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International Journal of Information System and Engineering

www.ftms.edu.my/journals/index.php/journals/ijise

Vol. 7 (No.1), April, 2019 ISSN: 2289-7615 DOI: 10.24924/ijise/2019.04/v7.iss1/1.12

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Research Paper

LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND USAGE OF CLOUD COMPUTING

AMONG ACADEMIC STAFF IN NIGERIA

Mohammed A. Jibrin ajibrinm@yahoo.co.uk

Federal College of Education

Kontagora

Muhammad N. Musa mmuhammadu@yahoo.com

Federal College of Education

Kontagora

Tahiru Shittu stahiru2007@yahoo.com

Federal College of Education

Kontagora

Abdullaziz Yusuf

oalzeez@yahoo.com

Federal College of Education

Kontagora

Abstract

In this study, the researchers investigated the level of awareness and usage of cloud computing among academic staff in colleges of education. Survey research design was adopted; sample of one hundred and thirty five (135) academic staff was randomly selected from the population. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages). The result shows that more than half of the respondents are familiar with the concept of cloud computing. it’s found that ‘Gmail’ is mostly used by the respondents for mailing service as compare to Yahoo, then from social networking tools ‘Facebook’ is widely used as compare to Twitter. The study found that most of the respondents are fully aware of cloud computing support for teaching and learning, reduced isolation for teachers working in special educational fields, enabling them to communicate electronically with colleagues. The study found that security of data, inconsistency and cost of internet, lack of trust of cloud service providers were among the concerns expressed by the respondents. In other to increase the usage and awareness of cloud computing among the academic staff, it was recommended among others that academic staff should start to learn to make use of cloud computing applications as they will also have an opportunity to understand the benefits that cloud computing can bring to research and teaching activities. Keywords: Cloud Computing; Awareness; Usage; Academic Staff; Nigeria

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1. Introduction

In the field of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), the term Cloud Computing is one of the important terms used. Cloud computing is a kind of computing technology which facilitates in sharing the resources and services over the internet rather than having these services and resources on local servers/nodes or personal devices. People all over the world are adopting new technologies in order to fulfil their needs and one major benefit of technology nowadays is the ability to process a large amount of data at lightning speeds, which also requires a larger capacity for data storage. Cloud computing has brought remarkable technological advancement and transformation in every field of our endeavour, as such; it has attracted much attention in both commercial and academic settings. According to Hussein and Mohamed (2015) Cloud Computing is an exciting technological breakthrough and a compelling discipline that has already exhibited profound implications on how we work, collaborate and share knowledge and it could bring several benefits to an educational institute (Abba and Bakon, 2016). Remarkably, this happens regardless of the geographical and temporal space in which knowledge seekers and knowledge providers physically exist. With low financial budget and limited available resources, education sector can become level one beneficiary of cloud computing. Therefore, the study intends to investigate the awareness of cloud computing among academic staff in Federal College of Education kontagora, Niger state. Cloud computing is about the latest technology incorporated in the teaching and learning process. Cloud computing is used for research and teaching activities in higher educational and research institutions. This informed the researchers’ decision to investigate the level of awareness and usage of cloud computing among academic staff of Federal Colleges of Education. The main purpose of the study is to investigate into the awareness and usage of cloud computing among academic staff in Federal College of Education Kontagora Niger state, Nigeria. The study intends to achieve the following objectives:

i. To determine the level of familiarity with the concept of cloud computing among academic staff in FCE Kontagora.

ii. To determine the level of understanding of cloud computing among the academic staff. iii. To investigate the practical experience of cloud computing among the teaching staff. iv. To find out the kinds of benefits they are aware of getting from cloud computing. v. To determine the challenges of utilizing cloud computing among the academic staff.

vi. To determine ways of popularizing the use of cloud computing among academic staff.

To achieve the stated objectives, the following research questions are posed: i. Whether the academic staff are familiar with the concept of cloud computing?

ii. What is the level of understanding of cloud computing among the academic staff? iii. Whether the respondents have practical experience of cloud computing? iv. What kinds of benefits are they aware of getting from cloud computing? v. What challenges do academic staff face in using cloud computing?

vi. What are the ways of popularizing the use of cloud computing among academic staff?

2. Literature Review 2.1 Concept of the Cloud Computing Cloud computing is an extension of the concept of distributed computing – which is the process of running a program or application over many computers connected by a network. The Internet makes this process easily achievable even for the general user. Maaref (2012) defined Cloud computing as a model for enabling network users’ on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released to the client

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without direct service provider interaction. Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide those services. According to Mell and Grance (2011), the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) provided the formal definition of cloud computing as a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Below is the pictorial representation of cloud's definition. 2.2 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

According to Mell and Grance (2011), NIST identified five essential characteristics of Cloud Computing which are:

On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.

Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).

Resource pooling. The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and network bandwidth.

Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand.

Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts).

2.3. Cloud Computing Service Models Cloud service models describe how cloud services are made available to clients. Most fundamental service models include a combination of IaaS (infrastructure as a service), PaaS (platform as a service), and SaaS (software as a service). All these models are deployed over the internet as a pay-per-use policy.

Figure 1. Pictorial Representation of Cloud's Definition. (Durojaye, 2014)

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a. Software as a Service (SaaS): The cloud service providers give various software applications to the users, who can use them without installing them on their computer. They do not have the access to manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, that is, network, servers, operating systems, storage or even individual application capabilities. Consumers do have access to limited user-specific application configuration settings (Mell and Grance, 2009). Examples of SaaS include, Salesforce, Netsuite and Google Apps (Ali and Soar 2014).

b. Platform as a Service (PaaS): Similar to SaaS, the vendor provides, manages and controls the cloud infrastructure, except for applications, which the customer has control over. The vendor provides tools and resources allowing the customers to create and/or acquire applications to meet their specific needs (Almabhouh, 2015). PaaS vendor examples include Wolf Frameworks, Google App Engine and Microsoft’s Azure (Reddy and Raghaveni, 2013). c. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): The infrastructure layer focuses on enabling technologies (Anandasivam, Blau, Stosser, and Weinhardt, 2009). IaaS model changes the way developers deploy their applications. Instead of spending time with their own data centers or managed hosting companies, they can just select one of the IaaS provider, get a virtual server running in few minutes and pay only for the resources they use (Subashini and Kavitha, 2010). Some examples of IaaS are: Amazon, GoGrid, 3 Tera etc. Below is a pictorial representation of Cloud Computing Service Models.

Figure 2. Cloud service models (Broberg, Buyya, and Goscinski, 2011).

2.4. Cloud Computing Deployment Models Cloud deployment models are classified into four types: public, private, hybrid and community. These four cloud deployment models are discussed below.

Public cloud: Involves making services such as application, hardware and servers available to the general public (Dillon, Chen, and Chang, 2010). In the word of (Awosan, 2014) some of the applications are made available for free, to the public whilst others are accessed on a pay as you go service. It is easy, and inexpensive, to deploy because it requires no capital investment on infrastructure and cloud service providers are solely responsible for making policy, profiting, cost and value as regarding it. Examples of public cloud are Google Apps, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Salesforce, etc.

Private cloud: This cloud infrastructure is managed by the organization or a third party and is operated solely for the needs of the organization. A private cloud is a particular model of cloud computing that involves a distinct and secure cloud based environment in which only the specified client can operate (Bellamy, 2013). Nebula is an example of a private cloud used for scientific data and web-based applications deployed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (Akbari, 2012).

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Hybrid cloud: Hybrid cloud consists of elements of public and private cloud. NIST define hybrid cloud as “a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds) (NIST, 2011)

Community cloud: The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations (wyld, 2010). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise.

2.5. Benefits of Cloud Computing For Institutions

Personalized Learning: Cloud computing affords opportunities for greater student choice in learning. Using an Internet-connected device, students can access a wide array of resources and software tools that suit their learning styles and interests.

Reduced Costs: Cloud-based services can help institutes reduce costs and accelerate the use of new technologies to meet evolving educational needs. Students can use office applications for free without having to purchase, install and keep these applications up to date on their computers. It also provides the facility of Pay per use for some applications.

Accessibility: Availability of the services is the most important and desired by the user using the education cloud. 24X7 is the availability that is needed by this system without failure. From anywhere one can login and access the information.

No Extra Infrastructure: Colleges and governments are now free to focus on their goals that is making more research facilities available to the students and making the environment global in spite wasting time on worrying about the buildings, labs, teachers etc.

Go Green: Education cloud will surely reduce the carbon footprint. User Friendly: This new facility is user friendly and no need to worry about the

complexity. It is easy to understand and easy to operate. 3. Research Methodology The descriptive survey research design was adopted to determine the level of awareness and usage of cloud computing among academic staff in Federal College of Education Kontagora. The population of the study consist of all the academic staff in the college. However, a simple random sampling technique was used to select 150 academic staff for the study. The questionnaires were distributed to 150 randomly selected academic staff in Federal College of Education Kontagora. Of the 150 questionnaires that were sent, 135 were completed and returned (90% response rate) and they were used for further analysis. 3.1 Research Instrument A self-constructed questionnaire was used for the study. The instrument titled “Level of Awareness and Usage of Cloud Computing Questionnaire (LAUCCQ)” consisted of f parts. The Part A consists of questions relevant for respondent's demographic profiles. The Part B contained the questions related to the awareness of cloud computing services among academic staff. The Part C consists of the questions that required the respondents to indicate the cloud computing applications that they use often from the list provided. The part D consists of the questions required respondents to indicate between fully aware and not on the benefits of cloud computing in higher education. 3.2. Method of Data Collection The questionnaires were administered directly by the researchers. Some of the completed instrument was collected on the spot while some were retrieved later by the researchers. 3.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation

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Cloud Computing refer to providing computing resources (e.g. storage, servers, processing, networking and applications) to end users as services via the internet in pay-per-use cost structure. So, in order to find the awareness and usage of applications of cloud based services among academic staff, the section below shows the data analysis and interpretation from the responses obtained from the distributed questionnaires. The results were based on the various data obtained from the use of questionnaires. Section A: Demography of the respondents As shown in the table below, 94.07% of the respondents are Male while 5.93% are Female. Based on this analysis it could be concluded that majority of the respondents are male.

Table 1: Demography of the respondents Gender

Number of

Respondent Percentage

Male

Female

127

8

94.07

5.93 TOTAL 135 100

Section B: Awareness of cloud computing In order for the researchers to obtain a general understanding and familiarity of the participant with the term cloud computing, Respondents were asked if they are familiar with the concept of cloud computing.

Table 1: Familiarity with cloud computing

The result in table 1 shows that more than half of the respondents are familiar with the concept of cloud computing as reported by 64.44%. However, 35.56% are not familiar with the concept. This indicate that majority of respondents are aware of this concept. The appropriate concept of cloud computing

On the appropriate concept of cloud computing the researchers itemized some concept of cloud computing. Among the stated concepts only one is correct, participant were asked to select the correct concept, this is to find out if actually the participant knows the concept of cloud computing.

Table 2: The appropriate concept of cloud computing

The appropriate concept of cloud computing

Number of Respondent

Percentage

It is a type of computing that don’t relies on sharing computing resources.

0

0

The practice of Using Local Servers to store, manage and process data.

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5.93

Familiarity with cloud computing.

Number of respondent

Percentage

YES NO

87 48

64.44 35.56

TOTAL 135 100

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The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, Manage, and process data.

127

94.07

TOTAL 135 100

The table 2 above shows that majority of the respondents i.e. 94.07% select the third item which is “the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data” as the appropriate concept of cloud computing which is correct. None of the respondents select item number one that is “It is a type of computing that don’t relies on sharing computing resources” as the appropriate concept of cloud computing even though it is incorrect. The table also shows that only 5.93% select item number two which is “The practice of Using Local Servers to store, manage and process data ” as the appropriate concept of cloud computing which obviously is incorrect and does not present the appropriate concept of cloud computing.

Table 3: level of understanding of cloud computing

level of understanding of cloud computing

Number of respondent

Percentage

Very high High medium low very low

0 42 25 43 25

31.11 18.52 31.85 18.52

TOTAL 135 100

The result from above table 3 revealed that none of the respondents rated their level of understanding of cloud computing as very high. 31.11% revealed that their level of understanding is high, 18.52% of the respondent revealed their understanding is medium, and 31.85% revealed that their understanding is low while 18.52% revealed that their level of understanding is very low. From the findings, we can reveal that majority of the respondent’s level of understanding of cloud computing is low.

Table 4: Respondent’s Practical experience of cloud computing

The researchers through the questions “Do you have practical experience of cloud computing?” tries to find out whether respondent have practical experience of cloud computing.

Table 4: Respondent’s Practical experience of cloud computing

Have practical experience of cloud computing

Number of respondent

Percentage

YES NO

87 48

64.44 35.56

TOTAL 135 100 The findings in table 4 revealed that a great proportion of the respondents have practical experience of the use of cloud computing as reported by 64.44 and 35.56% revealed that they do not have practical experience of cloud computing.

Researchers presented a list of cloud applications for the participants to determine the cloud computing application they the participant often use.

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Table 5 cloud computing application often use by participants

Cloud Computing Application

RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Gmail 79 58.52

Instagram 14 10.37

Twitter 16 11.85 Facebook 95 70.37 Yahoo 71 52.59

Icloud 8 5.93

dropbox 8 5.93

GoogleApps 51 37.78

Skype 5 3.70 Flicker 0 0 Adobe creative 0 0

The table 5 above depicts the cloud computing applications respondent often use. The investigators allow respondent to select more than one option. The table shows that Facebook is the most popular application used by most of the participants with 70.37% when it comes to social network services followed by Gmail with 58.52% in terms of mailing services. The result also shows that none of the respondent uses flicker and adobe creative. Table 6: Awareness on the Benefits of Cloud Computing

Fully Aware

%

Partially aware

%

Not Aware%

Access to applications from anywhere 69 19 12 Support for teaching and learning 94 06 -

Software free for pay per use 38 38 24

24 hours access to infrastructure and content 50 32 18

Opening to business environment and advanced research 56 38 06

Protection of the environment by using green Technologies 50 32 18 Increased openness of student to new technologies 62 24 14

It is easy to understand and easy to operate (User Friendly) 69 24 07 Enhanced professional development and improved effectiveness in using ICTs with students, through collaboration with peers

62 26 12

Improved skills for staff and a greater understanding of access technology used by students

69 1 9 12

Reduced isolation for teachers working in special educational fields, enabling them to communicate electronically with colleagues

81 13 06

Support for reflection on professional practice via online communication

75 19 06

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On whether respondents have awareness on the benefits of cloud computing in higher education, more than half of the participants i.e. 94% reported that they are fully aware that cloud computing has benefit because of its support for teaching and learning. Then, 81% of the respondents revealed that they are fully aware that cloud computing reduced isolation for teachers working in special educational fields, enabling them to communicate electronically with colleagues. Also 75% of the respondents revealed that they are fully aware that cloud computing has support for reflection on professional practice via online communication. Table 7: The Challenges of Academic Staff in Using Cloud Computing s/n Factors likely militate against the adoption of cloud

computing

Number of Respondent

Percentage

A Poor awareness

61 45.19

B Loss of control

14 10.37

C Lack of trust of cloud service providers

12 8.89

D Inconsistency and cost of internet

8 5.93

E Future increase in cost of cloud computing

9 6.67

F Security of data 31 17.04

The table above revealed that the major reason academic staff of the college don’t use cloud computing is as result of poor awareness among the academic staff i.e. 45.19% of the total respondents. Then, 17.04% of the respondents believe that because of the ‘security of data’ is the reason they don’t use cloud computing. Then 10.37% of the respondents is because of ‘loss of control’. Then, 9% of the respondents is because of ‘Lack of trust of cloud service providers’. Then, 5.93% of the respondents is because of ‘Inconsistency and cost of internet’. Then 6.67% of the respondent is because of ‘Future increase in cost of cloud computing’. Thus, as result of poor awareness, members of the college academic communities especially the academic staff of the college could not benefit fully from the services provided by cloud computing.

Table 8: Popularizing the Use of Cloud Computing

S/N Ways to increase the awareness and use of cloud computing

Number of respondent

Percentage

A Sufficient numbers of computers in the college 15

11.11

B Seminars/workshops

58 42.96

C Tutorials/demonstrations/trainings on the use of cloud computing

38 28.15

D High band width internet connectivity 24 17.78

TOTAL 135 100 The table above shows that 42.96% of the respondent agreed that Seminars/workshops are essential in order to increase the awareness and use of cloud computing among the academic staff.

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While 28.15% of the respondent agreed that one of the ways to increase awareness and the use of cloud computing among academic staff is through ‘Tutorials/Demonstrations/Trainings. Then 17.78% of respondent agreed that, High band width internet connectivity is required to increase the awareness and use of cloud computing. Then only 11.11% of respondents believe that, ‘sufficient numbers of computers in the college computer laboratories is require in order to increase the awareness and use of cloud computing. 4. Discussion

The findings of the study have revealed that more than half of the respondents i.e. 64.44% mentioned that they are familiar with the concept of cloud computing. Surprisingly, in the subsequent question where respondents were asked for the appropriate concept of cloud computing, it reveals that majority of the respondents i.e. 94.07% selected the correct answer. The study have further revealed that the respondents who gave the correct answer are more than the respondents who believed that they are familiar with the concept of cloud computing. This Findings agreed with that of Abid, Jan, Mustafa, and Faridi (2012), who stated that in a research titled ‘General User’s Perceptions Cloud Computing’ most of the participants are familiar with cloud computing but unfortunately some of them are not familiar with cloud computing due to lack of awareness. Findings from the study also revealed that most participants have limited understanding as only 31.11% of the respondents rated their level of understanding of cloud computing as high while 31.85% and 18.52% rated theirs as low and very low respectively. The study revealed the usage level of the different cloud service providers. As it’s found that ‘Gmail’ is mostly used by the respondents for mailing service as compare to Yahoo, then from social networking tools ‘Facebook’ is widely used as compare to Twitter. The findings in the study revealed that most of the respondent are fully aware of the benefits from cloud computing as it offers Support for teaching and learning. The study further revealed that majority of respondents are fully aware that cloud computing reduced isolation for teachers working in special educational fields, enabling them to communicate electronically with colleagues. However, the study revealed the major reasons academic staff of the college doesn’t use cloud computing to include poor awareness among the academic, security of data, Lack of trust of cloud service providers and inconsistency and cost of internet. In other to increase the usage and awareness of cloud computing respondents suggested the uses of Seminars/workshops are essential in order to increase the awareness and use of cloud computing among the academic staff. High bandwidth Internet connectivity is also the great approach to increase the awareness and use of cloud computing, as indicated by the majority of the respondents 5. Conclusion Cloud computing is a new technology and new trends. With cloud computing application are running as a service over the internet on scalable infrastructure. Cloud computing have the ability to cut ICT costs and at the same time creates a modern collaborative environment for researchers. But, there is a gap between the rapidly growing technologies and the usage of these technologies among academic staff in colleges of education. The findings in the study shows that majority of the respondent don’t really understanding what cloud computing is about as more than half of respondent rated their understanding as either low or very low. Cloud computing is very essential because it increases the efficiency and effectiveness in teaching learning process. An increase in the awareness and familiarity with cloud computing amongst academic staff will serve as the perfect step to increased usage. There is therefore the need to focus and raise awareness on its benefits and importance among academic staff. 5.1 Recommendations

i. As stated in the theory of diffusion of innovation, the advantages of technology can only be experienced if the technology is diffused and used. Hence, the college management should make use of cloud service providers to present workshops/demonstration on cloud

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computing concepts and benefits. This will help address some of the challenges and concerns that the staff have regarding cloud computing.

ii. Social network such as Whatsapp group can be used to improve awareness of cloud computing among the academic staff.

iii. As part of increasing the awareness and knowledge of cloud computing, it is also recommended that academic staff start to learn to make use of cloud computing applications as they will also have an opportunity to understand the benefits that cloud computing can bring to research and teaching and learning process.

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