literary findings - Kongunadu Publications

VOL: 8 01 - JUNE - 2019 ISSUE: 6

PUBLISHING EDITOR

Nall Natarajan

Kongunadu Publications (India) Private Limited, Erode.

[email protected]

EDITOR

Dr. B.Sankareswari Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.

[email protected]

EDITORIAL AND ADVISORY BOARD

Dr.A.Govindarajan Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli.

[email protected]

Dr.C.Karthikeyan Tamil Nadu Open University, Chennai.

[email protected]

A.Mariya Sebasthiyan VIT University, Velur.

[email protected]

Dr.R.Chandrasekaran Government Arts & Science College, Kangeyam.

[email protected]

Dr. K.Paulin Preetha Jebaselvi Bishop Heber College, Trichy.

[email protected]

Dr.T.K Anuradha Trinity College For Women, Namakkal.

[email protected]

Dr.Paramasivam Muthuswamy Malasyia University, Malasyia.

[email protected]

R.F.Arooz Raapa International Campus, Sri Lanka.

[email protected]

பதி�பாசி�ய

ந� நடராச�

ெகா��நா� ப�ளிேகஷ�� (இ�தியா) பி.லி!, ஈேரா�.

[email protected]

ஆசி�ய

%ைனவ பா.ச�கேர�வ� ம�ைர காமராசப�கைல கழக�, ம�ைர.

[email protected]

ஆசி�ய �)

%ைனவ அ.ேகாவி�தராஜ� பாரதிதாச� ப�கைல கழக�,தி��சிரா�ப�ளி.

[email protected]

%ைனவ சி கா,திேகய� தமி�நா� திற�த நிைல� ப�கைல கழக�, ெச�ைன.

[email protected]

அ.ம�ய ெசப�தியா� வி.ஐ.% ப�கைல கழக�, ேவ'.

[email protected]

%ைனவ R.ச�திரேசகர� அர) கைல க�'*, கா+ேகய�.

[email protected]

%ைனவ க.பாலி� பி.தா ெஜபெச�வி பிஷ� ஹ/ப க�'*, தி��சி.

[email protected]

%ைனவ தா.க.அ/ராதா %*னி% மகளி க�'*, நாம க�.

[email protected]

%ைனவ பரமசிவ0 %,1சாமி மேலசியா ப�கைல கழக�, மேலசியா.

[email protected]

R.F.அ2� ராபா ப�னா0� வளாக�, இல+ைக.

[email protected]

LFS

LITERARY FINDINGS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

ISSN: 2278-2311

UGC RECOGNISED JOURNAL

UGC NO: 42329

Dr.K.Gayathiri Government Arts College, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram.

[email protected]

Dr.S.Kumaran University of Malaya,Malaysia,

[email protected]

Dr.K.Kala Former Joint Director of Collegiate Education, Trichy,

[email protected]

Dr.L.R.Gopinath Vivekanandha Educational Institutions, Namakkal,

[email protected]

Dr.S.Senthilkumar Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar,

[email protected]

Sellathurai Sutharsan University of Peradeniya, sri Lanka,

[email protected]

Dr.N.Sathya Government College For Women, Kumbakonam,

[email protected]

Balasundaram Elayathamby Annamalai Canada Campus, Canada,

[email protected]

Dr.D.Umadevi University of Delhi, Delhi, [email protected]

Dr.P.Senthilkumar Periyar University, Dharmapuri,

[email protected].

Dr.G.Ramesh Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore,

[email protected].

Kongunadu Publications India Private

Limited 118, Mettur Road, Kalyan Silks Oppsite,

Erode – 638 011. Ph: 0424 – 2251545, 94422 51549, 97919 51549,

63817 01339. E-mail: [email protected]

Web: www.kongunadupublications.com

%ைனவ க.காய,� அர) கைல க�'*, சி.20', சித�பர�.

[email protected]

%ைனவ எ�.�மர� மலா3 ப�கைல கழக�, மேலசியா.

[email protected]

%ைனவ க.கலா ேமனா� க�'* க�வி இைண இய 5ந, தி��சி,

[email protected]

%ைனவ எ�.ஆ.ேகாபிநா, விேவகான�த க�வி நி6வன+க�, நாம க�,

[email protected]

%ைனவ ச.ெச�தி� �மர அ7ணாமைல�ப�கைல கழக�,அ7ணாமைலநக

[email protected]

ெச�ல,1ைர 4தச� ேபராதைன� ப�கைல கழக�, இல+ைக.

[email protected]

%ைனவ நா.ச,யா அரசின மகளி க�'*, 5�பேகாண�,

[email protected]

பால4�தர0 இைளயத0பி அ7ணாமைல கனடா வளாக�, கனடா,

[email protected]

%ைனவ D.உமாேதவி ெட�லி ப�கைல கழக�, ெட�லி,

[email protected].

%ைனவ ெபா.ெச�தி��மர ெப*யா ப�கைல கழக�, த�ம9*,!

[email protected].

%ைனவ க.இரேம6 தி�வ�:வ ப�கைல கழக�, ேவ'.

[email protected].

ÿÔV∫zÂV| √©πºÔ≠[ ÷ÿÔV∫zÂV| √©πºÔ≠[ ÷ÿÔV∫zÂV| √©πºÔ≠[ ÷ÿÔV∫zÂV| √©πºÔ≠[ ÷Õ]Õ]Õ]Õ]BV (∏) o‚ BV (∏) o‚ BV (∏) o‚ BV (∏) o‚

111118, º\‚˘Ï ƒVÁÈ, Ô_BVı E_¬¸ ®]ˆ_,

~º´V| á 638 011. ∂ÁÈº√E : 0424-2251545, 94422 51549,

97919 51549, 63817 01339. t[™fiƒ_: [email protected]

÷Á:B>·D: www.kongunadupublications.com

hjmh<hitIgtqe<!guek<kqx<G!////hjmh<hitIgtqe<!guek<kqx<G!////hjmh<hitIgtqe<!guek<kqx<G!////hjmh<hitIgtqe<!guek<kqx<G!////!!!!

-Kujv!outqbie?!njek<K!LITERARY FINDINGS -kp<gjtBl<!wr<gtK!www. kongunadupublications.com -j{bktk<kqz<?!LPjlbig!hkquqxg<gl<!(Download)

osb<K!ogit<tzil</!

nz<zKnz<zKnz<zKnz<zK!!!!https:// literaryfindings.in we<x!-j{bktk<kqz<!hkquqxg<gl<!(Download) osb<K!

ogit<tzil</!!

nu<uiOx!kr<gtK!Nb<Ug<gm<Mjvgjt!-f<k!-j{bktk<kqe<!upqbig!nEh<hzil</!

LFS (LITERARY FINDINGS) a new bilingual INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH (English & Tamil) isbeing published from the house of KONGUNADU PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED , Erode, Tamil Nadu, with ISSN from 2012.

This journal is mainly devoted to research and scholarly views on broad issues in the field of Arts, Science and Commerce. The journal provides specialized opinion in the field of Arts & Science and will also bring out meaningful notes and research papers.

LFS (LITERARY FINDINGS) accepts only electronic submissions via e-mail as attached documents (Microsoft word only ) which must include Name, affiliation and country in the body of your submission. (Submission must be in single attachment) Authors are requested to follow the MLA style strictly while preparing the articles. Authors are also requested to include the following in the format of their articles.

· Type area on a page should of standard size A4

· Uniform font (Times Roman) may be used

· Paragraph setting may be set as 1.5 lines

· Where ever necessary chapter should begin with a brief Abstract and keywords.

· Paper Title, Author Names/Affiliations, Abstract and Keywords should be specified accordingly.

1. ORDER OF THE CONTENT

The order of the content must be as per following sequence;

1. Title Page with Authors details (Including emails and affiliations)

2. Abstract & Keywords

3. Introduction

4. Methods, if applicable / any

5. Results, if applicable / any

6. Conclusions

7. Acknowledgements, if applicable / any

8. References

9. Appendices (if applicable / any)

2. FIGURES (Line Art Drawings) AND TABLES

Figures and tables may appear printed directly in the text and should be black and white or grayscale. Figure should appear soon after the citation in the text or if it is too large at the end of the manuscript. Legends/Captions for figures A caption should be provided for each figure.

TABLES

Indent tables slightly from the left margin, if it is necessary to use the full width of the page. Tables should be kept to a minimum and be designed to be as simple as possible. Tables are to be typed double - spaced throughout, including headings and footnotes. Each table should be on a separate page, numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals and supplied with a heading and a legend. The same data should not be presented in both table and graph forms or repeated in the text.

3. REFERENCES

References text type should be 10 point (Times Roman). In the text, a reference identified by means of an author‘s name should be followed by the date of the reference in parentheses. When there are more than two authors, only the first author‘s name should be mentioned.

4. SUBSCRIPTION FEE

Annual Subscription Fee for Individuals Rs. 3000/-, Institution Rs. 3600/- in India.

5. MODE OF PAYMENT

Payment can be made by DD infavour of KONGUNADU PUBLICATIONS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED payable at ERODE and address to KONGUNADU PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED REGD OFF: 118, METTUR ROAD, KALYAN SILKS (OPP), ERODE – 638 011. Payments can also be made via net banking. A/c Name: KONGUNADU PUBLICATIONS INDIA PVT.LTD. A/C Type: CA, A/C No:1619135000005931, Bank: KVB, V.Chatram, ERODE – 638 003. IFSC: KVBL0001619 and the same may be intimated.

6. SELECTION OF ARTICLES

Our eminent Editorial team will scrutinize the articles and select for LFS without any bias. On selection the authors will be intimated individually. For further clarification contact us: [email protected]

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

ohiVtmg<gl<ohiVtmg<gl<ohiVtmg<gl<ohiVtmg<gl<!!!!

CONTENTS!!!!

!!!!

2//// Chaman Nahal : Striking the Chords of Consciousness

*T. Vijayalakshmi!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 2222!!!!

3/ “FkuFUguhpd; fy;tpapay; nfhs;if”

*F.NfhghyfpU~;zd;F.NfhghyfpU~;zd;F.NfhghyfpU~;zd;F.NfhghyfpU~;zd; ....!!!! 7777!!!!

4/ A Study on Various Dimensions of Investment on Investment

Behaviour Among IT Professionals

*Sawant Kamalakar Ramakant!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 21212121!!!!

5/ Understanding of Indian Knowledge System: Worshipping

The Gods and Goddess

*D.Umadevi !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 25252525!!!!

6/ Disclosing the Psyche beneath Food in Indian Folktales

*Preeti Patanjali ....!!!! 2:2:2:2:!!!!

7/ Gandhi in Champaran and Kheda

*K.Kalai Selvi !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 33334444!!!!

8/ A Comparative Study on Banking Services of Public and Private Sector Banks

In Madurai District

*Dr.R.Menaka *P. Alagudurai Pandian!!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 37373737!!!!

9/ A Study on Supply Chain Management of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

*Dr.E.V.Rigin *M.Razooludeen!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 42424242!!!!

:/ Dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour of Women Information

Technology Professionals

*N.Ponsankari @ Valentina *Dr.P.Uma Rani!!!! !!!! ....!!!! 47474747!!!!

21/ Customer Relationship Management Practices in Retail Industry

*Dr.E.V.Rigin *P.S.Arun !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 4:4:4:4:!!!!

22/ Impact of Gst on Various Industries in Indian Economy

*Dr.R.Menaka * S.Padmakumar !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 54545454!!!!

23/ A Study on Various Dimensions of Logistics Service Quality of

Shipping Industries

*Melton Xavier *Dr.S.Raju!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 58585858!!!!

!

!

24/ Work Life Balance: A Theoretical Framework

*S.Ragothaman *Dr.J.Vijayadurai !!!! ....!!!! 61616161!!!!

25/ jpUthrfk; fhl;Lk; gf;jp gutrk;

*jpUkjp.K.rq;fPjhjpUkjp.K.rq;fPjhjpUkjp.K.rq;fPjhjpUkjp.K.rq;fPjh ....!!!! 65656565!!!!

26/ Social Entrepreneurship for the Rural Development of India

*Dr.E.V.Rigin *Mr.Raneesh Mohan !!!! ....!!!! 68686868!!!!

27/ A Study on Impact of Higher Education on Rural Women Empowerment

In Tirunelveli District

*Dr.R.Menaka *A.Gunasekar !!!! ....!!!! 73737373!!!!

28/ fPuD}u;f; Nfhtpy; gl;lar; rhd;Wfs; czu;j;Jk; tuyhW

*jpUkjp Nt.godpak;khs;jpUkjp Nt.godpak;khs;jpUkjp Nt.godpak;khs;jpUkjp Nt.godpak;khs; ....!!!! 78787878!!!!

29/!!!!rkz fhg;gpaq;fspy; epiyahik

!!!! !!!! *B.ghujpghujpghujpghujp!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 81818181!!!!

2:/!jpU.tp.f.tpd; eilAk; jdpj;jd;ikAk;

!!!! !!!! *n/ObiOg^<uiqn/ObiOg^<uiqn/ObiOg^<uiqn/ObiOg^<uiq!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 85858585!!!!

31/!!!!Compassion Towards All Living Beings (Jeevakarunyam)

!!!! !!!! *Ayyadurai .A!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 8:8:8:8:!!!!

32/!!!!nx!-zg<gqbr<gtqz<!$pzqbz<!

!!!! !!!! *Ljeui<!Ljeui<!Ljeui<!Ljeui<!h/Ogick<Kjvh/Ogick<Kjvh/Ogick<Kjvh/Ogick<Kjv!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 93939393!!!!

33/!!!!Outi{<!h{<him<M!lvHgTl<!olipqBl<!

!!!! !!!! *Ljeuv<!S/nvr<gfike<Ljeuv<!S/nvr<gfike<Ljeuv<!S/nvr<gfike<Ljeuv<!S/nvr<gfike<!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 98989898!!!!

34/ dbqI!wPk<K!-kp<gtqe<!(2007 To 2011) gm<Mjvgtqz<!slgizs<!sqf<kjegt<!

*uQ/uQ/uQ/uQ/osz<uviSosz<uviSosz<uviSosz<uviS ....!!!! :3:3:3:3!!!!

35/!!!!Role of Kongu in the Freedom Struggle

!!!! !!!! *Dr.Manimekalai!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! ::::5555!!!!

36/!!!!ghujpahh; ftpijfspy; kj xUikg;ghL!

!!!! !!!! *Ljeuv<!Ljeuv<!Ljeuv<!Ljeuv<!jh.f.mDuhjhjh.f.mDuhjhjh.f.mDuhjhjh.f.mDuhjh!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! :9:9:9:9!!!!

37/!!!!ePy gj;kehgdpd; ftpijfspy; mf cyfk;

!!!! !!!! *ir.rjP];Fkhu;ir.rjP];Fkhu;ir.rjP];Fkhu;ir.rjP];Fkhu;!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ....!!!! 213213213213!!!!

38/!!!!jkpo; ehlf;fq;fspy; ngz;fiyQu;fSk; fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fSk;

!!!! !!!! *rrrr.gQ;rtu;zk; .gQ;rtu;zk; .gQ;rtu;zk; .gQ;rtu;zk; *newpahsu; : Kidtu; ng.Nfhtpe;jrhkpnewpahsu; : Kidtu; ng.Nfhtpe;jrhkpnewpahsu; : Kidtu; ng.Nfhtpe;jrhkpnewpahsu; : Kidtu; ng.Nfhtpe;jrhkp!!!! ....!!!! 217217217217!!!!

!!!!

LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS 01 - JUNE - 2019 ISSN : 2278 - 2311 // 1 //

CHAMAN NAHAL : STRIKING THE CHORDS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

�T.Vijayalakshmi, M.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D., Research Scholar, Nirmala College for Women,

Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract Awakening the consciousness of dormant spirits has been the responsible task of enlightened

minds. Chaman Nahal deserves an admirable space for such awakening in the history of Indian Writing in English. He has treasured the eventful era of the Post and the Pre- Independent days of Indian social and the political scenes in the most vibrant tone. What is more remarkable is his Gandhian outlook, with all its deepest of concerns and clarity. The author has devoted a large part of his career in drafting The Gandhi Quartet. Nahal has also presented social and family themes, delving into the individual and collective consciousness, in his other novels, which are nothing short celebrations of life. Keywords Awakening consciousness, Nahal, Indian Independence, Gandhian thought. ----------------------------------------------------------- On earth there is nothing great but man; in man there is nothing great but mind. Sir William Hamilton A rhetorical question often asked is, whether man shapes the moment or whether is it the environment that produces men of gigantic stature? Though an answer to this question still poses an enigma, it is an undenied historic fact that, events that took place in the wake of Independence of India from British rule, churned millennial figures, making the country a nursery of genius. There were leaders, seers, prophets and literary men whose veins throbbed with idealistic concern for India. These were men of extraordinary vision and calibre, mental and spiritual, personalities of heroic mould. All these great men had their own unique talents and perceptions. All of them realised the emasculation of spirit that had taken place in India under British overlordship. An awakening they saw was needed urgently, an awakening of the mind and of the spirit. And so they expressed themselves powerfully and influentially using their extraordinary talents, intensity and ardour. The dynamics of political revolution captivated many a sensitive mind. This is rightly observed by Ramamurthi in Essays in Criticism on Indian Literature in English, “Political urgency, reformistic motivation, journalistic impulse and creative imagination seem to have criss-crossed in the speeches and writings of the leaders… which carry with them an unmistakable literary quality” (52). Many powerful writers stirred the hearts of the people to realise India’s plight and their own individual destinies. One such dynamic writer who captures the past to change the present is Chaman Nahal, the most prominent historical fiction writers of India. The political bondage of the nation in the past and the economic deficiency of the people in the present are aspects of reality. Nahal has chronicled Indian history in the most desirable form by adorning reality with fiction as Shyamala Narayan distinguishes his artistry in her article, “Chaman (Lal) Nahal Biography”, “Chaman Nahal’s distinction lies in writing about India without any touch of exoticism” (N.pag.). Nahal believes that there are greater concerns which beckon to the human consciousness. Chaman Nahal reckons that the most essential evolution in human society is the evolution of consciousness and without such awareness, discord and conflict will condemn the society to individual and collective degradation. To shape a new future, it is necessary to find the moral foundation and the new social vision. Through his remarkable literary skill no less than the vigour of his thoughts, Nahal taps the consciousness within, which stems from deep concern. The thematic concerns of Nahal enlighten the minds of his readers. The tough mind and the tender heart of Martin Luther King envisions a state in which “every valley shall be exalted and every hill made low, the rough places will be made plain and the crooked places will be made straight” (560). Tagore prays for a similar world which is not fragmented by narrow domestic walls. Swami


Vivekananda beseeches the youth to arise and awake toward achievement. Enlightened intellects hold it their duty to awaken fellow spirits from dormancy. Awakening, contrastingly, leaves Irwin Washington’s Rip Van Winkle at a loss of identity. After twenty years of oblivion, his “heart died away at hearing of these sad changes in his home and friends, and finding himself thus alone in the world” (6). The only answer that Rip could make to the many inquiries is “I was myself last night, but I fell asleep on the mountain,…and everything’s changed, and I’m changed”(6). There has been a transformation in the internal perspective and external perception of his community and over an afflux of time. On awakening, Rip becomes a joyful man unfettered by the shackles of household and farm keeping and more so from a nagging wife. Rip’s story is one of awakening to find a familiar world lost and thereby gaining a new one where he can only keep repeating his mysterious experience. The Fall of Man is yet another adverse result of awareness. Adam and Eve transgress the domain of innocence to gain consciousness of their sexual identities and all other attendant misgivings like guilt, anxiety and shame. Rollo May, an American psychoanalyst writer in her work, Man’s Search for Himself views thus: “With the loss of “innocence” and the rudimentary beginnings of ethical sensitivity, the myth goes

on to indicate, the person falls heir to the particular burdens of self-consciousness, anxiety and guilt feeling… On the positive side, this eating of the tree of knowledge and the learning of right and wrong represent the birth of the psychological and spiritual person.” (182)

Hegel, the philosopher interprets this myth of the “fall” of man as a “fall upward” (2). The awakening of a different consciousness is perhaps what the creation process demanded in its course of evolution.

What is awakening then? Good or not good? Is consciousness need to be awakened at all? While the negative mind would be alarmed at the beginning of the day, the positive one will only be awakened. Adam, Eve and Rip Van Winkle are indeed fully conscious individuals with all accessory acumen of human beings. The awakening made them conscious of certain other attitudes they hitherto remained oblivious to.

To quote Israel Fischer from his, “Individual Consciousness”, “But what is consciousness? For individuals, consciousness is anchored in the physical brain and equally in the individual’s interpretation of immediate awareness and lived experience. Consciousness is not a phenomena but the degree of openness or emptiness in which phenomena arise” (N. pag.). It is this consciousness of individuals that indulges in forming, shaping, reconsidering and rebuilding institutions right from private ones like family to larger ones like communities and nationalities. When collective consciousness comes into play, sensitized opinions find voices to enlighten the society and to awaken the dormant minds to sensitive issues like harmony, equality, sympathy and brotherhood.

Men of letters assign themselves the responsible task of awakening the mind and the soul, for a positive mind will be awakened at the beginning of the day. Great artistes refine their own social sensibilities and transform them into collective consciousness. S. Radhakrishnan quotes Goethe who opines emphatically, “In all my poetry, I have never shammed what I have not lived through; what has not touched me to the quick, I have not uttered in verse or prose” (63). It was the society, the community, the mankind surrounding him that touched him. Chaman Nahal has a similar compulsion of expressing reality to his fellowmen. As a writer, Nahal found the post-independent Indian society as bewildered as Rip Van Winkle, having lost its yester life enriched with culture, virtue and harmony. Though not deprived of blissful past like Adam and Eve, the ordeal of post-Independent India is against a new life demanding ‘the sweat of the brow’. His writings prove that Nahal committed himself to sketch the Gandhian era, its aftermath and the existent problems of the individual with the family and the society. His novels further stir the consciousness raising the question what one can do to ensure a life that touches enough other lives in a positive way. There came a revival only during the early twentieth century. With the arrival of Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghose and Gandhi, who after their excursions in Western education and thought, returned emancipated, to their roots. A pride in Indian spiritual and cultural power was renewed. The Indian novelists spent their formative years in such an atmosphere. Gandhi, with his thoughts and teachings convincingly resolved this problem of identity. Jasbir Jain is of the opinion that, “Gandhi created an awareness of the self which paradoxically transcended the self. He brought about a break with the present and succeeded in changing the normative standard of Indian life” (84). The novelists, who were groping without direction, supported Gandhi during the 1930s and gradually became participants in the nation’s politics and social history. Novelists like Raja Rao, Mulk Raj Anand, Kushwant Singh and Chaman Nahal reflected the vitality of people devoted to a cause. The fight against the British resulted in arousing of the national consciousness among the natives and making them conscious of their new national identity. These writers


employed fiction to bring about a massive change in the attitude of the Indians towards themselves, to make them accept a new humanistic outlook. It is only when Gandhi appeared that Indian fiction took a different and distinct turn. He provided a new literary possibility. With his love for the lowliest, Gandhi played a catalytic role. He inspired creativity on a scale surpassed by none. What was so unique in Gandhian ideas that left so alluring an impression on Indian English novelists? Gandhian ideology lent the novelists a frame of reference. It linked them to the soil. It sent geniuses like Mulk Raj Anand, R. K. Narayan and Raja Rao searching for a national identity through their fiction. Gandhi helped not only to recharge the political life of India but also to re-orient Indian literary values.

There has always been enough scope for the political motif in Indian fiction in English, with the Indian freedom movement providing a panorama of colourful events, stuff larger than fiction itself. All problems of the society, social, cultural and religious, converged in the attainment of Independence. From the various definitions of political novel, in Dimensions of Indian English Literature, M. K. Naik sums up that, “the political novel may denote either (a) a piece of fiction devoted to presentation of political ideas, or (b) a species of fiction in which action, characters and setting are all firmly grounded in politics” (116). In this connection, Naik quotes the words of Alvarez which run thus: The political embroilment of the artist - expected, honoured, almost necessary - is a tradition…

where the intelligentsia is much smaller, more closely knit and less specialized than in the West. It is also inevitable in countries with long histories of invasion and rule by foreign powers. In such circumstances, nationalism becomes a preoccupation for the writers. They are important not just for their art but also as teachers, helping the nation to an awareness of itself, its aspirations, its troubles. (118) The post-independence political scene was no less eventful. Themes for fiction were readily

available from events like the partition holocaust, the dramatic merger of the princely states, the murder of the Mahatma, and the wars with Pakistan and China during the 1960s. A good number of novels produced focussed on these themes. Raja Rao’s Kanthapura and Mulk Raj Anand’s Sword and the Sickle presented political ideas. Making a detailed study of the Indian English political novels, Naik lauds Chaman Nahal for his art in Azadi. Nahal is the only other novelist, other than Raja Rao, to deserve Naik’s praise as a political novelist. Nahal can be considered the most talented writer of his era and perhaps the most serious writer too. He is not merely talented but resourceful, producing a wealth of new insights into the everyday relationship of the yesteryears which clutter and enrich the reader’s own mind. The events of the past run through his novels. The past becomes a miraculous land perpetually in need of discovery. He evokes a sustained pain and pleasure in turning the pages of pre-independent days in which India, seen and described, and interpreted with imagination by a subtle, poetic, intellectual and wondering consciousness, makes the reading of his novels more rewarding. Chaman Nahal’s novels are a demonstration of how the most gifted writer comes to maturity with the consciousness and affirmation of life. Nahal’s literary excellence covers not only national, political, economical and social issues but encompasses other areas of concern. Through his novels, he links India’s past with her future destinies. While Nahal exhibits intellectual brilliance of literary scholarship, he is also very much a product of modern times. Literary pursuit does not mean chronicling just the past alone. He is aware of the contemporary issues that pose a threat to the individual and to the society, and to the country at large. Pragati Sharma mentions that, “His portrayal of society and politics is deeply realistic, highly convincing and unusually candid” (54). Nahal’s writings indeed subtly breathe confidence in the justness of the cause and the confidence in the ability of the individuals to make the right choice.

Chaman Nahal’s novels are celebrations of life highlighting meaningful and significant qualities. The background may be domestic, inter-cultural or based on the movement of history, but they are all hallowed with the spiritual luminosity of man, the potentiality of his being. Though historical, his novels shape the entire thought, manifesting higher consciousness. They stir the conscience with the pertinent question - what is the significant role that can be played by every individual contributing to build a new nation and a new world.

Chaman Nahal’s first novel, My True Faces (1973) deals mainly with the marital discord and the resultant conflict between Kamal and Malti. The well-bred wife is not willing to live an ordinary domestic life, as expected by Kamal. She absconds with her little son one day, setting her husband to search for her. Their two families indulge in an emotional war, which seems like a debate between the orthodox and the conventional ways of life. The conflict operates at a philosophical level where Kamal’s search for the absconding Malti finally becomes his own quest for unraveling the mystery of life.

My True Faces renders a candid insight into the Indian mind circumscribed by familial and societal traditions, which toss the younger generation into ambiguity. Kamal and Malti are caught in the web of traditional marriage, unable to fulfill their roles owing to their westernized lifestyle. The novel seeks to


reiterate the need to accept the diversity of God’s creation by acquiring a composite view of life. After a tiresome search, Kamal realizes that everyone including Malti is but a manifestation of God. Lord Krishna playing his flute seems to tell him that, “She too is my face as you’re, and all my faces are my true faces” (234). His individual consciousness rises to the philosophical plane of understanding the creation.

Azadi (1975), which won the coveted Sahitya Akademi Award, has been widely acclaimed as one of the most comprehensive fictional accounts of the Partition macabre in Indian literature. Mohan Jha applauds Nahal in Studies in Indian Fiction in English, saying, “Chaman Nahal seems to have put his very soul into the writing of this book, and it is absolutely no surprise that it received wide acclaim almost all over the English speaking world” (36). Like Kushwant Singh’s Train to Pakistan, the novel shows how Partition held the whole subcontinent in a nightmare of horror and left a trail of indelible bitterness and misery. It is a straight forward account of the happenings in the family of a rich Hindu grain merchant. The family, along with its neighbourhood, is forced to make an unwilling immigration toward the new India from Sialkot. The novel begins in mid-1947 with the people of Sialkot hearing the announcement about the partition, but they refuse to believe that they have to move.

Nahal shows how Kanshi Ram, the Hindu, Barkat Ali, the Mohammedan, and Teja Singh, the Sikh share the same Punjabi culture and language, and consider Sialkot their homeland. They withstand horrendous situations with remarkable hope for redeemed life. Meticulous attention to details and a firsthand knowledge of the life of the characters enable Nahal to make the plight of the refugees seem real to the reader. Azadi won great fame for Chaman Nahal as awards and praise poured in from all over the literary world. The novel is widely acclaimed to be perfect in all planes. Its artistic form, integrity, character choices, theme and setting make Azadi a model of the genre. Azadi deservingly acquires an important place in Indian English literature.

Into Another Dawn (1977) focuses on international fraternity. Mathur in Indian English Novelistscomments that the novel focuses on “the theme of the meeting of the East and the West at the level of human emotions” (92). Marital conflict, finding solace in amity and brotherhood, and the final realization of hope in rebirth are the other features of the novel. Ravi, the unwanted son of a Brahmin family in Haridwar, gets an opportunity to go to America. He meets Irene, a dejected wife and finds a passionate lover in her. Irene tries to come out of her unhappy married life with the wealthy but uncaring husband, with the support of Ravi. When they at last succeed in removing the obstacles of life, Ravi learns that he has been affected by a fatal cancer. He leaves Irene abruptly and returns to India to die, to be reborn into a new dawn. Nahal tries to emulate the themes of international fraternity and unconditional love.

The English Queens (1979) is a satire on the follies, affectations and moralities of a group of Anglicized Indians in the post-independent India. Nahal indulges in a sincere mockery of the snobbish imitation of the English ways by a particular group, such as the officers of the defence forces, the nouveau riche, the highly placed civil servants, and the Indians with foreign wives. Nahal unfolds a plot by Lord Mountbatten, the last British Viceroy of India, to ensure India’s subjugation to Britain. On the eve of handing over the political power, he prepares a charter for the “safe transfer of linguistic power”. “To preserve, propagate and spread” English in India, he appoints six women in New Delhi to “The Order of the Queens” (EQ 32). Rekha, the daughter of one of these queens, horrifies them by expressing her wish to be married to a young man from a working-class slum, worse still he wears Indian clothes and is an expert in Indian music. The novel takes a fantastic turn when the bridegroom reveals himself as an avatar of Lord Vishnu, who has come to destroy this pernicious second-hand English culture. He flies back to heaven with the charter, which accidentally drops out of his hand, denoting it would continue to infect people with ‘the English bug’; perhaps even God cannot help India. Of course, Nahal is not against the English language; his satire aims at awakening the consciousness of the Indians who think it shameful to follow their own culture.

Nahal’s Sunrise in Fiji (1988) deals with the quest motif and the theme of cosmopolitanism. Harivansh Batra, a successful architect, has built hundreds of homes for others, whereas his own remains unbuilt. He ignores the love of young Pratibha but longs for her later in life. He realizes that modern civilization based on the western notion of progress caters only to the body than the soul. Taking a break from his routine, he travels to Fiji, for a much needed soul-searching endeavour. When ennui sets upon his otherwise prosperous life, he finds that Pratibha who is married has also distanced from him. He nevertheless wants her back at one stage when he learns her husband is dead. To his disappointment, he finds that Pratibha, is now lacking her supple, young frame and is no more his beloved. She senses this and unable to face life, Harivansh decides to kill himself. Though he changes his mind, he dies accidentally. The life and death of Harivansh prove that “only a synthesis of the materialistic and spiritualistic ways of life can make a man really happy” (169), as Venkata Reddy puts it. Harivansh realizes the meaning and purpose of life when he discovers that friendship free of commitment, desire and power is indeed superior to love between a man and a woman.


The Crown and the Loincloth (1981), published prior to Sunrise in Fiji, is a faithful rendering of the non-violent, non-cooperation movement that swept the country during 1920-22. As the title suggests, the novel deals with the theme of confrontation between seemingly unequal forces - the mighty British Empire symbolised by the crown and the newly awakened India under the dynamic leadership of Gandhi interpreted by the flimsy loincloth. It is the story of the transmutation of the ordinary to the extraordinary, by way of fusing the personal, the heroic and the wider national perspectives into an organic whole. The novel sets the background of the quartet: the feudal set up faithful to the British, giving way to newthinking by way of Gandhian ideology, revolutionary mode as propagated by Subash Chandra Bose and the ongoing freedom struggle. The political scenario is heavily linked with the family at the feudal haveli with Thakur Shanthi Nath as its anchor. Thakur’s son, Sunil and his wife Kusum lead the storyline with their involvement in the Gandhian movements.

The Salt of Life (1990) is a remarkable historical novel with a blend of fact and fiction, representing the vast canvas of the freedom struggle of 1930 and 1931. It deals with the epoch-making Dandi March led by Gandhi, and highlights the contribution made by eminent statesmen such as Bhagat Singh and Subash Chandra Bose to the freedom struggle. With Sunil’s sacrificial death, Kusum makes herself instrumental in the ashram life at Sabarmathi.

The Triumph of the Tricolour (1993) deals with the third and final phase of the freedom struggle, the Quit India Movement. Gandhi is portrayed as the central figure but the revolutionaries led by Jayaprakash Narayan play a significant role in the struggle toward Independence. There are other incidents that include revolutionary activities and Kusum’s ultimate return to the ashram to serve Gandhian path again.

Nahal’s success however lies in his art of combining a strong storyline with the historical events. The first three novels of The Gandhi Quartet handle the story of Sunil and his wife Kusum, both together and separated, sometimes delving deep into the personal lives of few of their family members like Thakur Shanthi Nath, Shyama, Abha, Rakesh,Vikram, others like the British officer, Kenneth Ashby, his American aunt, Celia Ashby and many other minor characters. However, these details never come as a distraction but only enhance the historical situation presented. Such is the fine blend of the fictional storyline and the facts of history.

With the completion of The Triumph of the Tricolour, Nahal was able to regroup the four novels- The Crown and the Loincloth, The Salt of Life, The Triumph of the Tricolour, and Azadi- into a quartet to be issued together as The Gandhi Quartet. Azadi, a novel originally written eighteen years ago was fitted as the final part of the quartet as it naturally formed the climax of the Gandhian struggle depicted in the first three novels. In order to achieve a structural unity, Nahal adds an Epilogue to the 1993 edition of Azadi.

Chaman Nahal’s varied themes in all these novels include concepts like, tradition versus westernization, man-woman relationship, East-West encounter, satire on Anglicized lifestyle and patriotic fervour. Nahal is an optimist whose novels are embodied with ethical and social values and end with an optimistic vision. A thematic study of his novels reveals variety, depth and artistic integrity. Nahal’s characters lend meaning and life to their roles. One common factor in all his novels is the expression of Indian sensibility and the novelist’s endeavour to awaken consciousness at personal, ethical, national and intercultural levels. Affirmation of life reveals itself in flashes of experiences pointing a new sense of direction, a new perspective. Works Cited

Fisher, Israel. “Individual Consciousness.” Thinking Differently, Thinking Together 27 Oct.2011. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. >http://www.fischerisrael.com/>

Hegel. Logic. Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences Vol. I. Trans. William Wallace. Oxford: OUP, 1892. Print. Jain, Jasbir. Problems of Postcolonial Literatures and other Essays. Jaipur: Printwell, 1991. Print. King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” Current Issues and Enduring Questions: A Guide to

Critical Thinking and Argument, with Readings. Boston: Bedford, 1995. 558-61. Print. May, Rollo. Man’s Search for Himself. New York: Dell, 1979. Print.Naik, M. K. Dimensions of Indian English Literature. New Delhi: Sterling, 1984. Print.Narayan, Shyamala A. “The Gandhi Quartet.” Rev. of The Salt of Life, by Chaman Nahal. Indian Book Chronicle 17.4 (April, 1992): 19-20. Print.Radhakrishnan, S. “Moral Values in Literature.” Formative Ideals: A Symposium by Modern Masters on Basic Human Values. Ed. P. K. Venkata Rao. Bangalore: Select, 1952. 48-64. Print.


“�� ”

�� !��"�

��#�� $��%&�� #��'(�)��

�� *)�� !$�� *)�+�� ( �� )�� !( �'�� ,!�� ' �� -�� ' ��.��!��!��)/&��)�� '��*)�� 0�� $' ��1� .1 �� *)� �� /&��2� *!/&��*)� )�� !��'� 0�� /&��2� ,� ��)��)� �! /&��

�� 0�� (

�!�� “��%�� (” ��3��)�#

�� 4)��(�* �� 2 ��

5�� ))�� 5� )�5�� ))�� 5� )�5�� ))�� 5� )�5�� ))�� 5� )�

�,��6��#.�� (�,��6��#.�� (�,��6��#.�� (�,��6��#.�� ( ��)��)��)��)�777789:"89:"89:"89:"

��)��

�� ( ��! �� )�� 0�� (� ��; (��#(�� !�� (��' 0�� (� �� *�� '�� 0! .�� !��.�� +��!�� +��)!(0�� +�.��0 �� <��0�+� ��%� �)1��' � * �� .�� (� �!�� ' �� *�� '��1 ��= ��

“!��!��!��!��!(!��!(!��!(!��!(!��

��)!(��<��)!(��<��)!(��<��)!(��<��7777 ��

0�+��))�� 0�+��))�� 0�+��))�� 0�+��))��

��+ � �� + � �� + � �� + � �� ” ��

��)��>��=��'��)��

.�� !$<�� (�� 3� ��( � 1 0�� )#1 (� �� = �� >� !$ � �!�� *�� ))��! �� 0��'��!��

�� 3��)�#�?�� 3��)�#�?�� 3��)�#�?�� 3��)�#�?

5� � �� 1 ��' �>� �)�� '��)(� ��)

�� )�� 1 � �� 1�� “��)1 !��


!�� 3��@�1��(�� (��” “ �,��*) (�� <�� . +�”

��0��*)�!)�� ,+��1�� $'��1*��+�� )! (��)*��

*)��0�� $'��*)��0�� $'��*)��0�� $'��*)��0�� $'��

#)<��!��6!��'#)<��!��6!��'#)<��!��6!��'#)<��!��6!��'–�1<� ��1<� ��1<� ��1<� ��

.)1,�6<��'��<�� 3&<��.)1,�6<��'��<�� 3&<��.)1,�6<��'��<�� 3&<��.)1,�6<��'��<�� 3&<��

��)1�� ))(��)1�� ))(��)1�� ))(��)1�� ))(�� !$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��7777AAAA

��=�'��)��

�,��*)��0��*�� (�1�� *�� )��.�� (.��2��1�!$<�� (�� 3��5�1� 1�(+� 0�� )�� )�� #)<�� !��6� !��'� ��) 5� !�� )��

*)�� 0�� 5� 3�� *�� (�� #) � 0�� 2� * )�)� ��!(��1 ��)1 ( �� )��)�� ' !�� .�� +�� '�� 0� ��= ��

“�)�)�� !�� !��)�)�� !�� !��)�)�� !�� !��)�)�� !�� !��

�)�)�� #� ��<�� )�)�� #� ��<�� )�)�� #� ��<�� )�)�� #� ��<�� ”

��) �1 �3�!)� ��/&�� 4)�6�� 0�� =��)�� 5�� )(� ��) !�� 0�� ' .�� ( �� 0��)�� (� (!��)) ��'��)0��

*)�� !$�� *)�� @�'��) �� 2�� *��) .�� 1��) 0�� *,�� )�� 0��!�1 ��))��

“� ��<�<��)10�� <�<��)10�� <�<��)10�� <�<��)10��

��<��))� �)1<�� <��))� �)1<�� <��))� �)1<�� <��))� �)1<�� –�!'<��!'<��!'<��!'<��

�)��$� �� ))�,��)��$� �� ))�,��)��$� �� ))�,��)��$� �� ))�,��

��)��,��(��)��,��(��)��,��(��)��,��(�” -!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��77778888

0,� �� ( � �� 0�� *��( �� )��%�� (�� *�� (�� )��%��)�0�� *(!�� +�0��)) ��+�0�� .�� 0�� *�� )� � �'� ��(��)��'��)(�

�)��#��( !$<�� ! *)� ��(�� )�� )1.��.�� 1��) *)� ��( 0�� )�� *�� =��

�� “��<��))�+ *�)1� �� ” ��)�� 0<� *)�� $�'�

.�� 1 �� ( *� � ��' ( *,� ( �'� �� “��1” ��)��


�� '�� '�� '�� '��

��2�� )� �� 0�)�� )��'� �� )#��+�.� ��' (��)��

“�� )#�� )#�� )#�� )#��

�� # � ��$�<� �� # � ��$�<� �� # � ��$�<� �� # � ��$�<� ��

�� ;1 (-�� ;1 (-�� ;1 (-�� ;1 (-

�� .�'�� .�'�� .�'�� .�'��” - !$ ��!)� !$ ��!)� !$ ��!)� !$ ��!)� ��7777BBBB

�� ) �)#�� ) �� # � �� )1� �� ) �� .��( �� >��+� �� %� !��1 �� !( *3� � �� *�� ( ��)�� ( �� !(�� !�1 �6� ��!�� )1 �� (��

0<�� )#�� .� ��' �� )�� ))� � ��)�� ' (�� ))�� ))�� ( ��) �� .)+ ��2��) �� )( ��1�4)��)�� )#�� +�� ) �� +�*�� (��! �� (�

�� 0�! �%� C�� 0��(�� )�)��0��3�*� �)��' (�41��))��

.�� “�� ' ��” ��)�� (��' (�

*�� >� �)�� !$ �� #)�� )��

!�� ' 4� �,��) �, ��( !��)�� ))��1 (��5� �( �, ��(�� )!( ��<�� 5D�� !�))� �� ( �)�)�� )� * � �� !(. �!�)��)) �� %��)�� %� ��'��)�� !��)+�' (��) !��) !��6� �>��!(��'��1!��)!��6�� ))��'��)��

�))��) ��))��) ��))��) ��))��) ��

“�� )! ( �))( �) ��” �(��,��-�� =�� '��)(�/��#�� 1��%��%��/&)��)�� )) )�)�) ��(�� )! ��

�! � �<�))�5��(�)1� �! � �<�))�5��(�)1� �! � �<�))�5��(�)1� �! � �<�))�5��(�)1�

��!(��)�� !(��)�� !(��)�� !(��)�� <��<��<��<��7777��! �<��! �<��! �<��! �<

�� (.� (��! �� <�� (.� (��! �� <�� (.� (��! �� <�� (.� (��! �� <

�� (�� (�� (�� (�� !$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��77779999

��141 ��

0 � >�� )) /&�� )6� !�� ( !�� ( �� 2 �� '��(�� )��!��)��'��)(�

�)�(��)�� 3� !��)1*� �� !�1 � �'��)�)��!��)! *� �� )) �� ( !�� * �� !��! � ��0� �� 2 ��


��= ��)))�!(��= ��)))�!(��= ��)))�!(��= ��)))�!(

!�� -= ��!�� -= ��!�� -= ��!�� -= �� )��)��)��)�7777EA9EA9EA9EA9

��141��)��

�!'��)) � � (. �(�!'��)) � � (. �(�!'��)) � � (. �(�!'��)) � � (. �(

.��!(�� .��!(�� .��!(�� .��!(�� –�'��'��'��'��

� ��)�� 3�� )�� 3�� )�� 3�� )�� 3��

$� �1!$�� $� �1!$�� $� �1!$�� $� �1!$�� 7777!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��7777::::

��1�)��'��)��

�� 6��2�� 6��2�� 6��2�� 6��2�

�� ))�%�� 1�*,�� )��%�� %�*,�!(�� )�� '�� '�� %�� 0��)� 0�� *�� 3��)�#��

!�� !$ � ��%�� !$ �� !�� 6� ��! ��(��.��+ !$��%� �� >�� )��)�� *�� 1��'��)) �,+�0�� *��) �� =��

�)�)�� !��)�)�� !��)�)�� !��)�)�� !��

�)�)��*�� .))�)�)��*�� .))�)�)��*�� .))�)�)��*�� .))

�D��F;��F�� D��F;��F�� D��F;��F�� D��F;��F��

*,��,�� *,��,�� *,��,�� *,��,�� 7777!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��!$ ��!)� ��7777G8G8G8G8

��'��)��

��!��!��(��' ( (*��(�� !(� ��!(�� 1��)� ��6� 0�� !$ � �� '� ��3�*��= �� 0<�.��1��)(�


A Study on Various Dimensions of Investment on Investment Behaviour Among IT Professionals

�Sawant Kamalakar Ramakant, Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Madurai

Kamaraj University, Madurai.

Abstract

The study examined the various dimensions of Investment on Investment Behaviour among IT Professionals in Mumbai. Purposive sampling method is applied in this research for selecting the sample. As a result, 559 (filled questionnaire) valid sets of questionnaires were available and then used for further analysis using SPSS software version 21. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data while Multiple Regression analysis was used to analyze the data. A result revealed that multiple regression analysis has good relationship between investment and investment behaviour. Hence, the study therefore concluded that the various dimensions of investment on investment behaviour among IT professionals.

Keywords: Investment, Investment Behaviour, IT Professionals.

Introduction

An “investment is a sacrifice of current money or other resources for future benefits” and investment may be defined as the net addition to a nation’s physical stock of capital. In the present financial market scenario numerous avenues of investment are available. The two key aspects of any investment are time and risk. Our economic well being in the long run depends significantly on how wisely or foolishly we invest. “Investing is simple, but not easy” it’s not a joke, it is said by Warren Buffet – one of the richest men in the world, and without doubt the most successful investor, having made his fortune of more than $ 40 billion almost exclusively through investing. There are lots of successful investors in the world. Investment is simple because it just means keeping some money aside so that it grows more valuable after a period of time. At the same time investing is difficult because it challenges our basic human nature – our urge to spend, enjoy and satisfy our needs as early as we can than later. It is difficult because people have to be patient and disciplined for long stretches of time. It’s because all around us we see people spending and having the time of their lives while we sacrifice those pleasures.

Review of Literature

Priyanka Sharma & Payal Agrawal (2015) for their study “Investors perception and Attitude towards mutual fund as an investment option” conducted a survey among 50 respondents selected at Random, and collected the data through a structured questionnaire to identify the intensity of various factors that positively and adversely affect buyer’s decision. They introduced eight factors like potential returns, diversification, and lower risk, credit rating, past performance, brand image, liquidity and tax benefit. Among the above factors, brand image of mutual fund strongly influence and liquidity and tax benefits are least


effective in influencing buying behaviour of mutual fund. They concluded that the MF business in Udaipur is still is an embryonic stage and the success depend upon the factor life high returns, professional competence of fund managers. Neha and Shukla (2016) envisaged to find salaried personnel’s preference towards different investment avenues. For this purpose, both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data were collected through a questionnaire from 100 salaried personnel belong to North Gujarat Region. Convenient sampling method was used to choose the respondents. By applying chi-square test and creating a cross tabulation between investment preference and demographic variables, the researcher found that most of the respondents invest in fixed deposits, post office savings scheme and Gold & Silver, and their purpose of investment is to purchase a house and for a long term growth. It was also supported by the factor analysis (applying KMO, measure of sample adequacy is more than 0.8, and the significant level is also below 0.05 and hence factor analysis was used).

Objectives of the study

1. To study the impact of various dimensions of investment on investment behaviour among IT Professionals.

Methodology

Totally 559 employees has been chosen for the purpose of the study. For this study, the researcher used a well-structured questionnaire to collect the data from the respondents. The questionnaire includes variables related to investment behaviour. The researcher used multiple regression analysis to identify the view on variables in investment behaviour. IBM SPSS 21 version was used for statistical purpose.

Results and Discussions

Impact of Various Dimensions of Investment on Investment Behaviour

In this study, the dependent variable is Investment behaviour; Independent variables are Investment they are Investment awareness, Investment knowledge, Investment activities, Investment choices, Investment risk attitude, Investment decision and Investment problems are discussed as follows:

• Dependent Variable – Investment behaviour (y) • Independent Variable

i. Investment awareness (X1) ii. Investment knowledge (X2)

iii. Investment activities (X3) iv. Investment choices (X4) v. Investment risk attitude (X5)

vi. Investment decision (X6) vii. Investment problems (X7)

• Multiple R value: 0.884 • R Square value: 0.721 • Adjusted R square value: 0.710 • F value: 261.873 • P value: 0.000


Table 1

Variables in Multiple Regression Analysis

Variables Unstandardized Coefficients (B)

S.E error of B

Standardized Coefficients Beta

t-value p-value

Constant 3.042 0.290 --------- 10.478 0.000**

Investment awareness

0.115 0.030 0.147 3.767 0.000**

Investment knowledge

0.066 0.029 0.093 2.282 0.023*

Investment activities

0.078 0.030 0.104 2.593 0.010**

Investment choices

0.083 0.027 0.121 3.131 0.002**

Investment risk attitude

0.063 0.036 0.070 1.755 0.080

Investment decision

0.113 0.037 0.113 3.052 0.002**

Investment problems

0.228 0.028 0.334 8.257 0.000**

** Denotes significant at 1% level

* Denotes significant at 5% level

The multiple correlation coefficient is 0.884 measures the degree of relationship between the actual values and the predicted values of the investment behaviour. Because the predicted values are obtained as a linear combination of Investment awareness (X1), Investment knowledge (X2), Investment activities (X3), Investment choices (X4), Investment risk attitude (X5), Investment decision (X6) and Investment problems (X7) the coefficient value of 0.884 indicates that the relationship between investment behaviour and the seven independent variables is quite strong and positive.

The Coefficient of Determination R-square measures the goodness-of-fit of the estimated Sample Regression Plane (SRP) in terms of the proportion of the variation in the dependent variables explained by the fitted sample regression equation. Thus, the value of R square is 0.721 simply means that about 72.1% of the variation in investment behaviour is explained and R square value is significant at 1 % level.

The multiple regression equation is

Y= 3.042 + 0.115 X1 + 0.066 X2 + 0.078 X3 + 0.083 X4 + 0.063 X5 + 0.113 X6 + 0.228 X7

Here the coefficient of X1 is 0.115 represents the partial effect of Investment awareness on investment behaviour, holding the other variables as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that investment behaviour would increase by 0.115 for every unit increase in Investment awareness and this coefficient value is significant at 1% level. The coefficient of X2 is 0.066 represents the partial effect of Investment knowledge on investment behaviour, holding the other variables as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that investment behaviour would increase by 0.066 for every unit increase in Investment knowledge and this coefficient value is significant


at 5% level. The coefficient of X3 is 0.078 represents the partial effect of Investment activities on investment behaviour, holding the other variables as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that investment behaviour would increase by 0.078 for every unit increase in Investment activities and this coefficient value is significant at 1% level. The coefficient of X4 is 0.083 represents the partial effect of Investment choices on investment behaviour, holding the other variables as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that investment behaviour would increase by 0.083 for every unit increase in Investment choices and this coefficient value is significant at 1% level. The coefficient of X5 is 0.063 represents the partial effect of Investment risk attitude on investment behaviour, holding the other variables as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that investment behaviour would increase by 0.063 for every unit increase in Investment risk attitude and this coefficient value is not significant at 1% level. The coefficient of X6 is 0.113 represents the partial effect of Investment decision on investment behaviour, holding the other variables as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that investment behaviour would increase by 0.113 for every unit increase in Investment decision and this coefficient value is significant at 1% level. The coefficient of X7 is 0.228 represents the partial effect of Investment problems on investment behaviour, holding the other variables as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that investment behaviour would increase by 0.228 for every unit increase in Investment problems and this coefficient value is significant at 1% level. Based on standardized coefficient, Investment problems (0.334), Investment awareness (0.147), Investment choices (0.121), Investment decision (0.113) and Investment activities (0.104) is the most important factors to extract investment behaviour, followed by Investment knowledge (0.093) and Investment risk attitude (0.070).

Conclusion

Investment is very basic requirement for each individual. It plays major roll in education, health, comfortable living, creating wealth, meeting emergencies, organizing major events in one’s life. Perfect investment planning will take a person cross through crisis period. Making investment, for future benefit, in one side is an attitude and spending and fulfilling the immediate wants is also an attitude in the other end. But the concept of investment will always yield future returns. Hence, the present study concludes that the various dimensions of investment have a strong relation with the investment behaviour among IT Professionals.

References

1. Neha and Shukla, “Investors preference towards investment avenues with special reference to salaried personnel in North Gujarat Region”, International Journal for Science and Advance Research in Technology, Vol 2, Issue 1, Jan 2016, ISSN: 2395-1052(o), pp. 43-49.

2. Priyanka Sharma & Payal Agrawal, “Investors perception and Attitude towards mutual fund as an investment option”, Journal of Business Management and Social Science Research, ISSN: 2319-5614, Vol. 4, No 2, Feb 2015, pp. 115- 119.


Understanding of Indian Knowledge System: Worshipping The Gods and Goddess

�D.Umadevi, Asst. Prof of Tamil, Dept of MIL&LS, University of Delhi, New Delhi.

Abstract Humans like to visualize abstract ideas to make them more tangible. In ancient times, people described abstract ideas often in the form of various gods and goddesses. Among the most abstract ideas are the concepts of knowledge and wisdom themselves. Many cultures imagined gods and goddesses of knowledge and wisdom In Hinduism, every aspect of life is represented by a god or a goddess. Among those thousands of deities, Saraswati is the goddess of knowledge, arts and music. Brahma is sometimes identified with the Vedic god Prajapati, he is also known as Vedanatha (god of Vedas), Gyaneshwar (god of Knowledge) Vishwakarma is the son of the creator Brahma and is the original creator of palaces of the gods. He is known as a vedic god “who does all the action”, is the “Principal Universal Architect”. Hindu mythological figure Chitragupta is worshiped as God of ‘pen and ink’ (kalam and dawat). He is said to be the accountant of Dharamraj Yama, the God of death and justice, Ganesha is the Hindu god of wisdom and prudence. These qualities are signified through his two wives Buddhi(wisdom) and Siddhi (prudence).Ganesha has a thorough knowledge of the scriptures This article attempts to peep into Hindu mythological world to get acquainted with the Hindu deity associated with knowledge system. An argument can possibly be made, that religious system passes by knowledge system, or can also be said that, combination of religion and knowledge systems is an important juncture that illuminates the merging of corporeal and incorporeal ideas. This article delineates with the worship of gods like Chitragupta, Vishwakarma, , Saraswati, Brahma, Ganesh, and Ravana.

Key Words: Knowledge System, Imagification of Knowledge.

Ancient people who couldn’t understand the social concepts used these deities as an attempt to explain the concepts. They created elaborate stories and gave their deity of choice personalities based on human stories and personalities. That is why God is a Wealth God, a victory God, knowledge God, a wrathful God, a Just God, etc. These are all human traits these are ancient stories told to explain what was unexplainable. Here are many reasons for using personification of knowledge. It can be used as a method of describing something so that others can more easily understand it. It can be used to emphasize a point about knowledge. It can be used to help paint a picture in the mind about the Knowledge. There is often confusion between personification and anthropomorphism. While personification means giving an object or animal human characteristics to create interesting imagery anthropomorphism means making an object or animal act and look like they are human. Here the personification of Knowledge Gods in Classical Indian tradition.

Saraswati, goddess of knowledge, creativity and speech

Brihaspati, Guru of the gods, bestower of knowledge and eloquence

Shukra, Guru of the demons, bestower of knowledge

Dakshinamurthy, aspect of the god Shiva as a guru and bestower of knowledge

Hayagriva, god of knowledge and wisdom

Gayatri, goddess of knowledge and Hindu scriptures

Savitri, goddess of wisdom

Beyond this some more gods are identified as knowledge gods and worship in folk Hindu tradition. They are Vishwakarma Brahma, Ganesha, Chitragupta,and Ravana

Lord Murugan, god of knowledge in Tamil Tradition .Guru to siva and Brahma.

Saraswati Reckoned to be the connoisseur of knowledge, music, arts, wisdom and the learning, Goddess Saraswati is an integral part of Hindu Goddess .Saraswati is said to be the consort of Lord Brahma. Saraswati is also considered the daughter of Lord Brahma of whom she was born out of the mouth, hence, she became the goddess of speech, music and knowledge. Goddess Saraswati’s image is of a female, who is milk white in


complexion and is dressed in white sari as well. She is often shown standing/sitting on a water lily. Her illustration also displays of her with four hands, and with one of her hands she is presenting a lotus to Brahma. In another hand, she can be seen holding a book of palm leaves representing learning; while in her two left hands she has a string of pearls and a small vase. She is often shown, playing a Veena. The significance of Saraswati Puja is that, Saraswati, being the Goddess of learning, on the day of Saraswati Puja young children are made to write alphabets. This is a common practice in West Bengal and it is known as “Hathe khori”.It is a popular belief that if a young child writes in front of the Goddess, he would be blessed by the deity and will do very well in his education in future. According to south India, books, articles, instruments of music and art, earthen ink pot and bamboo quills are placed before her. Children place their books near the goddess sculptor and offer prayers. People believe that Goddess Saraswati is blessing the child with great knowledge and learning power.

Brahma The Rig-Veda explains the concept of Brahma as a word that was used for deciphering a sacred mysterious power that helped create the world. Brahma has been said to have been born of a golden egg that the Supreme Soul and Self-Existent Lord created by depositing water of the earth in a seed. Another text says that Brahma became a boar who raised the earth from the waters, and thus, created the world. Lord Brahma is said to have four faces that represent the four Vedas; and he has four hands that represent the four directions, each of the hand holds one object like a rosary (mala), a water-pot (kamandal), a book (the Vedas), and a lotus. It is believed that the rosary that he carries represent eternal time, whereas, the water-pot denotes that the world was created by water. Lord Brahma can be seen seated on a large lotus and is reckoned to use a swan as his vehicle. It is to be noted that swan is a symbol of knowledge.

Vishwakarma The ‘Divine Architect of the World,’ Vishwakarma is a personification of creative power in Hindu mythology. He is also reckoned to be the official craftsmen of the flying chariots and palaces of all the celestial beings. Vishwakarma is said to be the son of Brahma, and in Rig Veda, he has been described as the god with multi-dimensional vision and supreme strength. He is considered the creator of Triloka, and that of Lanka and Dwarka. Legend has it that this Hindu God also built Hastinapur and Indraprastha in the Kali Yuga, also there is a belief that the famous temple in India, Jagannath in Puri had been made by Lord Vishwakarma.Vishkarma is seen with a bright white complexion with a club in his right hand and tools in his left hand. He has a crown on his head, a necklace of gold, and rings on his wrists. The other hands of Vishwakarma hold a water-pot, a book, a noose and craftsman’s tools. Vishwakarma as per the hindu thought is popularly known as swayambhu or the creator of the world. He is known to be the divine carpenter who is recognised of having produced Sthapatya Veda, which is the ancient science of vedic architecture and mechanics. Every year vishwakarmajayanti is celebrated across different states of India in the month of September. As a mark of respect for the great god’s knowledge and skills, every year on September 17th, the artisan, craftsmen, workmen etc. perform the puja at home or workplace. Since vishwakarma god is associated with the art of making things his worship is not just limited to the engineers or architect community but the festivity and ritual is equally observed by community of artisans, welders, mechanics, factory workers, smiths, craftsmen and others. Besides machines and tools, people also worship their vehicles and arms at home on the day of puja

Ganesha The combination of elephant and mouse represents the removal of all obstacles of any size and the ability of Ganesh to control even the most unpredictable of creatures and situations. One popular story is that he broke it off himself in order to write down the Mahabharata, one of the world's longest epic poems, as it was dictated to him by the sage Vyasa. In the process of writing, Ganesh's pen failed and so he snapped off his tusk as a replacement in order that the transcription not be interrupted. The broken tusk therefore symbolises sacrifice (particularly in the pursuit of artistic endeavours) and reiterates Ganesh's role as patron of the arts and of letters.

Ravana Ravana was dark, had a great moustache. He was a great scholar who knew all the Vedas and Puranas and all the languages of the earth, including that of fishes and birds. He was of limitless muscular strength, and had defeated the Aryan god Indra and was matched in strength only by Vali. On the day of the Pujan that is conducted on the tenth day of the Asvin month of the Hindu calendar a worship ritual is performed by some Vaisya communities, where Ravana is worshipped for his knowledge and his intellect The informants of this ritual claimed that the worship ritual for Ravana was performed in order to appreciate his knowledge and intellect. All believed, as had been passed on from generations, that Ravana was a very scholarly person who had knowledge of all Vedas and was extremely knowledgeable, being the grandson of a Brahman Pulastya. His ten heads were said to be representative of the knowledge of six Shastras and four Vedas. According to Valmiki Ramayana, even at the time of his death in the war, Rama had suggested that Lakshmana request Ravana to give


him some pearls of his wisdom. In this manner, he is worshipped on this day, so that each person who sits for the worship ritual acquires some knowledge and intellect by worshipping the scholarly man. Jain communities were the purpose of starting a new ledger on this day, while worshipping Ravana, One community, also worships him as a scholar and hence a representative of the Hindu Knowledge system.

B�haspati B�haspati also known as Deva-guru (guru of the gods) His knowledge and character is revered, and he

is considered Guru by all the Devas. He is considered the personification of piety and religion, and the chief 'offered of prayers and sacrifices to the gods'. He is also known as Ganapati (leader of the group of planets, and Guru, the god of wisdom and eloquence.He is described as of yellow or golden color and holding the following divine attributes: a stick, a lotus and beads. He presides over 'Guru-var' or Thursday. In the Mahabharata, Shukra divided himself into two, one half becoming the knowledge source for the Devas and the other half being the knowledge source of the Asuras .

Dakshinamurthy Dakshinamurthy is an aspect of Shiva as a guru (teacher) of all types of knowledge and bestower of

jnana. This aspect of Shiva is his personification as the supreme or the ultimate awareness, understanding and knowledge. This form represents Shiva in his aspect as a teacher of yoga, music, and wisdom, and giving exposition on the shastras. He is worshipped as the god of wisdom, complete and rewarding meditation. . He is the very personification of spiritual wisdom and eminence; and one who is immersed in self. His teaching is through the subtlest form of speech para vak .

Hayagriva The incarnation, Hayagriva, however, came to be worshiped and revered as very personification of all knowledge (Jnananandmayam devam), speech, vidya(education)- of all types (adharma sarva vidyanam) a victory, of brightness of wisdom over darkness of ignorance and the supremacy of the divine over the demoniac.Hayagr�va is a very important deity in the Vaishnava tradition. His blessings are sought when beginning study of both sacred and secular subjects. Special worship is conducted on the day of the full moon in August (�rava�a-Paur�am�) (his avat�ra-dina) and on Mahanavami, the ninth day of the festival. He is also hailed as “Hayashirasa”. Haya�ir�a means haya=Horse, �hira�a=Head.

Gayatri Devi Gayatri Devi is an incarnation of Saraswati Devi, consort of Lord Brahma, symbolising the “shakti”

(strength) and “dev” (quality) of Knowledge, Purity and Virtue. Gayatri is depicted seated on a lotus. She is depicted with ten hands carrying the five ayudhas: shankha; chakra, kamala, varada, abhaya, kasha, ankusha, ujjwala utensil, rudrakshi mala.Gayatri, Savitri and Saraswati are three goddesses representing the presiding deities of the famous Gayatri mantra chanted thrice a day. Gayatri is the presiding deity of the Morning Prayer. In Sanskrit; there are definite rules that regulate poetry: rhyme and meter are not written whimsically. The Gayatri Mantra has a Vedic metre of 24 syllables. Amongst the regulated poetry, the Gayatri mantra, chanted by properly qualified persons, is the most prominent. The Gayatri mantra is mentioned in the Srimad Bhagavatam. The Gayatri mantra is considered to be the sonic incarnation of Brahman and is regarded as very important in Vedic civilization.

Chitragupta Chitragupta is worshiped twice a year. First liturgical practice is performed on the full moon day of

‘chitra’ month of Tamil calendar or ‘chaitra’ month of Sanskrit calendar In Tamil Nadu this day is pronounced as ‘Chitrai Pauranami’ and in other regions this day is celebrated as Chitragupta Jayanti. the image of Chitragupta at the clean and dry place, decided for worshiping the god. Image is comprised of Chitragupta, god with a moustache, sitting on a grand opulent chair in the centre with a book in his right hand and pen (lekhani) in his left hand. In the picture, on the left side of Chitragupta Maharaj sits Iravati on the ground with flowers in her hand. In front of picture they draw a geometrical diagram comprised of four sides with the help of flour and place a lighted lamp in between, which is, again, filled with ghee. They keep copper vessel called ‘kalash’ with mango foliage and a bowl filled with sugar on the top of it. Right in front of image of the god five betel leaves with five betel nuts on each leaf is kept. As part of preparation they keep book, pen, ink-pot and accounts along with variety of sweets and fruits in front of image of the god. Then they worship pen and text books, and after narrating the story swasthika’ sign on the same paper they write names of five deities in horizontal line and finally write their own name, income, expenditure and saving. Thus they conclude their religious ceremonies by breaking fast by eating pen, ink-pot and birds symbolically made from rice flour with ghee. Apart from feast, Kayastha do not make use of pen, pencil and book on the same day. Most clan in this community, including children of this community keeps their stationary at the place of worship and worships them as well. Murugan is called as Tamil God .He was also called as ‘Seyon’ who is considered as chief deity of Kurinji land and Seyon worship was very ancient worship among Tamil population as mentioned in


Tholkappiyam. He was mentioned in Sangam literature widely as the lord god of Kurinchi region (Mountainous places)�kundru irukkum idam ellam kumaran iruppan�is the saying about him. Murugan in Tamil culture symbolises embodiment of youth,brave, compassion, limitless generosity, destruction of ignorance, wisdom and knowledge, passionate love, equality and justice. Murugan worship is associated with Tamils as all his six abodes are there in Tamil Nadu. Tamils across the world celebrates Thai Poosam .Murugan was considered as head of Second Tamil Sangam that was presided over by him in the sunken Kapadapuram..It was believed that ancient pictorial Tamil language was found by Murugan �He called as Tamil God due to his association with the Language.According to Tamil people belief Agricultural practices and Martial Arts was first introduced to the world by Murugan.“. He holds the special name as Saravanan . “OM Saravana Bhava” is his mandiram. That is symbolic representation of Law of creation proposed by Lord Siva,.Thirumurugaatruppadai calls Murugan as“Kotravai Siruva”and Pazhaiyol kuzhavi .Hence ancient Tamils considered Kotravai as mother of Murugan. Kotravai is considered as the deity of war People worshiped him for his immense knowledge on universe, astrology, medicine, metallurgy, martial arts. But kanda shasti kavasam of Murugan is famous more than any suggested Sanskrit literatures on Murugan. There are references in the Purnas, especially the Skanda purana about Lord Subrahmanya teaching to Lord Shiva, His Father the meaning of OM. And it is said that the place where He is reported to have done the Upadesa is Swamymalai, near Kumbakonam,Tamil Nadu.There is a story about Lord Muruga from the Puranas. When Lord Muruga was a young child, when Brahma was returning after paying obeisance to Shiva in Mount Kailash, he was stopped by the young boy Murugan, who was playing with his friends. Murugan was upset that Brahma had not paid him, respect.So he decided to teach Brahma a lesson for his wanton disrespect. Standing in his way as Brahma stepped out of Kailash, Murugan asked him to introduce himself. Brahma, surprised by the strange request, introduced himself haughtily as the creator of all living beings and the guardian of the Vedas. Lord Muruga Lord asked Brahma "Please tell me the meaning of Om" Now Lord Brahma explained whatever he knew, . So Lord Muruga said to Lord Brahma, "You do not know the correct meaning of Om, Murugan and his friends decided to imprison him However that was disastrous; with the imprisonment of Brahma, all creation came to a standstill. Murugan stepped in and quickly assumed the role of Brahma and took over the creation process.Siva appealed to him to release Brahma. Shiva was surprised at his son’s stance and that Murugan was well versed in the meaning of the holy mantra. He asked his son to teach him the sacred knowledge of 'OM' Murugan agreed to do so provided Shiva was willing to be his disciple. Murugan told that

"I can't teach you like this. You have to give me the place of the Guru. Only if you put me on the pedestal of the Guru can I tell you", said Lord Muruga Guru means he has to be on a higher position or platform. The teacher has to sit on a higher place and the student has to sit down and listen to him. How can Lord Shiva find a seat higher than Him, for He is the highest and greatest.Lord Shiva lifted the young Muruga on to His shoulders.And then in the ear of Lord Shiva, Muruga explained the meaning of the Pranava Mantra (Om). Muruga explained that the entire Creation is contained in Om.The Trinity Lord Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva are contained in Om. The essence and also the secret of Om Lord Muruga narrated to Lord Shiva.

On hearing this, Goddess Parvati was overcome with joy. She said, "You have become a Guru (Swami) to my Lord (Natha)!"Saying this she addressed her son as Swaminatha, and ever since Muruga also came to be known as Swaminatha.So in this way, Lord Muruga assumed the position of the Guru and explained the meaning of Om to Lord Shiva by sitting on his shoulder. So the essence of the story is this The Guru Principle is placed even higher than Lord Shiva Himself! To explain this truth, this story was written in the Skanda Purana. Muruga is the embodiment of highest knowledge.

Muruga has come to possess a power that is unequalled. He is known as the epitome of knowledge. He is known as all powerful. He is known as the personification of beauty..He possessed the colour of burnt gold. His eyes resemble the petals of lotus.. He is so tender and an illustration for unparalleled beauty. He is described as an extension of Siva, the eternal reality, the one without a second. He is special because he has the power of knowledge acquired from father Siva. He appeared on earth with the combination of all powers and knowledge with a view to provide peace and security.

Conclusion Ancient Indian knowledge systems have four characters observation, hypothesis, experimentation,

forming the principles through deduction and induction. The sastras are various disciplines of knowledge in Sanskrit.They possess the same essentials in the name of three means of acquiring knowledge viz. Pratyaksha(Direct Perception can otherwise be called Observation), Anumana (The process of hypothesis, deduction and induction methods of logic) and Sabda (Verbal testimony) which preserves all the principles of predecessors in text form Vedic literature. They adopted the method of observation, experimentation and deduction to produce the reliable phenomenal expatiation of various facets of knowledge

The deity Brahma embodies the elements of presence of reason, insight and wisdom as in the Hindu mythology. Ever since, the Vedas Saraswati has been associated with Brahma, and embodiment of the word. While Brahma is primarily bound to the Creator, saraswathi encompasses a much vaster area, as


wisdom and knowledge belong to the general presence of a deity. Therefore, also other gods like Ravana also related to Brahma, when it comes to bearing witness to their wisdom. Lord of the knowledge deities are sitting holding the Books of Vedas Architecture was rooted in Vedic principles but practiced by Vishvakarmas.

They often regarded themselves as higher than the Brahmins in their application of those concepts to temple construction and iconography (for the making of bronze or stone images), and themselves wrote manuscripts in both Sanskrit and regional languages. Theorizing the possible role of myths, related to the Knowledge gods the literal and the figurative help to realize that the distinction between the concept of knowledge and structure or image of Knowledge. Myths help to construct the image of knowledge gods and help in a broader, paradigmatic sense are condensed expressions of root metaphors that reflect the genius of particular knowledge traditions Numerous studies have found that the “anthropomorphic” paradigms of the image generate practical knowledge consistent with the insights .Traditional knowledge, which may be technical, social, organizational, or cultural, was obtained as part of the great human experiment of understanding of the idea of knowledge. Little comparison with worship and the images may help to assess or evaluate the worth of our ancient Indian knowledge systems. India is the ancient civilization where knowledge was deified, with the honor Now, this fine move perhaps does not take us very far in practice how do assess whether knowledge was genuinely worshipped, or at least revered. The choice of methods; will help here, the answer that “Veda” comes from vid, or “knowledge”, that Upanishads view the knowledge of the Self as the highest knowledge, or that moksha is really liberation from ignorance. According to all knowledge gods myths which are related to Vedas and sastras ,epics and the literary tradition of Sanskrit literature . Myths related to the mentioned knowledge gods are interlinked with Vedas in Classical tradition .But in folk traditions related the worshipping methods of knowledge gods with contemporary Educational and other technical knowledge system. All knowledge god are related to Sanskrit literary tradition which is identified as Indian Knowledge system. This knowledge system excludes other Indian language literary tradition But the folk tradition given space for regional variations in worshipping the knowledge gods and goddess. All knowledge god are related to Sanskrit literary tradition which is identified as Indian Knowledge system except in Tamil Tradition According to this article all myths of Knowledge gods and goddess are related to Vedas. But the study of Murugan reminds us how diverse Hinduism is, and while to trace everything to the Vedic scriptures, Vedic thought remains but one of the many tributaries of Hinduism, with Vedanta providing the most powerful intellectual framework to explain Hindu ideas But in Tamil tradition lord Murugan is the guru of lord Siva and Brahma. and the myth is not related to Vedas He is the son who revealed the secret of ‘om’ to his own father, and even to Brahma, the creator, who pretended to know the Vedas, when all he knew were the words, not the meaning.

References Alice M. Sinnott, The Personification of Wisdom.London ; Routledge , 2017. Bradley R. Hertel, Cynthia Ann Humes(ed). Living Banaras: Hindu Religion in Cultural ContextNewyork:State University of Newyork Press.1993. Chidambaram Iyer,N. Brihat Samhita,Delhi: Parimal Publication.2013. Constance Jones, James D. Ryan Encyclopedia of Hinduism Newyork: Facts on file 2007,

Kapil Kapoor,& Awadhesh Kumar Singh. Indian Knowledge Systems: Vol. 2 Shimla;Indian Institute of Advanced Study,2005. Lalit Chugh.Karnataka's Rich Heritage - Art and Architecture: From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period 2016� The Garuda Purana’, by Ernest Wood and S.V Subhramanyam; 1911, at sacred-texts.com Singh. K.S, India’s Communities, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Web sources http://www.svvedicuniversity.ac.in/vedadarshini/volume-1/a3.pdf Accessed on 20/06/2019 https://proto-knowledge.blogspot.com/2010/11/representation-of-wisdom-and-knowledge.html Accessed on 21/06/2019 http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/east/tripura/2016/09/17171706/TSR-jawans-worship-weapons-on-Vishwakarma-puja-in.vpf Accessed on 22/06/2019http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Sthapatyaveda Accessed on 23/06/2019 http://sustainablesources.com/understanding-of-sthapatya-ved-knowledge/Accessed on 25/06/2019 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8i4-UApJHxs Accessed on 24/06/2019 https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20171016-ravana-dalit-sangh-culture-divide-1058860-2017-10-06Accessed on 25/06/2019 https://www.scoopwhoop.com/a-demon-for-us-but-a-hero-for-sri-lankans-ravana/ Accessed on 26/06/2019 https://www.reckontalk.com/7-strange-weird-temples-of-ravana-in-india-demon-king-of-lanka Accessed on /26/06/2019 https://www.scoopwhoop.com/a-demon-for-us-but-a-hero-for-sri-lankans-ravana/ Accessed on 12/08/2019 https://www.reckontalk.com/7-strange-weird-temples-of-ravana-in-india-demon-king-of-lanka/ Accessed on 13/05/2019 https://devdutt.com/articles/the-transformation-of-murugan/ Accessed on 11/05/2019


Disclosing the Psyche beneath Food in Indian Folktales

�Preeti Patanjali, Research Scholar, Department of Modern Indian Languages and Literary Studies, University of Delhi.

Abstract Food and folktales are interlinked since the Vedic age. Apart from being a source of survival and nourishment, food is adjoined to the value system of society. This interconnection further reflects some symbolical meanings and, decisively, brings forth the psychology of an individual and the society as a whole. Correspondingly, this research article attempts to bring to light some of the symbolical meanings and ideologies affixed to food and their communication through folktales. Key Words: Food, Folktale, Domesticity, Sexuality, Fertility. Food is an utmost and ultimate part of everyone’s life. Besides being a significant support and source of survival, socially, it becomes an indirect psychological activity when affixed with certain tales and ideas. Delving deeper, these food related tales bring forth certain ideologies which are imparted from generation to generation. It has been an ancient practice to pass on the inheritance, but along with the material inheritance, there is a simultaneous passing of the non-material inheritance in the form of tales. Similar is the case considering food related folktales. The food folktales, besides providing a glimpse of the historicity of food, also, introduce some of the ideologies of society. This research article is an attempt to bring to surface some of these ideologies which are linked with food and their transmission through folktales.

The interconnection of food and the folktales can be traced back to the Vedic age. Even the great epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, are a testimony to the inter-linkage of both; they relate some very interesting tales with food as a motif. In Ramayana, the abduction of Sita by Ravana is very significant and a turning episode in this regard.

Ravana, dressed in the garb of a Sanyasi, stood at the doorway of the ashrama and then he saw Sita…she entertained him in the usual way a guest should be. She offered a darbha seat to him and asked him to sit down. She had no doubt that he was one of the passing Sanyasis who had lost his way…She thought to herself: “When I am eaten up with worry about Rama this guest has come here. It is my duty to pay him respect and to entertain him or else, who knows, he may curse me…”. (Subramaniam 270-1)

When Ravana came on her door in the disguise of a mendicant, she was compelled to follow the obligations of a domestic woman though she was highly worried. Traditionally, it is coded as an immoral behaviour to let a sage leave empty handed. So, she offered him food because she knew a bit of negligence on her part as a domestic woman would open the door of doom for her and her husband. Moreover, domesticity is that domain which is stamped under feminine activities. To cook and to feed, in traditional values, is considered a woman’s duty. Furthermore, it also brings the mechanism of sin and virtue. Taking care of the kitchen is categorized as a virtuous deed while ignorance towards it would be a sinful activity and the sole responsibility of this lies on the shoulders of women. A similar idea is propounded by one more tale though of a different epic, Mahabharata. During the exiled period of the Pandavas, sage Durvasa visited their abode with his hundred disciples. Pandavas and Draupadi were already done with their food and, so, there was nothing left to offer to the sages. In panic and grief, as she very well knew the widely acclaimed temperament of Durvasa, she invoked Lord Krishna for help.

Beholding Vasudeva, Draupadi bowed down to him in great joy and informed him of the arrival of the Munis and every other thing. And having heard everything Krishna said unto her, ‘I am very much afflicted with hunger, do thou give me some food without delay, and then thou mayst go about thy work.’ At these words of Kesava, Krishna became confused, and replied unto him, saying, ‘The sun-given vessel remains full till I finish my meal. But as I have already taken my meal today, there is no food in it now…When Kesava, that ornament of the Yadu’s race, had the vessel brought unto him,--with such persistence, he looked into it and saw a particle of rice and vegetable sticking at its rim. And swallowing it he said unto her, ‘May it please the god Hari, the


soul of the Universe, and may that god who partaketh at sacrifices, be satiated with this.’…Meanwhile, these ascetics, having plunged into the river, were rubbing their bodies and observing that they felt their stomachs to be full. (Ganguli 516-7; vol. III)

Apart from glorifying the trust, deep bond and devotion of Draupadi, it, also, points out the similar propagation of the ideology which surmises that it is a wife’s duty to protect the husband from sins and banes. So, it, conspicuously, reflects the teaching that is imparted to Indian woman, i.e. to protect the husband first from any sin or bane if it would take her own life in return.

Another significant tale from the Ramayana that is related to food is of Rama and Shabri’s. This tale overwhelmingly highlights the emotion of bhakti. Shabri, since ages, was waiting for her god Rama. And when Rama visited her, she was overjoyed and as a gesture of hospitality and devotion offered him fruits.

Shabri stood up with great excitement and she prostrated before Rama and then before Lakshmana…The old woman Shabari stood humbly before Rama and said: “My tapas has been fruitful now, at this moment, since my eyes have lighted on you…Rama, my lord, for entertaining you, I have been collecting fruits from the trees on the banks of the Pampa this many a day. I have kept them carefully...”. They went round the ashrama and Rama partook of the fruits which Shabari had saved up for him. (Subramaniam 295-6)

Further more, it, also, proffers that on the path of bhakti all the bars, irrespective of status, caste and creed, get diminished.

All these tales discursively echo the idea that offering food is meritorious. Mahabharata, as well, resounds with the same idea of offering or sacrificing one’s own food as the highest sacrifice with the tale of the mongoose. Once Yudhishthira performed the ‘ashwamedha yajna’ after the Kurukshetra war. In that yajna, he presented exquisite gifts to the priests. A mongoose came there and rolled on the place of the yajna; the mongoose was half golden and half of its body was brown. It, then, exclaimed in dismay that the yajna was a pretension and a hypocrisy; there is nothing sacred and sacrificial in this yajna. People rebuked the mongoose but it calmly related a story about a poor Brahmin and his family observing the Unccha vow. Once a guest turned up at their hut, the Brahmin was very poor and had nothing much to offer, so, he gave his own share of food to the guest but the guest’s appetite wasn’t over yet. So, his wife, too, gave her share of food. Still the guest was hungry, then, the son and finally the daughter-in-law as well offered their shares and, ultimately, the guest was contented. The guest was none other than the ‘deity of Righteousness’.

The fruit, O Brahmana, of this gift made by thee (of a prastha of powdered barley) is much greater than what one acquires by many Rajasuya sacrifices with profuse gifts or many Horse-sacrifices. With this prastha of powdered barley thou hast conquered the eternal region of Brahman. Go thou in happiness, O learned Brahmana, to the abode of Brahman that is without the stain of darkness. O foremost of regenerate persons, a celestial car is here for all of you. Do thou ascend it as pleasest thee, O Brahmana, I am the deity of Righteousness. Behold me! Thou has rescued thy body. The fame of thy achievement will last in the world. With thy wife, thy son, and thy daughter-in-law, go now to Heaven… (Ganguli 161; vol. XII)

Consequently, the poor Brahmin and his family remained starved and died. Then the mongoose entered there and by the scent and the celestial flowers, magically, it’s half body became golden. Since that day, the mongoose was searching for another such sacrifice so that its remaining body as well became golden. But after rolling over the place of the yajna, its other half remained of brown colour which authenticate the hypocrisy of the yajna. This tale puts forward the moral that the sacrifice of food is the highest sacrifice among the good deeds.

Apart from mythology, there are, furthermore, folktales illustrating the benevolent space bestowed to food. There are some foods which are piously considered in India, take, for instance, coconut. ‘The Coconut Lady’ folktale is illustrative of the auspiciousness of coconuts in India. It relates about a prince who, in search for a wife because the meals that his brothers’ wives prepared for him was not so good as “ the women took more care over the food they cooked for their own husbands” (Hower 43), met a sage in the forest. He asked him to bring a coconut from a coconut tree. On his way back, during night, the prince took shelter in a potter’s house and slept with the coconut placed beside him. The coconut, then, got transformed into a beautiful lady. But, unfortunately, the potter’s wife got greedy and sneaked into that chamber where the prince was sleeping. She was astonished to see a lady sitting there. She thrashed the coconut lady and took off her saree and threw her into the nearby well. Then, she herself got dressed up in that same saree and took her seat besides the prince. When the prince woke up the next day, he was delighted to see a woman (he mistook her the coconut lady as she had veiled her face with the end of the saree). He took her his home and got married. One day he went for a bath near the same well and was enticed by a lotus (the coconut lady transformed into a lotus when she fell into the well). He brought the lotus to his home but his wife got envious and uneasy, she crumbled that lotus and threw


that out of the window. Series of such events happened and then ultimately it again turned into a coconut. The coconut, this time, became the possession of a cattle herder. And again, in a night, the coconut turned into the same beautiful lady. Fortunately, this time, the prince sought her coconut lady while searching his mane and they got married. While his previous wife, the potter woman, was punished for her misdeeds.

Coconuts have a religious significance in Indian society. The indispensable presence of coconuts is explicit during every auspicious occasion, they “are auspicious in Hinduism. At temples they are offered to the gods along with gifts of money or food. In this story, the gift of a coconut to a boy in search of a wife is indeed auspicious--he is impetuous, he needs all the luck he can get” (Hower 127). Moreover, as coconut is auspicious, it indicates that it possesses some sacred traits on which the influence of negative or evil can not work. And, here, in this story, the lady herself is produced from a coconut, and in this way, she can be seen as an offspring of coconut, so, she might have the sacred essence of the coconut and that’s the reason she could not be killed.

The Coconut Lady, perhaps representing the spirit of virtue, cannot be killed; she reappears in the well as a flower to rescue the boy when he bathes there. (Bathing is an important religious ritual, cleansing the spirit as well as the body.) The boy is drawn toward the flower, but his false wife cannot tolerate the presence of true virtue and attempts to get rid of it. Each time she does so, it turns into a tree--again, a tree, as a repository of a good spirit, is sacred and indestructible. (Hower 128)

Furthermore, here, coconut is also a symbol of fertility. There is one more fascinating folktale where food as a fertility symbol is again in highlight. ‘The Pomegranate Princess’ is about a king who had six wives but none of them could beget a child. So, he married the seventh time and when she gave birth to the first child, the co-wives with the mid-wife conspired against her and floated the child away in the ocean. The other two children subsequently born met the same fate. A sage rescued all the children and nurtured them up. After the death of the sage, the children, two boys and a girl, shifted to the city. Then one day the girl demanded a golden pomegranate that was on the Himalayas from his elder brother. The brother got that golden pomegranate and, very similar to the coconut lady, it turned into a beautiful princess and after few adventurous incidents got married to the elder boy.

Here, the boy on the flying horse brings back a magical pomegranate (a hollow fruit bursting with seeds that is often a symbol of fertility). When the boy sleeps with the fruit, it turns into a beautiful woman. Afterwards, the Pomegranate Princess has little to do in the story. Perhaps she is there to symbolize the sexual awakening of the boy and provide him later with a wife to share his reign. (Hower 117)

The miraculous appearance of the ladies through food is again and again pointing towards the fertility symbol. Generally, food is a basic source of survival, so, it also, directs the idea that, like food, the sphere of domestic conjugal life is also one of the needed objectives in the life of man. Additionally, towards the end, when the queen pleaded to know the whereabouts of her children, the golden bird asked her to pray to Sun god. As a result, her breasts got fuller “that milk squirted from them into the mouths of Gokul, Kamala, and Kalyan” (Hower 29-30). As sun is one of the primary sources in the reproduction of plants, in connotation to that Sun god’s reproductive power on the queen is metaphorically visible, “Surya, the solar deity, who is responsible for the growth of crops, is believed to have the power to impregnate women with his rays. Filling the queen’s breasts with milk so that her children may recognize her is a way of making her a mother twice over” (Hower 119).

As these tales symbolize food with procreative energy, which is inherent in woman, so, it further implies that food has a feminine attribute. A significant rejoinder to this is ‘The Cow of Plenty’. It is marked in the Puranas as well with the name of Kamadhenu. Surabhi, the cow of plenty, is a glory of the hermitage of sage Vasishtha. Once king Vishwamitra visited the abode of the sage during a hunting expedition and in hospitality the sage offered a sumptuous meal miraculously produced by Surabhi. The king was astonished and demanded the cow; in exchange he offered his entire kingdom. But the sage refused and consequently the king used his force and pulled and thrashed the cow. The cow was unwilling to leave the sage and then the king’s ill-treatment brings a transformation in the cow.

...her whole appearance underwent an amazing change. Her eyes flashed fire. Her head and neck grew to an enormous size, and she rushed at the king and his followers…By the time the king had recovered his breath, he was already a changed man…now he realised that kings were really feeble compared with men of wisdom and piety. So he gave up his kingdom and went to live in a forest…And finally, after many years…became a true sage. (Bond 25-6)

Along with these, Mahabharata, too, resonates with some fruit fertility tales. The birth of Jarasandha through a mango (Patil 112) and of sixty thousand sons of king Sagara from a pumpkin (Patil 116) are some remarkable instances.


All these references to food as well as their transmission through tales in and out point to some aspects of society. Folktales have been the medium of education and propagation since the Vedic age. Even after the advent of modern technologies, they still remained the popular and frequent medium at remote areas where modern education is yet to cast its shadow. In other words, it can be said that they are a sort of weapon to communicate the ideas or ideologies of society. There is just a variation of themes which is decided according to the needs of society.

The themes of tales vary according to the needs of cultures. Culture decides the content and form of tales. In the context of Indian culture we see that the views held by the culture towards women are exactly reflected in tales. Indian society is a male dominant society. Here woman has always been subordinate to male interests. Woman is always regarded as the possession of man. Each and every aspect regarding women is decided according to the whims and fancies of men. (Reddy 43)

A close look at the fertility tales reflects that women has just been assigned the role of domesticity. The are portrayed as meek and attractive creatures whose role is either to feed as in the tales of Sita and Draupadi, or to bring a sexual consciousness as in the tales of the coconut lady and the pomegranate princess.

Another important aspect of these food folktales is that they “do more than divert us; they help to explain the world to us…” (Hower 1). Humans are inquisitive in nature; so, in order for the smooth working of the society, people have fabricated some or the other explanations behind every norm. Generally, when parents want to teach anything to their children, they try to present that thing in a most emphasizing and influencing way so that the children remember it always and their inquisitiveness as well be subdued with a so called ‘logical’ reason.

Like the teachings in holy books that priests read aloud to the people, folktales educate. Children learn from them how to behave toward each other and toward adults. Girls learn how to grow up to become good wives and mothers, boys how to become good husbands and breadwinners and community leaders. Evil forces are described and identified so that they can be avoided or conquered. Qualities of courage, integrity, justice are outlined for all to emulate. (Hower 4-5)

Before the advent of science, the leaders of the society needed explanations to strengthen the norms so that people could not question them. But even after the enlightenment, there are some questions which are unanswerable. Like why one is fortunate enough to get a desired thing while the other person is so unfortunate to cultivate the deeds which hasn’t been sown by him or her. These folktales are used as answerable assets in such situations although there is no definite validation.

Moreover, “we continue to enjoy folklore is that it allows us to guess about what we are “really” like behind our masks of social respectability” (Hower 4). Sometimes, individuals need to restrict their inner urges as they have been stamped under sinfulness. So, these folktales, also, explain those inner urges and dilemmas which are hidden under the social garbs of decorum. As the tale of pomegranate princess, the transformation of the pomegranate into a lady is a sign of the unconscious sexual need of the boy. It also implies that as the boy has been mature enough to go on an adventure, so, it indicates that he has reached the threshold of an adult.

In totality, these food folktales are symbolical references to the needs of the society and inner desires of the individuals, such as women as the domestic server, sexuality, etc. Apart from giving a psychological glimpse of the past society, it also highlights the explanation mechanism. REFERENCES Bond, Ruskin. Tales and Legends from India. Rupa & Co., 1982. Handoo, Jawaharlal and Reimund Kvideland, editors. Folklore in the Changing World. Zooni

Publications, 1999. Hower, Edward. The Pomegranate Princess and other Indian Folktales. RBSA Publishers, 1991. Patil, N. B. “Supernatural Births”. The Folklore in the Mahabharata. Ajanta Publications, 1983. Porselvi, P. Mary Vidya. “Food, Household and Sisterhood”. Nature, Culture and Gender. Routledge,

2016. Reddy, K. R. Sandhya. “Women in Indian Folktales”. Folklore and Gender, edited by Lalita Handoo

and Ruth B. Bottigheimer. Zooni Publications, 1999. Subramaniam, Kamala. Ramayana. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1981. Vyasa. The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Vol.

III. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1970. -----. The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Vol. XII.

Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1970.


GANDHI IN CHAMPARAN AND KHEDA

�K.Kalai Selvi, Reg.No: 18112101082003, Ph.D, Research (Full time) Scholar Research, Department of History, V.O.Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi. Affiliated by Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.

ABSTRACT Gandhi's first major achievement came in 1917 with the Champaran agitation in Bihar. Using

non-co-operation as a technique, Gandhi initiated a signature campaign where peasants pledged non-payment of revenue even under the threat of confiscation of land the administration refused but finally in end-May 1918, the Government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended. The satyagraha civil disobedience followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. On 30 March 1919, British law officers opened fire on an assembly of unarmed people, peacefully gathered, participating in satyagraha in Delhi. People rioted in retaliation. On 6 April 1919 Gandhi demanded that people stop all violence, stop all property destruction, and went on fast-to-death to pressure Indians to stop their rioting. . Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment Gandhi continued to pursue swaraj , On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore. In 1934 Gandhi resigned from Congress party membership Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been elected president in 1938, Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya; but left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of the principles introduced by Gandhi.

Champaran agitations

Gandhi's first major achievement came in 1917 with the Champaran agitation in Bihar. British landlords who were backed by the local administration , the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmadabad. Pursuing a strategy of nonviolent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities.

Kheda agitations

In 1918, Kheda was hit by floods and famine and the peasantry was demanding relief from taxes. Gandhi moved his headquarters to Nadiad, Using non-co-operation as a technique, Gandhi initiated a signature campaign where peasants pledged non-payment of revenue even under the threat of confiscation of land the administration refused but finally in end-May 1918, the Government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended.

Khilafat movement

In 1919 after the World War I was over, Gandhi (aged 49) sought political co-operation from Muslims in his fight against British imperialism by supporting the Ottoman Empire that had been defeated in the World War. Before this initiative of Gandhi, communal disputes and religious riots between Hindus and Muslims were common in British India, such as the riots of 1917–18. Gandhi felt that Hindu-Muslim co-operation was necessary for political progress against the British. Gandhi's support to the Khilafat movement led to mixed results. It initially led to a strong Muslim support for Gandhi. The increasing Muslim support for Gandhi, after he championed the Caliph's cause, temporarily stopped the Hindu-Muslim communal violence. It offered evidence of inter-communal harmony in joint Rowlatt satyagraha demonstration rallies, raising Gandhi's stature as the political leader to the British.


By the end of 1922 the Khilafat movement had collapsed. Muslim leaders and delegates abandoned Gandhi and his Congress. Hindu-Muslim communal conflicts reignited. Deadly religious riots re-appeared in numerous cities, with 91 in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh alone.

Non-co-operation

In February 1919, Gandhi cautioned the Viceroy of India with a cable communication that if the British were to pass the Rowlatt Act, he will appeal Indians to start civil disobedience. The British government ignored him, passed the law stating it will not yield to threats. The satyagraha civil disobedience followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. On 30 March 1919, British law officers opened fire on an assembly of unarmed people, peacefully gathered, participating in satyagraha in Delhi. People rioted in retaliation. On 6 April 1919, a Hindu festival day, he asked a crowd to remember not to injure or kill British people, but express their frustration with peace, to boycott British goods and burn any British clothing they own. On 9 April, Gandhi was arrested. People rioted. On 13 April 1919, people including women with children gathered in an Amritsar park, and a British officer named Reginald Dyer surrounded them and ordered his troops to fire on them Gandhi demanded that people stop all violence, stop all property destruction, and went on fast-to-death to pressure Indians to stop their rioting.

Investigation committees were formed by the British, which Gandhi asked Indians to boycott In 1921, Gandhi was the leader of the Indian National Congress. He reorganized the Congress. With Congress now behind him, and Muslim support triggered by his backing the Khilafat movement to restore the Caliph in Turkey. Gandhi had the political support and the attention of the British Raj.

Gandhi expanded his nonviolent non-co-operation platform to include the swadeshi policy – the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment With Gandhi isolated in prison, the Indian National Congress split into two factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favoring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, opposing this move. Furthermore, co-operation among Hindus and Muslims ended as Khilafat movement collapsed.

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)

After his early release from prison for political crimes in 1924, over the second half of the 1920s, Gandhi continued to pursue swaraj. He pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-co-operation with complete independence for the country as its goal. The British did not respond favorably to Gandhi's proposal. British political leaders such as Lord Birkenhead and Winston Churchill announced opposition to "the appeasers of Gandhi", in their discussions with European diplomats who sympathized with Indian demands, On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore. Gandhi led Congress celebrated 26 January 1930 as India's Independence Day in Lahore. This day was commemorated by almost every other Indian organization. Gandhi then launched a new Satyagraha against the tax on salt in March 1930. Gandhi sent an polite letter to the viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, on 2 March. A young left wing British Quaker by the name of Reg Reynolds delivered the letter. Gandhi condemned British rule in the letter, describing it as "a curse" that "has impoverished the dumb millions by a system of progressive exploitation and by a ruinously expensive military and civil administration... It has reduced us politically to serfdom." Gandhi also mentioned in the letter that the viceroy received a salary "over five thousand times India's average income." British violence, Gandhi promised, was going to be defeated by Indian non-violence.

This was highlighted by the famous Salt March to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April, where, together with 78 volunteers, he marched 388 kilometers (241 mi) from Ahmadabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself, with the declared intention of breaking the salt laws. Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to the sea.

In complete silence the Gandhi men drew up and halted a hundred yards from the stockade native policemen rushed upon the advancing marchers and rained blows on their heads with their steel-shot lathis [long bamboo sticks].


Gandhi as folk hero

According to Atlury Murali, Indian Congress in the 1920s appealed to Andhra Pradesh peasants by creating Telugu language plays that combined Indian mythology and legends, linked them to Gandhi's ideas, and portrayed Gandhi as a messiah, according to Murali, and this effort made Gandhi a folk hero in Telugu speaking villages, a sacred messiah-like figure.

Negotiations

The government, represented by Lord Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. According to the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London for discussions and as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists. Gandhi expected to discuss India's independence, while the British side focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities

Round Table Conferences

The British questioned the Congress party and Gandhi's authority to speak for all of India They invited Indian religious leaders, such as Muslims and Sikhs, to press their demands along religious lines, as well as B. R. Ambedkar as the representative leader of the untouchables. Gandhi vehemently opposed a constitution that enshrined rights or representations based on communal divisions,

Congress politics

In 1934 Gandhi resigned from Congress party membership. Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj.

Gandhi returned to active politics again in 1936, with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism as its goal. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been elected president in 1938, Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya; but left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of the principles introduced by Gandhi. Gandhi declared that Sitaramayya's defeat was his defeat.

End note:

1. Literature and social morality, author v.t.patti 2. Newspaper : Harijan.pup:may16,1938 3. Mahatmagandhimanifesto for the internet age AMARYLLISmanjul pup 2011 4. Non-violent Resistance by, mahatma gandhi. 5. Life of mahatma Gandhi, by Luis finger 6. Tamilnadu Text book plus 2 :Pop152. 7. Freedom strugual in India by:vengadason pop,215. 8. History of freedom fighter in India pp:345


A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BANKING SERVICES OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS IN MADURAI DISTRICT

�Dr.R.Menaka, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies (DDE), Madurai Kamaraj

University, Madurai-21.

�P.Alagudurai Pandian, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj

University, Madurai-21.

Abstract

The bank of any nation assumes vital job in the economic development of the nation. Fund is viewed as the oxygen of exchange and industry. The advancement of banks in the nation and create through banks in the nation has set India among the main 5 quickest developing financial matters on the planet. The entire of the world is looking towards India a forthcoming prevailing player on the planet's business sectors. Essentially, the banks can be isolated into two segments business banks and co-usable banks. Banks, which have a national system and give administrations, are additionally separated into 2 parts Public Sector Banks and Private Sector Banks. Public sector banks are completely constrained by the legislature (for example focal government) and private sector banks have private proprietorship. The monetary changes in India began in mid nineties however their result is obvious at this point. Significant changes occurred in the working of Banks in India simply after progression, globalization and privatization. It has turned out to be obligatory to think about and to make a similar examination of administrations of Public Sector Banks and Private Sector banks. Expanded challenge, new data advances and in this way declining preparing costs, the disintegration of item and geographic limits, and less prohibitive legislative guidelines have all assumed a noteworthy job for Public Sector Banks in India to powerfully rival Private and Foreign Banks. Hence, this research paper analysing a comparative study on the service performance of Public Sector Banks and Private Sector Banks in Madurai District.

Keywords: Economic Development, Economic Reforms, LPG, Information Technologies and Less Restrictive Government Regulations.

Introduction

Customer Service is an essential a piece of any association it's important to recognize the key achievement factors as far as consumer loyalty. To create and to continue business any of the banks ought to have nature of customer administration which will get together genial connection with the customer and lead to the fulfilment dimension of the customer. The Indian banking can be comprehensively described as nationalized, private banks and concentrated financial foundations. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) played out an incorporated body checking any inconsistencies and weakness in the framework. Nationalization of banks started in 1969, the public sector banks or the nationalized banks have accomplished a noticeable spot and has from that point forward seen enormous improvement. The Indian banking has at long last taken up difficulties under aggressive elements situation in India. Banking sector is effectively tending to the significant issues to assume the diverse difficulties of globalization. Increasingly number of Banks utilize IT arrangements and


they are seen to be 'cutting edge' and proactive players, fit for meeting the diverse prerequisites of the substantial customer base. According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India's financial sector is adequately promoted and all around managed. The money related and financial conditions in the nation are far better than some other nation on the planet. Allied of this India can possibly turn into the fifth biggest financial industry on the planet by 2020 and third biggest by 2025 as indicated by KPMG-CII report, India's banking and money related sector is growing quickly. The Indian Banking industry is right now worth Rs.81 trillion (US $ 1.31 trillion) and banks are currently using the most recent advancements like web and cell phones to complete exchanges and speak with the majority.

Objectives of the Study

1. To analyse the various factors involving in the services of public and private sector banks’ performance.

2. To give suggestions to improve customer services in both public and private sector banks.

Reviews of Related Literature

Anand. K (2015) portrays Banks structure a key part of the monetary framework and are likewise dynamic players in money related markets. A proficient financial framework fit for assembling the reserve funds and diverting them to profitable reasons for existing are fundamental for the improvement of any economy. Other than giving budgetary assets to the development, banks can likewise impact the course in which these assets are to be used. Post progression period has spread new shades of development and improvement in India. In the meantime it has likewise made numerous difficulties. Vidisha Shah (2015) examined about the similar investigation on execution of new private sector banks and the public sector banks of India amid the period 2011-2015 on many key parameters, for example, the P/E Ratio, Dividend Payout proportion, Return on value proportion, Capital sufficiency proportion, Credit store proportion. The above period is picked since it is essential to realize how unique banks performed amid the subsidence and swelling span. We have completed a field consider taking ICICI bank as private sector bank and SBI Bank as public sector bank to all the more likely comprehend the above contention.

Analysis Part of the Study

Table 1: Net Profit as per the latest Profit & Loss Account of Public and Private Sector Banks 2018

Company Name Last Price Change Percentage Change

Net Profit (Rs. In Crore)

Public Sector Banks Indian Bank 251.10 -2.90 -1.14 1,258.99 Vijaya Bank 46.20 1.30 2.90 727.02 Punjab & Sind 27.75 -0.15 -0.054 -743.80 Bank of Maharashtra 13.31 -0.08 -0.60 -1,145.65 United Bank 10.90 -0.15 -1.36 -1,454.45 Dena Bank 12.60 0.21 1.69 -1,923.15 Bank of Baroda 115.50 3.30 2.94 -2,431.81 Syndicate Bank 36.85 0.15 0.41 -3,222.84 Andhra Bank 26.65 0.40 1.52 -3,412.53 Corporation Bank 30.55 0.30 0.99 -4,053.94 Canara Bank 255.00 2.85 1.13 -4,222.24 UCO Bank 19.60 0.15 0.77 -4,436.37 Allahabad Bank 53.20 1.85 3.60 -4,674.37


Central Bank 32.00 -0.25 -0.78 -5,104.90 Union Bank 80.15 1.10 1.39 -5,247.37 Oriental Bank 96.20 1.90 2.01 -5,871.74 Bank of India 91.10 1.40 1.56 -6,043.71 IOB 14.30 0.11 0.78 -6,299.50 SBI 279.30 1.65 0.59 -6,547.45 IDBI 45.00 -0.80 -1.75 -8,237.92 PNB 85.15 2.90 3.53 -12,282.82 Private Sector Banks HDFC Bank 2,098.00 -5.05 -0.24 17,486.73 ICICI Bank 369.65 -1.95 -0.52 6,777.42 Yes Bank 231.30 -3.95 -1.68 4,224.56 Kotak Mahindra 1,240.90 0.05 0.00 4,084.30 indusInd Bank 1,530.00 -2.95 -0.19 3,605.99 stanChart PLC 52.00 -0.95 -1.79 2,440.43 Bandhan Bank 497.65 -2.25 -0.45 2,430.11 Federal Bank 88.05 0.70 0.80 878.85 IDFC First Bank 49.75 -1.50 -2.93 859.30 RBL Bank 627.35 3.15 0.50 635.09 City Union Bank 188.00 -1.10 -0.58 592.00 Karur Vysya 71.00 -0.15 -0.21 345.67 South India Bank 15.10 0.05 0.33 334.89 Karnataka Bank 120.40 -0.35 -0.29 325.61 Axis Bank 724.15 4.65 0.65 275.68 DCB Bank 199.15 2.55 1.30 245.34 JK Bank 47.00 -2.55 -5.15 202.72 Dhanalakshmi Bank 18.65 -0.35 -1.84 -24.87 Lakshmi Vilas 75.00 -6.30 -7.75 -584.87

Source: https://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinfo

Table 2: Growth in credit off-take over past few years (US$ Billions) and Growth in Deposits Over the Past Few Years (US$ Billions)

Year Compound Growth Rate in Credit

Compound Growth Rate in Deposits

Financial Year 2007 429.92 575.72

Financial Year 2008 600.65 807.63

Financial Year 2009 620.28 854.28

Financial Year 2010 705.44 961.83

Financial Year 2011 894.16 1,182.45

Financial Year 2012 1,001.73 1,267.61

Financial Year 2013 1,014.75 1,287.90

Financial Year 2014 1,038.36 1,314.99


Financial Year 2015 1,124.86 1,459.05

Financial Year 2016 1,149.19 1,466.47

Financial Year 2017 1,180.19 1,599.34

Financial Year 2018 1,347.18 1,782.12

Source: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Aranca Research

Table 3: Total Banking Sector Assets in US$ Billions

Financial Year Public Sector

Private Sector

Foreign Banks

Total Assets-RHS

2013 1,140.20 325.90 104.50 1,570.54

2014 1,305.00 369.90 122.60 1,797.58

2015 1,421.40 415.10 123.50 1,959.98

2016 1,347.90 488.10 121.10 1,957.03

2017 1,518.46 558.92 125.52 2,202.90

2018 1,557.04 666.99 NA 2,224.04

Source: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Aranca Research, Indian Banks Association

Suggestions to Improve Customer Services in both Public and Private Sector Banks

• Public sector banks must improve their execution by actualizing professionalized the board situation and better customer administration. The rate of development for practically every one of the parameters is high for private sector despite the fact that extent is high for public sector banks.

• Net benefit and its development rate must be considered truly looked into by public sector banks. Working costs must be diminished by executing cost control measures. Representative shrewd execution should likewise be checked for guaranteeing sufficient execution.

• Assets must be used viably by public sector banks. Underutilized or unutilised resources must be considered for broadening purposes and new plans of salary creating ventures must be begun.

• Rural regions and need sectors additionally should be served by private sector banks in order to guarantee adjusted provincial development. Focus on just beneficial endeavours must be stayed away from to satisfy its social angle.

• Corporate social obligation must be given due weightage.

Conclusion

Banking sector changes have rolled out positive improvements in the financial business. The administration levels have been reclassified alongside the expansion of exercises performed by banks. Despite the fact that there was increment in gainfulness for both sector banks the rate of development is higher for private sector banks. Public sector banks are slacking in numerous budgetary parameters and they are confronting numerous difficulties moreover. Be that as it may, their commitments to social angles are likewise on the higher side which has an effect in the parameters. Public sector banks must rethink their systems by considering their qualities and shortcoming and the sort of market they are working with while private sector banks should likewise consider need sector loaning in its fullest structure alongside meeting of societal perspectives so that there exists a fair development for the business and for the country.


References

• Adesina, A. A. and Ayo, C.K. (2010), An Empirical Investigation of the Level of Users�Acceptance of Ebanking in Nigeria, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 15,No. 1.

• Anand. K (2015), "Financial performance of public sector banks and private sector banks in India", "Research Explorer" Vol. IV : Issue.11 ; July - December 2015.

• Casolaro, L. and G. Gobbi (2007), Information technology and productivity changes in the banking industry, Economic Notes, 36: 43-76.

• D. K. Malhotra et al (2011), "Evaluating the performance of commercial banks in India" in Asia Pacific Journal of Finance and Banking Research Vol. 5. No. 5. 2011.

• Gupta, S.; and Verma, R. (2008), “Changing Paradigm in Indian Banking”, Professional Banker, May, pp.21-25.

• Kawu A H., The Impact of Information Technology on the Bank Performance (Nigeria in Perspectives) - Essays - Hassankawu.mht.

• Mohan.S and Elangovan R.(2011) "Research Methodology in Commerce", New Delhi, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd.

• Reserve Bank of India and Indian Banks Association reports for the concerned period. • Shekhar K C and Lekshmy Shekhar (2010),"Banking Theory and Practice", Noida, Vikas

publishing House Pvt. Ltd. • Vidisha Shah (2015), “An analysis on the performance of private and public sector banks in

India” in International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering Volume 3, Issue 4, December-2015.


A STUDY ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

�Dr.E.V.Rigin, Assistant Professor, Department of Youth Welfare Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-21.

�M.Razooludeen, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-21.

Abstract

The upsetting development of unsatisfactory and phony medications in India is to a great extent because of insufficient supervision of the appropriation procedure and rebelliousness with quality guidelines in the conveyance procedures of the pharmaceutical industry. Supply chain in this industry being a huge driver of expense is consequently catching the entire eye from industry partners. Supply Chain Management (SCM) in pharmaceutical industry is characterized as a "capable SCM" and its usage is as per the principles of: business morals, privileges of work and principles of healthy and safe workplace. Pharmaceutical organizations with executed "mindful SCM" need to utilize management frameworks to encourage nonstop improvement as per their working principles. The fundamental reason for this management framework is to guarantee the consistency, unwavering quality and nonstop improvement of all work processes inside an association. The industry has been described by a development concerning incomes, number of brands and players in the market. There has additionally been a steady ascent in costs, as showed by the discount value list for medications and prescriptions. Hence, the present study focused on supply chain management of Indian pharmaceutical industry.

Keywords: Upward Movement of Costs, Systems Thinking, Industry Stakeholders, Health care Industry, Quality Standards and Distribution Process.

Introduction

Supply Chain Management (SCM) is characterized as precise and vital coordination of the customary business capacities and their strategic coordination inside the organization itself, methodical and key coordination of the conventional business capacities and their strategic coordination in participation with all business accomplices of the particular organization, with one end point long haul improvement of execution of the organization. For the most part, SCM is a blend of various teaches, for example, coordination, transport and conveyance as a major aspect of the operational management framework, marketing part of the crude material requests and acquisition of information innovation. The pharmaceutical industry in the last two decades is faced by continuous changes in terms of testing and sales new products. The major changes are mandated by the health authorities in the countries were companies produce or sale. Changes that are commonly encountered are: a permanent pressure on prices and tendency of the health authorities for their constant reduction, shortening the defined period of patent protection of original drugs and constant pressure from generic or bio-similar companies. Aimed in reducing their expenses, many pharmaceutical companies decide to merge their research and development process. The implementation of SCM systems in pharmaceutical companies is intended towards rationalization the process of planning, production, distribution and storage of the final product before it comes to its final customer/user. The process of rationalization, through the introduction of standard SCM modules and systems in the pharmaceutical companies, on the other hand allows decreasing the cost of the final product, thus increasing its competitiveness compared to other similar products produced by the competitive pharmaceutical companies.


Research Objectives of the Study

1. To study about Supply Chain Management (SCM) in Pharmaceutical Industries in India. 2. To issues of SCM in pharmaceutical industries. 3. To suggest for redefining Supply Chain Management in pharmaceutical industries in India.


Heinbuch (1995) depicted a way to deal with gathering the test of healthcare cost decrease through the medical clinic material management work. The work features the benefit of taking a proactive position to address the difficulty of moving innovation crosswise over industry parts. Alverson (2003) talked about the significance of taught stock management for medical clinics, and recommended genuine results of customary medical clinic acquiring including absence of stock control, missed agreement consistence, overabundance stock levels, visit stock-outs and exorbitant crisis conveyances, work process interferences, costly revamp, and expanded health framework work prerequisites. The writing on Information Technology (IT) gives a few answers for material management in the healthcare area. Copies (2002) examined conglomeration of providers and their products through electronic inventories, deceivability of requests and materials, and productivity in obtainment. Schneller and Smeltzer (2006) proposed that e-acquisition frameworks can help to altogether decrease obtaining costs through the solidification of provider systems and making of provider organizations. They likewise recommended that exchange and organization expenses can be decreased using ERP frameworks, which give a robotized and paperless arrangement for information to stream all through an association.


Table 1: Survey Data on Problems associated with Supply Chain Management of Pharmaceutical Industry

Variables Strongly Agree Agree Neutrally

Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Presentation past indicated temperature will cause debasement

34 22 36 5 3

Seal break will cause microbial sullying

27 37 23 7 6

Misusing will make deformity product trustworthiness

20 27 34 11 8

Mark scratching or ink smirching will cause messy product information

27 38 17 11 7

Travel in like manner freight (eg. Common with paint/bond and so on.) will cause terrible stench and taste

16 39 31 09 5

Source: Primary data

Table: Analysis on Risk Mitigation Strategies of Pharmaceutical Industries’ Supply Chain Management

Risk Mitigation Strategies ImplementedPartially Implemented

Not Implemented

Not Aware

Supporting natural stockpiling conditions in vehicle understandings

44 23 30 3

Show of directions on product packs 39 14 35 12


Advanced information lumberjacks (temperature estimating gadgets)

13 57 25 5

SMS alert for temperature outings 26 61 13 0

Examination of causes revealing the ecological trip during circulation and transportation

11 67 15 7

Powerful control of temperature journeys through satisfactory remedial and preventive activities

21 39 35 5

Vigorous take structure which will finish the stringent hole assessment

22 46 21 11

In procedure testing of fixing forms during pressing activity

22 33 30 15

Alert notes 15 39 26 18

Preparing to coordination staff 28 30 32 10

Concurrence with the shipment offices to guarantee the pharmaceutical products will not be moved with non-pharmaceutical tainting materials

36 34 28 2

Alert not for drivers to keep the medications disengaged from smelling products

37 43 15 5

Water verification marks on product packs

50 27 20 3

Verified taking care of systems 26 43 30 1


Table: Analysis on Understanding of Stages in SCM of Pharmaceutical Products

Stages High Level

Normal Level

Low Level

Completely not Total

Information accumulation, Supplier, Purchasing, Warehousing, Stock Taking and Distribution

18 37 30 15 100

Supplier Selection, Purchasing, Warehousing, Stocking and Distribution

20 34 26 18 100

Warehousing, Distribution 28 30 32 10 100

Distribution 36 34 28 2 100



Table: Analysis on Benefits of Effective Supply in SCM of Pharmaceutical Products

SA – Strongly Agree; A – Agree; NA – Neutrally Agree; DA – Disagree and SDA – Strongly Disagree

Benefits SA A NA DA SDA

Quicker customer response and fulfilment rates 18 37 28 17 0

Shorter lead time 12 42 28 16 0

Greater productivity and lower costs 26 28 32 10 4

Quicker response, reduction in inventory, improved forecasting

24 46 25 5 0

Quicker response, forecasting, productivity, fewer supply 35 43 12 8 2

Shorter planning cycles 47 30 17 6 0


Suggestions to Redefining Supply Chain Management in Pharmaceutical Industries in India

i. Following different industries, similar to cutting edge and buyer merchandise, Pharma Companies need to concentrate on the accompanying five activities:

ii. A computerized business system is the establishment of a multi-undertaking supply chain, interfacing all outside supply chain accomplices electronically through the cloud. Without such a stage, it is practically difficult to get the degree of continuous deceivability and coordination among all supply chain accomplices that is required.

iii. Request gauges are just an informed conjecture of what future interest will be. For their OTC business, the most inventive Pharma Companies are following shopper products organizations: catching immense measures of interest related information which is then nourished into advanced interest detecting answers for better anticipate genuine interest.

iv. Pharma Companies need to guarantee start to finish detectability. As outer gatherings, for example, CMOs, are progressively included, Pharma must have deceivability into accomplices' assembling tasks to follow product quality over the multi-level, multi-venture supply chain.

v. Another necessity is to identify and react rapidly to changes in the interest and supply picture. With business systems, organizations can see the start to finish supply chain, not just in-house tasks.

vi. Pharma Companies are progressively depending on outer accomplices for transportation, warehousing and other worth included services. Guaranteeing product accessibility implies firmly overseeing circulation accomplices.

vii. New methodologies utilize the experience of buyer product organizations however consider the particulars of the Pharma industry.

Conclusion

The principle advantages imagined in the business case before the APS execution were accomplished. First the deceivability and critical thinking abilities of the whole association were improved by the utilization of a typical information premise and a typical perception device, permitting better and quicker choices; framework based limited limit booking and quick re-enactment capacities improved the arrangement security and asset use altogether; shared interest arranging with the customers take into consideration a proactive adjustment of the interest as changes in the interest by the customers are contrasted and a compelled interest from the past ace arranging. The general regulatory remaining task at hand for assignments performed already physically or dependent on wrong information was decreased altogether. To outline the health care industry is exceptionally related and just one section can't accomplish productivity deserting others. That is the motivation behind why procedure, for example, Virtual Centralization is demonstrating to be prevalent and fruitful. That isn't the stopping point the industry needs to anticipate every single moment development in the supply chain of related industries to receive the reward of rushing to adjust to.


References

• Acharyulu, G. 2007. RFID in the Healthcare Supply Chain : Improving Performance Through Greater Visibility. Journal of Management, VI(11): 32-46.

• Altricher, F., T. Caillet. 2004. SCM in a pharmaceutical company. Stadtler, H., C. Kilger, eds. Supply Chain Management and Advanced Planning: Concepts, Models, Software and Case Studies. Springer-Verlag, NY, 355-70.

• Corrêa, H.L. 2004. Supply chain management in Latin America: the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry case.

• Genearl Chapter <1079> Good Storage and Shipping Practices, USP 28, Suppl. 2, (August 1, 2005).

• Grasman, S. E., S. Missouri 2010. Barriers and Best Practices for Material Management in the Healthcare Sector. Purchasing. 22(4): 11-20.

• Guidelines on Good Distribution Practice of Medicinal Product for Human Use, (94/C63/03), European Union, 1994.

• Okeke, C. C., Watkins, J. W. III, Williams, W., Medwick, T., Bailey, L. C., and Grady, L. T., “A Study of the Temperature and Humidity Variations in the Shipping and Distribution of Anthrax Vaccines,” Pharmacopeial Forum 26(3) May-June 2000, pp. 865-882.

• Raviprakash, A. V., B. Prabu, N. Alagumurthi, V. Soundararajan. 2009. RFID: Rx to Healthcare Industry.

• Schneller, S. Eugene S., Larry R. Smeltzer. 2006. Strategic Management of the Healthcare Supply Chain. Jossey-Bass.

• Shah, N. 2004. Pharmaceutical supply chains: key issues and strategies for optimisation. Computers and Chemical Engineering.28:929-41.

• Shekhar, B Raja, G. Acharyulu. 2012. Role of Value Chain Strategy in Healthcare Supply Chain Management: An Empirical Study in India. International Journal of Management. 29(1): 91-98.


DIMENSIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR OF WOMEN INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS

�N.Ponsankari @ Valentina, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.

�Dr.P.Uma Rani, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Thiagarajar College, Madurai.

Abstract

The study examined the various dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour of Women Information Technology Professionals. The total number of questionnaires distributed in the self-administered survey was 750 sets. The purposive sampling method is applied in this research for selecting the sample. As a result, 537 (filled questionnaire) valid sets of questionnaires were available and then used for further analysis using SPSS software version 21. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data while Correlation Coefficient analysis was used to analyze the data. A result revealed that the correlation coefficient for various types of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour is strong and positive. Hence, the study concluded that various dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour of women Information Technology Professionals are strong and positive.

Keywords: Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, Information Technology, Women.

Introduction

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is accepted as a vital subject to the survival of an organization and meets personal goals and needs (Daffy, 2013; Unal, 2013). Although the term organizational citizenship behavior was used firstly by Dennis Organ (1983) and his colleagues, its meaning could be found in Bernard’s (1938) concept of willingness to corporate (Mehboob & Bhutto, 2012). So far, numerous definitions of organizational citizenship behavior have been presented. According to Organ (1988), OCB is the” Behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system and that in aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization” (Khaola, 2008). Helping others, loyalty, and organizational compliance are forms of OCBs (Lee et al, 2013). OCB is not a job requirement and is not part of a formal contract, but it’s a personnel choice (Mehboob & Bhutto, 2012; Vazifeh et al, 2013). Also, many constructs have been developed to conceptualize the term OCB since Organs’ (1988) Construct such as prosocial behavior, extra-role behavior, civic organizational behavior, and contextual performance behavior.


Kidder (2002) found that males and females showed significantly different OCBs in line with the nature of their occupation. Female nurses expressed an altruistic form of OCB while male engineers showed higher civic virtue. The study concluded that variations in OCB are based on gender as well as on their occupational identities. Chiu and Tsai (2006) studied the association between burnout, job involvement, and OCB. Correlation analysis revealed that emotional exhaustion and diminished personal accomplishment were negatively associated with OCB and regressional outcomes suggested that job involvement mediated the relationship between emotional exhaustion, diminished personal accomplishment, and organizational citizenship behaviour. Farrell and Finkelstein (2007) investigated the observers’ attribution of OCB exhibited by male and female workers. They found a significant difference in expectation and attribution of OCBs. Women are


expected to demonstrate citizenship behaviour more than men. Under certain circumstances, OCB-civic virtue was expected more among men. Compared to women’s OCB, men’s OCB was attributed to impression management motives. Bambale (2014) in a meta-analytic study examined the nature of the association between servant leadership and OCB. The results revealed that the leader’s trust, commitment, and identification mediated the relationship between servant leadership style and OCB. Further group cohesiveness, collective trust, task interdependence, and affective tone (both positive and negative affect) moderated the relationship between servant leadership and OCB.


1. To analyze the various dimensions of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour of Women Information Technology Professionals.

Methodology

The study is basically an empirical one based on data gathered from the Women Information Technology Professionals in Chennai. A sample of 537 employees has been chosen for the purpose of the study. The primary data was gathered using the questionnaire method administered by a prefixed schedule in person with each respondent. For this study, the researcher used a well-structured questionnaire to collect the data from the Women Information Technology Professionals. The questionnaire related to different dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. The researcher used correlation analysis to identify the relationship among various dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. IBM SPSS 21 version was used for statistical purposes.


Relationship among dimensions of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour

In this study, Organisational Citizenship Behaviour consists of five factors Altruism, Courtesy, Conscientiousness, Civic Virtue and Sportsmanship.

Ho: There is no relationship among various dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour.

Table 1

Correlation Analysis between Organizational Citizenship Behaviour

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour

Altruism Courtesy ConscientiousnessCivic Virtue

Sportsmanship

Altruism 1 0.637** 0.148** 0.081* 0.059

Courtesy 1 0.347** 0.229** 0.368**

Conscientiousness 1 0.235** 0.319**

Civic Virtue 1 0.557**

Sportsmanship 1

** Significant at the 1 per cent level.

The above table shows that the altruism dimension has 64 percent significant and positive relation with courtesy dimension, 15 percent significant and positive relation with conscientiousness dimension, 8 percent significant and positive relation with civic virtue dimension, 6 percent significant and positive relation with sportsmanship dimension. Courtesy dimension has a 35 percent significant and positive relation with conscientiousness dimension, 23 percent significant and positive relation with civic virtue dimension, 37 percent significant and positive relation with sportsmanship dimension. Conscientiousness dimension has a 24 percent significant and positive relation with civic virtue dimension, 32 percent significant and positive relation with sportsmanship. Civic virtue dimension has 58 percent significant and positive relation with sportsmanship dimensions.


Conclusion

The study based on primary data of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour of Women Information Technology Professionals was made to gain a deeper understanding of the various dimensions. Hence the present study concluded that relationship among various dimensions of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour of Women Information Technology Professionals in Chennai has a positive and strong relationship.

References

1. Bambale A. (2014) Relationship between Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Review of Literature and Future Research Directions. Journal of Marketing and Management, 5 (1), 1-16.

2. Farrell, S. K., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2007). Organizational citizenship behavior and gender: Expectations and attributions for performance. North American Journal of Psychology, 9, 81-95.

3. Kidder, Deborah. (2002). The Influence of Gender on the Performance of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Journal of Management - J MANAGE. 28. 629-648. 10.1177/014920630202800504.

4. Tsai, K., Chiu, T., Lee, M., & Wang, T. (2006). A Learning Objects Recommendation Model Based on the Preference and Ontological Approaches. Sixth International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, Kerkrade, 5-7 July 2006, 36-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2006.1652359


CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN RETAIL INDUSTRY


�P.S.Arun, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-21.

Abstract

In the present time it is imperative to build up an immediate contact with the customers on the grounds that customers are the complete determinants and the achievement of the organization relies upon customer satisfaction. So, organizations are utilizing various methods to give data about the product to the customers like e-commerce, call focus, on-line shopping and so on. These days, in Indian business viable method for incorporating venture applications continuously is presented. As more retailers advance into customer-driven and fragment based business, business insight (BI) and customer relationship management (CRM) frameworks are assuming a key job in accomplishing and keeping up upper hand. For as long as ten years, the creators have had the unordinary chance of watching and meeting workers and managers of three diverse management groups at three separate Fingerhut organizations as they explored different avenues regarding different ITs for their organizations. The significance of customer relationship management has been quickly expanding for making and keeping up customers by composed retail stores in the present situation into day's the profoundly aggressive market. The different errors are winning on Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and it is constantly an avoidable worry among the service suppliers particularly by composed retail stores, where retailers have their own specific manner of dealing with their relationships with the customers. Hence, the present study has been focused on the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in retail industries of India.

Keywords: Business Intelligence System, Customer Intelligence Relationship, Competitive Environment, Competitive Advantage and Customer Preservation.

Introduction

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is the blend of practices, techniques and innovations that organizations use to manage and dissect customer connections and information all through the customer lifecycle, with the objective of improving customer service relationships and aiding customer maintenance and driving deals development. CRM frameworks accumulate customer information crosswise over various stations, or purposes of contact between the customer and the organization, which could incorporate the organization's site, phone, live talk, standard mail, marketing materials and web based life. CRM frameworks can likewise give customer-confronting staff point by point data on customers’ close to home data, buy history, purchasing inclinations and concerns. Building solid relationships with customers has turned into a prime key target of retail marketing. This article centers on the worldview of customer relationship management (CRM), with respect to the standards of customer esteem and the builds of customer dependability and customer fulfillment. In exceptionally aggressive condition the relationship marketing is worried on basic significance of customers for each business action in market economy. Retailers face a dynamic and focused condition. With expanded globalization, market immersion, and expanded intensity through mergers and acquisitions, retailers are looking for upper hands by better overseeing customer relationship. Generally, marketing has concentrated on pulling in new customers for an organization.


In retailing, progresses in IT and the spread of dependability cards have given a way to retailers to recognize a specific customer and to gather customer explicit information, in this manner empowering individualized marketing. Contrasted with different industries, retailing has gigantic preferences in CRM, since it is in direct contact with the consumer.

Research Objectives

1. To study the CRM in retailing industries in India. 2. To analyze various factors associated with the study.

CRM in Retailing Industries

The retail industry in India is to a great extent a sloppy sector yet is developing at a quick pace, and is the fifth biggest on the planet, subsequently the need of CRM arrangements. In the present innovatively associated worldwide town where consumer conduct is profoundly affected by the intensity of internet based life and versatile, making and clutching their consideration is the sole basis which decides champs and failures in the business of retail. CRM in retail industry gives a device to the retailers to keep in contact with their customers and offer customized service, profiting both the gatherings in equivalent measure. Cloud based CRM arrangements in retail not simply works together customer data, it is likewise viable in social occasion and assessing colossal deals information, in a limited capacity to focus time, in this way giving fundamental consumer conduct knowledge, patterns and examples of offer. This empowers the retailer to help take essential choices relating to marketing, valuing and in detailing customer programs, enabling the association to ascend the achievement stepping stool a lot quicker.


Table 1: Promotion Strategies followed by the Retail Industries for successful CRM


Strategies SA A NA DA SDA

Billing Services 36 14 35 12 3

Child Play Area 25 62 13 0 0

Different Schemes 43 24 30 3 0

Door Delivery Services 22 38 35 5 0

Food and Vegetables Quality 26 28 32 10 4

Membership Card Services 10 67 15 7 1

Personnel Cooperation 14 40 26 18 0

Price or Rates 20 35 30 15 0

Quality of Items and Products 18 42 21 11 8

Sitting Facilities 12 58 25 5 0


Table 2: Customer Relationship Management core processing strategies in Retail Industries

Core Processing Strategies Total Score Rank

Non-deals contacts, started by the customer (particularly bolster demands)

1948 I

Recognizable proof/treatment of prospects and leads just as circulation to deals and battle management

1832 II

Foundation of a perpetual customer relationship by persistent exchange to expand degree of consistency and portion of wallet

1778 III

Enrollment, giving and investigation of positive customer criticism and whines

1744 IV


Assessment of customers as a reason for key division and controlling 1685 V

Movement of customers to a channel fitting to their particular needs and the bank's gainfulness prerequisites

1564 VI

Investigation of key market patterns and potential objective customer gatherings

1409 VII

Deals and contributions submitted separately by a specialist 1382 VIII

Arranging, advancement, conduction and examination of marketing efforts

1358 IX

Enlistment, organizing and examination of all customer collaboration occasions

1295 X


Table 3: Rank Analysis on the variables of CRM practices towards Retail Industries

Variables Total Score Ranks

Customer services 1973 I

Loyalty programs 1909 II

Consumer promotional activities 1894 III

Data mining 1883 IV

Customer satisfaction and retention 1837 V

Activities of retail workers 1738 VI

Presentation 1647 VII


Table 4: Likert Scale Analysis on the variables of CRM practices towards Retail Industries


Strategies SA A NA DA SDA

Building great customer compatibility 25 62 13 0 0

Customer benevolent methodology of the merchant 20 35 30 15 0

Managing customer concerns 18 42 21 11 8

Supportive nature of sellers 28 36 30 4 2

Keeping up solid customer relationship 33 23 35 6 3

Some shop merchant offer me reliability limits on my customary shopping 34 36 28 2 0

The customer service offered by the road seller makes the shopping background worth 25 42 30 1 2

The vender has up close and personal communication with the purchaser 14 40 26 18 0

The merchant recognizes and tunes in to customer inclinations 30 48 15 5 2

The merchant gives customers singular consideration 26 39 16 12 7

The merchant has a decent strategies of gripe taking care of 49 28 20 3 0

The merchant has customer's eventual benefits on the most fundamental level 36 42 15 5 2

The merchant has great learning of the product 26 38 22 8 6


The merchant is by and by engaged with the selling procedure 15 40 30 10 5

The merchant furnishes me with data and products as indicated by my inclinations 19 28 35 10 8


Conclusion

A decent retail CRM framework can help fabricate unwaveringness, making brand representatives who will cheerfully get the message out about their positive customer experience. Miss the point and they'll be significantly progressively vocal about an awful customer experience. There are a few different ways to gather data to assemble a fruitful CRM database. Numerous retailers request an email address when you buy coming up, others offer the most recent news and limits by joining to their pamphlet online or by creating customer talk rooms and networks. Whatever, the methods for information catch, if the correct inquiries are posed, retail marketing efforts can be focused to the individual, customized as well as focused to the correct sex, area and even explicit products of premium. Utilizing a database to customize products, limits and occasions for consumers is urgent to making rehash customers who are quick to connect with a brand and yell about the advantages of joining. What's more, it's not simply stores that offer individual, directed marketing and customer relationship management. A sound customer relationship management framework that incorporates every one of these things will help to run a retail business all the more productively. A decent CRM framework can convey a focused edge over your retail rivals.

References

• Customer for Lifetime: A Winning Customer Relationship Management Approach Pravin Patil Ninth AIMS International Conference on Management, January April, 2012

• Dhruv Grewal, Michael Levy, „retailing research: Past, Present and the future, Journal of Retailing, Babson college, wellesly, MA, USA 2007.

• Habul A. Business intelligence and customer relationship management. Information Technology Interfaces (ITI), 32ndInternational Conference on, Page(s): IEEE Conferences. 2010, 169-174.

• Kishore Biyani, India Retail Reportwww.imagesfashion.com, 2005. • Professor V. Kasturi Rangan. Harvard Business School, in a discussion on April 4, at the

India Business Conference at HBS, 2005. • Ramana Rao, Shekar PV, Venkateshwarulu H. Zeroingin on the buyer, Business World,

Bombay, January 4-17,1998. • Retailing Sector, www.business worldindia.com, February 16, 2004. • Rust R, Zeithami Lemon. Driving Customer Equity: How Customer Lifetime Value is

Reshaping Corporate Strategy, New York: Simon &Schuster, 2000. • S. Shammugasundaram, “CRM, Modern Trends & perspectives” Phi 2008,pp 5-6. • Stefano Vic N, Stefano Vic D. Supply Chain Business Intelligence: Technologies, Issues and

Trends, 2009. • Suhasini Kaul, A conceptual note on influencing store loyalty: Implications for Indian

Retailers’, W.P.No.2006- 0-06, October 2006, IIM. • Swapna pradhan, �Retailing management Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2008, pp-19-28, 106125, 334-

335. • Webster, Frederick E. Jr. The changing role of min the corporation, Journal of Marketing.

1992; 56:1-17. • Winer RS. A framework for customer relationship management. • Xu Xi. Developing a Framework for Business Intelligence Systems Integration Based on

Ontology. • Zainual Bashar Bhutto, Rambalak Yadav, Vikram Singh Consumer Perception of Retail

Outlets: A Comparative Study of Big Bazaar and More Megastores.


IMPACT OF GST ON VARIOUS INDUSTRIES IN INDIAN ECONOMY

�Dr.R.Menaka, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies (DDE), Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 21.

�S.Padmakumar, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 21.

Abstract

GST has gotten 'one country one tax' framework, yet its impact on different industries is somewhat extraordinary. The main degree of separation will come in relying upon whether the industry manages manufacturing, circulating and retailing or is giving a service. GST the greatest tax change in India established on the idea of "one country, one market, one tax" is at long last here. The minute that the Indian government was hanging tight for 10 years has at long last shown up. The single greatest indirect tax regime has kicked into power, disassembling all the between state hindrances as for exchange. The GST rollout, with a solitary stroke, has changed over India into a bound together market of 1.3 billion residents. On a very basic level, the $2.4-trillion economy is endeavoring to change itself by getting rid of the interior tariff boundaries and subsuming focal, state and nearby taxes into a brought together GST. The rollout has recharged the desire for India's monetary change program recapturing force and augmenting the economy. On the other hand, there are fears of disturbance, installed in what's apparent as a hurried change which may not help the interests of the nation. Will the expectations triumph over vulnerability would be dictated by how our administration progresses in the direction of making GST a "good and straightforward tax". The thought behind implementing GST the nation over in 29 states and 7 Union Territories is that it would offer a success win circumstance for everybody. Manufacturers and brokers would profit by less tax filings, straightforward rules, and simple accounting; shoppers would pay less for the goods and services, and the legislature would generate more incomes as income breaks would be stopped. Ground substances, as we as a whole know, differ. All in all, how has GST truly impacted India? It is should have been replied. Hence, the present study has been conducted on impact of GST on various industries in Indian Economy and study based on secondary sources of data.

Keywords: Tariff Barriers, Indirect Tax Regime, Fiscal Reform Program, Tax Filings, GST rate and Competitiveness.

Introduction

GST is help aggressiveness and execution in India's manufacturing sector. Declining fares and high foundation spending is only a portion of the worries of this sector. Various indirect taxes had likewise expanded the authoritative expenses for manufacturers and merchants and with GST set up, the consistence weight has facilitated and this sector will develop all the more emphatically. Goods and Service Tax is a far reaching tax demand on manufacture, deal and utilization of goods and services. GST is named as greatest tax change In Indian Tax Structure. It won't be an extra tax, it will incorporate focal extract obligation, service tax extra obligations of customers at the focal level, VAT, focal deals tax, stimulation tax, Octroi, state additional charge, extravagance tax, lottery tax and other additional charge on inventory of goods and services. The reason for GST is to supplant all these taxes with single far reaching tax, presenting to everything under single umbrella. The design is to dispose of tax on tax. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is the greatest indirect tax change to be presented in the nation post-Independence. A goal based tax, GST has subsumed indirect taxes of both


local and state governments, as in extract obligation, service tax, traditions obligation, and VAT and extravagance tax, among others. Aside from adding to the nation's economic growth, the implementation of GST is relied upon to interface the working of state economies. At the hour of dispatch, desires from the new tax regime were tremendous. There was a conviction that "There will be a keep an eye on swelling, tax evasion will be troublesome, rates will be lower when contrasted with before, the nation's GDP will profit, and the additional assets of states and the Center will be utilized to serve poor people." Looking at the master plan, GST seems to be a major positive, for both the Government and the normal man. This is attributable to the way that it has subsumed 17 taxes and 23 cesses bringing the falling of taxes the impact of 'tax on tax' to a nearby.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The present study aimed with following objectives:

1. To know about GST on Indian Economy. 2. To analyse various factors associated with the study. 3. To narrate the GST impact on various sectors of Indian Economy.


Dr. Namita Mishra (2018) uncovers that GST is a solitary national uniform tax imposed crosswise over India on all goods and services. In GST, all Indirect taxes, for example, extract obligation, focal deals tax (CST) and worth included tax (VAT) and so on will be subsumed under a solitary regime. Presentation of The Goods and Services Tax (GST) expected as a critical advance towards a far reaching indirect tax change in the nation, which would lead India for its economic growth. The Proposed investigation is intended to know the impact on GST on Indian Economy with the Help of Its individual impact on various sectors. The Study was Exploratory in nature and Secondary Data has been utilized for the examination. The information will be gathered from various Journals, Periodicals, Newspapers and Internets. “Impact of GST on Indian Economy” is an investigation done by Meenakshi Bindal and Dinesh Chand Gupta. GST Stands for Goods and Services Tax (GST). The GST Act was passed in the Lok Sabha on 29th March, 2017 and happened from first July, 2017. It was named as One Nation One Tax. The major impact of presenting GST in India is the change in the financial structure of the Indian government arrangement. The monetary right of the states and focus to manage goods and services autonomously will be removed and both the Governments need to rely upon one another's for dealing with the purported goods and services tax in future. This is a hard hit to the opportunity of taking part governments in the bureaucratic framework. The apparent advantages are GST would take out to an enormous degree, the assortment of regulatory components and tax rates crosswise over various states; It evacuates a considerable lot of the falling impacts of indirect taxation; Its positive impact on retail all in all will make inventory network more practical; It is required to address a large portion of the unpredictable issues in taxation like programming, intangibles, composite agreements and so on and gets greater lucidity the duty.


Table 1: Dealer Satisfaction in Percentage on Implementation of GST

Income Range Satisfaction Responses in Percentage

Yes No Cannot Say Ambiguous Total

Below 30 lakhs 13 19 47 21 100

30 – 60 lakhs 49 31 14 06 100

60 – 90 lakhs 39 11 31 19 100

90 lakhs and above 64 13 09 14 100



Table 2: Profit Increase or Decrease in Percentage on Implementation of GST


Increases Decreases Cannot Say Similar Total

Below 30 lakhs 8 1 77 14 100

30 – 60 lakhs 2 3 87 10 100

60 – 90 lakhs 5 2 87 6 100

90 lakhs and above 2 2 7 89 100


Table 3: Dealer Satisfaction in Percentage on Implementation of GST


Yes No Cannot Say Ambiguous Total

Below 30 lakhs 13 19 47 21 100

30 – 60 lakhs 49 31 14 06 100

60 – 90 lakhs 39 11 31 19 100

90 lakhs and above 64 13 09 14 100


Table 4: Profit Increase or Decrease in Percentage on Implementation of GST


Increases Decreases Cannot Say Similar Total

Below 30 lakhs 8 1 77 14 100

30 – 60 lakhs 2 3 87 10 100

60 – 90 lakhs 5 2 87 6 100

90 lakhs and above 2 2 7 89 100


Conclusion

The GST is a milestone correction in the indirect tax regime in India that endeavors to slaughter numerous winged creatures with one stone. Intended to maintain a strategic distance from the falling of taxes, it implements a smoother tax structure so as to support better tax consistence. The significant rule of GST is goal based taxation that expects to subsume different existing indirect taxes like the extract obligation, service tax, countervailing obligation, and so forth at the Central level and Value Added Tax (VAT), Octroi tax, Purchase tax and etc. at the state level. The presentation of the Goods and Services Tax will be an exceptionally imperative advance in the field of indirect tax changes in India. By blending countless Central and State taxes into a solitary tax, GST is relied upon to essentially ease double taxation and make taxation generally speaking simple for the industries. For the end customer, the most helpful will be regarding decrease in the general tax trouble on goods and services. Presentation of GST will likewise make Indian products aggressive in the domestic and universal markets. To wrap things up, the GST, in view of its straightforward character, will be simpler to control. Once implemented, the proposed taxation framework holds extraordinary guarantee as far as supporting growth for the Indian economy. On need, it is dependent upon the


administration to address the limit working among the lesser-blessed members, for example, the small-scale manufacturers and brokers. Ways must be found for bringing down the general consistence cost, and essential changes may be made for the good of the majority. GST will progress toward becoming good and straightforward, just when the whole nation fills in all in all towards making it effective.

References

• “GST impact on economy: Five things to watch out for” hindustantimes.com • “GST-Analysis and Opinions” cleartax.in • “How GST will impact sectors”, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com• A Dash, (2017) "A Study on Socio Economic Effect of Demonetization in India",

International Journal of Management and Applied Science (IJMAS), pp. 13-15, Volume-3, Issue-3

• Bhagavatula S, Mudambi R, Murmann JP. Management and Organization Review Special Issue ‘The Innovation and Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in India’. Management and Organization Review. 2017;13(1):209-12.

• Chen LE, Taib MSBM, editors. Goods and Services Tax (GST): Challenges Faced by Business Operators in Malaysia. SHS Web of Conferences; 2017: EDP Sciences.

• Dr. Namita Mishra Associate Professor, Tecnia Institute of Advanced Studies, International Journal of Basic and Applied Research, www.pragatipublication.com ISSN 2249-3352 (P) 2278-0505 (E), November 2018. Volume 8, Number 11, UGC Approved Journal.

• Jaspreet Kaur, (2016) “Goods and service tax (GST) and its impact International Journal of Applied Research 2(8): pp. 385-387

• Javed U. PROFIT, PROTEST AND POWER Bazaar politics in urban Pakistan. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Pakistan, 2017:135.

• MEENAKSHI BINDAL, Professor, Department of Management Studies, Modern Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Alwar, Rajasthan and DINESH CHAND GUPTA, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Modern Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Alwar, Rajasthan, INDIA, Volume-8, Issue-2, April 2018, International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, Page Number: 143-148.

• Raj SJ. Problems Faced by Entrepreneurs: A Special Reference to Micro and Small Entrepreneurs in Mumbai and Pune. 2016.

• Rashid AA, Hanif A, Kamaruddin R. Acceptance towards Goods and Services Tax (GST) and Quality of Life: Antecedent and outcome using partial least square method. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal. 2016; 1 (2):25-32.

• Service Tax (GST) on Indian Economy. Bus Eco J 7: 264. doi: 10.4172/2151-6219.1000264 • Shaikh AS, Kinange U, Fernandes A. Make in India: Opportunities and Challenges in

Defence Sector. 2016. • Shokeen S, Banwari V, Singh P. Impact of Goods and Services Tax Bill on the Indian

Economy. Indian Journal of Finance. 2017;11(7):65-78. • The Economic Times (2009) Featured Articles from The Economic Times


A STUDY ON VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF LOGISTICS SERVICE QUALITY OF SHIPPING INDUSTRIES

�Melton Xavier, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.

�Dr.S.Raju, Director, Department of Management Studies, The American College, Satellite Campus, Chathirapatti, Madurai.

Abstract

The study examined the various dimensions of Logistics Service Quality of Shipping Industries in Kerala. Simple random sampling method is applied in this research for selecting the sample. As a result, 514 (filled questionnaire) valid sets of questionnaires were available and then used for further analysis using SPSS software version 21. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data while Correlation analysis was used to analyze the data. A result revealed that correlation coefficient for Logistics Service Quality of shipping industries is strong and positive. Hence, the study therefore concluded that the various dimensions of Logistics Service Quality of Shipping Industries.

Keywords: Service Quality, Logistics Service Quality, Shipping Industries.

Introduction

In recent year, Logistics has played an important role in integrating the shipping industries. Because the market becomes more global, logistics is now seen as an important area where industries can decrease costs and improve their customer service quality (Akman and Baynal, 2014). Logistics in organization had played a significant role to the supply chain sector which was an element of business sector (Razak, Rowling, White, and Mason-Jones, 2016). Logistics was seemed to be an important factor in business around the world, because small and medium enterprises and industry sector have been used to increase their objectives as follows: reduce operation costs, save delivery times, improve customer service quality, company image and company reputation. Logistics enterprises are engaged in the ability to provide the owner systematic and professional services, as well as logistics activities. Logistics services are the fundamental provision of logistics enterprises; their good service quality is an important advantage in the modern competition. The logistics enterprises in Mumbai started relatively late, most of the logistics enterprises are enterprises reformed from traditional storage and transportation. Single function services, weak sense of service, poor service quality are the bottle neck of these logistics companies in Mumbai. But now there is no standard evaluation system for the study of the quality of logistics services companies, lack of uniform system makes companies still rely on the past experiences during the improvement of their service quality, therefore, designing a suitable service evaluation system becomes vital. The Global Ranking of the World Bank’s 2016 Logistics Performance Index shows that India jumped to 35th rank in 2016 from 54th rank in 2014 in terms of overall logistics performance. To a large extent, the logistics sector in India remains unorganized, it said adding the industry is facing challenges such as high cost of logistics impacting competitiveness in domestic and global market, underdeveloped material handling infrastructure, fragmented warehousing and lack of seamless movement of goods across modes, among others. Improving logistics sector was huge implication on exports and it is estimated that a 10 per cent decrease in indirect logistics cost can increase 5-8 per cent of exports. Apart from increasing trade, better performance in logistics will augment programmes like Make in India, and also enable India to become an important part of the global supply chain. The Indian


logistics industry which provides employment to more than 22 million people has grown at compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8 per cent during the last five years.


Bienstock et al., (1997) includes this development by identifying objective variables measured through customers’ perceptions in relation to their expectations (subjective components) as the main components of Logistics Service Quality. Rafiq and Jaafar (2007) confirmed this model but pointed out that it has a number of limitations, for example, it was developed in the context of inbound logistics providers with its validity across industrial sectors and different types of organizations unknown and untested. Additionally, they pointed out some other weaknesses of the LSQ model. This model formation supposed the nine components contribute similarly to the model, but a re-examination proved that customers choose functional quality attributes of LSQ over technical quality ones in terms of satisfaction level. Another weakness of the LSQ model is that it suggests all dimensions occur at the same time, but in factsome of the dimensions depend on others. Juga, Juntunen and Grant (2010) investigated how perceived logistics service quality satisfied shipper and subsequently resulted in customer loyalty in 3PLs services in Finland. The internal and external environments of service provider both create equal impact on deliverables to consumers. The assets or resources, strategies or processes and overall performance, all make overall conduct to satisfy customers from provided services.


2. To study the various dimensions of Logistics Service Quality of Shipping industries.

Methodology

Totally 514 logistics service providers has been chosen for the purpose of the study. For this study, the researcher used a well-structured questionnaire to collect the data from the respondents. The questionnaire includes variables related to Logistics Service Quality. The researcher used correlation analysis to identify the view on variables in Logistics Service Quality. IBM SPSS 21 version was used for statistical purpose.


Relationship among dimensions of Logistics Service Quality

In this study, Logistics Service Quality consists of five factors that measure Tangibility, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy.

Ho: There is no relationship among various dimensions of Logistics Service Quality.

Table 4.

Relationship among dimensions of Logistics Service Quality

Logistics Service Quality

Tangibility Reliability Responsiveness Assurance Empathy

Tangibility 1.000 0.420** 0.059 0.065 0.391

Reliability 1.000 0.180** 0.051 0.332**

Responsiveness 1.000 0.262** 0.039

Assurance 1.000 0.259

Empathy 1.000**

**.Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).


From the above table it can infer that the correlation coefficient for Logistics Service Quality is strong and positive. It can be concluded that Tangibility has positive and strong relation with Reliability (42%), Responsiveness (5.9%), Assurance (6.5%) and Empathy (39.1%). Reliability has positive and strong relation with Responsiveness (18%), Assurance (5.1%) and Empathy (33.2%). Responsiveness has positive and strong relation with Assurance (26.2%) and Empathy (3.9%). Assurance has positive and strong relation with Empathy (25.9%).

Conclusion

Shipping industry is a vital part of the global logistics (Freight Transportation) system. The shipping industry accounts for transporting 90% of the import and export of the world trade. It is the most affordable and efficient mode of logistics (Freight Transportation) compares to cost of rail, road and air transport. To provide high-quality services, Logistics Service Providers must first understand customers’ needs and expectations. In this study, the service quality scale of logistics providers in Kerala is conceptualized by five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. Hence, the present study concludes that the various dimensions of Logistics Service Quality of Shipping industries are strong and positive.

References

1. Bienstock, C. C., Mentzer, J. T. and Bird, M.1997. Measuring Physical Distribution Service Quality. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science,Vol. 25(1), pp. 31-44.

2. Juga, J., Juntunen, J., Grant, D.B. (2010). Service quality and its relation to satisfaction and loyalty in logistics outsourcing relationships. Managing Service Quality, 2(6), 496–510.

3. Rafiq, M. and Jaafar, H. S. 2007. Measuring Customers’ Perceptions of Logistics Service Quality of 3PL Service Providers. Journal of Business Logistics,Vol. 28(2), pp. 159-175.


WORK LIFE BALANCE: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

�S.Ragothaman, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.

�Dr.J.Vijayadurai, Professor, Department of Management Studies. Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.

Introduction

The dynamics and Geographic of the industrial revolution gave rise to the concept of work-life balance. Workers compartmentalized their lives into ‘in work’ and ‘outside of work’. Work was not conducted at home and domestic activities were not conducted at work. Again the workers’ aim was to minimize work and maximize ‘life’. This has occupied the minds of many workers for a century or so. Today the boundary is blurring. People are working later into the day and later into their existence, as retirement ages come under review. Email and social media has made it easier for workers to conduct elements of their social life at work. Thus we are seeing a return to work-life integration. The concept of work-life balance is based on the notion that paid work and personal life should be seen less as competing priorities than as complementary elements of a full life. The way to achieve this is to adopt an approach that is “conceptualized as a two way process involving a consideration of the needs of employees as well as those of employers. In much of the debate about work-life balance, there is a loose use of language. Ideally, we should define work and life carefully. In simple terms, “work” is normally conceived of in this context as including paid employment while “life” includes activities outside work.

Evolution of Work-Life Balance

The origins of the research on work and personal life can be traced back to the study of women with multiple roles. Barnet and Baruch (1985) have studied the psychological distress related to the balance of rewards and the concerns generated by the multiple roles of women as a paid worker, wife and mother. They have found that the quality of positive role - more rewards that concerns the experience in a given role -was related to low levels of role overload, role conflict and anxiety. Based on their research, Barnet and Baruch role defined the balance as "rewards" is less concerned with the score of the difference which could be of the order of positive to negative values. (Johanna Rantanen 2011)

During the years 1960 and 1970, employers considered as the work and the life mainly a problem for the mothers who have struggled with the requirements of their jobs and the education of children. Throughout this period and until the middle of the 1980s, the U.S. government has had the major impact on the ground, as evidenced by the Presidential Conference on Families, the law on discrimination on the grounds of pregnancy, and the quality of the Employment Survey.

During the 1980s, the recognition of the value and the needs of their collaborators, the organizations of women of avant-garde such as Merck, Deloitte & Touche, and IBM began to change their policies, procedures of internal work, and benefits. The changes included maternity leave, the Employee Assistance Programs (EAP), flexible hours, work at home, and referral for the care of children. During the 1980s, the men also have begun to express the concerns of work-life. At the end of the decade, the work life balance was regarded as more than a question of women, which affects men and women, families, organizations and cultures.

The years 1990 has strengthened the recognition of the work-life balance as a vital issue for the entire world--women, men, the parents and the parents, singles and couples. This growing


awareness of the central importance of the issue has given rise to a significant growth attempt to work solutions-life during this decade. Many studies have shown that the generations of the baby-boom for new graduates are of occupational choice according to their own work and personal life and cultures.

During the first years of the twenty-first century, the disappointing results made human resource and work-life professionals as well as executives at all levels take stock. Karol Rose, author of the soon to be published book Work Life Strategies, comments on these trends in Fortune Magazine’s third annual work-life special feature included in the October 2005 issue. She noted that the Work-Life Leadership Council of the Conference Board, a gathering of high-level corporate HR and work-life professionals, drew these conclusions on looking back over the last decade of efforts. (Bird, 2006)

Definitions of Work-Life Balance

Greenhaus and Beutell (1985) “Work-family conflict is defined as a form of role conflict characterized by the incongruence between responsibilities of the home and workplace which are mutually incompatible”.

Clark (2000) about Work life Balance is “satisfaction and good functioning at work and at home, with a minimum of role conflict”.

Greenbatt (2002) WLB is defined as “the absence of unacceptable level of conflicts between work and non-work demands”.

Greenhaus et al (2003) Work life balance as “the extent to which an individual is equally engaged in – and equally satisfied with – his or her work role and family role”

Frone (2003) presents a four-fold taxonomy of work-life balance, in which WLB is described as “low levels of inter-role conflict and high levels of inter-role facilitation”.

Greenhans and Allen (2006) Work life balance is “the extent to which an individual’s effectiveness and satisfaction in work and family roles are compatible with the individual’s life priorities.

Grzywacz and Carlson (2007) Work–family balance is defined “as accomplishment of role related expectations that are negotiated and shared between an individual and his or her role-related partners in the work and family domains”.

Kalliath & Brough (2008) it can be conceptualized as “the relationship between institutional and cultural times and spaces of work and non-work in societies where income is predominantly generated and distributed through labour markets”.

Benefits of Work Life Balance

Work-life balance is an essential part of Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporations are increasingly recognizing that an inadequate work-life balance can have detrimental impacts on staff performance, satisfaction and retention. When employers target good work-life balance, they can see that reducing stress and frustration resulting from poor work-life balance can be beneficial to both parties. Furthermore the adoption of work-life balance policies and practices can improve an organization’s ability to respond to customers’ demands for increased access to services and deal with changes in a way that can be satisfactory to both employers and employees. Helping individuals and families achieve a balance between their work, family and lifestyle commitments by introducing work-life balance policies (i.e. policies that help people meet the needs of their work life and personal life) can provide benefits for both employees and employers.

Benefits to the Employees

i. The level of motivation and job satisfaction of employees lead to increased focus on goals at both the front.

ii. Employees have more Autonomy to make decisions regarding work-life balance iii. A wonderful felling of having improved work-life balance leads to a reduction in the negative

impact of work on home and family life. iv. The employee experiences a kind of mental peace and reduced stress levels when they have a

kind of equilibrium between personal and professional life.


v. A successful time management will further have control over meeting work-life commitments vi. The employees feel secure about their job as that an organisation understands and supports

workers with family responsibilities. vii. With increasing company focus on the high cost of health care, work/life programs are

becoming an intelligent choice to help lower the number of health care claims.

Benefits to the Organization

The benefits of the work-life balance policies are not limited to employees using the policies, but also to the employer to provide them.

The acknowledged advantages of the introduction of policies to work-life balance for employers include:

i. Lower recruitment and training costs, associated with the reduction of the rate of bearing. ii. Become a good employer or an employer of choice.

iii. Increase the return on investment in the training that employees remain longer. iv. The decline of the Absenteeism. v. Reduction in the use of sick leave.

vi. The reduction in the levels of stress of worker. vii. Improvement of morale or satisfaction.

viii. Greater loyalty and the commitment of the staff. ix. The improvement of the Productivity. x. A better team work and communication.

Challenges to the Work-Life Balance

i. Many organizations have policies that on paper. There is very less of concern for the implementation of the policies.

ii. Communication about the programs work/life is essential. Although an organization may offer a rich menu of benefits work/life, the desired effect of the positive effects the results of the company is unlikely to occur if the employees do not know on the programs or understand.

iii. The introduction, the exploitation and the implementation of the work-life balance requires the collaborative work and is in large part a holistic process.

iv. The implementation of a strategy of the WLB takes time. The deadlines for implementation must be realistic.

v. The size and structure of an organization can present difficulties in the implementation of the human resources policy. The introduction of elements of work-life balance policy through a pilot program for example, working at home may have been more interesting than to engage the whole organization.

vi. Initiatives in place of work of any kind are likely to fail if they do not have the full support of all levels of management. The support and training of managers in the application of the WLB is imperative. Beginning of the commitments with the executives results in a higher level of commitment.

vii. Early awareness sessions for managers on the work-life concept could have helped to mitigate the initial concerns.

viii. More dependence on working groups to delay the decision. ix. Flexible working practices can lead to different interpretations leading to the inconsistency of

the approach. The management of performance must be treated in the appropriate manner. x. Increase of the physical presence of the project officer. champion can allow a better

monitoring of the pilot projects. At the beginning of the use of the tool of communication dedicated intranet would have been able to provide a greater concentration to the communication on the work and results of the project the need for clarity for the terms of reference of the working groups and the roles and responsibilities of the members of the group.


Consequences or Impact of Work Life Imbalance

It can be tempting to rack up hours at work, especially if you're trying to earn a promotion or manage an ever-increasing workload. Sometimes overtime may even be required. If you're spending most of your time working, though, your home life will take a hit. Consider the consequences of poor work-life balance:

i. When you're tired, your ability to work productively and think clearly may suffer — which could take a toll on your professional reputation or lead to dangerous or costly mistakes. At the same time when employees feel fatigue due to tiresome work at professional front, when they return home they are left with no energy to interact with family members.

ii. Due to excessive pressure at home front female employees complaint getting late very frequently to job.

iii. If you're working too much, you may miss important family events or milestones. This can leave you feeling left out and may harm relationships with your loved ones. It's also difficult to nurture friendships if you're always working.

iv. If you regularly work extra hours, you may be given more responsibility. This may lead to only more concerns and challenges.

Conclusion

In this paper, the researcher has presented the theoretical framework of Work Life Balance. It highlights the Brief introduction about Work Life Balance, Evolution of Work-Life Balance, Definitions of Work-Life Balance, Benefits of Work Life Balance, Benefits to the Employees, Benefits to the Organization, Challenges to the Work-Life Balance, Consequences or Impact of Work Life Imbalance and the like.

References

1. McCormack, B., & McCance, T. (2016). Person-Centred Practice in Nursing and Health Care: Theory and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. Oxford

2. Barnett, R. C., & Baruch, G. K. (1985). Women’s involvement in multiple roles and psychological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 135–145.

3. Rantanen, Johanna & Kinnunen, Ulla & Mauno, Saija & Tillemann, Kati. (2011). Introducing Theoretical Approaches to Work-Life Balance and Testing a New Typology Among Professionals. 10.1007/978-3-642-16199-5_2.

4. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.

5. Greenblatt J (2002) Regulation of transcription elongation by phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1577(2):261-275

6. Greenhaus, Jeffrey & Collins, Karen & Shaw, Jason. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and Quality of Life. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 63. 510-531. 10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8.

7. Frone, M.R. (2003). Work—family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143-162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

8. Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E. (2006). Health consequences of work–family conflict: The dark side of the work–family interface. In P. L. Perrewe & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well being (Vol. 5, pp. 61–99). Oxford, UK: JAI Press/Elsevier

9. Grzywacz, Joseph & Carlson, Dawn. (2007). Conceptualizing Work—Family Balance: Implications for Practice and Research. Advances in Developing Human Resources. 9. 455-471. 10.1177/1523422307305487.

10. Kalliath, Thomas & Brough, Paula. (2008). Work-Life Balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct. Journal of Management & Organization. 14. 10.5172/ jmo. 837.14.3.323.


��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��!��!��!��!��

� ��"�#�� $�� "�� %�� &�� ' ��(�"�� %�� (��)� '�"��*�� ")�� +�� ,%�� -�� #�� (�"�� -�� '�� .�� %�� %�� )� �� -&��)� �� '�� /) /)��,��)��

,�/�0!,�/�0!,�/�0!,�/�0!��

� 1111,�/��$��-��2,�/��$��-��2,�/��$��-��2,�/��$��-��2� � � ��"��

�� 1,�� 21,�� 21,�� 21,�� 2� � � � � ��

$� �"��" ��3�.�,� �� &�� ,��)��)��

� 1,��, ��4 ��&��1,��, ��4 ��&��1,��, ��4 ��&��1,��, ��4 ��&��

�� ,� ��,� ��,� ��,� ��

�� ' ��' �� ' �3��' ��' �� ' �3��' ��' �� ' �3��' ��' �� ' �3��

�� /3�� /��/3�� /��/3�� /��/3�� /��

�� '�� ,��'�� ,��'�� ,��'�� ,��

�� '��' ��'��' ��'��' ��'��' ��

�� (��-��'�� %��(��-��'�� %��(��-��'�� %��(��-��'�� %��

�� $�'�3��#�$�'�3��#�$�'�3��#�$�'�3��#��2��2��2��2�� %�� )�5�6��

$�'"��,�/��"��)��&��-��"��

� ,�/��,�/ � ��.��,��,��.�$��"��,� ��-��-��&��$�/�-��&��-��-��&��$�7��"��

� 1�� 1�� 1�� 1��

�� '��4��'��'��4��'��'��4��'��'��4��'��

�� 0��-��-��0��-��-��0��-��-��0��-��-��

�� - �� 2- �� 2- �� 2- �� 2�� 5�8�

��


��'� ' ��'� ' ��'� ' ��'� ' ��

� ��)� ��9�� ,�� &�� $��"� 4�'�� -�� /�(�� (�� )��&��

� 1/&� )�4��$��$��1/&� )�4��$��$��1/&� )�4��$��$��1/&� )�4��$��$��

�� &��/&��&��/&��&��/&��&��/&��

�� /&� )�,�7�()�$�"� �)/&� )�,�7�()�$�"� �)/&� )�,�7�()�$�"� �)/&� )�,�7�()�$�"� �)��

�� $��()��$��()��$��()��$��()��

�� /&� )�,)��,��&��/&� )�,)��,��&��/&� )�,)��,��&��/&� )�,)��,��&��

�� /�� 2/�� 2/�� 2/�� 2�� 3��5�:�

� -�� $�� ;�� '�� $�7� $&&�� -�� ,�� $�� ,��)�� /� ,�"�� ()��'��7��<��'��&�� -�� %� �)� �� "�� ,�� $�� $�7��/��"��

��&��)�,�� &��)�,�� &��)�,�� &��)�,��

� 1'�� ""�� $�� (�"�� ""�2� $� ��(�"��$��"��"�)�(� ��&%��&�� %�� $�7� =7��!�� &%�� &%��7� �� $�7�-��"��

� 1��&��)�,"��1��&��)�,"��1��&��)�,"��1��&��)�,"��

�� &��3)��&��3)��&��3)��&��3)��

�� &��,��&��,��&��,��&��,��"��"��"��"��

�� &%�$�� &��'��&��&%�$�� &��'��&��&%�$�� &��'��&��&%�$�� &��'��&��

�� &%��'��&%��'��&%��'��&%��'��

�� !)��&%��,��!)��&%��,��!)��&%��,��!)��&%��,��

�� &�� '��7�-&'��&�� '��7�-&'��&�� '��7�-&'��&�� '��7�-&'��

�� ,)<�-�"�� "2,)<�-�"�� "2,)<�-�"�� "2,)<�-�"�� "2�� 9�� )�5�>�

� $�"� �� ,�� ,�� &�� $�"� -&�� "��"7��"��(�"��&%��,"��)�,�� &%��&�� $��-&��)��"��

�� ' &�� ' &�� ' &�� ' &��

� 1�� 9�� (��"�2� $�"�� =��9� �� '��)� ��"��)�� 9�� ,�� $3�)� '��"� � �� )��'� ��

� 1�� %<� (�� (�"�� "�� ,�� (�!� ��9��'�9�� -"��"��?� -�'�� -&��""�'��$�7�4��="�,�"��"'"��'��"��(�"�!��%�� 9�� 4�� '�� <�� ,�� ,3)� '�� "�)� ��)�/�&��-&��""��( %��"��$� ��

� 1��.�,��(��,��' ��1��.�,��(��,��' ��1��.�,��(��,��' ��1��.�,��(��,��' ��

�� .��&2�� .��&2�� .��&2�� .��&2��


�� 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555��

�� @��$��9�� A�B��$ ��2@��$��9�� A�B��$ ��2@��$��9�� A�B��$ ��2@��$��9�� A�B��$ ��2�� '� ��5:�

��-&��%��")��

' &�� ' &�� ' &�� ' &��

� ' &��(�"��)� �� )��9��&��$� �"��,�� (�� %��.� �� " ��(�' &�� % �� %�� '��)�� ,�� #��-�<�� ,��)��"��

� �� -�� ' �"�&&�� ) �� '��&��9�� C�� ' ��! ��

� ' &�� -��)� ��)� ,�� ' �%� (%��"� ��)�' �"�&&�� 0�� )� ��)� 0�� "�� )� ��)� C��"��"��

��

� �&��' ��,� &��) � �%��,��)� ��'��.��0��-��-&��$��-��

� 10��-��-&��$��-��10��-��-&��$��-��10��-��-&��$��-��10��-��-&��$��-��)�)�)�)��

�� ,3�� %.��2��,3�� %.��2��,3�� %.��2��,3�� %.��2�� 5:>�

$�7� �� "��)� ��

� 1' ��,��'�� /��) 71' ��,��'�� /��) 71' ��,��'�� /��) 71' ��,��'�� /��) 7��

�� /)��9��(�&�%� ��)/)��9��(�&�%� ��)/)��9��(�&�%� ��)/)��9��(�&�%� ��)��

�� (��'��,��(��'��,��(��'��,��(��'��,��

�� 9��)�-��9��)�-��9��)�-��9��)�-��(9��2��(9��2��(9��2��(9��2��'�� )�5�:�

�� -�)� ��%�� )� ("��"�� &&��)�� (9�� (��)� '��'��""�� $�� -�� (�� -�� 9�� )� �9 ��")�� '��""� �� 9�� $�7��7��")�$��-��&��"��

�%<��%<��%<��%<��

� �� ,�� , �� "��.��.�=��-��,��9��")��-��"��"��-��(� � ��)�� (�"�� )� '��&�� (�"�� %�� (�&�� )�� (�"�� ,�� )� �� $��"��

��D �� D �� D �� D ��

:� �� /��5� ��E� ��5�,)�4��/��5��9��6� ��+��5��F� ��"��5��#��


SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA


�Mr.Raneesh Mohan, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-21.

Abstract

Social entrepreneurship has turned into the trendy expression in India and around the globe. Individuals have discovered this idea of altruism somewhat interesting in nature. It has the best blend of social administration and entrepreneurship; this mix makes it most appealing thus extraordinary in nature. Generally entrepreneurship is identified with economic exercises and being savagely benefited making and disregarding social benefits or cultural prosperity. In the present period of overwhelming industrialization and economic growth, cultural increases have reclaimed seat or even out of the sight all around the globe, including India, with the idea of social entrepreneurship ascending in India and around the globe has helped in serving the society in more important way than any other time in recent memory alongside living the soul of entrepreneurship with its fullest. Social entrepreneurship isn't a more up to date idea yet the situating of the idea has ascended higher than ever as of late. As legislature of India has made CSR a more practical duty than a unimportant custom, corporate are currently searching for their grater jobs in aiding the society in a way that is both economically and socially advantageous. As the meaning of social entrepreneurship it explains that their fines mix of entrepreneurship and cultural additions. As of late, the idea has taken new personalities and shapes, and has been acknowledged among more extensive territories. This is the place the social and economic entrepreneurship separate with one another, economic entrepreneurship centres around economic need, on different hands, social entrepreneurship centres around social needs. This paper is an itemized investigation on assortment of points identified with social entrepreneurship, including the reasonable system and procedure of social entrepreneurship. Hence, the present study focused on the social entrepreneurship on the rural development of India.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial Competencies, Rural Development, Identities and Shapes, Social Innovations and Identification of Social Needs.

Introduction

The economic development of a Nation relies upon its mechanical development. The modern development depends on the entrepreneurial capabilities of the individuals. Entrepreneurs are creative, profoundly energetic, and basic masterminds. At the point when these qualities are joined with a drive to tackle social issues, a social entrepreneur is conceived. Social ventures are the associations which point their endeavors toward improving the general welfare of society and they apply market�based systems to accomplish a social reason. Social entrepreneurs and social endeavors share a dedication of proceeding with a


social strategic improving society. There is an extraordinary contrast between social entrepreneurs and non-benefit associations based on their objectives and targets. Social entrepreneurs are driven by social just as financial objectives while non�profit associations work only for social reason. A Social Entrepreneurship is an association which uses business strategies to address a social or ecological issue in a creative manner.

An entrepreneur is somebody who sees a particular issue in his locale and thinks of another thought or business, generally to determine it, at last prompting his very own advantages and benefits. Be that as it may, believe it or not, their effect is immense and fundamentally imperative to society. A social entrepreneur, not at all like a business entrepreneur (who in all likelihood tend to CSR), resort to advancement and ability to bring arrangements that can help settle the issues of society by structure up solid and reasonable associations that put their crucial benefits. Social entrepreneurship is the way toward realizing social change on a significant and more compelling scale than a conventional Non-Governmental Organization (NGO). They will in general make wide based, long haul changes, rather than little scale and time-constrained changes. There are different manners by which a social entrepreneur can provide for society and work for its prosperity. Receiving a strategic make and support social values, alongside persistent development, and perseveringly seeking after new chances to accomplish that crucial, being constrained by the assets right now close by can truly achieve an urgent change in the present situation.

Research Objectives of the Study

The present study aimed to attain following objectives:

1. To know about social entrepreneurship in India. 2. To study the rural development through social entrepreneurship in India. 3. To analyse various factors associated with rural development and social

entrepreneurship. 4. To recommend the rural development through education in social entrepreneurship.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Daru, Mahesh and Gour, Ashok in their examination paper title "Social entrepreneurship - An approach to bring social change" (2013) composes that "In the developing scene, the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) may give a legitimate operationalization of social needs. The MDG allude to the most squeezing social issues to be tended to in the quick future. They incorporate objectives, for example, annihilating extraordinary destitution and appetite, accomplishing all inclusive essential education, advancing sexual orientation equity and enabling ladies, lessening youngster mortality, improving maternal wellbeing, and fighting HIV/AIDS, jungle fever and different sicknesses. In the developed world, open doors for social entrepreneurs may emerge, for instance, from holes in the social welfare framework. Increasingly observational examinations are expected to delineate open door space for social entrepreneurs and to look at whether and how the idea of social openings influences the entrepreneurial procedure. Research on social entrepreneurship has developed quickly as of late. Given its significance for society and the present economy, the subject has gotten impressive consideration in various surges of research". V. Udodova (2013), advancement and execution of social endeavors in the economy of Ukraine should occur as to the adjusted global experience, which is the benchmark that shows what requirements to change in the law and the undertakings and the state.



Table 1: Analysis on Factors Indicating the Potentiality of Social Entrepreneurship in Rural Development

SA – Strongly Agree: A – Agree; NA – Neutrally Agree; DA – Disagree and SDA – Strongly Disagree

Factors SA A NA DA SDA

To make work openings 15 62 13 09 01

To take care of social issues 28 32 32 08 00

To contribute in destitution lightening 20 40 20 12 08

To begin another type of business 25 30 35 10 00

To utilize bottomless crude materials 20 34 26 18 02

To utilize poor HR 27 27 33 09 04

To improve proficiency and viability of organizations

35 35 29 01 00


Table 2: Analysis on Opinion of the Respondents regarding Problems associated with Social Entrepreneurship on Rural Development

Problems/Constraints SA A NA DA SDA

Absence of help for provincial social entrepreneurs 18 37 28 17 00

Deficient persuasive preparing 12 38 24 20 00

Nonattendance of limit building project of social entrepreneurship

24 26 30 12 04

Incapable crusade programs 32 38 26 04 00

Nonattendance of system among Government, Philanthropist different partners

34 44 13 07 02

Nonattendance of viable Management Information System (MIS)

47 30 18 05 00

Absence of Research on Social Entrepreneurship 23 44 28 03 02


Recommendations – Social Entrepreneurs and Rural Development through Education

Today, as our nation battles with issues including destitution, savagery, natural change, wellbeing, education and that's just the beginning, social entrepreneurs can help lighten these issues by putting those less blessed on a way towards an advantageous life. As opposed to leaving cultural needs to the Government or business sectors no one but, they can take care of the issue by changing the framework. The most significant issue that should be tended to immediately is provincial education. Lion's share of India still lives in towns, thus the theme of provincial education is of prime significance. India is confronting a tremendous provincial urban partition with regards to education. Critical commitments have been made


by the Government, social entrepreneurs and different associations to improve the situation of education in our nation, however even after the wide education development as of late, including framework of schools and enlistment of students, lack of education rates are still high. Extensive explanations for this heartbreaking yield, notwithstanding essential speculations, are low quality of instructing, absence of digitization, non-accessibility of legitimate materials, and lack of engagement of students towards education.

As indicated by different studies, regardless of what number of students in country zones are going to schools, 50-70 percent of them in Class V are as yet unfit to peruse a second grade reading material, or tackle essential arithmetic issues. Government schools, however exist, can't give the sort of value education when contrasted with tuition based schools. Neediness in the country zones and failure of schools and urban children to socially acknowledge the retrogressive kids prevents them from satisfying their fantasies about accomplishing something extraordinary. Some Government schools are over-pressed with students, in light of which instructors aren't ready to concentrate on students and give every one of them individual consideration. Trouble for students in understanding English course readings is another disadvantage. Nature of education is far amazing than destitution and absence of assets. However, that likewise has been debasing from that point forward. The focal point of the students and educators is simply on passing their tests as opposed to increasing any important learning, at last prompting the decrease in the degree of education in India, disregarding numerous endeavors.

The establishment to change India into an exceptionally proficient country must be set down at essential provincial levels, with the goal that nature of education from the earliest starting point ought to be kept sufficient. Students' course books can be made all the more fascinating by utilizing designs to clarify muddled ideas. Improvement in state of foundation, preparing the instructors, and furnishing them with expanded pay rates should all be a piece of development.

The hole among city and town students must be connected by understanding the necessities of the more fragile part and elevating them. New approaches and advances can be brought into study halls as a method for educating, and furthermore to stay aware of the modernization in the computerized world. Current period of computerized availability can enable us to address numerous issues in provincial schools. Social entrepreneurs can put resources into carrying their developments and mastery to make our provincial study halls further developed. The issue of deficiency of value instructors and high drop-out rates can be tackled by e-learning stages and shrewd homerooms. There are numerous effective instances of entrepreneurs and associations, who with their endeavors have contributed essentially in realizing a change and a feeling of support in oppressed youngsters, helping them shape a brilliant future. Together, social entrepreneurs in relationship with education administrators can construct an answer around these issues which will settle the general issues of rustic education and make ready for a superior and taught India.

Conclusion

In spite of the way that the biggest numbers of social undertakings are in this field, it is the greatest misfortune making sector right now. Be that as it may, Rural Development showed the biggest income builds a year ago, so there could be more astonishments coming up. There are more ventures that are misfortune making (34%) than those gaining a benefit (25%). What's more, 41% percent of ventures right now equal the initial investment. On the off chance that you take a gander at the productivity by proportion of years in activity, you can unmistakably observe that creation benefit through social venture is no simple assignment. The facts demonstrate that the level of misfortune making undertakings consistently goes down as the organizations get more seasoned. In any case, there is


essentially no dissimilarity in the quantity of benefit making substances crosswise over age classifications. Numerous undertakings quit causing misfortunes as they to become more established however don't start to turn a benefit; they only start equaling the initial investment. Shockingly, even following 11 years or a greater amount of tasks, the level of benefit making ventures is just 27%. Social entrepreneurship in India is rising basically on account of what the administration has not had the option to do. The legislature is extremely excited about advancing social entrepreneurship not really by subsidizing it or by prompting on it or empowering it. What they do, isn't impair it. For instance, in Mumbai alone, non-benefit associations instruct in excess of 250,000 youngsters every day. The administration has not advised these associations not to do it. With the current economic atmosphere, all things considered, social necessities will increment and, thus, the quantity of individuals focused on tending to them will increment. Meaning of social entrepreneurship has changed after some time. From corporate magnanimity to non-benefit and now to self-manageability, Social Entrepreneurship has developed and will continue advancing with time and needs of the world.

References

• Alvord, S. H., Brown, L. D., & Letts, C. W. (2004) Social entrepreneurship and societal transformation. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 40(3): 260-282. and the potential. Management Decision, 38(5): 328-338.

• Argyris, Chris & Donald A. Schön. (1978) Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing.

• Bhatt, Ela. (1989) Grind of work. Ahmadabad, India: Self Employed Women’s Association.

• Bhatt, Ela. (1989) Toward empowerment. World Development, 17(7): 1059-1065. • Daru,Mahesh U. and Gaur, Ashok, “Social entrepreneurship- a way to bring social

change”, Innovative journal of business and management, ISSN No.22774947, 2013. • Drucker, Peter F. (1985) Innovation and entrepreneurship. New York: Harper & Row,

Publishers. • Entrepreneurship Development, Quarterly Journal, Vol. 7, September, 2010. • Mair, Johanna and Marti,Ignais “Social entrepreneurship research: A source of

explanation, prediction and delight”, IESE business school, university of Navarra, Spain, 2005. 4. Santos, Filipe. M.A positive theory of social entrepreneurship. Faculty and research working papers. INSEAD, 2009.

• Mizan, Ainon Nahar. (1994) In quest of empowerment: The Grameen Bank impact on women’s power and status. Dhaka, Bangladesh: University Press Limited.

• Mort, G., Weerawardena, J., & Carnegie, K. (2003) Social entrepreneurship: Towards conceptualization. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8(1): 76-88.

• Pacific Business review, Referred Quarterly Journal, Vol. 2, April – June, 2010. • Udodova, V., Shapoval, V. (2013). The Research of Experience of the Functioning of

National Models of Social Enterprise // Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkov National University. No. 1042: 105–108.

�

�


A STUDY ON IMPACT OF HIGHER EDUCATION ON RURAL WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT

�Dr.R.Menaka, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies (DDE), Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-21.

�A.Gunasekar, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-21.

Abstract

Education is the key factor in the development of the nation and the general population living over yonder. Women empowerment alludes to the capacity for women to make the most of their entitlement to opportunity and advantage from assets, resources, pay and their own time, just as the capacity to oversee hazard and improve their financial status and prosperity. It brings about building the identity of a person. At the end of the day, the pathway to human-development experiences the paths of education. Education is a standout amongst the most essential methods for engaging women with the learning, aptitudes, and fearlessness important to take part completely in the development procedure. The education of women and girls has an enormous effect without anyone else development as well as on their families and networks. There is no preventing from claiming the way that women in India have gained an essential ground since Independence. In any case, even today, regardless they need to battle back against numerous detestable demonstrations in the male-commanded society. Women in the rural territories are not permitted to have education as they are intended to do family unit tasks, which will help them after marriage. It is properly said that Educate women in the family and entire family will be educated. With regards to this, country zones where the proficiency rate is negligible among women are effectively focused to improve the circumstance of women through education. Numerous guardians to date are of the view, that teaching child is a venture since regardless they believe that children will deal with them when they will be old. In this way, if a rural family needs to pick between teaching a child or a little girl, regularly the child will be picked. Negative parental dispositions towards educating little girls can likewise be a boundary to a young girl's education. Hence, the present research paper focusing on the impact of higher education on rural women empowerment in Tirunelveli district and study based on both primary and secondary sources of data collections.

Keywords: Right to Freedom, Negative Parental Attitudes, Girl’s Education and Rural Women Empowerment.

Introduction

Empowerment of women that will have enduring effects must include cognizance raising before the social development of sexual orientation, which subordinates women in the family, class, station, religion, or society, can be changed. The monetary empowerment approach has depended on improving women's authority over financial assets and fortifying women's financial security. The outcomes additionally propose that strategies to rise women's age at marriage, upgrade their educations and open more prominent work openings will likewise enable them, in any event in certain regards. We will likely reason strategy, institutional and singular change that


will improve the lives of women and girls all over the place. India has additionally sanctioned different worldwide traditions and human rights instruments resolving to verify measure up to privileges of women. The Constitution awards uniformity to women, yet in addition enables the State to embrace proportions of positive separation for women. Women's empowerment is a vital plan in the empowerment endeavours. There has been huge move in methodology of the locale organization towards the empowerment of women, particularly the poor and the uneducated.

Education to women is the most dominant instrument of changing their position the general public. Education additionally achieves decrease in imbalances and furthermore goes about as a way to improve their status inside the family. So as to support education of women at all dimensions and to weaken sexual orientation predisposition in the arrangement and associate of education, schools, schools and even colleges were built up solely for women in the State. To bring younger girl children, particularly from underestimated BPL families, into the standard of education, Government has been giving a bundle of concessions as free supply of books, uniform, boarding and hotel, apparel for threats, late morning dinners, grants, free by-cycles, etc. Therefore women's proficiency rate has become over the three decades and the development of female education has in actuality been higher than that of male education rate. India has imparted to different nations its bits of knowledge on engaging rural women and girls at an occasion on the sidelines of the gathering of the Commission on the Status of Women drawing on its numerous projects. Along these lines, it is critical to learn about the rural women empowerment and the effect of higher education in it.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed with following objectives:

1. To know the current status of higher education in rural India. 2. To study the empowerment of women in rural India. 3. To analyse various factors of study relating to the Higher Education and Rural Women

Empowerment. 4. To know the impacts of higher education on rural women empowerment.


Dreze and Sen (1995) have portrayed women empowerment as capacity to characterize personal circumstance and decision, and consider girl as capable as well as qualified for settle on decisions. So as to improve the dimension of women's empowerment they have proposed to diminish sexual orientation biasness in death rate and natality rates, in access to education and expert preparing, in business, in the responsibility for and in family unit work and basic leadership. Investigating the information from India they have represented that female education lessens kid death rate while both female work compel cooperation just as female proficiency decreased female tyke death rate. They have deciphered these outcomes as proof of the way that women's entrance to education and work had upgraded their capacity to practice office, i.e., the procedure of empowerment. Kishor (1997) has conceptualized empowerment regarding 'control' by which women would probably get to data, take choice and act to their greatest advantage or for their wards. She has thought about three classes of composite pointers to gauge women's empowerment. These are 'immediate proof of empowerment', 'wellspring of empowerment' and 'the settings for empowerment. She has assembled the pointers of conduct and attitudinal variables into ten measurements. We have recorded these pointers including the factors. Molhotra, et al. (2002) have checked on two kinds exact examinations, to be specific, thinks about thinking about empowerment as result of intrigue and studies thinking about effect of empowerment on other formative factors. Investigating a substantial number of studies they have presumed that elements, for example, education, work, positive marriage condition and microcredit are powerful for women's empowerment. Then again, a bunch of studies demonstrate that empowerment has some great effect on preventative use, spending on sustenance, tyke prosperity and decreased ripeness rates.



Table 1: Literacy Rate in India (1951-2011census) and Male-Female Gap in Literacy Rate

Year of Census

Persons

(in Percentage) Male Female

Gap of Literacy Rate

(between Male and Female)

1951 18.33 27.16 08.86 18.30

1961 28.30 40.40 15.35 25.05

1971 34.45 45.96 21.97 23.08

1981 43.57 56.38 29.76 26.62

1991 52.21 64.13 39.21 24.84

2001 64.83 75.26 53.67 21.59

2011 74.04 82.14 65.46 16.68

Source: Census Register, Provisional Population Rate

Table 2: Analysis on the Demographic Details of the Respondents

Variables Number of Respondents In Percentage

Age (in Years)

Below 20 years 20 20

20 – 40 years 49 49

Above 40 years 31 31

Religious Status

Hindu 25 25

Muslim 32 32

Christian 37 37

Others 06 06

Head of the family

Husband 38 38

Father 30 30

In-laws 32 32

Size of the family

Below 3 47 47

3 – 5 40 40

Above 5 13 13

Marital Status

Married 78 78

Unmarried 22 22


Education

Up to HSC 16 16

Graduate 39 39

Diploma 45 45

Occupation

Housewife 25 25

Working women 35 35

Business 32 32

Student 08 08


Table 3: Government Assistance to Empower for Rural Girl Students in Higher Education

Government Assistance % of the Respondents

(out of 100)

Bicycle 70

Books 62

Midday Meal 60

Scholarships 58

Stationary Materials 58

Uniform 75


Discussion and Conclusion

In rural India, a select accentuation on young girl's education is essential. Education for pre-adult girls is limitation because of numerous components; the most unmistakable of them is non-accessibility of suitable framework of schools. Besides, the movement time taken in achieving school, dread of wrongdoing and obscure outcome would raise consequently arrangement of open transport only for young girl tyke is essential. A lawful arrangement would help salvage girls from the early relational unions and open entryways of development for them. Mindfulness program are required which would concentrate on the elements of sustenance in physical and mental development. Nonetheless, it is to be repeated that girls need a great deal of merciful treatment and support to empower them to lead a good and important life, and in guaranteeing this, the job of relatives and society is without a doubt urgent and of prime essentialness. To conclude the present situation, it might be said that education is the foundation of women empowerment which could be accomplished through generous and co-usable endeavors of the Government and NGOs and furthermore taking out the conventional mentality, standards and practices through appropriate education and direction. The endeavors of women empowerment by the administration and social reformers will go futile except if the women are accomplished, self-steady and free in all circles of life.

Research Gap and Scope for Future Research

The current research only focusing on the impacts of higher education for rural women empowerment where future researches can be done in:


1. Issues and Challenges for providing higher education for Rural Women. 2. Opportunities available for rural women empowerment through higher education. 3. Opportunities available for rural women empowerment through technical education.

References

• Agarwal SP. Women’s Education in India (1995-98) Present Status, Perspective, Plan, Statistical, 2001.

• Bhandari S. An Analysis of Women Education in India, Educationia Confab, 2014; 3:2. • Educate Girls Is Bringing India's Rural Children Back To School, 2015. • Gupta NL. Women’s Education through Ages, Concept Publications Co, New Delhi,

2003. • Indicators with Global View, Concept Publications Co, New Delhi, III. • Karat B. Survival and Emancipation: Notes from Indian Women’s Struggles, Gurgaon,

Three Essays Collective, 2005. • Kumar D. Girl child in rural India, Soc Change, 1995; 25(2-3). • Mahajan VD. Modern Indian History, Delhi, S. Chand, 2010. • Mandal P. Educate Girl’s incredible growth and success through scaling, Women

Education in Rural India: Meaning, Need and Barriers! • Nair J. Women and Law in Colonial India: A Social History, Delhi, Kali for Women

(published in collaboration with the National Law School of India University, Bangalore, 1996.

• Rao RK. Women and Education, Kalpaz Publications, Delhi, 2001. • Selected Educational Statistics Planning, Monitoring & Statistics Division, Department of

Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, 2003-04.

• Sindhi AS. Girl Education: A Challenge for Rural Transformation in India, Countercurrents.org, 2013.

• Women in Indian Religions (Ed.) Arvind Sharma, Oxford University Press, 2002. • Women's Education in India - Census.gov

�

�


��

��

��! �� 7��-&��)��7��! �� 7��-&��)��7��! �� 7��-&��)��7��! �� 7��-&��)��7��

��

��

�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� G ��H�� G��H�� '��% ��

�

� '� � �� "�"� ,"�� -�<� ��7�� ' ��)� )�&/��"��'� ��%��' �"�� $3�)��'� � ��,��)�'� / � ��$�"�9�� "��(��$�7��9�� "��'� � �� ' "7��9'�9��"�"��"��(�'� � �� $�� ' 7��"�� ,�� ' �� '��&��,�9�� "�� "�� '�� '� � �� ! �� '� � �� "��"�"��"� ��

� ��&�� 9�� I�� ! �� ")�� +�� =%��3� (��C�� "7�� " /�� 9��")�� (��C�� ' ""� ��'�� '� / � �� "�� '��%�� (��C��' ""��" � ��")��

$3�$3�$3�$3�)��7��+��,"�� ' 7��! ��7�)��7��+��,"�� ' 7��! ��7�)��7��+��,"�� ' 7��! ��7�)��7��+��,"�� ' 7��! ��7��

� ��! �� "�"� ,"�� -�<� ��'�� "7� �� 7��,�<C�� (�� ,"��%��")�� ! �� 4�%�� 7�� A�� ' �� '��=�� "� ' �� "��$� ��"�� "��

� (�""��)��"7��&%��-��'��=� � ��'��(��(�� %�)�"��' "7��& ��"��(�� ' ""��&%��/"�(��(��$�7��)��"��

� ��! �� ,��)�� $�!� �� "7��" /��)�� &�� 9 /"�� '��&��)� �"� ��)�� ,�� #�� ,*�� "�� C��(��)��7��,"��%��")��(��#�� $� )��*�� "��")��

�&%�� &%�� &%�� &%��

� ��.�� F8JJ��:K:8��L��E�� *��.�' ""�� ,��' �� 1�� 2��1��2�$3��

� ��9��! ��,��&%��)�� &��'��)�� '��

� ��.�� :FF6��L�'�� L� �� K� ��,�� )��)��.��C��-�� $�!��! ��' �� %��'��%��,��)��"��)��.��9��&%�!� �� /C�� (��)� ��) �� ,�&�� &��'��3�'��&�� 9�� ""�� '��)� �� =�� '��<&��'��


� ��&%)��.��)��(�!��M�� &��'��)�/C��/&��,L�� .�'��)�� M�� &%��)�,��)�(�� &�� &%��M��<�� &�� &��/C��<��) �� ,�&�� &��<� ��9�� )��&%�&&��<&��&��<��

� ��9�� L��.�� 6N>K��'��"��L��EK�� *��' ""�� L��' "")��

� �� "�� ,�&� �� A�� %� �� 7�� %��7�� /C��"��)� �)��'�.�� )�� /�'�.��&��'�� &�� &� ��'��)��"�� '�� )� �� )�� )� ,��#�� =%�� '��)� (�� $�� #� �� ,�&�� ) � ��"�� C�� "�� =�� "�� $�7� �� 9�� &�� $�7� �� )� '� / � �� $3��&�� 9�� )� �� %� '�� :O�� 4�� '��&��$�" %�� =��L��F�� /��9�� P�� -�� 9�� I�� &�� &%��)�/C��,L� �� L��'��)�� L��'��)�� 9� �&%�� ,�9�)� �� )� �� /C�&� � � �� '��)� �� %� ��9��)� ��'�� .� A" �� )�� &%�� 9�� '��)� �� 9�� $�� .� '��)�,��.� �� (�� ' �� 9� �� /C�� &�� '�� 9� �� "�� &�� $�7� &� $��)�,��'�""�� '��:�

��9��/C�� 9��/C�� 9��/C�� 9��/C��

� ��9��%�� '��.� �)� ,�!�� ,�� '��%��'��4�� "��A"��7��%�("��)��,��,�"��&��&��)��%��'��"��

� �� '��'�� &�� ,�� !�� '�"�� %��)��"�� *��/�� '�� %�� %�� &��'��)� 0�� -&�� -�� %��""�� '�"�� '��.� $�7�="��

� �� M) �� '��%�� (�� )�&��'��&��6>�' ��-�� %��""�� '�"��'��'��

B��-�Q��&B��-�Q��&B��-�Q��&B��-�Q��&��

� ��! �� &%�� ! �� &�� ""�� ,�� '��=7� 9��&�4�7��&��")��(��&��/�� 9�� <&��)� �&�� ,�� +�� (��&��)�$�!��"� /��")��

� (�� &�� (�� 9�� C�� (� �!� ��/�� '��.� =7��")�� ( �� *��/�� 1,��' �� 2� � �!�1�� 2� �!�� 1�� 2� ��.�� F8JJ� �� :K:8��L�� E�� *��.�' ""�� G�� :KJNH�$3�� =" ��)�� ( �� ! �� 1�� 2� $�!� 4��' ��.��")��

� 0�� "�� )��.�� 9�� &%�!� C�� $�7��(�� .�� :FF6� ��L� '�� L� �� K�� ,�� )� �)�� .� �� P�� -�� G�� :KJKH� ��9��!�� .�� 6N>K� �� '��"� �� L� �� F� ��


/��9�� P�� -�� 9�� I�� &�� &%�� )�� 9!� �� &�� '�� (�� &� �"� ��")�� 0�� 4�7� (� ��<�� )�� (� ��<�=" ��")�� ""�� &%�� '�� $�7�� M�� &%�� $�7� =" ��")�� ,��)� (�� M��$�7�=" ��")�� &��(�� &�� C�� =" ��")��

� ��&�� &�� $�7�� )��&%�&&��<&��9�� &��$�7� ��=7��")��7�� C��"��9��$� )� ��"��9��,"�� ")��

� ��"�� '�� !�� %�� )�� .�� I�� &�� &%��3��+�� C�&�� '�� =" ��)��'�� 9� �� "�� &�� $�7� �� &� $��)� $��'�""��(��$�7�=" ��")��

��"��"��"��"��

:� ��3��9�� R�F�


��<��!��<��!��<��!��<��!��

�B.�� #�� $��%&�� #��

��3��3��3��3��

�� 0�)�1�# �� <��%� �� ) ��>�� !$�� 6� ��)(� � ��)�� .�� .1(�� <��)(� 0� 0��6� ��)�� .�� , �� !��.�� * ��)(�*�� ( ��<�2� !�� )�� 0�� ))��!�� 61 (��)��<��0�� ' �.�� 0��'��>��*)��

!��!��!��!��

��))� ��( ��'��.�� .��( �� 0��<��' ��#��)�� ! ��<�� !�� (�� 6� 0��)1��(� () )�� ' ��' �� !�� 61 ��'��)(�0 ��

�� 5� �� $( �)1��2� ��(�*�� !�� !�� '�� $ ��! ��

��)<��'<��+�#��! �� )<��'<��+�#��! �� )<��'<��+�#��! �� )<��'<��+�#��! ��

0)<�� $D�0)<�� $D�0)<�� $D�0)<�� $D��H<��H<��H<��H<��

��)! �� )�� !��)! �� )�� !��)! �� )�� !��)! �� )�� !��

�)<�� '��'�� !$� ��)��)<�� '��'�� !$� ��)��)<�� '��'�� !$� ��)��)<�� '��'�� !$� ��)��7777��$ ��$ ��$ ��$ –GI8I"GI8I"GI8I"GI8I"

��1�)��'��)(�

�� 6��((��!��'��)(�0! (�� !( �'�� '�� 4�� )��4�� !��.�� '��

*,�� 5�!��)!(��4�� ( �,!(�� 0)! � �$�'� ��)�� !�� ( � ��)1 0� �� '��!��0��))� �'��

0��6�� D�� >�# �� )1*3� �� 1�� 0�� + (�� !( � (�� .�� (��0�� '�!�� $,��$ ��! ��*��=�'��)(�

0��>�#�� (0'��6�0��>�#�� (0'��6�0��>�#�� (0'��6�0��>�#�� (0'��6�#��, �)#��, �)#��, �)#��, �)

��-��)��+��!�� (�!�6��!��-��)��+��!�� (�!�6��!��-��)��+��!�� (�!�6��!��-��)��+��!�� (�!�6��!��


��(��D�� 3�� (��D�� 3�� (��D�� 3�� (��D�� 3��

��(��* �� +��)��$ ��(��* �� +��)��$ ��(��* �� +��)��$ ��(��* �� +��)��$ 7777G89B"G89B"G89B"G89B"

0��!��0��!��0��!��0��!��

0�� ( �(�� !�� !��)! �� '��' ��.��(� $'��)��(�� (� �� ,�� 0�� * �*,�� !��))(�� 4! ��#F=F��# �� ! �� <�� ) �� (�� ! �� @�)�!�!(�.��+!$<��!�)��)��

�� ,�� ,�� ,�� ,��

��=F��=F��=F��=F��

�� ! ��)�� ! ��)�� ! ��)�� ! ��)

��)��)��)��)��

J ��'��<�� J ��'��<�� J ��'��<�� J ��'��<��

�K�)�*)� �))�� K�)�*)� �))�� K�)�*)� �))�� K�)�*)� �))��

�!��!��!��!� ��)��%��,!(!�)�� )��%��,!(!�)�� )��%��,!(!�)�� )��%��,!(!�)��

0��!�� $ �0��!�� $ �0��!�� $ �0��!�� $ �–ALAL"ALAL"ALAL"ALAL"

��) �� *�� =��'��)(� ��%�� 0�� 61 (� �� %� *,�� 6�� )�%�� (� �(�� @�1�� *�� !( �� .�� (� �� !�)�( � ��!�� <�� '��*(��!��*3��(&(�� .�� '�� 0! .�%�0��6�!��))(��.��!(�* ��$(��()+��)�� (!��

� �� ,+5,�� ,�� ,+5,�� ,�� ,+5,�� ,�� ,+5,�� ,��

��!)��4)1.�,� ��!)��4)1.�,� ��!)��4)1.�,� ��!)��4)1.�,� ��

!�)�(0�! ��!�� (&(� ! (0��!�)�(0�! ��!�� (&(� ! (0��!�)�(0�! ��!�� (&(� ! (0��!�)�(0�! ��!�� (&(� ! (0��

!$ �(�� !��(0��!$ �(�� !��(0��!$ �(�� !��(0��!$ �(�� !��(0�� 7BM"

��)��' (��)(�

��!��!��!��!��

0! .�� !��)) �� 0 �� .�� <�� '�� 3�� ))� ��' ��3�� )�� C��))� �� )� ��' ( � ��'� !��' ��%�� 0� �* ��)(�0 ��41��)(�

.�� H��%��!0 +�� ,��

��( � �! �� # �� *�� .��"� ��' 5�� (! �� .�%�� *�+ H�� $�� 0,! � �� *(��'��( �� )�� (�� .�� )�( !�)��0 �1 (�� >,�� .�� )� �� 0! .�� *��6�!��D�� *�� '��


.D! �%�# ��)��K� �� ))�(.D! �%�# ��)��K� �� ))�(.D! �%�# ��)��K� �� ))�(.D! �%�# ��)��K� �� ))�(

0,! ��0'��!$��)1�0,! ��0'��!$��)1�0,! ��0'��!$��)1�0,! ��0'��!$��)1�

*D!(��*��*��)��*D!(��*��*��)��*D!(��*��*��)��*D!(��*��*��)��

��2-�$�<4��K��2-�$�<4��K��2-�$�<4��K��2-�$�<4��K�� $ �–ALAG"

��) 0�� .�� (��)(� ��%� .�� ' �� 4��(�� *�<�� *�� .�� *�<�� (��)�� 0�� *�<�� .�� !( ��(�� 0��(� ��!1�� $��4��N��))4! ��,��)(��*,��*�<��4! �!�� '�='��'�!��*,��4��(��1�)��'��)(�0 ��

!$�!�) � ��!��!(�� ,!(!$�!�) � ��!��!(�� ,!(!$�!�) � ��!��!(�� ,!(!$�!�) � ��!��!(�� ,!(

��)�,� �,��!-��)�,� �,��!-��)�,� �,��!-��)�,� �,��!-��!

��)�,%��D��6��)�,%��D��6��)�,%��D��6��)�,%��D��6�

�� ,��!-�� ,��!-�� ,��!-�� ,��!-��!

�� %�� %�� %�� %�

��<� (�� ,��!-��<� (�� ,��!-��<� (�� ,��!-��<� (�� ,��!-��! � ��–8"

��) �� *�� .�� (��)(� �� .��( !�� !�� .�� * )��*�� '��' (��)(�

�� !�� !�� !�� !��

�� ( !�� )�� '�� <� � �'�� !� �, �� *�� !��)� ))+�� )��. + )��+� �� 4�� *�+��* �� )�� !)��!��(�� )) ��

!��)! �� .�� ,! �%� * �,�� 5� !��!��!( ��1 �'� �� %�� ) ��%�� %�� !��%�� %�� %� �� *,�!( �'�� !�� $( �� ' �,�� )�0�D� ()+ !�� )��%�� 0�� ) � (�� !$<��.�� !��*��

� ��) � �)�� ! � $ �� ) � �)�� ! � $ �� ) � �)�� ! � $ �� ) � �)�� ! � $ ��

�� 10 �)�)�� $�! �%�� 10 �)�)�� $�! �%�� 10 �)�)�� $�! �%�� 10 �)�)�� $�! �%�

.��5��H��(5,�! �.��5��H��(5,�! �.��5��H��(5,�! �.��5��H��(5,�! �

��2��!(��!��2��!(��!��2��!(��!��2��!(��!�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� –8B"

��) ��%�� <�2��*�� ' � �'�� * �1 �� ( ��(�� *�� * �� ' �� '�� .��

*�� 0,!( �!(� !�� .� �� 6� � �� – 8I"

.�� (��)(�� !��))(��)0�� $ ��! ��

��0��)�)��! �!�)�� !�� 1�.�� .�' ��,! �� $ �� 1��6)1 H�� $��)�� ( 0'<�� 1 0�!( .�;� !�� ! ��)�� !��))


�� !�� !�� !�� '� ��141��)(�0 ��

��! �)��)��! �)��)��! �)��)��! �)��)��

��! ��! ��! ��!

!��!�� 6�!��!�� 6�!��!�� 6�!��!�� 6�

��)�� (!�!(��)�� (!�!(��)�� (!�!(��)�� (!�!(��

*��*��*��'*��*��*��'*��*��*��'*��*��*��'��

5�� )�� '-5�� )�� '-5�� )�� '-5�� )�� '-

�� !��<��!�� !��<��!�� !��<��!�� !��<��!��

�� !��O�� !��O�� !��O�� !��O� ��$ �–ALA8"

��) ��>�� ,�� !�� )�( �� 6�� !�� ( �� 6��.�� )(�

��+��+��+��+��

��() ) � ��1 ��!��' (��)(�!��C�� )�� )�� C � � �'�� .�� *,�6� �� *)� �� '�� !�� .�� ,��!( �'�� () ) � ��)�� '�� * )� 0�� !��))� �� .��!( �� 5�!��' ( � >�� !$<�� *��6�� 61 (��)(�


�� !��6� �� 6� �� !��6� �� 6� �� !��6� �� 6� �� !��6� �� 6�

��

�� !�� "� # �$�� %&�� ' (�

��3��3��3��3��

�� .��!��(5� ��*��! �))�� *! !�� * �� .��(� *( ��)�� 1�� )�� *)�-� *�� 0 ��( !�� * ��( �� '��)(�

��( �� H� *)�-�� !�� ))�� 41��D(� * �� D (!�� = !�� 0�� )��' �� 1 �� * �(��= !��6� �D ( !��6� �)��)� 5�)�� 0�� *( ��2�� @��4�� +� ��) 5D�� +� ��'��0�� *�� .�� *��! ��, !�� = ��,�� ! �� ,�� )��#�� 0!!��))��)��' (0<��!��+4� ��

“��( �D (� �� $'��( �D (� �� $'��( �D (� �� $'��( �D (� �� $'� ��'�� D��6� ��6� $1� $��'�� D��6� ��6� $1� $��'�� D��6� ��6� $1� $��'�� D��6� ��6� $1� $�� ( ��D � ��))!�� )�� 0�<�� D�� *� �� *��6�� ( ��D � ��))!�� )�� 0�<�� D�� *� �� *��6�� ( ��D � ��))!�� )�� 0�<�� D�� *� �� *��6�� ( ��D � ��))!�� )�� 0�<�� D�� *� �� *��6�

��)�� ( �D (� ��=�� )�� ( �D (� ��=�� )�� ( �D (� ��=�� )�� ( �D (� ��=�� ”GGGG �� $� ��

*��(0�� !(��3�/&��0 ��!��“*�� *�� *�� *��

��, ��, ��, ��,��!.<��!��!��<��*�(��)(P*�� .<��!��!��<��*�(��)(P*�� .<��!��!��<��*�(��)(P*�� .<��!��!��<��*�(��)(P*��

��, !�' �� 1�' ��)(� �� , !�' �� 1�' ��)(� �� , !�' �� 1�' ��)(� �� , !�' �� 1�' ��)(� �� ! �� P �� ,�� * �� H�� * �� P �� ,�� * �� H�� * �� P �� ,�� * �� H�� * �� P �� ,�� * �� H�� * ��)1��<�� , �� !�� .�� .�� .��)1��<�� , �� !�� .�� .�� .��)1��<�� , �� !�� .�� .�� .��)1��<�� , �� !�� .�� .�� .�� )��)(��)��)(��)��)(��)��)(�.��%�� 3� !! ��, �� 0,�! !��6))��)��.��%�� 3� !! ��, �� 0,�! !��6))��)��.��%�� 3� !! ��, �� 0,�! !��6))��)��.��%�� 3� !! ��, �� 0,�! !��6))��)��5��(��!(��! ��!(*�� $))��! !�*��5��(��!(��! ��!(*�� $))��! !�*��5��(��!(��! ��!(*�� $))��! !�*��5��(��!(��! ��!(*�� $))��! !�*�� 7777�� > !� �� *�� > !� �� *�� > !� �� *�� > !� �� *�� 7777 0��( �!!��)��P * �0��( �!!��)��P * �0��( �!!��)��P * �0��( �!!��)��P * ��,!(� ��,!(� ��,!��,!(� ��,!(� ��,!��,!(� ��,!(� ��,!��,!(� ��,!(� ��,!(� !��,!( ��)�� * �(� !��,!( ��)�� * �(� !��,!( ��)�� * �(� !��,!( ��)�� * �.�)41�� 1��'� ��)�� * � �� 1�1��.�)41�� 1��'� ��)�� * � �� 1�1��.�)41�� 1��'� ��)�� * � �� 1�1��.�)41�� 1��'� ��)�� * � �� 1�1��D�� * � �,�� ' ( ��)�� * �� (��%��D�� * � �,�� ' ( ��)�� * �� (��%��D�� * � �,�� ' ( ��)�� * �� (��%��D�� * � �,�� ' ( ��)�� * �� (��%��* �� (&1� #)1� >��2�� 1� *-=��)�� * �� ,��* �� (&1� #)1� >��2�� 1� *-=��)�� * �� ,��* �� (&1� #)1� >��2�� 1� *-=��)�� * �� ,��* �� (&1� #)1� >��2�� 1� *-=��)�� * �� ,��*��*� �� % $)*��*� �� % $)*��*� �� % $)*��*� �� % $))�� 6� ��1�#� ��(P.<�2��(�)�� 6� ��1�#� ��(P.<�2��(�)�� 6� ��1�#� ��(P.<�2��(�)�� 6� ��1�#� ��(P.<�2��(�.<�2��( ��1 *�)4+��)�� ,!��'�� *�� 6� ��,��.<�2��( ��1 *�)4+��)�� ,!��'�� *�� 6� ��,��.<�2��( ��1 *�)4+��)�� ,!��'�� *�� 6� ��,��.<�2��( ��1 *�)4+��)�� ,!��'�� *�� 6� ��,�� !-��.<�� *�� !-��.<�� *�� !-��.<�� *�� !-��.<�� *�� 7777 *�� )1� 0�� *�� )1� 0�� *�� )1� 0�� *�� )1� 0��

�� !�� !�� !�� !�� ”AAAA ��1 ��)��,�+ !�� .�� #��)!( ��<��)��


*� �� (� ��=� �� *�� , ��!.<�� !�� !��<�� <��= �" ��1��1 �� D��

*� ��! �� (&�'�. �� ‘��P’ ‘��1�#� ��(P’�� 0 ��)�� 41��

“*,� /�� .��! ��2�� , �� )!(*,� /�� .��! ��2�� , �� )!(*,� /�� .��! ��2�� , �� )!(*,� /�� .��! ��2�� , �� )!( ��<�� * �� *,��) �� 3! ��<�� * �� *,��) �� 3! ��<�� * �� *,��) �� 3! ��<�� * �� *,��) �� 3! ��,� ��)� *,� ��( �� .�� (� �� ,� ��)� *,� ��( �� .�� (� �� ,� ��)� *,� ��( �� .�� (� �� ,� ��)� *,� ��( �� .�� (� �� )��*,��)��*,��)��*,��)��*,�� 0� �� 0� �� 0� �� 0� �� 0�<�� 5�� ,� ��<��*,��! ��'� �� !�))��*,��0�<�� 5�� ,� ��<��*,��! ��'� �� !�))��*,��0�<�� 5�� ,� ��<��*,��! ��'� �� !�))��*,��0�<�� 5�� ,� ��<��*,��! ��'� �� !�))��*,��*��3-��;��)��N��(�!$� �� *��3-��;��)��N��(�!$� �� *��3-��;��)��N��(�!$� �� *��3-��;��)��N��(�!$� �� <�� +�� ,�� +�� =<�� <�� +�� ,�� +�� =<�� <�� +�� ,�� +�� =<�� <�� +�� ,�� +�� =<�� +�� +�� +�� +�� !�)� ��+�� )� �� +�� <�� +�� !�)� ��+�� )� �� +�� <�� +�� !�)� ��+�� )� �� +�� <�� +�� !�)� ��+�� )� �� +�� <�� +�� 3�*,�0 ,��.��*,��)(��0��.��*,��3�*,�0 ,��.��*,��)(��0��.��*,��3�*,�0 ,��.��*,��)(��0��.��*,��3�*,�0 ,��.��*,��)(��0��.��*,�

�(�(�(�(”3 ��1 �� 41��)�� )� ( �� * �� 41��( �� <��)�#��1�0� � 6��)�#��)� (� ��5 � ��)�%��)�� 4)��3��)��41 ( �� * ��2�� .�� !�� 0 �>�� 0 �� ' � *)��)(�

!��6�.��!��6�.��!��6�.��!��6�.��

“5� �� !�� * �� .�� 1� !�� 5� �� !�� * �� .�� 1� !�� 5� �� !�� * �� .�� 1� !�� 5� �� !�� * �� .�� 1� !��

�� 0�� .��6� ��1� 41 �� 0�� .��6� ��1� 41 �� 0�� .��6� ��1� 41 �� 0�� .��6� ��1� 41 �”4�� !�� .�� )��( ��!�<�� #.�'�.� ��5�4)�� * � � !��# ��,��)( �� 5� �� *��6� ��D � � ��'* � � .��<�� *)��6��)�� .�� .�� )��!��#��* � �)�.�'��(� ��+��

!��#��-��2�� personality) ��<��)(�

“!��.��'5�)��(��+��6�!��6�!��.��'5�)��(��+��6�!��6�!��.��'5�)��(��+��6�!��6�!��.��'5�)��(��+��6�!��6�

�� (��0��(��+�41 � �� (��0��(��+�41 � �� (��0��(��+�41 � �� (��0��(��+�41 �”IIII��

“#� �� .�� .��6� .1 �6� ��)!( ��<�� * ��#� �� .�� .��6� .1 �6� ��)!( ��<�� * ��#� �� .�� .��6� .1 �6� ��)!( ��<�� * ��#� �� .�� .��6� .1 �6� ��)!( ��<�� * ��!�� /�� *��! �� * ��.�� !�� /�� *��! �� * ��.�� !�� /�� *��! �� * ��.�� !�� /�� *��! �� * ��.�� + 0�! �� + 0�! �� + 0�! �� + 0�! ��!�� <�� * �� .�� !��!�� <�� * �� .�� !��!�� <�� * �� .�� !��!�� <�� * �� .�� !��))� �� * �� .�� (�� .��+ �� !��))� �� * �� .�� (�� .��+ �� !��))� �� * �� .�� (�� .��+ �� !��))� �� * �� .�� (�� .��+ �� !��+� ��,+� �� * �� .�� 0�� .��+ ��+� ��,+� �� * �� .�� 0�� .��+ ��+� ��,+� �� * �� .�� 0�� .��+ ��+� ��,+� �� * �� .�� 0�� .��+ ��!��=� 6�� 6��* ��.!��=� 6�� 6��* ��.!��=� 6�� 6��* ��.!��=� 6�� 6��* ��.�� ,�� ,�� ,�� ,��

0�! �� !�� %� '��))�� '�0�! �� !�� %� '��))�� '�0�! �� !�� %� '��))�� '�0�! �� !�� %� '��))�� '�”LLLL ��1 �� * ��41 (�0<�� (�

“ �� ' ��( �� 1� �� ' ��1 �� ' ��( �� 1� �� ' ��1 �� ' ��( �� 1� �� ' ��1 �� ' ��( �� 1� �� ' ��1 �� D �� !��)�� * � ��)1� ��* � *�� D �� !��)�� * � ��)1� ��* � *�� D �� !��)�� * � ��)1� ��* � *�� D �� !��)�� * � ��)1� ��* � *�� 6�� 6�� 6�� 6��

*�� ' ��)� �, ��)(� � ��)��) ��)! ��*�� ' ��)� �, ��)(� � ��)��) ��)! ��*�� ' ��)� �, ��)(� � ��)��) ��)! ��*�� ' ��)� �, ��)(� � ��)��) ��)! ��; ��! �� ! �� ! �� ! ��;�� ;��<��<��<��<�� ; �,��)��1<4)�� '��( �,��)��1<4)�� '��( �,��)��1<4)�� '��( �,��)��1<4)�� '��(

*�� 1�*(� � ��*�� 1�*(� � ��*�� 1�*(� � ��*�� 1�*(� � ��;�� '� � $��!��(�� '� � $��!��(�� '� � $��!��(�� '� � $��!��(”EEEE

�� * �� )� ( 41��( * ��.�� .��6� ��)!( ��<� �� !�� /�� !��)! ��.��(� .�� + 0�� !�� 6�� .�� !��))%��)(�


� ��!�� !�� !�� !��

“��)�� 5��)��1 � ��!( !��1 �� /�� #��)�� 5��)��1 � ��!( !��1 �� /�� #��)�� 5��)��1 � ��!( !��1 �� /�� #��)�� 5��)��1 � ��!( !��1 �� /�� #�� )�� 1 . ��)�� 5��!�� )�� 1 . ��)�� 5��!�� )�� 1 . ��)�� 5��!�� )�� 1 . ��)�� 5��!��!�� ))%�� (�� (�� ) . �� 1!�� ))%�� (�� (�� ) . �� 1!�� ))%�� (�� (�� ) . �� 1!�� ))%�� (�� (�� ) . �� 1��'��)� � * ��) � ��!��%� �� '��)� � * ��) � ��!��%� �� '��)� � * ��) � ��!��%� �� '��)� � * ��) � ��!��%� �� )1� �� )�� (�� )1� �� )�� (�� )1� �� )�� (�� )1� �� )�� (�� .�� '�� *� �� !(� !��3�� .�� '�� *� �� !(� !��3�� .�� '�� *� �� !(� !��3�� .�� '�� *� �� !(� !��3�

��<�� '��/�� <�� '��/�� <�� '��/�� <�� '��/��(Accuracy)��(Ease),!��!��!��!��(Grace)��>�1��>�1��>�1��>�1�

!��!��0��#��!��!��0��#��!��!��0��#��!��!��0��#��”:::: �� $� �� *��(0�� !(��) /&�� 0 �� !�� *�� )(� ��)��

“*�� ( �� (� *�� !( � ��!(� *�� D!�� *�� ( �� (� *�� !( � ��!(� *�� D!�� *�� ( �� (� *�� !( � ��!(� *�� D!�� *�� ( �� (� *�� !( � ��!(� *�� D!�� !)�!�))��.�� *�#!��+��(�� +��3�� !)�!�))��.�� *�#!��+��(�� +��3�� !)�!�))��.�� *�#!��+��(�� +��3�� !)�!�))��.�� *�#!��+��(�� +��3� $<� ��6 $<� ��6 $<� ��6 $<� ��6� �� D��) �P 0�� D( $ !$�� 0�� D��) �P 0�� D( $ !$�� 0�� D��) �P 0�� D( $ !$�� 0�� D��) �P 0�� D( $ !$�� 0��1��)(P .�� D��( ��)�� $�� 6� $��1��)(P .�� D��( ��)�� $�� 6� $��1��)(P .�� D��( ��)�� $�� 6� $��1��)(P .�� D��( ��)�� $�� 6� $!$��6�.��D��)(� �3��3��6<�� !$��6�.��D��)(� �3��3��6<�� !$��6�.��D��)(� �3��3��6<�� !$��6�.��D��)(� �3��3��6<�� + � �� !��,�� >��( �(P *��+ � �� !��,�� >��( �(P *��+ � �� !��,�� >��( �(P *��+ � �� !��,�� >��( �(P *��)�� D*�# $�� 0�! ��(� � +��! $<� ��)�� D*�# $�� 0�! ��(� � +��! $<� ��)�� D*�# $�� 0�! ��(� � +��! $<� ��)�� D*�# $�� 0�! ��(� � +��! $<� ��3� ��)�� , �� *�� '�� !�� '�P ��1��3� ��)�� , �� *�� '�� !�� '�P ��1��3� ��)�� , �� *�� '�� !�� '�P ��1��3� ��)�� , �� *�� '�� !�� '�P ��1��*�� !��!( !��!( *�# ��))�� *�# �,+ !�� (� ��!�!)�*�� !��!( !��!( *�# ��))�� *�# �,+ !�� (� ��!�!)�*�� !��!( !��!( *�# ��))�� *�# �,+ !�� (� ��!�!)�*�� !��!( !��!( *�# ��))�� *�# �,+ !�� (� ��!�!)�

!�))�� '��*��!�!)��!)��!�))�� '��*��!�!)��!)��!�))�� '��*��!�!)��!)��!�))�� '��*��!�!)��!)��(�(�(�(”9999��1 �� * ��!)�� (*�#��)�� 0�<��)(�*�� ( �� (� *�� !( � ��!(� *�� *�� !�� (!�� ( ��1 *'�� ' � �� !�� ( ��' (.��

� ��! !��6�.�� (� �)3�� ! !��6�.�� (� �)3�� ! !��6�.�� (� �)3�� ! !��6�.�� (� �)3�

�� * ��( .��!�� + ��'��)(� �)).��!��!( �� * ��))�%��1�� ,��)��* ��.��!��6�� +�.��(��(�))�%��1�� .�� (�� *'�� 41 �%� ��)�� )��' ( �%��(��6��4)�� %� � ��+*��! �� )(� �� * ��( .��!�� 3�� #��6� �� (�� *��! (� * �( .��!�� 6� � �� 6� !��#��' (��)(� �� .�� !�� ))�� ))�� 5� � ��* �!$�� <��D ��1��1 ��<�� D �� ( ��2�� #�� )��6� * ��%�* �!�� (�* �!�� ))�� *��# ��

�� ) /&�� “�� ))�%� �� !$��)�� ))�%� �� !$��)�� ))�%� �� !$��)�� ))�%� �� !$��)!��)! ��( �� 1��(P �� ()��(P ��+� ��P!��)! ��( �� 1��(P �� ()��(P ��+� ��P!��)! ��( �� 1��(P �� ()��(P ��+� ��P!��)! ��( �� 1��(P �� ()��(P ��+� ��P�� * � � �? �� * � .��? �� * � ��? �� * � � �? �� * � .��? �� * � ��? �� * � � �? �� * � .��? �� * � ��? �� * � � �? �� * � .��? �� * � ��? ��* � ��3�-��)�.��* � ��3�-��)�.��* � ��3�-��)�.��* � ��3�-��)�.�� ,�!��1.��0�� (�� 3�� ,�!��1.��0�� (�� 3�� ,�!��1.��0�� (�� 3�� ,�!��1.��0�� (�� 3��.�� (��1��'��1��!(.�� .�� (��1��'��1��!(.�� .�� (��1��'��1��!(.�� .�� (��1��'��1��!(.�� #�� 1 .�� ' (� �� 3�� )1��P#�� 1 .�� ' (� �� 3�� )1��P#�� 1 .�� ' (� �� 3�� )1��P#�� 1 .�� ' (� �� 3�� )1��P0� �� 0�� )�)��,! �� +�� '0� �� 0�� )�)��,! �� +�� '0� �� 0�� )�)��,! �� +�� '0� �� 0�� )�)��,! �� +�� '

.��.��.��.�� ,��'� �3��0 +�� ,��'� �3��0 +�� ,��'� �3��0 +�� ,��'� �3��0 +��”GMGMGMGM��

0( �� * �� .��!�� 0( #(��6� �,��6� ��!( ��<��.��!�� ,��)(�


��= )��D ��))5� ��!��* ��*��! (��(0<� � �� )(� 0!!�� (��2�� ( ��<� �� '� �� !�� ,<� �� ))( ��3� 0 �( �� *��)! ��

�� .�� 6� .��! �)��6� 5�<��#��' (�H�.��!�� ,��6��! ��2��)/&�*�� )(�

“�� ,�� D�� 3� �� ,�� D�� 3� �� ,�� D�� 3� �� ,�� D�� 3� ��; � ��

� �,��)�� C'�� 3� �� ,��)�� C'�� 3� �� ,��)�� C'�� 3� �� ,��)�� C'�� 3� ��; *��3� 0��*��3� 0��*��3� 0��*��3� 0��;��3�0��3�0��3�0��3�0��; !$ �� ,�� 3- ��!$ �� ,�� 3- ��!$ �� ,�� 3- ��!$ �� ,�� 3- ��; ��# � �� # � �� # � �� # � ��

#��3� #��#��3� #��#��3� #��#��3� #��; � �� !!�� !�)��3� !�)�� !!�� !�)��3� !�)�� !!�� !�)��3� !�)�� !!�� !�)��3� !�)�; ��<��3< ��<��3< ��<��3< ��<��3< ��

��)�+��3�-��)� �<��'�� )�+��3�-��)� �<��'�� )�+��3�-��)� �<��'�� )�+��3�-��)� �<��'�� ;!'!��!'!��!'!��!'!�� .))�� ))�� .) �� 0 ��' �,!(� �� .))�� ))�� .) �� 0 ��' �,!(� �� .))�� ))�� .) �� 0 ��' �,!(� �� .))�� ))�� .) �� 0 ��' �,!(� �� ,�� (� -�� 0�� ' ( 5��)� *(� !�� ,�� (� -�� 0�� ' ( 5��)� *(� !�� ,�� (� -�� 0�� ' ( 5��)� *(� !�� ,�� (� -�� 0�� ' ( 5��)� *(� !�

��)�� ,��)��)�� ,��)��)�� ,��)��)�� ,��)��3��<��' �, � ��3��<��' �, � ��3��<��' �, � ��3��<��' �, � ��”GGGGGGGG�

0 �>�� .�� +� .��! �)��2� * � �.��!��!�� )��

�! 5� �� ))�6� � ��! *)�+�� 5� � ��41 (��,��*)�+��5� � ��(� �� 5� � 5�� ))� ��41� ��<��!� * �� *)�+ *! ��1 *� �� +��))��) �*��(�,��) �� *)�!(�� 0! *�� D � � ��* ��*)� �� +� ��(�� !��*)�!(��6��

.�� (� �)� H� 0�� (�� !�� *�� * ��0��)0��(��.�� (��-��.�� +0�! �� .�� (� ��2� .�� .�� !�� 6�� (�� )�� ' (�� *�� .�� (�

�� 5 � �� 1�'��)�� “�� .�� .�� .�� .��

��' 0�� .��' 0�� .��' 0�� .��' 0�� .��; �� .�<�� 41 �� .�<�� 41 �� .�<�� 41 �� .�<�� 41 �� /��+� ��)� ��+� �' (�� 0� 5 � �� /��+� ��)� ��+� �' (�� 0� 5 � �� /��+� ��)� ��+� �' (�� 0� 5 � �� /��+� ��)� ��+� �' (�� 0� 5 � ��

.�� )��6� .�� (� �)��.�� )��6� .�� (� �)��.�� )��6� .�� (� �)��.�� )��6� .�� (� �)��6� ��1 �6� ��1 �6� ��1 �6� ��1 �”GAGAGAGA �� =! �>� � * ��41�4)1�� (�

��(�� )/&��)� ( �� * ��

41��( “!�( !�� )� ��1 ��!�( !�� )� ��1 ��!�( !�� )� ��1 ��!�( !�� )� ��1 ��!��)�� (�)�� D!( ��!��)�� (�)�� D!( ��!��)�� (�)�� D!( ��!��)�� (�)�� D!( �� ( ��)�� 5��( ��)�� 5��( ��)�� 5��( ��)�� 5��

�� (��1 .�,��)�� (��1 .�,��)�� (��1 .�,��)�� (��1 .�,��)��; � 1 �� $� �� (�� '�'��)��?� 1 �� $� �� (�� '�'��)��?� 1 �� $� �� (�� '�'��)��?� 1 �� $� �� (�� '�'��)��?�)1-�� (�)�� 0)<��.�,��)�� 0 �� 5�1��' �)1-�� (�)�� 0)<��.�,��)�� 0 �� 5�1��' �)1-�� (�)�� 0)<��.�,��)�� 0 �� 5�1��' �)1-�� (�)�� 0)<��.�,��)�� 0 �� 5�1��' � .�,�� !��'� �� 5�� % �� !��' !�� .�,�� !��'� �� 5�� % �� !��' !�� .�,�� !��'� �� 5�� % �� !��' !�� .�,�� !��'� �� 5�� % �� !��' !��

��'�!��'�!��'�!��'�!��'��5�)�� ' � �D��'��5�)�� ' � �D��'��5�)�� ' � �D��'��5�)�� ' � �D��”G8G8G8G8

0�� ) �� 1��6� �1��6� !( .��!��%� �� ))�� !�� *)�� )(� �)).��!��!( �� .��!��))�%��1�� .��(�� )� ( �� * ��.�� + 0�� * �� )� (* �� 41��( .�� 2�� !�� #��1 ��)��' (�� (.��


��+��+��+��+��

�� * �� )4)�� 1 �� )��* ��.�� 2� ��)�� ;��( �)) .��!�� !(��1�' � ��)(�

*��)��#��*��)��#��*��)��#��*��)��#��

G� �� ,��)��#�� G��GBM�A� �� $� �� *��(0�� !(��GM9�8� �� AM�

B� Murray, M. Problem of Style, p.8.I� Hudson, W.H. An Introduction to the Study of Literature, p.30.L� � ��0�� )��A8:�E� �� AA�

:� Alanwarner, A Short Guide to English Style, p.6.9� �� $� �� *��(0�� !(��GM9�GM� �� IB�GG� �� ,��6��! ��2��AI�GA� �� 0�=! �>� ��!��! ��AA�G8� �� (�� E8�


COMPASSION TOWARDS ALL LIVING BEINGS

(JEEVAKARUNYAM)

�Ayyadurai A, Appampattu, Gingee T.K., Villupuram Dt 604205, Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract

Our life can be obtained only by Grace which is God's Natural Manifestation. To know, how to obtain Grace which is God's Natural Manifestation. It should be known positively that God's Grace can be obtained only by leading a life of compassion towards all living beings .Grace is God's Mercy, God's Natural Manifestation, compassion means living beings' sympathy or their souls' natural manifestation. Therefore it is certain that by sympathy we can get mercy and by manifestation get manifestation. Grace can be obtained only by being compassionate to other living beings . As compassion to living beings is the only way to obtain Grace, it will be known that the way of knowledge and the virtuous path of leading the life of compassion towards all beings and that the way of nescience or the path of vice is leading the life without compassion towards living beings. When compassion to living beings manifests, knowledge and love will blossoms. therefore helping power manifests, because of that helping power all good benefits will appear, when compassion to living beings disappear, knowledge and love will disappear immediately, therefore helping power will disappear, and when it disappears all evils will appear. Therefore it is understood that virtue is nothing but showing compassion to living beings and vice means to be without compassion to living beings.

Introduction

The compassion to living beings is the only way to obtain Grace, it will be known that the way of knowledge and the virtuous path of leading the life of compassion towards all beings and that the way of nescience or the path of vice is leading the life without compassion towards living beings. When compassion to living beings manifests, knowledge and love will blossoms. therefore helping power manifests, because of that helping power all good benefits will appear, when compassion to living beings disappear, knowledge and love will disappear immediately, therefore helping power will disappear, and when it disappears all evils will appear. Therefore it is understood that virtue is nothing but showing compassion to living beings and vice means to be without compassion to living beings.

we having seen and enjoyed this Manifestation and Bliss for a long time and are thus fulfilled, and then only they will know God by knowledge and will become God himself.

It is to live, worshipping God, by the melting of the soul of living beings, towards other living beings.

The compassion should be known that the melting of the soul will occur when one sees, hears or comes to know of the suffering of living beings due to hunger thirst, disease, desire, poverty, fear and the suffering when being killed. The right to have compassion towards other living beings, All living beings are created by the Almighty God as part and parcel of the Natural Truth and are of the same quality, so they are all brothers with the same right. The melting of the soul that occurs, when one of the brothers sees another suffering or knows that he is going to suffer due to some peril and the former recognizes the latter as his brother, it is called the age old spiritual right.


Grace can be obtained only by leading a life of compassion towards all living beings

Some people, even on seeing other living beings suffer, do not have compassion towards them and are hard-hearted, there is no fraternal right to these people, because: Their eye called spiritual knowledge has become very dim because of the tuberculosis called nescience, moreover mind etc., which are the spectacles serving as auxiliary eyes to be of help had become thick and had lost their luster blocking the light to pass through them, So they are unable to see and recognize. Therefore it should be understood that though there was the fraternal right, compassion to living beings did not arise. From this it is learn that those who have compassion towards other living beings have enlightened spiritual vision or perception.

In this material body apart from the life force which is the soul and God's Natural Manifestation which is the knowledge of the knowledge, the subtle inner instruments the sense organs and the working organs are mere tools which are inert and do not have consciousness. Therefore the inert things do not know to experience pleasure and pain. It cannot be said that the mind was happy or sad. Just as we build a house with red soil for the bodily living, the body is a small house built by God with the subtle inner instruments and the sense organs and working organs like mind etc., for the life force or soul to live in.

The in dweller only experiences pleasure and pain and not the house. Moreover only the eyes whose vision has become dim due to tuberculosis and sees through the auxiliary eyes called spectacles on seeing suffering shed tears, the spectacles cannot shed tears. Therefore it should be understood that the instruments like mind etc., which serve as spectacles to the spiritual vision cannot experience pleasure and pain; only the soul can experience them.

Why is it that many living beings created by God suffer a lot due to hunger, thirst fear etc: As these living beings in the previous body did not like to lead a life of compassion towards all living beings and had chosen the path of vice as they were hard hearted, they suffer a lot due to hunger thirst, fear etc., as per the Gracious order laid down by God.

Did living beings have previous bodies.

This is how we understand there was previous body, It is known that a family man who has come to a house to run the family by paying the rent, should have run his family before in another house by paying the rent, or else he couldn't have run a family without a house, if any trouble occurs in the present house too he would rent another house. Similarly, it should be understood beyond doubt that a living being who has come to lie in this body by paying food as rent should have lived in another body previously having paid the same sort of rent or else he could not have existed and that if any trouble occurs in this body too, he would occupy another body.

As the path of compassion is not followed in a widespread way, beings who follow the path of vice only increase and despicable modes of life only prevails everywhere. This is how it happens, Showing compassion to beings is not only an important aid to obtain God's Grace but also is the partial manifestation of that Grace, this should be understood, showing compassion to beings is the natural manifestation of the souls, so for the beings who do not have that natural manifestation God's manifestation will not express itself inside and outside those beings.

The primary aim of showing compassion to living beings is as follows

All the souls are part and parcel of the Natural Truth, they are the integral rightful place for the Grace, which is Nature's manifestation to express itself as the knowledge of knowledge, only bodies made up of elements, are the rightful places for the souls to become beings and evolve, if the souls do not become beings in that body and evolve spiritual manifestation will be veiled, therefore, Grace will not manifest, then nescience will prevail and that itself will become the bondage for the souls, therefore it is absolutely necessary to have bodies made up of elements.

Though the main goal of showing compassion to beings is to alleviate the suffering due to hunger and the suffering when being killed, getting rid of the suffering due to hunger alone is stressed here often because:

At the time when hunger increases, the enlightenment of the knowledge of the being gets bewildered. God's manifestation, which is the knowledge of knowledge.


Regarding appeasing the hunger of the hungry, even if the wife prevents the husband, the husband prevents the wife, the father prevents the children, the children prevent the father, the preceptor prevents the disciple, God prevents his devotee and the king prevents his subjects - one should not be perturbed at all by the hindrances and believing truthfully that the effects of good or bad deeds done by anyone will go back to the doer only and not to any other person, one should carry on with their mission of having compassion on living beings.

The virtuous ones who have fed them perceive directly the manifetastion of God and the divine Bliss, therefore it should be understood that they have seen God themselves and that they are the liberated ones enjoying the Diving Bliss.

It is sworn, having God as witness that the great men who adopt the policy of being compassionate to living beings and relieve the beings from the danger called hunger, to whatever caste or religion they may belong, and whatever deed they may be doing - are so great as to be fit enough to be worshipped by the Devas, saints, siddhas and yogis. To know more about this - 'living in the path of showing compassion on living beings', one can go through the veda .All the saints in this world told this only. Our World Guru Vallalar also told this only and called it as Sanmargam. The world will live if the truth of Sanmargam is accepted. If humans realize this truth he will live. For the world to be uplifted realize that Sanmargam is the only way. Live life with moral, virtue, good conduct and Love. Love is God. Know and realize this.

Conclusion

Today’s fast moving hectic schedule people have no time to think about themselves and undergo some spiritual practices. People are suffering from different kinds of miseries. The study will definitely help anyone to understand the basic concepts of jeevakaruniyam and would feel to search for some spiritual path. The present day life style and will help all of us to keep happy and live prosperously. The compassion is true that, that practice of showing compassion to beings, alone will give them long life. If the house-holders, who are filled with sorrow, for their lack of education, knowledge, wealth and pleasure, observe the policy of feeding the hungry poor in accordance with their capacity, taking it as their only vow, that practice of compassion alone, will provide them with education, knowledge, wealth and pleasure.

Swami Ramalingam as a proof of his true realization he has attained immortality. Those who come to abide in the Soul Divine can perceive him and live a life of compassion in Oneness of himself. The old attainment of soul stage is, not at all a death less life. The life that is evolved from that Eternal soul transforms the nature of body to fill up by everlasting light of Grace.

Reference

1. http://www.valaitamil.com/vallalar-jeevakarunya_15600.html

2. http://vallalargroupsmessages.blogspot.com/2009/07/vallalargroups1910-re-jeeva-karunyam.html

3. https://sports.vikatan.com/cricket/52179-

4. https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/��_��

5. http://www.vallalar.org/tamil

6. Ebooks,Philosophy of Saint Ramalingam

7. Ebooks An Introduction to Philosophy of Ramalinga Swamigal

8. Ebooks Deathless Life- ��

9. Ebooks The Universal Vision of Saint Ramalinga

10. Ebooks The life and teachings of Saint Ramalingar


�" )��*�� +��" )��*�� +��" )��*�� +��" )��*�� +��

�� ,�� ,�� ,�� ,�� -�� "� �� %&��

�� .��

��/��/��/��/��

)��"� �� 0"1�+�� -��

�"1�� 0"1� +�� "�� 2 �3 ��4� ��1 ��!��

�� 3��"�� 5�� 6�� )�"�� *��

��"�� 3��7� +�� 3�� 8"�4��

�/�� *�� +�� 0�� 3�

�� $�� "1� �� 3�9 :� -�� )��"��

��.�� %� ��0��4 8"��4� �""�� 1 ��6� ��

3��"�� ""�� 9� ��7�� 9.�!� 2 �33��

�� 2�"�� -��

+�� 0"1�+�� 0�� ;� ��""*�� 0"1�+�� 9�

��9.�! �� )��*�� :4��4��

)� �.�� "�� "�� 4��4 �"�!��!�

��"� :�/� �3�� ,�� )��4�� " ��4��"��

+��+��+��+��

+�� :�� (Ecology) :�/� �*�� 9�

�� Ecology :�/� ��%�� Eco :�� $��7� Logy :�� "�� 7� �"�� Ecology :�� *��

�� *��*�� "1� ��*�� 3�� "�� "�� :�1�

-�� "1�� ""�� 0"1�+�� *�� "��

�"�� 7� -�� ! (The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary P.628) :�1 �"��4��"��

-��*�6� �""�� 0"1� +�%�� )�� -�� 2�"�" ��1

)�� -"!�� 7� �"�� +��

�� )� �� " �� :�� <�� ="1��,�

“)�"�� 3� �"�� "�!� �� "1� �� 0"1�+��6��

��*�� -"! ��7� ��; )""�"� ��

�� :�� *��6�� ,� ��9 ��"�� /��

�"1�� 9"�� +�� ”�


)��>� :�/� �� "�?� �3�� %� )�"��

=1�6�� "1�� -"!�6�� 1 ��!��

��4�� 4�� ,@ +�� "�?� �� :�� AB(C�

“�"�� "�� )�"�� 1” :��"�� +�� "�?�

�� .�� ABAD� “+�� 5�� "��” :��"�� (Sally Morgan, Ecology and Environment, P.10)

)� �� +�� :��"� “-��*�6�� ""�� 0"1�

+��6�� -�� -"� ��” :�1� “)�"�� 7�

��7� ��” :�1� ��*�� 4��4��"�� )"�"�4

“,�� 4� ��.��” )"1�� E�� +��

:�!� ��" ��4��"��

��*�� *�� -��*�� ""�� )�"��

��*�� )3�� "1��6� �"�"� +�� 1

��.��6�� )�� -"!�� +�� +��

:�� "�� -�� "1� ��*� � �� -��

-�� 5�� ""�7�� !� ��1 0"1�+��

�""�7� ��" ��6� �� -�� -��*�6��

�""�� 0"1�+�%�� )�� )F�� +�� 9 ��

+�� .�� :��4��

��.��4� )�"�� 9��.��4� )�"�� 9��.��4� )�"�� 9��.��4� )�"�� 9�

�*� �� +�� 4��

�")�� 6� �� :4��"��

)��"� �� .�� 7� ��

��7� �� "� )��*�� .9��"�� *�

)�� "��4� ��"9��! +�� 4 ��

�� =1� �� G��.��4�� )�"��

��

“�� 4�"7�� 4�"7�� 4�"7�� 4�"7��

�� 7�� 7�� 7�� 7��

�� $�9�%�� $�9�%�� $�9�%�� $�9�%��

3.� �� 3�.%��3.� �� 3�.%��3.� �� 3�.%��3.� �� 3�.%��

�� "�?�� 3�� "�?�� 3�� "�?�� 3�� "�?�� 3��

�� "��" ��!� �4�� "��" ��!� �4�� "��" ��!� �4�� "��" ��!� �4��” � �� 3��H�

:�" �� ,�� , �*� )��

��4 ��3�� )�"�� .��4��4��"��

�� – ��4 ��4 ��4 ��4 ��

�"�?�� "�?�� "�?�� "�?�� – ��

�� '''' ��

�3�� 3�� 3�� 3�� '''' �$� �� .�� $� �� .�� $� �� .�� $� �� .��


�� )�"�� 3�� 3 :�1 ��

“��3 -�� 3� :�" 5��"��3 -�� 3� :�" 5��"��3 -�� 3� :�" 5��"��3 -�� 3� :�" 5��"

I%* �� " ��"��I%* �� " ��"��I%* �� " ��"��I%* �� " ��"��

��%� ��"� ��4*��%� ��"� ��4*��%� ��"� ��4*��%� ��"� ��4*��” � �� 3��J�

-�� :�� :��"

�"��4��

“�"1� �� 4� �� ; ��.,��"1� �� 4� �� ; ��.,��"1� �� 4� �� ; ��.,��"1� �� 4� �� ; ��.,�

)�� )��9.��)�� )��9.��)�� )��9.��)�� )��9.��” � �� 3��K�

�� ;�� )�� 3�� -.��

�� )�� )��9.�� :�" ="1 9��4��"��

“ �� -.�� 9��" �� -.�� 9��" �� -.�� 9��" �� -.�� 9��"

�� 4 ��) �� 4 ��) �� 4 ��) �� 4 ��)

�� "!� �3 � �� "!� �3 � �� "!� �3 � �� "!� �3 � �� ” � �� 3��AL�

�� 3 :�" �,�� )�*�� -�� 3�� )�"��

��9.�� 0� +�� 9�� )�"��

��"�� 6�� 3�� )��

)��*�� ! �� $""�� 4��

�� 3�� +"�� """�� 9�� 4��"��

��.*�� ")��*�� -��, 0"1�+��"�?� =1� ��.*�6�� 2��

)��"��

��+�� +�� +�� +��

�� "� ��+�� .�� "�� )��"�

0"1�+�� . :�� M� )�"�� )�� 1��"�� . ��

M�� 3� �� ,� ��,�� 7� �3��7�

�$��"�� M��3�� ..�� =��9 �" "�� )3��

�."��*�� )�� 3� �� ,�� .�� . ��

��. �� 3� �� ..�� ..��

��7� �3�� . �� ""��

�3��4� �. �� "="�� . �� )��*��

�� 3�� )� �� N�� "1��"� )�� 1�4�

�� 3��"�� .��

“�� )�� $�� "1�� )�� $�� "1�� )�� $�� "1�� )�� $�� "1��

)�� )�� "�!)�� )�� "�!)�� )�� "�!)�� )�� "�!” ��"��KD(�

�$� �� )��9 -�� :��

��"�� "� �� $�� 1�� 6� ��

�� .�� :�1� �$3�� 4�� “ �� &1� �."��.� �� &1� �."��.� �� &1� �."��.� �� &1� �."��.�”

:�� $� E1� �� :�1� ="�� %�� “�� 7�� 7�� 7�� 7�” )� ��4

:�" �� 3� -;� �.�� 3� �� ="��

��.�� ,�� “�$�� $ "�� $�� $ "�� $�� $ "�� $�� $ "�� ” :� 3��"��


:�� =,� �� ""��4�� .4�� -3��

�� 5�� 4�� -��

�� :��"� )�� "�� .��

��4�+�� 4�+�� 4�+�� 4�+��

�� -.! �� "�� " -��*�6�� -.!

�� )�*�6�� "�� )�� "�9 �� 4��

��!� ��/�� !� )�.�� -�� 1

�� -�� -.!� -�� -�"7� :�/� �,��

��6�� 4�� -�� 4�� ""

�.,�� )�"��"��

��*�� 4�� :�1� �"�" �� :�1��

+�� )�� 7� ��4��7� �"��4��"��

�� ,� ��4 )3�� 0��4��"�� ""� ��" ��.� �� 1

��,� ��3�� “��4�" ��4�" ��4�" ��4�" ��” :�� ="��4��"� )� ��4�

+�� 0�4��"�� “��4�� )�� )��4�� )�� )��4�� )�� )��4�� )�� )��” :�� ="��4��"��

“��4�� )�� )�� "� ��3��4�� )�� )�� "� ��3��4�� )�� )�� "� ��3��4�� )�� )�� "� ��3�

24�� 24�� 24�� 24�� "�� E4�� "�� E4�� "�� E4�� "�� E4��

�� )�� )�� )�� )�� '''' ��

2�� :�� "O2�� :�� "O2�� :�� "O2�� :�� "O ”

:�� 1�?�5�� ,� �0�� $4 ��!�� )�"�� :��%�/�

)3�� 0�4��"�� .�� I&"�"�� “�� ,�� ,�� ,�� ,�” :� 3��"��

�. ��"�� "�� 4 �� )�"��

��4�� -�� )�"�� +�� 0�4��"��

�$�� $�� $�� $��

“�0��" 1��$�� " "�*��0��" 1��$�� " "�*��0��" 1��$�� " "�*��0��" 1��$�� " "�*��

�0�9� ��. �"��0�9� ��. �"��0�9� ��. �"��0�9� ��. �"��”

:� �6� �� 4�� 5�� $�� -��

�,�� *�� 0�,��,7��

“�$�� "�� $�� "�� $�� "�� $�� "��

�� "�� "�� "�� "�� ”

:�" �"�� $� )�� "�� -�� 9� �� :�"��

��3��"�� *�6�� *��6�� "" -�� )�*�6��

�� :�� -.��

“N.4�$� �� :��3� :��.7�N.4�$� �� :��3� :��.7�N.4�$� �� :��3� :��.7�N.4�$� �� :��3� :��.7�

�.�� $�� .�� $�� .�� $�� .�� $��

�.,/� �.�� ,/� -""��.,/� �.�� ,/� -""��.,/� �.�� ,/� -""��.,/� �.�� ,/� -""��

�$.�� 4�� $.�� 4�� $.�� 4�� $.�� 4�� ” �� ' AAB�


:�" ��,�� $� �� :�� )�� -�� 5�1 �� $�

��"�� $�� "" )�"�� 3�� "1� �� $� )"�"

�� -�� )�*�� $� �� 3*�� -"!�� )3�� )"�" “�$� �$� �$� �$�

��” :�1 �"��

“-3�� $�� 2�14�� -.-3�� $�� 2�14�� -.-3�� $�� 2�14�� -.-3�� $�� 2�14�� -..��.��.��.��

-4�� $3� �� -4�� $3� �� -4�� $3� �� -4�� $3� �� '''' �;��;��;��;��

2�1 -4�� :�1� 0�9�� 2�1 -4�� :�1� 0�9�� 2�1 -4�� :�1� 0�9�� 2�1 -4�� :�1� 0�9�� '''' :��:��:��:��

�� .��"�� .��"�� .��"�� .��"” ��AA�

:�" �� $�� &�� +�� ="��4��"�� &�� 4��

�� $� �&�� -�� :�� 0�4��"��

�,!��,!��,!��,!��

+�� 4�� *��*�� *�� ""�� 6�

G��F�*�6� �� 4�� " )��*�� :4��

��4��


��. �.��4 ��9�6� ��7��. �.��4 ��9�6� ��7��. �.��4 ��9�6� ��7��. �.��4 ��9�6� ��7�

�� 0��*�� 0��*�� 0��*�� 0��*�� -�� "1� �.��4� 9��

��4 ��"�� ' DPPPAH�

�� 5�� .4��,�9 �� :��

0�� 3�� .4��,�� 1� �3� :�1

2�� ,�� .� �� 5�� "" ��

2"�" �� "�� *�� 3*=��"��

�� )�� 9�� .�� 3��3� )��

�� 7� �3� ��9��"� :�� .4

)��4�� "��

��6� �� *�� )�"��

�� *�� -.4 �� )�"�� "�� "�"

-.�� "�� N4�� *�� )�"�� +�%��

8"�� *�� 4 ��

��%�� 4�� 7� �3*�� "�� 3 ��

)�� *�� $�� -�� $�� 4�� ""�%� �$�

��"�� "�� $��7�� 1� �� 8��7�

""�� .1�� ., �$�� ,�� )��,�� .��

�3�� 7� �� 9�� "��

�""��

�� :�� :�� *��%� 2�� )3��

��"�� .�� )3�� =,�� :�� 23 ��

:�1 =1��"�� :�� :�" �� .*��

��"�� .��4� )�� !� �; �� :�1

�� )3��"�� )�� 7� 9�� :�"��

��"� 23 �� "�� -.�! �� :�� )��

�� :�� 23 �� )�� 1�4�� 4� :��"�� )��

�,�� )��9 �� -�� :�" :..�

�� " 8"9�

)*�� 23 �� 9�� .�� :�1 �� "�

:�� .�� 4� �� "��%� ��""*��

��!�� 3� �� "�� 3.*��

)�� 4��"��

“�,� ��,� ��,� ��,� ��” “��"�� 3��"�� 3��"�� 3��"�� 3�”


“�� 5�� ), ),�� 3�� 5�� ), ),�� 3�� 5�� ), ),�� 3�� 5�� ), ),�� 3�” “�� "�� 7�� "�� 7�� "�� 7�� "�� 7�” “ ��, �� 7� ��, �� 7� ��, �� 7� ��, �� 7�” “G�� G�� G�� G�� ”

�� 0""� 8"�4� �� '

“�� ,�� :�� 7�� ,�� :�� 7�� ,�� :�� 7�� ,�� :�� 7��

:�� ,�� 7�:�� ,�� 7�:�� ,�� 7�:�� ,�� 7�”

:�� :*�� E�� )3�� . �� )��

��!F� �� 4*�� )��9��7�� .�� /��

��7� ��"��"1��4� �� -3�� "� �� 6��

7�� ,��"��

�� )�1 �� 5��7� �� ,��%� �� )�"��

��.� �� )3��%� ��.�� "�� 3��4 :�� 9

�� "�� 3��"� :��" ��.4�� )�1 ��,�� ,��

:�" )�.4�� )3�� :�" ��"� ��.�� 3��"�� )��.4

��"�6� �� ,� �3�� 3��"�� )� �� )3�� )��

�� ,�� :�"�� :�� :�1 :��

�� :�" �� )�"�� 3� �� .,��

��3 �� 1 �� )�� 9��3��

�� )3�� 23 �� )��3��"� :�1� )��,�� :��

�"��4�� ,�� 4�� 4 ��4�� )� ��

�� $��3�� .�� :4��"�� "�� )�1 )��

�� ,�� ;�� 4�� ,�� 2�1� �4��

$.�� ! �� 9 �� .�� 23

��.�� =� $.,�� )�1 8��

�� 1 )3��"��

�� 9 �� .�� 3�� 4��3��"��

�� -�!� �3�� 7� �3�� 9� �3�� )�"�9�

�3�� 9� �3�� 1�� 3�� :� ��4��

�� ‘��?��’ :/� �3� 2�1 )3��3��"�� :�� "��

�"�� )��

“��:� ��9�� 8:� ��:� ��9�� 8:� ��:� ��9�� 8:� ��:� ��9�� 8:� ��

��1��1��1��1 �,� 9�� ?�� ,� 9�� ?�� ,� 9�� ?�� ,� 9�� ?�� ” ��"1��"1��"1��"1��''''(D�(D�(D�(D�

“9�9�� ?�9�9�� ?�9�9�� ?�9�9�� ?�

�$3�� 4 2�� 9F�,�$3�� 4 2�� 9F�,�$3�� 4 2�� 9F�,�$3�� 4 2�� 9F�,

��?�� ,� ��;�� 3*��?�� ,� ��;�� 3*��?�� ,� ��;�� 3*��?�� ,� ��;�� 3*��” ��"1��"1��"1��"1��''''HL�HL�HL�HL�

:�1 ��?�� :�/� �� "�� 3��"�� %��

�� -1�� ‘ ��;’ :�� )��

“ �� -; ��; 8�� -; ��; 8�� -; ��; 8�� -; ��; 8��” � ��"1�� "1�� "1�� "1��''''AAC�AAC�AAC�AAC�

:�� "�� )�� )�1 �� 8� ��"� �� 9��

)�� 1��"�� 9��*�� )�� 1� 8� �"�� -3�� 8�

��" �� -�� 4�� 8� �� )��


)�.4�� "�� 2�1 �� " "��1 ��

:�� )�1� )�� 3�� )3 �� )3��"�� ,� ��

0�� :�� )� �.�. "�� , ��4��

�4��"�� 1 9�� 3�� 3�9 �.�� )�1 ��

)�� 4��"�� )1��

�� 4��"�� )*�� 8� �� "�� .4�� AH

�.4�6�� $��Q� ��"�� )3��

A� �� (� ��,

J� �� K� �3��,

H� �;��1 D� ��9

C� �� 9�, L� -�� ,

)�� :�4� ��"�� )�1 �� "�� 4�� "��

:�1 �� 4�� ?�� )3��"�� )�� )3��

8; ��"�� )�� )3��"� :��4� ��" �� "�� ""�3��"��

)�� :�1 ��,7��O

)��, :�� *�� ,7�� )�� 8� )�!

�� .4� :�" �� :;��

)�� :�� )��"�� )� -��

�� )3�� )�� .�� -�� 23� �� :��" ��

�� 3��"�� :�� 1� �3��

��""� �3�� )3�� ,�� .� �� .��,� ��

��" ��3�� 4�� ?�� :/� �� )�1� ��

�"��3�� =4�� 3�� 4�� )�� "�� "��3��

�� "�� .��

)3��"�� )*�� ?�� ?�� :� "�� 4��"��

)� ��"�6�� :�� ?�� :�1 ��4� ��

��4� �� "�� )� :��, ��3� �� :�"�� )�"��

��3� �"�� )3��"��

“3�� 9�� "��"�� 3�� 9�� "��"�� 3�� 9�� "��"�� 3�� 9�� "��"��

23� ��*�� 3��/�23� ��*�� 3��/�23� ��*�� 3��/�23� ��*�� 3��/�” � ��9"��I&�APPB�� 9"��I&�APPB�� 9"��I&�APPB�� 9"��I&�APPB�

)� ?�� "�� 2�"�� 3� ��

23� ��4�� -3��4� �� )3�� 4�� 1��

:�� )� ��3�� ?�� ?�� ""�"�4 ��3��

��3*�� 3��"�9 9��4�� )*�� 4� ��

�..$�� *�� "��"�� )�1 ��3� �"��4 )3�� ?�� .��

��3��"��

)�� ?�� :�� -3��4� ��! �,�.

��.� ��9 �� )� �� "9"*��%� -3��4��"�� )� ��

�� 4� �..$� �� *��3��"��

I�� )�1 ��?�� :�"�� :�� :�" �� )��"�

)�� 5�� 3�� ?�� ?�� " ��"�� :*��

�� .� :�� :�� $� ��.�� 3��

��9��.�� 7� �� 3��"� :��


“0��1�8�� -�� 0��1�8�� -�� 0��1�8�� -�� 0��1�8�� -��

-�� -�� -�� -�� -�� -�� -�� -�� ” ��"� ��"� ��"� ��"� '''' APJA�APJA�APJA�APJA�

“-;�.4 �� "1 :��-;�.4 �� "1 :��-;�.4 �� "1 :��-;�.4 �� "1 :��

��;�.4 �� ;�.4 �� ;�.4 �� ;�.4 �� ” ��"� ��"� ��"� ��"� '''' APJJ�APJJ�APJJ�APJJ�

:�1 ��3�6� -�� .�� "��7�� 3��7� ��"��

�� .�� "��7� �� 7� �"�� -.!

�*� �3�� 4�� "��

-;�� -.4� )�/� 23 -�� )�� )��

��0�� 1�� M��/ ��%�� "�� )��

M�4�� :�� -;�� "�� =,��

:�� :�� 2�� 3.�� )3 ��"�� .��

�� 4� ��4�� 23 �� /9��/ ��

��,3��"�� :�� :�� )��"� �$�

��.�� 4�� .�� "�� 8""��

�� " �� "�� 3�� )��

��"�� :�� 7��O

��9 �� R�� 2�� .�� "

��" �� "�� ,��""�� )�� 8""��

��" ��"�� ""��"� )� �� :�"

�� 8�O �� 1�� )�� )3��"��

�� -"�� :�1��

��.4�� 5�� :�� 1� ��"� ��"�

��3�� )�� 5�� 8"1� ��.4� ��3��"�� ""*�� 8"1�

��.4�� .4�� :�� ""*�� 8"1� ��.4� :��

�� )3��"��

��9 �� .�� :�� .4��,�9�

�� N/� ��

�� -�� 1��

9F.�� ;�� .�� 3�� .��4

��1�� )�� 5�� 7�� 7� �3��! )��

3�� ,��

�� 7� �� "��!�� "��!� )�1 �� "�6��

�3��6� �� . ��I��

�� "�� :�� .4 ��

“23 2�-��! ��” “:��9 ��”

“�)��.4 2�-��! ��”

“��?��”

“��" ��"�”

“�� 2�-��!”

“�� 2�!”

“�� ..� M�" ��"�”


)�� " �� "�� :��9�� .�� $�� N4��4�

��4��"�� )�1 )�� ! ��"�� *�� =� ��3��

�� "�� .4��,�9��%�� E�� %� ��

)�� "�� 6�� )�� $ �� -�) -�� ! ��" ��4��

��"�� )�� )�� -.��,��"�� 9 ��

��.�� -�! �� :�� :�1 �.��4��"�� :�"��

�� -�� -�� 7� ��;� ��9� ��

�.��4��"�� " "�3 ��" �..�� $� E�� 7��

��7� 2��4 �.��4��"��

:�� :�� 3�� 3��

:�"�%�� 9�� -.�!� �� .��4 �� -.�!�

9F�� "��

)!�� 1 �� ""*�� "�� "��4��"��

)� 8"1� �� .,� 2�1 :�� 3�� .��4 )�� :�"�%��

:�� ! :�� . ��"��

��""*�� -�� :�� %� ��""*�� "� :�"�%��

��""*�� 7� ��"�� "�� )��

)3�� )��"�� " �� "��

��"�� 9 ��"�� 3.��4��

��"�� 3�� "�.� ��"�� "��4��"�� )��

��"� �� )3�� "�� 3��"� :�� )��

�� 9 �� . �"�! :�� 9��7��

�,�� 5�� :��7� ��4��"��

�� .� I&�� .� I&�� .� I&�� .� I&��

A� ��3��"�� -�� 9F�9�� A(C� ��:.�DJ� ��

�� ' DPP APL�

(� �� !�� 0��.�� .�� JA�

��*�� 3� �� ' DPPAPL

J� �� .�� 9�� )��

AD�� 3� �� 9�&�� &� ' DKA PKA�


-��S :;�� )�� -��S :;�� )�� -��S :;�� )�� -��S :;�� )�� (2007 To 2011)��4�� 4�� 4�� 4��

��

�$�$�$�$� ��0� ��0� ��0� ��0� ��S �� S� �� "� �� S

��%&�� N��4�

��/�� /�� /�� /��

�� )�� ""�� "�� )��*�6�� :�1 �� 3�

)�� -.4� �"�� )��6� ��4�� )�� 23 �"��

��,� -�S��*�� -�� . �,��"�� *�� )��

)��6� 2�"�� ‘-��S :;��’ ��*�� )�� 4��

�""�� .4 3� ��3�4 )��4��

)�� -�� 4�� )�� -�� 4�� )�� -�� 4�� )�� -�� 4��

) )�� 5�1 ��4�� !�� :4�� 4 -��

��)�� . -�� :�" �� ?��

:;�� 4�� 1�� 4��S� :�" �� :;�� 3��

��.,�� 4��7� ��S��4�� %� �� :;�� :;��S

)��>��S��.�� !� ��7�� -�� ;�� ?�� 0 :�"

�� 3�� .,�� 4��7�� :�� )��>�� :;��

�� .,� )�.4 �.�� :�" ��4��7� ��S��4��

��"�?S ��:�� )��3@.� :;�� 6�,� ��

:;�� ,� �..$S �� :;�� *��

�� . :;�� . -�S!�� )��

��4��"�� 0�� .�� )�""�� S�� 1�9.S!� �$��

��,�� . �� 3�� 6�

)��6� :�" ��4��6� )�� 0��"��

��4�� 4� ��4�� 4� ��4�� 4� ��4�� 4� ��3�� 3�� 3�� 3��

�� :�" �� ?S�� ""� �� 4��"��

�� "S�� "1� ��7� ��

�*�� !� :;��S ��?�� "�� :�� *�� )��

��4�9"� ��?S�� 0��"�S� ��? ��" ��S ��?S

�S�� 7� �� %&�"��

�""�7� )��4�� :4�� =1��"��

�. -�� $�� .�� *�� -�� -�� S��

�� 5�� ?��4 )��4�� "�S�


��?�� :;�� :;��/� :�/� ��4��

:;��S�� ' ��/�� )�"�� 3�� ' �.�� 4

��/�� *�� /�� :;�� :;��

�� ' ��"� -�� .�� /�9� :�" ��

:;�� -��"� 8"�� $S��,�� :� �*��

)��4�� 1�� 4��S� :�" ��4�� 3��

��.,�� ! ��3�� 3�� :;��S 0>�� ""��

��S�� "�� -�� .4 :;�� -��

I��S �� I�� $�� S�� .�S� ��"��

�� 3�� "� 2�1� )�� :�1 ��,

��4��"�S� �.� �� 4�� ""�

�� 3�� .�� )�� 0>�� :� ��S��

��"�S�

-�� %�� ?�� 0 :�" ��4�� 3�� .,�� :;��

-��S� �*�� )��4�� :4�� )��9��"�� *��

��4��"�� .�� "� :� -�� )��

)��4�� :4�� )��9��"��

�,!�� ,!�� ,!�� ,!��

) )�� :4�� 4��

��0��"�� -��S��,�� *�� 6�

�3� ��3�� .4 ��4�� , ��4��"�� 4��S��

�� 9��,�� :��S��!�� "�S� :;��S��

=� �� *�� . ��"�� "�� 4��"�S�� :��

=1�� ?S�� 5�� :;�� 4 �� 0�

��"�� :;��"�S�� :�� "��4� �� :;��/�� -��

��S�� S�� )��4�� :4�� 4��"�� )��" -��

�� ‘-��S :;��’ )�� 4 )3�� 4�� -��

�� )�� 5�� 5�� *�� 3� -��S :;��

)��7� ��4�� S��7� :�! ��,��%� ��

�� .4 ��4� �5�� *��9�


ROLE OF KONGU IN THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE

�Dr.Manimekalai, Associate prof of history, Government Arts College, Coimbatore 641018.

Abstract

Freedom struggle in the Kongu region has a unique character of its own. The people of Kongu region made remarkable contributions at every stage of the freedom movement. Every Section of the society participated in the struggle even from the early stages. Kongu Hero Deeran Chinnamalai and a number of unsung heroes brought out the freedom spirit which is a character of the Kongu people.The paper highlights the role of Coimbatore in Kongu region in the National Movement particularly during the Quit India Movement.

Key Words: Freedom struggle, Coimbatore, Leaders, Participation of Students & Workers

The present study brings to light the importance events of the movement in various parts of the Coimbatore city The contribution of the Coimbatore city to the National Movement, the active participation of the congressworkers in the absence of the arrested leaders, the measures of the Government atthe critical stages, the attitude of the various political parties and the important events during the movement are also studied and evaluated in the present study.

Thus the activities, incidents, the personalities, who directed the movement etc., were all studied and evaluated for the present study.

Coimbatore, also known as Kovai, is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the bank of the Noyyalriver surrounded by the western ghats, it is the second largest city in the state after Chennai and the sixteenth largest urban agglomeration in India. It is administrated by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district. It is one of the fastest growing tier-two cities in India and a major hub for textiles industries, commerce, and education, information technology, health care and manufacturing in Tamil Nadu. It is often referred to as the “Manchester of South India” due to its cotton production and textile industries. Coimbatore is also referred to as the “Pump city” and it supplies nearly half of India�s requirements of motors and pumps. The city is one of the largest exporters of jewelry, wet grinders, poultry and auto components with “Coimbatore Wet Grinder” and “Kovai Cora Cotton” recognized as geographical indications by the Government of India.

The Quit India Resolution was passed with majority by the AICC on 8th August 1942.Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad as president of the Congress explained very clearly that the Quit India demand did not mean the physical removal of Britishers from India. It only meant the transfer of the political power to Indian hands. Gandhi made a passionate two hour speech giving his mantra of ‘Do or Die’. He would wait upon the viceroy and plead with him for the acceptance of the Congress Demand. By the Resolution the AICC sanctioned the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines to secure India’s Freedom without any further delay. For this nonviolent movement the reaction of the Government was not favourable. It branded this movement as ‘disturbances’ arising out of Congress’ ‘fifth- columnist’ conspiracy. Gandhi and all the important congress leaders were arrested Repressive measures were let loose.


The Leaders of Freedom Struggle

The Kongu region gave birth to the luminaries of independence movement like Dr. C. Vijayaraghavachariar (Grand old man of Salem), C.Rajaji ( the first Indian Governor General), Dr.P.Subbaroyan (Union Minister), T.S.AvinashilingamChettiar (State Education Minister and

Champion of women's Education), TiruppurKumaran, “NammakalKavignar” RamalingamPillai, E.V.RamasamyNaicker (Periyar), K.B.Sundarambal, A.Ayyamuthu (President of the All India Spinners Association), and C.Subramaniyan (former Maharashtra Governor).

On August eleventh 1942 eleven mills in Coimbatore and three mills in Udumalpet areas went on strikes. There was a strike in ten cotton textile mills in Singanallur, a suburb of Coimbatore, on August fourteenth, 1942. Mr.N.G Ramasamy, a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly and the congress labour leader was arrested in connection with the worker�s strike and was detained in the central jail at Coimbatore. Soon the textile workers in different areas plunged into action.

There was stay-in-strike in the Pankaja mills on August twenty second, 1942. On the same day at noon, the police went to the scene and cleared the labourers from the mill by a lathi charge. But they threw stones from a field opposite to the mills and the situation grew more violent, within few seconds. After due warning, the police opened fire. In all nineteen rounds of firing, two workers were fired,2 a few of the police workers were wounded and the car of the inspector was badly damaged. Soon the workers of all the textile mills in Singanallur strike were on August twenty second, 1942. The students strike was the next important event in the Quit India Movement.

The students of the Government College and High School in Coimbatore town came out of their institutions on the morning hours of August twelfth, 1942. They continued their strike till September eleventh, 1942. They were supported by the students of the Agricultural College. They picked. They picked other schools, colleges and people observed hartals and hold meetings and processions under the prohibitory order of the District Magistrate. The government orders the school managements that the students who took part in the freedom movement should be dismissed from their educational institutions. In spite of this, the student activities spread out in different areas.

On August eighteenth, 1942, about four hundred students of the local Board High School in Dharapuram absented themselves from their classes from their classes and showed their protest as a protest against of the congress leaders. They marched in a procession from the school , shouting congress slogans and assembled in the local Agastiswarar temple were meeting was held and a resolution was passed criticising the responsible policies of the government and urging the release of the leaders. The local police dispersed a crowd of the students who were trying to organise a meeting in the evening first at the Hanuman Temple in Dharapuram at the Amaravathi river bank. Three students of the local High school and four other congressmen were arrested and taken to the police station. Some persons threw stones on the police which results in mirror injuries to two police constables. After an hour the arrested persons were all released with a warning.

On August nineteenth, 1942 a prohibitary order under section 144 of Indian Penal Code, prohibiting processions and public meetings for a period of one month from that date within the municipal limits. The government was very particular in suppressing the movement Mr.Siddhia, a congress worker was arrested on the same evening at the Erode railway station when arrived from Coimbatore by the Blue Mountain Express. Mr.E.G.Govindasamy was alsoarrested both under the defense of Indian rules for allied prejudicial speeches made by them and were remarkable police custody.

On August twenty second 1942 Mr.T.S.Avinashilingam Chettiar M.L.A of Coimbatore were arrested by the town police for making printing, publishing and distributing of a pamphlet entitled


“Fulfillment of a Prophecy” condemning the government attitudes. The widespread and violent activities in different parts of the district became a challenging event to the government. The section 144 of Indian Panel Code was promulgated at Palladam, prohibiting Public meetings and processions. But disobeying the order Mr.Kuppunaidu, the president of Palladam taluk congress committee conducted and so he was arrested in the evening of August twenty second 1942 at Palladam.1

The congress volunteers adopted picketing of liquor and toddy shops as a part of the Quit India Movement. Several toddy shops were burnt at Singanallur, Perur and Kariyapalayam. On August twenty second, 1942 a crowd of about four hundred people smashed and burnt the Singanallur toddy shop and successfully dispersed themselves from the spot before the police could arrive there. In Annur village toddy and arrack shops were burnt by the congressmen on September third, 1942.

The congress volunteers actively works and sent anonymous letters to the government servants asking them either to resign or to refuse to act against the nationalists. In Coimbatore district posters containing slogans were posted on the walls of the main streets there was a picketing of college students and law courts by women volunteers. The picketers were arrested and crowds in different areas were dispersed by force. The toddy sales went down as the toddy shops were picketed by the volunteers.

The Coimbatore Municipal Council at its meeting held on September twenty sixth, 1942 passed resolutions endorsing and supporting the Quit India resolution of the all India Congress Committee and strongly protesting against the repressive policies of the government. Hence the government suspended the council for a period of six months.

Damage was done to Government property including a few post Offices. The Government collected thousands of rupees as a compensation for the damages of properties. The brutal lathi charge was made by the Police Due to unannounced firing many died on the spot. The continuous searches of houses led to the arrests and convictions of numerous inmates.

Nevertheless the Quit India Movement continued unabated with variations depending on local conditions, chiefly lead by an underground leadership. But an unarmed and leaderless mob could not be a match to the violence of a powerful and organized Government having unlimited force at its disposal. A veritable reign of terror was let loose by the government. Thousands of people were arrested and send to various jails away from their homeland. In about three weeks the government was successful in crushing the uprising.

The dispersal of mobs was at the point of rifle, pistol, and weapons. The beating, and flogging to political prisoners were combined with all types of insults unheard of. People were tied to the trees and beaten, sometimes undressed and whipped.

The Cellular jail in Andaman stands as a testimony for the human rights violation by the rulers. The rigorous treatment ranged from extra hours on the grinding mill, standing handcuffed for a week or so, Some were confined to solitary cells for months together,. Some prisoners were starved for four or five days.

Thus there were numerous arrests, convictions, beating, flogging, firing, suspension, and dismissals from service. This kind of repression did not exhaust their zeal and enthusiasm. They moved from village to village to spread the message of Congress by issuing hand-bills, posters, and News bulletins for wider circulation in town and villages.

Nevertheless, the non violent methods got the appreciation of big powers of the world. Gandhiji was able to lead the nation towards independence by his political philosophy of truth and Non- violence. Obama the President of America said in 2009, his biggest inspiration came from Mahatma Gandhi. He said that Gandhiji changed the world just by the power of his ethics.


References

• Government GOs, Fortnightly Reports 1940-1942

• Chandra Prakash History of the Indian National Movement, Vikas Pub House,Pvt ltd,Delhi, 1998

• Kumarappa Bharatan,Satyagraha, Vikas pub house, Bombay, 1950

• Mehrotra S R, Towards India’s Freedom and Pakistan Vikas pub, Delhi, 1979

• Nelson,Nationalism on the Indian Subcontinent Nelson Ltd, London,1972

• Salawade S N History of Indian Freedom Movement, Ancient Pub House,Delhi, 2012

• S.R.Bakshi,Indian National Movement and the Raj ,Criterion Pub,Delhi,

• Tara Chand, History of Freedom Movement of India, Pub Division,GOI, Delhi,1992


ghujpahh; ftpijfspy; kj xUikg;ghLghujpahh; ftpijfspy; kj xUikg;ghLghujpahh; ftpijfspy; kj xUikg;ghLghujpahh; ftpijfspy; kj xUikg;ghL

*Kidth; jh.f.mDuhjhKidth; jh.f.mDuhjhKidth; jh.f.mDuhjhKidth; jh.f.mDuhjh> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah; kw;Wk; jkpo;j;Jiwj; jiyth;> bhpdpb

kfsph; fy;Y}hp> ehkf;fy; - 637 002.

kfhftp ghujpahh; Xh; xg;gw;w ftpQh;. ,th; ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk;> nkhopg;gw;iwAk; jk; ,U fz;fshff; nfhz;lth;. kf;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; tpLjiy Ntl;ifiaj; jk; ftpijfspd; %yk; Kjd;Kjypy; Vw;gLj;jpath;. ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytdha; ehl;L kf;fspd; neQ;rq;fspy; ,d;wsTk; tho;e;J nfhz;bUg;gth;. gpwg;ghy; ,e;jpad;> nkhopahy; jkpod; vd;W jkJ ghly;fspd; thapyhf ntspg;gLj;jpath; vd;whYk;> cyfpy; cs;s kf;fs; midtUk; xUikg;ghl;Lld; thoNtz;Lk; vd;fpw vz;zj;jpid jk; ftpijfspd; %ykhf czh;j;jpath;.

guk;nghUs; xd;Nwguk;nghUs; xd;Nwguk;nghUs; xd;Nwguk;nghUs; xd;Nw

guk;nghUs; vd;gJ Nkyhd nghUs; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ,iw my;yJ flTs; vdg;Nghw;wg;ngWgth; mg;guk;nghUshFk;. cyFk;> cyfpYs;s nghUl;fSk; rhjhuz nghUs;. ,tw;wpYk; Nkyhd> ,tw;wpw;nfy;yhk; %ykhd nghUs; Kjw;nghUs; mg;guk;nghUNs. vdNtjhd; ,iwtid KOKjw; guk;nghUs; vdg;Nghw;Wth;. mZthfTk;> mZTf;Fs; mZthfTk;> mt;tZf;fspd; jd;ikahfTk;> vy;yhkhfTk; mg;guk;nghUs; cs;sJ. ahz;Lk; vjpYk; vQ;Qhd;Wk; ePf;fkw epiwj;jpyq;FtJ ,iwikNa. nghUs;fspd; midj;Jj;jd;ikAk; ,iwikf;F cz;L. vdNt ,iwikapd; jd;ik ,d;d;J vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Liuf;f ,ayhJ. cyfkhfTk;> cyfg; nghUl;fshfTk; ,iwik cs;sjhapDk; mJ xNu nghUs;jhd;. ,g;guk;nghUs; jj;Jtj;ij>

“J}a tZ f;fsha;r;J}a tZ f;fsha;r;J}a tZ f;fsha;r;J}a tZ f;fsha;r;

R+f;Fkkha;r; R+f;FR+f;Fkkha;r; R+f;FR+f;Fkkha;r; R+f;FR+f;Fkkha;r; R+f;Fkj;jpwkj;jpwkj;jpwkj;jpw;; ;;

rhyTNk Ez;zpajha;j; rhyTNk Ez;zpajha;j; rhyTNk Ez;zpajha;j; rhyTNk Ez;zpajha;j;

jd;iknayhe; jhdhfp>jd;iknayhe; jhdhfp>jd;iknayhe; jhdhfp>jd;iknayhe; jhdhfp>

jd;iknahd;wp yhjJtha;j;jd;iknahd;wp yhjJtha;j;jd;iknahd;wp yhjJtha;j;jd;iknahd;wp yhjJtha;j;

jhNd nahUnghUsha;j;jhNd nahUnghUsha;j;jhNd nahUnghUsha;j;jhNd nahUnghUsha;j;

jd;ik gyTilj;jha;j;jd;ik gyTilj;jha;j;jd;ik gyTilj;jha;j;jd;ik gyTilj;jha;j;

jd;gytha; epw;gjNyjd;gytha; epw;gjNyjd;gytha; epw;gjNyjd;gytha; epw;gjNy”

vdg; ghujpahh; ghb tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

kjq;js; gy ,Ug;gpDk; mitfis NtWgLj;jpg; ghh;f;fhJ mitfs; xd;Nw vd;W fUjpa ghujpahh; ehy;tif kjq;fis ,izj;Jg; nghJthf;fp mk;kjq;fs; $Wk; cz;ikg; nghUisAk; ciuf;fpd;whh;. nghJthf> xU E}Yf;Ff; flTs; tho;j;J my;yJ guk;nghUs; tho;j;Jg; ghLNthh; jkJ topgL flTisNah my;yJ


vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nghUSf;F Vw;Gilf; flTisNah tho;j;Jg; ghLth;. Mdhy; ghujpahNuh mq;qdkpd;wpg; Gjpa Mj;jp$+biag; ghLifapy; guk;nghUs; tho;j;jhfg; ghLk; ghlypy; rptngUkhd;> jpUkhy;> KfkJ egp> ,NaR vdg; gyUk; gutpLk; guk;nghUs; xd;Nw vd;fpwhh;. ,jid>

“Mj;jpR+b apdk;gpiw azpe;JMj;jpR+b apdk;gpiw azpe;JMj;jpR+b apdk;gpiw azpe;JMj;jpR+b apdk;gpiw azpe;J

Nkhdj; jpUf;F KOntzNkhdj; jpUf;F KOntzNkhdj; jpUf;F KOntzNkhdj; jpUf;F KOntz; Nkdpahd;; Nkdpahd;; Nkdpahd;; Nkdpahd;”

……………………………………………....

………………………………………………

mjdUs; tho;j;jp akutho; nta;JntmjdUs; tho;j;jp akutho; nta;JntmjdUs; tho;j;jp akutho; nta;JntmjdUs; tho;j;jp akutho; nta;Jnthhhhk;k;k;k;”

vd;w ghly; %yk; czuyhk;.

mwpahik fbjy;mwpahik fbjy;mwpahik fbjy;mwpahik fbjy;

nja;tk; xd;Nw vd;W ghujpahh; kf;fSf;F mwpTWj;jpa gpd;dUk;> kf;fs; mjid czuhJ gy nja;tq;fisj; Njb miye;j tz;zkpUe;jdh;. ,jidf;

fz;l ghujpahh; rpdk; nghq;f> ‘mwptpypfhs;’ vd;W ,fo;r;rpahf mth;fisr; rhLfpwhh;. kjq;fs; gyTk; md;igAk;> cz;ikiaAk;jhd; Nghjpf;fpd;wd vd;W $wpa ghujpahh; rpdq;nfhz;lJ jtWjhNd vd;W tpdtyhk;. fba Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; fbjNy rpwg;G.

cyfkhfTk;> cyfg;nghUshfTk;> gQ;rG+jq;fshfTk;> gpw vy;yhkhfTk; cs;Sk; Gwj;Jk; ePf;fkw epiwe;jpyq;Fk; J}a mwpthf tpsq;Fk; jpwj;jpid Ntjq;fs; $Wk; ,t;Tz;ikia czuhJ> Mapuk; nja;tq;fs; ,t;Tyfpy; cz;nld;W ek;gp> mj;nja;tq;fis ,t;Tyfpy; Njb miyfpd;whh;fs;. mj;nja;tq;fis khld; vd;Wk;> fhld; vd;Wk;> Ntld; vd;Wk; Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs; vd;W $wp> ,j;jifath;fs;pd; nray;fisf; fbe;J ghLfpd;whh;.

“Mapuk; nja;tq;f Sz;nld;W NjbMapuk; nja;tq;f Sz;nld;W NjbMapuk; nja;tq;f Sz;nld;W NjbMapuk; nja;tq;f Sz;nld;W Njb

aiyA kwptpypfhs; aiyA kwptpypfhs; aiyA kwptpypfhs; aiyA kwptpypfhs; ---- gy;gy;gy;gy;

yhapuk; Ntj kwntyhapuk; Ntj kwntyhapuk; Ntj kwntyhapuk; Ntj kwnthhhhd;Nw nja;tKd;d;Nw nja;tKd;d;Nw nja;tKd;d;Nw nja;tKd;

lhnkdy; NfsPNuh!lhnkdy; NfsPNuh!lhnkdy; NfsPNuh!lhnkdy; NfsPNuh!

khlidf; fhlid Ntlidg; Nghw;wpkhlidf; fhlid Ntlidg; Nghw;wpkhlidf; fhlid Ntlidg; Nghw;wpkhlidf; fhlid Ntlidg; Nghw;wp

kaq;F kjpapypfhs; kaq;F kjpapypfhs; kaq;F kjpapypfhs; kaq;F kjpapypfhs; ---- vjvjvjvj

thLepd; Nwhq;FthLepd; Nwhq;FthLepd; Nwhq;FthLepd; Nwhq;F kjpnthd;Nw nja;tnkd;kjpnthd;Nw nja;tnkd;kjpnthd;Nw nja;tnkd;kjpnthd;Nw nja;tnkd;

Nwhjp awpaPNuh?Nwhjp awpaPNuh?Nwhjp awpaPNuh?Nwhjp awpaPNuh?”

mwpthfpa nja;tNk ,t;Tyfpy; vjDs;Sk; epd;W Xq;Ffpd;wJ. vjDs;Sk; epiwe;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;Dk; cz;ikia czh;j;Jfpd;wdh;. ,ij czuhky;

nja;tj;ij Njb miygth;fs; ‘mwptpypfhs;’ vd rhLfpd;whh;. fw;gidf;fijfs; gy vOjp itj;J mtw;iw kjf; nfhs;iffshfg; gug;gp tUfpd;whh;fs; vd;fpwhh; ghujp.

nja;tq;fs; gy vd;W $Wtjw;Nfh> mf;fijfs; czh;j;Jk; nra;jpfSf;Nfh Ntjj;jpy; Mjhuk; vJTkpy;iy vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;whh;.

“ nks;sg; gynja;tk; $l;b tsh;j;Jnks;sg; gynja;tk; $l;b tsh;j;Jnks;sg; gynja;tk; $l;b tsh;j;Jnks;sg; gynja;tk; $l;b tsh;j;J

ntWq;fijfs; Nrh;j;J ntWq;fijfs; Nrh;j;J ntWq;fijfs; Nrh;j;J ntWq;fijfs; Nrh;j;J – gygygygy


fs;s kjfs;s kjfs;s kjfs;s kjq;fs; gug;Gjw; Nfhh;kiwq;fs; gug;Gjw; Nfhh;kiwq;fs; gug;Gjw; Nfhh;kiwq;fs; gug;Gjw; Nfhh;kiw

fhl;lTk; ty;yPNuh?fhl;lTk; ty;yPNuh?fhl;lTk; ty;yPNuh?fhl;lTk; ty;yPNuh?”

fl;Lf;fijfs; vOjp itj;Jf;nfhz;L kjq;isg; gug;gpajhy; mk;kjq;fisf; fs;s kjq;fs;> ngha;ahd kjq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mg;ngha;ik kjthjpfis

Nehf;fp> ‘cq;fs; nra;iff;F Ntjj;jpy; Mjhuk; fhl;l KbANkh? vd tpdTfpd;whh;.

,aw;ifNa nja;tk;,aw;ifNa nja;tk;,aw;ifNa nja;tk;,aw;ifNa nja;tk;

,aw;ifapd; vopyhh;e;j NfhyNk nja;tj;jpd; jpUf;Nfhyk; vd;gJ rkag; nghpNahh;fs; nkhope;j nghUz;nkhop. vopyhh;e;j ,aw;if tdg;GUNt ,iwtdpd; jpUNkdp. ifGide;jpaw;whf; ftpd; ngUq;fhl;rp ,iwf;fhl;rp. mf;fhl;rpapidg; gQ;r G+jq;fspNy fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ePyf;fly; ePhpNy cah;e;jJ. fhZk; thdpNy> fbkyh; FYq;Fk; kiyapNy> tz;zkyh;r; NrhiyapNy> nky;yf; Fsph;e;J tUq;fhw;wpdpNy> Mw;WePhpd; Xl;lj;jpNy> Nrw;Wf; fodpapd; gaphpdpNy rpe;ij ftUk; ,aw;if> vopw;Nfhyq;fisf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

ifGide;jpaw;whf; ftpd; ngUq;Nfhyj;ij epyj;jpYk;> ePhpYk;> jPapYk;> tspapYk;> tpRk;gpYk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j Ie;J G+jq;fNs> ,t;ite;J Kjw; nghUs;fNs vq;Fk; epiwe;Js;sd. cyfg; nghUl;fnsy;yhk; ,tw;wpd; Nrh;f;ifahy; MditNa. vdNt jhd; ghujpAk;>

“Mfhre; jP fhy; ePh; kz;Mfhre; jP fhy; ePh; kz;Mfhre; jP fhy; ePh; kz;Mfhre; jP fhy; ePh; kz;

mj;jid G+jKk; xj;J epiwe;jha;mj;jid G+jKk; xj;J epiwe;jha;mj;jid G+jKk; xj;J epiwe;jha;mj;jid G+jKk; xj;J epiwe;jha;”

vdTk;>

“ G+jq;f ise;jpy; ypUe;njq;Fq; fz;zpw; G+jq;f ise;jpy; ypUe;njq;Fq; fz;zpw; G+jq;f ise;jpy; ypUe;njq;Fq; fz;zpw; G+jq;f ise;jpy; ypUe;njq;Fq; fz;zpw;

Gyg;gLk; rf;jpiag; Nghw;W fpd;nwhk;Gyg;gLk; rf;jpiag; Nghw;W fpd;nwhk;Gyg;gLk; rf;jpiag; Nghw;W fpd;nwhk;Gyg;gLk; rf;jpiag; Nghw;W fpd;nwhk;”

vdTk; ghb Nghw;Wfpd;whh;.

Ik;G+jq;fspy; midj;Jkha; tpsq;Fk; ,aw;ifNa nja;tk; vd;gjidAk;>

“ahJkha; tpsq;Fk; ahJkha; tpsq;Fk; ahJkha; tpsq;Fk; ahJkha; tpsq;Fk; ,aw;ifj; nja;tNk!,aw;ifj; nja;tNk!,aw;ifj; nja;tNk!,aw;ifj; nja;tNk!”

vd;W ghujpahh; $wpAs;shh;.

vk;kjKk; rk;kjk;vk;kjKk; rk;kjk;vk;kjKk; rk;kjk;vk;kjKk; rk;kjk;

kjntwpahYk;> kjNtWghl;lhYk; rKjhaj;jpy; G+rYk;> fytuKk; epfo;tjhy; kf;fspilNa kj xw;Wikiag; gug;gNtz;Lk; vd ghujpahh; Ntl;if nfhz;lhh;.

nghJthf kj xUikg;ghl;il typAWj;Jk; tz;zNk mtuJ ghly;fs;

mike;Js;sd. vk;kjKk; rk;kjNk – vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; topgLk; nja;tq;fs; midj;Jk; xd;Nw vd;fpwhh;.

“jPapidjPapidjPapidjPapidf; Fk;gpLk; ghh;g;ghh; f; Fk;gpLk; ghh;g;ghh; f; Fk;gpLk; ghh;g;ghh; f; Fk;gpLk; ghh;g;ghh; ---- ePj;je;ePj;je;ePj;je;ePj;je;

JjpJjpJjpJjpf;if tzq;Fe; JUf;fh;f;if tzq;Fe; JUf;fh;f;if tzq;Fe; JUf;fh;f;if tzq;Fe; JUf;fh;

Nfhapw; rpYitapd; Kd;Nd Nfhapw; rpYitapd; Kd;Nd Nfhapw; rpYitapd; Kd;Nd Nfhapw; rpYitapd; Kd;Nd – epd;Wepd;Wepd;Wepd;W

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

ghUf;Fs;Ns nja;t nkhd;WghUf;Fs;Ns nja;t nkhd;WghUf;Fs;Ns nja;t nkhd;WghUf;Fs;Ns nja;t nkhd;W”


ghh;g;gzh;> fpwpj;Jth;> K];yPk;fs; vd;w midj;J kf;fSk; kjk; fle;J xw;Wikahf tho Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.

kjr;rz;ilfs; vohky; ,Ug;gpd; rz;il ,y;yhj rkhjhd rKjhaj;ij cUthf;f KbAk;. cyf kf;fspilNa gphptpdthjj;ij ePf;fp kj xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

md;gpd; %yk; xUikmd;gpd; %yk; xUikmd;gpd; %yk; xUikmd;gpd; %yk; xUikg;ghLg;ghLg;ghLg;ghL

kdpj tho;Tf;F md;G kpf ,d;wpaikahjJ. md;G nfhz;ltd; flTisf; fhz;ghd;. mj;jifatd; epr;rakhfg; gpwh;f;Fj; jPq;fpioahd;. jd;Daph;Nghy; gpwh; capiuAk; fUJthd;. xUtUf;nfhUth; tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; kd ,ay;G Vw;gLk;. ,jdhy; gpzf;Nf epfo tha;g;gpy;iy. mwpTila neQ;rk; jk;kplk; cs;s nghUisg; gpwNuhL gfph;e;J nfhs;sj; Jbf;Fk;.

ts;StUk;>

“md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah;md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah;md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah;md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah;; md;Gilahh;md;Gilahh;md;Gilahh;md;Gilahh;

vd;Gk; chpah; gpwh;f;Fvd;Gk; chpah; gpwh;f;Fvd;Gk; chpah; gpwh;f;Fvd;Gk; chpah; gpwh;f;F”

vd;fpwhh;. md;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpf; fhrpuh[d; vd;ghh; $Wifapy;>

“md;G kdpj tho;f;if mikg;gpd; mbj;jsk;. NfhlhD Nfhb kf;fis ,izf;Fk; gpizg;G mJjhd;. md;G vDk; fapW mWe;jhy; khDlk; mopAk;. ,d;iwa cyfg; G+ry;fSf;nfy;yhk; mbg;gilf;fhuzk; md;G vd;w gz;G Fiwe;J

tUtNj MFk;” vd;fpwhh;.

,j;jifa ngUiktha;e;j md;ik midtUk; nfhz;nlhOf Ntz;Lk; vdg; ghujpahh; $Wfpwhh;. vdNt>

“ nra;nra;nra;nra;f jtk;!f jtk;!f jtk;!f jtk;! nra;f jtk;nra;f jtk;nra;f jtk;nra;f jtk;! neQ;Nr! jtk; nra;jhy;! neQ;Nr! jtk; nra;jhy;! neQ;Nr! jtk; nra;jhy;! neQ;Nr! jtk; nra;jhy;

va;j tpUk;gpaij naa;jyhk; va;j tpUk;gpaij naa;jyhk; va;j tpUk;gpaij naa;jyhk; va;j tpUk;gpaij naa;jyhk; ---- itafj;jpy;itafj;jpy;itafj;jpy;itafj;jpy;

md;gpw; rpwe;j jtkpy;iy: md;Gilahh;md;gpw; rpwe;j jtkpy;iy: md;Gilahh;md;gpw; rpwe;j jtkpy;iy: md;Gilahh;md;gpw; rpwe;j jtkpy;iy: md;Gilahh;

,d;Gw;W tho;jy; ,ay;G,d;Gw;W tho;jy; ,ay;G,d;Gw;W tho;jy; ,ay;G,d;Gw;W tho;jy; ,ay;G”

vd;w ghly; Gide;J midtUk; md;Gw;W thoNtz;Lk; vd Ntz;Lfpwhh;.

ghujpahh; ftpijfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ve;nje;j kjj;jr; rhh;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jhYk; xd;Wgl;l kjj;jpduhf xUikg;gl;L tho Ntz;Lnkd;W tpUk;GtJ njhpfpwJ.


ePy gj;kehgdpd; ePy gj;kehgdpd; ePy gj;kehgdpd; ePy gj;kehgdpd; ftpijfspy; mfftpijfspy; mfftpijfspy; mfftpijfspy; mf cyfk;cyfk;cyfk;cyfk;

*ir.ir.ir.ir.rjP];Fkhu;>rjP];Fkhu;>rjP];Fkhu;>rjP];Fkhu;> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;T khztu;> jkpoha;T ikak;> Nerkzp epidT

fpwpj;jtf; fy;Y}up> khu;j;jhz;lk; - 629 165> k.R. gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp.

ePy gj;kehgd; ciueil ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kpfg;ngupa rhjidfis epfo;j;jpatu;. Mdhy; jdJ ehty;> rpWfij> fl;LiufSf;F ,izahff; ftpij tbtj;jpYk; rpwg;ghd gq;fspg;igr; nra;jpUf;fpwhu;. mtuJ ftpijj; njhFg;Gfshf Ie;J njhFjpfs; ntspte;Js;sd.

jkpo;f;ftpij cyfpy; ghujpf;Fg; gpwF ,af;fkhf ntspg;gl;l ‘vOj;J’ ftpij ,af;fj;jpd; thapyhf ePygj;kehgd; mwpKfkhdhu; vd;gij mt;tpaf;fj;ij

cUthf;fpa rp.R. nry;yg;gh $Wk; NghJ> “ePygj;kehgd; vOj;jpy;> ‘,yf;fpaj;juk;> vd;w fl;LiuAk; ‘Nkhfk; Kg;gJ Mz;L’ vd;w rpWfijAk; vOjptpl;L gpd;

GJf;ftpij tpopg;G Vw;gl;L ‘J}f;fk;’ vd;w ftpijia vOj;Jf;Fj; je;jhu;. mLj;J

neUg;Gf;Fr;rp> G+Tk; ehfKk; vd;w ,uz;L ftpijfs; vOjpdhu;”(ePygj;kehgd; ftpijfs;> g: 34) vd;fpwhu;.

ePygj;ehgd; ftpijfspy; ePygj;ehgd; ftpijfspy; ePygj;ehgd; ftpijfspy; ePygj;ehgd; ftpijfspy; mfmfmfmfcyfk;cyfk;cyfk;cyfk;

ePygj;kehgdpd; ftpijfs; ngUk;ghYk; mfcyif ikakhff; nfhz;L jpfo;fpd;wd. mtu; jdJ ftpijfspy; Gwg;nghUshff; $Wgit midj;Jk; mfg;nghUspy; kaf;fq;fshf khw;wk; ngWfpd;wd. Gwg;nghUs; rhu;e;j cyfq;fs; ePygj;kehgd; thapyhf xyp rhu;e;j cyfkhf khWfpwJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J fp.

ehr;rpKj;J $Wk;NghJ> “jj;Jtthjpfs; xyp cyF(rg;jg; gpugQ;rk;) nghUs; cyfhf

(mu;j;jg; gpugQ;rk;) tpuptjhfr; nrhy;thu;fs;. ,q;F nghUs; cyF ftpijapy; xyp

cyfhf khWfpwNjh vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ”(gpd;Diu> ePy gj;kehgdpd; 148 ftpijfs;>

g: 156) vd;fpwhu;.

ePygj;kehgdpd; ftpijfSf;fhd ghLnghUs; ngUk;ghYk; Md;kPfj;ijj; jOtpAk;> mq;fjk; tputpAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;ndhU gz;G fhkj;ij vOJjyhFk;. mftak; Nehf;fpg; gazpf;Fk; mtuJ ftpijfspd;; $Wfshff; fPo;fz;ltw;iw tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

m. Md;kPfk;m. Md;kPfk;m. Md;kPfk;m. Md;kPfk; M. jdpkdpj ,og;GM. jdpkdpj ,og;GM. jdpkdpj ,og;GM. jdpkdpj ,og;G

,. ,d;ikahjy;,. ,d;ikahjy;,. ,d;ikahjy;,. ,d;ikahjy; <. ,iwgf;jp<. ,iwgf;jp<. ,iwgf;jp<. ,iwgf;jp

c. me;jpk ,Us;c. me;jpk ,Us;c. me;jpk ,Us;c. me;jpk ,Us; C. gpd;thq;Fjy;C. gpd;thq;Fjy;C. gpd;thq;Fjy;C. gpd;thq;Fjy;

Nkw;$wpa midj;Jf; $WfSk; ftpijapd; ,ay;ghf ntspg;gl;lhYk; Md;kPfg; gz;Gfisr; Rke;J epw;fpd;wd vd;gijr; Rl;lNt fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

m. Md;kPfk;m. Md;kPfk;m. Md;kPfk;m. Md;kPfk;

kdpjd; cly;> kduPjpapy; ,y;yhJ NghFk; ,Wjpj; jUzk; mtdJ kuzj;jpyhFk;. cyfpYs;s vy;yh kdpju;fSk; neUg;G> jd;idj; jPz;Lk;NghJ milAk; epfo;it ntWf;fNt nra;tu;. ePygj;kehgd; me;jepiy jdf;F mstpy;yh Ngupd;gk; toq;Fk; vd;fpwhu;.


“tpopfisj; jpwe;jJk; tpopfisj; jpwe;jJk; tpopfisj; jpwe;jJk; tpopfisj; jpwe;jJk;

ghunky;yhk; xope;jdghunky;yhk; xope;jdghunky;yhk; xope;jdghunky;yhk; xope;jd

typnay;yhk; tope;jdtypnay;yhk; tope;jdtypnay;yhk; tope;jdtypnay;yhk; tope;jd

Ganky;yhk; ngUk;rf;jp.Ganky;yhk; ngUk;rf;jp.Ganky;yhk; ngUk;rf;jp.Ganky;yhk; ngUk;rf;jp.

jPehf;F tpisahLk;jPehf;F tpisahLk;jPehf;F tpisahLk;jPehf;F tpisahLk;

rpij Nehf;fpr; nrpij Nehf;fpr; nrpij Nehf;fpr; nrpij Nehf;fpr; nry;fpNwd;.ry;fpNwd;.ry;fpNwd;.ry;fpNwd;.

ghjpjhd; Ntf;fhLghjpjhd; Ntf;fhLghjpjhd; Ntf;fhLghjpjhd; Ntf;fhL

neUg;gjpy; eidifapy;neUg;gjpy; eidifapy;neUg;gjpy; eidifapy;neUg;gjpy; eidifapy;

mf;fpdpapd; rPjmf;fpdpapd; rPjmf;fpdpapd; rPjmf;fpdpapd; rPjssssk;> k;> k;> k;>

mstpy;yh Ngupd;gk;mstpy;yh Ngupd;gk;mstpy;yh Ngupd;gk;mstpy;yh Ngupd;gk;” (ruzhfjp> NkyJ> g: 14)ruzhfjp> NkyJ> g: 14)ruzhfjp> NkyJ> g: 14)ruzhfjp> NkyJ> g: 14)

vd;gjpy; Md;kPfk; njwpf;fpwJ. ‘Nahfp’ vd;w ftpijapYk; ,y;ywRfj;ijg;

NgRk;NghJ>

“,e;jpupa Rfk;,e;jpupa Rfk;,e;jpupa Rfk;,e;jpupa Rfk;

ngha;nadj; njupangha;nadj; njupangha;nadj; njupangha;nadj; njupa

,af;f r,af;f r,af;f r,af;f rf;jp Xu; Jspapd;wpf;jp Xu; Jspapd;wpf;jp Xu; Jspapd;wpf;jp Xu; Jspapd;wp

erpg;gJ tiuf;Fk;erpg;gJ tiuf;Fk;erpg;gJ tiuf;Fk;erpg;gJ tiuf;Fk;

fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;b te;jfhj;jpUf;f Ntz;b te;jfhj;jpUf;f Ntz;b te;jfhj;jpUf;f Ntz;b te;j

ehdy;yth Nahfpehdy;yth Nahfpehdy;yth Nahfpehdy;yth Nahfp” (NahfpNahfpNahfpNahfp> NkyJ> g: 34)> NkyJ> g: 34)> NkyJ> g: 34)> NkyJ> g: 34)

vd;w tupfspy; Md;kPfj;ijf; FLk;gtho;tpy; ,y;yw Rfj;jpy; fhl;Lk; ,t;tplk; tpj;jpahrg;gLtJld; cau;e;Jk; epw;fpwJ.

M. jdpkdpj ,og;GM. jdpkdpj ,og;GM. jdpkdpj ,og;GM. jdpkdpj ,og;G

kdpjkdk; mDgtuPjpapy; rpe;jpf;Fk; jdpkdpj ,og;G Fwpj;J ePygj;kehgd; gy

ftpijfspy; Ngrp ,Uf;fpwhu;. mtuJ Muk;g fhy ftpijfspy; xd;W ‘mgfuzk;’ . ,f;ftpij jd; ,og;G rhu;e;j tp~aj;ijg; NgRfpwJ.

“fs;isAk;> NjidAk; je;Jfs;isAk;> NjidAk; je;Jfs;isAk;> NjidAk; je;Jfs;isAk;> NjidAk; je;J

Mj;khit mgfupj;Jf; nfhz;lha;>Mj;khit mgfupj;Jf; nfhz;lha;>Mj;khit mgfupj;Jf; nfhz;lha;>Mj;khit mgfupj;Jf; nfhz;lha;>

gwpNghgwpNghgwpNghgwpNghd Mj;khitd Mj;khitd Mj;khitd Mj;khit

epidf;fNth Neukpd;wpepidf;fNth Neukpd;wpepidf;fNth Neukpd;wpepidf;fNth Neukpd;wp

fs;spYk;> NjdpYk;fs;spYk;> NjdpYk;fs;spYk;> NjdpYk;fs;spYk;> NjdpYk;

fiue;JUfpg; NghNdd;fiue;JUfpg; NghNdd;fiue;JUfpg; NghNdd;fiue;JUfpg; NghNdd;” (mgfuzkmgfuzkmgfuzkmgfuzk;>;>;>;> NkyJ> g: 22NkyJ> g: 22NkyJ> g: 22NkyJ> g: 22)

vd;w tupfspy; jd;id ,oe;j kdpjd; Nghijf;F mbikahdijAk;> mjd; %ykhf jd;Dila tho;it ,og;gjhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

,Nj cs;slf;fk; nfhz;l ,d;ndhU ftpij ‘ruzhfjp’ MFk;. vy;yhk;

,oe;j xU kdpjd; jdJ tPo;r;rpiaj; jhNd $WtJ Nghy mike;Js;sJ.

“mLj;jehs; ~pg;Lf;FmLj;jehs; ~pg;Lf;FmLj;jehs; ~pg;Lf;FmLj;jehs; ~pg;Lf;F

Ms;tUk;NghJMs;tUk;NghJMs;tUk;NghJMs;tUk;NghJ

Rl;nlLj;j fpoq;fjha;Rl;nlLj;j fpoq;fjha;Rl;nlLj;j fpoq;fjha;Rl;nlLj;j fpoq;fjha;

ghjhsg; nghwpaiwapy;ghjhsg; nghwpaiwapy;ghjhsg; nghwpaiwapy;ghjhsg; nghwpaiwapy;

gaq;fukha;gaq;fukha;gaq;fukha;gaq;fukha;

vd; clyk;vd; clyk;vd; clyk;vd; clyk;” (ruzhfjp> NkyJ> g:11ruzhfjp> NkyJ> g:11ruzhfjp> NkyJ> g:11ruzhfjp> NkyJ> g:11)

vd;w ftpij tupfs; jd;dpog;NghL jdpkdpj tho;f;ifapd; epr;rakpd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.


,. ,d;ikahjy;,. ,d;ikahjy;,. ,d;ikahjy;,. ,d;ikahjy;

,d;ik vd;gjd; nghUs; ,y;yhJ NghjyhFk;. ePygj;kehgd; ,ijNa jdJ ftpijfspy; MjpKjy; me;jk; tiuapyhd ,d;ikahjypd; fhl;rpfshfg; gjpT

nra;Js;shu;. ‘J}f;fk;’ vd;w ftpijapy;>

“[ddpapd; fUg;igapy; khu;gpd; fjfjg;gpy;[ddpapd; fUg;igapy; khu;gpd; fjfjg;gpy;[ddpapd; fUg;igapy; khu;gpd; fjfjg;gpy;[ddpapd; fUg;igapy; khu;gpd; fjfjg;gpy;

fapWEdp J}spapy; fpuPr;rpLk; njhl;bypy;fapWEdp J}spapy; fpuPr;rpLk; njhl;bypy;fapWEdp J}spapy; fpuPr;rpLk; njhl;bypy;fapWEdp J}spapy; fpuPr;rpLk; njhl;bypy;

je;ijapd; mutizg;gpy; Nfhiug;Gy; ghapy;je;ijapd; mutizg;gpy; Nfhiug;Gy; ghapy;je;ijapd; mutizg;gpy; Nfhiug;Gy; ghapy;je;ijapd; mutizg;gpy; Nfhiug;Gy; ghapy;

#uypiof; fl;bypy; vjpu;ghypd; fpSfpSg;gpy;#uypiof; fl;bypy; vjpu;ghypd; fpSfpSg;gpy;#uypiof; fl;bypy; vjpu;ghypd; fpSfpSg;gpy;#uypiof; fl;bypy; vjpu;ghypd; fpSfpSg;gpy;

nty;ntl; nkj;ijapy; Nra;fspd; ];guprj;jpy;nty;ntl; nkj;ijapy; Nra;fspd; ];guprj;jpy;nty;ntl; nkj;ijapy; Nra;fspd; ];guprj;jpy;nty;ntl; nkj;ijapy; Nra;fspd; ];guprj;jpy;

Nfhiug;Gy; ghapy; fl;Nfhiug;Gy; ghapy; fl;Nfhiug;Gy; ghapy; fl;Nfhiug;Gy; ghapy; fl;lhe;jiuapy;lhe;jiuapy;lhe;jiuapy;lhe;jiuapy;

ehYNgu; Njhs;jhq;Fk; gr;ir%q;fpy; ghilapy;ehYNgu; Njhs;jhq;Fk; gr;ir%q;fpy; ghilapy;ehYNgu; Njhs;jhq;Fk; gr;ir%q;fpy; ghilapy;ehYNgu; Njhs;jhq;Fk; gr;ir%q;fpy; ghilapy;

,Lfhl;L tul;bapy; ca;tpf;Fk; neUg;gpy;,Lfhl;L tul;bapy; ca;tpf;Fk; neUg;gpy;,Lfhl;L tul;bapy; ca;tpf;Fk; neUg;gpy;,Lfhl;L tul;bapy; ca;tpf;Fk; neUg;gpy;

Mwbkz;zpy; me;juP~ ntspapy;Mwbkz;zpy; me;juP~ ntspapy;Mwbkz;zpy; me;juP~ ntspapy;Mwbkz;zpy; me;juP~ ntspapy;” (J}f;fk;> NkyJ> g.1J}f;fk;> NkyJ> g.1J}f;fk;> NkyJ> g.1J}f;fk;> NkyJ> g.1) vd;w ftpij tupfspy; jhapd; tapw;wpy; fUthf cUg;ngw;wjpypUe;J kz;zpy; ,wg;gJ tiuapyhd gy epfo;Tfs; tho;tpy; ele;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mtd; ,we;j gpwF tho;tpy; ele;j mj;jid epfo;TfSNk ,y;yhJ NghFk; vd ,f;ftpijapy; mofhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

<. ,iwgf;jp<. ,iwgf;jp<. ,iwgf;jp<. ,iwgf;jp

,aw;ifaplk; ,Ue;Jk;> jtwhd kdpju;fsplk; ,Ue;Jk; jd;id fhg;gjw;F ,iwtdplk; ruzkilAk; gy ftpijfis ePygj;kehgd; rkPgfhykhfg; gilj;J tUfpwhu;. thf;Njtij> fhyigutd; Mfpa ,iwtdplk; jd;idf; fhf;Fk;gb kd;whb Ntz;Lfpwhu;.

“fhz;Bgk; fPo;itj;j ghu;j;jDf;F Cl;bafhz;Bgk; fPo;itj;j ghu;j;jDf;F Cl;bafhz;Bgk; fPo;itj;j ghu;j;jDf;F Cl;bafhz;Bgk; fPo;itj;j ghu;j;jDf;F Cl;ba

Vjpu;nfhs;Sk; JspaijVjpu;nfhs;Sk; JspaijVjpu;nfhs;Sk; JspaijVjpu;nfhs;Sk; Jspaij

te;J epw;Fk; tNahjpfDf;Fk; je;jUs;te;J epw;Fk; tNahjpfDf;Fk; je;jUs;te;J epw;Fk; tNahjpfDf;Fk; je;jUs;te;J epw;Fk; tNahjpfDf;Fk; je;jUs;

FUthd mg;gNdFUthd mg;gNdFUthd mg;gNdFUthd mg;gNd

cd;jhisg; gzpfpNwd;cd;jhisg; gzpfpNwd;cd;jhisg; gzpfpNwd;cd;jhisg; gzpfpNwd;”

(Fw;w rk;kjFw;w rk;kjFw;w rk;kjFw;w rk;kjkkkk;> eP;> eP;> eP;> ePyyyygj;kehgdpd; 43 ftpijfs;> g.19gj;kehgdpd; 43 ftpijfs;> g.19gj;kehgdpd; 43 ftpijfs;> g.19gj;kehgdpd; 43 ftpijfs;> g.19)

kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifg; gUtj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ Foe;ijg; gUtk; vd;W nrhy;Yfpw tajhd gUtj;jpy; ,iwtdplk; Ntz;LtJ ,aw;ifNa. mj;jd;ikNajhd; ePygj;kehgd; Fw;wrk;kjk; vd;Dk; ftpijapd; %ykhf jdJ tNahjpfj;ijf; flTsplk; ntspg;gilahff; $wp typikj;juf; Nfl;fpwhu;.

c. me;jpk ,Us;c. me;jpk ,Us;c. me;jpk ,Us;c. me;jpk ,Us;

me;jpkj;jpd; ,Wjp vd;gJ kuzkhFk;. ePygj;kehgdpd; ftpijfspy; kuzk; my;yJ rhT FwpjJ kpf mjpfkhfg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. kuzj;ij tho;tpd; tpiothfg; gy ,lq;fspy; ePygj;kehgd; Ntz;bapUg;ghu;.

“ifuhrpAs;s lhf;lu; tPl;L eilapy;ifuhrpAs;s lhf;lu; tPl;L eilapy;ifuhrpAs;s lhf;lu; tPl;L eilapy;ifuhrpAs;s lhf;lu; tPl;L eilapy;

vd;Kiwf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;Jvd;Kiwf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;Jvd;Kiwf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;Jvd;Kiwf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;J

fhyid jpahdpg;gijtplfhyid jpahdpg;gijtplfhyid jpahdpg;gijtplfhyid jpahdpg;gijtpl

tPl;by; NehAld; fl;bj;jOtpf; fplf;ifapy;tPl;by; NehAld; fl;bj;jOtpf; fplf;ifapy;tPl;by; NehAld; fl;bj;jOtpf; fplf;ifapy;tPl;by; NehAld; fl;bj;jOtpf; fplf;ifapy;

rpj;jpf;Fk; rhTrpj;jpf;Fk; rhTrpj;jpf;Fk; rhTrpj;jpf;Fk; rhT

M`hM`hM`hM`h… vd;d Rfk; Nfhghyhvd;d Rfk; Nfhghyhvd;d Rfk; Nfhghyhvd;d Rfk; Nfhghyh” (Neha;g;gLf;if> NkyJ> g: 50) vd;w tupfspy; xU kdpjdpd; ,Wjpfl;l tho;T vd;gJ Jd;gKk;> NtjidAk; epiwe;jJ vd;gij ,f;ftpijapd; thapyhff; fhzyhk;.


C. gpd;thq;Fjy;C. gpd;thq;Fjy;C. gpd;thq;Fjy;C. gpd;thq;Fjy;

tho;tpypUe;J gpd;thq;Fjy; vd;w vz;zk; ePygj;kehgdpd; ftpijfspy; kuzk; tiu vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. ,Wjpf;fzj;jpy; vLf;Fk; KbTNghy mike;J ntspg;gLfpwJ ftpij.

“Mu;gupjMu;gupjMu;gupjMu;gupj;J te;j vjpu; fhw;wpdpy;;J te;j vjpu; fhw;wpdpy;;J te;j vjpu; fhw;wpdpy;;J te;j vjpu; fhw;wpdpy;

mbgjwhjpUf;f mOe;jf;fhY}d;wpa mbgjwhjpUf;f mOe;jf;fhY}d;wpa mbgjwhjpUf;f mOe;jf;fhY}d;wpa mbgjwhjpUf;f mOe;jf;fhY}d;wpa

fl;lq;fs; fzq;fs; ,y;iynad;gjpy;iy> fl;lq;fs; fzq;fs; ,y;iynad;gjpy;iy> fl;lq;fs; fzq;fs; ,y;iynad;gjpy;iy> fl;lq;fs; fzq;fs; ,y;iynad;gjpy;iy>

,Ug;gpDk; ,g;Nghnjy;yhk;,Ug;gpDk; ,g;Nghnjy;yhk;,Ug;gpDk; ,g;Nghnjy;yhk;,Ug;gpDk; ,g;Nghnjy;yhk;

te;jRtL njupahky; Ngha;tplNt Mirte;jRtL njupahky; Ngha;tplNt Mirte;jRtL njupahky; Ngha;tplNt Mirte;jRtL njupahky; Ngha;tplNt Mir”

(te;jRtL njupahky;> NkyJ> g.19) vd;w tupfspy; jd; RtLfshd gilg;Gfis cjpu;j;j kdk; mikjpahf mlq;fptplj;Jbf;Fk; gpd;thq;Fk; ,ay;igf; $Wfpwhu;.

“ ehd; vd;w fy;yiwapy;ehd; vd;w fy;yiwapy;ehd; vd;w fy;yiwapy;ehd; vd;w fy;yiwapy;

mfk; vd;w rpYitapy; mlq;fpLk;mfk; vd;w rpYitapy; mlq;fpLk;mfk; vd;w rpYitapy; mlq;fpLk;mfk; vd;w rpYitapy; mlq;fpLk;

af;Qj;jpYk; Njhw;Wg; Ngha;af;Qj;jpYk; Njhw;Wg; Ngha;af;Qj;jpYk; Njhw;Wg; Ngha;af;Qj;jpYk; Njhw;Wg; Ngha;

Gfyplk; fpilf;fhJ Mbelf;Fk;Gfyplk; fpilf;fhJ Mbelf;Fk;Gfyplk; fpilf;fhJ Mbelf;Fk;Gfyplk; fpilf;fhJ Mbelf;Fk;

ghthj;kh eP!ghthj;kh eP!ghthj;kh eP!ghthj;kh eP!” (nrnrnrnrf;Ngf;Ngf;Ngf;Ngh];Lfs;> NkyJ> g:17h];Lfs;> NkyJ> g:17h];Lfs;> NkyJ> g:17h];Lfs;> NkyJ> g:17)

vd;w tupfspYk; gpd;thq;Fk; jd;ik Rl;lg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

jkpopy; gpUkps; Nghd;w ftpQu;fsplk; ntspg;gLk; Md;kPf mf cyfj;jpy; Kf;Fspf;Fk; ,d;ndhU mftaj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mJNt eFydplk; jj;Jt tprhuizahf khwp ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tpuz;L jd;ikapypUe;Jk; khwpa ePy gj;kehgd; Gwf;fhuzpfspypUe;J mftaj;jd;ikapy; khwp Md;kPfj;jpirapy;

gazpf;fpwhu;. ,Lfhl;L neUg;ig ‘ca;tpf;Fk; neUg;G’ vd;W vOjpa ePygj;kehgd;

mf;fpdpapd; rPjsj;ij mstpyhg; Ngupd;gkhff; fhz;gJk; ,Nj Md;kPfj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahFk;.

JizE}w;gl;bay;JizE}w;gl;bay;JizE}w;gl;bay;JizE}w;gl;bay;

1. ePygj;kehgd; ftpijfs;> ghup epiyak;> nrd;id – 600 018> Kjw;gjpg;G – [d: 1975

2. ePygj;kehgdpd; 148 ftpijfs;> tpUl;rk; ntspaPL> nrd;id – 600 003> Kjw;gjpg;G – [d. 2003

3. ePygj;kehgdpd; 48 ftpijfs;> tpUl;rk; ntspaPL> nrd;id – 600 003> Kjw;gjpg;G – [d: 2013


தமிதமிதமிதமி நாட க களிநாட க களிநாட க களிநாட க களி ெப கைலஞ கெப கைலஞ கெப கைலஞ கெப கைலஞ க கதா பா திர ககதா பா திர ககதா பா திர ககதா பா திர க

*சசசச....ப சவ ணப சவ ணப சவ ணப சவ ண , , , , ப திேநர ைனவ ப ட ஆ வாள , நாடக ைற, தமி ப கைல கழக , த சா – 613 010. *ெநறியாயாயாயாள ைனவ ெபெபெபெப....ேகாவி தசாமிேகாவி தசாமிேகாவி தசாமிேகாவி தசாமி,,,, ேபராசிாிய ம தைலவ , நாடக ைற, தமி ப கைல கழக , த சா – 613 010.

பழ தமிழ த வா விய ஆதார க கான தர க நிைறய கிைட க ெப ற

ச ககால ெதாட கி சமீப கால வைர ெப களி நிைலக தமிழி ஒ றான நாடக தமிழி ெதாட பதிவாகி ெகா ேட வ தி கி றன. இவ ைற நா ஒ பி ேநா கா ெப றி தான மிக பி ேபா கான இ கமான அ ைம தனமான பல க கைள உைட தவி ெபா யா கிேய த ேபாைதய நிைலைய அர க எ ளன எ பைத இல கிய களி ள நாடக க ப றிய றி களா ந அறி ெகா ள கிற .

தமி ெமாழியி மிக பழைமவா த ஒ ப ற இல கண லான ெதா கா பிய ஆ க கான இல கணமாக

““““ெப ைமெப ைமெப ைமெப ைம ஊரஊரஊரஊர ஆ உேமனஆ உேமனஆ உேமனஆ உேமன”””” என றி பி கிற . இதி ெப ைம எ பைத ஆ என ப டவ பழிபாவ தி

அ பவனாக ஊர எ பத அறி ெப றவனாக திக த ேவ எ , ஆ கைள உய தி ெசா ெதா கா பிய ெப ணி கான இல கணமாக

““““அ சஅ சஅ சஅ ச நாநாநாநா மடமடமடமட தததத நி சநி சநி சநி ச ெப பா ாியெப பா ாியெப பா ாியெப பா ாிய எ பஎ பஎ பஎ ப” (” (” (” ( : 96): 96): 96): 96)

எ லா ைறகளி ெப க த ைன ேபா சி விகளா சிற க விாி பைத ேபாலேவ இ நாடக ைறயி த கள தனி வமான பைட பா றைல அர க நிக கைலயி ேபரா றைல நிைலநா வ கி றன . இதி பிரச னா ராமசாமி, அ. ம ைக ேபா ேறா றி பிட த கவ களாவ . இதி பிரச னா ராமசாமி, நாடக அர கிய அரசி எ ெகா டாட ப கிறா .

நம ப ைடய ராண களி இதிகாச களி ெப என ப டவ ஆ பணிவிைட ெச பவளாக த ைன ற கணி த கணவைன அவ உட நல மி லாத நிைலயி தாசியி ெச லவி அவைன தைலேம ம ெச பணிவிைட ெச நளாயினிகளாகேவ கா ட ப ளன . ஆைண ேபா

ப தி இ த ப ேய ெப தனி வமானவளாக இ க இயலா . அ ப தனி வ வி ேவா “ றவி” களாகேவ பைட க ப டன . ஔைவயா , மணிேமகைல, காைர கால ைமயா ேபா ேறாைர இத உதரண களாக ெகா ளலா . இ லா பி ஔைவ அர கிய எ தா கமான இ த ெபா ேவைல பா கைள தக தி கிற எ றா அ மிைகய ல. ஔைவைய த ேதாழ


அதியமா ட ேச “க ” இள ெப ணாக கா ந ன அர களி அதி வைலகைள ஏ ப தி வ கிறா அ. ம ைக.

நம இதிகாச களி உ ள உண மி க ைவயான நிக சிகைள நாடகமா கி ளன . ப டாபிேஷக , லவ சா, சீதாக யாண ேபா ற இராமயண தி எ எ த ப ட நாடக களி த ைன அறி ஆ ற ெப ற ெப பா திர பைட க இரா சசிகளாக வி களாக ேம கா ட ப ளன . இராம நாடக தி பநைக பா திரேம இத சா . அதி

றி பாக ெப தன காதைல, காம ைத ெவளி ப வ மகா ேகவலமான எ ற க இ வித நாடக களி ெதாட வ தப பைத காணலா .

தமிழக தி நாடக அர களி ேனா களாக டா ம ன களாக விள கிய தவ தி ச கரதா வாமிக , ப ம ச ம த த யா ஆகிய இ வரா

ராண இதிகாச நாடக க எ தி இய க ப ளன. இவ றி ெப களி ப களி கியமான . ஆ ெப ேவடமி ந ப ைற ெப ேண ெப பா திர

பைட க ஏ ந ேபா இ காலக ட தி தா நிைற காண ப கி ற . இதி ச கரதா வாமிக ல நாடக ந பி அறி கமான ெப களி சில பி ன தா கேள ெசா தமாக நாடக கைள அைம நாடக கைள ெவ றிகரமாக நட தி ளன . அவ களி பாலாமணி, பாலா பா , க பாயி அ மா , இராஜா பா , சாரதா பா , அர கநாயகி ேபா றவ க றி பிட த ேகா ஆவா . தமி நாடக வரலா றி ெப க த கள தனி வ ைத ஆ ைமைய உண திய மிக கியமான காலக ட இ ேவ எ றா அ மிைகயி ைல. இவ களி றி பாக பாலாமணி அ ைமயா றி ெப கேள ப ேக ற “பாலாமணி அ மா ” நாடக

விைன ெதாட கி நட தியவராவா . இவர நாடக வி எ ப ெப க இ தி கி றன . ச தாய சீ தி த கைள உ ளட கிய இவர நாடக களா இவ “நாடக அரசி” என சிற பி க ப ளா . தவிர நாடகேமைடயி “ெப ேராமா ” விள கைள த த அறி க ப தியவ இவேர ஆவா .

பேகாண தி நைடெப ற இவர நாடக ைத கா பத ெதக ேற மயிலா ைறயி பா ைவயாள கைள ஏ றி ெகா இர எ மணி ஒ ரயி

பேகாண தி வ . இைத ேபாலேவ தி சியி ஒ ரயி பேகாண தி வ மா . இர ஒ பதைர மணி ெதாட கி பாலாமணி அ ைமயா நட நாடக நிைற றபி இ வி ரயி க மீ மயிலா ைற தி சி பா ைவயாள கைள ஏ றி ெச வி மா . பாலாமணி அைமைமயாாி நாடக கைள காண ரசிக க காக அ ைறய ஆ கிேலய அர இ ப சிற ெதாட வணி கைள இய கி அ ெதாட வ கைள (பாலாமணி ெபஷ ) என அைழ த பாலாமணி அ ைமயாாி நாடக தி கிைட த ெப ைமமி க வரேவ பா . ெப க அர கைள ஆ சிெச ய ெதாட கிய கால தி ெதாட கமாக தமி நாடக வரலா றி “பாலாமணி” அைமயாாி கால ைத றி பிடலா .

1980 பிற ந ன தமி நாடக களி ெப பா திர பைட க ைதய நாடக ெப கதாபா திர களி றி ேவ ப , ஆ ெப சம வ ைத ேகா வதாக அ ைம நிைல பா ைட ேக வி ேக பதாக ெப ணிய ர க அர களி ஓ கி ஒ க ெதாட கின. இதி 1999 இ கா யா பதி பக ெவளியி ள டா ட ேக.ஏ ணேசகரனி “ப யா க ” சாதிய ேவ பா கைள ேபச ெதாட கி …ைமயமாக ெப ணிய பிர சைனகைள ைவ ளன. மனித கைள


அ ைமகளாக வி பைனெச வ . மனித கைள நரப யி கால டந பி ைக… க ெவ ெச திகளி ஆதார ட இ நாடக திைன எ தி ளா . ேக.ஏ . ணேசகர .

எ த மத தி எ தசாதியி பிற தி தா ெப களி நிைல எ ப ஒ ப யா நிைலதா எ பேத இ நாடக தி ைமய க தா . இதி நரப இட ப ெப ப யாவத ேக க ப ேக விக சாதிய இழிைவேநா கி ெப அ ைம தன ைத ேநா கி… ஒ ெமா த ச க ைத ேநா கி ேக க ப ேக விகளாக உர ஒ க ப கி றன. தா பாக இ நாடக தி ெப களி ச கநிைல, எ ேமஎ ேமஎ ேமஎ ேம ப ஆ கப ஆ கப ஆ கப ஆ க –––– ெப கெப கெப கெப க

எ ேமஎ ேமஎ ேமஎ ேம பபபப ஆ கஆ கஆ கஆ க எ தஎ தஎ தஎ த நிைலயிநிைலயிநிைலயிநிைலயி பாவிகபாவிகபாவிகபாவிக –––– ெப கெப கெப கெப க எ தஎ தஎ தஎ த வைகயிவைகயிவைகயிவைகயி பாவிகபாவிகபாவிகபாவிக தா கதா கதா கதா க எ கஎ கஎ கஎ க ேவ கேவ கேவ கேவ க –––– எ தஎ தஎ தஎ த சாதியிசாதியிசாதியிசாதியி ெப கெப கெப கெப க அ ைமகஅ ைமகஅ ைமகஅ ைமக

பபபப ைமயிைமயிைமயிைமயி ைகதிகைகதிகைகதிகைகதிக –––– ெப கெப கெப கெப க இ லாஇ லாஇ லாஇ லா அ ைமகஅ ைமகஅ ைமகஅ ைமக

ைபைபைபைப ெதா யிெதா யிெதா யிெதா யி ெப ழ ைதகெப ழ ைதகெப ழ ைதகெப ழ ைதக அவல கஅவல கஅவல கஅவல க இஇஇஇ ெதாட கைதெதாட கைதெதாட கைதெதாட கைத –––– இஇஇஇ ேப ேகேப ேகேப ேகேப ேக தாதாதாதா ெப நிைலெப நிைலெப நிைலெப நிைல....

இ வாறாக சமகால நாடக களி ெப கதாபா திர க ெப ணி பி ேபா தனமான நிைலைய றி வி தைல கான ெப ரலாக அர களி ஒ ச க மா ற தி கான அதி வைலகைள ஏ ப தி வ கி றன. இ ேபா ச க மா ற வி எ ேலாரா ேபா றி வரேவ க த கதாக அைம ளைம

றி பிட த கதா . ைணைணைணைண ப யப யப யப ய

1. இ லா , ஔைவ, அகர , த சா , த பதி 2000. 2. ணேசகர . ேக.ஏ., ப ஆ க , கா யா பதி பக , த பதி ப 1999. 3. ெதா கா பிய , ெபா ளதிகார , இள ரண , கழக ெவளி , த பதி 1953. 4. மயிைல நா.ஞானேசகர , இ பதா றா களி தமி நாடக கைல,

தக ேசாைல பதி பக , மயிலா ைற, த பதி 1991.

literary findings - Kongunadu Publications

Documents

Transcript of literary findings - Kongunadu Publications