA vki ik,¡xs fd ;gmudh tsaMj Hkwfedkvksa dk LokHkkfod foLrkj gS] ftls os ifjokj esa vkSj ifjokj ds ckgjlekt esa ?kfVr gksrs ns[krs gSaA

vkb,] ml pht ij ,d fuxkg Mkysa] tks deyk Hklhu dguk pkgrh gSa %

tsaMj eqís ,sls eqís ugha gSa] tks dsoy efgykvksa ls gh lEcfU/kr gksaA L=hRo dkvfLrRo iq#"kRo ls vyx gksdj vdsys esa ugha gksrkA efgyk,¡ v/khuLFk gksrh gSaD;ksafd iq#"k efgykvksa ij gkoh gksus ;ksX; gSaA

iq#"k vkSj yM+ds ml LVhfj;ksVkbfiax dk f'kdkj gksrs gSa] tks fir`lÙkkRed laL—frls mitrh gSA ;g laL—fr mUgsa u flQZ efgykvksa dk] cfYd iwjs ifjokj dk laj{kdvkSj vUunkrk cukrh gSA bl fir`lÙkkRed mEehn ij loky mBkuk t:jh gSA blsbl lUnHkZ esa le>uk vko';d gS fd fdlh lekt esa iq#"kRo dh jpuk fdl çdkjdh tkrh gSA

iq#"k Hkh ,sls Js.khrU=h; 'kfä lEcU/kksa ds v/khu gksrs gSa] ftUgsa ,d [kkl fdLe dsiq#"kRo }kjk çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkSE; yM+dksa vkSj iq#"kksadk 'kfä'kkyh vkSj enkZuk fdLe ds iq#"kksa@yM+dksa }kjk ;kSu 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA

tsaMj eqíksa dks le>uk vkSj lEcksf/kr djuk iq#"kksa ds fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafdos u flQZ efgykvksa dks] cfYd iq#"kksa dks Hkh çHkkfor djrs gSaA

ledkyhu nkSj esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa us tsaMj Hkwfedkvksa vkSj lEcU/kksa esacnykoksa dks c<+kok fn;k gSA blus LVhfj;ksVkbiewyd fir`lÙkkRed /kkj.kkvksa dhpwysa fgyk nh gSa] ftls Lohdkj djuk iq#"kksa ds fy, eqf'dy gksrk gSA [kklrkSj ls]f'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj esa iq#"kksa ds opZLo] mudh 'kfä vkSj fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa ds {kj.k useuksoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd leL;kvksa dks c<+kok fn;k gSA bu leL;kvksa dh otgls fujk'kk vkSj vkØks'k c<+k gS] ftlds dkj.k efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk vkSj fgaldvijk/k c<+s gSa] u'kk[kksjh vkSj e|iku dh ?kVuk,¡ c<+h gSaA

iq#"kksa ds lfØ; leFkZu ds fcuk lekurk] fodkl vkSj 'kkfUr dh efgykvksa dh ek¡xdks iwjk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blls iq#"kksa dks Hkh mu fir`lÙkkRed csfM+;ksa ls eqfäfeysxh] ftUgksaus mudh HkykbZ dks vo#) dj j[kk gSA

36

efgykvksa ds fo#) iq#"kksa }kjk dh tkus okyh fgalk dks le>us ds fy, iq#"kRo dhjpukvksa ¼fufeZfr;ksa½ dks le>uk vfuok;Z gSA

Hklhu ¼2004] i`"B 2-5½

vr% vc vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd lekt esa efgyk,¡ vkSj yM+fd;k¡ tsaMj tSlk HksnHkko>syrh gSa] mls le>us ds fy, iq#"kRo vkSj mlds çdkjksa ij ppkZ djuk D;ksa vko';dgSA ;g Hkh fd iq#"kRo ds fy, lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd fopkj js[kkvksa dks ifjofrZrdjds rFkk L=hRo dh /kkj.kk esa Hkh cnyko ykdj ge ,d ,sls lekt dh rjQ vxzljgks ldrs gSa] tks tsaMj ds –f"Vdks.k ls vf/kd U;k;iw.kZ vkSj laosnu'khy gksA vkb,] vci<+rs gSa fd iq#"kRo dks fdl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA

iq#"kRo ¼eSLdqfyfuVh½ 'kCn ikS#"k ¼eSLdqfyu½* dk laKk :i gS] ftldk rkRi;Z ikjEifjd:i ls iq#"kksa ls lEc) xq.kksa vkSj fn[kkoV ¼appearance½] [kklrkSj ij rkdr vkSjvkØkedrk] dks /kkj.k djus ls gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] iq#"kRo çkFkfed :i ls ,slhfo'ks"krkvksa vkSj xq.kksa ls lEc) gS] ftUgsa lkekftd :i ls ifjHkkf"kr vkSj fufeZr fd;ktkrk gSA bl çdkj fdlh fn, x, lekt ;k laL—fr esa] iq#"kRo iq#"kksa vkSj yM+dksa dsvfHky{k.kksa dks nh xbZ lkekftd ifjHkk"kk gSA tsaMj dh gh rjg iq#"kRo Hkh ,d^lkekftd fufeZfr* gSA vFkkZr~ ;g lekt gh gS tks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd iq#"kksa vkSjyM+dksa dks fdl rjg ds diM+s iguus pkfg,] fdl rjg O;ogkj djuk pkfg,] fdlrjg dk;Z djuk pkfg,( muds ikl dkSu&dkSu lh vfHkofÙk ¼attitude½ vkSj xq.k gksuspkfg, rFkk muds lkFk dSlk O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vr% iq#"kRo iq#"kksa dh rjQls dh tkus okyh lkekftd&vkfFkZd mEehnksa ¼vis{kkvksa½ dk ,d ,slk leqPp; gS] tksvkKk nsrk gS fd mUgsa dSlk fn[kuk pkfg,] dSlk O;ogkj djuk pkfg,] dSls dekukpkfg, vkfnA

fdlh fo'ks"k lekt ls fdlh nwljs lekt esa tkus ij iq#"kRo esa vUrj vk tkrk gSAmnkgj.k ds fy,] baXyS.M esa ,d iq#"k ls vius iq#"kRo dks O;ä djus dh tSlh mEehndh tkrh gS] og ml mEehn ls vyx gks ldrh gS] ftl rjhds dh mEehn fdlh iq#"kls vius iq#"kRo dks O;ä djus ds fy, felz ;k Hkkjr esa dh tkrh gSA bl çdkj] le;vkSj Hkwxksy ds lUnHkZ esa] iq#"kRo LFkSfrd ¼static½ Hkh ugha gksrkA vkSj pw¡fd viuh tkfr]oxZ] u`tkrh;rk] çtkfr vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ;kSu >qdkoksa esa Hkh lHkh iq#"k ,d tSls ughagksrs( vr% iq#"kRo ,d v[k.M fufeZfr ¼monolithic construct½ ugha gks ldrkA blhfy,bls ^iq#"kRoksa ¼masculinities½* ds :i esa lUnfHkZr djuk iM+rk gSA

iq#"kRo ges'kk LFkkuh; gksrk gS vkSj ifjorZu ds v/khu gksrk gSA tks pht ifjofrZrugha gksrh] og gS iq#"k dh 'kfä ;k iq#"k ç/kku fopkj/kkjk dk vkSfpR; crkuk vkSjmls LokHkkfod ekudj Lohdkj djrs pys tkukA

vkFkZj fczêSu ¼deyk Hklhu] 2004] esa i`"B 9 ij m)r½

vkb,] vc iq#"kRo ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu igyqvksa rFkk iq#"kRo ds fofHkUu :iksa ds ckjs esai<+saA

37

(Masculinities)

iq#"kRo dh foijhr fufeZfr ;kuh L=hRo ij fuxkg Mkys fcuk iq#"kRo dks ugha le>k tkldrkA ge dg ldrs gSa fd ^,d efgyk@yM+dh og gS* tks ^,d iq#"k@yM+dk ughagS* vkSj ge bldk mYVk Hkh dg ldrs gSaA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd iq#"kokpd fo'ks"krk,¡vkSj xq.k] L=hokpd fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj xq.kksa ds foijhr :i gksrs gSaA tSlkfd vkius mijksäfgLls esa i<+k gS fd iq#"kRo vkSj L=hRo] nksuksa dk fu/kkZj.k tho&oSKkfud :i ls ughagksrk] cfYd ;s lkekftd fufeZfr;k¡ gSaA bl çdkj tsaMj igpkusa lkekftd&vkfFkZd :ils fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSaA vkb,] lkoZHkkSfed :i ls Loh—r iq#"kokpd vkSj L=hokpdfo'ks"krkvksa esa ls dqN ij fuxkg Mkysa &

rkfdZd Hkkoqd

etcwr detksj

QqrhZyk ¼LekVZ½ lqUnj

mnklhu@:[kk ns[kjs[k djus okyh

vkØked iks"k.k djus okyh

lkglh ladksph

fgald n;kyq

jkscnkj@?ke.Mh lgu'khy

LorU= fuHkZj

tc ge mijksä iq#"kokpd vkSj L=hokpd fo'ks"krkvksa dks lkekftd lEcU/k ds nk;jsesa ys tkrs gSa rks ge ikrs gSa fd vxj ,d iq#"k ls vkØked] fu;U=.kdrkZ vkSj xeZfetkt gksus dh mEehn dh tkrh gS( rks ogha ,d L=h ls mEehn dh tkrh gS fd ogfouez] dksey] /kS;Zoku vkSj lh/kh gksA bl çdkj vki ns[krs gSa fd fo'ks"krkvksa ds ,dleqPp; dks dkjxj gksus ds fy, ;g t:jh gksxk fd fo'ks"krkvksa dk nwljk leqPp; mUgsaLohdkj djsA ;kuh vxj dksbZ O;fä 'kklu djrk gS] rks fdlh ,sls O;fä dk gksukvko';d gS ftl ij 'kklu fd;k tk, vkSj vxj ,d Js"B gS rks nwljs dks ?kfV;k gksukgh pkfg,A

D;k gksxk vxj bu iq#"kokpd vkSj L=hokpd :<+ çk:iksa ¼LVhfj;ksVkbIl½ dh ;FkkfLFkfrdk vuqlj.k u fd;k tk,\ mnkgj.k ds fy,] vxj dksbZ yM+dh xSj&ekudh; O;ogkjdjs] rks mls v/khu cukus ds fy, lekt }kjk mlds lkFk cgqr Øwj crkZo fd;k tkldrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd mlds lkFk fgalk ds pje :i tSls cykRdkj ;k gR;k rd dkcrkZo fd;k tk ldrk gSA eku yhft, fd vxj fdlh yM+ds dh jksus dh ço`fÙk gS ;kog lkSE; gS rks mls ^dk;j* ;k ^L=S.k* dgk tkrk gS vkSj vxj dksbZ yM+dh vkØked;k çHkko'kkyh gS rks mls viekutud rjhds ls ^enkZuk* djkj fn;k tkrk gSA

iq#"kRoksa ¼masculinities½ dks le>us vkSj mls pqukSrh nsus dk cqfu;knh vFkZ gekjslekt esa Js.khrU=h; 'kfä lEcU/kksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ij fopkj djuk vkSj mu ij

38

loky mBkuk gSA

iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp ds vUrj ç—fr ds dkj.k gksrs gSa ;k f'k{kk vkSjikyu&iks"k.k ds dkj.k gksrs gSa ;k nksuksa dkj.kksa ls gksrs gSa] bls ysdj fo'ks"kKksa esaer fHkUurk gSA

fcYdqy çkjfEHkd voLFkk ls gh cPps ,sls lUns'k ;k ladsr çkIr djus yxrs gSa] tks mudsO;fäRo dks yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds :i esa <kyrs gSaA blds vykok tsaMjhdj.k¼gendering½ ds ,ts.V dgs tkus okys ckgjh lzksr Hkh gksrs gSa tks mu vkn'kksaZ ;k ekudh;O;ogkjksa ;k Hkwfedkvksa dks miyC/k djkrs gSa] ftudh fdlh fn, x, lekt esa çR;sdlnL; ls mEehn dh tkrh gSA lekt esa ifjokj vkSj fe=] fo|ky;ksa] d‚ystksa vkSjfo'ofo|ky;ksa tSlh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk,¡] ehfM;k] /keZ vkSj vU; lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrdvkSj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk,¡ & ;s lHkh tsaMjhdj.k ds ,tsaV gSaA ;s Øe'k% viuh laL—fr vkSjlekt esa iq#"kksa vkSj yM+dksa ds fy, iq#"kRo dh fufeZfr;ksa dks vkdkj çnku djrs jgrsgSaA fdlh nh xbZ fLFkfr ;k ?kVuk ds lUnHkZ esa lekt yM+dksa@yM+fd;ksa ls vyx&vyxvfHkofÙk;ksa vkSj O;kogkfjd çfrfØ;kvksa dh mEehn djrk gS ftlls tsaMjh—r lekthdj.kdks c<+kok feyrk gSA

tsaMjh—r lekthdj.k dh O;k[;k yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, ml ojh;rk ds:i esa dh tk ldrh gS] tks mUgsa vyx&vyx rjhds ls lekth—r djrh gSAyM+dksa dks iq#"kksa dh tsaMj Hkwfedkvksa vkSj vis{kkvksa dk vuqlj.k djus ds fy,çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk yM+fd;ksa ls ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd os fL=;ksadh ,slh Hkwfedkvksa] O;ogkjksa vkSj dk;ksaZ ds vuq:i jgsa tks efgykvksa ds fy,mi;qä gksrs gSaA

ifjokj vkerkSj ij cPpksa dks tsaMjh—r rjhds ls lekth—r djrk gSA ifjokj fcuklksps-le>s vkSj lkaL—frd :i ls visf{kr ifj.kkeksa ds vuqlj.k esa ,slk djrk gSAmnkgj.k ds fy,] vf/kdka'k Hkkjrh; ?kjksa esa yM+dksa dks crk;k tkrk gS fd os jks;k u djsaD;ksafd ;g dke rks yM+fd;ksa dk gSA yM+ds vxj fdlh xqfM+;k ds lkFk [ksyuk pkgsa ;kvius ekFks ij ,d ^fcUnh* yxk ysa ;k viuh ek¡ vFkok cgu dh rjg pwM+h igu ysa rksmudk migkl mM+k;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd thou ds fcYdqy çkjfEHkd o"kksaZ ls ghifjokj }kjk yM+dksa dks iyVokj djus vkSj cnyk ysus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrkgSA fdlh yM+kbZ ds nkSjku ekj [kkus okys i{k dh rjQ gksus ;k foi{kh ds lkeus gkj tkusdh ctk; mUgsa ^iyV dj okj djuk* fl[kk;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkh fd thrus dks çR;sdifjfLFkfr ds y{; ds :i esa çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd fpÙk ij çfrLinZ~/kk dh NkiiM+s vkSj fdlh Hkh dher ij thr dks gkfly fd;k tk,A

iq#"kRo dks fdlh O;fä dh vk;q] /keZ] tkfr] oxZ] çtkfr] u`tkrh;rk vkSj ySafxdrk¼lsDlqvfyVh½ ls Hkh vkdkj feyrk gSA pw¡fd firlÙkk vlekurk vkSj Js.khrU=h;lkekftd O;oLFkk dks LFkkf;Ro çnku djrh gS] ;g iq#"kksa dks Js"Brj ekurh gSA ,slsiq#"kksa dks efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa vkSj mu iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa Å¡pk LFkku fn;k tkrk gS]tks viuh in&çfr"Bk vkSj gSfl;r ds dkj.k fuEurj fLFkfr esa gksrs gSaA Å¡ps LFkku okys;s iq#"k efgykvksa ds lkFk&lkFk mu iq#"kksa dks Hkh vkns'k nsrs gSa vkSj mu ij fu;U=.kj[krs gSa] tks in&çfr"Bk vkSj gSfl;r esa uhps gksrs gSaA bl vFkZ esa] iq#"kRo dh Js"Brkdks fir`lÙkk ls Hkh leFkZu feyrk gS D;ksafd iq#"kRo u flQZ iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp

39

(Masculinities)ds lEcU/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS] cfYd ;g iq#"kksa ds chp lEcU/k dks Hkh ifjHkkf"krdjrk gSA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd vius v/khuLFkksa ij çeq[krk cukus ds fy, lkoZtfudthou esa efgyk,¡ Hkh dk;Z djus ;k usr`Ro djus ds iq#"kokpd rjhdksa dk vuqlj.kdjrh gSa rkfd os iq#"kksa dh rjg vkØkedrk vkSj fu;U=.k n'kkZ ldsaA ,d /kkj.kk¼ijlsI'ku½ ;g gS fd efgyk,¡ 'kfä dh O;oLFkk dk iq#"kRohdj.k fd, fcuk lQy ughagks ldrhaA blls ;g lq>ko feyrk gS fd gesa iq#"kRo vkSj L=hRo* nksuksa dh vo/kkj.kk,¡le>uh iM+saxhA vkSj gesa bl rF; ds çfr Hkh lko/kku jguk pkfg, fd ;s fufeZfr;k¡tho&oSKkfud ugha gSa] cfYd ;s psruk dh lajpuk,¡ gSa tks iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa nksuksa] esamifLFkr gks ldrh gSaA

;g ,d feFkd gS fd iq#"kRo tho&oSKkfud gksrk gS] ;kuh vius 'kjhj fØ;k foKku dsifj.kkeLo:i iq#"kksa ds ikl iq#"kokpd vfHky{k.k gksrs gSa ;k ;g lc dqN gkeksZuksa dk[ksy gksrk gSA rc gesa ;g fo'okl djuk iM+sxk fd lHkh iq#"k jkscnkj@?ke.Mh]vkØked] rqudfetkt@xeZfetkt vkSj fgald gksrs gSa rFkk muesa ls dksbZ Hkh iq#"k fHkUuugha gks ldrk D;ksafd lHkh dh tho&oSKkfud jpuk leku gh gksrh gSA ysfdu gesa ,slsiq#"k vo'; feyrs gSa] ftuds Hkhrj buesa ls vusd vfHky{k.k ekStwn ugha gksrsA fQjlksfp, fd ,d iq#"k tks viuh iRuh ds lkeus bruk jkscnkj vkSj fgald gksrk gS] oghvius ekfyd ¼c‚l½ ds lkeus D;ksa bruk vf/kd nhu&ghu vkSj Hk;xzLr gks tkrk gSAblls lkfcr gksrk gS fd iq#"k BsB iq#"kokpd O;ogkj dks ogha of.kZr ;k :ikf;r djrsgSa] tgk¡ muds ikl 'kfä vkSj çHkko dh gSfl;r gksrh gS vU;Fkk os v/khuLFk fLFkfr esagksus ij rFkkdfFkr ^L=hokpd xq.kksa* ds lkeus ?kqVus Vsd nsrs gSaA D;k blls ;g fl)ugha gksrk fd iq#"kRo vkSj bl lUnHkZ esa L=hRo dksbZ tho&oSKkfud fufeZfr;k¡ ugha gSa]cfYd ;s iq#"kksa vkSj fL=;ksa ds chp ds lEcU/kksa dks fofu;fer djus okys Js.khrU= vkSj'kfä dh xfrdh ls 'kkflr gksrh gSaA

iq#"kRookn ,d –f"Vdks.k gS tks iq#"kksa dh Js"Brk vkSj muds çHkqRo esa fo'okldjrk gS vkSj mldk vkSfpR; lkfcr djrk gSA ;g iq#"kksa ds vuU; er] mudhvuU; vfHkofÙk] ewY;ksa] O;ogkj vkSj vfHky{k.kksa dks çsf{kr djus vkSj mUgsa çksRlkfgrdjus ls lUnfHkZr gksrk gSA

,.Mªksftuh og voLFkk gS] ftlesa iq#"k vkSj efgyk tsaMj nksuksa ds vfHky{k.k@fn[kkoV ik;h tkrh gSA

fuEufyf[kr vuqHkkxksa esa vki iq#"kRoksa ¼masculinities½ ds fofHkUu :iksa ds ckjs esa i<+saxsA

masculinities

d‚usy ¼1995½ iq#"kRoksa ds fuEufyf[kr :iksa ij ppkZ djrh gSa %

opZLoewyd iq#"kRo] iq#"kRo dk og :i gS tks çHkkoh gksrk gS vkSj tks efgykvksavkSj iq#"kksa ij opZLo LFkkfir djus dh ,d lQy j.kuhfr dks vfHkO;ä djrk gSAd‚usy bls iq#"kRo ds ,sls lÙkkoknh lkaL—frd :i ds uke ls lUnfHkZr djrh gSa]tks iq#"kksa ds çHkqRo vkSj efgykvksa ds lEiw.kZ leiZ.k dh ek¡x djrs gq, efgykvksa dh

40

v/khurk dk leFkZu djrk gSA bldh fufeZfr ,sls vusd vU; iq#"kRoksa ¼masculini-ties½ ds lEcU/k esa Hkh gksrh gS tks oxZ] tkfr] çtkfr vkSj ySafxdrk }kjk çHkkforgksrs gSaA ;|fi ;g iq#"kRo dk ,d çHkkoh :i gS fdUrq cgqr de iq#"k gh ekudksard lpeqp igq¡p ldrs gSaA bl otg ls vusd iq#"kRoksa dk mn~Hko gksrk gS]tSlkfd uhps ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

v/khuLFk iq#"kRo % iq#"kksa ds lewgksa ds chp Hkh çHkqRo vkSj v/khurk ds tsaMjlEcU/k ekStwn gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] leySafxd iq#"k vusd çFkkvksa@O;ogkj@vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds tfj;s lkekU; iq#"kksa ds v/khu gksrs gSaA leySafxd iq#"kksa dkslkaL—frd vkSj vkfFkZd cfg"dj.k dk lkeuk Hkh djuk iM+rk gSA ;s xfy;ksa esa gksusokyh fgalk] dk;ZLFkyksa ij gksus okys HksnHkko rFkk O;fäxr :i ls fd, tkus okyscfg"dkj dk y{; gksrs gSaA ,slk neu leySafxd iq#"kRoksa dks iq#"kksa ds chp tsaMjJs.khrU= esa lcls uhps yk [kM+k djrk gSA leySafxd ¼Gay½ iq#"kRo lokZf/kdlgt :i ls fn[kkbZ nsus okyk iq#"kRo gS ysfdu ;g vdsyk v/khuLFk iq#"kRo ughagSA dqN fo"keySafxd ¼Heterosexual½ iq#"k vkSj yM+ds Hkh migkl dk ik= cursgSa] tc L=hokph fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qä laLdkj çnf'kZr djus ds dkj.k mUgsa dk;j¼L=S.k½] csodwQ] mckÅ] ek¡ dk ykMyk csVk vkfn tSls vi'kCnksa ls lEcksf/kr fd;ktkrk gSA

lgHkkfxrkewyd ¼;k lg&vijk/kewd½ iq#"kRo % iq#"kRo ds opZLoewyd iSVuZ ¼O;ogkjvkSj vfHkofÙk½ dks vey esa ykus okys iq#"kksa dh la[;k lexzr% ges'kk cgqr degksrh gSA ysfdu bl opZLoewyd :i dk ykHk cgqr lkjs iq#"kksa dks fLiy&vksojcksul dh 'kDy esa feyrk gSA ;gk¡ iq#"kksa dks dksbZ ,slk Mj ;k [krjk ugha gksrk fdos opZLoewyd iq#"kRo ds lcls vkxs okys ekspsZ ij jgdj vk?kkr lgsa cfYd buiq#"kksa dks ykHk vçR;{k :i ls feyrk gSA bl çdkj os bl iq#"kRo esa lgHkkxh gkstkrs gSa D;ksafd ;g lekt esa efgykvksa dh O;kid v/khurk ds dkj.k iq#"kksa dks gksusokys lkekU; ykHk dks gkfly djus esa mudh enn djrk gSA

gkf'k;k—r ¼Marginalized½ iq#"kRo % ;gk¡ tsaMj dh ikjLifjd fØ;k vU; lajpukvksa]tSls & oxZ] çtkfr ;k tkfr ds lkFk gksrh gSA blds dkj.k vkxs tkdj iq#"kRoksads chp vf/kd Js.khrU=h; lEcU/kksa dk tUe gksrk gSA ;g çHkqRo'kkyh vkSj v/khuLFkoxksaZ] tkfr;ksa ;k u`tkrh; lewgksa esa iq#"kRoksa ds chp ,d lEcU/kewyd fLFkfr¼relational situation½ gSA

fiNys dqN vuqHkkxksa esa vkius tks lh[kk gS] mlds ewY;kadu ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vH;kldjsa %&

1½ iq#"kRo D;k gS\

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41

(Masculinities)2½ iq#"kRoksa ds fofHkUu :iksa dh lwph cukb,A

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vkb,] vc ml egRoiw.kZ lEidZ ¼Linkage½ ij fuxkg Mkysa tks fir`lÙkk vkSj iq#"kRods chp gksrk gSA

MASCULINITY

fir`lÙkk vkSj iq#"kRo vkil esa cgqr ut+nhdh ls tqM+s gq, gSaA iq#"kksa ds çHkqRo dkfl)kUrhdj.k djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i bu nksuksa phtksa dk mn~Hko 1960 ds n'kd esa gqvkAtSlkfd vki fiNyh bdkbZ esa igys gh i<+ pqds gSa] fir`lÙkk iq#"kksa dk efgykvksa vkSjvU; iq#"kksa ij O;ofLFkr çHkqRo gSA ;g Hkh fd fir`lÙkk eq[; :i ls lkekftd laLFkkvksavkSj lajpukvksa ds t+fj;s dk;kZfUor dh tkrh gS] tcfd iq#"kRo ¼masculinities½oSdfYid rjhdksa dk ,slk Øe gS] ftlesa iq#"kksa ds tsaMj lEcU/k vfHkO;ä fd, tkrs gSaA;g Hkh fd vf/kdka'kr% ;g fdlh O;fä ;k fdUgha O;fä;ksa ds ,d NksVs lewg rd lhfergksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ge dg ldrs gSa fd ,d laLFkk ds :i esa ifjokjfir`lÙkkRed gksrk gS] tcfd gks ldrk gS fd ifjokj dk eqf[k;k ¼vuqekur% ,d iq#"k½opZLoewyd iq#"kRo dks çnf'kZr ¼portray½ dj jgk gksA

vDlj fir`lÙkk vkSj iq#"kRo dk ç;ksx vny&cny dj fd;k tkrk gS tcfd ;s nksuksavius vfHkfoU;kl ¼orientation½ esa vkSj lEcfU/kr ladYiukvksa ds inksa esa vyx&vyxgSaA ysfdu iq#"kRo ls vkØkedrk vkSj çHkqRo tSlh ikjEifjd :i ls tqM+h gqbZ vusdudkjkRed fo'ks"krk,¡ fir`lÙkk ds dk;Z gSaA fir`lÙkk iq#"kRo dh vlUrqfyr vfHkO;fädk çfrfuf/kRo dj ldrh gSA okLro esa iq#"kRo dks le>us dk mís'; iq#"kksa dksfir`lÙkkRed cnukeh ls vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i gksus okys iq#"kokpd vuqHkoksa dh dehds Mj ls eqä djuk gSA fir`lÙkk 'kfä vkSj v/khurk ds lkekftd txr dk çko/kkudjrh gS ftlesa iq#"kksa dks çfrLi/kkZ djus ds fy, ck/; gksuk iM+rk gS vxj os fojklresa feys vius iq#"kRoksa ¼masculinities½ dk ykHk ysuk pkgrs gksaA

tc fir`lÙkkRed /kkj.kkvksa dk eqdkcyk fd;k tkrk gS] rks opZLoewyd iq#"kRo 'kfä dhj{kk djus ds fy, ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA

fir`lÙkk ds ykHk iq#"kksa dks vleku :i ls feyrs gSaA Hkkjr esa opZLoewyd fir`lÙkk oxZ]tkfr vkSj fo"keySafxdrk ¼heteroseuality½ ls çHkkfor gksrh gSA ;g L=hRoksa ¼feminini-ties½ vkSj fofHkUu v/khuLFk iq#"kRoksa ¼masculinities½ ds lEcU/k esa fufeZr dh tkrh gStks ,d ckj fQj lekt esa fuEurj çfLFkfr ls vkSj xSj&ekudh; ySafxdrkvksa ls lEc)gksrs gSa tSlkfd Jfed oxZ] nfyrksa vkSj leySafxdksa ds ekeys esa gksrk gSA

42

,ysDl Ld‚V lSeq,y ¼www-scielosp-org½

efgykvksa ls mEehn dh tkrh gS fd os iq#"kksa ds fu;U=.k esa jgsaA blfy, ;g dksbZvk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gS fd fdlh efgyk ls fookg djus ds ckn mldk ifr ¼ekuk tkrkgS fd ;g ml L=h dk Lokeh gS½ lksprk gS fd iRuh dks fu;U=.k esa cuk, j[kus ds fy,ml ij vkik [kks nsuk ;k mls ihVuk mldk vf/kdkj gSA jkspd rks ;g gS fd dbZefgyk,¡ ;g Lohdkj djrh gSa fd vxj vius ifr dh ek¡xksa dks iwjk u dj ikus ij ifr}kjk mu ij fgalk dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks blesa dqN Hkh xyr ugha gSA ,slkefgykvksa ds lkekftd çf'k{k.k ¼vuqdwyu½ ds dkj.k gksrk gSA

fgalk iq#"kksa }kjk efgykvksa ij viuk çHkqRo vkSj viuh Js"Brk fn[kkus ds fy,vf/kdka'kr% Fkksi nh tkrh gSA bls vusd lektksa esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blfy,efgykvksa ij fgalk djus okys iq#"k cp fudyrs gSaA fgalk efgykvksa dks v/khurk dhfLFkfr esa cuk, j[krh gS vkSj lkekftd fu;U=.k esa Hkh cuk, j[krh gSA

vusd jk"Vªh; losZ{k.kksa us n'kkZ;k gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa ?kjsyw fgalk vR;f/kd çpfyrgS vkSj fookfgr efgykvksa esa ls ipkl çfr'kr efgyk,¡ bls vius oSokfgd thou dslkekU; vax ds :i esa çfrosfnr djrh gSaA bu losZ{k.kksa@vuqla/kkuksa dk blls Hkhvf/kd fpUrk esa Mkyus okyk fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd ?kjsyw fgalk futh ;k xksiuh; Lrj ij ughagksrhA leqnk; dks bldh tkudkjh gksrh gS ysfdu ifjokj dk futh ekeyk ekudjbldh mis{kk dj nh tkrh gSA

vuqla/kku ;g Hkh n'kkZrk gS fd ifjokj esa yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds tsaMjhdj.k esa ?kjsywfgalk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ;g mu tsaMj igpkuksa dks vkdkj Hkh nsrh gS] tksyM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa }kjk vius ifjokjksa esa vkSj O;kid :i ls lekt esa vfHkO;ä dhtkrh gSaA os vius ekrk&firk ds çfreku ¼iSVuZ½ vkSj O;ogkj ls lh[krs gSaA cM+s gksus dhçfØ;k ds nkSjku yM+ds ftl fgalk dks ns[k pqds gksrs gSa] mls tkjh j[kuk os mfpr ekurs

opZLoewyd iq#"kRofir`lÙkk dk lkekftd mRiknu

lkekftd vlekurk tsaMjh—r lekthdj.k

'kfä vlekurk

fir`lÙkkRed lekt

43

(Masculinities)gSa rFkk yM+fd;k¡ bls Lohdkj djrs gq, vkRelkr dj ysrh gSa vkSj blds çfr lgu'khygksrh pyh tkrh gSaA gekjk yksd&lkfgR; Hkh fdlh iq#"k çseh ds fgald O;ogkj dksefgekef.Mr djrk gS!

bl çdkj] fir`lÙkkRed lektksa esa iq#"kksa dh fgalk vkSj vkØkedrk dk vkSfpR; iq#"kRodh fu'kkuh ds rkSj ij LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA iq#"kksa ls mEehn dh tkrh gS fd osifjokj esa efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds vUunkrk vkSj laj{kd cusaA bl çdkj ikfjokfjdlnL;ksa dks vuq'kklu esa j[kus dks iq#"k viuk dÙkZO; ekurs gSa rkfd ifjokj@leqnk;dh çfr"Bk lqjf{kr jgsA

vxj ge fgalk] la?k"kZ vkSj ;q)ksa dks de djuk pkgrs gSa( vxj ge 'kkafr pkgrsgSa( vxj ge lkFkZd lEcU/k pkgrs gSa vkSj vxj lrr fodkl esa lpeqp gekjh#fp gS rks gesa iq#"kksa vkSj iq#"kRo dks le>uk iM+sxkA blds vfrfjä yM+dksa@iq#"kksavkSj yM+fd;ksa@efgykvksa ds chp gesa lk>snkjh dk fodkl djuk gksxk rkfdtsaMj U;k; gkfly fd;k tk ldsA efgyk,¡ vkUnksyu dk usrRo dj ldrh gSaysfdu fo'kky la[;k esa iq#"kksa dks blesa 'kkfey djuk gksxkA

deyk Hklhu] 2004 i`"B 5

vki bl bdkbZ esa igys gh i<+ pqds gSa fd ySafxdrk ¼lsDlqvfyVh½ vkSj iq#"kRo vkilesa tqM+s gq, gSaA vkb,] bl ij nqckjk fuxkg Mkyrs gSa rkfd ;g le>k tk lds fd ;snksuksa vkil esa fdl rjg tqM+s gq, gSaA

vkius lh[kk gS fd iq#"kRo vkØkedrk] çHkqRo vkSj fu;U=.k dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gSArc ;g fcYdqy LokHkkfod gS fd iq#"kRo ;kSu lEcU/kksa lesr lHkh çdkj dh ikjLifjdfØ;kvksa vkSj lEcU/kksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA iq#"kksa dh ySafxdrk] vkØkedrk vkSj fgalkvusd rjhdksa ls lEcfU/kr gSaA bldk ,d mnkgj.k iq#"kksa }kjk ç;ksx dh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvkSj mfä;k¡ gSaA xkSj djus ij vki ik,¡xs fd iq#"kksa }kjk ç;ksx fd, tkus okys lHkhnqoZpuksa ¼xkfy;ksa½ ds ySafxd fufgrkFkZ gksrs gSa vkSj iq#"k gj ,slh pht ds ckjs esa bunqoZpuksa dk ç;ksx cgqr gh lgtrk ls djrs gSa] tks mUgsa djuh gksrh gSa ;k ugha djuhgksrh gSa ;k ftl pht ds ckjs esa os ukjkt gksrs gSaA

iq#"kksa dk efLr"d lsDl dks ,d fu;U=.kdkjh fØ;kfof/k ¼mechanism½ ds :i esa xzg.kdjrk gS vkSj tks efgyk,¡ dHkh ;kSfud is'kfx;ksa ds le{k çfrfØ;k nsus ;k çLrqr gksusls budkj djrh gSa] os blds Hk;adj nq"ifj.kke >syrh gSaA vkius ;qok efgykvksa ijrstkc Qsadus dh vusd ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa v[kckjksa esa t:j i<+k gksxkA ;s ,slh ;qokefgyk,¡ gksrh gSa ftUgksaus vijk/kh }kjk dh xbZ ;kSfud is'kfx;ksa dk fojks/k fd;k gqvkgksrk gS vkSj vijk/kh bl nkos ds lkFk ml efgyk ij rstkch geyk djrk gS fd vxjog efgyk mldh ugha gqbZ rks og fdlh vkSj dh gksus yk;d gh ugha jg tk,xhA

iq#"k dh fgald ySafxdrk Hkh lkoZtfud LFkyksa tSls & lM+dksa] tu ifjogu ds lk/kuksa]'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa vkSj dk;kZy;ksa esa gksus okys ;kSu mRihM+u ds fy, ftEesnkj gS ¼blikB~;Øe ds [k.M --- dh bdkbZ --- i<+sa½A fdlh efgyk dks n.M nsus ds fy, iq#"k mldkcykRdkj djrk gSA fuHkZ;k cykRdkj dk.M* ij fuxkg Mkfy,] tgk¡ ,d iq#"k ds lkFk

44

jkr esa ckgj fudyus ds n.MLo:i efgyk dk Øwjrkiw.kZ cykRdkj fd;k x;k vkSj mlefgyk ds fe= dks Hkh ihVk x;k D;ksafd og ,d efgyk ds lkFk ckgj ?kwe jgk FkkA

bl çdkj cykRdkj iq#"kRo ySafxdrk vkSj fgalk ds chp ds lEcU/k dk lcls vf/kdHkh"k.k nq"ifj.kke gSA cykRdkj dk mi;ksx ,d gfFk;kj ds :i esa ;q)ksa] çy;ksa¼holocausts½ vkSj lkEçnkf;d naxksa ds nkSjku çHkkfor leqnk;ksa vkSj jk"Vªksa ds iq#"kksa vkSjefgykvksa dks nf.Mr djus ds fy, O;kid :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA Hklhu ¼2004] i"B 32½fy[krh gSa] Þfgald iq#"kRo ds dkj.k efgykvksa dks gj fdlh ds iki dh dher pqdkuhiM+rh gS vkSj [kklrkSj ls efgyk ds :i esa tUe ysus ds cqfu;knh iki dh dher pqdkuhiM+rh gSAß

,d iq#"k }kjk nwljs iq#"k ds fo#) fgalk Hkh vke ckr gS vkSj ledkyhu lektksa esa ,slhfgalk c<+ jgh gSA ;g cgqr gh gkfudkjd gS vkSj ;g Lo;a dks l'kä cukrh tk jgh gSA;g fl) djus ds fy, çek.k ekStwn gSa fd ;qokoLFkk esa tkdj fgald vkSj vkØked gkstkus dh lEHkkouk ,sls yM+dksa esa vf/kd gksrh gS ftUgksaus vius cpiu esa vf/kdkjksa dkmYya?ku vkSj nqoZ~;ogkj >syk gksrk gSA vijk/kksa esa lafyIr vf/kdka'k iq#"kksa ds ckjs esa ;gik;k x;k gS fd muds cpiu esa mu ij vR;kpkj vkSj fgalk dh x;h FkhA bl rjg ;gnq"pØ tkjh jgrk gSA ;g iq#"kRo dh /kkj.kk gh gS tks yM+dksa vkSj iq#"kksa dks rkdrojvkSj cy'kkyh gksus dh rjQ /kdsyrh gSA

vr% ;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd vkijkf/kd ço`fÙk] vijk/k vkSj iq#"kRo xyh&eqgYyksadh yM+kb;ksa] olwyh dh ?kVukvksa] Hkwfe vkSj lsDl lkSnksa vkSj v.MjoyZ~M ekfQ;k dh vU;xfrfof/k;ksa ds :i esa lpeqp ds thou dh fLFkfr;ksa esa fdl çdkj tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj fdlçdkj vfHkO;ä gksrs gSaA

iq#"kksa dh vf/kd vkØkedrk vU; {ks=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ySafxdrk ¼lsDlqvfyVh½ ds{ks= esa Hkh O;kIr gksrh gSA lkekU;r% ;kSu lEcU/k dh 'kq:vkr iq#"k djrs gSaAefgykvksa dh ySafxdrk ds ckjs esa ekuk tkrk gS fd og efgyk dh xzg.k'khyrk esagksrh gS vkSj bldk foLrkj L=hokpd O;fäRo dh lexz lajpuk] tSls& fuHkZj]fuf"Ø;] vukØked vkSj fouez] rd dj fn;k tkrk gSA

,u vksdys] 1985

vkb,] vc bl ckjs esa v/;;u djsa fd iq#"kRo vkSj L=hRo dh Hkh /kkj.kkvksa dks ehfM;kfdl çdkj cy çnku djrk gSA

ehfM;k tsaMjhdj.k dk ,d nwljk ,tsaV gS] tks L=hRo vkSj iq#"kRo nksuksa dh /kkj.kkvksadks etcwr cukrk gSA L=hRo vkSj iq#"kRo dh /kkj.kkvksa dh fufeZfr djus esa [kklrkSj ijbysDVª‚fud ehfM;k l'kä çHkko j[krk gSA bu phtksa ds ckjs esa ;g oäO; nsrk gS fdifjokj] leqnk; vkSj O;kid rkSj ij lekt esa D;k iguk tk,] dSls ckrphr dh tk,vkSj fdl çdkj O;ogkj fd;k tk,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] ehfM;k iq#"kksa dks vkØked vkSjenkZus :i esa ç{ksfir djrk gSA D;k vkidks irk gS fd fQYe b.MLVªh esa ,axzh ;ax eSu*ds BIis okyk ,d nkSj vk;k Fkk\ fgUnh fQYe ^enZ* bldk fp=.k djrh gS fd lekt

45

(Masculinities)yM+dksa ds tsaMjhdj.k ds lkFk dSlk O;ogkj djrk gS vkSj mUgsa bl pht ds fy, dSlsçsfjr djrk gS fd os vkØkedrk fn[kkdj ;k fgald O;ogkj viukdj vius opZLoewydiq#"kRo dh fufeZfr djsaA ,d vU; gkfy;k fQYe ,u,p 10* Hkh opZLoewyd iq#"kRo dkvR;Ur ekfeZd fp=.k djrh gSA bl fQYe esa fn[kk;k x;k gS fd ifjokj dh çfr"Bk dkscpkus ds fy, u flQZ cgu vkSj mlds eaxsrj ij] cfYd mu yksxksa ij Hkh fgalk mfprgS tks rFkkdfFkr ^ikih yM+dh* vkSj mlds çseh dh enn djrs gSaA

gekjs foKkiu Hkh iq#"kRo vkSj L=hRo ds tsaMj lEcU/kh –<+ çk:iksa ¼LVhfj;ksVkbIl½ dksetcwr cukrs gSaA iq#"kksa dh vkØkedrk vkSj mudh 'kfä dks ljkgk tkrk gS vkSj mUgsavkn'kZ dh rjg çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d iq#"k tc dhpM+ esa ;kigkM+ksa ij rst j¶rkj ls eksVjlkbfdy pykrk gS( ;k Å¡ps igkM+ksa vkSj bekjr ls dwnrkgS rks og viuh l[++rh dks gh fn[kk jgk gksrk gSA foKkiu ls igys pyk, tkus okysbudkjh c;ku ¼fMLDysej½ ij 'kk;n gh /;ku fn;k tk ldrk gksA ;g budkjh c;kurks egt dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrk iwjh djus ds fy, gh pyk;k tkrk gS] ojuk n'kZd ds euij 'kfä dk l[+r çn'kZu gh çeq[k çHkko NksM+rk gSA

vkidks ;g t:j irk gksxk fd ,d ¼Vhoh½ pSuy ,slk gS tks ges'kk dq'rh gh fn[kkrsjgus ds fy, lefiZr gSA MCY;wMCY;w,Q dh lud ;qok yM+dksa ij bl rjg lokj gksrhgS fd os MCY;wMCY;w,Q ds vius uk;dksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, mudh rLohjsa iksLVj dh'kDy esa yxkrs gSa vkSj detksj yM+dksa dks ?kqekdj nsus esa jl ikrs gSaA

Vhoh pSuyksa ij çlkfjr fd, tkus okys /kkjkokfgdksa ;k ukVdksa ij fuxkg Mkfy,A o)iq#"kksa dks vUunkrkvksa vkSj laj{kdksa ds :i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS tcfd ;qok iq#"kksa ds ckjsesa ;g fn[kk;k tkrk gS fd os vyx&vyx :iksa vkSj rhozrk ls iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksanksuksa ds lkFk fgalk esa fyIr jgrs gSaA Vsyhfotu ij ,slh ehfM;k Nfo;ksa dks ns[kdjyM+ds vkØked iq#"kRo dks ,d ekud dh rjg Lohdkj djuk lh[krs gSaA

ge i<+ pqds gSa fd iq#"kRo nwljksa ij 'kfä LFkkfir djus ls lEcfU/kr gSA tks yksx çLrqrgksrs gSa] os L=hokpd gSa vkSj tks yksx çHkkoh gksrs gSa] os iq#"kokpd gSaA ;g ,slk lq>konsus ds fy, ugha gS fd iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp dh fofo/krk dks feVk nsuk pkfg,A;g ,slk dgus ds fy, Hkh gS fd lHkh iq#"k ,d tSls ugha gksrs vkSj lHkh efgyk,¡ ,dtSlh ugha gksrhaA –<+ :<+ çk:iksa ¼rigid stereotyping½ dks pqukSrh nsus vkSj rksM+us dht:jr gS D;ksafd ;g iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa nksuksa ds fy, gkfudj gS( Hkys gh ;gmuds fy, vyx&vyx <axksa vkSj vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls gkfudj gksA O;fä ¼pkgs ogO;fä iq#"k gks ;k efgyk½ dh ;ksX;rk vkSj mlds #>ku ds vk/kkj ij] u fd mldstsaMjh—r lekthdj.k ds vk/kkj ij gksus okyh fofo/krk vkSj fodYiksa dk [kqykiu gksukegRoiw.kZ gSA fir`lÙkk Js.khrU=ksa vkSj vlekurkvksa dks iSnk djrh gS tks u flQZyM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, gkfudkjd gSa] cfYd lexz :i ls ifjokj vkSj lektds fy, Hkh gkfudkjd gSaA

bl çdkj lekt }kjk fd;k x;k ;g Js.khdj.k fd D;k iq#"kokpd gS vkSj D;kL=hokpd & vokLrfod gS D;ksafd ;g lEHko gS fd ,slk Js.khdj.k bl ckr dks:ikf;r u dj ik, fd reke iq#"k vkSj efgyk okLro esa D;k eglwl djrs gSa] cfYd;g Js.khdj.k dsoy bruk gh :ikf;r dj lds fd dqN Hkh eglwl djus ds fy, muls

46

fdl çdkj dh mEehn dh tkrh gSA blfy, fdlh Hkh çxfr'khy lekt ds fy, iq#"kRodks vkSj L=hRo dks Hkh iqu%ifjHkkf"kr djus dh vko';drk gSA

iq#"kRo dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

gekjs lekt esa vusd çdkj ds iq#"kRo D;ksa ekStwn gSa\

iq#"kRo vkSj fgalk ds chp ds lEcU/k ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

O;k[;k dhft, fd fdlh lekt esa tsaMjhdj.k ds ,tsaV iq#"kRoksa dks fdl çdkjvkdkj çnku djrs gSaA

Hklhu deyk ¼2004½ ,DlIyksfjax eSLdqfyfuVhA

d‚usy] vkj- MCY;w- ¼1987½ tsaMj ,.M i‚oj % lkslk;Vh] n ilZu ,.M lsDlqvyi‚fyfVDlA dSfEczt % i‚fyVhA

esluj] ekbdsy] ,- ¼2006½ esu ,.M eSLdqfyfuVht bu OgkbVgsM] LVhQsu] ,e ¼,fMVsM½esu ,.M eSLdqfyfuVht fØfVdy d‚UlsIV~l ,u lksf'k;ksyksth] yUnu ,.M U;w;‚dZ %:VystA