ICASS IX - Full Session Programme

ICASSIX

FULLSESSIONPROGRAMMEWITHABSTRACTS

1 ArchaelogyThemeleader:PhilipBuckland,[email protected]

1.1a

TheHunting-HerdingContinuumPastandPresent:Palaecological,Cosmological,andClimateNarrativesAcrossEurasia

Chair:DavidG.Anderson

June8–11:30a.m

N210

1.1a.1

Landscapesofdomestication:ethnoarchaeologicalandpalaeoecologicalstudiesoftheenvironmentalimpactsofreindeerherdingDavidAnderson,KarenMilek,Kjell-ÅkeAronsson,LoïcHarrault,LornaDawson,AndreiPlekhanov,IlseKamerlingBruceForbes

Thetransitionfromhuntingtodomesticatingreindeer(Rangifertarandus)wasoneofthemostsignificanttransformationsinEurasia.Perhapsbecauseoftheimportanceofthisprocess,thepreciselocation(s)anddate(s)ofthetransition,andtherelativeimportanceofsocial,climatic,andecologicaltriggers,remaincontentiousissues.Onewaytodocumentthehistoryofreindeerherdingistocloselyintegratearchaeologicalandpalaeoecologicalstudies–tofocusonputativeherdingsitesandstudythesoilandvegetationhistoricrecordsintheirimmediateenvironsforevidenceofchangesthatmightbelinkedtothecongregating/corrallingofreindeerherds.Thispaperpresentsrecentresearchontheecologyandpalaeoecologyofreindeerherdingundertakenbytwolinkedinterdisciplinaryprojects-ArcticDomus(anERCAdG)andJPIHUMANOR(ESRCUK).Wecomparemodernandancienthabitationsitesattributedtoreindeerherders,theircontemporaryenvironments,andtheirassociatedpalaeoecologicalrecordsinthreeregionsthathaveoftenbeencitedas‘hearths’ofreindeerdomestication:theSayanMountainsofsouth-centralSiberia,theIamalPeninsulaofnorthwestSiberia,andnorthernFennoscandia.Soilsurveying,mappingandintegrationofpalynological,fungalspore,geochemical,micromorphological,andlipidbiomarkerdata,coupledwithnewmethodologicalresearchonthelipidbiomarkerspresentinmodernreferencesamplesofherbivoredung,areprovidingthefirstdirect,datableevidenceforthepresenceofcongregatedreindeerherdsincloseassociationwithhumanhabitations.Thistrans-disciplinaryresearchismakingitpossibletoexploretheinfluenceofclimatechangeonthealliancebetweenhumansandreindeerasneverbefore.

1.1a.2

Stállosettlementsandreindeer

Kjell-ÅkeAronson

ThesocalledStállosettlementsintheScandinavianAlpineareahavebeenverymuchdebated.ThistypeofsettlementisdatedtothetimearoundAD1000.InearlierresearchsomerelatedthesesettlementstoNorseVikings.HoweverthedominatingviewhasbeenthattheyrepresentatypeofSamisettlement.Thediscussioninrecentdecadeshavebeenwhetherthesesettlementsareremainsofcampsitesofwildreindeerhuntersorrepresentanearlyphaseofreindeerherdingandpastoralism.PalaeoecologicalanalysistogetherwithclimaticdatamaygiveanewpictureofthelanduseinthetimeoftheStállosettlements.Preliminaryresultsindicatethatearlierinterpretationsmustbereconsidered.

1.1a.3

Change,variabilityandcontinuityinhistoriclanduse.AcasestudyfromarendeerherdingcommunityinFinnmark,northernNorway

StineBarlindhaug

TheprojectfocusesonhistoriclandusesystemsinaSámireindeerherdingcommunityinFinnmark,NorthernNorway.Theaimistoexplorehowpastclimaticandnon-climaticpressureshavebeenmanagedinanhistoricprospective,andwhatarethemainrisksincomingdecadesasperceivedlocally.ClimatechangehasbecomethedefactodominantnarrativeacrossbothpublicandacademicdiscourseinnorthernhighlatituderegionssincethereleaseoftheArcticClimateImpactAssessmentin2005.Climatechange(orweather)isoneamongthepanoplyoffactorsandstressesthatpeoplelivingonthelandhasconfronted.Visibleculturalsitesandnarrativesembeddedinthelandscapehave,throughatraditionallivelihoodwithextensiveland-usepracticesoverthecenturies,becomeanintrinsicpartofpeople’sconsciousness(eveniftheyarenotlistedinanynationaldatabase).Thisisduetothatnorthernlandscapes‘remember’wellandarchaeologicalsites,datingcenturiesback,areoftenvisibleonthesurface.Duetoarchaeologicalsitesmaterialmanifestationsinthelandscapeandtheirphysicalpersistenceovertheyears,theyhavebecomepartofthecommunity’scommonmemory.Thelinkbetweenthearchaeologicallandscape,localland-useknowledgeandthepresentlandscapecanbecomeblurredwithfutureclimatechangeandchangesinthevegetation.BasedonPGIS(participatoryGIS)methodologywestudychange,variabilityandcontinuityinsettlementandlandusehistorycombinedwitharchaeologicalgroundtruthinginaselectedareaasdescribedandmaterializedinthelandscapes.ThegoalofthisstudyistorevealabetteroutlineofSámireindeerpastoralistslandusethroughroughlythelastcentury.ThisresearchwillhelpusbetterunderstandhowSámireindeerpastoralistcanadapttocomingdriversforchangeinthecomingdecades.

1.1b

TheHunting-HerdingContinuumPastandPresent:Palaecological,Cosmological,andClimateNarrativesAcrossEurasia

June8–2:30p.m.

N210

1.1b.1

Beetles,animals,people,dung

PhilipBuckland

Inthepalaeoenvironmentalrecord,thepresenceofanimalscanoftenonlybedetectedthroughtracesoftheirenvironmentalimpactsonthelandscape.Theseimpactsvaryconsiderably,andaredependentonanimaltype,herdsizes,farmingpracticesandmanyothervariables.However,allanimalsproducedung,andtherelationshipbetweencertaininsectsanddungallowsustotracethisinthefossilrecord.ThispresentationwillexploreandvisualizethedataonQuaternaryfossildungtracesprovidedthroughtheinsectsrecordedintheBugsCEPdatabases,whichincludesthemajorityofpublishedEuropeanpalaeoentomologicalstudies.Theresultswilldiscussedwithreferencetotheinterpretationofsitesaseithergeological,archaeologicalorperhapsboth,andastowhetherdungreallyindicatestheimmediatepresenceofanimalsinallcases.

1.1b.2

SouthernSamiherders’useofhighalpineicepatchesfromamultidisciplinaryperspective

MartinCallanan,ErikNorberg&JørgenRosvold

Inrecentdecades,alpineicepatchesandglaciershavebeenmeltingoutandretreatingduetograduallywarmerweather.Asicemeltsinthealpine,manyarchaeologicalartefactsandsiteshavebeenidentified.Inmanyinstancesthesecontainwell-preservedorganicartefactsthatareconnectedtohunting,andtrappingofreindeerinthepast.Untilnow,mostattentionhasbeengiventoprehistoricfindscomingfromalpineIcepatches,withafocusonprehistorichuntingandtrappingactivities.This,despitethepromisingnatureofthe

mountainlandscapebetweenNorwayandSwedenandtheimportancehighalpineareashavehadforreindeerherdersintheregion.In2014,theÅarjelsaemientsoevtsh/SouthernSamiIcePatchprojectwasinitiatedasacooperationbetweenNTNUandSaemienSijte(SouthernSamiMuseum).TheaimoftheprojectwastolearnmoreabouthowalpineicepatcheswereusedbySamiherdersandtoinvestigatethearchaeologicalandhistoricalpotentialthatthesesitesmighthave.Inthispresentation,welookatthepreliminaryresultsoftheongoingÅarjelsaemientsoevtshproject.Whatdothearchaeological,historicalandoralevidencesgatheredtonow,tellusabouthowpeoplehaveutilizedalpineicepatchesandhighmountainlandscapeswhileherdingreindeer?

1.1b.3

AftertheFlood:PrehistoricActivityintheAlpineLandscapeofSoutheastAlaska

RalphHartley,WilliamHunt,Jr.andAmandaRenner

AftertheFlood:PrehistoricActivityintheAlpineLandscapeofSoutheastAlaskaTheexistenceandvariabilityofhumanmaderock“cairns”insub-alpineandalpineenvironmentsofsoutheastAlaskaisincreasinglywelldocumented.Wherethesefeatureswereconstructedprehistoricallyandproto-historicallyisafundamentalcomponenttoassessingthesocio-ecologicalroleofthesemodificationstoalandscapethat,forthemostpart,isdevoidofotherphysicalmanifestationsofpasthumanactivities.BasedoninformationcompiledfrominvestigationsinthenorthernportionofBaranofIslandandvicinityweexplorethephysicalandsocialenvironmentalconditionsthatunderliedecisionstocreatethecairns,manyofwhichareestimatedtohavebeenbuiltapproximately500to1500ybp.ExploratoryspatialanalysesusingGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)softwareofdocumentedcairnsandtheirlocationalattributesispursuedwithinthegoalofincreasingunderstandingofTlingitactivitiesinthesub-alpineandalpineenvironmentsofsoutheastAlaskaaswellasassessingtheevolvementofsocialmeaningattachedtosuchsettings.

1

Poster June103:30p.m.–5p.m.

CulturalheritagemonitoringintheSvalbardArchipelago

AlmaElizabethThuestad,HansTømmervik,StianSolbø,ElinRoseMyrvoll,StineBarlindhaug

WewillpresentresearchaimedatexploringandevaluatingtheuseofUnmannedAerialSystem(UAS)formonitoringculturalheritageintheSvalbardArchipelago.Arcticculturalheritagesitesarenotstaticandunchanging;theyaresubjecttoanumberofenvironmentalandanthropogenicsitetransformationprocesses.UsingimageryofsevensitesacquiredthroughUAS-bornesensorswehaveshownthata)impactfromnaturalhazardsarereadilyapparentthroughoutallcasestudies,andb)thathumanactivityisasignificantimpactfactorinsome–butnotall-sites.Svalbard’senvironmentalconditionsare,andwillintheforeseeablefutureconstituteathreattoculturalheritage.However,inconjunctionwiththedevelopingtouristindustry,humanimpacthasincreasedinrecentdecades.Wearandtearbyvisitorsonvegetationandculturalheritagefeaturesareexacerbatingthetotalimpactonculturalenvironments.Thisismadeparticularlyclearwhencomparingpopulartouristdestinationswithheritagesitesthatarerarelyornotvisitedbytourists.Environmentalandanthropogenicinducedsitetransformationprocessesaremutuallyreinforcing,thecombinedimpactcontributingtotheongoingdeteriorationofculturalheritageinSvalbard.UAS-basedimageryishighlyapplicableformappingandmonitoringculturalheritageintheArctic,formonitoringgenerallandcoverandlandcoverchanges,andtodetermineextentandcausesoflocalhazardevents(avalanches,soilmovement)andanthropogenicdisturbanceslikesnowmobiletracksandtourist

trampling.Developingviableheritagemonitoringprotocolsbasedontheuseofhigh-resolutionremotesensingimagedatahasproveddependentonimageresolution.ThecentimetreresolutionprovidedbyUASbasedsensorsofferahighlyviablebasisforlong-term,systematic,low-impactandcost-effectiveculturalheritagemonitoringinSvalbard.

SpatialAnalysesofAlpineCairnLocations,Accessibility,andVisibilityinSoutheastAlaskaRalphHartley,AmandaRenner,RalphHartleyandWilliamJ.Hunt,Jr.

In2013anintensivearchaeologicalsurveyofaportionofnorthernBaranofIslandinsoutheastAlaska,focusingontheslopeandcrestofCrossPeakMountain,resultedinthediscoveryanddocumentationoffiftyrockcairns.Theseprehistoricalpinefeatures,overlookingtheintersectionofHoonahSoundandPerilStrait,areoftenattributedtobe,inmultipleways,associatedwithstoriesorinreferencetothe“Flood”bypeoplefrombothSitkaandHoonah(Xutsnoowú)territories.Exploratoryspatialanalysisofthedistributionofthesealpinecairnsisthefocusofthisposterpresentation.UsingGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)toolsandmethodologiestoexaminetheenvironmentalcharacteristicsofcairnlocations,aswellasassessaccessibilityandvisibility,weexploretheancientdecision-makingthatunderliewherethesecairnsareobserved.

2 Art&DesignThemeleader:TimoJokela,[email protected]

2.1a

Placesthroughart-multidisciplinarywayonresearchonchangeintheArctic

Chair:TimoJokela

June10–10:30a.m.

N210

2.1a.1

CollaborativeArtisticPractice:APhotovoiceProjectwithIndigenousPeopleoftheNorth

CarolKauppi,JessicaHein

Thispresentationdescribesaprojectthatusedthephotovoicemethodtostudyaneglectedthemeinthefieldofartandvisualculture:substandardhousingandhiddenhomelessnesswithinIndigenouscommunitiesofthenorth.WedrewuponphotovoicemethodstoengageinaformofcollaborativeartisticpracticewithpeopleexperiencingsubstandardhousingintwoIndigenouscommunitiesinnorthernOntario.Anexhibitionbasedonthephotographsandnarrativesof16participantslivinginIndigenouscommunitiesofFortAlbanyandConstanceLakeFirstNation,Ontario,CanadawasshownatgalleriesinnorthernOntarioandinastreetexhibit.WediscussissuesofrepresentationinthephotovoiceprojectbyconsideringtheresponsesofIndigenouspeople,streetpeopleandlocalresidentstotheimagesandnarrativesincludedintheexhibit.Throughasummaryofcommentcardsprovidedbyviewers,weconsiderhowcollaborativephotographyprojectscanbeusedtoraiseawarenessaboutthelivingcircumstancesofIndigenouspeople.Wediscusssuccessfulelementsoftheprojectthatstemfromthecreationofaninteractiveexhibit,thedistributionofanexhibitioncatalogue,theresponsesofparticipantphotographersoftobeinginvolvedintheproject,andtheIndigenousfacilitatorofthephotovoiceproject.Thisprojectrevealshowexhibitsshowingimagesandnarrativesofsubstandardhousingandhiddenhomelessnesscanbeausefulstrategyforworkingtowardssocialjustice.

2.1a.2

ArtbasedresearchpresentingthedailylifeoftheSámireindeerherdersinFinland

KorinnaKorsström-Magga

TheArcticpeoples'lifeisoftenadoptedasaremotefantasyworldwithlittleconnectiontoreallifeorwesterncivilisation.ThestereotypingofSámireindeerherderslivesaffectstheirpoliticalpositioninthesociety.Inmyresearchprojecttheartbasedactionresearchmethodisusedforthereindeerherderstoinformabouttheirdailylifethemselves.Theprojectincludescreativeactions,visualreporting,exhibitions,artworkshopsandarteducationwithaimsofdecolonisation.Thevisualmaterialhasanimportantroleasaglobalmeanstoconveyinformationandknowledgebetweenpeoplewhodon'tsharethesamelanguage.TheartbasedactionsencouragesthereindeerherderstostepforwardandpresentthemselvesinarealisticmodeforthefuturecollaborationintheArctic.Mydissertationisobservinganddevelopingtheartbasedresearchmethodasameanstoincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeople.

2.1a.3

RepresentingthePastofAncientKemiLapland

ChristaHaataja

ThelonghistoryofLaplandconsistsofmanydifferentinterpretationsaboutlocalcultures.Butbecausethehistoricaldataismainlyinwrittenformandinveryscientifictextstyle,informationandknowledgeisoftendifficulttoachieve,especiallyforcommonpublic,butalsoforresearchersfromotherfieldsorforpoliticians.Thatagaincancauseconflictsbetweenpeople,whodon’tsharethesameaspectsofhistory.Byvisualizingthehistoricaldataandbyrepresentingthepastinotherformsthaninwritten,Ibelievepeoplewouldseethevarietyofhistoricalinterpretationsaspossibilitiesinsteadofreasonstobuildbarriers.Itwouldalsogivemorerespectforlocalculturesoftoday.Pastispresent,whichmakesthesubjectculturalheritage,veryfragileandsensitivetodealwith.InmyresearchIusehistoricaldataandculturalhistorymethodsasthebaseforvisualizingprocesses.TheaimistofindculturalsensitivewaystodealwithdifferentinterpretationsoflocalculturesinancientKemiLapland.Formingandshapingthepastfordifferentneedsanddemandsshouldalwaysbesociallyandculturallysustainable.Thatmeanstakingdifferentaspectsandviewpointsintoaccount.Artbasedactionresearchismyanswerforsensitiveapproach.

2.1a.4

Place-specificartasinnovationanddecolonizationintheNorth

TimoJokela

Thepaperpresentsexamplesofthedevelopmentofplace-specificartinNorthernFinland.Place-specificarthasbeendesignedforaspecificlocationbasedontheidentifiedneedandterms.Itcommunicateswithplace-relatedexperiencesandmemoriesratherthanwiththetermsofthephysicalspace.Fromartists,thisrequiresanabilitytoanalyzetheplace-relatedphysical,phenomenological,narrative,andsocio-culturaldimensionsorworkinginclosecollaborationwitharesearcher.Forthispurpose,asurveyingmethodthatexplainsthedimensionsofplacehasbeendeveloped.Theartandresearchactivitiesmayfocusonareassuchasreinforcinglocalidentity,visualizingculturalheritage,supportingpsychosocialwellbeing,preventingsocialexclusionandparticipatingincommunityempowermentactivities.Place-specificartisseenasenvironment,community,cultureandeducationorientedactivity,whichseekstostrengthenitsexpertiseinthefieldofregionalcompetitivenessandwellbeing.

2.1b

Placesthroughart-multidisciplinarywayonresearchonchangeintheArctic

Chair:TimoJokela

June10–1:30p.m.

N210

2.1b.1

ArtGear-CombiningArtBasedActionResearchandSocialworkmissiontopromotesocialjusticewithyoungimmigrantsinFinnishLapland

MirjaHiltunen,MerjaLaitinen

ArteducationandSocialworkattheUniversityofLaplandhavecollaboratedseveralyearsbydoingprojectstogether.Thegoalistodevelopinter-disciplinaryandmulti-methodologicalresearchculture.Inourpresentation,wewillexplorethespecificdimensionsofconstructingknowledgeinthemulti-andtransdisciplinaryventure.Weareasking,whatsocialwork“lense”bringstoarteducationandhowart-basedmethodssupporttheaimsofsocialworkresearchandpractice–promotingjustice,socialchangeandsocialinclusion.Weargue,thatthiscombinationcanreachareasthat‘traditional’researchdonotcover.WeuseasacaseexampleArtGear-project(2016-2018)whichisconductedincollaborationbetweenthefacultyofArtandDesignanddisciplineofSocialWork,theArtists´AssociationofLaplandandtheCross-artCollectivePiste.Theprojectfocusesonyouthandthechallengesofincreasedimmigrationin

FinnishLapland.Promotingtheparticipationofimmigrants,aswellasnativeyouth,preventingsocialexclusionandincreasingpositiveinteractionbetweendifferentpopulationgroups,areinthecoreoftheproject.InArtGearthetwowayintegrationmeansthatboththelocalsaswelltheimmigrantsneedtohavesupporttointegrationtothenewmulti-andinterculturalsituationintheNorth.OurfindingsshowthatourapproachgivespossibilitiesfornewkindofknowledgeproductionwithyoungimmigrantsinNorthernFinland.Wewillconcretizethedevelopingworkbypresentingexamplesfromprojectprocessandconductedworkshops.Inthebackgroundtwodisciplinesintersectbyrelatingtheirtraditionsofdoing,thinkingandknowingwithintheresearch.Ourspecialemphasisistodevelopnewconceptsandmethodsforinterdisciplinarycollaborationaswellastoresearchutilizingart-basedactionresearch(ABAR)methodsandtheoryandSocialworkresearchinconceptdevelopmentanddatacollectionandanalysis.

2.1b.2

TheupdatedviewontheArctic?-Pupils’representationsofplaceintheeraofArcticUrbanization

AnnamariManninen,MirjaHiltunen

Thispaperispresentingastudybasedonaninternationalart-basedactionresearchprojectentitledCreativeConnections(2012-2014),thataimedtoexploreanddevelopwaysofincreasingunderstandingofEuropeanidentityandcitizenshipthroughartamongchildrenandyoungpeople.Asonepartoftheresearch,wefocusedonthequestionoflivingintheArcticinbothurbanandruralsettings.ThepedagogicalusesofcontemporaryartareexploredbyanalyzingblogpostswithartworkmadebychildrenandyoungpeoplefromtwouppersecondaryschoolsinNorthernFinland(UtsjokiandOulu)incomparisonwiththeirEuropeanpeers.ThepurposewastodrawattentiontothechangesthatpenetrateandtransformtheArcticandinvestigatewhetherthosechangesarevisibleinpupils’representationsoftheirdailylivesandlivingenvironments.TheuseofcontemporaryartwasinthecoreoftheCreativeConnections-project.Thedifferentapproachesinmakingartworkproduceddifferentrepresentationsofplaceandpupils’relationshiptoit.TheresultsshowhowcomplextheideaofurbanandruralisintheNorth.ComplexityisshownintheSámistudents´workaspicturesofeverydaylifewithstrongconnectiontotraditions,natureandcommunitymixedwithphenomenaofglobalpopularcultureandhi-tech.WhiletheArcticmightbethoughtasthedesertedperiphery,theyoungpeoplefromtheareashowtheyarelivinginthecontemporarysocietywiththeireverydaylifeandenvironmentfullofactivities.Whatdistinguishesthemfromtheirurbanpeersisthesenseofbelongingtothelocalcommunityandthestrongneedtohavetheirvoicesheardintheglobalarenatogettheirwayoflifegenerallyknown.Aseagerastheyoungpeopleappearedtobeinpresentingtheirlifeandarea,equallythereisaneedforanupdatedandmoreversatileviewontheArctic.

2.1b.3

Art-basedEnvironmentalResearch

MariaHuhmarniemi

Multidisciplinaryenvironmentalresearchconsistsofnaturalsciencedisciplinesandsocialandhumanisticsciencesthathighlightthewayenvironmentalproblemsareboundtosocietyandculture.Environmentalresearchinthesocialsciencesexaminesthesocialandcommunalcausesandconsequencesofenvironmentalproblemsandconflicts.Art-basedresearchisonepossibleapproachtoenvironmentalresearch.Artcanplayaroleinresearchmethodsoritcanbeusedtocommunicatetheresultsinastrikingway,bothonnaturalandhumanisticenvironmentalresearch.Thereisavarietyofart-basedenvironmentalresearchininternationalcontemporaryartattheintersectionofnaturalsciencesandcontemporaryart.InthispresentationIintroducetheconceptofartbasedenvironmentalresearch,someartistworkinginthis

fieldandsomeelementoftheartbasedactionresearchthatIhaveconductedmyselfaboutartist´sparticipationtoenvironmentaldiscussions.

2.1b.4

IceImmersion:ArcticSwimmingandExtremePerformance

TaceKelly,KitWise

Immersionofthehumanbodyinice-coldwaterhaslongbeenassociatedwithtransformationandconnectionwiththesublime.WithinculturesofArcticnationstherearetraditionswithopenwatericeswimmingandsubmersions,includingontheChristianFeastdayEpiphanyand‘PolarBearPlunges’typicallydoneonNewYearsday.Ofteninterpretedasanactofheroism,iceswimmingfunctionsasanextremerisk-takingbehavior,challengingthelimitsoftheindividualbothpsychologicallyandphenomenologically.LynneCoxhasundertakenanumberofswimsinArcticwatersandthroughtheseextremephysicalfeatswecanconsiderthehistories,memoriesandpoliticsofaplacethroughexperience.RoaldAmundsenandhiscrewwerethefirsttocrosstheNorthwestPassagein1903-1906,andoverahundredyearslater,usinghisjournalasareference,Coxswamsectionsofhisjourney.Anextremephysicalactofhistoriography,Cox’sreenactmentbringshistoryandmemorytothesurfaceandbindsitwiththepresentpeopleandplace.Anotherdeath-defyingswimbyCoxin1987wasinthewatersoftheBeringStrait,andcanbeunderstoodasanextremephysicalacttolinktwonations.HerswimfromtheUnitedStatestoRussiaaspiredtopromotetheimportanceofcooperationbetweenthetwosuperpowersandhasbecomeoneofthemostfamousenduranceswimsofalltime.Alloftheseswimsprovideaninsightintohowperformativeengagementwithicethroughtheactofswimmingcanachievenewforms,conceptsandpossibilities.ThissessionfocusesontheperformanceofthehumanbodywithinArcticwaterandhowtheexperienceistiedtothehistorical,geopoliticalandculturallandscapesoftheirtime.

2.1b.5

PlasticPollutionintheArctic:UsingCommunityArtasanAgentofChange

HerminiaDin,KarinStoll,MetteGårdvik,WencheSormo

TheinternationalcommunityisbecomingawareofthegrowingplasticpollutionofouroceansandbeachesespeciallyitisfoundinhugeamountsintheArcticcostalarea.Inrecentyears,environmentalorganizationsandassociationshaveinitiatedbeachcleanupcampaignswithvolunteersandschoolgroupstocleanupgarbageandhazardouswastealongtheshorelines.Also,nationalandinternationalartistswithbackgroundsinecho-art,sustainableartandenvironmentalarthavecreatedawarenessabouttheproblemwiththeirartwork.

However,therearefewactivitieswherearteducationisusedsystematicallyandpurposefullyinlessonsabouttheenvironmentandsustainability.Communityartcanbeaneffectivewayaddressingandexploringsociallyrelevantenvironmentalissues.Hicks&King(2007,332-335)pointout“Arteducationiswellsituatedtoaddressenvironmentalproblemsthatemergeatthepointofcontactbetweennatureandsociallife.”Additionally,communityartinaneducationalcontextcanhelpstudentstoraisetheirownawareness

ofrealworldproblemsanddevelopsocialresponsibilityandcriticalthinkingskills.ArtcancontributetoincreasedawarenessoftheseconcernsespeciallygivenwidespreadinterestinconnectionswiththeArctic.

ThispresentationhighlightsseveralcommunityartprojectsfocusingonartandnaturalsciencebothinNorwayandAlaska.Webelievethattheexperiencesfromthesecommunityartprojectswillgivestudentsandtheentirecommunitytheknowledgeofhowtheycanmeetandcopewithcurrentandfuturechallengeswhileinteractingwithothersandhowtheycanliveasustainablelife.Theseexperienceshadalsoprovidedparticipantsalastingfoundationinarteducationandapositiveimpactintheirunderstandingandsharedresponsibilityfortheenvironment.

2.2a

ArcticDesign:ShapingtheFuture

Chair:SvetlanaKravchuk

June9–10:30a.m.

N210

2.2a.1

Northof60AtlasoftheBuiltEnvironmentAlyssaSchwann,EduardEpp

TheNorthof60AtlasoftheBuiltEnvironmentwillbeacomprehensivesurveyofCanada’sNorthtounderstandbothpastandpresentdaysettlementpractices.ItwillvisualizetheNorthanditsphysicaldevelopmentandconstitutionthroughtherecordofhumaninteractionovertime–geospatially.Itwillprovidethemeanstoengageabroadrangeofinformationofthebuiltenvironment,ofhumanengagementwiththelandandwithoneanotheronascalarbasis(1:1to1:100,000),fromthestonemarkeroftheInuksuktothevastgridofglobalcommunicationsinfrastructure.TherearemanyrecordedsourcesofknowledgeabouttheNorthrangingfromIndigenouswisdomanddrawingsofnomadicencampmentstosatellitedataoftherecedingglaciallandscape.Eachofthesesourcesoffersinsightintothequestionof‘WhatistheNorth?’However,thesearelimitedbythemediuminwhichthesevariousfactsandphenomenahavebeenrecorded.TheAtlaswillsynthesizedisparateresearchandstudiesbycollaboratingwithIndigenouscommunitiesandpublicandprivatesectorstakeholders,drawingfromdifferentdisciplinaryperspectives,andemployingnewvisualizationtechnologies.TheAtlaswillprovideinsightintotheimpactsofclimatechangeandtheeffectsofglobalizationoncitizenwell-beingandthecontingentrelationshipofsettlementpracticesasthesehaveshapedthebuiltenvironment.TheNorthhasbeensubjecttoon-goingexploration,developmentandexperimentationwithoutanunderstandingofthecomplexitiesofthenatural,socialandculturallandscapeoftheIndigenousandtheirland–ortheimpactsofthesepracticesinrelationtothedesignofthebuiltenvironmentincludingbuildings,settlements,infrastructure,landscapes,andregions.Asan‘instrumentofmeasure’,theAtlaswilladvanceanunderstandingofaNorthcomposedofhumanandnaturalsystemsworkinginterdependentlyintime,spaceandformalconstitution–bydesign.

2.2a.2

SustainabilityandSelf-reliance:CooperativeApproachesintheDesignandDevelopmentofHousingComponentswithinInuitCommunities

StephenField,ThomasGarvey

TherehasbeenmuchwrittenontheInuithousingcrisisintheCanadianArctic.StrainsontheexistingpublichousingsystemarecreatinghealthandsocioculturalissueswithinInuitcommunities.TheNorthhasahighrateofunemploymentandthereisaneedtodevelopbusinessesthatcanallowforayoung,butgrowingpopulationtobecomemoreself-sufficientandself-reliant.SustainablehousingfortheArcticisnecessarytocutoperationcostsandgiveInuitqualityhomesforfuturegenerations.Energy-efficientfenestration(windowsanddoors)isavitalcomponentforthenorthernsustainablehouse.Thesetopicsare

exploredbothintheliteraturereviewandinthedataanalysisprocess.TheresearchbroughttogetherprivateandpublicsectorexpertsfromacrossCanadatogenerateknowledge-basedsuggestionswhich,afterconvergentanalysis,ledtotheidentificationoftopcriticalbarriersforestablishingthedevelopmentofanorthernfenestrationsystemthatcouldbemaintainedandmanufacturedwithinInuitcommunities.Thestudydemonstratedhowaholisticcooperativeapproachofmulti-sectorialpartnershipscouldbeusedtoassistinthedevelopmentofadesignguidelineforanArcticspecificfenestrationsystem.Thiswouldallowforfurtherreviewandexchangebythesediverseexpertsthatcouldleadtofuturepartnerships.KEYWORDS:Fenestration,sustainability,Inuitself-reliance,cooperativeapproaches,criticalbarriers

2.2a.3

Cupola-town:thesolutionfortheterritorieswiththeArcticclimate

OlesyaKotiyar

Theproblemofovercrowdingmakesmoreandmorecitiesuninhabitable.Greatpotentialforsettlementhaveundevelopedareas.TheArcticareasareunpopulatedmainlyduetotheextremeclimate.Thedurationofcontinuousstaywithoutharmtohealthislimitedto10-15yearsorlifeisbasedonfly-infly-outmodel,whichimpliestheinabilitytoformsustainablecommunities.Sincethe1960-shaveappearedattemptstoovercomeclimatelimitationsbydesigningsettlementswithseparatedclimate(cupola-towns).Theyassumemoreautonomy,innerproductionandrecyclingofpowerresources.Theisolatedspaceunderthecovermayreplacethe«environment»andensurecomfortablemovement,recreationandfarming.Thecupolamaybetransformabletocontrolinternaltemperature,humidity,oxygenbalance.Themainvalueofdevelopmentoftheseareasisthepossibilityofexploitationofuniquemineralwealth.Providedwiththeresourcesoffreshwater(glaciersandrivers)andenergy(solar,wind,tidalandgeothermal),settlementscanperformalsosubsequentresourceprocessingsteps.Thus,thebasewillbecreatedforthefurtherdevelopment(trans-Arcticshipping,tourism).Duetounsuitabilityoffly-inflyoutmodel,itisnecessarytodesignanenvironmentforpermanenthabitation–cupolatown.Suchprojectsarealreadydeveloped-theconceptof"polars"byA.Shipkov,atown"Umka"intheNewSiberianIslandsandtheArctictownofK.TangeandO.Frei.Forfurtherdevelopmentcanbeusedtheexperienceofthefly-infly-outsettlements,whereresidentialunitistotallyseparatedfromexternalclimate.InconclusionitmaybesaidthatdevelopmentoftheArctichasahugepotential.Cupola-town,creatinganewformofrelationshipbetweenmanandnature,isoneofthemethodsfortheexplorationoftheArctic.Themainobjectiveofresearchfornowistheimplementationoftechnologyandexperienceintoprojects,whichmaybecomearealityformankindtomorrow.

2.2a.4

ArcticEnergyImage:HydrocarbonAestheticsofProgressandForm

ArthurManson

ThispaperconsidershowmodernizationdiscourseonArcticenergydevelopmentisnowtakingshapethroughavisualaestheticsystem.IfocusontheadvertisingcampaignofNorwegianconsultingfirmReinertsen,whosevisualsaimtotransformtechnicalknowledgeofenergydevelopmentintoanexperienceofartisticappreciation.Iapplyacademicperspectivesonaestheticexperiencetoframeabroaderargumentabouttheconditionsthatgiverisetoanenergyaestheticsregimewhereinenvironmentalriskisincreasinglydisguisedthroughenrollmentprocessesinplaceforengagingconsumersemotionallythroughmarketingtechniquesaimedatconstructingcapitalistdesire.

2.2b

ArcticDesign:ShapingtheFuture

Chair:SvetlanaKravchuk

June9–1:30p.m.

N210

2.2b.1

“Adaptationthroughappreciation”:adesignerlyparadigmoftheArcticdevelopment

MariaGostyaeva,SvetlanaUsenyuk,NickolayGarin

TheRussianNorthisnowexperiencinganewwaveofinterestinitssocial,economic,andculturaldimensions:itbecomesanessentialpartoftheglobaltourisminfrastructure.Advancedtechnologiesoftransportandcommunicationareabouttomakenorthernregionsahundredtimesmoreaccessible.Therefore,thereisacriticalneedtoshifttoanew“developmentparadigm”oftheregion,withtheprimarygoalinmindnottodiscoverandextractcheapresources(asitusedtobeforalongtime)buttoadapttoandco-existwiththesevereenvironmentoftheNorth.Inthiscontext,theArcticsectorprovidesanidealplatformfortestinglocallyoriginated–themostdaringandyetethicallyandenvironmentallyfriendly–solutionsofcreatingself-sustainedsystemsforlivingandworking,throughappreciationandappropriateuseoftheculturalcapitalofthelocalcommunities.The‘art’ofdevelopingNorthernlandsimpliestheneedforspecificresearchapproachthatwouldhelpgainnewknowledgeabouttheregion.Itispracticallyorientedknowledge(abouttheindigenouswayoflife,theprinciplesunderlyingthecreationandadaptationofnewtechnologiesinthenortherncontext,environmentalandclimaticchanges,etc.)thatenableschangesinthesocialstructuresandimpartsmeaningstoexistenceinsuchsevereconditions(Garin,Usenyuk,2011).ThispaperpresentstheanalyticoverviewoftheprojectsconductedbyMAstudentsoftheArcticDesignSchool,UralStateUniversityofArchitectureandArts,Yekaterinburg,Russia,duringtheperiod2005–2016,withtheaimtoexplorethetouristicpotentialoftheRussianNorth.Thestudy–anattempttotakeanexternallookatinterdisciplinarycooperation–outlinesthepotentialinputofdesignprofessionalsintothetourismindustry.

2.2b.2

Participatorydesignandsocialreachofside-streambasedmaterial

Salla-MariKoistinen

Duetoclimatechangeandincreasedconsumptionofnaturalresources,newsolutionsformaterialsandresourcesneedtobedeveloped.Oneapproachforresourceawarenessistoutilizeside-streamsofindustriesasrawmaterials.Problem,however,hasbeenthatitishardfornewmaterials,andespeciallymaterialsthathaveformerlybeenclassifiedaswaste,tofindtheirplaceinstabilizedpractices.Designencouragesacceptanceandconstructssocialbasisofnewmaterialsandproducts.Inparticipatorydesign,thesocialreachisbuiltinphases,firstduringtheparticipationandsecondinoutcomesofdesignprocesses.Forunderstandinghownewmaterialscanbecomepartofthecultures,theco-operativestudybetweenparticleandfibreengineeringandparticipatorydesignisoperatedbetweenUniversityofOuluandUniversityofLapland.Thisinteractionbetweendisciplinesaimstoprovideempiricalapplicationsforsupportingvalue-creationonside-streambasedmaterials.

2.2b.3

AdistinctiveaestheticsofArctic-originatedmaterialobjects(withreferencetotraditionaltransportvehiclesofArcticnomads)

DenisKukanov

VastareasoftheArcticarestillsparselypopulated,inspiteofthelonghistoryoftheirdevelopment.Extremeclimaticconditionsconstituteanaturalbarrierforarrivalsfromlow-latitudeareas.Itisobviousthattheprocessof"gettingused"totheArcticisimpossiblewithoutadeeptransformationofacomprehensivesystemofahumanbeing,i.e.redefiningwhatitmeanstobehumanintheextreme

environment.Thisincludesinternalprocessesinsideahumanbodyandmind,andinthesystemofspiritualvalues,traditions,skills,technologies,andalsointheworldofthings.Theprototypeofsuchtransformationcanbefoundinreallife,i.e.inthelivingexperienceofArcticindigenousinhabitants.Theyhavedevelopedauniqueculturebasedoncontinuousmovement.Foranomadmovementisbothapurposeandawayofliving,andallhisbelongingsfullyreflectthisidea.Becauseofthat,thesethingsoftenlookstrangetonon-northerners.Withoutanunderstandingofthebasicvaluesofnomadicculturereflectedinthings,itisimpossibletorecognizeandfullyappreciatetheiraesthetics.Fordetailedanalysis,wefocusontraditionalmeansoftransportofArcticnomads,i.e.sleds.Theresearchagendaincludes:tostudytheprocessofsleds’manufacturingthatincorporatestools,technologies,materials,andprinciplesofarrangementofstructuralparts;andtotracetherelationshipwithenvironmentalconditions,culturalarchetypes,mythsandmetaphors.Havingdonethat,wecancomeupwiththedefinitionofdistinctivenorthernaestheticsasaformofappreciatingbeautyandutilityexpressedthroughactionanduseratherthanobservationandcontemplation.TounderstandthefundamentalprinciplesofthecultureofArcticnomadsexpressedintermsoftheaestheticsofman-madethings,andtofurthertransformtheseprinciplesintodesignmethods/technologiesofArcticdevelopmentbecomesthekeytaskfortheemergingfieldofArcticdesign.

2.2b.4

The“secondskin”ofanomad:adesignexplorationintospecificsofclothingofArcticindigenouspeople/theNenets/

AlexandraRogova

ThetraditionalfurclothingofindigenouspeopleoftheArctic–theNenets–isanexampleofman-madethingsabsolutelysuitabletofacilitatethemobilewayoflivinginthecontextoftheextremeenvironment.Thislevelofperfection–intheprocessofbothmakingandusing–hasbeenshapedbycenturiesoftrialanderrorsandremainedunchangedforthelast300years.Thevarietyandcombinationofclothing,theprocessofpreparingmaterials,technologiesofcuttingandsewing,specificwayofwearing,etc.–alltheseaspectsareembeddedintothespace-timecontextofthenativeculturethroughorganicaestheticsandultimatefunctionality.Nenetsclothingasa"secondskin"isvirtuallyinseparablefromitsownerduringthewholeday:itprovidesastableandcomfortableconditionsforlivingandworkinginextremeenvironment.WithouthistraditionalclothesaNenets,indeed,isnota“Neneynenech,”i.e.arealhumanbeing.Theinvestigationofnomads’clothingisfocusedonpracticesofsustainablemaking,usingandgettingitwornaswellasontheembeddednessofclothing–andentirematerialculture–inthedailylivingoftheArcticnatives,withaneyetoapplyingdiscoveredprinciplesandtechnologiestotheongoingprocessesofArcticdevelopment,especiallytotheemergingcultureofnewarrivals.

2.2b.5

AStrategicDesignLensontheFutureofArcticDevelopment

SvetlanaKravchuk,NikolaiGarin

AscurrentinterventionsintheArctichaveledtogrowthinindustry,militaryandtourismaccompaniedbyaproliferationoftransport,informationandcommunicationtechnologies,bothcontemporarydesignanddevelopmentpracticesarefacingsignificantchallenges.Inthispresentationweemploystrategicdesign–asitisestablishedattheSchoolofArcticDesign,Russia–asaconceptualframeofreferencetobetterunderstandthesechallenges.LookingattheArcticdevelopmentthroughthelensofstrategicdesignentailsthreekeyshiftsintheprofessionalorientationofdesign:fromnewcomers’/colonialignorancetowardsappreciationofindigenouscultureandsituatedknowledgeasasourceofinspirationandinnovation,fromuser-inspiredtowardsuser-ledapproachtoproduct/servicedevelopment,andfromlocalisedtowardslocallyappropriated/originatedtechnologies,productsandservices.Finally,throughreconsidering

educationalandresearchpracticesinthefieldofdesignwetrytoenvisionafutureArcticDesignerasamultidisciplinaryprofessionalwhocanidentify,analyseandrespondethicallyandcreativelytoemergingchangesandchallengescomingfromenvironment,societyandtechnology.

2 Posters June103:30p.m.–5:00p.m.

ArcticIndustries:EnvisioningaFuturebytheMeansofDesign

MariaGostyaeva,NickolaiGarinandcollectiveofMAstudents,FacultyofDesign.

Theseriesofposters(3)presentstheexistingtracksofresearchandeducationwithintheSchoolofArcticDesign,asfollows:tourism,militaryandoil-gasextraction.Eachofthesepostersrevealsthepotentialinputofdesignprofessionalsintotheseindustrialsectors.Themainresearchanddesignerlyquestionsare:-howtoturntheArctic–severeyetvulnerableenvironment–intoafriendlyandcomfortablesettingfornewcomers,i.e.temporaryworkersornewlyarrivedresidents;and-howtoconsidertheinterestsofindigenouscommunitiesandhowtoemploythelocal–mainlytacit–knowledgeintheethicalandcreativewayfortheprocessofindustrialdevelopment.Thesepostersalsosignifyanewphaseofconstructiveinterestamongyoungdesignersandresearchersincultural,environmentalandotherissuesrelatedtothemodernArcticdevelopment,aswellasincreationofefficientsustainablelivingsystemsbasedonadvancedmethodsofdesignthinkingandcutting-edgetechnologies.

3 Cultures

Themeleader:PeterSchweitzer,[email protected]

3.1 AgingwithChange:FermentationinArcticFoodwaysandMaterialCulture

Chair:SvetaYamin-Pasternak&IgorPasternak

June8–2:30p.m.

UB336

3.1.1

FoodFusionsoftheBeringStrait:BeautyandFunction

IgorPasternak

Thispresentationisbyavisualartiststudyingtheaestheticdimensionoffoodwaysasameansofexperiencing,expressing,andtryingtoaddressawiderangeoftransitionsandchanges.Thefocusisoncertainculinaryfusionscreatedbytheauthor’shostfamiliesintheBeringStraitChukotkaandAlaska.Withthesubsistencewayoflifecontinuingtobetheirfoundation,theproductsandprocessesofthecontemporaryBeringStraitfoodwayscanbedescribedasperpetualexperimentalfluxes,emerginginresponsetomultipleinfluencesandcontextsofchange.Amongsuchinfluencesarefoodsharing,exchangeofknowledge,coloniallegacies,andtherapidlychangingandincreasinglyvaryingseasonalandclimaticconditionsthatarecrucialtotheprocurementandpreparationprocess.Suchcatalystsfurtherencouragethecreativityofindividualpreparers,whoareglobalandArcticcitizens,communitymembers,andsimultaneousguardiansandtransformersoftheChukchi,Inupiaq,andYupikpracticessurroundingfood.

3.1.2

TheCriticalInfrastructureofAgingwithChange:RecognizingandRespectingtheBuiltEnvironmentsofArcticFoodways

SvetaYamin-Pasternak

Thisvisualethnographyofracks,sheds,pits,andcellarsusedontheChukotkanandAlaskansidesoftheBeringStraittoprepareandstorefoodisinspiredingreatpartbyElizabethMarino’s(2015)bookFierceClimate,SacredGround:AnEthnographyofClimateChangeinShishmaref,Alaska.Reflectingontheeffortstoprotectthevillagefromthethreatsanddamagesofstormsandcoastalerosion,Marinonotesthat,consistently,theprotectionprogramsfocusonstructuresbuiltwithgovernmentfunds.Meatracksandotherspacesthatareinstrumentalintheprocessingandstorageoflocallyharvestedfoodproducts–andarethereforecrucialtothecommunityfoodsecurityandwayoflife–falloutsideoftheprotectionefforts.SharesinsightfromShishmarefandothercommunitiesintheBeringStrait,thepresenterinvitesadiscussiononthevitalityofthelocalinfrastructureandbuiltenvironmentsconnectedwithArcticfoodways.

3.1.3

"TasteandProfession:AnIndigenousMarxistPerspectiveonChukotkaFoodways."

EduardZdor

IndustrialprocessesintheArcticaffectsattheidentityofindigenouspeoples.Thisalsoappliestothetraditionaldiet,asoneofthekeyfactorsofidentitypreservation.Thepoliticalupheavalsofthe20thcenturyhavemadethisprocessinRussiapainfulanddifficult.Sincethesocio-economicsysteminRussiaisstillnotstable,moreover,nowappearedonemoreglobalfactor—climatechange,thefluctuationprocessesintheuseoftraditionalfoodsarestillongoing.However,mostoftheMaritimeChukchistilldependentontraditionalsubsistence.Fermentedproductshavegreatimportanceinthetraditionaldiet.Therearesomefactorsforit:theavailabilityofmarinemammals,traditionsofconsumption,tastefood,aswellasthefinancialsituationofthecoastalChukchi.ThesocialstructureoftheMaritimeChukchiisdifferent.Theauthorhastriedtocalibratethepopulationbasedontwocriteria:howtheyrelatetothefermentedfoodsandhowtheyaredependentonit.1)Activeusersofnaturalresources—huntersandherders.Theyconsumetraditionalfoodsduetoobjectivecircumstances—theavailabilityofresources,andbecausetheyjustenjoythismeal.2)Residentsresidinginthevillage,whichinturnaredividedintosub-categories:a)employeesofbudgetaryinstitutionsandpublicservices.Theyhaveastableincome,theopportunitytobuyproductsatthestore,aswellastodiversifythedietattheexpenseoftraditionalfood.Ontheotherhandworkinbudgetaryinstitutionsobligedtocomplywiththe"smell"etiquette;b)unemployed.Thesepeoplearereadytoeattraditionalfoodandfoodfromthestore,butduetocircumstancesfeedmainlyjustatraditionalmeal.3)Peoplewholiveinthedistrictcenters.Asarule,inspiteoftheirsufferingoverthelossoftheopportunitytoeattraditionalfood,theyhavealreadymadetheirchoiceinfavoroffoodfromthestoreinexchangeforamorecomfortablelivingenvironment.

3.2 FoodandIndigenousCulturalRevitalizationintheNorth

Chair:SveinDMathiesen&GunnBrittRetter

June10–1:30p.m.

UB337

3.2

FoodandIndigenousCulturalRevitalizationintheNorth

Panel:AndersOskal,SørenKKristansen,IgorKrupnik,GailFondahl,MikhailPogodaev,AnnaDegteva

Inthissession,afterprefatorycommentsaboutthenexusoffood,culture,knowledgeandtradition(Fondahl),theimportanceofreindeerasasourceoffoodandfoodculturewillbeintroduced(Pogodaev).Twokeyresearchinitiativewillthenbeintroduced:theArcticCouncilSDWGEALLUprojectArcticYouth,ClimateChangeandFoodCulture(Oskal),andtheresearchprojectRievdan(Mathiesen)whichinvestigatesreindeerherders’foodknowledgeandsystemsthroughthelensoftraditionalknowledge,adaptationtoArcticchangeandyouth.TheimportanceofreindeerasafoodsourcetoidentityforArcticyouthinreindeerherdingcommunitieswillbeexploredbriefly(Degteva).Thepresentationswillbeallowedbyquestionsandcommentsfromtheaudience.ThepaneldiscusstraditionalknowledgeembeddedinArcticfoodsystemsanditspotentialforcommunitydevelopment.ArcticCouncilEALLUhasengagedArcticIndigenousyouth,includingSámifromNorway,andNenets,Evenki,EvenandothersfromRussia.ThissessionismeanttosetthestageforthemajorityofpapersinofferedinSession3.3(multiplesub-sessions).

3.2 Posters

TheFirstFourRibs

VarvaraDranaya

TheChukchihavebasedtheirtraditionaleconomiesonreindeerhusbandryintheinterioroftheregionandmarinemammalhuntingonthecoastofwhattodayiscalledtheChukotkaAutonomousOkrug.Numberingnearly16000,themajorityliveinsmallruralvillages.Traditionallymarinemammalhunters(ChukchiandYupik)andreindeerherdershadclosetradingrelationships,thecenterofwhichwasfoodrelated–whalefatandsealskinsforreindeerskinsandmeat.Inthisarticleauthor,explaintheimportanceofthefirstfourribsofthereindeercarcassintheChukchifoodculture.TheChukchimenuisnotthatknownforitsvariety.Boiledreindeermeatisaconstantdailydish,thefavouredpartsoftheanimalbeingthebreastpartsincludingbrisket,ribs,andthebreastsectionofthebackbone.Oncethereindeerisslaughteredandprocessedintosmallerparts,thefirstfourribsareboiledasadelicacyandisthefirstdishofferedtoguests.Inwinter,theseribsarefrozenandthusstoredtobeeatenatalaterdate.

ReindeerBloodSoup

VladaKaurgina

Atonetime,Chukotkawasoneoftheworld’slargestregionsofreindeerhusbandry,intermsofnumbers.Inthe1980’stherewereover500,000reindeer.ThecollapseoftheSovietUnionsawamoreprecipitousdeclineinherdsizethananywhereelseinRussia.Thenumberofreindeerfelltoaround90,000in2001.However,thankstoregionalsupportstohuntersandherders,numbershaverecoveredandinvestmentshavebeenmadeinprocessingfacilitiesandequipment.TodayChukchipeoplearestillengagedinreindeerhusbandry,andoneofthebasicresourceoftheChukchifoodcultureisareindeer.ArticledescribesoneofthemostfavoritenationaldishoftheChukchipeople-reindeerbloodsoup.Traditionally,peopleusedtocookitforchildren,asitcontainsthewholecomplexofvitamins,givesstrength,improvesbloodcirculation,providesalong-lastingwarm-upeffect.Reindeerbloodsoupisusedintraditionalceremoniesandisalsoofferedtoguests.

SomaticLexicalSystem-aUniqueSourceofTraditionalKnowledgeofIndigenousKhantyPeople

ZoyaRyabchikova,ElizavetaPershina

IndigenousKhantypeoplehavebeenlivinginharmonywithNatureforcenturiesandaccumulatedtraditionalknowledgehashelpedthemtomaintainthesurroundingenvironment.Todaythisvaluableexperiencethatincludestraditionalactivitiesandtraditionalknowledge,continuestoserveasauniquesourceofnewresearch(ethnographic,folklore,linguistic,medical)inordertoprotectandpreservetheecologicalbalanceandtheindigenouspeoplesthemselves.Somaticlexiconoccupiesaspecialpositioninthelexicalsystemofanylanguageandisoneoftheprioritygroupsofvocabularyintermsoflanguagelearning.Asaresultworkingwithcomprehensivedescriptionsomaticlexiconhasapracticalappliedfocus.Thisarticlefocusesofseveralexamplesoftraditionalknowledgethatbridgethefoodculture,languageandtheattitudetowardstheirhomeenvironmentoftheKhantypeople.

TheRoleofTraditionalFoodSystemsintheSelf-IdentitificationofNivkhfromtheNorth-EastCoastofSakhalin

LyudmilaGashilova

TheNivkhiareaverysmallnumberedpeoplewhohavepreservedtheancientcultureoftheNorthPacific.NivkhiliveinthelowerreachesoftheAmurRiver,butmostarenowsettledincenterandthenorthwestern,eastern,andsoutherncoastsoftheSakhalinIsland.Untilnow,themajorspheresoflifeofthisindigenouspeoplehavebeenfishing,seahunting,huntingandgathering.ThesetraditionallivelihoodsandtheoriginalinhabitantsofNivkhicontributetothefactthattheirtraditionalfoodsystemsarewellmaintainedandthemanyofthedishes,aswellasknowledgeofhowtopreparethemisuseddaily.Nivkhifoodisanimportantelementofpreservationoftraditionalculture,yetithasnotbeenthesubjectofamuchresearchinacademia.ThisstudywillanalyzethetimelineoftheNivkhifoodsystemandallowforfurtherunderstandingthetraditionaluseofnaturalresources.Thefocusisonavarietyofnationalfishdishesfish(raw,driedandcooked),edibleplants,roots,berries(freshorcooked),meatdishesandcookingmethods.Thequalityofthefinalproductisanalyzedfromaninsiderperspective,astheauthorofthestudycomesfromaNivkhitraditionalfamilyfromtheNorth-EastcoastofSakhalinisland.ThelinguisticpictureassociatedwithNivkhifoodcultureconstitutesanimportantelementofthelexicalbodyofNivkhilanguage.Thisstudywillpresentalargenumberoffood-relatedterminologyandconcepts.TheknowledgeoftraditionalfoodisasignificantcomponentofmodernNivkhilifeandavitalcontributortopreservationoftheirself-identity.

ThatWhichWeAte,MadeUsStrong

ArkadyGashilov,DmitryTurks

VladimirKirgeev,thegreatwriteroftheSelkuppeople,inhisnovelTheSelkupsoftheXXCenturywrote:"Halfdosserofstarletandfivesturgeonsareputtoasled.Andwerushinsidethehut,whereitiswarm.Wecutonesturgeonwerecutandgotabucketofblackcaviar.Thereisnobettersnack!Thelambisboilinginapot...Sowehavealwayslived,catchingvariousfish,thenitwasboiled,dried,aircured,bakedoverthefire"ThatishowSelkupboysgainedstrengthandbecamereal‘heroes’.Inthewinter,goingonahuntintheremoteSiberiantaiga,theyalwaystookthetraditionalmeal-yukolasoakedwithfishoil.Ithasincrediblenutritionalvalue:justafewpieceshelpshuntersregaintheirstrength,enduranceandagility.ThisshortstoryshowstheworldofSelkupandwellbeing.ThroughourstudyofthetraditionalnutritionoftheObSelkupsfromtheYamal-NenetsAutonomusOkrugwetrytoshowthelifeofindigenoushuntersandfishermen.Theirtraditionallivelihoodhasbeenpreservedfromancienttimestothepresentday.WehighlightSelkuptraditionalknowledgeoftraditionalfooditspreparation.

FestivefoodpreservesKoryaklanguageandknowledgeinKamchatkaandMagadanoblast’.

OlesyaBolotaeva,RoksanaAvevkhay,AnatoliySorokin

Koryakfoodtraditionsareanintegralpartoftheirculture,closelyconnectedtotheirlivelihoodandassociatedwithanumberoffolkcustomsandregulations.FornomadicKoryak-chav'chyvav'reindeermeat,blood,fatandentrailsofthereindeerplayanimportantrole,while,forsettledKoryak-nymylg'u—fish,marinemammalmeat,blood,fat,andgutswereatthecenter,whiletodayitismostlyfish.Thefoodchoicesofbothgroupshasalwaysbeenseasonalandcelebrationshavebeenheldoncertainoccasions.Thesecelebrationsconsistofasetofcertainritualactions,includingslaughteringofreindeerinonecaseandfishingorhuntingformarinemammalintheother,andthepreparationsofcertaindishes.ConsideringthecurrentsituationKoryaklanguages,theseenduringtraditionsofKoryakfoodcultureandtheirembeddedconnectionwithKoryakrituals,celebrationsandfestivals,includingtherichterminologyandunchangedformilleniathemethodsandpurposeofparticularfoodmayensurethesourceofpreservationanddevelopmentoftheKoryaklanguages.Koryaktraditionsandceremoniesandall

connectedactivities,includingthenamesofdishes,ingredients,andsoon,remainedsounchangedduetothesacrednessoftheritesthemselves.Inthisway,thesefoods,theirmemoriesandterminologyactasastorehousefortheKoryakpeopleandculture.TheimportanceoftheseancientandunchangingfoodtraditionsoftheKoryakareavitalpartoftheirdesiretoremainasathrivingandvibrantcultureinaperiodofrapidchange.

LanguageandKnowledgeinKoryakFoodCulture:ThenamesofnativedishesinKoryaklanguage

OlesyaBolotaeva

Thispresentationwillofferanoverviewofamajorresearchproject,namelyamonographdevotedtotheanalysisofoneofthelayersoftheKoryaklanguagevocabulary-theold-ageandborrowednamesoffood.Thesubjectofthestudyisofgreatinterestbothfromthetheoreticalandpracticalpointsofview.Ontheonehand,thevocabularyofanalysisiscloselylinkedtothesocio-culturalconditioningoflanguage,ethniclanguageperceptionoftheworld,theproblemsofwordformation,ontheotherhand-connectedwithlexicographicalpractice.Indescribingthecurrentstateofthestudiedlayerofvocabularyreservoir,anattemptismadetoshowthesustainabilityanddynamicsoftheKoryakvocabularyanditsuseineverydayspeechoftheKoryakpeople.Thebookisintendedforlinguists,ethnographers,cultureexperts,teachers,studentsofsecondaryschoolsoftheFarNorth,SiberiaandFarEastofRussia,forhighereducationinstitutionsandforthoseinterestedinthelanguageandcultureoftheKoryak.

WildplantsinthefoodcultureofSiberianYu’pikandChukchi:BiodiversityinPractice

OlesyaYakovleva

WhileChukchiandYupikarewellknownfortheirconsumptionofreindeerandmarinemammalmeat.Lessstudiedistheirdependencyonplantbasedandseaweedstaplesincludingcerealsandroots,laminaria(atypekelp)andrawshellfish.YupikandcoastalChukchiusearound60speciesofterrestrialandmarineplantsforfood.Therearenonamesforthewholeplantintheirvariouslanguages,buttherearenamesforitsedibleparts–e.g.stemwithleavesortheroot.Thatwhichisnoteateniscalled“grass”or“flower”.Thegatheringandpreparationofplantsforwinterisanimportantwomen’sactivity,andisactuallycalled“women’shunting”.Laminariaisconsideredobligatorypartofthemenu;evenhunterspickitontheirwayhomeaftersealing.Wildplantsarenecessaryandimportantadditivestomeatandfish,whichformthebasisofdietofindigenouspeoplesofChukotka.Upaandotherinvertebrates–thatiscrabs,shrimps,seaurchins,starfishes,smalloctopuses,shellfishes(mussels,whelks),aswellasseaweed(laminaria)–areallimportantcomponentsoftheChukchiandYupikcuisine.Notonlydowildplantsaddflavor,theyalsopossessmultiplehealthandmedicinalbenefits.

DolganKnowledge&TraditioninFoodCultureasaHealthProtector

AnnaChuprina,SvetlanaChernyshova

ThisscientificarticleinvolvestheexaminationofthebasicfactorsintheformationoffoodtraditionandcultureoftheDolganpeoplebasedonculturalanalysis.Weviewgeographical,climatic,socio-economic,historical,culturalandreligiousprinciplesthatformedthevalueaspectofculinarydiversityinDolganfoodculture.ThestudyofthesefactorswillallowustorevealtherelationshipbetweentheknowledgeandtraditionsintheDolgan’gastronomiccultureontheonehandandthetraditionallivelihoodandlifestylesontheother.WewillalsoidentifytheuniquetechniquesofcookingunderspecificconditionsanddeterminethetastepreferencesoftheDolgans.FoodasahealthprotectionfactorisrepresentativefortheculturesofmanyindigenouspeopelsoftheArctic.ThatiswhyitisatopicofcurrentinteresttostudytraditionalfoodsystemoftheDolgan,whichisanexclusivelyculinaryphenomenonofthispeople.Whenidentifyingthefeaturesofdiet,thenamesandrangeofproductsandtraditionaldishes(thatarerichinessentialvitaminsandminerals),seasonalityoffoodsupply,methodsofpreparationandrulesofeatingmeals,etc.,wewillfocusontheperceptionoffoodbytheDolgansasbeingbeneficialforhumanhealth.

GeneralPrinciplesofEstablishingtheTraditionalFoodSystemsofIndigenousPeoplesofChukotka

SvetlanaChernyshova,TatianaTerletskaya

ThispresentationstudiesthegeneralprinciplesofthetraditionsandfoodcultureoftheChukchiandtheEveninthevillageofKeperveeminChukotka.TheauthorspresentavarietyoffoodassortmentoftraditionalcuisineofChukchiandEven.TheChukchiandEvenstrongfoodculturerepresentsasustainableculinarysystemcharacterizedbyecologicallyfriendlyandeffectiveuseoftheproducts,bothofvegetableandanimalorigin.IndigenouspeoplesofChukotkahavedeepknowledgeaboutcombinationofmeatandfishproductsandplantsthatgeneratesaverybalancedfoodsystem.ParticularattentionisfocusedonthestudyofthegenderaspectoftraditionalknowledgeaboutthefoodcultureoftheindigenouspeoplesofChukotka,determinedbyamongotherfactorsbyrituals,ceremoniesandsocialstructures.Thestudyalsoincludescross-culturalinteractionsbetweentheChukchiandEvenandtheconsequencesforthetraditionalfoodsystemsofindigenouspeoplesinKeperveem,intheBilibinomunicipalityoftheChukotkaAutonomousOkrug.

TheKnowledgeandtaboosintraditionalNenetsfoodsystems.

VladlenaYavtysaya

ThearticleexaminesthetraditionalknowledgeandprohibitionsthatexistintheNenetsfoodcultureandassociatedwithfood.

ReindeerHerders'sknowledgeofMakingtraditionaldishingfromreindeermeat

KseniyaBorisenko,DariaRocheva

Anenormousstorehouseofknowledgeisembeddedinthecreationofdishesmadefromreindeermeatwithinindigenouscultures.ThisposterfocusesonNenetsfoodculture,whosefoodculturerelatedtoreindeermeatisdeepandancient.

NenetsPeople’sFoodCulture:Knowledgeoflongtermstorageofproducts

PolinaBurlova,OksanaDanilova

Long-termstorageoffoodproductsbymigratorypeoples,suchastheNenetsiscriticalforNenetssurvival-intermsofnutritionandfoodsafety.Intergenerationaltransferofknowledgeiskeytothistoolforsurvivalonthetundra.

TheAnti-stressDietfortheArcticIndigenousPeoples

InnaKhalimova,LeonidKhudi

Thisstudyanalysesthehypothesisthatindigenousfoodcultureanddietaresomeofthemainconditionsformaintainingthestabilityoflifeforpeople,totheadverseeffectsofclimatic,geophysical,socialandotherextremeperturbationsthataboriginalpeoplesarefacingintheArctic.Invariousstressfulsituationsthebody'sneedfornutrientsdramaticallyincrease.Duringstressanimportantadaptivemechanismcomesintoeffect,thatincludesthemobilizationofreservesofcarbohydratesandfats,whileproteinintensivelysplitsupintoaminoacids,whichinthiscaseapartfromthebasicfunctionsplaytheroleofenergydonorsparticipatingingluconeogenesis.Themoreintensethestress,thehigherthebody'sneedforenergyandnutrients.Asaresulthumanresistancetostressdependsonwhatheorsheeatsinthestressfulperiod.ConsideringtheroleofnutritioninthemetabolicprocessesamongtheindigenouspeoplesoftheNorth,L.E.Paninwrites:"Despitethefactthataboriginalfoodcontainsalargenumberofproteinsandfats,whilecarbohydratesissignificantlyless,theirbodiescaneasilyhandleloadsofproteinandlipid."Theauthorconcludesthatindigenouspeoplesswitchenergymetabolismfromcarbohydratetypetothefatassociated.Thisispossibleduetousingexogenousfat,andnotendogenous.Thepresenceoflargeamountofunsaturatedfattyacidsinexogenousfatprovidesahighrateoflipidoxidation.Thus,scientistsestablishedthatduringthetransitiontoamodern"civilized"diet,indigenouspeoplesoftheNorthexperienceanoxidativestress,endocrine,psycho-emotional,metabolicsymptomsofthestressfulreactions,aswellasmoreseveremaladaptiveandpathologicaldisorders.AllindicateasignificantdecreaseinstressresistanceofpeopleintheNorth.WeconcludethatitismoreexpedienttomaintainthebasicprinciplesoftraditionalfoodsystemoftheindigenouspeopleoftheNorthtoincreasetheiradaptivecapacities.WealsohaveagoaltoprovethatthehealthandworkingcapacityofpeoplelivingintheNorthdependstoalargeextentontheirfoodandthecomponentsoftheirdiet.

TheRawFoodDietintheLifeofIndigenousPeoplesofYamal

InnaKhalimova,LyubovTadibe

EatingrawmeatandfishisahabitthatcanamazeorevenshocktheinhabitantsofwarmSouthernregions.However,itiscommonintheregionoftheGulfofObandspreadwidelythroughouttheNorth.ThisstudyviewsthemajorcomponentoftheNenetstraditionalfoodsystem,namelyraweatingandanalysesitsbenefitsforhumanhealth,proveninthemedicalresearch.Nenetscuisineisnotveryvariedorrefined.Fromcenturytocentury,NenetswereabletowithstandthemercilessnatureandlearnedtotakeallthenecessitiesforlivingintheharshArcticenvironment.Foodisaprimaryissue.IntheNenetstundra,thereisalwaysabigproblemgettingfirewoodandmaintainingthefireinthechum.ThereisawidevarietyofreindeerproductsthattheNenetseatraw.Thefavoritedishismeatfromafreshlyslaughteredreindeer-"freshmeat”,whichisstillwarmand

steaming.Meatandwarmbloodoffreshlyslaughteredreindeernotonlysuppresseshungerquickly,butalsohelpspeoplerecuperateafterillness,long-termhungerand/orfatigue.Newreindeerantlersarealsoconsideredasspecialdish.Nenetssettheantlersonfire,andafterburningthehair,scrapthemwithaknife.Theyeattheskinthatcoverstheyounghornfromthebottomtothetop,andtheapicalportionofthesoftcartilage.Filledwithbloodvessels,thecartilageendsoftheantlersarefullofflavour.Nenetseatarticularfatandbonemarrowfromthetibiabone.Afterafewsharpblowsthebonesplitsintotwopartsandthebonemarrowcanbeaccessedthathasthetransparent-ambercolorandanincrediblearoma.Itiseatenrawwithapinchofsalt.Thebonemarrowasasourceoffatcomprisesofaphosphatide,cholesterol,mineralsandproteins.Thebetterfedisananimal,themorefatiscontainedinthebonemarrow.ItalsoincludesvitaminsA,D,E.Accordingtotradition,attheirweddingnightthebrideandgroomeatreindeerbrains.Itisbelievedtoincreaseboththemaleandfemalelibido.Reindeerbrainiseatenwarm,rawandslightlysalted.Inthesummer,rawfishbecomesoneoftheprimaryNenetsfood.Theycontainavaluablesetoftraceelementsnecessaryfortheoptimalfunctioningofthehumanbody,suchasfluorine,zinc,copper.Itisknownthatreindeermeathasamuchhigherabsorbencythanpork,lamb,beefandevenchicken.Peoplewhoeatreindeerconsistentlyrarelysufferfromheartailments,atherosclerosisandotherdiseases.Theyrarelysufferfromdiabeticsnorhighbloodpressure.WewilllookatpublishedmedicalresearchtoconfirmthehealthbenefitsofraweatingfortheNenetspeople.

ScientificKnowledgeandtheKnowledgeofIndigenousPeoplesofYamalonHowtoAvoidtheDangersofRawEating

ValentinaKustova,KseniaOkotetto,SpartakTusida,SergeyKhozyainov

ThefoodoftheindigenouspeoplesofYamalisrathersimple,butstillexotic.Allofthenortherncuisinedishesareveryheartyandnutritiousandhelpmaintainenergyinapersoninsevereclimaticconditions.Fishandmeatisthebasicbuildingblockoftheirdiet,andtheyareofteneatenraw.Rawmeatwithbloodsatisfiesthebody'sneedformineralelements,vitamins,suchasCandB2,whichsafeguardsagainstscurvy.However,therearecertainhazardsinthetraditionalfoodcultureofYamalpeople,namelyeatingrawmeatandfish.Themostcommondangersareinfectionbydifferentparasites.Thisstudywillfirstsummarizethemostcommondangersofeatingraw(i)fishand(ii)meat.Second,itwillviewscientificandtraditionalknowledgeonhowtoidentifytheinfectedproducts.And,finally,itwillsummarizetheknowledgeandmethodsonhowtopreventinfections,andbythatavoidthedangersofraweating.

3.3a ArcticFood,foodsystems,traditionalknowledgeandPlaceintheCircumpolarNorth

Chair:AndersOskal

June9–10:30a.m.

UB337

3.3a.1

Navigatingtowardsfuturesustainabilityinreindeerhusbandry:Theroleoftraditionalknowledgeinsocial-ecologicalArcticfoodsystems

SveinMathiesen

FuturesustainablegovernanceofSámireindeerhusbandrymightfacemajorchallengesrelatedtorapidchangesintheArctic.TraditionalknowledgeinSámireindeerherdingrelatedtoreindeerwelfare,handlingofanimalsandSámifoodcultureisrich.WiththemultifactorialrapidchangesreindeerherdingfacetodaythereisariskthatthisknowledgeaccumulatedinSámipastoralismduringgenerationsmightbelost.Weproposethattraditionknowledgeaboutreindeerherders’foodcultureisessentialtothefutureabilitytoadapttothesechangesandmaintainculturalandeconomicsustainability.Useofreindeermeatandotherproductsfromreindeerisofdailyimportancefortheherdingsocietiesandeconomy.Stategovernanceandmodernizingprocessesofreindeerhusbandryhaschangedevenwhenitcomestofoodculture.Byfocusingontraditionalfoodcultureandscientificknowledgeinreindeerhusbandry,theremightbenewwaysofdevelopingtheeconomyofreindeerherdersbyhighlightingthetraditionswithinfoodanduseofreindeerandthatwaygainrecognitionforthetraditionalwaysofharvesting,storingandpreservingreindeermeat,usingtraditionalknowledgenavigatingforfuturesustainability.Adaptationstofutureclimatechangehavetoincludethepotentialoflocalfoodproduction.

3.3a.2

IndigenousKnowledgeandAdaptationtoRapidChangeintheArctic:ThecaseofreindeerslaughteringbySámiinNorwayandNenetsinRussia.

AnnaDegteva,SveinMathiesen,PhilipBurgess

TheknowledgeofArcticindigenousPeopleshasbeenattheverycoreoftheiradaptationtotheArcticenvironment.TodaytheArctichasbecomeahotsportforgeopoliticsandeconomics,notjusttheenvironment.Manypolitical,socialandeconomicchangesareunderway.Canindigenouspeoples’ownknowledgeassistthemtocopeandadapttothesecurrentchallenges?Doesitonlyhaveimportantculturalandidentityvaluesormayithelpindigenouspeoplestomaintaintheirimportantlivelihoodswhileatthesametimesucceedeconomically?ThispresentationinvestigatestheroleoftraditionalreindeerslaughteringprocessesandtheknowledgeofindigenousSámiandNenetsforadaptation.Wegobackin20thcenturyhistorythedevelopmentofstategovernanceofreindeerhusbandryinNorwayandRussiatostudythechangesinknowledgeandpracticesofreindeerslaughtering.Wedemonstratethestrongconnectionbetweentheknowledgeofslaughtering,foodcultureandadaptation.Finally,weanalyzehowtheSámiandNenetstraditionalknowledgeofslaughteringcanindeedcontributetotheadaptationinthefaceoftherapidchangeintheArctic.

3.3a.3

Sámireindeerherder’sperspectiveonreindeermeatquality-someexamplesoftraditionalknowledge

SaraRavdnaBMEira,NecheiSerotetto,IssatTuri,andSveinD.Mathiesen

IndigenousreindeerherderspeopleintheArctichavebeendailyutilizingthereindeer,especiallyasfoodandclothing.Sámireindeerherder’smainfoodsupplyhasbeenandstillisreindeermeat,fatandbloodmadeindifferentways,anddifferentpartoftheanimals,preparedboiled,smoked,driedandgrilled.Traditionallythewholereindeerisutilizedinasustainableway.TheSámifoodsystembasedonreindeerasresourcehasbeenusedoveralongperiodoftimeandarestillimportanttoday,alsobasedonthemainstreamsocietieswayofknowing.OurhypothesisisthatSámireindeerherder’sperceptionofqualityoffoodisbasedontheirtraditionalknowledgetransferredfromgenerationtogenerationaboutwhattypeofreindeertobeslaughtered,seasonofslaughtering,wayofkillingandslaughteringandpreparationofdifferentpartofthebodyasfood.IntheRievdanprojectwehaveuseddifferentmethodstodocumentthistraditionalknowledge,includingparticipatingresearch,semistructuredinterviews,video

documentationandcommunitybasedworkshops.Ourresultsshowthatreindeerherderschoosetoslaughteranimalswithspecificcriteriatofeedtheirfamily,whichwewilldiscussinthispaper.Furthermore,certainprocedureshavetobefollowedbeforeareindeerischosenforslaughter,thewayofkillingandslaughteringalsodeterminethemeatquality.Finally,wewilldiscussthesignificanceoftheprocessof“baggat”or“virrat”thatisatraditionalmethodtoensuregoodqualityofthemeatwhichwewillreporton.TraditionalknowledgeinSámireindeerherder’sfoodsystemisimportantforthecultureandidentityinfuture.

3.3a.4

IndigenousPeoples´FoodEmpowerment:LocalEconomies&ResilienceinaChangingArctic

AndersOskal,PhilipBurgesset.al

Arcticindigenouspeoplesfacemajorchallengesrelatedtochangesintheirsocietiesandthenorthernclimate(Maggaetal,2011;Nymann-Larsenet.al,2014).A2degreestemperatureincreaseisalreadyarealityintheArctic.Thereisanurgentneedforanincreasedunderstandingoftheeffectsofglobalization,climatechange,adaptationandsocietyresilience,forsecuringArcticsustainabledevelopment.Arcticchangemeansbothchallengesandopportunities.Indigenoussocietieshoweveroftenfindthemselvesinadisadvantagedposition;NegativeimpactsofArcticchangeoften´overshadow´possibilitiesofpositivelocaldevelopment,intermsofthecommunities´capacitytotakeproactiveleadforlocalactions.Thischallengestheirpossibilitiestocreateeconomicdevelopmentontheirownterms,basedontheirownknowledgeandresources(Burgessetal,fc.2017).Newapproachesforadaptationarethusneeded.TheArcticCouncilEALLUProject2015-2019focusesonIndigenousTraditionalKnowledgeintherealmoffoodasafoundationfordiversificationoflocaleconomiesasanewapproachtoadapttoArcticchange,andfoodsecurity.Theprojectisco-ledbyUSA,Canada,Norway,RussiaandDenmark/Greenland,aswellastheSaamiCouncilandAIA,workingundertheUSandFinnishArcticCouncilChairmanships.ItismanagedbyICRandWRH.TheprojectinvestigatesculinarytraditionsandknowledgeofArcticindigenouspeoples,includingunderstandingofrawmaterials,preparationandconservationmethods,impactsonhumanhealth,aswellasdevelopingeducationandtrainingprograms.Methodsforintegratingtraditionalknowledgewithsciencearecentral(Oskalet.al,2009;Maggaet.al,2011;EiraI.,2012).TheprojectseekstoincreasetheunderstandingofArcticIndigenousFoodSystems,developingpolicyrecommendationstotheArcticCouncil.

3.3b ArcticFood,foodsystems,traditionalknowledgeandPlaceintheCircumpolarNorth

Chair:SveinMatheisen

June9–1:30p.m.

UB337

3.3b.1

TheknowledgeofraweatingintheNenetsFoodCulture

MartaOkotetto,ElviraOkotetto,AnnaDegteva

EatingreindeermeatrawiscentraltoNenetsfoodculture.InfactitisimpossibletotalkaboutNenetsfoodculturewithoutemphasizingtheimportanceofrawmeateatingandblooddrinking.Eatingrawmeatanddrinkingbloodrequiresanimmensebodyofknowledgeinorderthatitispracticedsafely.?ayabad(ngayabad)isfreshfishorreindeermeat,slaughteredinthetraditionalwayandeatenonlyinraw(freshorfrozen)form.?ayabarma-isthetraditionalNenetssocialmealthatconsistsoffreshlyslaughteredreindeermeatandblood.Forreindeer?ayabad,herderschooseahealthyandfatreindeer.Femaleswithoutacalf(va?gty)areconsideredespeciallygoodforslaughteringandeatingraw.?ayabadhasalotofsocialandreligiousvalues.ItiscarriedoutoneachoftheimportanteventofNenetslife,suchasbirths,weddings,whenslaughteringareindeerforclothing,sacrificesonsacredplaces,funerals,etc.Inthechum(thetraditionaltent),ashareof?ayabad-meatanddrink-isalsogiventolong-deadancestors,whoseimagesarerepresentedbysacraldolls(sidrya?gand?ytarma).Nearthefire,somefoodshouldalsobeleftforthespiritoffirehostess(tu’khada).Nenetsherderschoseahealthyreindeerforraweatingduetotheirdeepknowledgeaboutboththeherdwelfareandeachreindeer’shealthandcondition.Herdersdeterminethehealthstateofreindeerbyitsappearanceatthatmoment,andalsomemorizetheirbehaviorandwell-beingthroughoutthepreviousyears:thelengthofantlersinthesummerincomparisontopreviousyears;howquicklythehornsfallandthehairshedsinthespring;howreindeerbreathesduringthesummerheat(ifareindeerwaspantingwithoutashortnessofbreathitindicatesthepresenceofsomediseases).Herdersalsoconsiderifnecessaryvaccinations(againstrabies,gadflies,anthrax,etc.)weredone.

3.3b.2

TraditionalFoodSystemoftheNenetsfromNorth-WesternSiberiaandReductionoftheRiskofRespiratoryandBloodCirculationDiseases

AndreyAndronov,SergeyAndronov,AndreyPopov,LiliaLobanova,VladimirKostritsyn,RuslanKochkin,EkaterinaLobanova

ThisarticlestudiesoftheactualNenetsdietandcalculationofminimallysufficientnumberofreindeermeatandlocalfishinordertoreducetheriskofcardiovascularandrespiratorydiseases.ThisstudywascarriedoutinTazYamalmunicipalitiesofYamalo-NenetsAutonomousDistrict.Weconductedacross-sectionalstudyoftheconsumptionoflocalfishandreindeermeatamong590Nenetspeople.Allpatientswereassessedbyaphysicianandacardiologisttoexcludeseveresomaticpathologies.Ananalysisofdietwasperformedusingfrequencyandquestionnairemethods.Tobuildriskmodelsweusednon-linearlogitregressionwithstep-by-stepinclusionofvariablesbythemethodofmaximumlikelihood.Weconcludethattoreducetheriskofdevelopmentofhypertension,chronicbronchitistheminimumadequatedailyconsumptionofreindeermeatshallbenotlessthan470gramsperday,thereindeerliver-50gramaday,round-nosedwhitefish-325gramsperday,whitefish(muksun)-440gramsperday,pike-50gramsaday,burbot22gramsaday,smelt-235gramsperday,vendace-325gramsperday,Siberianwhitefish-96gramsperday.

3.3b.3

PhysiologyoftheNenetstraditionalfoodsysteminYamalNenetsAutonomousOkrug,North-WesternSiberia

SergeyAndronov,LobanovAndrey,AndreyPopov,LiliaLobanova,VladimirKostritsyn,RuslanKochkin

TheuniquedietoftheindigenouspeoplesoftheArcticwasrightlyconnectedwithgreatstamina,healthandadaptability.Itwasfoundthatadietenrichedwithreindeermeatstatisticallyimprovesanti-atherogenicfractionsofbloodlipids,helpmaintainshealthybodyweight,improvesmicrocirculation,tissuefluidexchange,andantioxidantprotectionfromfreeradicals.Thesebenefitsaremostlikelyconnectedtopeculiaritiesofchemicalcompositioninreindeermeat.IthasbeenshownthatadietenrichedwithlocalYNAOfish,helpsmaintainanormalbodyweight.Consumptionofwhitefishincreasestheelasticityofthebloodvasculars.Adietrichinpike,promotestheabsorptionofoxygeninthetissues.Thepositiveeffectsoffishconsumptionmaybeassociatedwithpeculiaritiesofchemicalcomposition.ThisstudyprovidesafulloverviewofNenetstraditionalfoodsystemphysiologyanditspositivebenefitsforhumanhealth.

3.3b.4

TheKnowledgeofSamiandNenetsEmbeddedintheirLanguage:Theconnectionbetweenslaughteringtechniquesandthequalityandtasteofreindeerproducts

NecheiSerotetto,MarinaLublinskaya,MariaBarmich

TraditionalknowledgeisthebackboneofArcticindigenouspeopleslivelihoods.Itisthelanguageofthesepeoplesthatisthestorehouseoftheirknowledge.ThispaperregardsreindeerherdingSámiinWesternFinnmark(Norway)andreindeerherdingNenetsinYamal(Russia).Bothgroupsstillmaintainanomadiclivelihoodintundraandspeaktheirnativelanguages.NowadaysreindeerherdingisstilltheprimarymeansoflifeforthemostNenetsandSámiandprovidestheirfoodandclothing.FornomadicNenetsitalsoprovidestransportanddwelling.Thefoodcultureandconsequentlytheknowledgeandperceptionofproductqualityvarybetweenthetwopeoples.TheSámikillreindeerwiththeknife,usingspecialtechniquestosoftenthemeat-baggat,whiletheNenetsstranglethereindeeranddoӈayabad–raweatingoffreshwarmmeat,bloodandsomeorgans.ThelatterisneverpracticedbytheSámi.Bothpeoplesboil,smokeanddryreindeermeat.ThisstudywillpresentthemajorconceptsandprofessionalterminologyofthetraditionalslaughteringprocessesinconnectiontoSámiandNenets’perceptionofgoodqualityandtasteofreindeermeatandotherproducts.

3.3b.5

MedicinalpropertiesoftundraberriesandtheiruseinthelifeoftheNenets

AleksandrTerentjev

Thearticlestudiesthebeneficialpropertiesoftundraberries:cloudberry,lingonberry,blueberry,etc.,recipes,aswellastheiruseintheNenetstraditionalcuisine.

3.3c ArcticFood,foodsystems,traditionalknowledgeandPlaceintheCircumpolarNorth

Chair:SveinMatheisen

June9–1:30p.m.

UB337

3.3c.1

ThevalueofreindeerbloodandbloodsausageforEvenkireindeerherdingpeoples–examplesoftraditionalknowledge

AlenaGerasimova

TraditionalcuisineofEvenkireindeerherdingpeoplesisoneofthecomponentsofthematerialcultureofEvenkipeople,whocouldcarefullyandrationallyusenatureresources.Formanycenturiesbloodsausagefromreindeer,whichisatraditionaldishformostnomadicpeoplesoftheNorth,iscookedaccordingtooldrecipesandisanimportantpartoftheindigenouspeoplesfoodsystemandvalues.WehypothesisthattheserecipescontaindocumentationofEvenkitraditionalknowledge,asystematicknowledgeoffoodsystemswhichistransferredfromonegenerationtoanother.IntheRievdanprojectweuseddifferentmethodstodocumenttraditionalknowledgeintheEvenkifoodsystemsincludingsemi-structuredinterviews,participatingresearchandcommunitybasedworkshops.Evenkireindeerherdersusuallyfrybloodandalsodrinkwhentheyareill.WefoundthatinEvenkicommunitiesreindeerbloodandbloodsausageisvaluedforhighquality,goodtasteandfornoticeablehealthbenefit,andimportantfoodwhentraditionalnomadiclifestyleinharshclimaticconditionsismaintained.TheprocessofEvenkibloodsausageproductionfrombothwildanddomesticreindeerisuniqueandwillbediscussed.Whilethemainingredientsisreindeerintestinesandfreshreindeerblood,theprocessesofmakingwhitebloodsausagesisreported.InEvenkifoodculture,bloodwasaworthymedicineforthosewhosufferfromanemia.ThetraditionalknowledgeofEvenkipeoplesuseofreindeerbloodisanimportantpartofEvenkicultureandidentity.

3.3c.2

TraditionalCuisineofEvenkiPeople:linguoculturologicalaspect

SvetlanaAvelova

Foodcultureisanessentialcomponentofthematerialculture,inadditiontohouseholditems,clothingandhousing.Importanceofthespiritualcomponentofthefoodisalsogreat,asthefoodcomponentperformstraditionalritesandrituals,andhasculturalandhistoricalsignificance.ThearticleinvestigatesthefoodcultureonthematerialoftheEvenkilanguageinreindeerhusbandry.Theauthoraimstostudytheterminologyunitsoflanguageassociatedwiththefoodculture.Therearealmostalleconomicactivitiesoftheethnosreflectedinthefood.Foodterminology,itsscientificresearchisessentialtothestudyofpeople'shistory,cultureandethnography.Foodlexisisoneofthemostactivelayersoflanguage,whichisconstantlyinmotion,gettingneologismsorlosingarchaisms,dependingonthechangesundergoinginethnicitylife,becauseoftheclimatechange,changesinlifestyleofthepeople,aswellassocialandenvironmentalchanges.TheobjectofstudyisbasedonthefoodnamingintheEvenkilanguage,whichhasbeenstudiedinthecomparative-historicalaspect,andonTungus-Manchulanguagesdata.Bilingual,dictionariesoflinguisticterms,dialectologicalandetymologicaldictionariesused.Fieldworks’dataalsousedinthispaper.ThesourcesoftheresearcharefundamentalworksofthescientistsinvolvedinthestudyofEvenkilanguageandculture.TheobtainedresultshaverevealedthespecificsoftheEvenkifood,andconsideritasanintegralpartoftraditionalculture.Thematicgroupofvocabularymeaning"food"isoneoftherichestlayers,whichhasancientroots.GivingageneralcharacteristicoftheEvenkifoodculture,itshouldbenotedthatthemajorroletookandtakereindeer.UsingethnolinguisticandculturallinguisticsmethodthearticlediscussuniqueresultsontraditionalknowledgeinEvenkireindeerherdersfoodculture.

3.3c.3 Customsinindigenousfoodculture:whyreindeerherdersdon’teatthetipofthereindeertongue

AlenaGerasimova,JohanMathisTuri,AndersOskal

EveryreindeerherdingpeoplesallacrosstheCircumpolarNorthhaveastrongtraditionalrule,whichhasbeenrespectedformanycenturies–tonoteatthetipofreindeertongue.Andthiscreatesthemainresearchquestion–whydon’ttheyeatit?Reindeerherdingpeopleshavelivedforyearsinahugedistancesfromeachother,andstillthistraditionisalmostidenticalandverywidespread.Whichmightprovethatreindeerhusbandryrepresentsaconnectionancientinorigin.Despitethefactthatthistraditionisverycommon,littleiswrittenabouttheexplanationofthistraditionalruletonoteatthetipofthetongue.IntheframeworkoftheRievdanprojectdifferentmethodsareincludedtoinvestigatetheresearchquestion,suchasanalysisofavailableliterature(scientificpapers,anthologicaltexts,interviewsandothers),conductinginterviewswithreindeerherdersandindigenouselderly,documentationoftraditionalknowledge,laboratorytests.Wefoundthatthetraditionismainlyrelatedtoastrongsuperstitionthatifyoueatthetipofthetongue,thismakesyoulieorgossip.Manyotherexamplesweredocumentedduringtheworkintheproject.Reindeertongueisvaluedforitsgentletasteandconsidersasoneofthebestdelicaciesinthefoodsystem.Andtheruletocutthetipofthetonguereflectssomeethicaspectsintheindigenousculture.

3.3c.4

Suovas-PreservingReindeerMeatintheSmokeoftheLavvu

KiaKrarupHansen,RávdnáBiretMárjáEiraSara,IngerAnitaSmukandSveinDischMathiesen

Sámiherder’straditionalknowledgeaboutmeatsecurityandmeatconservationisdeepandrich.Thesearetechnologiesdevelopedovermillennia,whichsecuresustainableandsafeuseofanimalsforfoodproduction,aswellasreducingwasteproducts.Suovasmeans“inthesmoke”or“thesmokefire”inNorthSámi,whileSuovastuhttitisthepracticeofsmokingmeatandSuovasbierguissmokedmeat.Smokingispreservationmanipulatedforlong-termstorage.Buttechnicaladvances,suchasdeep-freezers,areoneofmanyfactors,whichhavebroughtaboutchangestofoodstoringtoday.InaPhDstudyweaskwhatknowledgedowehaveaboutsuovas,andhowisthiseffectedbychange.Reindeerherder’sknowledgeofsmokingmeatintegratestheunderstandingofselectingrighttypeofanimalsforslaughtering,attherightseasonoftheyearandusingspecificpartsofthereindeer.Furtherknowledgeincludes;thecorrectuseofsaltandmoisturegeneratedfromselectingthespecificplantsandplantpartsforfirewood.Thisproducesaspecificanddensewhitesmoke,whichpenetratesthemeattissuewithouttheuseoftoohightemperatures.Thetypeofplantsusedandhowlongthesmokingtakesplace,determinesthedegreeofconservationandtaste.Besideofsubstancesforconservation,thesmokealsocontainsaroma-producingsubstancesandtars-thelastonecanbehealthhazard.Alackofknowledgeabouttheprocessofsmokingmightthusaffectbothhumanhealthandwellbeing.Thecombinedantibacterialeffectsofthecomponentsofsaltandsmokeprotectthemeatfromdegradation.Eventodaywithmoderndeepfreezetechnologies,thesuovastuhttitisindailyuseinreindeerherdingcommunitiesacrossSápmi,duetothecharacteristictasteofsuovasbiergupreferredinSámihousehold.

3.3c.5 GreenhouseprogramsinNunavikasaninnovativeresponsetofoodinsecurity:perspectivesandlimits

AnnieLamalice

Therapidanddrasticsocio-environmentalchangesoverthelastdecadesinInuitcommunitiesacrossCanada’sNorthhasresultedinaprofoundtransformationofthefoodsystem.Thenewdietconfigurationneitherensurefoodsecuritynorsocio-culturalandspiritualneedsoriginallyprovidedbythetraditionalfoodsystem,thusresultinginafoodcrisiswithhighprevalenceoffoodinsecurityinNunavikcommunities.Despitetheirmultiplerolesinthesubsistenceeconomy,Inuitwomenareatgreaterriskofsufferingfromfoodinsecurity.ThisongoingparticipatoryactionresearchprojectaccompaniesstakeholdersinKuujjuaqandKangiqsujuaqintheimplementationofgreenhouseprogramswhichareseenasaninnovativesolution.Throughthepresentationofourpreliminaryresults,aparticularfocusismadeonpeople-plantrelationships,theevolutionofplantsandvegetablesintakesinthecontemporaryInuitfoodsystem,andthetransmissionoftraditionalecologicalInuitknowledgeonlocalplants,whichismainlyheldbywomen.

3.3d ArcticFood,foodsystems,traditionalknowledgeandPlaceintheCircumpolarNorth

June10–10:30a.m.

UB337

3.3d.1

Foodasavehicleforthepolitical:ColonialrelationsandfoodpolicyintheEasternArctic

EleanorStephenson

ArecentreviewofCanada’sNutritionNorthfoodsubsidyprogramhaselicitedcallsforgreateraccesstotraditionalfoodsandsupportforharvestingfromInuitcommunities.Thisappealispartofamuchlargerstory:effortstomaintainandstrengthenInuitfoodwaysaresetwithinwiderstrugglesforself-determination,andconnectionstolandandculture.Atthesametime,foodandfoodpolicyhasservedasamechanismtoadvancevariouscolonialpolicyagendasinnorthernCanada.Drawingonarchivalmaterialsandpublishedsources,thispaperexploreshowCanada’snorthernfoodpolicyhasreshapedtheculturalgeographiesoffoodintheEasternArcticfromthelate1940stotoday,whilehighlightingInuiteffortstoregaincontroloverdecision-makingintegraltotraditionalfoodpractices.Againstthisbackdrop,thepaperunpackscurrentpolicydebatesoverCanada'sapproachtonorthernfoodsecurity,showinghowthisdebateisboundupwithinlargerstoriesoffoodasbothatoolofassimilation,andanembodimentofculturalidentity.

3.3d.2

“HehuntsalotandIwork”:ContemporarygenderedaspectsofInuitfoodsharinginNunavut

MagalieQuintal-Marineau

IncontemporaryNunavut,womenareincreasinglyimportanteconomicactorswhoserolesextendtovirtuallyallspheresofInuitlife,fromdomesticandwagelabourtotraditionalsubsistenceactivities.WhilegenderhasalwaysbeenanimportantorganizingfactorinInuitsubsistenceandeconomicrelations,women’scontributions,particularlyofmonetaryresources,havelargelybeenoverlookedinrecentacademicwork.ThispresentationexploresInuitwomen’seconomiccontributionsandthegenderedaspectsoffoodsharingpracticesamongcontemporaryNunavummiut.Specifically,itexaminesintra-householdandinter-householdfoodandmoneysharing,aswellasthesupportInuitwomenprovidetoharvestingactivities,inClydeRiver,Nunavut.Thepresentationarguesthatwomenplayakeyroleinthecirculationoftheseresourcesandthatmen’shunting,andbyextensionInuitfoodsharingpractices,ishighlydependentonwomen’sparticipationinthewageeconomy.Suchanargumentdoesnotminimizetheroleofmenintheprocurementofcountryfood,butratherreframesaccesstofoodandfoodsecuritythroughagenderperceptive.

3.3d.3 RelationtoFood,RelationsthroughFoodinEveryDayLifeandRitualsofAmguemaReindeerHerders(Chukotka)

VirginieVaté,DavydovaElena

Whileinterestintheanthropologyoffoodhasincreasedoverthelasttwodecades,thisfieldhasnotbeencentraltodiscussionsanddebatesinresearchintheSiberianArctic(withafewexceptions,including,notably,researchdonebyYamin-Pasternak).Notthatethnographers,inparticularauthorsofearlyethnographies,havenotlookedatwhatpeopleeatandwhatpeopleliketoeat:Bogoraz,forinstance,inhisclassicmonographontheChukchi,providesdetaileddescriptionsofvariousdishesconsumedinvariouscontexts.However,whatismissing,orwhatisnotparticularlywelldeveloped,istherelationalaspect:howpeoplerelatetofood,andhowpeoplerelatetoeachotherthroughfood.Thispaperexaminesfoodconsumptionintwoways.(1)Itfocusesonitssymbolicmeaningfulnessinvariouscontexts.Howdopeopleperceivecertaintypesoffood?Whichkindsofpeopleandspiritseatwhichkindsoffoodwhen,how,andwhy?And(2)itaskshowsocialrelationsareembeddedinfoodconsumption.Inthisrespect,wewanttoanalyzehowfoodconsumptionandfoodprohibitionsrevealhierarchicalboundariesand/orallowfortheexpressionofdistanceorproximitybetweenpeople.TheanalysiswillbebasedmostlyonarchivalandfieldworkmaterialgatheredinasingleregionofChukotka(Amguema)amongChukchireindeerherdersbetween1948-1951and1997-2005.

3.3d.4 TraditionalKnowledgeoftheIndigenousPeoplesofChukotkaaboutProduction,StorageandProcessingofFoodProducts

SvetlanaChernyshova

Thispresentationanalysesthetraditionalknowledgeaboutproduction,storage,andprocessingoffoodproductsbytheEvenyandChukchiintheBilibinomunicipality,ChukotkaAutonomousOkrug.SuchknowledgehasbeenaccumulatedanddevelopedthroughcenturiesandconstituteanimportantelementoftheirtraditionallivelihoodsthatallowedthisArcticIndigenouspeopletosurviveinharshenvironment.Weexaminesomeparticularmethodsandtechniquesoffoodproduction,storage,andprocessing.Thoseinclude,forexample,specialdevicesforstoringfoodbytheChukchi,suchasthewell-fridges,locatedwithinthetraditionaldwelling-yaranga.TheauthorsdevoteascientificinteresttotheprinciplesofmakingfoodbasedontheculinarycustomsandknowledgeoftheindigenouspeoplesoftheChukotkaPeninsula,aswellaspracticesofconsumptionofraw,cookedandcuredfoods.

4 Environment&ClimateChangesThemeleader:GreteHovelsrud,[email protected]

4.1 Vulnerability,AdaptationandResiliencetoClimateChangeintheArctic

Chair:SusannaGartler

June8–2:30p.m.

N430

4.1.1

“TheseMountainsSavedaLotofPeople”:MaritimeAlpineFloodRefugeCairnsinSoutheastAlaska

ThomasThornton

StackedrockfeaturesontheArcticandSubarcticlandscapearecommon,fromthefamousInuksuitofInuitcountrytohuntingblinds,trailmarkers,caches,burialsites,prayerseats,shamanicplatforms,floodrefugesandothersitesfoundwidelythroughoutNorthwesternNorthAmericaandbeyond.ThispaperexaminestheoralhistorybehindmaritimealpinefloodrefugesitesinSoutheastAlaska,someofwhicharelinkedtoclimatechangeandtheproverbialGreatFloodwhichoccurredinDistantTime,andisoftenattributedtoRaven.ModernTlingitcommunitieslocatefloodrefugesites,orstonenests,onmountainsproximaltotheirmajorhistoricalsettlements,andsomeofthesefeatureshavebeenlocatedatheightsof2000-3000feetabovesealevelandexaminedbyscientists.ThispaperexaminestheimportanceofthesesitesintheoralhistoryofpeopleandplaceinTlingitcountryinSoutheastAlaska,NorthernBritishColumbia,andSouthernYukonTerritory.Therefugesitesareimportantlandmarks,notonlyofdisastrousfloodevents,butoftheresilienceandadaptivecapacityoftheindigenousinhabitantswhosurvivedthemandredistributedthemselvesonthechangedland.Withsealevels,glaciallakeoutbursts,andotherfloodeventsontherise,thelessonsofthemountaincairnsthat“savedalotofpeople”arestillrelevantinthefaceofenvironmentalchangeintheAnthropocene.

4.1.2

ObservationsonClimatechangeoftheindigenouspeopleintheArcticzoneoftheSakhaRepublic(Yakutia),Russia

LarisaShelokhovskaia

In2015dataonobservationsofindigenouspeopleintheSiberianArctic(RusskoyeUstievillage,SakhaRepublic,Russia)aboutClimatechangewerecollected.Evidencefromindigenouspeoples,whoaregenerallyinvolvedintraditionalfishing,aboutsignsofchangesintheArcticclimatewithinlastdecadeswererevealed.Climatechangeandtheassociatedfluctuationsinthenaturewereobservedby83%oftherespondents.AmongsignsofClimatechangerespondentsmentionedearlierperiodsofsnowmeltingandthepassageofaniceontheIndigirkaRiver,deeperpermafrostthawing,expansionofplantspeciesandearlierperiodsofblooming,presenceofnewbirds,mammalsandfish.ThenumberoflocaltypicalfishspeciesintheIndigirkaRiverisreduced.Resultsarecomparableandsimilartothoseones,previouslyrevealedbyotherresearchersintheLowerKolymaRiver(SakhaRepublic,Russia)andChukotka(Russia).

4.1.3

Whatisthecontributionofanthropologytointerdisciplinaryclimatechangeresearch–anoverviewofmethodsandtheories

AlexandraMeyer,SusannaGartler

Anthropologistsareincreasinglyinvolvedininterdisciplinaryclimatechangeresearch.Thisurgesthequestions:Whataretheirrolesinsuchendeavors,andhowcananthropologicalmethodsandtheorycontributetotheimplementationandconceptualunderpinningsofsuchprojects?Theaimofthispaperistoreviewanddiscussanthropology’spotentialforassessingtheimpactsofpermafrosterosionanddevelopingadaptivestrategiesintheArctic.Weexploretowhatextentanthropologicalmethodssuchasparticipantobservationandqualitativeethnographicinterviewsarewell-suitedforintegratinglocalperspectivesandensuringparticipationinresearchdesignaswellasdisseminationofresults.Wearguethatlong-term,place-basedfieldworkcaninformclimatechangeresearchthroughsocio-culturalcontextualization.Startingfromcritiquesofcommunity-basedandcollaborativeapproachesweexaminepossiblepathwaysofdecolonizingresearchpractices.Further,wedealwiththequestionhowrecentanthropologicaltheorizations,incombinationwithmoreclassicapproachesofculturalecology,cancontributetoamorecomplexunderstandingofvulnerability,adaptation,harmandrisk.Weexaminehowanthropologicalinquiriesintotherelationshipbetweennatureandculture,societyandenvironment,andindeedtheovercomingofsuchdichotomiescaninformthehumandimensionsofclimatechangeresearch.

4.1.4

TheSableforEvenkireindeerherdersinSiberia:InterplayingDriversofchangesonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices

AlexandraLavrillier

ThispaperfirstintroducestheSiberianEvenkireindeerherdersandhuntersandtheirperceptionofglobal,climateandenvironmentchanges.ThemainsectionofthepaperpresentsacasestudyofoneofthemostimportantecosystemservicesfortheEvenkinomads–sablehunting–andhowitisthreatenedbycombineddriversofchange,fromclimatechangetomarketeconomy.Itstudiesthechangesinsnowandvegetalcoversrelatedtosableindetail,analysesthedependencyofthenomadsonthiseconomicactivity,andreflectsonhownationalandinternationaldriversofchangeinfluencethistradeand,consequently,thewell-beingoftheEvenki.Finally,itconcludesbydiscussingtheinterplayingdriversofchange.ThispaperreportsononeoftheresultsoftheBRISKprojectthatelaboratesatransdisciplinarystudyofglobalchanges(climatic,environmental,socio-economic,etc.)intheArctic.Itbringstogetherindigenouspeoples,socialanthropologists,climatologists,ecologistsandgeographerstogetherwithUNESCO.Moreprecisely,thepresentresultscomefromoneoftheCommunity-BasedTransdisciplinaryObservatoriesofBRISK,conceivedandcarriedoutbyandamongtheEvenkifrom2013byLavrillierA.(anthropologist),GabyshevS.(Evenkireindeerherderandhunter)andEgorovaL.(Evenkiweatherforecaster).AsinmanyotherplacesintheArctic,Siberianindigenouspeopleshavenoticedthatthecoldseasonstakeholdmuchlaterthantheydid20–30yearsago,especiallythefirstsnowinstallation.FortheEvenkinomadicreindeerherdersofSouthernSiberia,thedifferentsnowcoverqualitieseitherpermitorthreatentraditionalhuntingpractices.Huntingisacrucialelementofthenomadicsubsistenceeconomy.Inaddition,theenvironmentofnomadsandtheirtraditionaleconomies,societiesandculturesarethreatenedbyglobalchangescausedbyregional,nationalandinternationalpolicies.

4.3 TheConservationandManagementoftheEnvironmentandResourcesintheArctic:LawandPolicy

Chair:WangHanling

June10–10:30p.m.

N260

4.3.1

Managingecosystemcommons–AttitudetowardenvironmentalconsiderationamongSwedishforestownersbasedonaforestownertypology

CamillaWidmark

Managementofcommonecosystemsisanimportantchallengeforpolicymakers.Especiallytheforestisavitalproviderofecosystemservices.InSweden,forestcoverabout57percentoftotallandarea,andisonemajorprovidertothelocaleconomy.Abouthalfoftheforestlandisownedbynon-industrialprivateforestowners,whiletherestisownedbyforestcompaniesorthegovernment.Swedishforestpolicygenerallywrittenaccordingtotheso-calledSwedishForestModelwhichmeansthattheforestowners,regardlessofownershipstructure,havethefreedombutalsotheresponsibility,tomanagetheirforesttofulfillthegeneralconsiderationparagraph.Thepolicythusincreasedthedemandofmorecompetenceoftheforestownerintermsofknowledgeofe.g.,environmentalconsideration.Thepolicysystemdoesnotincentivizeforestownerstotakeconsiderationandtherearenopenaltiesforownerswhodonotfulfilthegoalsandinvestigationshowsthatconsiderationhasdecreased.Itseemsthatforestpolicyisfailing,astheenvironmentalgoalsarenotreached.Thequestioniswhyispolicynotsuccessful?Onequestion,notpreviouslyresearched,ishowforestowner’sattitudesandvaluesaffecttheirbehaviortowardenvironmentalconsideration.Inarecentpostalsurveydirectedto3000non-industrialprivateforestowners(thelargestownershipgroupinSweden),questionsonattitudesandvaluesaimsatevaluatingtheSwedishforestrymodel.Afirststep,presentedinthispaper,istounderstandthemotivationbehindforestownership.Intheforestownershiptypology,wefoundthreedistinctmotivationsdrivingforestownership:economic,consumptionandprotectiongoals.Withinthesethreecategorieswefoundfiveownershiptypes.Theretypologiescanfurtherbeusedinfutureresearchexplainingattitudesandvaluesinrelationtoenvironmentalconsideration,socialandrecreationalvalues,aswellasgeneralattitudestoSwedishforestpolicy.

4.3.2

TheCentralArcticOceanFisheriesManagementandChina’sResponseandStrategy------ImplicationsfromtheCentralBeringSeaPollockResourcesConservation

ZouLeilei

TheCentralBeringSea,thehighsealocatedatthesub-Arcticarea,sufferedthepollockresourcesdepletionfromoverfishinginthe1990s.Withthejointeffortsfromcoastalstatesanddistant-waterfishingstates,ConventionontheConservationandManagementofPollockResourcesintheCentralBeringSeawassigned.Withtheconvention,cooperativefisheriesarrangementisestablished,facilitatingtheinvolvementofcoastalstatesanddistant-waterfishingstatesintheconstructionofmanagementregimeandimplementationofmanagementmeasures.WiththeprospectoftheCentralArcticOceanFisheriesdevelopingintoanemergingfisheryundertheclimatechange,constructingitsfisheriesmanagementregimeislistedontheagenda.ThepaperwillexploretheexperiencefromtheCentralBeringSeapollockresourcesconservationanditsimplicationstotheCentralArcticOceanfisheriesmanagement.Adetailedstudywillbeconductedintotheroleofscientificresearch,coordinationbetweencoastalstatesanddistant-waterfishingstates,internationalcooperationcoordinatedbyRegionalFisheriesManagementOrganization,precautionaryapproach,managementfordynamicfisheries,theexperiencefromtheCentralBeringSea.AnotherdetailedstudywillbeconductedtoexplorehowtheCentralArcticOceancanlearnfromtheexperience.Besides,theroleofdistant-waterstatesintheCentralBeringSeapollockconservationwillalsothrowsomelightonnon-Arcticstates’approachtotheprospectiveCentralArcticOceanfisheriesanditsmanagement.

Keywords:theCentralBeringSea;conservationandmanagementofpollockresources;theCentralArcticOcean;implications

4.3.3

"Tofishornottofish?":vulnerabilityoffishingcommunitiesofArcticSiberiatoenvironmentalchangeandsocio-politicaltransformations

StanislavKsenofontov,NormanBackhaus,GabrielaSchaepman-Strub

OneofthecrucialnaturalresourcesfortheArcticindigenouscommunitiesofSiberiaisfish.Fishisimportantnotonlyasfood,butalsoasacashincome(Caulfield,2000).Moreover,fishplaysanimportantroleinthesocialfabricofthelocalpeople.However,recentclimatechangeintheArctichaschallengedfishingactivities(ACIA,2005).Inaddition,thelivelihoodsofArcticcommunitiesareaffectedbyotherfactorssuchaschangingfishingandhuntingregulations,depopulation,andchallengesoflivinginaremotearea(West&Hovelsrud,2010).Thisstudyassessesthevulnerabilitycontextofthesecommunities.Wehypothesizethatclimatechangerelatedtrends(suchasincreasingtemperatureandalteredseasonality),andshocks,suchasthebreakdownoftheSovietUnionornewfishingregulations,increaseArcticpeoples’vulnerabilityandcompromisethesustainabilityoftheirlivelihoods.ThisresearchisbasedoninterviewsperformedinfourArcticsettlementsinNorthEasternSiberiaintheRussianRepublicSakha(Yakutia),whereEvenyandEvenki-bothpartoftheTungusethnicgroup-andYakuts(Turkicethnicity)live.34qualitativein-depthinterviewswithofficials,expertsaswellaslocalpeoplewereperformedin2014andaquantitativestandardizedquestionnairewith204dwellerswascarriedoutin2015.Theresearchshowsthatoverthelastdecadeslocalpeopleobservechangesinweatherpatterns:warmerwinters,coldersummers,andanincreasingunpredictabilityoftheweather.Theyalsoreportedaboutearlyarrivalsofspring,whichcausesearlierriverbreakups.Moreover,somecommunitymembersobservedalatefreezeupofice,andthishinderswinterfishing.Participantsoftheinterviewsreportedasignificantdecreaseofcaughtfish.Membersofallcommunitiesstatedthatriverlevelshadessentiallyincreasedandthuswereareasonoffishnumberstodecline.

4.3.4

RussiaandtheenvironmentalpartofthePolarCodeinthewidercontextofinternationalenvironmentalshippingregulations

DorottyaBognar

TheRussianFederation,thebiggestArcticcoastalState,hasbeenanimportantStateduringthenegotiationoftheInternationalMaritimeOrganization's(IMO)mandatoryPolarCode.WhileRussiareliesheavilyonArticle234oftheUNConventionontheLawoftheSeathatallowsunilateralenvironmentalprotectionmeasures,itshistoryofcommitmenttoenvironmentalprotectionandpollutionpreventionintheArcticischequered.ThepaperlooksatRussia'spositionsandargumentsinthenegotiationoftheenvironmentalpartofthePolarCodeaswellasindebatesofotherenvironmentalissuesattheIMO,tofindpattersofbehavior,positionsandarguments,withaviewtohelpinterpretRussia'sunderstandingofArticle234andhighlightpossibleconcernsfortheimplementationofthePolarCode'senvironmentalpart.

4.3.5

EvaluationofclimatechangesensitivityofselectedArcticsettlements-studyofadaptability,conditionsanddirectionsofspatialmanagement

MarekJaskólski,StrzeleckiM.C,LantuitH

Followingtherecentpublicationsandreportsonclimatechange,onecannoticeasignificantincreaseoftheroleofspatialplanningasaweapontominimizetheeffectsoftheprocessesofglobalwarming.However,anissueofspecialplanningavailablestrategiesforsustainabledevelopmentintheArcticismarginalized.ItisallthemoreremarkablethattheclimatechangesintheArcticaremorevisiblethanatlowerlatitudesandwrongplanninghasadirecteffectonhumanactivityandtheenvironment.HerewepresentthefirstresultsofaresearchprojectthataimstoevaluatetheinfluenceofenvironmentalhazardsassociatedwithclimatechangeandmultidirectionalhumanimpactonthestateanddirectionsofspatialplanningofselectedArcticsettlements.Throughthecombineduseofmethodsofspatialplanning,techniquesofgeographicinformationsystemaswellastheenvironmentalimpactassessment,weintendtoidentifyexistingandpotentialenvironmentalhazards,assesstheriskoftheirimpactonexistingandplannedinfrastructureanddemonstratethedirectionofsustainability.Weintendtocomparesettlementsvariedduetotheaspectsofurbanandenvironmentalconditionsasalsotheemergenceanddevelopment(ordegradation)ofspatialconditions:1.LongyearbyeninSvalbard(EuropeanpartofArctic)2.TuktoyaktukinCanada(AmericanpartofArctic)3.TiksiinRussianFederation(AsianpartofArctic)WeexpectthattheresultswillhelptodetermineexistinginfrastructureandenvironmentriskinrepresentativeArcticsettlements,andpreparesustainableplanningrecommendationsconsideringpossibledirectionsofdevelopment.ParticularattentionwillbepaidtotheinteractionofmanwithrapidlychangingcoastalenvironmentinordertofindmanagementpracticesintheareaoftheArcticcoaststhatwillbeenvironmentfriendlyandsafeforbothinvestorsandusers.

4.5 Vulnerability,AdaptationandResiliencetoClimateChangeintheArcticandSub-Arctic

Chair:LizaM.Mack

June10–10:30a.m.

N230

4.5.1

ClimateChangeInOymyakon:Perceptions,ResponsesAndHowLocalKnowledgeMayInformPolicy

VeraSolovyeva

Astudy,supportedbyNSFgrant,focusesontheimpactsof,vulnerabilitiesfrom,andadaptationstrategiestoclimatechangeoftwoSiberiannativecommunities:theSakhaandtheEvensthatliveintheoneofthecoldestinhabitedareaonEarth-Oymyakon,locatedinRepublicofSakha(Yakutia),RussianFederation.Evensaresemi-nomadicreindeerherdersandtheSakhaarehorseandcattlebreeders.Theybothpracticehunting,fishing,andharvestingnaturalresourcesasnecessaryadditionstotheirfoodsupply.EvensandSakhaarewelladaptedtotheextremeconditionsofthenorth;however,theycurrentlyfaceformidablechallengesduetotheprocessesofclimatechangethatinteractsynergisticallywithotherstressingfactorsrootedintheirrecenthistory.Efficientpolicyactionsaimedateffectiveadaptationtochangingconditionsrequireequalparticipationoflocalpeopleingovernanceatalllevels,frombottomtotop.Includinglocalizedecologicalknowledgeofindigenouspeoplesinthelegislativeprocesshelpsdevelopbettertailoredlawsandguidelinestowardclimatechangeadaptation,duetotakingintoaccounttheuniqueregionalcharacteristicsofwherepeoplelive.Thiscouldalsohelpraisetheroleofindigenouspeoplestothatequalparticipantsinthelegislativeprocess,allowingthemtodevelopastrategybasedonconservationprinciplesthatwouldhelpthemeffectivelymanagewildlifeandnaturalresourceswhileimprovingthewell-beingandsustainabilityoftheircommunities.Thisresearchisaimedatfindingwhataspectsoftheirecologicalknowledge,cultureandotherfactorstheEvensandSakhaperceiveaskeytotheiradaptationtoclimate

changeandsustainablelife.Theresearchisalsoaimedtoexplorethewayslocalknowledgecanbenefitpolicyandthedecision-makingprocesses.

4.5.2

AdaptationtoEnvironmentalChangeinThreeAleutianIslandCommunities

JenniferSchmidt,MeredithMarchioni

Globalchangesinclimateareaffectingecosystemsandresidentsaroundtheworld,butchangesareacceleratedintheArctic.ThinningoftheArcticseaice,increasesinairtemperatures,andchangesinoceantemperatureshavecascadingeffectsonbiomassandavailabilityofsubsistenceandcommercialharvestedspeciesintheAleutianIslands.OurresearchusedbothqualitativeandquantitativemethodstogainabetterunderstandingofhowenvironmentalandsocialchangesinfluencesubsistenceandcommercialharvestsinAtka,Akutan,andNikolski.Weconductedinterviewswithresidentsofthesecommunitiesin2016todocumenttheirperceptionsofecologicalchangeandhowtheyhaveadaptedtothesechanges.Aninitialreviewofthedatadisplaysprominentenvironmentalchangesobservedoverthepast20yearsandhowthesechangeshaveincreasedinrapidityinthemorerecent10years.Weatherstationdataindicateairtemperatureshaveincreased,especiallyinfall,withthegreatestchangesinAkutan.PrecipitationwasmuchmorevariablewithincreasesinAkutan,butdecreasesinAtkaandmixedtrendsinNikolski.Surveys,interviews,mappingexercises,andparticipantobservationrevealedsimilardataasispublishedbyclimacticandecologicalscholars.Furthermore,studyresultsrevealanetworkofecological,economic,andsocio-culturalfactorsimpactingthesubsistencepracticesofresidents.Initialresultsindicatethatincreasedavailabilityofnon-wildfoods,exclusionfromsharingnetworks,conflictswithemployment,andpersonalchoicesareassociatedwithdecreasedharvests.Weillustratetheresultsofourdataanalysisinamodelofinfluentialfactorsandtheweightoftheirimpactonresidents’abilitytocontinuetoliveintheircommunities,andtocarryouttheirsubsistencepractices.

4.5.3 CommunityInvolvementintheCo-ProductionofKnowledge

LizaMack,JessicaBlack

ArcticIndigenouspeoplehavebeenstewardsontheirlandandpresentintheirlandscapesformillennia.Theyhavebeenexperiencingthecontinuitiesandthechangesintheenvironmentforthousandsofyears.Acrossthearctic,therehasbeenaninfluxofinterestedpartiesrequestingaccessandwantingknowledgetobetterunderstandtheenvironmentfromanIndigenousperspective.TheholisticnatureofIndigenousideologiesandpedagogyencouragesus,asIndigenousscholars,tobridgemultiplefacetsofknowledgeandshareitinwaysthatarerelevantandmeaningfultooureldersandcommunitymembers,whilealsoencouragingotherstounderstandfromcommunityperspectives.

ThispaperdiscussesourexperiencesworkingcollaborativelywithIndigenouscommunitiesintheArcticandSub-Arctic.Itwillhighlightresearchbeingdoneusingtriballyapprovedresearchmethodsandapproachesthatshowcasetheco-productionofknowledge.Knowledgeco-productionbenefitsallpartiesinvolvedandencouragesresearchthatismeaningful,respectfulandusefultoArcticpeople,communitiesandstakeholderswantingaccess.Theauthorswilldiscussrapportbuildingtechniqueshowinformationandresearchcanbesharedinmeaningfulandrespectfulwaystomultipleaudiences.

4.5.4 PoliticalSystemsandClimateChangeResponse:HowRegimesCanImpactAdaptationinThreatenedCoastalCommunities

BrianGrodsky

Overthepastseveraldecades,therehasbeensignificantresearchintothewillingnessandabilityofdemocraticversusnon-democraticregimestosupplycriticalpublicgoodstotheircitizens.Astheworldfacesincreasedthreatsfromclimatechange-relatedhazards,thisquestiontakesonnewsignificance.Inthispaper,Ifocusonhowsmallcoastalcommunitiesrespondtocriticalslow-onsethazards,suchaserosionandseawaterinfiltration,thatthreatentomaketheirtownsandvillagesuninhabitable.Howdovariousdemocraticparticipatoryinstitutions,orthelackthereof,impactthesortsofadaptationweseeinthefaceofthesecriticalhazards?Inthispaper,IdrawfromaninterdisciplinaryliteraturetolayoutatheoreticalresponsetothisquestionandthenprovidesomepreliminaryevidencefromArcticandnon-Arcticstates.

4.6 Climatechangemitigation,adaptationandresilience

Chair:MariaNilsson

June12–10:30a.m.

N320

4.6.1

ChallengestoadaptationofIndigenouspeoplesofYakutiatoClimateChange

ShadrinVyacheslav

IndigenouspeoplesofYakutiaareawareofclimatechangeandtherearemanychanges.Theweatherisnolongerpredictable;inthewordsofanelder“wehavestoppedtrustingnatureandnaturehasstoppedtrustingus”.Theimpactsofclimatechangeontheeconomicandculturallifeofindigenouspeoplescandividedintofivecategories:(i)infrastructure,(ii)communications,(iii)traditionaleconomy,(iv)healthand(v)increasedaccesstonaturalresources.Oninfrastructure,facilitieshavebeendestroyedasaresultofclimatechange.Meltingpermafrostaffectsfoundationsofbuildingsarebeingdamaged.Indigenouspeoplecannolongersafelycrossriversandlakesontheice;pipelinesrupturewithconsequentimpactsonlifeandecology.Onthetraditionaleconomy,climatechangecausesseriousimpactsonthetraditionaleconomyofindigenouspeoples,especiallyonreindeerherding.Climatechangeaffectsmigrationroutesandhunting.Theriskstothelivesofhuntersandfishermenincreasebecauseofthethinice.Fishrunschange,fishpopulationdynamicshavechangedandnewspecieshaveappeared.Everyoneisaffectedbythethawingofthepermafrost.Onincreasedaccesstonaturalresources,oneoftheeffectsofclimatechangehasbeentofacilitateaccesstoareascontainingcommerciallyinterestingnaturalresources.Asnewpopulationshavearrivedtotakeadvantageofthesenewresourceextractionopportunitiesindigenouslandshavebeenconfiscated.Andthisisoneofthemainchallengetoindigenouspeoples.Oneeldersays:Wecanadopttoeverything,butwecan'tadoptwithoutourland.

4.6.2

ClimateChangeinIceland–PerceivedorActualThreat?

AuðurHIngólfsdóttir

ClimatechangehasbeenidentifiedasathreattobothnationalsecurityandhumansecurityinIcelandinpublicreportsandpolicydocuments.Atthesametime,excitementaboutneweconomicopportunitiesduetothemeltingoftheArcticicehasalsobeennoticeableinpoliticaldiscourses.Thispresentationwilldiscusshowclimatechangehasbeendefinedasathreatinpublicdiscoursesandifandhowthoseinvolvedinshapingclimatepolicyperceiveclimatechangeasasecuritythreat.Thedatausedincludespublicpolicy

documents,speechesofkeypoliticiansandinterviewswithpoliticians,civilservants,activistsandexpertswhohaveparticipatedinpublicdiscoursesaboutclimatechangeinIceland.

4.6.3 LimitationstoclimatechangeadaptationandresilienceforSwedishreindeerherders

MariaFurberg,MariaNilsson

AcenturylongprocessofmodernisationhaschangedthereindeerherdingcultureinSweden.Fromaself-sufficientlifestylewithsmallflocksofreindeerherdedbyagroupofpersonsonfootorskistothemoreindustriallarge-scaleherdingoftodayusingmotorvehicles.Thedriversofthischangehavebeenbothexternalandinternal,adaptingtochangingcircumstances.Theuseofsnowmobiles,motorcycles,helicoptersandtruckstomovetheherdinmodernreindeerherdingisexpensive,fossilfueldependent,untraditionalandhasforcedmanywomenawayfromreindeerherding.Inaninterviewstudyaboutclimatechangeeffectsperformedin2010,someparticipantstalkedabouthowtheywantedtorevertbacktomoretraditionalreindeerherdingmethodstoincreasetheresilienceofthetradeandreducethecarbonfootprintandhowthisreversionwasobstructedbyseveralfactors.Mostoftheseobstacleswereconstitutedbyacombinationofsocietalandclimaticfactors.Thelackofgrazingcausedbymodernforestryalongtheannualmigrationpathwayspreventedmovingtheherdonfoot.Delayedformationoflakeandrivericeinthefallduetoclimatechangerenderedlargehydropowerwaterreservoirsimpossibletopass.Recentdecadeswarmwinterswithlittlesnowleavinganicecrustonthegroundscatterstheherd,makingitimpossibletogathertheanimalsonskisandfacilitateforpredators.Examplesliketheseillustrateshowsocietaldecisionscaninfluencethecarbonfootprintofanindustry.Policyeffortstopromoteadaptationtothecurrentsituationandsecurepreservedviablemovingrouteswithenoughgrazingalongtheannualmigrationpathways,arewaystosupportareductionofthecarbonfootprintofreindeerherdingandincreaseresilience.

4.6.4

TheeNukProgram:Participatory,community-ledenvironmentandhealthsurveillancewithInuitinRigolet,Nunatsiavut,Canada.

AshleeCunsolo,AlexandraSawatzky,DanielGillis,AnnaBunce,OliverCook,InezShiwak,CharlieFlowers,JackShiwak,MicheleWood,JamesFord,ChrisFurgal,VictoriaEdge,theRigoletInuitCommunityGovernment,andSherileeHarper

ImpactsofenvironmentalchangesintheCircumpolarNorthpresentmajorhealthchallengesamongInuitpopulationsreliantontheenvironmentforsustenanceandlivelihoods.ResearchhasuncoveredmanyassociationsbetweenenvironmentalchangeandInuithealth;however,developingresponsestothesecumulativeoutcomesisaseriouschallenge.Surveillancesystemsthatintegrateenvironmentalandsocio-economicfactorsareneededtosupportresponsestotheseoutcomes,andtohelpidentifywhereandwhenresponsesareneeded.Governments,industries,healthpractitioners,andacademicsalikehavecalledforcommunity-ledapproachestosurveillancetoprovidemanagementtoolsfordecision-makersandcommunities.Inresponsetothiscallforcommunity-ledsurveillance,ateamofInuitandnon-InuitresearchershavebeenworkingwiththecommunityofRigolet,Nunatsiavut,Labrador,CanadatodevelopandimplementtheeNukprogram:anInuit-designedparticipatoryenvironmentandhealthsurveillancesystemthatwilltrack,analyze,andrespondtohealthimpactsofclimatechange,resourcedevelopment,andsocio-culturalandsocio-economicshiftsusingalocally-designediPodApp.Activeengagementofallstakeholderstoco-developtheoverallprojectdesigniscentral,andwillinclude:1)Focusgroupdiscussionsandinterviewswithcommunitymembersandgovernmentstakeholderstocharacterizeprioritiesforthesurveillancesystem;2)ParticipatorydevelopmentofaniPodAppwithInuitinRigolettocollecttimely

environmentandhealthdata;3)Activecommunity-ledmonitoringusingtheApptogatherin-depthwritten,oral,audio,andvisualdocumentationofenvironmentandhealthmetrics.Informationgatheredwillbeusedtoinformlocally-relevantprogrammingandpolicyintheregion,includinganenvironment-healthsurveytoolandresponsivehealthprogramming.Thisresearchmayalsoprovidethefoundationtosupportcommunity-ledadaptationresponsesacrosstheNorth.

4.6.5

ClimaticChangeAdaptionAmidstOtherEnvironmentalHazards

SkylerJaydenDembe

Itissufficetoconstantlyassesscommunityvulnerabilityandcapacitieswithregardtoclimaticchangeandbuildtheirresiliencethroughadaptationefforts,complementingmitigationeffortsaimedatreducingtherateandmagnitudeofclimatechange.ThisframeworkhasshiftedfromDisastermanagementtoasustainableapproachofDisasterriskReduction.Disastersareassociatedwithextremeweatherevents.Climatechangedirectlyinteractswiththeexposuretoclimaticextremes.Thechallengeinthecontextofadaptationistomovefromtheunderstandingthatclimatechangeisoccurringtoconcretemeasuresthatreduceexistingvulnerabilitiesofhumanandecologicalsystems.ThefocusinthisstudyistheeffectsandresponsesoffloodriskimposedbystormwateramongtheurbanpoorlivinginthehighlyvulnerableshantyneighborhoodsontheoutskirtsofKampalacitycentre.Itexplorestheunderlyingvulnerabilitiesofthetwoareasandthechallengingproblemofhowtoeffectivelyshapehumaninstitutionalresponsestotheriskofnaturaldisasterswithaspecialfocusonfloods.Thesocialriskmanagementandasset-basedapproachesonwhichthestudyisbasedprovideaconceptualframeworkforunderstandingthesequentiallinksbetweenrisks;humanexposureandsensitivity;theimpactsofriskyevents;andriskmanagementstrategies.Theoutcomeofthestudyshowsmarkeddifferencesinthevulnerabilityfactorsandthemanagementoffloodrelateddisastersinthetwostudyareas.Furthermore,itwasrevealedthattheindigenouscopingmechanismsemployedbythepoormaybecomelesseffectiveasincreasinglyflimsylivelihoodsystemsstruggletowithstanddisastershocks.Strategiestoreducevulnerabilityshouldbeentrenchedinvulnerabilityanalysisandgreaterunderstandingofbothhousehold-levelanduniversal-responseoptionsthatareavailabletodecreasethevulnerableexposuretoclimaterisk.Keywords:Stormwater,floodrisk,Climatechangeadapt

4.7a SocioculturalaspectsofclimatechangeintheNorthAtlanticGatewaytotheArctic

Chair:KristinnSchram

June11–1:30p.m.

N230

4.7a.1

BraincirculationinIceland,FaroeIslandsandGreenlandmitigatingverysmallabsolutecapabilitiesforinternationalengagement?

RasmusGjedssøBertelsen

Asaresultofclimatechangeinrecentyears,thelargeeconomiesofEastAsiahavestartedtolookattheArcticasanareaofeconomicopportunityinseveralkeyareas,includingresources,shipping,andservicesincludingtourismanddevelopment.However,IcelandhasslowlybutsteadilypositioneditselfasaneconomicgatewaytotheArcticduetoitssmallstatestatus,aforeignpolicywhichstillleanstowardssoftnon-alignment,anditsgeographiclocaleintheNorthAtlantic.ExamplesofAsianeconomicdiplomacyinIcelandaregrowing,especiallyfromChinainlightofthebilateralfreetradeagreementoperationalsince2014,variouseconomicagreementsandinterestinChineseinvestment.However,otherAsianeconomies,

includingJapan,SingaporeandSouthKoreaarealsolookingtoIcelandaspotentialhubforbilateralandmultilateraleconomicprospects.WiththeArcticCouncilstillseekingtoaddressthechangedsocio-economicsituationintheArcticasaresultofclimatechange,manynon-Arcticeconomiesaretakingastate-to-stateapproachtothefarnorth,andIcelandarguablehasbeenthemostreceptivetotheideaoftheArcticasagrowinginternationaleconomicspace.ThequestionhoweveriswhetherIcelandasasmallstatecandevelopitsforeignpoliciestoaddressthisgreaterdegreeofattentionfromAsia.ThispaperarguesthattheWestNordicnationsofGreenland,Iceland,theFaroeIslands,andNorwayshoulddevelopandapplyPost-NormalDiplomacyintheArctic.ThistypeofdiplomacybuildsoninsightsfromthetheoryofPost-NormalGovernance;anewgovernanceframeworkrespondingtoasituationofwickedcriseswhere“factsareuncertain,valuesindispute,stakeshigh,anddecisionsurgent”.Diplomacyhasalreadydevelopedfromatraditionalapproachtoahybridone,andintheArcticitisoftenconnectedwithscience,cooperation,economicdevelopment,anddialogue.However,theArcticisevidentlyhometomanyontologicalandepistemologicalrisksconnectedwithe.g.climatechange,environmentaldegradation,economicdevelopment,shipping,andevensecurityissuesinUkraine.ThispaperdescribeswhatPost-NormalDiplomacyisandargueswhyitisasuitableapproachfortheWestNordicnations.Post-NormalDiplomacyfocusesonengaginganextendedpeercommunity,co-productionandsharingofknowledge,inclusionofotherknowledges,andbuildingtrustasthebasisofcrisismanagement.

4.7a.2

AnOpenDoor:IcelandasanArcticNexusforNortheastAsia

MarcLanteigne

Asaresultofclimatechangeinrecentyears,thelargeeconomiesofEastAsiahavestartedtolookattheArcticasanareaofeconomicopportunityinseveralkeyareas,includingresources,shipping,andservicesincludingtourismanddevelopment.However,IcelandhasslowlybutsteadilypositioneditselfasaneconomicgatewaytotheArcticduetoitssmallstatestatus,aforeignpolicywhichstillleanstowardssoftnon-alignment,anditsgeographiclocaleintheNorthAtlantic.ExamplesofAsianeconomicdiplomacyinIcelandaregrowing,especiallyfromChinainlightofthebilateralfreetradeagreementoperationalsince2014,variouseconomicagreementsandinterestinChineseinvestment.However,otherAsianeconomies,includingJapan,SingaporeandSouthKoreaarealsolookingtoIcelandaspotentialhubforbilateralandmultilateraleconomicprospects.WiththeArcticCouncilstillseekingtoaddressthechangedsocio-economicsituationintheArcticasaresultofclimatechange,manynon-Arcticeconomiesaretakingastate-to-stateapproachtothefarnorth,andIcelandarguablehasbeenthemostreceptivetotheideaoftheArcticasagrowinginternationaleconomicspace.ThequestionhoweveriswhetherIcelandasasmallstatecandevelopitsforeignpoliciestoaddressthisgreaterdegreeofattentionfromAsia.

4.7a.3

Post-NormalDiplomacyintheArctic

LauØfjordBlaxekjær

ThispaperarguesthattheWestNordicnationsofGreenland,Iceland,theFaroeIslands,andNorwayshoulddevelopandapplyPost-NormalDiplomacyintheArctic.ThistypeofdiplomacybuildsoninsightsfromthetheoryofPost-NormalGovernance;anewgovernanceframeworkrespondingtoasituationofwickedcriseswhere“factsareuncertain,valuesindispute,stakeshigh,anddecisionsurgent”.Diplomacyhasalreadydevelopedfromatraditionalapproachtoahybridone,andintheArcticitisoftenconnectedwithscience,cooperation,economicdevelopment,anddialogue.However,theArcticisevidentlyhometomanyontologicalandepistemologicalrisksconnectedwithe.g.climatechange,environmentaldegradation,economicdevelopment,shipping,andevensecurityissuesinUkraine.Thispaperdescribes

whatPost-NormalDiplomacyisandargueswhyitisasuitableapproachfortheWestNordicnations.Post-NormalDiplomacyfocusesonengaginganextendedpeercommunity,co-productionandsharingofknowledge,inclusionofotherknowledges,andbuildingtrustasthebasisofcrisismanagement.

4.7a.4

ClimatechangeandmobilityintheArctic:ThecaseofGreenland

UffeJakobsen

ClimateChangeissaidtoincreasetheaccessibilityofnaturalresourcesintheArcticandtobeanimportantdriverofsocioeconomicchangeandtocauseproblemsofsocioculturalinteractionsaspartofdomestichumanmobilityandtransnationalmigration.Thispaperwillfirstlookatthestatisticsonsocietalimpactofclimatechange,domestichumanmobilityandtransnationalimmigrationandemigrationbyaskingquestionsonclimatechangemigrationintheArcticassuchcomparedtopatternsofmigrationinGreenland.Further,itwilllookatsocioeconomicopportunitiesandsocioculturalchallengesofmigratingpeoplescomingtoGreenlandandleavingGreenland.Intheliterature,whitepapersandthepressfocushasbeenonArctic-AsianinterculturalrelationsandGreenlandic-Danishidentitypolitics.Thepaperwillanalyzerelationsbetweenclimatechangenarrativesandmanifest.

4.7a.5

ClimateChangeandtheArctificationofNorthernTourism

DieterK.Müller

Thispresentationofferssomepreliminarythoughtsonthenexusofclimatechangeandtourism.Oftenclimatechangeisportrayedasapotentialthreattotourisminhighlatitudes,notleastbecauseofitsimpactonfaunaandaseeminglypristinenature.However,ithasalsobeclaimedthatmediaattentionaroundclimatechangetriggerswhathasbeencalled"lastchancetourism".ItlurespeopletotheNorthofferingexperiencesofitswildlifebeforeclimatechangeextinguishesthecurrentecosystem.Hence,thereisariskthatclimatechangebecomesacompetitiveadvantageandanintegratedpartofthecommodificationofNorthernenvironmentandcommunities.Inthiscontextare-labelingoftourismintheNorthasArctictourismbecomesamarketingtoolbenefittingfromthecurrentinterestforenvironmentalchangeintheArctic.

4.7b SocioculturalaspectsofclimatechangeintheNorthAtlanticGatewaytotheArctic

Chair:KristinnSchram

June11–3:30p.m.

N230

4.7b.1

UndertheShieldshapedMountain

JóhannaBjörk

UndertheShieldshapedMountainisavisualethnographywiththechildreninKulusuk,EastGreenland.Tsumu?Iaskedthemwhentheycametomystorytellingworkshop,wheredowego?Inthesmartphone,childrendownto6yearsoldhaveaccesstoalltheaudio-visualtoolsneededtotellandsharetheirstories.Theseworkshopsframedmyvisualethnographyandparticipantobservationandwasthegatewaytolearnmoreaboutthecommunity.Atthesametimeasnationalpoliticsareadvocatingforurbanizationand

cuttinginservicestothesettlements,thereisacontinuingurgencytobetterthechildren’swelfare,especiallythesettlementchildren’s.Thiscontradictiondrovemyfieldworkforward.Theresearchshowedmethatasteenagersthechildrenhaveoutgrownboththegeographicalandsociallandscapesandthereislittletheircommunitycanprovidefortheirfuture(Ingold1993).Theyknowthattobuildafuturetheymustleaveanditscaresthem.Themultipleaudio-visualscreatedduringtheworkshoparethusafundamentalpartoftheresearch.ThroughoutthepresentationIwillbereferringtorelevantclips.Asignificantpartofthestudyistheexhibit:12smartphoneswithshortvideoshangonawallpaperedlandscapeofthechildren’sphotos,suggestingalinkbetweentheirgeographicalandsociallandscapes.

4.7b.2

TherelationshipbetweenGreenlandersandsleddogs:anethnographiccasestudyinKulusuk,EastGreenland

AndreaFiocca

Duetotheharshclimateconditions,theinhabitantsoftheArctichavelimitedresources,whichleadstoaveryuniquewayoflife.Therelationshipbetweendogsandhumansisoneofthecharacteristicrelationshipsinthearea,acoexistencebasedonsurvivalandmutualstewardship.Sleddogs,whoseroleisdeeplyimplantedinGreenlandiccultureareessentialforhumanmobilityintheArcticandareasignificantpartofthelocalsubsistence-economy.ThegoalofthisethnographyistoofferacomprehensiveviewofhuntingactivitieswiththeuseofsleddogsinKulusuk,asmallvillageinEastGreenland.Throughparticipantobservationofpracticeslinkedtosleddogusethisresearchprojectwilladdressperceptionsoflocalinhabitantsregardingsleddogs,environmentandtourism.TherelationshipbetweenGreenlandersandtheirdogscanunveilmultiplemeaningsregardinghowthevalueofanimal,environmentandheritagevaryandchangethroughtraditional,ruralandurbanizingareas.Inrecentyears,bothclimatechangeandincreasingtourismhavebeentransformingtheuseofdogsintheArctic,offeringnewperspectivesforthesetraditionalpracticesintheArctic,bothintheeconomicandculturaldimensions.Theresearchwillfocusonthesechangesandseehowtheyaffectthepeople’ssurvivalandaccesstorecourses.Inthiscontext,theanalysisofnewchallengesforArcticcommunitieswillthrowlightonthefuturedynamicsofmobilityintheseareas.

4.7b.3

Movingandmelting:identityprocessesinamobileNorthAtlantic

KatlaKjartansdóttir,KristinnSchram

Inthewakeofclimatechange,andanticipatingitsgreatchallenges,cooperationandmobilityintheNorthAtlanticisbothamatterofpolicyandalivedrealityofeverydaylife.Inthe“WestNordic”contextarelevantquestionishowmobilepeoplenegotiateandadapttoemergingopportunities,lastingbonds,oldtropesandnewconnections.Thispresentationlooksattheidentificationprocessesandidentitypoliticsofthearea.FocusingonnetworksofmobilepeopleinGreenlandandIcelanditdiscussestransnationalusesofethnicity,nationalandregionalimages,heritage,andhowdiscoursesofclimatechangeandresourcedevelopmentmayshapeidentitynegotiationsbetweenandamongstthesegroupsandindividuals.Withabackwardsglancetovertical,ortop-down,perspectivesofdiscourseandgovernance,thisresearchprojectwilllooktothehorizontalpracticesofthesepolitical,cultural,andterritorialissues.Itwillalsoofferthoughtsonfuturetrendsandpossibilitiesinidentityformationstocome.

4.7b.4 Climatechange,economicactivitiesandrisks:Aviewpointofinsurance

LáraJóhannsdóttir

ThebenefitofeconomicactivitiesintheArcticarefrequentlystated.Theseincludeexplorationofenergyresources,bothnon-renewableandrenewableresources,mining,fisheries,shippingandlogistics,andtourism.Risksofthoseactivitiesaretolesserdegreediscussed,andtheacademicliteratureonrisks,economicactivitiessuchasshipping,andinsuranceisalmostnon-existing.Nevertheless,theinsurancesectorhasidentifiedseveralriskcategories,includingoperationalrisks,environmentalrisks,reputationalrisks,legalandliabilityrisks-includingriskofprosecution-,economicriskandinsurancerelatedfactorssuchaslackofinsurancecoverage,highpremiumsandstringentinsurancetermsandcondition.Additionally,therearepoliticalrisksthattheninsurancesectorhasnotdiscussed,suchastheoutcomeofthepresidentialelectionintheUnitedStates(US),bi-polarizationbetweenUSandChina,andconflictsbetweenChinaandJapanwhichmayhaveimpactonNorthernSeaRoutesailingsbetweenAsiaandEurope.Theseriskfactorshavebeenidentified,forinstantinNORASIAVII:MaritimeAsiaconferenceheldinOsloinJanuary2017.Theresearchgapinthisfieldwillalsobediscussed,inparticularifandhowthisissuecouldbebroughtintostudiesonsocioculturalaspectsofclimatechangeintheArcticregion.

4.8 TransformationtoLow-EmissionSocietyinPrimaryIndustries:Whatdoesitmean–whatwillittake?

Chair:GreteK.Hovelsrud

June12–1:00p.m.

N210

4.8.1

DiscrepanciesbetweentheperspectiveofclimatesciencesandthoseofsmallcoastalcommunitiesintheArctic:thecaseofUummannaq,Greenland

MateoCordier,Jean-MichelHuctin,JuanBaztan,ZhiweiZhu,Jean-PaulVanderlinden

DoscientificresultsofclimatescienceintheArcticreallymatchwithlocalcommunityknowledgeandinterest?Toanswerthisquestionandcontributetotheongoingdebateonthemissingconnectionsbetweencommunityneedsandscienceperspective,thepresentstudybringsclosertwodifferentqualitativeandquantitativeapproaches:ananthropologicalresearch(participantobservationfieldworks)inUummannaq,Greenland,andabibliometricanalysisoftheliteratureonseaice,thecentralsubjectidentifiedwiththecommunity.Wecollectedcommunitymembers’perceptionsofcurrentlyavailablesciencetodeterminateiftheyconsideravailablescientificknowledgesalientandifitcoversissuestheyconsiderrelevantandlegitimate.ItturnsoutthattheavailabledataaboutclimatechangeintheArcticdoesnotprovideadequatesupporttounderstandhowwhattheyvaluemost,theirmainculturalandprofessionalactivities(hunting,fishing,travelingandcamping),isbeingaffected.ThispapersupportstheassumptionthattobemoreusefulforInuitcommunities,researchoncoastalseaiceshouldbefurtherdeveloped,specificallyresearchfocusedonseaicethicknessinthewinterclosetotheshore.Werecommendsuchresearchbeconnectedtoandco-constructedwithlocalcommunitiestoensuretheirneedsandvaluesareintegratedintotheresearchprocessandoutputs.

4.8.2

Understandingpreconditionsfortransformation:examplesfromNorway’sprimaryindustries

MarianneKarlsson,GreteK.Hovelsrud,HalvorDannevig

Profoundtransformationtoalowemissionfutureencompassesfundamentalchangesinsocietalvaluesaswellaspoliticalandeconomicinstitutions.Inthispaper,weapproachtransformationthroughanempiricalfocusonongoingchangeprocessesandexistingunderstandingsoftheneedtotransform.Bydoingso,ouraimistoidentifypreconditionsfortransformationinfisheries,agricultureandaquaculturesectorsinNorway.Thecombinationofpressingmarketconditions,regulatorydemands,climatevariabilityandchangeplacetheseprimarysectorsattheforefrontofadaptationandinnovation.Basedoninterviewswithfishers,farmersandfish-farmersinfourdifferentregions,thepaperwillidentifyconditionsthatenableaswellasconstrainchangeatthelocallevel.Weshowthatourinformantsareingeneralsympathetictotheneedtotransformbuttheyinterprettheconceptinvariousways;fromastrictfocusonreducingcarbonemissionswithintheiractivitiestopromotinglocalresourceuseandfoodproduction.Changeandinnovationtowardssustainabilitytakeplacewithinallsectors,rangingfromfishcapturetechniquestothecultivationofnewspeciesandtheuseofbiogasandelectricityinsteadofconventionalfuel.Thenecessitytoincreasevaluegenerationemergesasakeymotivation,inwhichsustainableoutcomescanbeconsideredbi-products.InnovationshaveinmanycasesbeenenabledbysupportofR&Dinstitutionsandknowledge-exchangebetweenbranchorganisations.Towhatextenttheindividualbusinessescanenablechangeisconditionedbytheirsizeandgeographiclocation.Weconcludethatthewilltotransformexistsamongfishers,farmersandfish-farmersbutthattheeconomicandpoliticalincentivestodosoareasofyetinsufficient.

4.8.3

ScenarioexerciseonChangingNorthandChallengesofEnvironmentalGovernance

HannuI.Heikkinen,KaroliinaVanhanen,MariPartanen,TeresaKomu,SimoSarkki

ThispresentationisbasedonadministrationfocusedworkshopChangingNorthandChallengesofEnvironmen¬talGovernancewhichwasarrangedaspartofPrimaryIndustriesandTransformationalChange(PITCH)researchproject.WorkshopwasarrangedinRovaniemi,Finland,27thofMay2016.Alltogether20expertstookparttotheworkshoprepresentingvariouslevelsofenvironmentalgovernanceandresearchorganizations.Participantsprovidedexpertisefromvarioussectors,fromkeyministriestoregionalplanningandmunicipalities,onthechallengesandopportunitiesrelatedtocopingwithsocial,economicandenvironmentalchangeintheFinnishLapland.Theaimsofworkshopwere1)todiscussinformationflowsandneedsenablingadaptationtoclimatechangeatdifferentgovernancelevels,and2)touseascenarioexercisetodiscusshowtoreconciletheinterests,values,andconcernsofmultiplelandusersinasustainablewayinthefuture.Discussionsoninformationflowsemphasisedtheneedsfortargeted,concrete,traditional,localized,andtacitknowledgethatcouldbeusedbygovernan¬ceactorstocopewithenvironmentalchange.Particularlymoreinformationwasconsideredtobeneededonaccumulatingandoverlappinginfluencesofdifferentsectorsonlocallivelihoodsandenvironment.Inthispresentationweshowhowwearrangedourscenarioexerciseandmajorpointsofworkshopdiscussions.Finallywediscussofnormativescenariothatwebuildbasedonworkshopdeliberationsregardingreconcilingofforthcomingchanges,needsandlanduses.Newscenarioemphasiseslong-termcollaborationforfindingsynergiesandmutuallyagreeddecisionsbetweendiverselocallandusers.However,commonbenefitswithstakeholdersoutsideLapland,suchaslargescaleextractiveindustries,werealsoforeseenontheconditionthatlocalcultureswouldberespectedandlocalconcernsacknowledgedindecision-makingprocessesatdifferentgovernancelevels.

4.8.4

Identifyingboundaryarrangementsfortransformationinprimaryindustries

HalvorDannevig,GreteK.Hovelsrud,MarianneCarlson

Thattheneedtoactonclimatechangeisfeltdifferently,ifatall,invariouspartofsocietyiswellknown.Ifscientificclimatechangeknowledgeistomotivatechangeacrosslargerswatsofsociety,itneedstobeframedandconveyedinwaysthatresonateswithpeople’slivelihoodsandculturalbias.Inthispaperweelaborateonhowthiscanbedone.Weaskswhatroleknowledgeplayinshapingthepreconditionsfortransformationalchangeinprimaryindustriesandhowthisconnecttohowscientificknowledgeisshaped,framedandcommunicated.Inordertoanswerthisquestion,ananalyticalframeworkthatcombinesculturaltheoryandtheoryaboutboundaryworkhasbeendeveloped.Byexaminingtheuseofknowledgeindevelopmentprocessesinagriculture,aquacultureandfisheriesincasestudiesinSouthernandNorthernNorway,weseektoidentifyhowsalience,legitimacyandcredibilityoftheknowledgeappliedintheseprocessesarecreated,boundaryworkthatis.Furthermore,weseektoidentifyhowtheboundaryworkagainisshapedbytheactor’sculturalbiasandworldviews.Wealsomapwhethertheactorsareinvolvedindevelopmentprocessesaimedatreducingcarbonfootprintoradaptingtoclimatechange.Wefindthatallactorstovariousextentareinvolvedinsomekindofboundarywork,andthatthelargerfisherycompanies,aswellastheagriculturalsectorhavededicatedboundaryworkersthatservesasmiddlemenbetweenexpertcommunitiesandusers.Individualfishersdonotcooperatedirectlywithresearchers.Preliminaryfindingsindicatethattheactorsdisplayegalitarianandindividualistworldviews.Thefirstcategoryrecognizesthatclimatechangecommandtransformationalchange,whilethelattertakesamoreopportunisticattitudetowardsclimatechange.

4.8.5

Transformationandtheprimaryindustries-polyphonicvoicesingovernmentalagencies

HeleneAmundsen,ErlendHermansen

ThisanalysisofNorwegianpolicydocumentsfocusesinparticularontransformationinagricultureandfisheriessectors.Althoughtheconcept“transformation”ismentionedmorefrequentlyandtherhetoricisbecomingincreasinglyclear,theanalysisrevealsthattheconceptof“transformation”isplasticenoughtobeappliedinanumberofdifferent,andpartlyconflicting,policyarenas,rangingfrompetroleumextractiontoclimatepolicy.Thus,exactlywhattransformationentailsisshroudedininterpretiveflexibility.Nationalpolicydocumentsgenerallyportraya“hands-off”approachtotransformation,withlittleconcreteadvice,actionsorrecommendationsonhowtransformationmaybeachieved.Whiletheagriculturalsectorhasdevelopedseveralclimatestrategies,whichmorerecentlyincludeincrementaltransformation,thefisheriespolicydocumentsrelatetheconcepttransformationtorestructuringofregulatoryframeworksinthesector.Overall,theanalysisshowshowdifferentactorsperformdifferentsortsofboundaryworktoadapttheboundaryobjectof“transformation”tofittheiragendas.

4.9 Panel:KeyfindingsandnextstepsfortheAdaptationActionsforaChangingArcticproject(AACA)

Chair:JonL.Fuglestad

June10–1:30p.m.

UB336

Panel:GreteHovelsrudAnneMerrildHansenAmyLovecraftJosefinaSkerkAnnikaE.Nilsson

"Thereisagrowingawarenessthatclimatic,environmental,andsocio-economicdriversmayinteractandamplifythedifficultyinmakingdecisionsinanunpredictableandrapidlychangingArctic.CumulativechangesmayincreaseexistingpressuresintheArctic,whileothersmaybringnewopportunities.Torespondtothesechallengesandopportunities,theArcticCouncilinitiatedtheflagshipproject“AdaptationActionsforaChangingArctic”(AACA).TheprojectisconductedundertheauspicesoftheArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme(AMAP)andhasanoverallobjectivetoenablemoreinformed,timelyandresponsivepolicyanddecisionmakinginarapidlychangingArctic.TheAACApilotprojectcoversthreeArcticregions;Barents,BaffinBay/DavisStraitandBering/Chukchi/Beaufort.Allthreeregionscoverterrestrialandmarineareas.FortheMay2017ArcticCouncilMinisterialmeeting,AMAPwillpresenttheresultsfromthreeregionalAACAsciencereports.IntheICASSIXsessionwewillpresenttheresultsfromtheAACAprojectincludingsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthethreeAACApilotregionsregardingpossiblefuturechangeandadaptivecapacitywithafocusonthesocio-economicandhumanaspects.Weplantoincludeadiscussiononhowtomoveforward,withafocusonresearchneeds,themainimpactsandconsequencesandtoolstohelplocalcommunitiesadapttoArcticchange.Whatarethenextstepstobetaken;howdowereachtheend-users,howcanwefacilitatetheimplementation,etc."

POSTERSTHEME4 June10–3:30p.m.–5.00p.m.

WatersecurityinachangingArctic

AntoniaSohns

TheArcticisexperiencingrapidchangesduetogrowingpopulationsandtheonsetofclimatechange.Asclimateimpactsmanifest,thefreshwaterresourcesthatcommunitiesdependonarebeingdramaticallyaffectedbyhydrologicalregimeshifts.ResearchhasprovidedvitalinsightsintothechangingstateoffreshwaterresourcesintheNorthandhowuncertaintiesregardingwaterresourcesmayaffectArcticcommunities.FocusingonAlaska,USAandNunavut,Canada,thispresentationwillhighlightthepressingneedtodevelopadaptationstrategiesformanagingfreshwaterresourcesthatarebasedonanunderstandingofthedeterminantsofwatersecurityandculturalfactorsintheArctic.Itwillexaminetheconnectionbetweenwatersecurityandclimatechange,andhowadaptationmeasurestoreduceshorttermvulnerabilitiesmaynotaddresslong-termthreatstowatersupplies.Duringthispresentation,examplesofstudiesandprojectsintheArcticwillbediscussedtohighlightchallengesofmanagingfreshwaterresourcesintheArcticandtoidentifyopportunitiestoenhancesocial-ecologicalsystemresiliencethroughadaptation.

Arcticclimatechangesandeffectsonshippingindustry

AllodiMariano

InthisbrieftextIwillanalyzehowtheicemeltingandthecurrentclimatechangesintheArcticOceancanaffecttheinternationalshippingindustries.Moreover,IwillfocusonhowRussiabenefitedfromthedevelopmentoftheNorthernSeaRouteinthepastandwhicharetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesfortheshippingcompaniesofusingtheArcticwaysforshipping,deliveryandmakebusiness.Inthefirstpartofthetext,IwillgiveabrieflydescriptionanddefinitionoftheArcticOceanformainterdisciplinarypointofview.Consequently,IwillfocusmyattentionontheeconomicadvantagesanddisadvantagescausedbytheclimatechangesintheArcticfortheshippingownersandIwillgiveabriefdescriptionoftheRussianreformsafterthecollapseoftheSovietUnion.InthelastpartofthetextIwillexplainmypointofviewandforwhichreasonsthecurrentNSRandtheNWSneedstobemoredeveloped.

5 Governance

Themeleader:MaraKimmel([email protected])

5.1 IndigenousGovernanceintheCircumpolarNorth

Chair:GaryN.Wilson

June9–10:30a.m.

N450

5.1.1

IndigenousLandscapePolicyinBuryatia

TamaraSemenova

Recentdevelopmentsinculturalstudiesindicatethattheeffectsofglobalizationgofarbeyondtheemergenceofahomogenousglobalculture,asitfacilitatesemergenceandco-existenceofmultipleculturesinagivenlandscape.TheaimoftheproposedpresentationistoadvanceconceptualunderstandingofhowrurallandscapesareaffectedbyrecentpoliticaltransformationsfacilitatedbytheconvergenceofglobalmarketinRussiaandtodeveloptheconceptualframeworkforcross-culturalresearchtoexploretransformationsofethno-culturallandscapesinRussia.RecentfieldstudiesinBuryatiarepublicfocusingonthecomparisonoflandusechangesandemerginglandscapepolicyindicatethatindigenouspopulationinternalizemultipleculturesandsubculturestodevelopframesofidentitiesassociatedwiththem.ThetaskoftheresearchistospecifyhowlandscapetransformationshappenwithinruralRussiaasawhole,undertheimpactofmultiplefactorsbutpreferablyduetostructuralpoliticalchanges.

5.1.2

AHalfCenturyintheMaking:GoverningCommercialFisheriesthroughIndigenousMarineCo-ManagementandtheTorngatJointFisheriesBoard

JamieSnook,AshleeCunsolo,RobynMorris

ThereisasenseofurgencyacrosstheArcticandCircumpolarNorthinArcticmarinegovernance,withmanydiversepressuresandtheinherentuncertaintyassociatedwiththistimeofchange.Despitethesechallenges,anetworkofIndigenousco-managementorganizationsarealiveandrobustwithinthemanagementoffisheriesinCanadaand,subsequently,formsanimportantpartofArcticmarinegovernance.Indigenousco-managementintheLabradorInuitsettlementregionofNunatsiavut,LabradorisimplementedthroughtheLabradorInuitLandClaimsAgreementandtheTorngatJointFisheriesBoard(TJFB).ThroughananalysisofthecontinuumofcontroloffishmanagementpoliciesinNunatsiavut,andtheresultingsocial,ecological,andeconomicoutcomes,ofNorthernshrimp,snowcrab,andArcticcharcasestudies,thispresentationwillillustratetheopportunitytoengagetheco-managementprocessestocreatemorevalueforInuitcommunities,

andopportunitiestofacilitatefurtherIndigenousparticipationinfisheries,whichultimatelywillcreatehealthiercommunitiesandecosystems.Insodoing,thispresentationarguesforashiftawayfromlegalinterpretationofthelandclaimsdocuments,andcallsformoreemphasistobeplacedonthespiritandintentofthesedocumentsinordertoencourageandinitiatedialoguesandactionsthatareintendedtomeetandexceedtheobjectivesofthelandclaimsthemselves.Furthermore,withinthecontextofreconciliation,CanadahasformallysignedonasafullsupporteroftheUnitedNationsDeclarationoftheRightsofIndigenousPeoples,presentingauniqueopportunitytomovepastaneraoffisheriesmanagementthatmarginalizedIndigenousfisheriesandgovernments,toanewerathatengagestheco-managementnetworkthroughdialogue,co-learning,cooperation,andadaptivebehaviours.

5.1.3

DecolonizationofGreenland–themechanismsbehindthelast150years’increaseddemocratization

KlausGeorgHansen

Technically,GreenlandisstillacolonyofDenmark.ThepeacefulandprotracteddecolonizationprocessofGreenlandisunique.ThisuniqueprocessisillustratedthroughadiscussionofthefiveconstitutionalchangesinGreenland–in1782,1908,1953,1979and2009.Thecoredriverforeachofthefiveconstitutionalchangeshasbeenfoundtobeapriorconceptionofanon-legitimatesituation.Thebeginningofeachofthesepriorconceptionsofanon-legitimatesituationcanbeidentifiedaroundrespectively1721,1832,1945,1963and2002.Thepaperwilldiscussthesefiveconceptionsofanon-legitimatesituationandtheirimplicationonthefollowingfiveconstitutionalchanges.Further,thepaperwilldiscusswhatthiswillindicateforapossibledevelopmentintherelationshipbetweenGreenlandandDenmarkoverthecomingyears.

5.1.4

IndigenousMultilevelGovernanceinNorwayandCanada:AComparisonoftheNorwegianSámiandtheCanadianInuit

GaryWilson,PerSelle

Overthelastseveraldecades,theNorwegianSámiandtheCanadianInuithavemadegreatstridesintermsofbuildinginnovativeandautonomousgovernanceregimeswithintheirrespectivestates.Comparativelyspeaking,thesetwoIndigenousgroupshavetakendifferentpathsontheroadtoself-determination.InNorway,theSámihaveestablishedanationalparliament(Sámediggi)whichrepresentsSámiinallpartsofthecountryandprovideslimitedautonomyandjurisdictionalauthorityinareassuchaslanguage,cultureandeducation.InCanada,theInuithavetakenamorediverseandregionally-basedapproachtoself-government,bynegotiatinglandclaimsagreementsand,insomecases,amalgamatedregionalgovernmentsthatadministeranumberofdifferentpolicyareas.Usingamultilevelgovernanceframework,thispaperwillcomparethedevelopmentofIndigenousgovernanceinNorwayandCanada,withaparticularfocusontheSámediggiandthecaseofNunatsiavut,anInuitregioninnorthernLabradorwhichestablishedaregionalgovernanceregimein2005.Themainpurposeofthepaperwillbetoexplainthereasonswhythesedifferentgovernanceregimeshaveemerged,theopportunitiesandchallengestheyaffordintermsofsecuringgreaterIndigenousself-determination,andtheirprospectsforfuturedevelopment.

5.1.5

UrbanSámiidentities–theStockholmSámiAssociationandtherighttobecomeafullmember

IngeFrisk

ThispaperdiscussesurbanSámiidentity,asdiscussedwithintheStockholmSámiAssociation,intheSwedishsideofSábme–thelandofSámipeopleinFennoscandia(Scandinavia).EstablishedbySámiwhomigratedfromtraditionalSámiterritoryinthe1950s,tothecapitaloftheSwedish(colonial)state,theassociationwas,andstillis,mainlyorganizingculturaleventsandalsorespondingtoanumberofgovernmentandmunicipalityqueries.With400members,theassociationisthelargestinSweden.Therearenoeconomicorownershipbenefitsforthemembersandthemajorityoftheactivitiesareopenandinclusivealsotonon-members.Therearetwokindsofmemberships,onefullmembershipopentoanyone,andonesupportmembershipopenonlytoSámi.AsSwedishstatecolonizationstartingfromthe16thcenturyoftheSámiterritorywasparalleledwithaculturalgenocideleadingtoseveretraumas,questionsofidentityisstillofimportance.Earlieron,therewasnotransparentwayforcandidatestoknowonwhatgroundstheywouldbeallowedinasfullmembers.From2012,thecriterionwaschangedintobeingthesameasforregisteringasavotertotheSámiparliament,whichmeansstating“IamSámi”andalsohavinghadoneSámilanguageinthefamily,spokenatleastfourgenerationsearlier.Basedontenyears’experienceofdealingwithmembershipapplications,theauthorofthispaperanalysesthediscussions,debates,anddifferingviewsinthisregardanditsimpactsonurbanSámiidentities.

5.2 PoliticalidentitiesandgovernanceintheArctic:harmonyorhegemony?Arethelessonslearnedrelevantbeyondtheregion?

Chair:RobertC.Thomsen

June8–2:30p.m.

N230

5.2.1

ArcticgovernanceinthecaseofSkoltSami

PanuItkonen

Lawconstitutespowerrelations(Benda-Beckmannetal.2009)and,accordingtomyownstudies,ithasaninfluenceonsomeotherrelationsaswell.Sometimesdifferentlegalorderscanexistsidebysideinoneplace.InthecaseoftheSkoltSamipeopleofInariinNorthernFinland,legislationandgovernancehaveadvancedlocallevelrestructuringofpeople’ssocio-economicrelationsandpeople’srelationstotheirenvironment.BasedonempiricalmaterialIshallshowchangesrelatedtotwotraditionalSkoltSamiformsoflivelihood,reindeerherdingandfishing,moreover,howthegovernancehasignoredlocalwishes.IarguethatthegovernancehasrestrictedoptionsoftheSkoltSamiinrelationtotheirformsoflivelihood,andnewruleshaverequiredresiliencebecausetheyhaveplacedsomepeopleinadifficultsituation.However,thestatepolicieshavenotgeneratedconsiderableformulationsofdifferentandcompetinglegalordersonlocallevel.

5.2.2

SovereigntyGamesproducingpostcolonialsovereignequality:GreenlandandDenmark

UlrikPramGad

Greenlandispreparingforafutureenvisionedasinvolvingclimatechange,intensiverawmaterialextraction,newtransportationcorridors,andnewclaimstosovereignrightsovertheArctic.SoisDenmarkwhoholdssovereigntyoverGreenland.Withaviewtoacquiringmoreroomtomaneuverontheinternationalstage,GreenlandusesthispictureofthefutureasatoolwhencultivatingrelationsbeyondCopenhagen.ButGreenlandaimsnotonlyfordiversificationofdependency–GreenlandaimsalsoforformalequalitywithDenmark.The‘communityoftherealm’connectingGreenlandtoDenmarkisafreeassociation?notinthelegalsenseprescribedbytheUNGeneralAssemblyresolution1541(XV)butinthepragmaticsensethateveryoneagreesthatGreenlandisfreetodisassociate.GreenlandicdemandsforformalequalityposeproblemsforDanishconstitutionallawyers.Thisintervention,however,arguesthatweshouldnottaketheirgripestooseriously.WhatshouldbetakenseriousistheeffortstoformulateaconstitutionforGreenlandtosupplementtheonealreadyinplacefortheKingdomofDenmark,sincetheseeffortsarebutthelatestincarnationofa

centuryofdemandsforequality.Consideringevidencefromthe'sovereigntygames'playedbyGreenlandandDenmarkinrelationtotheEuropeanUnion(ofwhichDenmarkisamemberwhileGreenlandleftmembershiptobecomeassociatedasan'OverseasCountryorTerritory,constitutionallylinkedtoamemberstate'),theinterventionprognosticatesthatDanishconstitutionalpragmatismwillbefurtherstretchedtoupholdtheCommunityoftheRealm.Intheprocessofformulatingtheirownconstitution,however,Greenlanderswillfacedifficultquestionsaboutthekindofcommunitytheywanttobe.Ifthesequestionsaredodgd,thewholeexercisemightendupdoingmoredamagetotheindependenceprocess.

5.2.3

InuitautonomistmovementsinNunavutandGreenland

RobertC.Thomsen

Since2010allUNmembersareendorsingthe2007UNDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples.Assuch,thetaskahead–alsointheArctic–wouldseemafairlystraight-forwardandmanageableone:ofbuildingconstitutionalstructuresandpoliticalinstitutionsthatproperlyreflectthewill,valuesandidentityof‘Indigenouspeoples’.However,intheArcticandamongindigenouspeoplesperceptionsofethnicityand‘indigeneity’differ:whoexactlyisitthatconstitutes‘thepeople’?Differentdiscoursesandinterestscompeteforhegemony,evenwithinthefairlysmallpartoftheArcticpopulationknownas‘Inuit’.AlthoughanindigenousethniccoreisclearlydiscernibleintheInuitautonomistmovementsinbothGreenlandandNunavut,theperceptionsof‘peoplehood’,whobelongstothatcollective,differ–and,consequently,sodovisionsforthefutureandtheperceptionofinherentrights.NunavummiutengageinanautonomistmovementthatexistswithinaCanadiantraditionoffederalism,andthusseekself-determinationinterritorial,perhapsatsomepointprovincial,status.Somehundredmilesaway,acrosstheice-filledDavisStrait,Greenlandershavesincethe1970sengagedinaverydifferentformofautonomism,betterdescribedintraditionalWestphaliantermsassovereignty-seekingnationalism.Abovethetwoautonomismshoverathirdkind:pan-Inuit-ismasexpressede.g.bytheICC.Anygovernmentwhichseekstoaddressthedesiresanddemandsforself-determinationthatInuitintheArcticaremaking,woulddowellfirsttoappreciatethatthevisionsareseveralandthesolutionsavailablearedifferentwithinunitaryandfederalstates.Also,however,politicalset-ups,evenconstitutions,canbere-constructedtoincorporateoptimalstructuresofgovernancefromotherentities,andintermsofseekinginspirationinpositivepoliticalexperience,thejourneyacrosstheDavisStraitmightnotbesolongafterall.

5.3 EvaluationandPlanningforUncertainTimesinaRapidlyChangingEnvironment

Chair:JenniferSchmidt

June9–1:30p.m.

N280

5.3.1

IntegratedtransportationforallintheHighNorth:understandingtheinfrastructuregapfacedbyArcticregionalactors

LucAmpleman

TheplanningoftransportationinfrastructureandservicesiscomplexandcertainlyevenmorecomplexfortheremoteareasoftheArcticregionsduetotheenvironmental,socialandtechnicalreasonsconcerned.Thesituationisparticularlymorechallengingforthelattersincethegeneralattentionon‘transportationintegration’-akeyguidelinefortransportplanning-hasbeengiventostrategiccorridors,i.e.networkscrossingcoreregionalareasandthemainpopulatedcities.Concomitantly,NorthernregionalperipheriesinNorthAmericaandEuropearestillfacingsomeattentiondeficitfromtheirownnationaladministrations.ThecurrentpaperaimstoestablishaportraitofthemainsocialandpoliticalbarriersoftransportplanningandmobilityinfrastructureintheHighNorthinordertobetterunderstandthegap(qualityofinfrastructure,equity

ofaccess,newtechnologicalcapacities;mobilityvulnerability)facedbylocalandregionalArcticactorsinvolvedinthedevelopmentofthetransportationnetwork.

5.3.2

Kiruna-atestsitefornewspatialplanningpractices

AsliTepecikDis

Kiruna-atestsitefornewspatialplanningpractices-Whatdoestherelocationofasub-Arctictownteachus?TheongoingenvironmentalandsocialchangeunderwayintheArcticRegionisexpectedtocauseextensiveimpactsglobally,aswellasforthelocalcommunitiesscatteredacrossthisvastterritory.Arcticisbecomingmorepopulated(urbanizationtrend)andstrategicintermsofgeo-politicaldiscussions(theexploitationofnaturalresourcesintheArcticterritory).Itisimportanttoaddresstherelationshipbetweenplanningandsustainabledevelopmentoflocalcommunities.ThisstudywillreflectupontheurbantransformationprocessofKiruna,Sweden’snorthernmostcity,inordertoexemplifyhowplanningprocessesofmegaprojectsrelatetotheeverydaylifeofpeoplelivingintheArctic.Kiruna’stransformationcanbeconsideredasanaturalexperimentwhichcanprovideanopportunityforlearning,bothforplannersanddecisionmakers.ThefutureofKirunaresidents’everydaylivesisunpredictablewhenanewcityisdeveloping.Anewadaptivestateisthereforeessentialforthediscussionsinplanning.ThecaseofKirunacanprovideimportantlessonsabouthowcommunitiesadapttonewsocial,economicandenvironmentalconditionsthroughplanningprocesses;offeringanopportunityformultipledisciplinestojoinforcesintermsofinvestigationandknowledgetransfer.Additionally,Kirunahasbeendescribedasthesuccessstoryofagoodplanningprocessandthemostdemocraticurbantransformationintheworld.ThisstudyattemptstodeconstructthisargumentandfocusonthesociallifearoundminingtoanalysewhatthistransformationmeansfordiversityoflifestylesbydoingadiscursiveanalysisofthenewmasterplanofKirunafromintersectionalityandeverydaylifeperspectives.

5.3.3

Arrangementswithlocalcommunitiestoaccessnaturalresources:theroleoflocalnessandinterdependences

KarinWigger,MartaBystrowska

TheArcticisrichinnaturalresourcesandtheseresourcesattracttheattentionofinternationalfirms,suchasinternationalcruiseoperators.Aninternationalfirm,whichaimstoharnessnaturalresourceslocatedinArcticcommunities,temporaryentersthosecommunities.Byenteringthecommunities,afirminteractswiththelocalsocio-ecologicalsystemsandformsinterdependenceswithlocalactors.Thesecommunitiescontroltheresources,yettheyareoftenvulnerabletoexternalresourceuse.Inordertoensuresustainedaccesstodesiredresources,aninternationalfirmestablishesarrangementswithlocalcommunities.Forlocalcommunity,internationalbusinessactivitiescanbebeneficialforthelocaleconomy.Additionally,arrangementsenablethecommunitytocontrollocalresourceuse.Understandinghowaninternationalfirminteractswithlocalcommunitieshelpstoexplainwhysomecommunitiesperformbetterthantheothersintermsofsustainedeconomicdevelopment.Buildinguponacasestudyofacruiseoperatorthatregularlyentersseverallocations,thispresentationemphasizesfirm’sarrangementswithlocalcommunitiesacrossthreeArcticregions:Svalbard,GreenlandandIceland.Inparticular,theroleoflocalnessofnaturalresourcesandinterdependencesbetweenaninternationalfirmandlocalactorsareemphasized.Thestudyunveilsthatarrangementsafirmusesvaryacrossdifferentlocationsandareconfiguredofvariationsalongthefollowingthreedimensions:social,scopeandstructure.Thisvariationinarrangementsenablesafirmtomanagedependencewhilerespondingtothelocalcontextinordertoensuresustainedaccesstonaturalresources.Inturn,communities’responsestolocalinternationalbusinessactivitieshaveanimpactontheestablishedarrangements.

5.3.4 Climate,EnvironmentandAdaptationinNortheasternIcelandA.D.1750tothePresent

AstridOgilvie,RagnhildurSigurðardóttir,ÁrniDaníelJúlíusson,ViðarHreinsson,MeganHicks

WithinthecontextofenvironmentalandclimaticchangesintheLakeMyvatndistrictofnortheasternIcelandthispresentationwillconsiderissuesofvulnerability,resilienceandadaptationwithregardtobothtraditionalandnovelformsoflivelihoodpracticesfromthemid1700stothepresent.AlthoughtheregionmaybeclassifiedasSubarcticratherthanArctic,itisgreatlyaffectedbythemodesofArcticclimate,notleastthepresenceorlackofArcticdrifticeoffthenearbycoasts.Becauseofitsoutstandingnaturalbeautyandinterestinggeologicalfeatures,theregionisregardedasoneofIceland´smostvaluednaturaltreasures,andisanextremelypopulartouristdestination.TheregionistheonlyhighaltitudecommunityinIcelandthathaspersistedcontinuallyfromsettlementover1100yearsagotomoderntimes.Whatmadetheregiondifferentfromotherearly-settledmountainousregionsofIcelandwasundoubtedlyitswater,andthesustainablemanagementofthewater-relatedresourceswhichincludedfish,andtheeggsofwaterbirds.Theseresourcesweresustainablyharvestedforca.1100yearsuntiltheinstabilityoftheecosystemandthedegradationofthelakesetinaround1970.Currently(2017)inspiteofthestatusoftheMyvatnareaasanareaofscientificinterestanditsextremelyattractivenaturalfeatures,theregionisundergoinganenvironmentalcrisisandseriousstepstoalleviatethissituationhavenotyetbeentaken.ThispresentationdrawsonprojectsfundedbytheUSNationalScienceFoundation,andbyRANNIS,theIcelandicCentreforResearch.Importantobjectivesoftheseprojectshavebeentoconsiderissuesofadaptationandresilienceandtoexamineinwhatwaytraditionalfarmingpracticesweresustainable,ornot,andwhetheradaptationtogrowingtourismasanalternativelivelihoodcanalsobesustainableinthelongterm.

5.4a GovernanceintheArctic

Chair:DianeHirshberg

June10–1:30p.m.

N260

5.4a.1

Allocation,interactionornegotiation–developingmodelsandmarginalnortherneconomies

SveinungEikeland,TrondNilsen

Thepaperanalysesdynamics,regionconstitution,actorsinvolvedanddysfunctionsinNorwegianregionalpoliciesandSámiindustrialpoliciesfromthelaunchingoftheNorwegianHighNorthpolicies(NHNP)inearly2000s.Itseestheevolvingoftheactualmodelasacontinuationoftwopreviousdevelopingmodelstargetingindustrialdevelopinginsparselypopulatedremotenorthernareas.From1960’iesnorthernareaswerepositionedasaperipheryinastategovernedindustrialandallocation.Frommidof1990’iesinthenorthernregionsconstituted“organisationallythinregionalinnovationsystems”(RIS).NHNPforcingnorthernregionsas“supplierregions”inglobalindustrialnetworks.TheanalysesconsidersregionalandregionalethnicalstrategiesingovernancedevelopinginthewakeofglobalentrantsoperatinginArctic.RegionalstrategiesandprocessesinactualnegotiationsisunderstoodandbenefittedbytheoriesonhumanresistanceinmeetingstrongnewmarketsaswellasontheoriesonpolicyentrepreneurshipdevelopedinNorwegiangeographicalperipheries.MoreoverintheorybuildingbasedontransformingfromstategoverneddevelopmentpoliciestoindustrialrenewingbasedonstrategiccouplingbetweenlocalsandMNCsinordertoencouragelocalcontentstrategiesinMNCsprojectsandoperations.Thepaperwilldiscusstwocases.BothofthemelucidatehowtheNHNPchangedNorwegianandSamipublicperceptionaboutpoliciesand-strategies.Thecasesdemonstratethesepoliciesdisconnectingfromastrongstatedominance,partlysubstitutedbyregionalandSàminegotiationswithMNCs.OneofthecasesanalysesindustrialpoliciesandstrategiesconductedbytheNorwegianSámiParliamentfromabout2012.TheothercaseanalysesstrategiesconductedbylocalandregionalorganisationsinordertoinfluenceonandchangetheindustrialcontractingstructuresMNCsusingintheBarentsSeafromabout2002.

5.4a.2

GreatPowerInterestsintheArctic:Britain’sCentury-LongChallengestoNorway’sControloverSvalbard

ValurIngimundarson

Inthepaper,IfocusonBritishdecision-makingandpoliciestowardSpitsbergenorSvalbardoverthepastcentury,emphasizingBritain’schallengestoNorway’sinterpretationofitssovereignrights.OnthebasisofBritisharchivalmaterial,IarguethatwhilegeopoliticalinterestshaveplayedaroleinBritain’spolicy-making,itsmainrationalehasbeenadeterminationtouseinternationallawtoprotectminingandoilrightsintheSpitsbergenarea.Whilethe1920SpitsbergenTreatyaccordedNorwaysovereigntyoverthearchipelago,itgaveothersignatoriesnon-discriminatoryaccesstoitsnaturalresources.ApartfromRussia,BritainhasbeenthemostactiveinchallengingNorway’sinterpretationoftheSvalbardquestion,especiallytheviewaboutthetreaty’snon-applicabilitywithrespecttoExclusiveEconomicZonesandcontinentalshelves.Takingintoaccountthetensionbetweengeopoliticsandinternationallaw,IarguethattheBritishpositionhasremainedconsistentoverthelongdurée,evenifitwastemperedbytheneedforWesternandNATOsolidarityagainsttheSovietUnionduringtheColdWar.Fromthestart,ithasbeenaboutprotectingpastandfutureeconomicinterestsinSpitsbergen.InthepaperImakethreemainpoints:First,byexaminingthenegotiationssurroundingtheSpitsbergenTreaty,IshowhowtheBritishgovernmentwatereddownNorway’ssovereigntyprovisionstoretainasmuchaspossibleofthemultilateralfeaturesofSpitsbergen’spre-existinglegalregime.Second,IstressthatwhilesupportingNorway’sresistancetoSovietpressuresoverSpitsbergenduringtheSecondWorldWarandtheColdWar,Britainwasneverpreparedtoabandonitsinterpretationofthetreaty’sstipulationsonnaturalresourcesandequalaccess.Finally,IshowhowtheBritishbecameevenmoreforcefulinopposingNorway’sinterpretationoftheSpitsbergenquestionfollowingtheendoftheColdWarandthedisintegrationoftheSovietUnion.

5.4a.3

IndustrialdevelopmentintheNorth–Samiindigenousinterestsbetweenglobalizationandself-determination

VigdisNygaard,ElisabethAngell,andPerSelle

SamilocalcommunitiesandlivelihoodsinNorwayhaveexperiencestremendouschangesoverthelastgeneration.Increasedmobilityasaresultofahighereducationallevelandmoredifferentiatedworkopportunitiesactasdrivingforcesforchange.Asaresult,moreandmoreSami,andparticularlyyoungSami,movesnotonlytothecitiesinNorthernNorwaybutincreasinglyalsotootherpartsofurbanNorway.AnincreasingnumberofSamipeopleexperienceadecouplingfromthetraditionalterritoriesandspecificSamiindustrieslikereindeerherding,andsmallscalefjordfishingandagriculture.ChangeisalsoevidentinthetraditionalruralSamiareas.Herewefindaweakprivatesectorbutincreasedemploymentinpublicsector(healthcare,eldercare,education,kindergarten)madepossiblebythegrowthoftheNorwegianwelfarestate.Inaddition,thenewSamiinstitutionsbuilding(SamiParliament,TheSamiCollege,SamiBroadcasting,etc.)aspartofthenewpositionoftheSamiinNorwegiansociety,isalsoofgreatimportance.ItisallpayedforbytheNorwegianstate.Altogether,thisimpliesthateachandeverySamipersonscontactwithSamicultureandindustriesareinaprocessofchange.ThispaperaddressesinparticulartheNorwegianStateandtheSamiparliament’spoliciesconcerningthedevelopingandsecuringsustainable(rural)Samilocalcommunities.Weanalysenotonlythepolitical,butalsotheeconomicsupportwhenitcomestonon-traditionalindustrialdevelopmentandemployment,alsowhenthismaychallengeandevenbeinginconflictwithtraditionalSamilanduse.

5.4a.4 FutureoftheArctic:conflictorcooperationbetweentheU.SandRussia?

YelenaYermakova

ThechangingsituationintheArcticduetoglobalwarminghaspromptedtalksofa“scramblefortheArctic,”“Arcticboom,”and“ArcticBonanza.”Someevengofurtherwitharhetoricofa“NewColdWar,”statingthattheU.S.andRussiawillinevitablyclashoverinterestsintheregion.Althoughchangingclimatedoespresentlucrativeeconomicopportunitiesintheareasofnaturalresourcesextractionandincreasingseatraffic,thelikelihoodoftheU.S.andRussiaconfrontingoneanotherovertheregionisverylow.Despitetechnologicalprogress,extractionintheArcticisstillnotfeasibleduetoseverecoldweather,longperiodsofdarkness,andsparseeconomicactivity.Consideringtheinternationallegalstructureinplacetoresolvesovereigntyissues,arecenthistoryofprevailingcooperationintheregion,andmutualbenefitsfromcollaboration,themostlikelyscenarioispartnership.Tofacilitatethisdevelopment,thereisaneedforaninstitutionalplatformtoaddresssecurityanddefenseissuesintheregion.OranYoungandPaulaKankaanpääintheirassessmentoftheArcticCouncil’seffectivenessconcludethattheforumhasbeensuccessfulinidentifyingenvironmentalandsocietalconcernsandbringingthemintoitspolicyagenda.However,theforumdoesnotaddresssecurityanddefenseissues.GiventhefactthatRussiaisnotpartofNATO,thereisnoinstitutionalplatformthatbringstheU.S.andRussiatogethertoaddressthedevelopmentoftheArcticcomprehensively.TheabsenceofanexistinginstitutionposesariskofalienatingRussia.InlightoftherecenteventsinUkraineandthesanctionsimposedonRussia,thebestthingtheU.S.candotoensurethesafefutureoftheArcticistosignalitsunderstandingoftheculturalandeconomicvaluestheNorthrepresentstoRussiaandthattheU.S.hasnointentionsofthreateningRussiansovereigntyintheregion.

5.4b GovernanceintheArctic


June11–1:30p.m.

N260

5.4b.1

Self-Determination,Sustainability,andWellbeinginNorthwestAlaska:ProjectPhaseI

HeatherGordon

ThispresentationexplainstheliteraturereviewbehindandthemethodologytobeusedtoinvestigatetheintersectionsbetweenAlaskaNativeself-determinationandcommunitysustainabilityandwellbeingina(yettobedecided)IñupiaqcommunityinruralNorthwestAlaska.AlaskaNativesareadiversegroupofpeoplewithdifferentlanguagegroupsandover200tribes.Theyhaveahistoryofcolonizationandarestillacolonizedpeoplewithlimitedself-governance.Throughallthis,theystillstriveforwellnessfortheirpeople.Thisstudyseekstounderstandtheroleself-determinationplaysinasustainableandwellfuture.ThisstudyspecificallyaddressestheperspectivesNativeshaveofthefutureandhowtheyseeself-determinationasfatecontrolaffectingtheirsustainabilityandwellbeing.Theinterviewswillbeconductedthroughethnographicfuturesresearch.ThismethodbringsforthawayforNativepeopletotalkaboutthefutureasifitisthepresent.

5.4b.2

ChangeandequilibriuminCanadianArcticpolicy

ClarisseKehlerSiebert

Likethevastlandsoverwhichitgoverns,Canada’sArcticpolicyischangingdramatically,anddoingsoinapoliticalenvironmentofconsiderableuncertainty.Incontrasttothefocusonsovereignty,securityandnaturalresourcesdevelopmentduringthedecadeofConservativefederalrule(2006-2015)–theLiberalfederalgovernment(2015–)haspresentedaframeworkforchangethatincludesstrongpartnershipwiththeUS,science-basedpolicyonoilandgasaswellasfishing,andsupporttoandrespectfortherightsandterritoryof

ArcticIndigenouspeoples.TheLiberalgovernmenthasalreadyannouncedabanonoffshoreoilandgaslicensing,butfailedtoconsultterritorialgovernments,whichhasledtocritiqueofaffrontingtheIndigenousrightsandterritoryitpromisedtorespect.Isincongruouspolicyinevitableinaregionofmulti-levelandattimescompetinginterests,governancestructuresandopportunities?Basedondiscourseanalysisofpolicydocumentsandmainstreammedia–thispresentationwillidentifychangeorequilibriuminpolicyobjectivesintheCanadianArcticduringtheperiod2006-2016withfocusonconvergenceanddivergenceintheobjectivesofthedifferentactorsets.

5.4b.3

ArcticPolicyandGovernanceEducationPartnership

MeganGodfrey,SorinaSeeley

TheArcticenvironmentischangingatanunprecedentedrate.Inresponsetothesechanges,newpoliciesareneededthathelpprotectbothcommunitiesandtheenvironment.InFebruarywewillbeginworkwithTheArcticPolicyandGovernanceEducationalPartnership,anewcollaborationbetweentheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyandtheUniversityofAlaskaFairbanks,theNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,thestateofAlaska,andindigenousorganizations.Thispartnershiphopestopromoteapolicy-science-indigenousknowledgecollaborationforadvancingnewpolicysolutions.Goodandreliablescienceisincreasinglyimportantforpolicydecisions,andthereexistsawealthofknowledgeandexpertiseinlocalcommunitiesthatisoftenoverlookedbyscientistsandpolicymakersalike.Bettercollaborationamongstakeholderswillhelpenhanceourunderstandingofissuesthatrequireapolicyresponseandmakesuchresponsesmoreeffective.StartinginFebruarywewillbeworkingtodeveloppolicyoptionsconcerningfoodsecurityinAlaska.PolicyoptionswillbeframedfromInuitandacademicperspectiveswithadditionalinsightsdrawnfromconveningsofindigenous,academic,andmanagementexperts.Apartofourworkistohelprebuildsomeofthestrainedrelationshipsbetweenthestategovernment,academic/scientificinstitutionsandindigenousorganizations.Weseethepartnershipasplayingakeyroleinrebuildingsomeoftheserelationshipsbybringingpeopletogetherandcreatingasafespaceforconversationandideasharing.TheIASSAconferenceprovidestheperfectopportunitytopresentourworkandelicitfeedbackfromexpertsandspecialistsworkinginsimilarfields.WeareeagertocontributeandparticipateinotherworkinggroupsandsessionsandfeelthatweprovideauniqueperspectiveasgraduatestudentscomingfromthefieldofInternationalEnvironmentalPolicyandoceanandcoastalresourceeconomic.

5.4c GovernanceintheArctic


June11–3:30p.m.

N260

5.4c.1

Strategiesofsustainability:long-termurbanplanningstrategiesinanArcticcity

AileenAseronEspiritu

Climatechange,globalization,anddemographicshiftsareemergingandpresentchallengesfacedbyArcticcities.Suchnewchallengesrequirenovelgovernanceapproachesinordertomanagepotentialoralreadyexistingdifficultiesbroughtonbyunpredictableweatherpatterns,fallingcommodityprices,andchangingpopulationbases.Inthefaceofsuchclimate,economicandsocialtransformations,citieshavehadtofindinnovativeapproachesinordertoovercomethepresentandfutureimpactofsuchchangewhileensuringahighlevelofqualityoflifeamongitsurbanresidents.Inthispaper,IcompareplanningstrategiestowardssocialandeconomicsustainabilityinthreeArcticcities:Luleå,Sweden;Tromsø,Norway;andRovaniemi,Finland.Inthiscomparativeanalysis,Iquestionwhetherthelevelofcommunityinvolvementineachcityleadstogreaterlevelsofsupport(buy-in)forimplementationofpoliciestomanagetransformationalchangeinArcticcities.

5.4c.2

DesigningDynamicGovernanceinaChangingNorth

MaraKimmel,JulieDecker

ThispaperdescribestheeffortsunderwayinAnchorageAlaskatocreatemodelresiliencedistrictsintheheartofthreedistinctneighborhoods.Theseeffortsbuildcommunitycapacitytosurviveandthriveinthefaceofenvironmental,economicandequitychallenges.CreatingaresilientAnchoragemeansdevelopingtheskills,institutionsandinfrastructurenecessarytoovercomechronicstresses(unemployment,homelessness,economicinequities),acuteshocks(floods,earthquakesandfires),andsystemicenvironmentalchallenges(climatechangeandenergyuse).Ascatalystsforencouragingandenhancingresiliency,thelocalgovernmentisdevelopingamodeltocreateinnovativeandground-breaking“resiliencedistricts?"forthreeneighborhoods.Eachneighborhoodcontainsreadilydevelopablelandandfacesanarrayofopportunitiesandchallengesthatwouldbenefitfromeconomicandsocialpoliciesandlandusepracticesthatsupportandencourageresiliency.Thesedistrictsanimatetherelationshipbetweendesign,knowledgeandgovernanceandwillbringequity-basedresiliencetolifeintheurbannorth.

5.4c.3

AdaptiveGovernance:AcomparisonbetweentwoAlaskanandtwoSwedishMunicipalitiesfacingclimatechange.

JimPowell,LindaKruger

InstitutionssuchasmunicipalitiesintheNortharecurrentlyfacingrapidlychangingsocial-ecologicalsystemsduetoenvironmentalandclimatechange.Thereisalackofadaptationmeasuresrelatingtofield-specificknowledgeaboutadaptationandriskreductioninthecontextofclimateandenvironmentalchanges.Thispresentationhighlightstheresultsofin-depthsurveysthatwereconductedaspartofastudythatcomparesandcontrastsadaptiveapproachestogovernanceintwomunicipalitiesinAlaskaandtwomunicipalitiesinSweden.Municipaladaptivecapacityintermsofphysical,planning,andenvironmentaladaptivemeasuresandobservationsofenvironmentalchangewillalsobehighlighted.

5.4c.4

DevelopingPlace:ImaginingFutureCommunitiesinNorthernCanada

AlyssaSchwann

NorthernCanadarisksfollowingatrajectoryofexploitiveresourcedevelopmentattheexpenseofself-sustainingcommunities.Aclearvisionisneededtoachieveplacesinthearcticwhereindividualscanliveinhealthy,culturallyappropriate,andclimate-adaptedcommunities,shapedbytheirowndreamsforthefuture.TheNorthisgeneratingpoliticalautonomythroughuniquegovernancemodels;inallthreeCanadianterritories,northernershaveexertedtheirinfluencethroughdevolutionagreements,self-government,andlandclaims.YounggovernmentsintheNortharebeginningtoimplementinnovativeinitiativestodevelopclimate-adaptivecommunities.However,manyofthecurrentplanningpolicies,regulations,andmethodsdevelopedinthesouthcontinuetobeimposedonnortherncommunities.Thesepoliciesfailtorespondtotherealitiesofachangingnorthernclimate;amoreresponsiveframeworkisneeded.RespectingIndigenousexpertiseandcultureiscriticaltodevelopingCanadianpublicpolicyfroma‘Northof60’perspective.ThispaperpresentsapreliminarypositionontheopportunityforestablishingpoliciesforthebuiltenvironmentthatembraceTraditionalEcologicalKnowledgeandWisdom(TEKW),groundedintheconceptofinvestingin‘place’,asacrucialcomponentinestablishingacomprehensivepolicyframeworkforthenaturalandbuiltenvironment.TEKWoftheInuitpeopleprovidesaphilosophicalbaselinefromwhichtopromotesustainabledevelopmentwithinacomplexanddiversesocial-ecologicalsystem,particularlythroughthemanagementandenhancement

ofecosystemservices.Canada’snorthcouldprovideamodelforpolicythatisrootedinlocalknowledgesandanecologicalwayoflife.Theintegrityofthebuiltenvironmentasanimportantdimensionwithincommunities–qualityofbuildings,respectforthenaturalandbuiltenvironment,andculturalheritage–aremattersoflocal,territorial,regional,andnationalconcern.

5.5a Transformation,post-petroleumtrajectoriesanddialogues

Chair:BrigtDale

June9–1:30p.m.

N260

5.5.1

Post-petroleumtrajectoriesandpathways

MichaelBravo

The20thcenturysawunprecedentedgrowthanddevelopmentcombinedwithimbalanceofpowerandaccesstoriches–toalargeextentbasedontheextractionanduseoffossilfuels.Thecarboneconomychangedeverything:howwemoved,whatwecreated,howweshared,andtheboundaries,divisions,andpossessionsofstatesandcorporations.Intheearly21stcentury,however,theconsequencesoftheAnthropoceneeraandthelimitstocarbonbasedgrowthandabundancearebeingrevealed.Combatingthethreatofglobalwarmingrequiresdecarbonizingenergysystemsthroughamultitudeoftechnological,economicandsocietalstrategies.Focusthushastobeturnednotonlytotechnicalinnovation,geopoliticalmaneuversandeconomicallyviablestrategies,butalsotohowtoprepareandequiphumansocietieswiththetoolsandacumenneededinordertoensurethatboththeneedforadaptationtoandmitigatingthecausesofclimatechangenecessitatessocialtransformation;aparadigmaticshift.Transformationtheninvolvesintegratedeconomic,technologicalandsocietalstrategies.Competingimaginariesoverpotentialfuturesreflectdifferentstakeholders’underlyinginterestsandideasaboutwhatthetransitionimplies,howitcouldbeachieved,whereitshouldberealized,andwhatispossibletoachieve,therebyopeningupthepoliticalspaceforviableoptionsforpolicymaking.Agreentransitioninthenearfuturethereforemayentailelementsofdiscontinuityandrupture,offundamentaltechnological,politicalandontologicalreorientation,asensuringtheavailabilityandaccessibilityofenergyservicesinacarbon-constrainedworldwillrequiredevelopingnewways–andnewgeographies–ofproducing,living,andworkingwithenergy.Thispaperexploreswhatitmeanstoproposethepost-petroleumtrajectoriesandpathways.

5.5.2

ResilientCoastalInfrastructures:Pathdependencyvsmultipletrajectoriesfacilitatingtransformation

BrigtDale,GreteHovelsrud

Infrastructureinvolveslong-terminvestments,aimingtomeetfuturedemandsandneeds.Withrespecttoaradicalneedfortransformationstoalowemissionsociety,wefindthattherearebothcontradictionsandparadoxeswhendecisionsaremadeoninfrastructuredevelopment,aslong-terminvestmentsoftenarebasedonlinearprojectionbasedonpastexperiences.Thispointtoagapincurrentknowledgeaboutthelinkagesbetweentechnologyandontology,understoodasalackinabilitytoimagineradicaltransformationandchangewithinatraditionaltechno-scientificgovernanceparadigm.Inthispaper,wewilldiscusshowthetwocasesofSvalbardandLofoten,NorthernNorway,areappropriatesettingsforaninvestigationofcurrentandforthcomingplanningprocessesconcerninginfrastructure,andhowtheyprovideexcellentopportunitiesforempiricalinvestigationsintotherelationshipbetweentechnologicalchangeandontologicalshifts.Svalbard,being“farawayfromeverything”,isindireneedofawholenewsetofinfrastructures,particularlywithrespecttoenergyandtourismdevelopment,butalsototheextentoneimaginesafutureonthearchipelagoinwhichshipping,tourismandamoreproactiveandlocallybasedfishingindustrywouldrequireinvestmentsinharborfacilities.InLofoten,plannedinfrastructureprojects(newroads,shipyardsandharbors)willhaveramifications

fordevelopmenttrajectoriesforgenerationstocome,aswillpoliticaldecisionsconcerningthefutureoftheregion–ofwhichthedecisionsonwhetherornottoopenforpetroleumextractionisthemostpressing.Climatechange(e.g.increasingprecipitationandtemperatures)mayexacerbatethechallengesbyhavingconsequencesforindustriesandcommunitiesthatneedrespondedto.

5.5.3

Sustainablelocalindustrydevelopment;PlanningforalternativepathwaysinAndøy

AnnikenFørde

Howcancommunitiesdevelopcapabilitiesfordynamicresilienceandresponsibleinnovation?Andhowarelocalimaginationsofsustainablefuturesnegotiatedandoperationalizedinplanningprocesses?InthispaperIinvestigatelocalindustrystrategiesandhowtheserelatetoclimatechangeandtransitiontoalow-carbonfuturethroughstudyingtherestructuringworkofAndøy,acoastalcommunityinVesterålen,North-Norway.Likemanycoastalcommunities,Andøyisdrawnbetweencompetingfuturescenarios;Thetraditionalindustrieslikefisheriesandfarmingarefacingaconstantthreatofstructurationanddownscaling,thegrowingtourismindustryrepresentschallengingimplicationsforclimateandenvironment,andpotentialoil-andgasactivitiesintheseseascapesarehighlycontested.AstheNorwegianDefence–amajoremployerinAndøy–isabouttomovetheiractivitiesoutofthemunicipality,themunicipalityisfacingacriticalsituation,whereplansforalternativefuturesarerequested.Whataretheimaginationsatplay,howarethesenegotiated,andhowaretheyputtoworkthroughplansofstrategyandaction?Applyingaperspectiveonplanningasbecomingratherthanfixed(Hiller2007),allowtoemphasizenewdevelopmentpatterns,newresponsesandunknownfutures.

5.5b Transformation,post-petroleumtrajectoriesanddialogues

Chair:BrigtDale

June9–3:30p.m.

N260

5.5b.1

NordicArcticregions’planningforaninnovativefuture

AdamStepien

Inrecentyears,thedropinhydrocarbonsandrawmaterialspricesundercutthebeliefingreat(andmorestraightforward)economicopportunitiesawaitingArcticregions.Therehasbeenalsoincreasedawarenessamongpolicy-makersandsocialactorsofthechallengesposedbyextractiveindustries,especiallytheirenvironmentalandsocialimpactsandtheexposureofnortherneconomiestofluctuationsinresourceprices.Asaresult,Arcticregionaldevelopmentstrategieshaveincreasinglyemphasizedtheneedforfindingnewdevelopmentpathwaysanddiversifyingnortherneconomies.Bioeconomy,circulareconomy,entrepreneurship,innovation,refiningintheNorth,coldclimatetesting,coldtechnologies,ArcticfoodsanddatacentreshavebecomekeywordsreverberatingespeciallyacrosstheEuropeanArctic.Inthispresentation,IprovideoverviewoftheNordicArcticregions’strategy-making.Isthisnewstrategicthinkingadesperateattempttobringnewdevelopmentsintotheregion?Oristheplanningworktowardsnewdevelopmentpathwayssupposedtoproveoftheusefulnessofregionalbureaucracies?Perhapstheseconceptsarisefromtheneedtoadjusttobiggerframeworks,suchasEUandnationalpolicies,ortoplanningfashions?Ormaybethesearetrulyprospectivedevelopmentalpathwaysleadingtogreatereconomicdiversity,moresustainableuseofnaturalresources,andhaltingtheexodusfromruralareas?Itappearsthatalltheseaspectsaresomewhatpresent.Manyhopesdomaterializeinrealityandoftenitistheprivatesectoradvocatingnewdevelopmentideas.However,theongoingdependenceofArcticregionaleconomiesonextractiveindustries,lackofcriticalmassandhumancapitalmakethetaskofregionalplannersparticularlychallenging.ThepresentationdrawsonanadvisoryprojectfortheFinland’sPrimeMinister’sOffice.

5.5b.2

Stonesasentitiesparticipatinginontologicalpractices

BrittKramvig,HelenVerran

InthetimeoftencalleduponastheAnthropocene,STSareconcernedwithnotonlyresearch-objectssuchashumanandanimalormultispeciesnetworkorassemblages–butinadditionalsoobjectsorthingsthatareneithernorbutangeological-biological-cultural-political-technologicalrecomposition.ThequestionsIwanttoaddress,concernsengagementwithandresearchuponSeidi’s,thataresecretSámistones.Thesestones,thataremarkedbythearachnologistexistsinhundredacrossthetraditionalterritoryoftheSámipeople.Theyoftenmarktraditionalmigrationroutes–orsiida-landrunningascorridorsintheeast-westdirectionsfrombeforethenationalbordersbetweenNorway,Sweden,FinlandandRussiawasset.Thesespecificstone,arefoundbothinlandscape,onmaps,inbooksaswellasintheturbulentongoingenactmentofcolonialpresences,pastsandfuturesdifferentthenpasts.Seidiscanheal;theycanmakeyourichandpowerful,butalsoharmyou.Itcansecureasafepassage;itcancarrymemoriesbutalsoimaginarydreamsoffutures.ManyoftheseSeidi’shave,astheeffectofforcedmigrationandtheclosingofbordersbeenNorwayandSwedenbeenforgotten,howeverstillexistonmaps,indocumentsandstories.Inthispaper,Iwillarguethattheembodiedrocksexperiencedinthepeopledlandscapesofourjourneysandthewordedrocksexperiencedinthetextsofthelibraryareontologicallyoneandthesame.Thereisnoontologicalchasmbetweenasconventionalanalysiswouldhaveit.ThisexpressesacommitmentinvolvedinusingwhatHelenVerranhavecalleda’relationalempiricism’.

5.5b.3 Fish,oilandfutureprospects:petroleumintheNorwegianBarentsregion.

RagnhildFrejDale

QuestionsofsustainabletransitionsinNorthernNorwegiancommunitiesinevitablygohandinhandwithothereconomicandpoliticalcircumstances,fromthelocaltothenationalandgloballevel.WhilstpetroleumishighlycontestednearthefishingbanksoftheLofotenislands,theindustrysitscomfortablywithineverydaylifefurthernorth,whereHammerfesthasbecomethepetroleumcapitalofFinnmark.Afterthecrisisinthe90s,whenstructuralchangestothefisheriesandthedeclineofthefiletfactoryhitthetownhard,oilhasrestoredahopefulfutureinthe21stcentury.Statoil’sgasplantatMelkøyahasbeenaboostforthelocaleconomy,jobmarket,andmunicipaltaxincome,andtheEni-operatedoilfieldGoliatstartedproductionlastyear.ThoughthelatterisriddenwithsafetyconcernsfromthePetroleumSafetyAuthorities,theofficialstoryremainsoneofsuccessandlocalbenefits.IntheeyesoflocalpoliticiansofHammerfest,asustainablefutureismadeviablethroughapetroleum-drivendevelopmentinthenow.Thisnarrativefitswithinthevisionsofthegovernment’sHighNorthStrategyfrom2006,wheremineralsandpetroleumareseenasdriversofdevelopmentinnortherncommunities.Simultaneously,itde-centresclimatechange,pushescertainindigenousconcernsaside,andframescritique,evenwhenvoicedbylocals,as“outsidevoices”whofailtounderstandthenecessityofcreatingjobs,growthandinfrastructureforthefuture.Yetthroughacombinationoflowoilprices,technologicaldevelopmentandtheindustry’sshrinkingcommitmenttolocalcontent,theirpragmaticstrategyisinherentlyriskyforothermunicipalitiestofollow.Asrisksremainlocal,butbenefitsandincomearelesslikelytomaterialise,thispaperdiscusseshowtheframingofHammerfest’snarrativeischanging,andhowthismayimpactlong-termplanningforsustainabilityinthenorth.

5.6 Places,peopleandgovernance

Chair:LovisaSolbär

June8–11:30a.m.

N230

5.6.1 Spikypoliticsonslipperyroads:politicaleconomyofclimatechangeadaptationineverydaylife

MonicaTennberg(CANCELLED)

Shoeswithspikestohelppedestrianstomoveinthemidstofsnowandiceinwintertimehavebecomepopularandwillmostlikelybecomeevenmorepopularamongnorthernresidentsasslipperyconditionsduetoclimatechangewillincrease.Theuseofthesewintershoesisusedinthispresentationasanexampleofclimatechangeadaptationineverydaylife.Adaptationisoftenalocal,socialprocessandpracticeofnegotiatingchanginghuman-environmentrelationshipsassmall-scale,routinelyconductedchangesinpatternsofmobility,consumptionandwork.Embracingaviewgroundedinpoliticaleconomy,thepresentationwillexplorehowadaptationineverydaylifeworksbutalsohowitisconstrainedandhinderedbyadministrativerulesandregulations.Practices,tacticsandagenciesofadaptationreflectpowerrelationsineverydaylife.

5.6.2

Whencommunitypolarizes–acceptance,knowledgeandreconciliationofHannukainenironoreminingproject

MikkoJokinen

InnorthernFinlandopeningorre-openingofaminehasmeteitherstrongresistanceorsupportfromlocalcommunitiesandtourismbusiness.HannukainenironoreminingprojectlocatedinFinnishLaplandinmunicipalityofKolariisoneofthose.Hannukainenquarrywasutilisedbetween1978and1990.Atthesametime,Rautuvaaraironoremine(1962-1989)andPartekcementfactory(1965-1989)wereoperating.Thiserameantshiftfrompre-modernsocietyofreindeerherding,agricultureandlumberjackcommunitiestoindustrialisedones.Italsocreatedidentityofindustrialisedplace,peopleandcommunity.Whenallthemillswereclosedaroundyear1990,itwaseconomicandmentalcrash.Meanwhile,tourismgrewrapidlyandtodayhalfoftherevenuescomefromtourism.Plansforre-openingtheHannukainenminestartedin2005.Itreceivedawarmreceptionespeciallyamonggenerationofpoliticswhohaveworkedorassociatedthemselveswithpassedmines.Proposedre-openedmineislocatedonly8kilometresfromYllästouristdestinationthatisthemainresortandplatformfortourismbusinessinthearea.Tourismisnature-basedandmainattractionsarebeautifullandscapeandpureenvironment.InthispaperIdescribehowre-openingofHannukainenminewasfirstwarmlywelcomedandlaterstronglyresisted.Todaylocalresidentsandstakeholdersarestronglydivided.Communitiesinvariousvillagesthinkverydifferent.Iseekforthereasonsforsupportingandopposingthemineandexplanationsfortheshiftfromearlyconsensustocurrentpolarisedsituation.Paperalsostudiesconditionsandpossibilitiesforreconciliationofminingandtourismandwhatkindofknowledgeisusedintheprocess.Materialofthisstudycomesfromseveralsurveystudiesandinterviewsconductedintheareaduring2011-2016

5.6.3

ARoleforAuthoritySupervisioninImpactAssessment?ExamplesfromFinnishEIAReviewsinAssessmentofMiningProjectProposalsintheReindeerHerdingArea.

LovisaSolbär,E.CarinaH.Keskitalo

WiththeboominmininginFinlandandmorebroadlyFennoscandia,reconciliationofcompetinglanduseinterestsingovernanceproceduressuchasimpactassessmenthascometothefore.Oneofthefunctionsinimpactassessmentthatgainsverydifferentapplicationindifferentnationalframeworksisthatofauthoritysupervision.ThispaperexaminesreviewstatementsissuedinthecontextofminingprojectassessmentinnorthernFinland–oneofthecountriesthathaveimplementedauthoritysupervision.Thestudyshowsthatthird-partyreviewmayplayaroleinhighlightingtheimportanceofcompetinglanduseinterestsuchasreindeerherding,attentiontosuchinterestshoweverremainslimitedbytheapplicationofspatialplanninginthecaseandbyconsentprocessing,upuntiltheendoftheperiod.Amongthelessonsforimpactassessmentis

theneedformethodologiesforaccomodatinganticipatorytypeof(localandnon-scientific)information.Unlessthesetypeofsourcesaretreatedasvalid,thepossibilityofsubstantializinganticipationandfindingsolutionsalongthoselinesismissedwiththeriskofmakingthingsongroundworsebeforetheneedformitigationmeasuresiscomprehendedinfaceofmaterializingimpacts.

5.7 GovernanceofminingintheArctic

Chair:AnnaZachrisson

June9–10:30a.m.

N260

5.7.1

AViewfromTheTop:StatePerspectivesontheLegitimacyofMineDevelopment

GregoryPoelzer

Miningcontinuestoplaguegovernmentsasapolicyissuethatcreatesraisesanumberquestionsregardinglegitimacy.Becauselegitimacyrequirescongruencebetweennorms,rules,andoutcomes,thewiderangeofcompetinginterestsinvolvedinresourcedevelopmentprojectsleadstochallengestolegitimacyatvariouslevels.Ifgovernmentsfailtocreateconditionsthatleadtoinstitutions,organizations,andpolicythatapproximatesocietalnormsandexpectations,legitimacydeficitsemerge.Thesedeficitsruntheriskofseverelylimitingtheabilityofagovernmenttogovern.Further,aslegitimacydeficitsleadtolimitsintheabilityofgovernment,thecostsofenforcingtherulesincrease.Mining,andresourceexploitationmoregenerally,cultivatessupportanddiscontentfromawiderangeofinterestswhichleadstodifferentexpectations.Thechallengeforgovernments,giventheimportanceoflegitimacy,isunderstandingitsconstituentsandmakingdecisionsbasedonthatunderstanding.Manystudiesapproachtheissueoflegitimacyfromtheperspectiveofconstituentsandtheirviewsonthoseinauthority,theirpoliciesandactionsbutopportunitiesexisttoshiftthefocusonauthorityfiguresandtheirviewsonlegitimacy.ThisstudyassessesthedifferentviewsofgovernmentofficialsinSwedenandSaskatchewan,Canadaastheyrelatetohowtheminedevelopmentprocessworksandwhetheritmeetstheirexpectations.

5.7.2

Governingnaturalresourcesinamountainlandscape–narrativesofhopeanduncertainty

CamillaRisvoll,ArildGjertsen

ThispaperinvestigateshowgovernanceprocessesrelatedtotheplannedreopeningofminingactivitiesinSulitjelma,NorthernNorwayareinfluencedbyperceptionsoflandscapesandnaturalresources,andhowtheuseofscientificandcivicknowledgeimpactsthisprocess.Previous,nowabandoned,miningsitesintheareacontinuetohavealocalenvironmentalimpact,andtheprospectofnewactivityislikelytoexacerbatethesechallengesaswellasaffectthereindeerherdinginthearea.ArecentreportconcludedthattheheavilypollutedlakeLangvatnetshouldremainawastedisposalsiteanditsuggesteddoublingthevaluesofallowedcopperconcentrationsinthelake.Ouranalyticalapproachcentresonasocialsciencenarrativeanalysisbasedoninterviewswithdifferentrelevantactorssuchaslocalsandofficials,observationsinmeetings,anddocumentspertainingtothereopeningprocess.Thewaysinwhichtheparticularactorsandnetworksproduce,andsometimespromotecertainnarrativesatdifferenttimesandindifferentcontextsisexplored.Thisanalyticalapproachoffersawayofobtainingaricherunderstandingofthelocalpeoples’perceptionsoflocallandscapevaluesinrelationtotheprocessofreopeningminingactivitiesanditquestionshowthesenarrativesaretakenintoaccountasknowledgefordecision-making.

5.7.3

LawforReconciliationofConflictsbetweenArcticMiningandTourism

JukkaSimilä

TwogrowingeconomicsectorsintheArcticareminingandtourism,whichbothsignificantlyaffecttransformationofeconomicstructuresandnaturalenvironment.Bothtourismandminingindustriesaswellassurroundingcommunitiesexpectthatpublicpoliciesarepredictableandcreatestableconditionsforbusinessesandliving.Inconcretetermsexpectationsmay,however,differ.Tourismindustryexpectsthatlandscapeandotherenvironmentalresourcescrucialfortheirbusinesswouldremainuntouched,whereasminingindustryexpectquickandpredictabledecision-makingprocessestogetaccesstomineraldeposit.Thesurroundingcommunitiesandlocalnon-governmentalorganisationsexpectthattheycaninfluencedecision-makingandeconomicstructuresoftheregion.Thereconciliationofconflictsrelatedtothesetwoindustriesdependsonwhetherlaw-basedpolicyinstrumentsareabletosatisfycontradictingexpectationsofdifferentactors.Inthispresentation,Iwillexplorethecapacityoflaw-basedpolicyinstrumentstoresolveconflictsrelatedtonewminesandexistingeconomicactivities.

5.7.4

CooperativearrangementsbetweenminingcompaniesandlocalcommunitiesinFinnishLaplandandNorthernBritishColumbia,Canada

SeijaTuulentie,GregHalseth,LauraRyser

Inrelationtotheincreaseofpublicparticipationinallfieldsofgovernance,theminingindustryisnowadaysforcedtotakecareofcommunityrelationsundertheumbrellaofcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)andsocialsustainability.Thetransitionfromgovernmenttogovernancehasmeantthattheboundariesbetweenpublic,privateandvoluntarysectorshavechangedanddistinctionsbetweencivilsocietyandthestatehavebecomeblurred.Thisisespeciallyrelevanttotheemergenceofdebatesregardingtheneedforindustrytoobtaina‘sociallicense’tooperate.Thisalsoenablesthevoicesofmining-affectedcommunitiestobecomemoreinfluentialinmineraldevelopmentdecisionmakingandpoliticalprocesses.ButwhataretheconcretearrangementsofputtingCSRintopractice?TwoexamplesfromnorthernBritishColumbiaandtwofromFinnishLaplandshowhowthelocalcontentsandinstitutionalarrangementsvary.Theanalysisisbasedoninterviewswithlocalactorsinfourcommunities.Thearrangementsvaryfromanestablishedcommunityliaisoncommitteetoasituationwherethereisonlyverylittlecommunicationandcooperationbetweentheminingcompanyandlocalcommunity.Insuchcaseswhereenvironmentalproblemsemerge,orwheretheclosureoftheminetakesplace,goodcommunicationsandestablishedco-operationmodesprovetheirimportance,and,viceversa,thelackofcommunicationincreasestheproblems.

5.7.5

“THEWILLTODRILL”.ResultsfromtheARCTICFRONTproject–andsomethoughtsonfutureresearchneedsconcerningminingintheArctic.

BrigtDale,IngridBay-Larsen,BeritSkorstad

Intheupcomingbook“TheWilltoDrill.MiningandArcticCommunities”,aconsortiumofresearchershasinvestigatedcurrentandfutureminingprojectsinseveralcommunitiesinthreecountriesintheArctic:Norway,Greenlandand(Northwest)Russia.ThesecomplexprocessesconnectedtoplanningandoperatingArcticminesaretakingplaceatatimewhenenablingthetransitiontoalow-carbonsocietyisatthetopofthepoliticalagenda.Whilethequestionofenvironmentaltechnologyandrenewableenergyiscloselylinkedtosustainabledevelopmentatboththeglobalandnationalscale,miningfacilitiesandoperationschallengesustainableenvironmental,socialandeconomicdevelopmentalsoonthelocallevel.Intermsoflandscapeencroachmentsandpollutionofecosystems,localandenvironmentalactivistshavefoundreasonstoapplythenotionofsacrificezonestodescribeparticularareasheavily(andnegatively)influencedbytheconsequencesofexcessivemining.The“willtodrill”inarcticcommunities,whichisdescribedandanalysedinthebookisintriguinginthat

itshowsthemultiplewaysinwhichsustainabilityandminingmaybeinterpreted.Inthispresentationweelaborateupontheempiricalfindingsfromthecasespresentedinthebook,anddescribehowparticularnarrativesmightexplainhowtrade-offsbetweenwhatdevelopmentsareconsideredsustainableandtowhatextentnotionsofsacrifice(thatis,destruction–firstandforemostofnaturalsurroundings–beyondrepair)arebalancedatthelocallevel.Theseexplanationsincludehowlegitimacyissecured(ornotsecured)throughtheuseofscientificknowledgeandotherknowledgetraditions,andhowsuchknowledge,ifusedsuccessfullyprovideslegitimacyforbothsupportersandadversariestomining.Further,weaimthroughrevisitingthecasestodiscusstheanalyticalvalueofthenotionofenvironmentalorsocietalsacrificeinconnectiontominingdevelopment.Finally,weseektoidentifyknowledgegapsandunansweredquestionsthatpointtowardsafuturepoliticalandacademicminingagenda–intheArcticinparticular,andfortheextractiveindustriesasawhole.

5.8a DoArcticpolicystatementsactuallyshapeArcticrealities?Assessmentandnewtrends–CalotteAcademy2017:Perceptionsof

theArctic

Chairs:AdamStepien,HeatherExner-Pirot,andRasmusGjedssøBertelsen

June10–10:30a.m.

UB335

5.8a.1

Arcticstrategiesascomponent-basedpolicies

AdamStepien

Contemporarylegalandgovernancesystemsareoftencriticizedforbeingfragmentedanddepartmentalized.Thatisseenasachallengebecausethepursuitofsustainabledevelopmentcallsforpolicyintegrationandcoherence.Scholarsandanalystsencouragepolicy-makerstoapplyaholisticapproachtogovernanceandtocutacrosssectors.Thereisalsoapressureforpolitiestopresentthemselvesasactiveandcoherentactorsasregardsagiventhemeorgeographicalspace,includinglargetransnationalregions.Forthesereasons,Arcticandnon-ArcticstatesaswellastheEuropeanUnionhavedevelopedArcticstrategiesandpolicies.Inmostcases,thesepoliciesoriginatedfromtheneedtoproduceanArcticforeignpolicystance.Nonetheless,theyincludevarietyofinternalandexternalelements.Thesepoliciesultimatelyserveascoherence-enhancingpractices,aimingatmakingstateactivitieswithin(ordirectedtowards)theArctictobemoreintegrated,synergeticorconsistent.ThepaperexamineswhethertheprocessofmakingofArcticpoliciescaneffectively“bringtogether”variousstrandsofactors’presenceintheregionandmakeatangibledifference.Inparticular,thepolicydocumentsandactivitiesofCanada,theEU,andFinlandareconsidered.Theconclusionsarediscouraging.ThenotionofsustainabledevelopmentinArcticpoliciesisusedrathertoobscurethecontradictionsthantosupportaclearercourseofaction.ToomanyaspectsandsectorsareincludedinArcticpoliciesforthemtobefocusedandoperationalizable.Theyareusuallymoreaboutlabelingvariousissuesas“Arctic”thanintroducingtangiblecoordinationorintegration.Arcticpoliciesaregenerallymarginalwithinpolicy-systems,whichmakesthemcollectionsofexistingactionswithverylimitedinfluenceonsectoralpolicy-making.Therefore,theyconstitutecomponent-basedpolicies(Mayetal.2005).

5.8a.2

TheRussianDoctrinalDiscourseontheArctic:from‘ResourceCurse’toaSustainableDevelopmentStrategyandInternationalCooperation?

AlexanderSergunin

ThispaperaimsatexaminingmajorRussiandoctrinaldocumentsontheHighNorth–Moscow’sstrategiesintheArcticZoneoftheRussianFederation(AZRF)of2008and2013,stateprogramonsocio-economic

developmentoftheAZRFupto2020(2014),newversionsofmilitarydoctrine(2014),maritimestrategy(2015)andnationalsecuritystrategy(2015).ThisstudyarguesthattheRussiandoctrinaldiscourseontheHighNorthhasmovedfromtheperceptionsoftheAZRFasa‘strategicresourcebasis’(Strategy-2008)toawarenessoftheneedforasustainabledevelopmentstrategyandmakingtheArctica‘regionofpeaceandinternationalcooperation’(Strategy-2013andStateProgram-2014).TheimpactoftheUkrainiancrisisontheRussianArcticdiscourseisanalyzed.TheauthorarrivesatconclusionthattheUkrainiancrisishasseriouslyaffectedRussia’sthreatperceptionsbuthavenotsignificantlychangedMoscow’sgeneralattitudetotheArcticwhere,theKremlinbelieves,cooperationshouldprevailandtheregionshouldretainitsstatusofthe“zoneofpeaceandsecurity”.ThepossibledevelopmentoftheRussiandoctrinalbasisfortheArcticstrategiesinthenearfutureisdiscussed.

5.8a.3

Imaginingapost-petroleumsociety:UnderstandingthepowerofscenariosandthematerialityofoilinNorway.

BrigtDale&BeritKristoffersen

InthispaperweanalysehowthetransitionawayfromfossilerahasbeenframedandconceptualizedinNorway.Specifically,wefocusonwhatkindofimpacttheneedforgreentransitionshashadonthepossibleexpansionofNorwegianpetroleumindustryinthearcticregions.Thepaperisbasedonlongstandingfieldworkincoastalcommunitiesandanalysisofpolicydiscussions(Dale2011,2016;KristoffersenandDale2014;Andersen2016).Ouranalysishighlightsthewayinwhichscenariosofthefuturecreatedandadvocatedbypoliticalactorsandthepetroleumindustryarebasedonspecificpreconditionswhereoneassumesthatpetroleumwillbeasignificantpartofthegreenshift.Thus,thedominantimaginariesofthefutureinvolvelessoil,butsimultaneouslyexcludethenotionofapost-petroleumsocietyfromfuturescenarios.Thusthereisverylittlediscussiononwhatfuturesbeyondtheextractionperiodcouldlooklike.Inthispaperwelinkthissituationtothepowerofthesekindsofscenariosandtheconsequentiallastingmaterialityofoil.Weshowhowscenariosarevitalinlegitimatinganextensionofthepetroleumextractionperiod.Asscenariosobviouslyshapethecurrentpublicdebateonandattitudestothepetroleumindustry,wearguethatitisimportanttorecognizethattheyarebasedonpreconditionsthatcan-andincreasinglyare-challenged.Thematerialityofthefossilfuelerareferstoinfrastructure,distributionofresourcesandwaysofthinkingthatisembeddedincarbonsociety,andthatalsoframecurrentimaginariesofpost-petroleumsociety.Wediscussthesechallengesandreflectonhowtocreateaspaceforimaginariesthatincludetheinevitableonsetofapostpetroleumsociety.

5.8b DoArcticpolicystatementsactuallyshapeArcticrealities?Assessmentandnewtrends–CalotteAcademy2017:Perceptionsof

theArctic

Chairs:AdamStepien,HeatherExner-Pirot,andRasmusGjedssøBertelsen

June10–1:30p.m.

UB335

5.8b.1

Youwillrecognizethembytheirfruits’:changingroleofArcticpolicydocuments

AndreyKrivorotov

Arcticpolicystatements(likenationalstrategies,publicspeechesorsummitdeclarations)targetseveralaudiencesandthuspursueasetofheterogeneousgoals:providingguidanceforthelegislativeandexecutivebranches,tobefurtherreflectedinspecificprogramsofactionandpolicydecisions;settingtheframeworkfornon-governmentalArcticactors(likeprivatebusiness,NGOsandlocalcommunities),tobeeventuallyimplementedinlaws;definingtheagendaforabroadpublicdebate,toinvolvealsopeopleoutsidetheArctic

areas,andsendingamessagetotheglobalcommunityonthenation’sinterestsandwaystopromotethese.Therealeffectofthesestatementsisthereforemultifaceted,dependinguponhowspecifictheyare,howtheyareperceivedandfollowed-upbystakeholders.Thepictureisfurtherblurredbylobbyism,overarchingdomesticandforeignpolicyconsiderations,globaleconomictrends(likethecurrentlowoilprices),etc.Still,theArcticpolicydocumentsissuedbybothregionalandnon-regionalactorsoverthepastdecadehavegenerallyhadapositiveimpact,bringingnewoptimismtothelocalpopulation,increasingpublicspendingandprivateinvestments,enhancingnationalArcticidentitiesandsettingthesceneforanintensifiedpeacefulinternationalcooperation.TheveryfactthattheauthoritiescarefortheArctichasbeenanimportantdriver.Overtherecentcoupleofyears,however,theoverallinterestofpolicy-makerstotheArcticseemstohavediminished,withsustainabilityandconservationissuesprevailingheavilyoverdevelopmentprospects.Underthecircumstances,thevalidArcticpolicystatements,ifpursuedrigorouslybytherelevantinstitutionsandnetworks,maygetanewroleofmaintainingtheadministrativemomentumandcontinuityincreatingabetterfuturefortheHighNorthanditspeople.

5.8b.2

NationalArcticStrategiesandArcticState'sCoastGuardPolicies

LeonieArzberger

TheproposedpaperpresentsthefirstresultsofastartingresearchprojectonthechangeofpoliciesinArcticState'sNaviesandCoastGuards.AstheArcticOceanisopeningup,NaviesandCoastGuardsoftheArcticstate'shavereactedindifferentwaystotheemergingsecurityandsafetychallengesofnewArcticOceanusages.Thepaperfirstseekstopinpointthesepolicychangesandasfaraspossiblealsoalreadytodistinguishbetweenmererhetoricandactualpolicies'ontheground'.TheultimategoaloftheresearchprojectistoexplainthevariationinpolicychangebetweenthedifferentCoastGuardsandNaviesandtosetoutthepossibleimplicationsforthesecurityenvironmentintheArcticregion.However,anintermediatesteptothisgoalistocomparethenationalCoastGuard'sandNavy'spolicychangetotherespectiveArcticstate'soverarchingnationalArcticstrategiesinordertocheckwhetherthesealreadyconstituteaframefortherespectivevariations.Thepaperthusundertakesanin-depthscontentanalysisofthenationalArcticstrategiesandseekstotracetheirinfluenceontheCoastGuard'sandNavy'spolicychangesbycontrastforinstancetobeinginfluencedbyindependentlyvaryingoveralldefenseandsecuritystrategiesorotherspecificgovernmentpriorities.

5.8b.3

Canada’sArcticForeignPolicy:AssessmentandFutureDirections

HeatherExner-Pirot

Beginningintheearly1990s,considerationtoaspecificallyArcticforeignpolicyemergedfromvariousArcticgovernments,mostlyfocusedonmoremarginalissuessuchasenvironmentalprotection,sustainabledevelopment,andscience.Theseeffortsintensifiedafter2006,whenmeltingseaiceasaresultofclimatechangeimprovedaccesstotheregion,sparkinginternationalcompetitionandconcern.WhatrolehasArcticforeignpolicyplayedinsetting,orinfluencing,theregionalpoliticalagenda?Theevidenceismixed.Arcticforeignpolicyinthepastdecadehasbeenlargelyreactive,respondingtoexternalpressures,andoftenlackinginsophisticationanddetail.IsArcticpolicydomesticpolicy?Securitypolicy?Climatechangepolicy?Distinctionsarerarelyclear.LessonscanbelearnedbyevaluatingtheslateofArcticpolicystatementsprofferedbytheeightArcticstatesandtheEUinthepasteightyearstoguidefutureeffortstopromoteastableandprosperousArcticregion.ThispaperwillfocusprimarilyonCanadianArcticforeignpolicy,consideringthefollowingquestions:WhathasbeentheeffectandimpactofCanada’sArcticforeignpolicyoverthecourseofthepasttwodecades?Howhasitbeenconsistentandhowhasitvariedfrombroadertrendsin

Arcticforeignpolicy?HowmightCanada’sArcticforeignpolicybestbeapproachedandmaterializedinthecomingyears?RecommendationsforfuturedirectionsinregionalArcticpolicywillbeoffered.

5.9a Internationalpoliciesandtheinclusionofindigenousandlocalknowledgeinmanagementofbiodiversityandecosystemservices

Chair:MarieKvarnström&HåkanTunón

June8–11:30a.m.

N260

5.9a.1

MeaningfultraditionalknowledgeproductioninNordicArcticenvironmentalgovernance.AcomparativeperspectivebetweenNorwegianandFinnishAtlanticsalmongovernance.

CamillaBrattland,TeroMustonen

ThispaperattemptstocriticallyexaminetraditionalknowledgeproductioninNordicArcticenvironmentalgovernance,specificallyfocusingonsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheFinnishandtheNorwegiancontext.Weusethecriteriaeffectiveness,respectandmeaningfulnesstoexaminehowtraditionalknowledgeisproducedandthedegreetowhichitistransformedintoactionablescienceintheknowledgebasisforenvironmentalgovernance.TheArcticCouncilandsubgroupshavemainlyconcernedthemselveswithenvironmentalknowledgeproductionandmonitoringactivities,butalsogivenagreatdealofattentiontointegrationoftraditionalknowledgeinArcticCouncilprojectsaswellasadvocatingtheuseofcommunity-basedmonitoringprojects.InbothNorwayandFinland,indigenousandtraditionalknowledgeintegrationinenvironmentalgovernanceispromotedinnationalframeworks.ThispaperspecificallyexaminesthegovernanceofAtlanticsalmonriversinFinlandandNorway(Neiden)andcoastalfisheriesalongtheNorwegiancoast,andtherolesoftraditionalknowledgeproductionindifferentgovernancecontexts.TheSkoltSamifishersarecurrentlyconductingadvancedecologicalrestorationprojectsofsalmonhabitatsintheNeidenriver,whilecoastalSamifishershavebeenpartofcollectingscalesamplesandobservationsonthehealthofAtlanticsalmoncaughtincoastalfishers´salmonnetsallalongtheNorwegiancoastthroughaKolarcticproject.Basedoncomparisonacrosscases,wearguethatalthoughfisherscommunitiesmaybepartofgovernanceprocesses,thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatlocalandtraditionalknowledgeiseffectively(re)producedandgivenameaningfulroleintheknowledgebasisforgovernance.Balancingthecriteriaofeffectivenessandrespectisthuskeytowhatweseeasrealandmeaningfultraditionalknowledgeproduction.Thepaperlastlyofferssomereflectionsonhowthisapproachcanbefurtherdeveloped.

5.9a.2

NationalimplementationofinternationalpoliciesfromtheUNConventiononBiologicalDiversityandtheIPBES–fromnegotiationstopractice

MarieKvarnström,HåkanTunón

Since1992andtheadoptionoftheUNConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD),therehasbeenanon-goingstrivetoincreasetheeffectiveparticipationofindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities(IPLCs)indecision-makingandimplementationinnationalandlocalprocessesregardingconservationandsustainableuseofbiologicalresources.Governmentrepresentativesininternationalnegotiationshavedevelopedguidelinesandinstrumentsfornationalimplementationoftheseintentions.Furthermore,in2012theIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices(IPBES)wasestablishedasamechanismtoprovidescientificinformationtoimprovepolicymakingtowardssustainableuseofbiodiversityandecosystems.AlsothisplatformaimstoincludeIPLCparticipationandafar-reachinginclusionofIndigenousandLocalKnowledge(ILK)initsreports.BasedoncasestudiesfromtheCBDandIPBESprocesses,wearguethatsofar,theseintentionsarenotmetinreality.

5.9a.3

Indigenousknowledgeversuswesternscience,theirdifferencesandrolesinconservingandmanagingnaturalresourcesinNunatuKavut:theperspectiveofthesouthernInuitofLabrador,Canada

PatriciaNash

ThesouthernInuitofLabrador,Canadahaveaspecialrelationshipwithnature,whichhasallowedthemtolivesustainablyinNunatuKavut(ourancientland)formanythousandsofyears.Indigenousknowledge(IK)continuestobecriticaltomaintainingthisrelationshipandconservingresources.Withcolonizationhowever,modernorwesternsciencehasbeentheonlyworldviewrecognizedbygovernment.Thesetwowaysofknowingarebasedoncompletelydifferentprinciplesandvalues.WithincreasingresourcedevelopmentpressureinNunatuKavut,andwiththeCanadiangovernment’srecentcommitmenttoreconciliationwithIndigenouspeople,itisimportantthatIKberecognizedandvaluedindecision-making.WewilllookatthedifferencesbetweenIKandwesternscience,methodstounderstandInuitperspectivesofnaturalresourcemanagement,andwaysIKandwesternsciencecancomplementeachother.SouthernInuitofLabradorcasestudiesincludingconservationandmanagementofcaribou,salmon,capelin,andpolarbearwillbeexamined.

5.9b Internationalpoliciesandtheinclusionofindigenousandlocalknowledgeinmanagementofbiodiversityandecosystemservices

Chair:MarieKvarnström&HåkanTunón

June8–2:30p.m.

N260

5.9b.1

BuildingIndigenousEnvironmentalGovernancethroughNorth-SouthDialogue

AnneOuma,DeborahSimmons

ThispaperexplorestheroleofNorth-SouthdialogueinlegitimatingandreinforcingIndigenousenvironmentalgovernanceinitiativesintheCanadianArctic.Mineralandpetroleumdevelopmentaswellastheimpactsofclimatechangehavepulledpreviouslyisolatednortherncommunitiesintoglobalenvironmentalmanagementprocessesoverthepastseveraldecades.AnaccumulationofnarrativesaboutlocalchallengesandinitiativesduringanindigenousTalkingCircleinHalifax,NovaScotia,Canadain2011shedlightontherichvariationinindigenousknowledgesofplacethatarethebasisforlocalgovernanceinthefaceofglobalpressures.Atthesametime,theTalkingCirclerevealedexperiencesandstrategiessharedincommonamongnorthernandsouthernindigenouspeoples.Dialogueabouttheseexperiencesandstrategieswasvaluedasasourceofaddedempowermentforlocalgovernanceprocesses.Identifyingglobalpatternswithrespecttoindigenousenvironmentalgovernanceprovidesanimportantmeansofinfluencingregional,nation-stateandinternationalpolicyframeworks.Althoughthiswasnotanexplicitthemeintheinitialframingofthe2011TalkingCircle,participantsprovidedinsightsintothescopeandimplicationsofArticle8(j)oftheinternationalConventiononBiodiversity,addressingtheroleofindigenousknowledgeandwaysoflifeinpreservationofbiodiversity.Participantsconsistentlyunderstoodthescopeofindigenousenvironmentalgovernanceinitiativestobebiocultural–thatis,theyaddressedtheinterdependenceofindigenouscultures,languagesandwaysoflifeandthehealthofthelivingenvironmentintheirtraditionalterritories.Participantsfurtherproposedstrategiesforbuildingrelationshipsandnetworkstosupportvigorouslocalculturesandcollaborativeenvironmentalgovernanceprocessesinanincreasinglyglobalizedworld.

5.9b.2

EcologicalRestorationUsingTraditionalKnowledgeIntheArctic:EmergingTrends

TeroMustonen

Thispaperoutlinesrecentexperiencesbetween2011-2017fromtheNäätämöCollaborativeManagementProjectinSkoltSámihomeregion,FinlandinthecontextofecologicalrestorationandrobustmonitoringofhabitatsusingbothIndigenousandscienceknowledge.Beingthefirstofficialco-governancecontextinFinland,theprojecthasproducedpeer-andIndigenous–reviewedobservationsof,forexample,southerninsectspeciesarrivingintheNäätämöbasin,detectionofecologicaldegradationofwaterandaquaticecosystemsduetoerosion,organicloadingandnutrients.SimultaneouslytheSkoltSámihavedevelopednewmethodssuchascommunalvisualhistories,culturalindicatorsofchangeandlivingmapsastoolstounderstandandrespondtotheclimateandotherchangesunderwayinthisAtlanticSalmonriver.Mostimportantly,aftersixyearsofestablishingbaselinesandsitesofchange,thepaperwillexplorenewareasofecologicalrestorationusingSámiknowledge,beginningintheVainosjokiriversub-catchmentarea.

5.9b.3

Classifyingknowledge.TheinternationalILK-agendaandlocalimplementations.ExamplesfromAotearoa/NewZealand,AustraliaandSweden.

CarinaGreen

TheaimtoincludesocalledIndigenousandLocalKnowledge(ILK)innatureconservationmanagementisarecurringthemeworldwide,throughpolicies,recommendationsanddialogue.Withinthelastdecadesdifferentknowledgeintegrationprojectshavebeentheresultofthisambition.Thedrivingforceiswell-intendedandaddressesbothenvironmentalconcernsanddecolonizingaspirations.However,thestrictclassificationofILKassomethingessentiallydifferentfromScientificKnowledgeplaysamajorroleinthere-constructionofdividesbetweenwhatisperceivedofasscientificandnon-scientific,modernandnon-modern,culturallyembeddedandnon-culturallyentrenched.AsaconsequencenatureconservationprojectsthataimsatmergingILKandScientificKnowledgebecomeanarenaforacomplicatedwebofongoinghierarchicalrelationsamongactors,manifestationsofhistoricalnarratives,articulationsofaspiringself-determination,anddisplaysofnormativeconservationregimes.ThispresentationwillexemplifylocalimplementationsofknowledgeintegrationattemptsandlookatdifferentoutcomesfromtheactofclassifyingknowledgesystemsbyusingethnographicdatafromAotearoa/NewZealand,AustraliaandSweden.

5.10a

5.10b

MultidisciplinarycommunicationandthegovernanceofevolvingglobaldynamicsintheArctic-Exploringtheusefulnessofthetheoryandmethodof‘boundaryobjects’inArcticsocialandpoliticalsciences

Chair:JustiinaDahl

June12–10:30a.m.

June12–1:00a.m.

MC230

Panel:

ZdorEduard

TracieCurry

SarahInman

ThisIASCSocialandHumanWorkingGroupsponsoredsessionexploresifthenotionof‘boundaryobject’fromscienceandtechnologystudiescouldbeusedtofacilitatemeaningfulmulti-disciplinaryandmulti-stakeholdercommunicationattheincreasingintersectionsbetweenscience,technology,andsociety.Theconceptwasoriginallydevelopedtodescribespecificwaysthroughwhichtheviewpointsofactorsinhabitingdifferentsocialworldshavebeensuccessfullytranslatedtofacilitatescientificcooperationincomplexinstitutionalsettings.Thespeakersinthesessionrefertothesewaysinsharingtheirexperiencesinparticipatingandorganizingmulti-disciplinaryormulti-

stakeholderworkshopsorprojectsthathave,inonewayoranother,usedspecificmaterialentitiestofacilitatecommunicationandcooperationbetweenthedifferentparticipants.Thesessionendswithapaneldiscussionaboutwhetherornotsuchobjectscouldbeusedtodescribeandtranslatedifferentdisciplinaryandinstitutionalnorms,values,andprinciplesassociatedwithtechnology,environment,andsocietyinthefuturedevelopmentofglobalgovernance.

5.12 ArcticSustainabilityAcrossthe21stCentury-GovernanceLessonsfromtheBeringStraitandBarentsSeaRegions

Chairs:OranYoung,PaulArthurBerkman&MollyDouglas

June10–10:30a.m.

N230

Panel:

OranYoungTransboundaryGovernanceforMarineEcopoliticalRegions

JonL.FuglestadBiophysicalFeaturesoftheBeringStraitandBarentsSeaRegionsinaChangingEnvironment

PeterPulsiferArcticDatae-CosystemScience

PaulBerkmanMultilateralStabilityandPhasedInvestmentStrategyintheArctic

JulieRaymond-YakoubianTheNorthernBeringSeaClimateResilienceArea,other'protectedareas',andBeringStraitindigenouspeoples

ThispanelwillshowcasetheworkofthePan-ArcticOptionsProject,amulti-nationaleffortfundedthroughtheBelmontForumtoassessesemergingneedsforgovernanceintheArcticandtoidentifyandevaluateoptionsforrespondingtotheseneeds.Thepanelwillfocusonthefirstvolumeoftheproject’sbookserieswhichisentitledGoverningArcticSeasandfocusesontransboundaryissuesarisingintheBeringStraitRegionandtheBarentsSeaRegion.Contributionstothevolumeexplorethefitbetweeninstitutionalarrangementsandsocioecologicalsystems,theinterplayamongarrangementsdealingwithdifferentsectors,andthelinksbetweeninstitutionsandtheinfrastructureneededtoadministerthesearrangementsonaday-to-daybasis.Amajorgoaloftheprojectistointegratethecontributionsofthesocialsciencesandthenaturalsciencesinprovidinginputtopolicymakersconcernedwiththeseregions.Participantsinthepanelinclude:(i)JonFuglestadwhowillconsiderthebiophysicalfeaturesofthetworegions,(ii)JulieRaymond-Yakoubianwhowillconcentrateonsocio-culturalissues,(iii)PaulBerkmanwhowillspeakabouttheusesofAutomaticIdentificationSystems,(iv)PeterPulsiferwhowilldiscussDataE-cosystems,and(v)OranYoungwhowillbringgeneralperspectivesregardinggovernancetobearontheBeringStraitRegionandtheBarentsSeaRegion.

5.13 RiskGovernanceintheArctic

Chair:RomanSidortsov&MiaLandauer

June11–3.30p.m.

N410

5.13.1

ParticipatorygovernanceofinfrastructureprojectdevelopmentaffectinglocalcommunitiesintheArctic.

MiaLandauer

SeveralnewinfrastructureprojectssuchasminesandwindfarmsareunderdevelopmentoralreadyoperationalacrosstheArcticregion.Oftendeploymentofsuchprojectscreatesbenefitsatnationalorglobalscale,butthelocalcommunitiescanexperiencenegativeimpacts.Infrastructuredevelopmentrequiresextensivelandareas,causingpressureonothertypesoflanduse.Participationinenvironmentalmanagementallowslocalcommunitiestoprovidefeedbackonsocialandeconomicchallengesoftheprojects.Itcanimprovemeansofsociallearningofallinvolvedpartiesandco-developmentofsolutions.WestudyEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)proceduresofminesandwindfarmsinFinland,andexamineparticipationofreindeerherdersinEIAsbecausethesetypesofinfrastructureaffectreindeerhusbandry,atraditionallivelihoodinNorthernFinland.Weareinterestedinhowthelocalcommunitiesperceivetherisksandimpactsofdifferentinfrastructuredevelopmentprojectsintheirregion.Westudyhowlocalcommunitiescan,asstatedinofficialdocuments,participateinplanningandimplementationofinfrastructureprojects,andhowthisdifferswithperceptionsofdifferentstakeholdersinvolvedinEIAonhoweffectiveparticipationshouldlooklike.Ourdataisbasedonpolicydocumentsandsemi-structuredinterviews(N=29)withstakeholdersfromindustry,governmentandlocalcommunities(herders).Wehypothesizethatpossibilitiesforengagement,timingofengagementandthephasesofdecision-makingprocess,whenengagementispossible,suchasdefinitionoftheneedoftheprojectorofitslocation,mayraiseconcernsconnectedwithproceduraljustice.Wealsoassumethatconcernsaboutoutputandproceduralbutalsodistributivejusticemightvarysignificantlybetweendifferenttypesofinfrastructureprojectsandstakeholdergroups.

5.13.2

Participationwithoutgovernanceorgovernancewithoutparticipation?ThecaseoftheRussianriskpolicy,legal,andregulatoryregime.

RomanSidortsov

Legalnormsgoverningriskareusuallyassociatedwithspecializedadministrativeandtechnicalrulessuchastechnicalstandardsandregulations.However,thisnarrowviewomitsprogrammaticstatements,laws,andregulationsthatarefoundationalforthedeliberativecomponentofriskgovernance.Inotherwords,evenwell-developedtechnicalregulationsandstandardsmaybecomeirrelevantifthresholddecisionssuchasopeningnewareasforindustrialdevelopmentarenotsubjecttovigorousandinclusivereviewunderrobustpolicy,legal,andregulatoryregime.Thispresentationexploresthemeaningof“riskregime”beyonditsconventionalunderstandingbyusingtheapplicableRussianpolicy,legal,andregulatoryregimeasacasestudy.Itdrawsontheanalysisofover80programmaticstatements,statutes,andadministrativeregulationsandcentresontheissuesofparticipationofkeyactorgroupsintheriskgovernanceofoilandgasactivitiesintheRussianNorth.

5.13.3

Involvinglaypeopleintodecision-makingprocessesonenergytransition:exampleofclimateandenergymodelregionsinAustria.

NadejaKomendantova-Amann

Energytransitioniscausedbygoalsofclimatechangemitigationandenergysecuritypolicies,suchastheneedtodecarbonizeelectricitygenerationwithdeploymentofrenewableenergysources(RES)andtheneedtodiversitysourcesofenergysupply.Energytransitionison-goinginseveralregionsoftheworldandAustriaisoneofthecountrieswhichsettledambitioustargetsforenergytransition.Thesetargetsarefulfilledatthe

regionallevelthroughso-calledprocessofclimateandenergymodel(CEM)regions.CEMsarestrivingfordifferentdegreeofenergyindependencebasedondeploymentofRES.

Uptodate,significantvolumesofscientificworkswerewrittenontechnicalandeconomiccapacitiesandcapabilitiesneededforenergytransition.However,evidenceonhumanfactors,suchasacceptanceofenergytransitionandwillingnesstoparticipateinit,ismuchmorescarce.Oneoftheassumptionsofthispaperisthatunderstandingofhumanfactorsiscrucialforenergytransitiontoincreasebenefitsatregionalandlocalgovernancelevelsandtoaddressconcernsofinhabitantsofcommunitieswhereenergyinfrastructureisplannedandwhowillbeaffectedbytheprocessofenergytransition.ThispaperaddressesthreecasestudiesofCEMregionsinAustria-Baden,EbreichsdorfandFreistadt.Throughstakeholdersmappingandqualitativein-depthinterviewsitdevelopsinsightsonexistingparticipatorygovernancemeasurestoinvolvelaypeopleofthreeCEMregionsintodecision-makingprocessesonenergytransition.

5.13.4

UsinglocalknowledgetominimizeriskinArcticindustrialdevelopmentinRussia

FlorianStammler,AytalinaIvanova

Indigenousandlocalpeople,residentsoftheforestandthetundrainRussia’sArctic,knowtheirlandandresourcesthroughdailyengagementwiththeirenvironmentandthestoriesthattheirancestorshavepassedontothem.Inthistalkweshallarguethatthislocalknowledgebornfrompracticeonthelandisahugelyvaluablebutmostlyuntappedresource.Existingliteratureandconsultancypracticeoftenconsiderssuchknowledgein“traditionallandusestudies”,butthefocusthereishardlythepotentialofusingsuchknowledgetominimiseriskresultingfromindustrialdevelopmentormitigatingeffectofclimaticchanges.SomefirstevidencefromYakutiaandYamalregionsinRussiashallintroducethispracticalvalueandsetthesceneorsuggestawiderresearchagendafocusingonthisissue.

5.13.5 The'Anthropocene'revealsenvironmentalrisksandrequiresofslowingdownmass-scaleoffshoreprojectsintheArctic

LassiHeininen

Long-rangepollutionandrapidclimatechangeasgrandenvironmentalchallenges,orwickedproblems,aswellasthemass-scaleutilisationofresourcesandmilitarization,heavilyimpacttheArcticregion.Further,thereareclearinterrelationsbetweenimpactsofclimatechange,searchfornewsearoutesandmoretrafficinsearoutes,growingmass-scaleexploitationofhydrocarbons,emphasisontraditionalresourcegeopolitics,moregreenhousegas/CO2emissions,andconsequently,betteropportunitiesfortheoilandgasindustryinoffshoredrilling(duetolessseaice),etc...DuetothisandthegrowinguncertaintyoffshoreoildrillinginArcticwaterscomeswithbigenvironmentalandsocietalrisks.Thus,thenewresourcegeopoliticsdrivenbyneoliberalglobalisationandtheemphasisofeconomicactivitiesbytheArcticstates-alsocalledthe‘ArcticParadox’-posesadangertotheuniqueArcticecosystem.

Thispresentationfocusesonenvironmentalrisksoflong-rangepollution(e.g.radioactivity,plastic),climatechange(e.g.meltingofglaciers)andmass-scaleutilization,i.e.thattheAnthropoceneisatplayintheArctic.ItarguesthatallthischallengeshumansecurityofArcticpeoplesandnations,andeventhreatensstatesovereignty.Thepresentationalsodiscussesthattherapidclimatechangeandthe‘ArcticParadox’canbeinterpretedasglobalfactorspromotinganeededpeacefulchangewithintheregion.

5.13 PostersTheme5 June103:30p.m.–5p.m.

Nature-BasedTourismMeetsMiningIndustry–Win-WinSituationorUnhappyArrangedMarriage?

MikkoJokinen

LargenaturalresourceprojectswerekeystrategyforFinlandafterSecondWorldWar.Since1980sthescenehaschanged.Severalmineswereclosedandnature-basedtourismgrewasoneofthemajorsourcesofincomeinLaplandprovidingjobsandkeepingremoteareasinhabited.Butrecentyearsminingindustryhasstartedacomeback.Accordingstudies,tourismofLaplandisbuiltonmentalimagesofbeautifullandscapes,intactnatureandtranquilitymeanwhileminingindustrycanhavevastchangesinphysicalenvironmentandthusthreatprerequisitesoftourismbusiness.Thecrucialquestionis:cantourismandminingco-existinspaceandtime?InnorthernFinlandopeningorre-openingofaminehasmeteitherstrongresistanceorsupportfromlocaltourismsectorandlocalcommunities.Ourempiricalstudieswithfourcaseareasconductedbetween2012and2014showthateverycaseisuniqueandshouldbereviewedindividually.Sustainablecoexistenceofminingandtourismcantakeplaceifcertainconditionsaretakencareof.Theseconditionsconcern1)products,processesandlocationsoftheseindustries,2)impactassessmentandscenariobuilding,3)reconciliationprocessandfinally4)allocationofcostsandbenefits.Ourresultshighlightthekeyelements,bothnaturalandsocial,forprobabledisputesorhappyendofminingandnature-basedtourism.

COREPLAN–integratedcoastalresourcemanagementandplanning–ecosystemservicesandcoastalgovernance

BenteSundsvold,AnnMagnhildSolåsmfl

Geopoliticsisahotissueincoastalgovernanceofthecircumpolarnorth.Newindustries,asoil,gas,aquacultureetc.,aretransforminglocalcommunitiesandtheirenvironments.Coastalwatersarerecipientsforlargevolumesofwaste,whilecoastalecosystemsprovideseafoodandotherhumanbenefits.Conservationofhabitatsandbiodiversity,aswellasmaintenanceofculturalheritageandlandscapesincoastalareasareurgentissues.SincethepublicationofthemillenniumEcosystemAssessment(MA2005),therehasbeenastrongemphasisonthetheoreticalandpracticaldevelopmentonidentifying,measuringandvaluingtheservicesprovidedbyecosystems.TheIntergovernmentalPlatformofBiodiversityandEcosystemServices(IPBES)recommendecosystemservices(ES)asanewgovernanceinstrument.IdentificationandvaluationofESandanalysisoftrade-offsbetweentheseservicesarepotentiallytoolsforprioritizationincoastalspatialplanningandgovernance,characterizedbymultipleESandstakeholderswithconflictinginterests.TheCOREPLANprojectaimstoexplorethepotentialsandshortcomingsofecosystemservicesincoastalandmarinespatialplanningandresourcegovernancebyexploringthreecoastalplanningcasesinNorwayandCanada.

PolicyandgovernanceofmininginSweden:Institutionalspaceforlocalparticipationinminingdevelopment

AnnaZachrisson

Mineralextractionhasplayedaprominentroleineconomicdevelopmentglobally.Mininghasinevitableadverseimpactsonsocietyandecology,particularlyinruralareasdependentonnaturalresources.Consequently,mining-leddevelopmentisoftenassociatedwithconflictsbetweencorporateminingobjectives,recipientcommunityneedsandgovernmentalpolicygoalsforsustainableregionaldevelopment.Differentactorshavedifferentframesandsomeusuallybecomeprominentwhileothersremainmarginalized,dependingheavilyonthegovernancecontext.Conflictsmayforinstancebecomeintractablewhenthepoliticalsystementailsill-definedstructures,uncertaintyinproceduresandabsenceofclearauthority.To‘openup’forthefullrangeofperspectivesisoftenimportanttoachievesustainabledevelopment,butisthattrueformineral

extraction?Ifso,thereisaneedtoconsiderwhatconditionsenablethat.Howdoestheoverallinstitutionalframeworkatdifferentlevelshinderand/orempoweractorswithalternativeperspectives?Thereisrelativelylittleresearchontheintersectionwheretheperspectivesofdifferentactorsmeet,inparticularinaminingcontext.ThispaperanalysesthepolicycontextandinstitutionalframeworkofmininginSweden,withanemphasisontheformalspaceforlocalpopulationstoinfluenceonminingdevelopments.Itthustakesatop-downperspectiveindrawingonofficialpolicystatementsaswellasinterviewswithkeyactors,butitalsomapstheactualformalinteractionsasregisteredattheMiningInspectorateintwocurrentcasesofminingdevelopmentprocesses.Thetwocases,KallakirondepositandRönnbäckennickeldeposit,arelocatedintheSwedishMountainRegion,inmunicipalitiesfacingseveralsocioeconomicchallengessuchasdepopulationatthesametimeasminingpotentiallythreatenstraditionallyimportantindustriessuchasreindeerherdingandtourism.

TheArcticPolicyandGovernanceEducationalPartnership

SorinaSeeley,MeganGodfrey

TheArcticenvironmentischangingatanunprecedentedrate.Inresponsetothesechanges,newpoliciesareneededthathelpprotectbothcommunitiesandtheenvironment.InFebruarywewillbeginworkwithTheArcticPolicyandGovernanceEducationalPartnership,anewcollaborationbetweentheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyandtheUniversityofAlaskaFairbanks,theNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,thestateofAlaska,andindigenousorganizations.Thispartnershiphopestopromoteapolicy-science-indigenousknowledgecollaborationforadvancingnewpolicysolutions.Goodandreliablescienceisincreasinglyimportantforpolicydecisions,andthereexistsawealthofknowledgeandexpertiseinlocalcommunitiesthatisoftenoverlookedbyscientistsandpolicymakersalike.Bettercollaborationamongstakeholderswillhelpenhanceourunderstandingofissuesthatrequireapolicyresponseandmakesuchresponsesmoreeffective.StartinginFebruarywewillbeworkingtodeveloppolicyoptionsconcerningfoodsecurityinAlaska.PolicyoptionswillbeframedfromInuitandacademicperspectiveswithadditionalinsightsdrawnfromconveningsofindigenous,academic,andmanagementexperts.Apartofourworkistohelprebuildsomeofthestrainedrelationshipsbetweenthestategovernment,academic/scientificinstitutionsandindigenousorganizations.Weseethepartnershipasplayingakeyroleinrebuildingsomeoftheserelationshipsbybringingpeopletogetherandcreatingasafespaceforconversationandideasharing.TheIASSAconferenceprovidestheperfectopportunitytopresentourworkandelicitfeedbackfromexpertsandspecialistsworkinginsimilarfields.WeareeagertocontributeandparticipateinotherworkinggroupsandsessionsandfeelthatweprovideauniqueperspectiveasgraduatestudentscomingfromthefieldofInternationalEnvironmentalPolicyandoceanandcoastalresourceeconomic

6 Health&Well-being

Theme6:ArjaRautio,[email protected]

6.1 StrategiesforBuildingHealth

Chair:HeatherExner-Pirot

June8–11:30a.m.

6.1.1

LinkingLearnersforSharedApproachestoSocialDeterminantsofHealthandWell-Being

LornaButler,LoisBerry,HeatherExner-Pirot,EmmyNeuls

TheUniversityofSaskatchewan,CollegeofNursingcreatedaplatformforlongdistance,robotic-assistedtelementoringtoreachnortherncommunitiesofSaskatchewan.Usingstate-of-thearttechnology,itisnowpossibleforteacherstoremotelyworkalongsidecommunityleaderstobuildaninnovativelearningenvironmentforhealtheducation.Establishingtheremotetelementoringplatformasameansofremovinggeographicalbarrierstosupportstudentstolearnwheretheyliverequiredthedevelopmentofasystematicapproachfortestingtheproficiency,performancecompetenciesandsatisfactionofstudentlearnersusingtheremotetelementoringprogramThispresentationwilldemonstratehowanewapproachtoeducationalprogramminghasmovedbeyondtraditionalmethodsofdistancedelivery,toincludeamorelearner-centeredapproach,referredtoas“LearnWhereYouLive”.The‘LearnWhereYouLive’programbeganasameansofprovidingaccessible,qualityundergraduatenursingeducationtonorthernruralandremotecommunities.Themethodologychallengespedagogydesignedforfacetofaceclassroomteachingbyshiftingthefocussuchthatitistheeducatorandnotthestudentwhoisremotelysituated.Anadditional,powerfuloutcomeistheextensionoftelementoringtohealthcareservicedeliveryinthenorth.Thismodelprovidesacompellingapproachforinterprofessionalcollaborationbetweeneducationandcommunity-basedhealthcarepracticesfornorthernandremoteregions.Extendingthelearningexperienceintotheworkforcecouldbeaseamlesstransitionwasgraduatesentertheircareerswithexperientialknowledgeofthebenefitsofusingtechnologyinsupportoraccesstoexternalresources.Theexperienceofimplementingremotepresencetechnologyasanewinitiativecapturesthepoliticalwillforsocialchangecurrentlytranscendingallborders–collegial,institutional,provincialandnational.Theoutcomeofthisinitiativeistheapplication

6.1.2

HealthcareproblemsinremoteareasoftheFarNorth

NikolaiDyachkovskii,AlexandraKarpova,BranzulyaChemezova,NadejdaProtasova,LiyaPopova

Recentyears,theArcticregionhasbeendrawingattentionoftheworldcommunityduetoitsgeopoliticalpositionintheworld,harshclimate,vastnaturalresourcesandeconomicpotential.ThegreatfundamentalimportanceisgiventoeducationandhealthcareinremotecommunitiesoftheFarNorthinordertosaveindigenousenvironment,cultureandtraditionalwayoflife.WeconductedsociologicalsurveyamongpeoplelivinginremoteandsparselypopulatedareasoftheFarNorthaimingtostudythelevelofhealthcareaccesstoindigenousinhabitants.30inhabitantsofByas-Kyuyolvillagetookpartinthissurvey.Theproportionofrespondentsaged41to60yearswas80%.Accordingtothesurvey26.6%ofrespondentsconsiderthemselveshealthy.In53.4%casesoutof73.4%ofrespondents,admittingfunctionaldisturbance,cardiovascularandrespiratorysystemdiseasesweredetected.Thesurveyoutcomesrepresentedthatonly26.6%outof30respondentsseeksmedicaladviceintheeventofillness,and43.3%appliestothehospitalontheoccasion.Only36.6%ofrespondentsconfirmedthepossibilitytogetnecessarymedicalassistanceinthenearesthospital.

Mainreasonsthatlimittheavailabilityofqualifiedmedicalcareaccordingtothesurveyoutcomesaresignificantterritorialremotenessofspecializedmedicalhealthfacilitiesfromtheplaceofliving,theinabilitytotraveltothehealthcareinstitutionduetolimitedtransportation,andlowincome.

6.1.3

RecruitandRetain:addressingrecrutimentandretentionchallengesinthehealthsectorinCanadianNorthernandArcticcommunities

JenniferWakegijig,GwenHealey,W.AlexanderMacdonald,RogerStrasser,PennyMoody-Corbett

TheNorthernOntarioSchoolofMedicine(NOSM),istheCanadianpartnercollaboratingwithpartnersinfourNorthernEuropeancountries(Iceland,Norway,SwedenandScotland)onaEuropeanUnion-fundedinitiative,“MakingitWork”throughtheNorthernPeripheryandArcticProgramme,thataimstostabilizethepublicsectorworkforceinNorthernandArcticcommunities.Canada’scasestudyistakingplaceinNunavut(Canada'sEasternArcticTerritory),andNOSMisworkinginpartnershipwithNunavut’sDepartmentofHealth,Nunavut'sInuitorganization(NTI),andaNunavut-basedresearchorganization,theQaujigiartiitHealthResearchCentre.Difficultyinrecruitingandretainingaskilledworkforce,inparticularhealthprofessionals,isacommonchallengeforNorthernruralandremoteareas.MakingitWorkwillimplementrecruitmentsolutionsinfivecasestudysitesacrossfivecountries,applyingacommonflexiblemodeltoavarietyofpublicsectors(health,education,socialworketc.).Ineachpartnercountry,alocally-tailoredapproachtoenhancingrecruitmentandretentionofpublicsectorworkforcewillbepilotedandevaluatedusingacommonevaluationframework,withcommon,comparablebaselineandoutcomeindicators.TheNunavutprojectisfocusedonphysicianrecruitment.Baselinedatareflectsahighdegreeoftransienceinthephysicianpopulation,andkeyinterventionshavebeenidentifiedtoaddressthistransienceandtopromotehealthcareersamongNunavutyouth.TheprojectconcludesinJanuary,2019.

6.1.4

Roboticsinskillstraining–aninnovativeapproachinruralnursingeducation

CatrineBuckJensen,OleJohanOlsenandBenteNorbye

Roboticsinskillstraining–aninnovativeapproachinruralnursingeducationCatrineBuckJensen,OleJohanOlsenandBenteNorbye.Theuseoftechnologyinhealthcareservicesispartofaninternationaleffort,seenasameanstomeetthechallengesfacedbyhealthcarewithanageingpopulationandincreasedexpensesrelatedtohealthcare.TelemedicalsolutionsarealreadyinuseinseveralWesterncountries,andpreliminaryreportsdescribepositiveexperiencesfromtheperspectiveofbothclientsandprofessionals.Thereisapoliticalcommitmenttothedevelopmentandtestingoftechnologicalsolutionsforpatients,theirrelativesandhealthprofessionalsasclientgroups.Aseducators,wehavearesponsibilitytoensurethatoureducationprovidesstudentswithanawarenessoftechnology,asthiswillbecomepartoffuturehealthcare.Thereissomescepticismastowhattechnologycancontributeto,thepotentialethicalchallengesinvolvedandhowtechnologymaychangetherelationshipbetweenprofessionalandclientwhenwelfaretechnologyisintegratedinthehelpprovided.Theuseoftechnologicalsolutionsintheeducationofhealthprofessionalscanenhanceourknowledgeofsuchchallenges.ThedecentralisednursingprogrammeatUiTTheArcticUniversityofNorwayaimstoprovideflexibleeducationtostudentswholiveandstudyoffcampus.Thisrequirespedagogicalsolutionsandareliableinfrastructure.Thechallengeistoprovideskillstrainingwithsupervisioninruralareas,andpartofthistrainingistodaycentralisedtoanon-campuslocation.Thisinvolvespracticalandlogisticalchallengesforstudentswhohavechosenadecentralisededucationmodel.InJanuary2017,westartapilotinwhichwewillexploreiftheuseofremotepresencerobottechnologycanenhancesupervisioninskillstrainingforoffcampusstudentsonadecentralisednursingeducation?Thispresentationwillhighlightexperiencesoftheinnovativeapproach.

6.1.5

StrategiesforBuildingHealthCareCapacityintheCircumpolarNorth:People,EducationandTechnology

LisaSchwarzburg,NauriToler,JessicaSawyer,LarryDuffy

ThispaperexploresmaternalhealthcareinAlaskaNativevillages.AfteranIntroductionwithWHOarticle,TheLancet,andBirthCenterNewscallingforincreaseduseoflocally-basedmidwiferycareinmaternalandinterconceptualwomen’shealthcareprograms,theauthorsproposeaunique,specializedCertifiedDirectEntryMidwifeprograminvolvingthetraininganduseoflocally-basedvillagemidwivesinAlaskaNativevillages.WediscussthemidwiferygroupscurrentlypracticinginAlaska’stribalhealthprogram—showingagapinthistypeofcareforAlaskaNativevillages.Thepresentationculminateswithadescriptionofhowtraininglocally-basedMaternalandWomen’sHealthAidescouldbuildcapacityfordecentralizedhealtheducationandimprovedhealthcareaccessinthesenorthernindigenouscommunities.Authorswillfurtherarguethatlocal,specializedDirectEntryMidwivesoperatinginthevillagescanbuildontraditionally-basedmidwiferypractices,asincorporatedintotrainingandpracticesfromrespectiveculturalgroups.

6.2a CircumpolarHealthandWell-Being

Chair:RondaM.Johnson

June9

10:30a.m.

6.2a.1

HealthprojectsoftheArcticCouncilduringtheFinnishChairmanship

ArjaRautio,HeidiEriksen

Duringthenexttwoyears(2017-2019)therewillbefivemainhealthprojectsintheArcticHumanHealthExpertGroupoftheSustainableDevelopmentWorkingGroup(SDWG-AHHEG)intheArcticCouncil.Thethemesof“OneHealth”and“MentalWellness”willcontinueandtheywillbecloselyconnectedtotheworkdoneearlierundertheprojectsofU.S.andCanadianleaderships.OneHealthprojectwasstartedbyUSChairmanship(2015-2017),anditisaholistic,integratedapproachtohuman,animal,andenvironmentalhealth,anditcanbeusedinanimal-to-humaninfectiousdiseases,environmentalcontaminants,wildlifehealth,andfoodandwatersecurityintheArctic.MentalWellnessprojectwillcontinuetheworkdoneintheIndigenoussuicideprevention.Therewillbeonenewprojectentitled”OccupationalSafetyandHealthintheArctic”.ThemainaimofthisprojectistoestablishacircumpolarnetworkofexpertiseofOccupationalHealthInstitutestopromoteknowledgeexchangeandcommunication.InternationalCircumpolarSurveillanceofInfectiousdiseases(ICS,started1999)andIndigenousHealthResearch(started2011)willcontinue.JointmeetingsbetweentwohealthgroupsundertheArcticCouncil,ArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme(AMAP)andSDWGwillbearrangedandcollaborationstrengthened.

6.2a.2

ChallengesandProgresstowardsProvidingWaterandSanitationServicesinaChangingArctic

ThomasHennessy

TheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)#6,aimsto”achieveuniversalandequitableaccesstosafeandaffordabledrinkingwaterforall”by2030.However,thechallengesrelatedtoWASHintheArcticareincompletelyunderstoodandoftenoverlooked.Inadequateaccesstoin-homedrinkingwaterandsanitationserviceshasbeendocumentedtohavesubstantialnegativeimpactsonhealthinArcticpopulations.Further,climateandenvironmentalchangeisthreateningexistingwater/sanitationsystemsbydecreasingwater

availability(drought,lossoftundraponds),complicatingwaterandsewertreatment(newpathogens,increasedsedimentload,floodingevents)anddisruptingpipeddistributionofwaterandsewage(permafrostmelt,shorelineerosion).In2015,anArcticCouncilSustainableDevelopmentWorkgroupinitiativewasbeguntodocumenttheextentofwaterandsanitationservicesinArcticNations,therelatedhealthindicatorsandclimate-relatedvulnerabilitiestoWASHservices.IwilldescribethestatusofwaterandsanitationservicesavailableintheArcticregioninrelationshiptoSDG#6,includingthenatureofthedeficiencies,thelocationofpopulationsyettobeserved,andtherecenttrendsinservicedelivery.Datawillbepresentedonthedocumentedhealthconsequences(suchaswater-borneandwater-washedinfectiousdiseases)associatedwiththelackofwater/sanitationservices,theemerginghealththreatsinachangingArcticandthescopeoftheeconomicconsequencesresultingfromthesehealththreats.Further,usingdatafroma2016surveyofArcticnations,Iwilldiscussthethreatstowaterandsanitationservicesduetoclimatechangeandtheadaptationstrategiessharedbythoseconfrontingthesethreats.Fromthis,acomprehensiveviewofthechallengesfacingtheArcticregioninmeetingSDG#6andspecificrecommendationsforfutureresearchandadaptationstrategieswillbepresented.

6.2a.3

Population-BasedSurveyDataonthePrevalenceAdverseChildhoodExperiencesinAlaska:ImplicationsforHealthandWellbeing

LindaChamberlain

ThelandmarkAdverseChildhoodExperiences(ACEs)study,aretrospectivecasecontroldesignwithover17,000adultparticipants,demonstratedthatearlytraumaincludingchildabuseandneglect,exposuretodomesticviolence,growingupinahouseholdwithsubstanceabuseormentalillnessarecommonexperiencesthatoftencluster(Felittietal,1998).ACEswerepredictive,inadoseresponserelationship,ofleadingpublichealthproblemsincludingsuicide,substanceabuse,obesityanddepression.Worldwide,ACEsarerecognizedasleadingsocialdeterminantsofhealth.MorethanhalfofthestatesintheUnitedStateshavecollectedpopulation-baseddatathroughtheirparticipationintheUnitedState'sBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillanceSystem(BRFSS),thelargesttelephonesurveyintheworld.TheStateofAlaskaaddedtheACEsmoduletotheirBRFSSsurveyin2013andhasanalyzedthreeyearsofdata.Whileapproximatelyone-thirdofadultAlaskansdisclosedzeroACEs,nearlyoneoutof5(19.5%)indicatedthattheyexperienced4ormoreACEsbeforetheageof18yearold(AlaskaDepartmentofHealthandSocialServices,2016).WhencomparedtopooleddataonACEsfromtenotherstates,theprevalenceofchildhoodadversitiesishigherintheStateofAlaska.PopulationattributableriskfractionsindicatethatACEsareresponsibleforsignificantproportionsofleadingAlaskanpublichealthconcernsincludingheavyandbingedrinking,smokingtobacco,poorphysicalhealthandasthma.ThisworkshopwillexaminethedataontheprevalenceofACEsinAlaskawithinthecontextofastatewideinitiativetoeducateserviceprovidersandcommunitiesabouttheimpactACEs,strategiestopromoteresilienceandopportunitiesforprevention.

6.2a.4

RelationshipsamongCardiovascularRisk,biologicalageandqualityoflifeinRussia'sEuropeanNorth.Roleofprematureaging.

PeterKozhin,KimL.B.,PutyatinaA.N.

ItisknownthatinRussia'sArcticregionsoveralllevelofmorbidityishigherandlifeexpectancyislowerthanaverageinRussia.Heartdiseasesarethemostcommoncauseofreducedworkingcapacityofalien(nonindigenous)populationleadingtodeath10–15yearsearlierthaninmidlatitudes.Health-relatedqualityoflife(QoL)isconsideredanimportantoutcomemeasureinchronicdiseases,inparticularcardiovasculardisease(CVD),whichisknowntobeassociatedwithimpairedQoL.However,littleisknownabouttheassociationbetweenqualityoflife,cardiovascularriskandbiologicalageinRussia'sEuropeanNorth.Thisstudyincluded91individuals(minersinRussia'sArctic,male,20-69years).Cardiovascularrisk(SCORE),biologicalage

(anthropometricandphysiologicalparameters),markerofaging(p16INK4a)andQoL(MOS-SF-36)wereexamined.AllSF-36sectionsresults(excludingmentalhealth)negativelycorrelatedwithbiologicalage.Physicalfunctioningandgeneralwell-beingingroupwithpolarexperience"upto20years"werehigherthaningroup"20yearsandmore".Ingroup"upto20years"markerofagingp16INK4anegativelycorrelatedwithphysicalfunctioning,bodilypainandvitalityandpositivelycorrelatedwithcardiovascularrisk.Thus,biologicalageandmarkerofaging(p16INK4a)areindependentpredictorsofimpairedQoLandhighcardiovascularriskinthispopulation(especiallyinyoungergroup).Thisfindingunderscorestheneedtopromotehealtheducationinthispopulation.

6.2a.5

DiscriminationamongstArcticindigenousSamiandnon-SamipopulationsinNorway–theSAMINOR2questionnairestudy

KetilLenertHansen,StephenJamesMintonOddgeirFriborgandToreSørlie

AbstractBackground:RecentresearchdemonstratesthatformanyindigenousSamipeople,experiencingethnicdiscriminationisaregularoccurrence.Thepresentstudywasdesignedtoprovideestimatesoftheprevalenceofself-reporteddiscriminationinordertoidentifyspecificsettingswherediscriminationhappened,toidentifyperpetratorsandtoexamineindividuals'responsestothediscrimination.Methods:In2012,allinhabitantsagedbetween18and69livinginselectedmunicipalitieswithbothSamiandnon-Samisettlementsinmid-andnorthernNorwayweremailedaninvitationtoparticipateinaquestionnairesurveycoveringquestionsaboutdiscrimination(typesofdiscrimination,settingswherediscriminationhappened,andwhotheperpetratorwas).Alltogether,11,600participated(aresponserateof27%).Results:RespondentswithastrongSamiaffiliationreportedthehighestlevelsofdiscrimination;intotal,50.8%respondedthattheyhadbeendiscriminatedagainst,comparedwith14.3%ofthenon-Samirespondents(OR=6.16CI:5.42-7.00).SamiwithstrongSamiaffiliationreportedhaveexperiencedsignificantlymorediscriminationoverthepasttwoyearsmorethandidthenon-Samirespondents.

6.2b CircumpolarHealthandWell-Being


June9-1:30p.m.

6.2b.1

TheinfluenceofriskandprotectivefactorsonvariationsinsuicidalbehaviorbetweenSamiandInuityouth

ChristinaVLLarsen,CharlotteBrandstrupHansen,AnneSilviken,SivKvernmo,IngerKatrineDahl-Petersen,CeciliaPetrinePedersen,PeterBjerregaard

InGreenlandthesuicideratesareingeneralhigh(87per100,000),however,theratesamongyoungmalesagedfifteentotwenty-fouryearsold,areevenhigher(450-500per100,000).Asimilarpattern,althoughalowerrate,isfoundamongSami,withthehighestsuicideratesamongthefifteentotwenty-fouryearoldmales(53per.100,000personyears).Theoverallmotivationforthisstudywastoinvestigatetheinfluenceofriskandprotectivefactorsonsuicidalbehaviourintwoyoungindigenouspopulationssharingmanyofthesamechallenges.MaterialandMethods:Inthisstudy,cross-sectionaldatafromtwoschool-basedstudiesamong15-18yearoldadolescents:“TheNorwegianArcticAdolescentHealthStudy2004”withaparticipationrateof83%and433Samiparticipants(outofatotalof4880Norweigianyouth);“Well-beingamongYouthinGreenland2011”conductedin2011withaparticipationrateof81%and481participants.ResultsPreliminaryresultsshowtheprevalenceofsuicideattemptswashigheramongInuitcomparedtoSamiyouth,butthedifferencewasnotsignificant(F:25,4%vs.16,9%;M:10,9%vs.7,2%).ForsuicideideationtheprevalenceamongyoungSamiwassignificantlyhigherthanamongtheyoungInuit(F:51,2%vs.31%;M:26,9vs.15,0%).Inbothgroups,theprevalenceofsuicidalthoughtswashigheramongfemales.Anindexof0-4riskandprotectivefactors

respectivelywasconstructed.Forbothgroupstheriskandprotectiveindexesweresignificantlyassociatedwithsuicidalbehaviourresultinginahigherprevalenceofsuicidalbehaviourwithanincreaseinriskfactorsandviceversa.Discussion:BothSamiandInuityouthfacegreatchallengesastheirculturalcontextandthesocietiestheyliveinarechangingrapidly.DespiteahighprevalenceofsuicidalbehaviourinbothgroupsahigherconcentrationofriskfactorsamongInuitmightcontributetotheexplanationofdifferencesinsuicideratesbetweenthetwogroups.

6.2b.2

PsychosocialhealthamongSámiinSweden,Part1(of2):overviewandknowledgegaps

JonPetterStoor

Inspring2015,thegovernmentofSwedenforthefirsttimeacknowledgedtheneedforSámihealthresearch,throughallocatingtargetedfundingforascopingreviewonpsychosocialhealthamongtheindigenousSámi.AtthesametimetheSámiparliamentinSwedenwasalsoforthefirsttimegivenmandatetoworkon(Sámi)healthissues,asthefundingforthescopingreviewwasdirectedtothisbody.Thereviewwasreleasedasareport(inSwedish)inJune2016andsummarizesrecentfindingsfromresearch(quantitativeandqualitative)andotherrelevantsources.Sixdifferentpsychosocialhealthtopicswereincluded;1.suicideandsuicidalbehavior,2.mentalhealth,3.drugsandalcohol,4.exposuretoviolence,5.ethnicdiscriminationand6.healthcareresearch.Italsoincludedqualitativedescriptionsofspecificlife’s-challengesthatmighthaveimpactonpsychosocialhealthinfourSámisubgroupsincluding;elderlySámi,Sámiwithdisabilities,LGBTQSámiandreindeerherdingSámi.Thispresentationispartoneoftwoandfocusesontheresultsofthescopingreview.ItcreatesanoverviewofthecurrentlyavailableknowledgeonthepsychosocialhealthamongSámiinSwedenandidentifiestheknowledgegapsincludingrecommendationsforfurtherresearch.ThepresenterwrotetheaforementionedreportonbehalfoftheSámiparliamentinSweden.

6.2b.3

PsychosocialhealthamongSámiinSweden,Part2(of2):structuralhindrancesforresearchandrecommendationsforaction

JonPetterStoor

Inspring2015,thegovernmentofSwedenforthefirsttimeacknowledgedtheneedforSámihealthresearch,throughallocatingtargetedfundingforascopingreviewonpsychosocialhealthamongtheindigenousSámi.AtthesametimetheSámiparliamentinSwedenwasalsoforthefirsttimegivenmandatetoworkon(Sámi)healthissues,asthefundingforthescopingreviewwasdirectedtothisbody.Thereviewwasreleasedasareport(inSwedish)whichstatesthatwhileavailableknowledgesuggeststhatSámiinSwedenmighthavelessgoodpsychosocialhealth,ascomparedtoSwedes,thepresentevidencebaseistooflawedtoallowforanyconclusionsonthematter.Furtherresearchisneededonallpsychosocialhealthtopicsincludedinthereportaswellasonotherimportantmatters(Sámi/traditionalknowledgeperspectivesonhealthandresiliency/strengthbasedapproaches).Structuralhindrancestobuildnecessaryknowledgebasewereidentifiedandincluded:1.nobody(governmentalorother)isresponsiblefor“Sámihealth”or“Sámihealthresearch”,2.thebanofethnicregistriesinSweden,3.that“Sámiidentity/ethnicity”isoperationalizeddifferentlyindifferentresearchprojects–makingcomparisonshardandgeneralizationoffindingsdifficult,4.thatSámihavenoinfluenceonSámihealthonthepeople/populationlevel,includingproductionofknowledge,5.thattherearenospecificethicalguidelinesforSámihealthresearchinSweden.Basedonthecurrentlyavailableknowledgebase,theidentifiedknowledgegapsandthestructuralhindrancesforfurtherresearchseveralrecommendationsforaction(fortheSwedishgovernment)waspresented.Thispresentationisparttwooftwoandfocusesontheidentifiedstructuralhindrancesforfurtherresearchandtherecommendationsforactions.ThepresenterwrotetheaforementionedreportonbehalfoftheSámiparliamentinSweden.

6.2b.4

DisorderedeatinginmixedSamiandnon-SamiNorwegianpopulations:TheSAMINORstudy

KirstiKvaløy,MaritaMelhus,AnneSilviken,AnnRagnhildBroderstad

DisorderedEating(DE)embraceavarietyofabnormaleatingbehaviorssub-thresholdtoeatingdisorderdiagnosis.Themainaimofthiscross-sectionalstudywastoinvestigateDEamongst1811Sami(M:844,F:967)comparedto2578non-Sami(M:1180,F:1398)individualsresidinginnorthernregionsofNorway,SAMINOR2ClinicalSurvey(2012–2014).ResultsshownooverallethnicdifferenceinDE,althoughcomforteatingwasreportedmoreoftenbySamicomparedtonon-Samiindividuals.Regardlessofethnicityandgender,psychologicaldistresswasassociatedwithDE.Furthermore,DEwasmorecommonatloweragesandathigherweight(BMI)levels.LowtomoderatephysicalactivityandsnackingwereassociatedwithDEinmenofbothethnicgroupsandinnon-Samiwomen.Inaddition,highsocioeconomicstatus(levelofeducation)wasprotectivelyassociatedwithDEinSamimen.

6.2b.5 TheIntersectionbetweenDomesticViolenceandAdverseChildhoodExperiences(ACEs)intheArctic

LindaChamberlain

AnextensivebodyofliteratureintheUnitedStatesandFinlandindicatethatchildhoodexposuretodomesticviolence(DV),childmaltreatmentandotherformsofhouseholddysfunctionareprevalent,co-occurringandleadingpredictorsofphysical,mentalandbehavioralhealthacrossthelifespan.Theprimaryaimofthisstudyistoexaminetheimplicationsofpastandco-occurringAdverseChildhoodExperiences(ACEs),alsoreferredtoaschildhoodadversities,forfamiliesexperiencingdomesticviolence.FocusgroupswereconductedwithstaffatsixdomesticviolencesheltersinFinland.ShelterswerepurposelyselectedtoprovideageographicallydiversesamplefromthemostnortherntothemostsouthernlocationinFinland.Aseriesofopen-endedquestionsweredevelopedthroughconsultationwithdomesticviolencesheltersinFinlandandAlaska.Focusgroupswereaudio-recordedandtranscribed.Applyingaconstantcomparativeframework,aclassicalanalysisstrategywasusedtoanalyzedata.Keythemesthatemergedincludedtheimportanceofatraumaframeworktoaddresspastandco-occurringtrauma,awholefamilyapproach,inter-agencycoordinationofservicestoensureparallelsupportforchildrenandparents,andtheneedforresourcesthathelpparentsandcaregiverstounderstandtheimpactofviolenceonchildrenandstrategiesforhealing.Theresultsfromanon-linesurveyofallthedomesticviolencesheltersinAlaska,examiningtheintersectionbetweendomesticviolenceandotherACEs,thatwasconductedduringthesametimeframewillalsobesharedtohighlightcommonthemesandcontrastdifferences.Thesequalitativeandquantitativedataarebeingusedtoinformthedevelopmentofanon-line,openaccesseducationaltoolkitontheintersectionbetweendomesticviolenceandACEsfordomesticviolenceserviceproviders.ThisresearchwassupportedbytheFulbrightArcticInitiative.

6.3 HealthPromotionandPopulationHealth

Chair:RhondaM.Johnson

June8-2:30p.m.

6.3.1

InuitCommunityReadinessforHIVPrevention:AdaptingtheCommunityReadinessModelintheCanadianArctic

JennyRand,AudreyA.Steenbeek,Ashlee-AnnPigford,TracyO’Hearn,MarniAmirault,JanetCurran,IgahSanguya,DianeAngma,RenéeMasching,BarbaraPlested,PamelaJumper-Thurman

CrucialtosuccessofInuithealthresearchisafoundationinInuitculture,knowledgesystems,andworldview.InuitQaujimajatauqangitisthetermusedtodescribeInuitepistemologyortheIndigenousknowledgeofInuit.DrawingonInuitQaujimajatuqangitasaframeworkthatsupportswellnessthroughacollectiveculturalsenseofhealth,PauktuutitInuitWomenofCanada,DalhousieUniversityandTheCanadianAboriginalAIDSNetworkareworkingtogethertowardInuitHIVprevention.CollaborativelywithInuitknowledgeholders,communities,andknowledgeusersfromacrossallfourInuitregions,thiscommunity-basedparticipatoryresearchprojecthasadaptedtheCommunityReadinessModel(CRM)togaugeInuitcommunity’s“readiness”toengageinHIVprevention,screeningandeducation.TheCRM,developedatColoradoStateUniversity,isanine-stage,multi-dimensionalmodelthatfacilitateschangeandpreparescommunitiesforbetterintegrationofanintervention.Itisissueandcommunityspecificandbuildscapacity,investment,andcooperationamongsystemsandindividuals.Itmatchestheintensityofprevention/interventioneffortstoacommunity’slevelofreadiness,whichiscriticalforsuccess.Thegoalofthisprojectistoadapt,pilot,anduseaculturallyappropriateCRMtoimprovereadinessinHIVprevention,educationandscreeningthroughinterventionsthatarelocallyrelevant.ThisprojectisasteptowardsaddressingHIV/AIDSinInuitcommunities,byidentifyingfactorsthatimpactreadinessforHIVpreventioninterventions.Additionally,asthisprojectisgroundedinInuitQaujimajatauqangititaddstothegrowingknowledgesurroundingInuitresearchmethodologiesandInuithealthresearch.

6.3.2

ClosingtheGap:InvolvingIndigenousEldersandyouthinHIV/AIDSpreventionusingparticipatoryfilmmaking

RachelLandy

Background:ThereisadearthofliteratureexploringtheroleIndigenousEldersplayandwishtoplayinsexualhealtheducationandHIV/AIDSpreventionwithIndigenousyouth.ThispresentationexploreshowEldersattendinganHIV/AIDSeducationworkshopforyouthexperiencedtheworkshopandhowtheyperceivedtheirrolesinsexualhealtheducationandHIV/AIDSprevention.Methods:5Eldersand11youthrepresentingthediverseIndigenouscommunitiesinLabrador,Canadaattendeda3.5-dayparticipatoryfilmmakingworkshophostedaspartofacommunity-basedresearchprojectexaminingtheuseofartsinHIV/AIDSeducationandpreventionwithIndigenousyouth.ParticipatoryfilmmakingwasusedtoengageyouthandcreatedialogueaboutHIV/AIDS,sexualhealthandhealthingeneral.TheEldersandyouthcreated4films.Followingtheworkshop,Eldersandyouthwereinterviewedabouttheirexperiencesmakingfilmsandworkingtogether.Thematicanalysiswasusedtoanalyseinterviewtranscriptsandthefilmsproduced.Findings:TheEldersfelttheprocessofparticipatoryfilmmakingwasengagingandallowedrelationshipstobebuiltbetweentheyouthandElders;theEldersfeltcomfortablediscussingissuesofsexualhealthandHIV/AIDSpreventionwitheachotherandwiththeyouthinthiscontext;throughtheprocessofparticipatoryfilmmaking,theEldersidentifiedthattheyhaveHIV/AIDSandsexualhealthlearningneeds,thattheyhavearoletoplayintheeducationandsupportofyouthandthattheyrequireknowledgeinordertoprovidethiseducationandsupport.Conclusion:Participatoryfilmmakingisapromisingarts-basedapproachprovidingagoodplatformforcreatingconstructiveintergenerationaldialogueandengagementbetweenyouthandEldersinthecontextofsexualhealthandHIV/AIDSeducation.

6.3.3

HealthandWellbeingChallengesandFamilyValues

GertMulvad

Familyvaluesandthehealthandwellnessofchildrenandyoutharethepriorities.Selflessness,sharingandrespectforeachother,valuesthathaveguidedInuitformillennia,arethefundamentalbuildingblocksforhealthyInuitfamiliesandcommunities.Familiesmusttakeresponsibilityforensuringthehealthandwellnessoftheirchildrenandcommunitiesmusttakeownershipoverresponsestoemergingcrisesandrelylessonexternal

support;Traditionalvaluesinthefamiliesisessentialascommunitiesfacethechallengesofbalancingtraditionalandmodernapproachestohealthandothersocialissues.

6.4a ParticipatoryMethodsforHealth

Chair:RhondaM.Johnson

June11-1:30p.m.

6.4a.1

FromCulturalConceptstoLocalIndicatorsofHealthinNunavik:DevelopmentoftheCommunityComponentoftheQanuilipitaa2017HealthSurvey

ChristopherFletcher,MylèneRiva

TherehavebeenthreesystematicpublichealthsurveysundertakeninNunaviksincethesigningoftheJamesBayandNorthernQuebecAgreementin1975.Eachofthesehasgrowninsophisticationandscopeallowingfornuancedepidemiologicaldescriptionsofthehealthconditionsoftheregiontobedeveloped.Whenanewsurveywasinitiated,thistimeundermandatefromregionalInuit-runhealthauthorities,therequestwasmadetodevelopacommunitycomponentofthehealthsurveythatwouldidentifyanddescribehealthconceptsandconditionsrelevanttothecommunity.ThispaperdescribestheprocessandsomeverypreliminaryresultsfromcommunityconsultationsonthedevelopmentofaCommunityHealthandWellbeingComponentoftheQanuilirpitaa2017NunavikRegionalHealthsurvey.

6.4a.2

PopulationDynamicsinGreenland--AMulti-componentMixed-methodsStudyoftheDynamicsofPregnancyinGreenland

ElizabethRink,GitteAlderReimer

Background:PDG--AMulti-componentMixed-methodsStudyoftheDynamicsofPregnancyinGreenlandexamineshowdecisionsregardingconception,pregnancyandparenthoodareshapedbymultipleinteractingconstraintsandinfluencesinKullorsuaq,anindigenous,predominantlyyouthful,northerncommunityinGreenlandundergoingeconomicandenvironmentalchanges.Methods:PDGisacommunitybasedparticipatoryresearchstudy(CBPR)andcombinesecologicalsystemstheorywithtraditionalknowledge.Datacollectionstrategiesincludesemistructuredin-depthinterviewsandethnographicmethods.Results:First,CBPRisaneffectivemethodtoengagecommunitymembersintheArctic.Second,thepositionalityoftheresearchteamwithinthecommunitycreatesapsycho-social-emotionalrelationshipbetweenresearchteammembersandcommunitymembers.Third,reproductivehealthinKullorsuaqisinfluencedbyaninterplayofcultural,social,economic,andenvironmentalfactorsinthefamilyandcommunityaswellaswithinthelargecontextofGreenland’spolitical,socialservice,andhealthcaresystem.Conclusions:ImprovingreproductivehealthoutcomesinKullorsuaqrequiresamulti-facetedecologicalapproachattheindividual,school,family,communityandpolicy.

6.4a.3

PartneringwithIndigenousYouthCo-Researchers:ImprovingProcessesandOutcomeswithinaParticipatoryResearchProcess

CindyJardine,ShelaghGenuis

Involvingyouthdirectlyinresearchensurestrueparticipationintheinvestigationofhealthissuesthataffectthemandothersintheircommunities,andprovidesthemwitha‘voice’inbothidentifyingrelevantissuesanddeterminingappropriatecoursesofaction.Twoseparateparticipatoryresearchprojectswereconductedin

CanadawhereFirstNationsyouthactedasco-researchersinexplorationsofsmokingandfoodsecurityusingPhotoVoice.Highschoolstudentsweretrainedinresearchmethodsandconductedinterviewswithotherstudents.Theyparticipatedinresearchdesign,dataanalysisandthedevelopmentofaculturallyrelevantphotobook.Relationshipsand‘dialogic’spacewereimportanttobuildingpartnershipswithandpromotingcapacitydevelopmentamongyouthco-researchers.Theyouthmadeinvaluablecontributionstoboththeresearchprocessandoutcomes.TheysuccessfullyengagedotherstudentsinthePhotoVoiceinterviewsbyadoptingconversationalapproachesandbuildingrapportbyarticulatingpersonalandculturalconnections.Co-researchersprovidedcriticalinsightsontheresultsthatformedthebasisforthephotobookthemesandrepresentations.Viewingtobaccouseandfood-relatedlivedexperiencesthroughtheirchildren’seyeswasseenbythecommunitiesasapowerfulandeffectivemeansofcreatingawarenessofhealthissues,andinitiatingactionsforhealthandculturalpromotion.Theresearchalsobenefittedtheyouthco-researchersthroughthedevelopmentofresearchandleadershipskills,amorecriticalunderstandingofhealthchallengesfacingtheircommunityandasenseofownershipoftheresearch.TheseresearchprojectssupportthepowerfulpotentialofIndigenousyouthco-researcherstomeaningfullycontributetoresearchprocessesandtobuildknowledgethatisrelevantandcrediblebothwithinandoutsideoftheircommunities.

6.4b ParticipatoryMethodsforHealth


June11-3:30p.m.

6.4b.1

Community-BasedApproachtoBoatingSafetyintheNorthwestTerritories,Canada

AudreyGiles

Between1991-2010,theaveragerateofboatingfatalityintheNorthwestTerritories(NWT),Canada,was9.6per100,000,afigurethatwasthehighestinthecountryand16timestheCanadianaveragerateof0.6per100,000(CanadianRedCrossSociety,2014).Further,menaccountfor90%ofdrowningfatalitiesintheNWT(NWTHealthandSocialServices,2015).UnderstandingthewaysinwhichinjurypreventionstrategiesrelatedtoboatingsafetycanmoresuccessfullytargetNWTmenisthusanurgentpublicconcern.Nevertheless,despitetheelevatedratesofdrowningandboatingincidentsforresidentsinnorthernCanada,waterandboatingsafetyandinjurypreventionresourcescontinuetobedevelopedinsouthernCanadaandtypicallyfailtoreflectspecificriskfactorspertainingtothenortherncontextorgroupsatelevatedrisk,includingAboriginalmen.Inthispresentation,weprovideanoverviewofourfindingsfromourTransportCanada-funded,community-basedboatingsafetyresearchinthreecommunitiesintheNorthwestTerritories,Canada:FortSimpson,Deline,andInuvik.Throughsemi-structuredinterviews,communitymemberswereaskedtoidentifytheirboatingsafetyandtothenco-designinterventionsthatwouldmeetthoseneeds.Identifiedneeds(e.g.,needtolifejackets,planningtools,enhancedriskcommunication,signage,etc.)variedbycommunity,asdidtheinterventionsthatcommunitymembersco-designed(an“app,”posters,boatlaunchsigns,socialmediaevent,etc).Takentogether,wearguethattheseresultsshowthatgenericboatingsafetyprogramsfromsouthernCanadawillcontinuetohavelimitedsuccessiftheyfailtomeetnortherners’uniqueneedsanddesireoftargeted,culturallysafeinterventions.

06.4b.2

ExaminingaParticipatoryRiskCommunicationApproachintheNorth:TheCaseofContaminantExposureandInuitHealth

AmandaBoyd,ChrisFurgal

IndigenouspopulationsresidingintheArcticcommonlyrelyoncountryfoodsfornutritional,spiritualandculturalbenefits.However,someofthesefoodsourceshavebecomecontaminatedwithheavymetalsor

persistentorganicpollutants.Asaresultofthesecontaminants,itiscriticalthathealthcommunicatorsdevelopeffectiveandculturallyappropriatemessagesabouttherisksandbenefitsofeatingcountryfoods.ToaddressthischallengeintheCanadianInuitregionofNunavik,aworkinggroupwasformedtoadvanceriskmanagementandcommunicationrecommendationsaboutlocalcountryfoods.TheNunavikChildDevelopmentStudy(NCDS)CommunicationsWorkingGroupincludedlocalhunters,educators,healthcareprofessionals,researchers,andcommunicators,amongothers.In-depthinterviewswithmembersoftheNCDSCommunicationsWorkingGroupwerecompletedtoprovideinsightintotheriskmanagementapproachandhowcommunicationmaterialsweredevelopedanddelivered.StudyresultsrevealtheimportanceofincludingmembersoftheInuitpopulationinthedesignanddisseminationofcommunicationmaterial.Inaddition,researchersandhealthcareprofessionalswerebetterableto:(1)accessimportantlocalknowledge;(2)understandtheperceptionsofthepopulations;and(3)assessbehaviorsthateffectedexposuretocontaminants.Byincorporatingmultipleperspectivesandincludingthepeopleresidingintheaffectedregioninthedecision-makingprocess,therewasgreaterconsensusinriskmanagementandcommunicationdesign.WediscussthebarriersandfacilitatorstousingaparticipatoryadvisoryapproachtodevelopanddeliverhealthriskmessagestoIndigenouspopulations.Thisstudyultimatelyprovidesinsightintohowaparticipatoryapproachtoriskmanagementandcommunication–thatisinclusiveofexperiences,knowledgeandskills–canresultinpotentiallymoreculturallyrelevanthealthadvisoriesandcommunicationcampaigns.

6.4b.3

Correctnessandcompletenessofself-reportedmyocardialinfarctionandself-reportedstroke

Bent-MartinEliassen,MaritaMelhus,GretheS.Tell,KristinBenjaminsenBorch,TonjeBraaten,AnnRagnhildBroderstad,SidselGraff-Iversen

Objective:OurobjectivewastocomparequestionnairedataandhospitaldischargedatafromregionswithSamiandNorwegianpopulationstoassessthecorrectness(validity)andcompleteness(sensitivity)ofself-reportedmyocardialinfarction(SMI)andself-reportedstroke(SRS)byethnicity,sex,ageandeducation.Methods:16865menandwomenaged30,and36–79yearsparticipatedintheSAMINOR1Surveyin2003–2004.InformationonSMIandSRSwasavailablefromself-administeredquestionnairesfor15005and15088oftheseparticipants,respectively.Wecomparedthisinformationtohospitaldischargedatafrom1994untilSAMINOR1Surveyattendance.Results:Thesensitivityandpositivepredictivevalue(PPV)ofSMIwere90.1%and78.9%,respectively;thePPVincreasedto93.1%whenallischaemicheartdisease(IHD)diagnoseswereincluded.ThesensitivityandPPVofSRSwere81.1%and64.3%,respectively.Moderatetonovariationwasobservedincorrectnessandcompletenessaccordingtoethnicity,sex,age,andeducation.Conclusion:OurresultsshowthatSMIfromtheSAMINOR1Surveymaybeusedinaetiological/analyticalstudiesinthispopulationduetoahighIHD-specificPPV.

6.4b4 YellowknivesDeneFirstNationsYouths’HealthPerspectivesasaFoundationforImprovedRiskCommunicationMessaging

CindyJardine,Laurie-AnnLines

UnderstandingaFirstNations’perspectiveonhealthmeaningandissuesisanecessarysteptoeffectivecommunicationplanningacrossthehealthfield.Youthinvolvementcanimprovehealthmessagingbyprovidingaccurate,representativeperspectivesofhealthrisksandwaysofcommunicating.Throughacommunity-basedapproachwiththeYellowknivesDeneFirstNationsWellnessDivisionyouthwereengagedinasummeron-the-landworkshoptocapturetheirhealthperspectivesoncommunication,information,issues,andagency.Fifteenyouthparticipatedthroughsharingcircles,PhotoVoice,muralart,andsurveys.Youthdiscussedgapsincommunicationandtheirpreferenceforreceivinginformationinthecommunity.Sharingperspectivesempoweredyouthtoenvisionanactiveroleinaddressinghealthissuesthroughcommunityhealthmessaging.

Wewilldiscusshowyouths’healthperspectivessetthestageforimprovedhealthriskmessagingbyemphasizingtheneedtocommunicatethroughpreferredchannels,havemessagesreflectrelevantandprioritizedrisks,andsustainablecommunicationprocesses.

6.6a IndigenousHealthintheArctic

Chair:GertMulvad

June1010:30a.m.

6.6a.1

FoodAdviceinGreenland.

GertMulvad

AdvicesfromtheGreenlandicBoardofFoodandEnvironmentexpressed“don’treplacecurrentfoodwithworsefood”.“Eatstilltraditionalfood,especiallyfish”and“Followtheseason.”AreductioninthelevelofdietaryexposuretoenvironmentalcontaminantsisnecessaryasseveralArcticpopulationshaveexposuresinexcessofinternationallyacceptedguidelinesforsafeintake.Highexposurelevelsarecloselyrelatedtointakeoffoodderivedfrommarinemammals.InGreenland,thisexposurehasbeenshowntoberelatedtonegativehealthindicators,suchasdisturbedsex-hormonebalance/activityandtoreducedspermquality.Theseobservationsdemonstratesthatcontaminantexposureandlife-stylerelatedobesityshouldbeaddressedsimultaneouslyinageneralfoodpolicy.Humanexposuretohazardouscontaminantsshouldbereducedintwoways:Agreementofmeasuressuchasinternationalconventionstoeliminateorreduceproductionanduseofthemostdangerouschemicals.Thisisimportantbut,however,onlyeffectiveoveramanyyearperspective..Implementintermediateinterventionstrategieslocally,inordertoprotectthehighestexposedpopulations,asaquickandeffectivefirstaction.IntheArctic,themainsourceofanthropogeniccontaminantsofconcernisfromconsumptionofmarinemammals.Consequently,themostefficientwaytoreducehumanexposureistoreplaceconsumptionofhighlycontaminatedmarinemammalswithfishandterrestrialmammals.Someolderpeoplestillregardmarinemammalsaspartofthetraditionalfoodandtheirculturalintegrity.However,therisktoanormalweightpersonoverreproductiveageofcontinuingtheirtraditionaleatinghabitsisnegligibleandtheyshouldthereforenotberecommendedtochangethis.Thetimehascomewhereitisnecessarytoimplementageneralpublichealthpolicy,whichthroughpropereducationoftheyoungergenerationsmayimprovelivingconditionsforArcticpeopleswithinthe…

6.6a.2

CollaboratingtowardsimprovedchildmentalhealthinNunavikandthechallengesotheringmechanismspresenttothiscollaboration

DominiqueGagnon,SarahFraser,RémyRouillard

FirstNationsandInuitofCanadabearadisproportionateburdenofmentalhealthproblems.In2007,aChildren’srightsCommissionreporthighlightedalackofservicesforthementalhealthandwellbeingofInuitchildrenaswellasalackofcollaborationandcoordinationofservicesofferedtochildrenandtheirfamilies.Thisstudyisbasedonacommunity-basedparticipatoryactionresearch.Itbuildsonthemultipleapproaches,frameworksandtoolsforcollaborativementalhealthpreviouslydevelopedinCanada.ItalsoaimstotakeplaceinaccordancetothespecificitiesoftheInuitcommunities,assuggestedbytheCanadianCollaborativeMentalHealthCareInitiative.Morethan50interviewswereconductedwithindividualsworkingindifferentsystemsofcareinNunavikinordertomapoutthecurrentcollaborations,theobstaclestocollaborationaswellasperspectivesofidealformsofcollaborationamongdifferentworkers.Inthispaper,Ipresenttheresultsoftypologicalandthematicanalysesexploringthedifferenttypesandcontextsinwhichdiscoursesofotheringemergedinnarrativesregardingcollaboration.Ialsodiscusstherelationshipbetweensuchdiscoursesof

otheringandcontextsofcollaborationbetweenthedifferentactorsinvolvedinthedeliveryofhealthcareinNunavik.

6.6a.3

Levelofriskfactorsand10-yearriskfordyingofcardiovasculardiseasesinSamiandnon-Samipopulations.TheSAMINOR2ClinicalSurvey

SusannaRagnhildA.Siri,BentMartinEliassen,TonjeBraaten,BjarneKosterJacobsen,MaritaMelhus,AnnRagnhildBroderstad

Objective:AssesswhetherSamiandnon-Samipopulationslivinginthesameregionsdifferinriskfactors(RF)forcardiovasculardisease(CVD)andintheir10-yearriskfordyingofatheroscleroticCVD.Designandmethods:Across-sectionalsurveywasconductedin2012–14.Datawascollectedbyquestionnaires,clinicalexaminationsandbloodsamples.InhabitantsintenruralmunicipalitiesinNorthernNorway,aged40–79yearswereinvitedand6004(48.2%)participated.Ten-yearriskwasestimatedbytheNORRISKriskfunctionincluding:sex,age,totalcholesterol,systolicbloodpressureandsmokingstatus.Results:Wefoundnoethnicdifferenceinriskscoreinmen(4.3%vs.4.4%,p=0.4.)duetonodifferencesinRFs.Inwomen,whencontrollingforage,wefoundnodifferenceinriskscore(2.4%vs.2.3%,p=0.9).Conclusions:Giventhisriskassessmenttool,Samiandnon-Samidonotdifferintheir10-yearriskfordyingfromatheroscleroticCVD.

6.6a.4

CollaborativeHealthPolicyCreationwithIndigenousLeadersinAlaska

RyanRay

Background:ThestateofAlaskacontinuestodemonstrateextraordinarilyhighratesofalcoholanddrugrelatedmortalityandsocialchallengesrelatedtodomesticviolence,sexualassault,andsuicide.Thesechallengesareparticularlyexacerbatedinruralcommunitieswithgreatgeographicandaccesstocarebarriers.Asurveywasrecentlyconductedin75ruralAlaskavillagesbytheAlaskaDepartmentofHealthandSocialServiceswhichaskedonequestion;“Whenyouareexperiencingacrisis,whodoyougotoforhelp”.Thesurveyfoundthatstatefundedagencieswerenotinthetop10resultsofwhoruralAlaskansrelieduponfirstduringacrisis.Instead,thesurveyidentifiednon-paidcommunityleaderswhodidnotserveinanyofficialcapacityastheprimarysourcesforcommunitysupportinruralAlaskavillages.Theseleadersbecameknownas“NaturalHelpers”.ThispresentationfocusesonaninnovativestrategyusedbytheAlaskaStateLegislaturetoengagethese“NaturalHelpers”inaddressingthesystemicsocialandhealthchallengescurrentlybeingexperiencedinruralAlaska.Methodology:Inefforttoconductasystematicidentificationprocessofthese“NaturalHelpers”theAlaskaStateLegislaturepartneredwiththeFirstAlaskansInstitute.TheFirstAlaskansInstituteidentifiedover260“NaturalHelpers”fromcommunitiesacrossruralAlaska.Overathreedayperiod,the“NaturalHelpers”convenedinFairbanks,Alaskaandwereaskedto1)prioritizethemostpressingsocialandhealthchallengesinruralAlaska,and2)presentcommunity-basedstrategiesforaddressingtheseissuesthattheyknowtobesuccessful.Results:Thepresentationwilldiscusstheresultsofthethreeday“NaturalHelper”conveningaswellashowthisstrategyhasbeenintegratedintothehealthpolicycreationprocessinAlaska.Finally,thepresentationwilldiscusstherelevanceofthisengagementstrategyforcreatingeffectivehealthpolicyinotherarcticregions.

6.6b IndigenousHealthintheArctic

Chair:GertMulvad

June101:30p.m.

6.6b.1

AddressingHealthChallengesofHomelessPeopleintheNorththroughaStudent-DirectedInterprofessionalClinic:FindingsfromaNeedsAssessment

CarolKauppi,CattieCasavant,SarahMavin

WorkingwithstudentsintheNorthernOntarioSchoolofMedicinealongwithsocialworkandnursingstudents,thisprojectfocusedonanidentifiedagapinhealthservicesforpoorandhomelesspeoplefromNortherncommunities.Aneedsassessmentwasinitiatedin2014toexamineperspectivesrelatedtoaproposedinter-professionalclinicservingpoorandhomelesspeople.Thispaperoutlinesthesurveymethodologyusedtogatherdataboutphysicalandmentalhealthchallengesofpeoplelivingwithhomelessness.Theanalysisfocusesonacomparisonbetweenthreegroups:non-Indigenouspeopleexperiencinghomelessness(asampleof878participants),Indigenouspeoplewhowerenon-migrants(n=513)andasampleof60IndigenouspeoplewhohadmigratedfromremotenortherncommunitiesoftheJamesBayinCanadaandwhowereamongpoorandhomelesspeoplesurveyedinsixnorthernOntariotownsandcities.Participantswererecruitedfromagenciesprovidingfront-lineservicestothispopulationorthroughrecruitmentonstreetlocations.ThemainphysicalandmentalhealthproblemsidentifiedwereanalyzedusingtheICD-10classificationoftheWorldHealthOrganization.Theresultsoftheanalysis,comparingthethreegroups,willbepresentedinthispaper.Thefindingswillbediscussedwithregardtoimplicationsforhealthpolicyandservicesandrecommendationsfortheestablishmentofastudent-directedclinicservingthemostvulnerableamongstpoorandhomelesspeopleofthenorth.

6.6b.2

CreeChildbirthExperiences:PastandPresent

IevaPaberzyte

IwillpresentpreliminaryresultsofmyethnographicstudyonCreeexperiencesofchildbirthinWemindji,NorthernQuebec.Sincetimeimmemorial,Creechildrenwereborninthebush,surroundedbyfamilyandcommunity.ColonizationandeventuallymedicalizationofCreeliferesultedinthepolicyofevacuatingallexpectantCreewomentosouthernhospitalspriortobirth.Thefulltransitionbetweenbirthinthebushandbirthinthehospitaltookplacebetweenthe1940sandthe1980sandisstillwithinlivingmemoryofWemindjiCree.MedicalizationofchildbirthhascauseddisorganizationofCreeknowledgeandlocalinstitutionsofchildbirth,andithasinfluencedCreeculturalidentity,whichmakesitnotonlysociocultural,ethicalbutalsoapoliticalissueforCree.IamlookingatCreeknowledgeandpracticesthatpersistandevolveinanewenvironment,andIanalyzeconditionsandissuesthatcomealongwiththecurrentbiomedicalsystemofcare.

6.6b.3

ConsideringtheroleofcircumpolarhealthresearchinpersistingcolonialrelationshipbetweenresearcherandIndigenouscommunities:Findingfromasystematicrealistliteraturereview

JenJones,AshleeCunsolo;SherileeL.Harper

AddressingfactorsleadingtohealthdisparitiesintheCircumpolarNorthrequireapproachesthatconsiderandaddressthesocialdeterminantsofhealthincludingcolonialpoliciesandactivities.PersistentcolonialpracticesareoftenmirroredinthewayhealthresearchisconductedincludingreifyingtheobjectificationandmarginalizationofIndigenousknowledgecontributionsandrelyingonreductionistresearchapproachesandunderstandings.Indigenouspopulationshoweverhavemovedfrombeingresearchsubjectstoleadersandconsumersofhealthresearchandarepositionedtodrawonbothlocalknowledgeandresearchdevelopedthroughmeaningfulpartnershipswithresearchers,universitiesand/orhealthresearchinstitutes.Still,tensionsexistbetweenhowhealthresearchisconducted,howtheresultsaremobilized,andwhohascontrolandaccess

totheresults.ConsideringthesechallengesandtensionsinCircumpolarIndigenoushealthresearch,asystematicrealistliteraturereviewwasconductedtounderstandhowpeer-reviewedenvironment-relatedIndigenoushealthresearchconductedinNorthernCanadaandUSAisservingtheneedsofIndigenouscommunities,governmentsandorganizationsandchallengingtherelationshipbetweenresearcher/researcher.ResultsrevealalackofunifyingmethodstodemonstratetherelationshipbetweentheresearchprojectandthehealthresearchprioritiesofIndigenousgovernmentsororganizations.Findingalsosuggestqualitativeresearchismorelikelytodrawupontenetsofparticipatoryresearchmethodologies.ConsiderationsfromthereviewareofferedinefforttostimulatebroaderconversationsofhowreportingresearchfindingscanservetobetterrespondtoIndigenousknowledgeneedsintheCircumpolarNorth.

6.6b.4

Concentrationsandgeographicalvariationsofpersistentorganicpollutants(POPs)inmeatfromsemi-domesticatedreindeer(RangifertarandustarandusL.)inmid-andnorthernNorway

AmmarAliHassan,MagrittBrustad,TorkjelM.Sandanger

Thestudyaimedatinvestigatinggeographicaldifferencesoftheoccurrence,correlationsandlevelsof11polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs),11organochlorinepesticides(OCPs)and4dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethans(DDTs)inreindeermeat(n=100)frommid-andnorthernNorway.Chemicalanalyseswereperformedusinggaschromatography–massspectrometry(GC–MS).Thestatisticalanalyseswerepreformedusingdescriptiveanalyses,BonferronimultiplecomparisontestsandPearson’scorrelationtest.Thestudiedpersistentorganicpollutants(POPs)accumulatedinreindeermeatinthefollowingdescendingorder:PCBs>OCPs>DDTs,withpredominanceofPCBcongeners118,138,153,inadditiontotheOCPcompoundsHCBandc-Nonachlor.Nocleargeographicalgradientwasobserved.However,geographicalvariationswererevealed.Districtswithpreviousminingactivities,militarytrenches,andinthevicinityoftheRussianborderexhibitedrelativelyelevatedconcentrations.

6.7 Addressingchallengesofhealthandwellbeinginsparselypopulatedareaswithdistancebridgingtechnologies

Chair:PeterBerggren

June8-2:30p.m.

6.7.1

AddressingChallengestoProvidingCancerEducationinRuralAlaska:Culturally-ResponsiveOnlineEducationWithAlaska’sTribalHealthWorkers

KatieCueva,LauraRevels,MelanyCueva,MarkDignan,AnneLanier

PURPOSEAlaska’sprimarycareproviders-CommunityHealthAidesandPractitioners(CHA/Ps)–requestedadditionalinformationaboutcancerforthemselvesandtheircommunities.However,Alaska’schallenges(largedistances,expensiveairfare,harshweatherpatterns)restrictin-personeducation.Inresponse,ateamattheAlaskaNativeTribalHealthConsortiumdevelopedasuccessfulapplicationtotheNationalCancerInstitutetoco-createaculturally-respectfuldistance-deliveredcancereducationcoursewith,andfor,Alaska’sCHA/Ps.METHODSTenculturally-relevant,interactive,onlinecancereducationmoduleswerecreatedbytheprojectteamontopicsincludingMen’sHealth,ColorectalCancer,Tobacco,andGriefandLoss.EachmodulewasreviewedbyCHA/PsandpartnerspriortobeingpublishedascontinuingeducationontheAlaskaCHA/PProgramDistanceLearningNetwork.Whileevaluationisongoing,357evaluationswerecompletedbyAlaska’sCHA/PsbetweenJanuaryandOctober2016.RESULTSSimilartothepopulationofAlaska’sCHA/Ps,respondentswerepredominantlyfemale(84%)andAlaskaNative(81%).Alllearnersreportedlearningwhattheyhopedtolearn,and98%feltthemoduleswererespectfuloftheircultures.Learnersindicatedtheywouldusemoduleinformationwiththeirpatients(on87%ofsurveys),families(63%),friends(55%),andintheircommunities

(64%).Almostalllearners(93%)reportedtheywereempoweredbythemodulestoreducetheirowncancerrisk,planningtoincreasetheirphysicalactivity(on46%ofsurveys),eathealthier(40%),andhavearecommendedcancerscreening(24%)withinsixmonths.CONCLUSIONThisprojectovercomesbarrierstoprovidingtimely,medically-accurate,cancereducationwithAlaska’sCHA/PsbyutilizingtechnologytobridgethedistancesinruralAlaska.Thisworkcreatesamodelforeffective,culturally-relevantonlineeducationadaptabletodiversepopulationsandhealthpromotioninitiatives.

6.7.2

InuitandFacebook:Bridgingthegapbetweencommunitiesandresearch

Marie-ClaudeLyonnais

Withoveroneandahalfbillionusers,Facebookhasbecomeanessentialcommunicationplatformworldwide.Socialmediaallowsanyonetohaveavoiceandtobecomemajoridentityvectors.InuitfromNunavikarealsofollowingthistrend;in2014,75%ofNunavimmiut(peoplefromNunavik)wereusingFacebook(National,2014).TheeaseofuseoftheFacebookplatformandtheproliferationofsmallelectronicdevicespartiallyexplainswhyFacebookissopopularwithinNunavik'sInuitcommunities.Becauseofitswidespreadpopularity,severalstudieshavesuggestedthatFacebookcouldbeaneffectivewaytoimprovecommunicationwithinaparticipatoryhealthresearchproject.However,veryfewresearchprojectshavefocusedontheuseofsocialmediabyInuitandnonehavestudiedtherelationsbetweenFacebook,Inuithealthandresearch.ThisprojectaimstobetterunderstandtheuseofsocialmediabyInuitinahealthcontext,andanalyzeitsusefulnessinaparticipatoryresearch.AnexploratoryqualitativestudytookplaceinthreecommunitiesofNunavik,wherethirtysemi-structuredinterviewswereconductedwithleadersofthecommunityandcommunitymembers.ThecontentofeightFacebookpageswasalsoanalysed.TheanalysisshowedthattheimplicationsofFacebookinthefieldofhealtharenumerous.Nunavimmiutusemostlythistooltocommunicatewithfriendsandfamilyandbeawareofwhatisgoingoninthecommunity,butalsotopromotehealthyactivities,positivemessages,seekandgivesocialsupportandshareorsellfood.However,Facebookisadouble-edgeswordwheregossiping,bullyinganddramaalsohappen.Forgood,badorworst,FacebookhasbecomeanessentialcommunicationtoolinInuitcommunitiesandthisphenomenonneedstobebetterunderstoodbyresearchersandstakeholders.Nunavimmiutareaheadofthescienceanditistimetoconsiderwhatishappeninginthisvirtualworldtobetteradressthechallengesfacebythesecommunities.

6.7.3

ImprovingservicesforchildrenwithdisabilitiesinAlaska:Maximizingdistancedeliveredtechnologies

VirginiaMiller,KarenWard

AccesstohealthservicesforchildrenwithautismandotherdevelopmentaldisabilitiesinAlaskaisseriouslychallengedbyshortagesacrosstheprofessionalworkforce.Alaskasharesthisproblemwithotherruralandfrontierareas,butthechallengesaremagnifiedbythediversityofpopulationsandtheirwidedispersionacrossthevastlandmass.TheAlaskaLENDWithoutWalls(LeadershipEducationinNeurodevelopmentalandrelatedDisabilities)aimstoimprovethehealthofchildrenwhohaveorareriskfordevelopingdisabilitiesandtheirfamiliesbypreparinggraduateleveltrainingfellowsfromnineprofessionaldisciplinestoassumeinterdisciplinaryleadershiproles.Akeyelemententailsusingtelehealthforservicedeliveryandemployingdistancedeliverededucationstrategies.LocatedincommunitiesthroughoutAlaska,LENDfellowsparticipateinweeklyinterdisciplinaryseminarsviavideoteleconferencing.Usingdistancedeliveredtechnology,theAlaskaLENDbuildsonexistingcommunityservicestobringservices,providersandcommunityandcontinuingeducationtolocalcommunities.

6.7.4

ExperiencesofusingeHealthtoimprovepsychiatryservicesforchildrenandadolescentsinperipheralareas

CatrineKostenius

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6.8a HealthandHumanFactorsinArcticWork

Chair:JensWahlström

June10–10:30a.m.

6.8a.1

HealthandsecurityinanArcticperspective

BirgittaLiljedahl

Healthconcerns,physicalandmental,posesparticularchallengesinanArcticsetting,underordinarycircumstancesandincaseofaccidents.Today,theArcticregionfacesafastchanging,complexenvironmentwherepositivedevelopmentandchallengesmeet,includinge.g.climatechange,expansion,migration,healthcaresystemsunderfasttechnicaldevelopmentbutalsounderstress,andpotentialsecurityconcerns.ThepaperdiscusshealththreatsintheArcticfromasecurityperspective,andtouchuponsomepotentialchallengesthatmayriseifordinarysystemsaresetunderpressure.

6.8a.2

Theinfluenceofcoldclimateonthetemperaturesensesamongworkers

HansPettersson

Background:Theinfluenceofcoldconditionsatworkonthesensationfromheatandcoldinthehandshasbeenscarcelystudied.Aim:Tostudytheinfluenceofcoldclimateonthetemperaturesenses.Methods:Inthiscrosssectionalstudy,251(75females)of485workersattwoopen-pitminesinnorthernNorwayandSwedenparticipated.Mostworkerswerevehicledrivers,mechanicsorelectricians.Allparticipantsweremedicallyexaminedandcompletedaquestionnairecoveringbasicpersonalinformation.Theassessmentofthetemperaturesensesofwarmandcoldwerecarriedoutontheindexandlittlefingersofbothhands.Results:Themeanageoftheparticipantswas41y(18-64y).Thetemperaturesenseswereaffectedbysexandage.Experienceoffrostbiteinthefingersormedication/treatmentsaffectingneurosensoryfunctions,impairedthetemperaturesenses.Ourresultsshowednodifferenceontemperaturesensewithcomparativestudiesconductedinwarmerclimate.Conclusions:Livingandworkingincoldclimatedidnotinfluencethetemperaturesensescomparedtoothercountriesinwarmerclimates.However,frostbite,whichisnotuncommoninnorthernNorwayandSweden,impairedthetemperaturesenses.

6.8a.3

Impactofcircadianrhythmsandcoldstressonhealth

JunePilcher,HannuRintamäki,DrewM.Morris

Coldenvironmentsarenaturalstressorsthatnegativelyimpacthumansthroughahomeostaticresponse.Coldexposurecanresultinshort-termimpairmentsuchasattentionaldeficits,decreasedperformance,andphysical

discomfortaswellaslong-termimpairmentincludenegativeeffectsonhealthandwell-being.Furthermore,coldexposureisoftencongruentwithexposuretochangesinthedurationofavailablesunlightaswellasshiftworkconditionswhichwouldaffecttheendogenouscircadianrhythm.Thischallengetoourendogenouscircadianrhythmswouldnegativelyimpacttheindividual.Assuch,coldenvironmentsandcircadianrhythmsinteracttoimpactourperformance,health,andwell-beingespeciallyintheArcticenvironment.Theseeffectswouldbeexacerbatedunderconditionswhenindividualsareexpectedtoworkforextendedperiodsoftime.Thecurrentpresentationwillexaminehowcoldstresscombineswithchallengestotheendogenouscircadianrhythmtonegativelyimpactperformance,health,andwell-being.

6.8a.4

CoolingandrewarmingoffingersandtoesinArcticopenpitmines

HannuRintamäki,SirkkaRissanen,KirsiJussilaandSatuMänttäri

Theaimofthisstudywastofindouthowquicklycoolingtakesplaceandhowlongpauseindoorsisrequiredforafullrecoveryoffingerandtoetemperatures.ThedatawascollectedfromminersworkingintheopenpitminesinNorthernFinlandandSwedenatambienttemperaturesof-15.4…-0.7°Candwindvelocity0.3…4.5m/s.Whengoingout,thefingerswerecontinuouslycoolingforabout30minandstartedtowarmthereafter.Thefullrewarmingoffingers,whencomingindoors,tookforabout20min.Inthetoessimilar,althoughmuchsmallerchangeswereobservedandtherewarmingtookca.30min.Theresultsshowthatinthecaseoffingers,evenintheserelativelymildexposurestocoldthebenefitofthepausesspentindoorsislostwithin30min.Thereafterfingertemperaturesneedtobemaintainedbyothermeans.

6.8b HealthandHumanFactorsinArcticWork

Chair:JensWahlström

June10–1:30p.m.

6.8b.1

Theimportanceofphysicalactivityinmitigatingthermoregulatorystressamonghumanslivingtemperateandcoldclimates

CaraOcobock

Laboratoryevidencesuggeststhatphysicalactivitymaybeimportantformaintainingcorebodytemperatureduringextremetemperatureexposure.However,thishasnotbeenconfirmedamongindividualslivinginnaturalconditions.Here,Idemonstratethathigheractivitycostshelptomitigatethermoregulatorycostsincoldclimates.Heatproducedduringactivitycanbeusedinplaceofheatproducedthroughphysiologicalthermoregulatoryprocessestomaintainaconstantbodytemperatureincoldconditions,andreduceoverallthermoregulatorydemands.Basalmetabolicrate,physicalactivity,thermoregulation,andthethermiceffectoffoodwereestimatedtodeterminethetotalenergyexpenditureandenergyallocationdifferencesamongagroupofhealthy,highlyactiveadults(N=59)participatinginNationalOutdoorLeadershipSchoolcoursesinthewesternUnitedStates.Twoofthesecoursestookplaceinbothhotandtemperateclimates(N=22)andtheothertwoinbothtemperateandcoldclimates(N=28).Datafromapilotstudy(N=6)inatemperateclimatewerealsoincluded.Eachclimateregimelastedforonemonth.Thermoregulatorycostswerecalculatedintwoways:potentialthermoregulatorycostswiththeadditionofheatproducedfromactivityandpotentialthermoregulatorycostswithouttheadditionheatproducedfromactivity.Thermoregulatorycostsestimatedwithoutheatfromactivitywere29%higherthanestimatedcostsincludingactivity(p

6.8b.2

ApopulationbasedstudyfocusingonneurovascularhandsymptomsinrelationtocoldexposureinnorthernSweden

AlbinStjernbrandt,JensWahlström,BodilBjör,MartinAndersson,LageBurström,IngridLiljelind,TohrNilsson,RonnieLundström

Large-scale,questionnaire-basedstudiesofcold-relatedhealtheffectsarelackinginSweden.Theaimwiththepresentstudywastodescribetheself-reportedambientcoldexposureinnorthernSwedenandtorelatethelevelofcumulativecoldexposuretotheoccurrenceofsensoryandvascularhandsymptoms.Atotalof12,627subjectsansweredaquestionnaireaboutcoldexposureandrelatedsymptoms,responserate36%.Subjectslivingintheruralalpineareasreportedmoreextensivecoldexposurebothduringworkandleisuretimecomparedtotheurbanizedcoastalregions.Frostbiteinthehandswaspresentin11.4%ofmenand7.1%ofwomen,coldsensitivitywaspresentin9.7%and14.4%,andRaynaud’sphenomenonwaspresentin11.0%and14.0%,respectively.Therewasapositiveassociationbetweencumulativecoldexposureandneurovascularhandsymptoms.ThepresentstudydemonstratesthatthecoldenvironmentinnorthernSwedenmightbeanunderestimatedhealthrisk.Cold-relatedneurovascularhandsymptomswerecommonlyreportedandnotonlyinconjunctionwithanovertcoldinjury.Ourresultswarrantfurtherstudyonpathophysiologicalmechanismsandsuggesttheneedforconfirmatoryprevalencestudiesinordertosupportnationalpublichealthplanning.

6.8b.3

ThehumancapitalintheconditionsoftheArcticandcold

AnnaMikhailova

TodayproblemsoftheArcticandcloseterritoriesdrawtheincreasingattentiontoit.Itisconnected,firstofall,withapotentialresourceofeconomyandecologyoftheArctic.AresearchobjectivetoconsidertheexistingapproachestoanassessmentofthehumancapitalforterritoriesoftheArcticintheconditionsofcoldandtodevelopcriteriaelementsofanassessmentforincreaseofefficiencyofuseofhumanpotential.InworktheconceptualframeworkinstrategyofsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheNorthandtheArcticconnectedwiththehumancapitalandalsoapproachesandelementsofqualitativestructureofthehumancapitalisconsideredandthemainreasonswhichareslowingdownsustainableeconomicdevelopmentinregionsoftheNorthandtheArcticareestablished.Inresearchofthehumancapitalweproceedfromthefollowingpositions:thehumancapital—isthedifficultsystemdynamicphenomenonhavingthestructure(culture,morals,ethics,health,intelligence,talent);thehumancapital—istheengineofinnovationsandhistoricalprogressinsocialandculturalspheres.TheofferofatechniqueofanassessmentofthehumancapitalintheconditionsoftheArcticandfactorsofcoldthatisabasisforcriteriaprogramsofdevelopmentofterritoriesbecameresultsofresearch.ConclusionsthatthehumancapitalintheconditionsoftheArctichasthefeaturesofanassessmentaredrawn:thehumancapitalasthecapital,valueandthehumancapitalasaresourceforachievementoftheobjectives.Itisanalysedfromthepointofviewofvarioustheoriesandconceptsapproachestoareprezantativnyassessmentofthehumancapital.Theseparatecomponent-welfareisallocated.Withoutthiscomponenttheproductiveinnovativeactivityprovidingsuccessofmodernizationofsocietyintheconditionsofsmartekonomikiisimpossible.Actionsforincreaseoflevelofhumanpotentialthatisthecornerstoneoftheofthehumancapital.

6.8b.4

LearningintheArctic:CognitiveSkillsFluctuateOverTime

AnnaG.M.Temp,BillyLee,ThomasH.Bak

Cognitiveperformancecanfluctuateinthesamepersonforrandomvariations,orthroughimprovementsbylearning:“practiceeffects”.WehavefoundpracticeeffectsunderArcticconditionsatthePolishPolarStation,Hornsund.Wecompared9crewmemberstoacontrolgroup.BothGroups’practiceeffectsdifferedonvisualmemory.Theylearned15designswhichtheyhadtorecallafter30minutes.Sofar,wehavethreedatapointsonthecrewmembers(Autumn,PolarNight,MidnightSun)andtwodatapointsonthecontrols(Summer,Autumn).WinterdataisexpectedinJanuary2017.ThenullhypothesisforourfrequentiststatisticsisthatthereisnoeffectofTestingTimeonthecognitivetests,whileourBayesFactors(BF)providesupportforthehypothesisthatsuchaneffectexists.PreliminaryanalyseshaveshownasignificantmaineffectofTestingTimeonDesignsLearned(F(1,11)=5.96,p=.032,partial?2=0.353),indicatingthatparticipantslearnedmoredesignsatTime2.ABFof11.68indicatedstrongevidenceforthehypothesisthatTestingTimeaffectsLearnedDesigns.Similarly,TestingTimeaffectsthenumberofConfabulations.Here,wefoundasignificantmaineffectofTestingTime(F(1,17)=12.0,p=.003,partial?2=0.414),allowingustorejectthenullhypothesis.TherewasmoderateevidenceinsupportofTestingTime’seffectonConfabulations(BF=4.61).WealsofoundaGroupxTestingTimeinteractioneffectonConfabulations(F(1,17)=6.78,p=.019,partial?2=0.285),rejectingthenullhypothesis.TherewasanecdotalevidenceinsupportofthehypothesisthatGroupdifferenceswouldemergeoverTestingTime(BF=2.95).ItappearsthatwhileControlsproducefewerConfabulationsatTime2,CrewMembersproducethesameamountatTime1and2.TheseeffectssuggestthatArcticisolationaffectsvisualmemoryinneurologicallyhealthysubjects.Thesecognitivechangescanaffectindividualandteamfunctioningoverthecourseofisolatedmissions.

6.8b.5 SocioenvironmentalprofessionaladaptationatshiftmethodofworkintheArcticregion

YanaKorneeva

TheproblemisduetoanumberofcontradictionsbetweenthelargenumberofreceivedscientificdataontheimpactofnegativefactorsontheshiftworkersintheFarNorthandthelackofsystemicgeneralizationsandclassificationsofdata;betweentheneedtoimprovetheefficiencyofprofessionalworkshiftworkersandtheexhaustionoftherecommendationstomaintainandrestorehealth,aswellasbetweentheincreaseinthenumberofprofessionaldeformationandotherproblemsofpsychologicalstatusandtheirdisregardfortheofficialliteratureonriskmanagement.Thesecontradictionscanberesolvedbyidentifyingindividualstrategiesofsocioenvironmentaladaptationshiftworkers,focusedondifferentconditionsandreflectingthespecificsofthelaboroffice.Thisrequiressystematizationofnumerousnegativefactorsofinfluenceinaccordancewiththevariousreactionsofthebodyandthepsycheofthesefactors.Toimplementtheobjectivesofthestudycarriedoutastudyonthethreemainindustries,withtemporaryworkorganizationintheFarNorth:1.Oilproductionmanufacture,wherehetookpartinthestudy,129people(about.Kolguev,theshiftduration52days)and59people(drilling"Thee","Tedinka","Urengoy"NAA,theshiftduration28days).2.Diamondminingproduction,attendedby63people(n.Bright,Arkhangelskregion,15daysofshiftduration).3.Forestryproduction,whichwasattendedby45people(UstyanskiyDistrictoftheArkhangelskRegion,theshiftduration14days).Inthestudytook297participants,aged21to63years(meanage38.9+0.61).Determinedtheoreticallyandempiricallystudiedthespecificityofprofessionaladaptationsocio-environmentshiftspecialistsintheFarNorth,dependingonthetypeofproduction(timber,diamondmining,oilandgas).

6.9 ClimateandHealthintheArctic

Chair:JingHelmersson

June9–3:30p.m.

N270

6.9.1

Assessingtheutilityofpersonallocatorbeacons(PLBs)asatoolforreducingunintentionalinjuryandotheradversehealthoutcomesamongresidentsofthecircumpolarnorth

DavidDriscoll

ClimatechangehasamplifiedthehazardousnatureoftravelinAlaska.Iwillpresentevidencethatunintentionalinjuriesarethree-timesmorelikelyincommunitiesinAlaskathatexperienceunseasonableenvironmentalconditionscomparedtomatchedcommunitiesthatdidnot,andfive-timesmorelikelywhencommunitymemberschangedtravelplansduetothoseunseasonableenvironmentalconditions.IwillfurtherpresentevidencethatunintentionalinjuriesandotheradversehealthoutcomesarestatisticallysignificantlymorelikelytooccurinnorthernAlaskawhentemperaturesexceeda17-yearweeklyaverage.Iwillclosewithformativedatafromresidentsofthesecommunitiesastotheutilityofpersonallocatorbeacons(PLBs)asatoolforreducingadversehealthoutcomesfromunseasonablywarmand/orextremeweatherconditions.IconcludewithadiscussionofthemechanismsbywhichPLBscanmitigatetheeffectsofhazardoustravelconditionsonpopulationhealthinruralandremotecommunitiesinthecircumpolarnorth.

6.9.2

EmergingInfectiousDiseasesinaChangingArctic:Whatdoweexpectandhowdowedetectthem?

ThomasHennessy,MariaFurberg

Infectiousdiseaseemergenceisoftendrivenbyinteractionsbetweenchangingenvironmentsandchanginghumanbehavior.RapidArcticenvironmentalchangepresentsopportunitiesfortheemergenceofnewzoonoticdiseasethreats,especiallyforindigenouspopulationswithcloserelationshipstosubsistencefoodgatheringactivities.ManyoftheArcticcommunitieshavesmallpopulationsandtheirremotelocationsmayresultinreduceaccesstomedicalcareordiagnostictests.Therefore,traditionalpublichealthsurveillancemethodsmaybeinsensitivetochangesindiseasepatterns.HowcanwedoabetterjobofanticipatingandrespondingtonewinfectiousdiseasethreatsinachangingArctic?TheauthorswilldiscusscaseexamplesofemerginginfectiousdiseasestoillustratenewmethodologiesbeingappliedintheArcticcontext.Theseincludeinternationalsurveillancenetworks,applicationofadvancedmoleculartechnologies,useoflocalenvironmentalobservernetworks,baselineprevalencestudiesusingstoredhumanbiologicsamplesorsubsistenceharvestedanimals,andlinkagesofdiversestakeholdersunderOneHealthframeworkstodetectandrespondtohealththreatsattheinterfaceofhuman,animalandenvironmentalhealth.TheseexampleswillhighlighttheopportunitiesavailablethroughinternationalcollaborationsinaninterconnectedArctic.

6.9.3

IndigenousInfantMortalitybyAgeandSeasonofBirth,1800-1899:DoesSeasonofBirthAffectChildren’sSurvivalChances?

LenaKarlsson

ThispaperdrawsattentiontotheinfluenceofseasonofbirthoninfantmortalityinSwedishSápmiduringthenineteenthcentury.ThestudymakescomparisonsbetweentheSamiandnon-Samipopulationsandrelatesinfantmortalitytoecological(season),socialandculturalfactors.ThesourcematerialisasetofdatafilesfromtheDemographicDataBase(DDB)atUmeåUniversity,makingitpossibletocombiningageatdeath(indays),monthofdeathandmonthofbirthduringtheentireperiod.Theriskofdeathduringthefirstyearoflifearesupposedtodependuponhowoldinfantswherewhentheyenteredseasonsofhighriskssuchas:higherincidenceofrespiratoryinfectionsduringwinterandhigherincidenceofgastrointestinalinfectionsduringsummerandaccordingtothevaryingworkintensityofreindeerherdingSamiduringtheyear.PreliminaryresultsshowsthattheworstsituationforaSamiinfantwastobeveryyoung(0-1months)duringthewinterseasonandthatbeingbornduringsummerhadaprotectiveinfluenceduringthefirstmonthsoflife.After6monthsofage,whenthesummerborninfantencounteredtheharshconditionofwinterthisprotectiveimpactchangeddirectiontobecomehazardousshowedasahigherriskofdeath.

6.9.4

IsitpossibleforZikavectortoestablishinEurope?-ModellingAedesAegypti’sestablishmentpotentialbasedonclimate

JingHelmersson,JoacimRocklöv,MikkelQuam,ÅkeBrännström

Introduction:Aedesaegyptihasbecomeamajorpublichealthconcern.Itisthevectortotransmitmanyviralinfectiousdiseasesincludingdenguefever,yellowfever,chikungunyaandzika.ClimatechangeandglobalizationintravelandtradehavemadepositiveimpactonthespreadofAedesaegyptimosquitoestonewareaswherepeoplehavenoimmunity.Itisimportantforustoknowwherethisvectorcanestablishitselfoncebeingintroduced.Sofar,wehavelimitedunderstandingontheeffectofclimateonestablishmentpotentialofAedesaegyptifornon-tropicalareas.ThisstudyaimstoestimateestablishmentpotentialinEurope.Therefore,wesuggestthateffortsshouldbeenhancedtoreducetheriskofintroductionofthevectorduringthespringandsummerseasons.Methods:Mathematicalmodellingmethodwasusedtoestimatepotentialforthevectorestablishment–growthrateroncetheyareintroducedinnoninfectedareainEurope.Afour-stagecompartmentsmodelisdevelopedtomodelthemosquito’slifecycle-Eggs,Larva,PupaandFemaleAdults.Vectorparametersincludeinfluencesfrombothrainfallandtemperature.Usinghistoricalandprojectedweatherdataovertwocenturies(1901–2099)andweatherdependentvectorparametersforAedesaegyptivector,rwascalculatedandmappedforEurope.Results:CurrentlyithaslimitedchancetobeestablishedinEurope-onlycertainsouthernEuropeancitiesandMadeira.Withclimatechange,riskforestablishmentincreases.Conclusion:Astravelandglobalizationbecomesmorefrequentchannelsfordenguevectorandvirusintroduction,Europemayfacetherealityofmorefrequentdengueoutbreaksintheirwarmermonths.Madeira’soutbreakin2012underlinesthisconcern.Thefuture’shighriskareaandtimewindowdependsensitivelyonclimatescenarios.Therefore,itisimportanttoemphasizeclimatechangemitigationandenhancevectorsurveillanceandcontrolinEurope.

6.10 HealthandMortalityinArcticPopulations

Chair:Svenn-ErikMamelund

June11–1:30p.m.

6.10.1

MarginalizedHealthPopulationsandInfluenzainManitoba,Canada1918-1920

JonesEsyllt

Thispaperevaluatesthehistoricimpactofethnicityandraceuponthehealthexperiencesoftwomarginalizedhealthpopulationsduringthe1918-1920influenzapandemicintheprovinceofManitoba,Canada:Europeanmigrantsandindigenouspeoples.ExtantliteratureoninfluenzahaspointedtothesevereanddisproportionatelyhighdeathratesfrominfluenzaamongNorthernindigenousgroupsinManitoba,whilealsoaddressingthevariedimpactofcolonialismuponhealthoutcomes(Herring,Slonim).LessattentionhasbeenpaidbyCanadianhistorianstotheimpactofthediseaseuponimmigrants,particularlythoseinruralareas.AsaresultofmassEuropeanmigrationtotheCanadianprairiesbetween1880andWorldWarI,Manitobahadamongthemostethnicallydiversepopulationsinthecountry.Relativelylittleisknownaboutthehealthhistoryofprairiemigrantsingeneral,andevenlesssoabouttheimpactinfluenzahaduponethnicgroups,someofwhichwereextensively‘othered’asaresultofracialanxietiesexpressedbythedominantAnglo-Britishculture;andwartimetensionsinrelationto‘enemyaliens.’Drawinguponsecondaryliterature,archivaldocuments,newspapersandgovernmentdocuments,thisresearchwillseektodrawtogetherthroughanalyticalcategoriesofraceandethnicitythehistoriesofmarginalizedhealthpopulationsduringtheglobalinfluenzapandemic.Thepaperwillplacethesehistoriesinthecontextofbroadersocio-economicinequalitiesininfluenza’simpact.

6.10.2

SexandagedifferencesinmortalityduringtheSpanishinfluenzaepidemicinNewfoundlandandLabrador

TaylorPaskoff,DanaSchmidt

TheSpanishFlupandemicreachedNewfoundlandandLabradorinthesummerof1918andbythetimeitdisappeared,over2000oftheDominion’s250,000residentsdied.Theepidemicspreadinseveralwaves,includingamildoutbreakduringthesummerof1918,alargedeadlyoutbreakinthesucceedingfallandspring,andasmallechowavein1920.Oneprominentcharacteristicofthismajorpandemicworldwidewasmarkeddifferencesinmortalityrates,bothacrossdifferentagesandbetweenmalesandfemales.Wedescribeage-andsex-specificpatternsofmortalityinNewfoundlandandLabradorandrelateobservedpatternstodifferencesinwork-relatedandsocialactivitiesofmalesandfemales.Wealsoanalyzegeographicallyaggregateddataonage-andsex-specificmortalityandassesshowthesepatternsareinfluencedbydifferencesinsocialorganization,accesstohealthcare,andsocioeconomicfactorsthatvaryfromregiontoregion.

6.10.3

DeathontheRock:Early20thcenturymortalitypatternsontheislandofNewfoundland.

DanaSchmidt

Duringthefirst2-3decadesofthe20thcentury,mostEuropeanandNorthAmericannationshadachievedincreasedlifeexpectanciesofover60years.Thesechanges,partofawell-recognizedepidemiologictransition,werelargelyduetoreductionsininfectiousdiseaseprevalenceasaconsequenceofimprovementsinsanitationandsocialservices.WeexaminethistransitionontheislandofNewfoundlandusingdeathrecordsandcensusmaterialsfrom1900-1940infourgeographicallydisperseddistricts.Resultsshowthatthetransitioninthefourdistrictswasdelayedtothemiddleofthe20thcentury,wellbehindthatofotherWesternnations.Analysisofarchivalmaterialsfromtheislandsuggestthatthislag,aswellasregionaldifferencesontheisland,canbeattributedtocomplexinteractionsofmanyfactors,includingapooreconomy,highlevelsofmalnutrition,andlimitedaccesstohealthcareandsocialservices.

6.10.4

Long-termperspectivesofsocialinequalityinmortalityamongelderlyandadultsinnorthernSweden1851-2013

SörenEdvinsson,GöranBroström

WeinvestigatethedevelopmentofsocialinequalityinmortalityamongelderlyandadultsinnorthernSwedenduringthemortalitytransition.Thestudyfocusesontwomainquestions,thefirstrelatetothelong-termchangeinsocialdifferencesinmortality.Thesecondquestioniswhethersocio-economicpositionhavelessimpactontheelderlypopulationcomparedtopopulationinworkingage.Furthermoreweconsiderpossiblegender-specificpatternsinthisprocess.Thedevelopmentofmortalityindifferentsocialclassesisanalyzedaccordingtobothtotalmortalityandmajorcause-of-deathcategories.Forthelaterperiods,wealsocomparetheresultsfromtheclass-basedanalysiswithothermeasuresofsocialposition,inthiscaseincomeandeducation.FocusisonmortalityintheSkellefteåandUmeåregionsinnorthernSweden1851-2013.ThestudyisbasedonthehistoricalpopulationdatafromtheDemographicDataBase,UmeåUniversityandmodernpopulationregisterdatafromStatisticsSweden.

6.11a Nature,SacredPlaces,andWell-Being June11–3:30p.m.

Chairs:JingHelmersson,Lis-MariHjortfors,JohannaJämsä,MaritMyrvoll,LenaMariaNilsson

6.11a.1

Well-beingfromtheland:looking,relating,shapingitsindigenousidentity

LaineChanteloup,ThoraHerrmann,FabienneJoliet

Lifeonthelandisimportantintheconstructionofindigenousidentityandwell-beinginnortherncommunities.Throughthelast50’syears,senseofplacehasbeendeeplyaffected.Thispresentationdealswithindigenous(InuitandCree)senseofplaceinNunavik,Québec.Weusedindigenousimagemaking(photographsandvidéoworkshop)andsemi-structuredinterviewswhichwereconductedwithintwoInuitcommunities(UmiujaqandKuujjuarapik)andoneCreecommunity(Whapmagoostui)inNunavik(Québec).WeanalyzedthedifferentwaysinwhichInuitandCreerelatetotheirland.Wealsoanalyzedhowtheserelationshipshaveevolvedovergeneration.Resultsshowthateventhoughuseandpracticerelatedtoandonthelandhavebeenupheavaledwithinageneration,theholisticviewofnaturestillpersists.Moreover,sometraditionalceremonieslinkedtothelandarerisingagaininordertostrengthenindigenousidentity.Indifferentandspecificways,landbringsbothphysicalandmentalwell-beingthroughoutgenerations.

6.11a.2

SamiidentityandLaestadianismintheLuleSamiareainSápmi,SwedenandNorway

Lis-MariHjortfors

SamiidentityandLaestadianismintheLuleSamiareainSápmi,SwedenandNorwayThepresentationisbasedonLaestadianismtodayandtheimportanceithasfortheSamiidentityintheLuleSamiarea.TheLaestadianrevivalwasfoundedin1840byLarsLeviLaestadius(1800-1861),andlaestadianismhadagreatinfluenceovertheSamireligiouspracticeandlife.ChristianizationoftheSamihadbeengoinglongandranparallelwithswedificationandnorwegianisationpoliticsandcolonization.ItwasacolonizationoftheSamiasanindigenouspeople.LaestadianismthatreligiousrevivalbecameaplacetopreservetheSamiidentity,religion,languageandtraditionsoftheLuleSámiareainSwedenandNorway.IwouldarguethatintheLaestadianrevivalcouldpreservetheLuleSamicultureandidentityagainstfurthercolonization.SamihadaSamiperspective,andtheyhadaself-determinationandwasabletoputitsvaluesanditscultureinthecenter.ItwashealingfortheSamiasanindigenouspeople.Keywords:Religion,Laestadianism,Spirituality,Identity,IndigenousKnowledge.

6.11a.3

SocialConstructionofNatureandHealth;PerceivedHealthBenefitsAssociatedwithEngagementwithKlondikeGoldRushNationalHistoricalPark

SaraNewman

Billedasthe“lastfrontier”,Alaskaevokesimagesofabundantwildlife,wilderness,expansiveundevelopedlandandaboveall,nature.Itisthisnaturethatattractsoveronemilliontouristsannually.Representations,expectationsandassumptionsofcruiseshiptouristsaslazyandunhealthydirectlycontrastswiththeperceptionofbackpackingtouristsasfitandhealthy.Yetbothgroupsexperiencewellbeingbyengagingwithnatureandhistoricplaces.Howpeopleviewnaturecolorshowweseepeopleinnature,whichthenaffectswhatisdeemedhealthyinnature.ThegoalofthisethnographiccasestudyofKlondikeGoldRushNationalHistoricalParkistoexplorehowdiversevisitorpopulationsconceiveoftheirownhealththroughengagementwiththesameplacesandnature.Throughthisexploration,Ihopetoexpandthedefinitionofhealthinnaturebeyondthephysicalandmentaldivide.

6.11a.4

InSearchofSacredSámiMountains

MaritMyrvoll

Wefindsacredmountainsoneverycontinent,andsoalsoinSápmi.ThesacredSámimountainshavetheirorigininSámireligion,andsomeoftheseareregistered,beingconsideredapartofSámiculturalheritagetoday.WefindtheminthewholeSámitraditionalsettlementarea.Themostimportantcommonfeatureisthebeliefsandtraditionsconnectedtothem.ThispresentationispartofanongoingresearchmainlyontheNorwegiansideofSápmiandwillfocusonchallengesintryingtore-discoversacredmountains.AchangeinofficialreligionandalsoinlanguagefortheSámipeople,hashadverynegativeconsequencesformaintenanceofbeliefsandperceptions,aswellasnamesofsacredmountains.InmappingSámiareas,theauthoritiesasaruleusedNorwegianplacenames.Usingamulti-diciplinaryapproach,takingintoaccountbothsocial,historical,religiousandlingvisticcompetencewhenlookingonmaps,canmakeitpossibletore-discoveralongforgottenspirituallandscape,wherethesacredmountainswerethecenter.Suchnewknowledgecangiveabetterunderstandingofhowthelandscapewerepercievedinthetraditionalsociety.Thepresentationwillusephotosofsacredmountainsanddifferentkindofmapstodemonstratethechallengesinlocatingthese(andthesacred/spirituallandscapes),eventoday.

6.11.b Nature,SacredPlaces,andWell-Being

Chairs:JingHelmersson,Lis-MariHjortfors,JohannaJämsä,MaritMyrvoll,LenaMariaNilsson

June12–10:30a.m.

6.11b.1

ThesacredstoneinKeppejaur–aliteraturereviewbasedonafamilystoryimplyingalinkbetweenatraditionalSamilifestyle,spiritualpracticeandpublichealth

LenaMariaNilsson

Sometimearoundtheyear1885,arelativeofminethrewasacredstone(seijte)intothelakeKeppejaurinNorthernSweden,todemonstratehimselfasagoodChristian(1).Accordingtooraltraditions,thisactofspiritualdespairleadtoafamilycurse,withalargeproportionofthedescendantssufferingfromeyediseaseandvisualimpairness.Somefewyearsago,whenmedicalexpertslackedmeaningfullifestyleadviceregardingmyrheumaticeyedisease,storytellingabouttheseijteinKeppejaurbecamethebaseforascientificreviewrenderingtheopposite.Inshort,carriersofthetissuesub-typeHLA-B27,commonamongSamiandotherCircumpolarpeoples(2),mayactuallybenefitmorethanothersfromhealthstrategiesbasedontraditionalknowledgeondiet,medicineanddailyspiritualityintheNorth(compare,3).(1)Manker,Ernst.1957.Lapparnasheligaställen:kultplatserochofferkultibelysningavNordiskamuseetsochlandsantikvariernasfältundersökningar.Stockholm:Stockholm:Almqvist&Wiksell.(2)Peschken,C.A.,andJ.M.Esdaile.1999."RheumaticdiseasesinNorthAmerica'sindigenouspeoples."SeminArthritisRheumno.28(6):368-91.(3)Feldtkeller,E.,G.Lind-Albrecht,andM.Rudwaleit.2013."Coresetofrecommendationsforpatientswithankylosingspondylitisconcerningbehaviourandenvironmentaladaptations."RheumatolIntno.33(9):2343-9.doi:10.1007/s00296-013-2727-y.

6.11b.2

NatureandWellbeingfromPhysicsandChineseMedicinePointofView

JingLiu-Helmersson

ManybelieveandsomehaveexperiencedthatbeingintheNatureincreasesourwellbeing.Isthereanyscientificandempiricalevidencestosupportthatnaturedoaffectourwellbeing?Isthereanytheorytoexplainhownatureaffectourwellbeing?Inthispresentation,Iwillshowevidencesfromscientificresearchthathumanbodyiselectricwithelectricpotentialpeakedattheacupuncturepointsandhigherconductivityalongmeridiansthannon-meridians(energyroute).Ouremotionsaffectthefrequencyoftheelectricsignalmeasuredontheenergycenters(Chakras)onourbodysurface.Thefrequencycanbemeasuredbydifferentmethods,suchas,brainwave.Meditationcanchangethisfrequencyfrombetatoalfa.Naturecanaffectourelectricbodybydifferentways,suchas,eitherincreasingnegativeions–nearwater,ordepletingthenegativeionssuchasSantaAnnawindinSouthernCalifornia.Asaconsequence,weareeitherchargedwithenergyorbecomesick.Humanbodyconsistsof70%waterwherewatermoleculesresponsetoelectricfield.Wearesusceptibletoenergyfieldaroundus.Thisleadstowhynatureisimportanttoourhealthandwellbeing.

6.11b.3

MyhealingjourneywithhelpfromtheNorthernSwedishforest

MariaPettersson

IwasanurseworkinginanemergencyunitbeforeIwasburnout.Throughalongjourneyofsearchingforhelp,Ifoundhappinessandgoodhealth.Inthispresentation,Iwilldescribehowonecanuseowninnersensesandthehelpofnaturetoreachwell-being.Iwillshowtheimportantrelationshipbetweenone’shigherself,bodyandtheMotherEarth.Throughtheexperienceofsuffering,oneopensthedoortothespiritualawakening.

6.11b.4

Spiritualexperiencesinnature(CANCELLED)

JohannaJämsä

Spiritualityisanimportantfactorforhumanwellbeing.Itactsasaharmonizingelementinhumanlifewhenfacingdifferenttypesofdifficultiesorchallengescausedbyenvironmental,physical,socialorculturalsource.Consideringtheimportanceofspiritualityinhumanwellbeing,itishasbeengivenrelativelylittleattentioninthefieldofpsychologyandrelatedstudiesthataimtounderstandhumanexperience.Thisispartlyduetopolarizationofspiritualityandreligionwiththescience.MyMSthesisabouttheroleofconnectiontonaturalenvironmentinhumanwell-beingleftastrongimpressionthatspiritualmeaningsareabigpartofhowpeopleexperiencetheirnaturalsurroundingsandwhytheyfeelempoweredbythesenatureexperiences.InthispresentationIwillgodeeperintothesubjectofspiritualityandspiritualexperiencesandhowtheyarelinkedtonaturalenvironmentsandpeople'srelationshiptonature.Spiritualityandspiritualmeaningsbecomemoretangiblewhenspecifiedintodifferentparts;selfreflection,meaningfullife,thesenseofdivineandconnectiontoalargerwholeareallpartsofspiritualexperience.Spiritualexperiencesandplacemeaningsaffectpeople'ssenseofplace.People’ssubjectiveperceptionofthespecificplacecaneithersupportorreducetheirwellbeing.Whatistheroleoflivedplacesandtheircharacteristicsintranscendentexperiences?Arangeofpositivehumanexperienceshavebeencharacterizedastranscendentincludingmysticism,ecstasy,peakexperienceandstatesofflow.People'sperceptionsofnaturalplacesdiffer.Understandingthespiritualmeaningsofnaturedependsonrecognisingthesituationalcharacteristicsofdifferentplacesthatcontributetodeepemotionalexperiencesinnaturalenvironments.

6.12a ThegoodlifeintheArctic:assessinglivingconditions,well-beingandqualityoflife

Chair:BirgerPoppel&JoanNymandLarsen

June12–10:30a.m.

6.12a.1

PerceivedqualityoflifeandArcticidentityofyouthinYakutia

DariaBurnasheva

ThispaperpresentssomeresultsofthedissertationresearchthatfocusesontheArcticidentityofyouthlivingintheRepublicofSakha(Yakutia),Russia.Thequantitativedatawascollectedthroughsurveyconductedin2015(April-May),focusingonyouth(aged15-29).Samplesizeis108,andincludessameproportionsofSakha(Yakut),Russianandsocalled'indigenoussmall-numberedpeoplesoftheNorth',particularly,representativesofEvenk,EvenandYukaghirethnicbackgroundfromthreeurbansettlementsofYakutia,namelyYakutsk,SrednekolymskandTiksi.Thesetownsdifferintermsofstatus(capital/regionalcenter),population(3,500-300,000),climate(subarctic/arctic)andmostimportantly,accesstotransportandcommunicationinfrastructure,andthusprovidegoodexamplesforcomparingtherelationsbetweenperceivedqualityoflifeandregionalArcticidentity.TheanalysisrevealedinfluenceofparticularindicatorsonformationofArcticidentity.

6.12a.2

CulturalConsensusAnalysisandMeasuringWell-BeingintheCanadianArctic

PeterCollings

CulturalConsensusAnalysisisamethodthatidentifiesspecificdomainsofculturalknowledgeandmeasuresindividualdifferencesinthatknowledge.Thispaperreportsontheuseofconsensusanalysistogenerateamodelofwell-beingamongInuitinUlukhaktok,NT,Canada.ForUlukhaktomiut,wellnessdependsalmostexclusivelyonone’sknowledgeofandengagementintraditionalactivities,includingspeakingInuinnaqtun,engaginginsubsistence,connectingwithkin,andtransmittingknowledgeacrossgenerations.Thispaperdiscussestheuseofconsensusanalysisasaparticipatorymethod,highlightingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftheapproach,andconsiderstheassociationsbetweendifferencesinUlukhaktomiutknowledgeaboutwell-being,self-reportsofanxietyanddepression(asmeasuredbytheHopkinsSymptomChecklist-25),andperceptionsoffoodinsecurity(viatheHouseholdFoodInsecurityAccessScale(HFIAS).

6.12a.3

TheCostofLivinginNunavik

GérardDuhaime,JeanRobitaille,EnricoGuénard,SébastienLévesque

TheNunavikCost-of-LivingSurvey’sobjectivewastomeasurepricedifferencesbetweenNunavik(Canada)andsouthernQuébecwhiletakingintoaccounttheNunavikconsumptionpatternsandhouseholdcomposition.Pricedifferentialsvaryfromonecategoryofproductstoanother,butallcategoriesofgoodandservicesaremoreexpensiveinNunavik;theonlyexceptionbeingshelter.Asfoodcostsare48.3%higherinNunavik,low-incomehouseholdsofthisregionspendupto70.3%oftheirexpendituresonfoodandshelteronly.TheresultssuggestthatthecurrentmeasuresarenotsufficienttotacklethehighcostoflivinginNunavik;whilethesocialhousingappearstoalleviatethecostofliving,theshelterstilloccupiesanimportantshareofhouseholds’expenditures.

6.12a.4

SomelessonslearnedfromtheSurveyofLivingConditionsintheArctic(SLiCA)andpotentialsforcontributingtothedevelopmentofindicatorsforArctichumandevelopment

BirgerPoppel

Basedonconcertedeffortsbysocialscientists(inaswellasoutsidetheArctic)andArcticindigenouspeoplesalargebatteryofsocialindicatorsweredevelopedandappliedintheSLiCAquestionnaire.Fieldworkresultingin7000face-to-faceinterviewsprimarilywithindigenouspeopleswasconductedamongInuit,SamiandtheindigenouspeoplesofChukotkaandtheKolaPeninsulabetween2001and2008.Theregionallyappliedquestionnaireswereallbasedonacommoncorequestionnairebutadjustedtothedifferentlivelihoodsandlivingconditions.Sofarithasnotbeenpossibletoconductacomprehensiveandupdatedlivingconditionsstudy.InbothAlaska,CanadaandGreenlandlivingconditionsandqualityoflifestudieseitherbasedonoratleastcomparabletotheoriginalSLiCAquestionnairehavebeenconducted.TheambitionofthepresentationistosumupsomeoftheexperiencesgainedandsuggesthowtheexperiencescancontributetothedevelopmentofindicatorsforArctichumandevelopment.

6.12b ThegoodlifeintheArctic:assessinglivingconditions,well-beingandqualityoflife

Chair:BirgerPoppel&JoanNymandLarsen

June12–1:00p.m.

6.12b.1

Thestrangecaseofthemissingsurveydata:WhathappenedtotheNunavutHouseholdSurvey?

JackHicks

OnMay1,2000,thePremierofNunavutannouncedintheLegislativeAssemblythat“ThisyearwillseetheimplementationofaNunavutHouseholdSurveyconductedeverytwoyears”.TheintentoftheNunavutHouseholdSurvey(NuHS)initiativewastoconductanomnibushouseholdsurveythatcouldmeetthedataneedsofgovernmentdepartmentsandrepresentativeInuitorganizationsinaco-ordinatedandcost-effectivemannerthatminimized‘responseburden.’ThefirstNuHSwasconductedin2001;face-to-faceinterviewswereconductedwithover5,000residentsoftheterritory.AsecondNuHSwasconductedin2004;telephoneinterviewswereconductedwith900Nunavummiut.Thispaperwillexplaintherationaleforthetwohouseholdsurveys,summarizethedatatheycollected,andexplainwhytheinitiativewasterminatedandnofurtherNunavutHouseholdSurveysundertaken.

6.12b.2 DomesticviolenceinGreenland:violentmen’slifestories

MarieKathrinePoppel

DomesticviolenceinGreenlandismostoftenregardedasalcoholrelatedandcategorizedas‘domesticdisturbances’bythepolicewhenreportedbyaneighbouroroneoftheinvolved.Theannualnumbersof‘domesticdisturbances’inGreenlandamounttobetween3000and3500accordingtothe24-hourpolicereports,buttheyarenotincludedintheofficialstatisticsas‘cases’.Theassumptionbehindthispaperisthatthereisarelationbetweendomesticviolenceandsocialproblemsinthefamilies.ThefocusisonhowGreenlandicmenunderstandtheirviolenceagainstwomeninintimaterelationsinamasculinityperspective.Theanalysisisbasedonviolentmen’slifestories.

6.12b.3

UsingTraditionalGamestoPromoteSustainability&PeaceintheArctic

JohnKilbourne

WithglobalwarmingexpandingtraderoutesintheArcticandtheresultantpursuitofoil,gas,mineraldeposits,andfish,itisimperativethattheeightArcticcountriesfindpathstowardssustainabilityandpeaceinthe

region.Revisitingandunderstandingthetraditionalgamesoftheindigenouspeopleoftheseregionscangoalongwaytowardshelpingthosedeterminingtheregion’sfuturetoworkcooperativelytowardsthesegoals.Thispresentation/paperwilloffer,basedonmyresearchandexperiencesintheArctic,lessonslearnedfromtraditionalSámiandInuitgamesthatmayhelppromotesustainabilityandpeaceintheArcticworld.Hopefullybyacknowledgingtheselessonswecanpursueapathforward,togetherreconnectingwiththetraditionalgamesoftheArcticwiththehopeofbuildingmeaningfulbridgesbetweenthepastandpresentandmoreover,helpingtoenhanceourunderstandingoftheimportantroletraditionalgamescanplayinshapinganArcticwheresustainabilityandpeaceflourish.

6.12b.4

Regionalaspectofthehumanhealth,andasocialvalueofthehumanshealth

MariaNesterenko

ThetopicIspeakinteractswithclimatology,epidemiologyandsociology.InmyresearchItrytomakesomeadviceforkeepingthehealthofthepeopleinthenorth.Myaimtofindthereactionofhumansonthesechanges,howtheirlifechange,theirhealthandsocialdynamics.Iwillalsotrytofindfeaturesofman'srelationshiptothehealthandqualityoflifeintheterritoryoftheRussianArctic,comparehealthindicatorswithothercountries,toidentifytrendsandpatternsofhumancapitaldevelopmentinthecontextoftheglobalclimatechange,conductresearchandanalyzethecurrentattitudeofthepopulationoftheArcticterritoriestomaintaintheirhealth.ThisyearIparticipatedintheexpeditiontoNovayaZemljaArchipelago,madeaninterviewwithlocalcommunities(nenetspeople)insettlementsandhavealottosharewithmycolleagues.InadvanceitwillbetheregionalmodelofpreservationanddevelopmentofhumancapitalinthefaceofclimatechangeintheArctic.

6 Posters

June10-3.30p.m

HealthfromOurLand:ACulturalJourneywithNaskapiEldersinKawawachikamach,Canada

ThoraHerrmann,AlainCuerrier,MarionCarrier,AshleighDowning,TshiuetenVachon,GeorgeGuanish,CheyenneVachonSwappie,LouiseNattawappio,MarianneChescappio,SandyShecanapish,theNaskapiSummerDayCamp2016,theNaskapiDevelopmentCorporation

Majorsocio-culturalchangesundercuthealthandwell-beingoftheNaskapiFirstNation,resultinginincreasingType2diabetes.Cultureisaninter-connecteddeterminantofwell-beingandimpactshowindividualsconnectandrespondtohealth,i.e.diabetesriskfactorsandproposedinterventions.Inthisstudy,cross-culturalworkshopsengagingyouth,EldersandresearcherswereheldinKawawachikamachonthetraditionalusesandnamingofmedicinalplants/foods.LearningtheNaskapiplantsnames,thestoryslinkedtoplants,theirmedicinaluses,howtocreateaherbarium,andrealizingabookonNaskapimedicalplants,involvedyouthinscienceandhighlightedtheimportanceoftraditionalknowledgepassedonbytheirElders.Land-basedactivities,i.e.insectcatchingandidentification,canoetrips,buildingofaninsectcollection,creationofLandArtreinforcedyouth’connectionwiththeland.Elders,youthandresearcherscollaboratedtovaluetheuseoftraditionalmedicinalplants/foodsandculturallyrelevantphysicalactivitytoimprovediabetesprevention,andintergenerationalexchangeoftraditionalknowledgetostrengthenculturalcontinuity.

‘ShowMeWhatYouKnow’:DrawingasaToolforAccessingChildren’sKnowledgeAboutH.pyloriInfectioninTeslin,Yukon.

MeganJ.Highet,KarenJ.Goodman,theTeslinH.pyloriProjectPlanningCommittee,StudentsatTeslinCommunitySchool,andtheCANHelpWorkingGroup.

InNovember2016IvisitedtheTeslinCommunitySchooltoprovideeducationaboutH.pyloriinfectionandtheresearchactivitiesoftheCanadianNorthHelicobacterpylori(CANHelp)WorkingGroupinthecommunity.Overthecourseofaweek,Iledaseriesoflearningactivitiesforchildreningradesonethroughnine,whothencompleteddrawingsthataimedtodemonstratewhattheyknewabouttheH.pyloriinfectioninthecontextoftheircommunity.Buildinguponmethodsusedforengagingchildreninvisualresearchinothercontextsandinformedbytheorydrawnfromvisualanthropology,Ianalyzethecontentofthesedrawingsinordertospeaktothechildren’sworkingknowledgeofH.pyloriinfectionaswellasthesocialsignificanceofillnessstemmingfromassociateddigestivediseaseswithintheircommunity.Thisinformationmaysubsequentlybeusedtoinformareasforfutureresearchandknowledgeexchangeprioritieswithinthecommunity.

Inuitfamiliesnavigatingcommunitylife:Atypologyoffamilies

ValérieParent,SaraFraser

Thispaperisbasedonalargercommunity-basedactionresearchfocusedoncommunitypreventionsolutionsforfamilywellbeingamongInuitofNunavik,inNorthernQuebec.InourprojectofdevelopingafamilyhouseinKuujjuarapik,wehavecometoexperiencechallengesinsupportingmobilizationandparticipationofcommunitymembers.RESULTSThe15interviewswithInuitparentsshowedthatcommunityparticipationvariesfromonefamilytotheother,dependingontheirfamilysituation.Ourparticipatoryanalyseshighlightfourmain“familydynamics”whichweplacedonatwo-dimensionalaxischaracterisingpermeabilitytoexternalstressorsandconnectiontoexternalresources.DISCUSSIONTheresultsallowfordiscussiononhowthesedifferentfamilyexperiencesinfluencetheabilitytoparticipateincommunityinitiatives.Wealsoproposeconcreteandneeds-appropriateactionstosupportsustainablecommunityparticipation.

Sustainablyimprovingtheimplementationprocessof‘InuunerittaII’-amidtermevaluationofthesecondpublichealthprograminGreenland

ChristineIngemann(corresponding)&ChristinaViskumLytkenLarsen

Introduction:TheepidemiologicalchangefrominfectioustochronicdiseasesaswellashighsuiciderateshasconfrontedGreenlandwithmanyhealthchallenges.Totacklethese,apublichealthprogramcalled‘Inuuneritta’wasimplemented.Inuunerittaisacomprehensivepublichealthprogramintermsoftopicsandtargetpopulation,andneedstobeimplementedatalllevelsofthehealthsystemmakingtheimplementationprocesscomplex.Challengesregardingtheimplementationofthehealthprogramwerealreadyreportedinanearlierevaluation.Theaimofthisstudywastoidentifyenablingandconflictingdeterminantsoftheimplementationprocessofthepublichealthprogram‘InuunerittaII’withinandacrosssectors.

Methods:Qualitativemethodswithatransdisciplinarydesignwereappliedinthisstudy.Communityhealthworkers(CHWs)atthelocallevel,representativesofthefourmunicipalitiesandthedepartmentofhealth(Greenland)arekey-stakeholdersandwereinvolvedintheresearch.Datawascollectedbyseveralmethodsinordertogaintriangulation.ResearchersobservedthenationalcongressofCHWsinNuuk(Greenland)andalsoconductedaworkshopwiththeparticipantsinthecongress.Furthermore,telephoneinterviewswithdifferentrepresentativeswereconductedaswellasadocumentanalysisofreports,minutesandotherdocumentswas

performed.Theempiricaldatawascodedbyapplyingaconceptualframeworkbasedonimplementationandsystemtheories.

Results:PreliminaryresultsindicatethatoneofthemajordriversforInuunerittaIItohavebeenimplementedisthegreatmotivationandengagementofCHWsandhealthconsultantsforcombatingtheissuesinpublichealth.However,thelackofleadershipandcoordinationwithinandacrossallstructurallevelsaswellasnon-existenceofcollaborationbetweenthedepartmentofhealthandotherdepartmentsdeductsInuunerittaIIfrombeingimplementedsuccessfully.

Conclusions:Thestudyhasgeneratedsixrecommendations.Theserecommendationswillbepresentedinatransdisciplinaryseminar,whererepresentativesfromthedepartementofhealthandmunicipalitieswillattend.Duringthisseminartherecommendationswillbediscussedbytheparticipantsandsolutionsthatallagreeuponwillbegenerated.

ACaseforindigenousauthoritativeknowledgeinanintersystemframeworkofcommunity-basedhealthcaresystem

LisaSchwarzburg,NauriToler,JessicaSawyer,LarryDuffy

Thispaperexploresthecapacityofauniqueresearchandpolicydevelopmentmodelcreatedbyjoiningindigenousknowledgesystemsandpublichealthandcommunitydevelopmentparadigms.Developedfromanasset-buildingapproach,involvingcommunitymembersandleadersinstudyvillagesasstakeholdersandparticipants,thisframeworkgathers,analyzes,disseminates,andevaluatesthecomponentsofalocal-basedwomen’sandfamilywellnesspracticeinparticipatingAlaskaNativevillages.Insteadofspringingfromawesternscience-basedknowledgesystem,weshowhowcommunity-drivenhealthpracticescansimultaneouslybecomeself-drivenresearchandcaregivingpartsofindigenouscommunitiesandrespectivehealthcaresystems.Weuseethnographictechniquesofmedicalanthropologyforfieldwork,andsocialnetworkanalysisforevaluation.PartnershipswillhavetoformamongmidwiferygroupscurrentlypracticinginAlaska’stribalhealthprogram,theAlaskaNativeTribal,HealthConsortium,AlaskaNativeTribalCouncilsandStateofAlaskahealthcareagenciesandorganizations.Authorshopethatbuildingthecapacitiesnecessaryforsuchcommunity-basedworkwillserveasamodelforothercommunitydevelopmentintheseArcticVillages.Authorspresentbothconceptsofindigenousknowledgesystemsandtherecursivenatureofanthropologicaltechniquesasintegralcomponentsforthesuccessofthistypeofcommunity-basedmodel,alongwithobstaclesinvolved.

7 History

Themeleader:AmandaGraham,[email protected]

7.1a Peopleand/orPlaceinCircumpolarHistory

Chair:AmandaGraham&KlausGeorgHansen

June8-11:30a.m.

N280

7.1a.1

WomenintheArctic:ahistoricalapproach

SilkeReeploeg

ThispaperexamineshowwomenarerepresentedinthehistoricalnarrativesofthecircumpolarsocietiesofNorthAmericaandScandinavia.Placingrepresentationsofwomenwithintheexisting'Northern'culturallandscapesandhistories,itexploresnewmethodologiesthatenableustounderstandthehistoricalpositionofwomenasactorswithinthecontextofglobaldiversity.Usingexamplesfromtravelliterature,heritagecollectionsandarchives,thispaperwilldemonstratethehistoricalprocessesofgenderconstructionsandrepresentations,astheyaredevelopedinrelationtothecircumpolarNorthduringthenineteenthcentury.Bringingtogetheravarietyofapproachestothestudyofgender,thepaperusesthecircumpolarNorthtoinvestigatehistoricalidentityconstructionandrepresentation,andinvestigatestheconstructionofpeople,placeandspaceinreal,imaginaryandsymbolicterms.

7.1a.2

AnanthropologicalnarrativeofaJapanesecastawayin18thcenturySiberia

HirokiTakakura

TheauthorlooksatthehistoricalrecordsofJapanesecastawaysin18thcenturySiberia.Somesailorswholuckilysurvivedthemaritimemisfortunes,withasmallnumberdriftingashoreonNorthernPacificislands.AfewofthesefortunatecastawaysmanagedtoreturntoJapan.Becauseofthepolicyofisolation,thesereturneeswereinterrogatedandsomeoftherecordsremain.Thecontentsincludeinformationonhowthesesailorssurvived,encounterswithmembersoftheRussiancolonialadministrationandindigenouspeoples,aswellasnarrativesoftravelfromtheAleutianIslandstovariousRussiancities.ThefirstpurposeofthispaperistopresentthetaleofoneJapanesecastawaywholeftanotablerecordofhislongjourney.ThesecondistoillustratethestyleofnarrativeusedbyJapanesetravelerstodescribeSiberianpeoplesin18thcentury.

7.1a.3 InitialthoughtsonestablishingahistoricalpopulationanddemographicdatabaseforGreenland

KlausGeorgHansen

ThehistoricalarchivesfromGreenlandareextensive.Thecolonialarchivesdatesbackasfarasmid-18thcentury.ByestablishingahistoricalpopulationanddemographicdatabaseforGreenlandhistoricalresearchoncitizenlevelandacrossregistersbecomespossibleinawaywhichcurrentlyisnotpossible.From1972alllivingcitizensinGreenlandhavebeenprovidedwithauniqueIDlabel,theCPR-number.AcorrespondinghistoricalCPR-numbercanbeprovidedforallhistoricalcitizensinGreenland.ThispaperwilldiscusssomeofthepracticalandlegalchallengesbyestablishingahistoricalpopulationanddemographicdatabaseforGreenland.ItwillalsooutlineapreliminaryplanforestablishingahistoricaldatabaseforGreenland.

7.1a.4 ‘SnowlandFolk’:ConstructingGreenlandthroughChildren’sPedagogicalLiteratures

PeterMartin

TherehavebeenanumberofstudieswhichhaveexploredthewaysinwhichpeoplesandplaceshavehistoricallybeenrepresentedinGeographicalschooltextbooksandotherchildren’spedagogicalliteratures(seePloszajska,1996,2000andMaddrell,1996,1998).However,mostofthesestudieshaveprimarilyfocusedonthelandscapesandculturesofregionsunderimperialorcolonialoccupation–particularlyIndiaandAfricaintheUKcontext.MuchlessattentionhasbeengiventounderstandinghowArcticspaceswereconstructedinthepagesofschooltextbooksorhowtheywerepresentedtoyoungreadersinthelatenineteenthcentury.UsingthecollectionofhistoricgeographicaltextbooksheldintheRGS-IBGcollections,thispaperwilldiscusshowgeographicalknowledge(s)ofGreenland,establishedthroughexpeditionsbyexplorerssuchasRobertPeary,manifestedthemselvesinthepagesofthesechildren’spublications.Thespecificnarrativesandideologiesthatthesetextsconveytotheirchildaudienceswillbeexamined,aswilltheparticulargeographicalimaginationsthattheyconstruct(seePhillips,1996).Tyinginwithliteraturesonthehistoriesofgeography,historiographiesofscienceandgeographicalconstructionsoftheArctic,thisresearchoffersnewwaysofthinkingaboutthehistoricdisseminationofacademicandscientificknowledgetopublicaudiences.

7.1b Peopleand/orPlaceinCircumpolarHistory

Chair:AmandaGraham

June8-2:30p.m.

N280

7.1b.1

NaturalResourcesandRentDistribution.TheDebateonLocalTaxationinNorthernSweden,1945-1948

MartinEriksson

SincetheemergenceofthemodernfiscalstateinSwedenduringthefirstdecadesofthe20thcentury,localauthoritiesinplacesdominatedbyextractionofnaturalresourcessuchashydropowerplantsandmineshaverepeatedlyquestionedtheexistingsystemoffiscalfederalismasithasbeenmanifestedintheunitarystate.Inthisregard,regionalinterestgroupsinnorthernSwedenhavearguedthattheyshouldbeentitledtoalargershareoftherentfromthisproductionthrougharedistributionoftaxationcompetencesandrevenueshiftingfromthenationaltothelocallevel.Theproposedpaperstudiestheinteractionandrelationsbetweenalocalinterestgroupandthenationalgovernmentduringthesocalled1947OreMunicipalityCommission(1947årsMalmkommunutredning)asaprominentcasestudyofsuchrecurringdebatesoverthedirectionoftaxpolicy.Thebackgroundtothe1947OreMunicipalityCommissionwasthattheCountyCouncilofNorrbottentogetherwiththemunicipalitiesofKiruna,GällivareandJukkasjärvidemandedalargershareofthetaxrevenuefromtheminingcompanyLKAB,whichhaddominatedtheeconomyinthosecommunitiessincethebeginningofthe20thcentury.OnthebasisofsourcematerialfromtheSwedishNationalArchives,thepaperdemonstratesthatevenifthisgroupwassuccessfulatraisingtheseissuesonthepoliticalagendathroughtheappointmentofthe1947OreMunicipalityCommission,thisCommissiondidnotproduceanytangibletaxpolicychangeinfavoroftheinvolvedactors.Instead,theCommissionactedtopreservetheestablishedtaxsystemasithadbeendesignedintheoverallpolicyandinstitutionalcontextofSwedenasaunitarystatethroughtheargumentthattheemergingregionaldevelopmentpolicyandpublicsectorexpansionwouldprovidesufficientcompensationfortherent“lost”fromthepotentialtaxationofLKAB.

7.1b.2

Lostbeneaththeice.ThesearchanddiscoveryofSirJohnFranklin’slostshipsinNunavut,Canada

LeannaEllsworth,TamaraTarasoff

In1845,SirJohnFranklinleftEnglandwithtwoships,HMSErebusandHMSTerrorwith134men,insearchfortheNorthwestPassagethroughtheCanadianArctic.Althoughtheexpeditionwasfullyequippedwithsuppliestolast3years,Franklinandhiscrewneverreturned.EarlysearchpartiesdiscoveredsmallcluesandmetwithInuit,whosawtheshipstrappediniceandsawthestarvingmenheadingsouthonfoot.Thisinformationwassharedforothersearchexpeditions,howeverFranklinandhiscrewwereneverseenagain.Theshipsremainedanunsolvedmysteryfornearly170years,untilHMSErebuswasdiscoveredin2014,andHMSTerrorin2016.ThispresentationwillsharetheimportantroleofInuitandInuitTraditionalKnowledgeinthesearchfortheships,thechallengeswithunderwaterarchaeologyintheArctic,thecollaborationunderwaybetweenInuitandParksCanadaaroundthecreationandmanagementofthenewestNationalHistoricSiteinNunavut,excitingworkonmuseumexhibitsopeningin2017and2018andotheropportunitiesinfindingthislostpieceofhistoryinNunavut.

7.1b.3

SpacetoPlace:History'sRoleintheCircumpolarNorth

AmandaGraham

Thecircumpolarregion,asitisimaginedtoday,isarecentdevelopment.TheendoftheColdWarallowedformerlyimpenetrableborderstothin.Diplomacyanddialoguedismantledsomewhileotherswereattenuatedbyneworganizationsandinstitutions.Asurgeofpoliticalandcivilactivitycreatednewandreconfiguredexistingcircumpolarconnectionsandnetworks.TheresultisaregioncoalescingoutofawelterofconnectionsforgedaroundandacrosstheCircumpolarNorth.Theregionneedsaninclusivepictureofitsnationalpaststosupportitsjointfuture.Thispaperidentifiesandconsidersseveralwaysthataregionalhistoryisbeingandmightbewrittentoinformandsupportongoingcollaborationandcooperation.Inanutshell,thepaperlooksatsomewaysthecircumpolarnorthasspacemightbecometheCircumpolarNorthasplace.

7.1b.4 StHermanPilgrimageandtheOrthodoxChurchinAlaska

VirginieVaté,Marie-AmélieSalabelle

InAlaska,OrthodoxChristianityhasbecome“animportantfacetofNativeidentityandnationalism”(Vinkovetsky,2011:180).FromthetimewhenAlaskawassoldtotheUSin1867,OrthodoxyhascometobeseenbyanumberofindigenouspeopleasameanofexpressingresistancetotheAmericancolonizer(seenotablyZnamenski1999).Uptotodayitplaysacentralroleinthewaysomepeopleorganizetheirlivesandbuildtheirsocialrelations.ThispaperlooksataparticulareventinAlaskanOrthodoxlife:StHermanpilgrimage,heldeveryyearinAugustinKodiakand(ontheadjacent)SpruceIsland.HermanisthefirstsaintcanonizedbytheOrthodoxChurchinAmerica(OCA),onAugust9,1970.RegardedasthefounderofOrthodoxyinNorthAmerica,heisveneratedasthepatronsaintofOrthodoxChristiansinAmerica.PeopleandtheOrthodoxChurchpresentalsoStHermanas“thedefenderofthenativeAlaskanpeoples”(Korsun2012:vii).ThispaperwillexaminepracticesanddiscourseslinkedtothepilgrimageandtothevenerationofStHerman.ItwilldevotespecialattentiontotheholysiteofMonk’sLagoononSpruceIsland,theplacewhereHermanlivedanddiedinhermitageandwheretoday’spilgrimageculminates.

7.4 Science,environmentalprotectionandenvironmentalmanagementintheArcticandAntarctic

Chair:Lize-MariévanderWatt

June9-3:30p.m.

N280

7.4.1

OnDogs,AuroraandShips:BipolarImaginationinJapan

KatiLindström

JapanisarelativenewcomerintheArcticpoliticsasithasnoterritorialclaimsintheArctic,noranearlyhistoryofArcticexpeditions.Instead,modernizingJapanfocuseditsattentiontoAntarcticafromasearlyas1910.Today,JapanisshowingincreasinginterestinArcticpoliticsandmanagement,insistingthatimportantdecisionsshouldnotbetakenonlybytheArcticStatesandtheArcticOceancoastalStates.TheJapanesegovernmentviewisthattheArctic“shouldberecognizedasapartofthecommonheritageofmankind.Theinternationalcommunityshouldprotectthisareaanduseitforpeacefulpurposes”.Japanexplainsitspolarinterestsbybeingamaritimecountryandalthoughthecountry’smainactivitiesinthepolarregionspertaintoscientificresearch,manyconsiderJapan’srealmotivationtobeinthepotentialNorthernshippingroutes.Accordingly,theArcticfiguresinthegovernmentdocumentsasemptyfieldsofwater,iceandhiddentreasures,subjectedtointernationalscientificresearchandmanagement–quiteliketheAntarctic.Indigenouspeoplearealmostinvisible.IwillpresentanongoingresearchprojectintothecommonalitiesintheJapaneseimaginationofthetwopoles.Throughtheanalysesofmuseumexhibitsandotherculturalphenomena,Iwilldiscussavarietyofimageswheretheperceptionofthetwopolesgetsblurred,notablytheJapaneseobsessionwithAuroraborealis,snowfields,butalsothemovingbodiesoficebreakers,whales–anddogs.Atellingexampleisthestoryof15JapaneseKarafutobreeddogswhosetragicfateafterthefirstJapaneseAntarcticoverwintercamphasbecomethedominantculturalnarrativeofpolarresearch.Theblock-bustermovieoftheexpedition,“TalesofAntarctica”,islargelyshotintheCanadianArcticanditcanbearguedthattheoriginofthedogsintheformerNorthernterritoriesofJapan(Sakhalin)helpstoprojectJapanasaplacewithdeepculturaltiestoArctic

7.4.2

TheAntarcticTreatySystemandArcticGovernanceinHistoricalPerspective

Lize-MariéVanDerWatt,PederRoberts

TheAntarcticisfundamentallydifferenttotheArctic,yetthequestionofwhetherandhowtheAntarcticTreatySystem(ATS)canserveasamodelfortheArctichassurfacednotinfrequently,andatveryspecifichistoricaljunctures.Despitewell-recognizedgeographicalincongruities,itistheATSratherthanotherinternationalstructuresthathavebeenreferencedasapotentialmodelforArcticgovernance.InthispaperweconsiderhowandwhyparticularactorsinvokedtheATSinthecontextofgoverningtheArcticfromthe1960suntilthe2010s.WearguethattheutilityoftheATSasapoliticalresourcehasrelieduponaparticularmythologyofitsorigins,anarrativeofexceptionalisminwhichscienceisconflatedwithinternationalismandincreasinglyenvironmentalism.WefurthersuggestthattoinvoketheATSwhendiscussingtheArcticistomobilizearhetoricalresourcetoadvanceaparticularpoliticalagenda,oneladenwithmoralityandvaluesthatgobeyondwhateverpragmaticfunctionstheATSmighthave.

7.4.3

RocketsoverThule?ThePoliticsofRocketsinColdWarGreenland

HenrikKnudsen

IssuedonthefrontpageofDanishnewspaperPolitikenonJuly4,1968theleadarticleannouncedthecommencementofajointDanish-American“grandrocketprogram”toinvestigatethe“splendidnaturalphenomena”ofsunspotsfromThuleAirBaseinnorthernGreenland.EnthusiasmandnationalprideranhighinDenmark—thesmallNordiccountrythatstillmaintainedaquasi-colonialruleinGreenland.Nolessthan34researchrocketsweregoingtobelaunchedunderthisjointprogramwhichwouldlaunchDenmarkintothespaceera.TheinkwashardlydrywhenthesamepaperthenextdayreportedthattheDanishgovernmentinasweepingmovehaddecidedtocalloftheAmericanpartofthejointeffort.Thedramaticdecisionwasmetwithangerandastonishmentinthescientificcommunity,media,andthepublic.OnlyrarelyhadtheDanishgovernmentsaidnotoAmericanresearchprojectsinGreenlandandneverbeforehadrejectionsreachedthepublic.InthefollowingweeksnewspapersreportedonwhatmostparticipantstooktobeamajorpoliticalmishapbyashakynewgovernmentwhohadsoftenedandpanickedinresponsetooppositionfromlocalhuntersintheThulearea.ThepaperwillsituatetheAmericanrocketprojectinitsColdWarcontextandoutlinethecomplexappropriationprocessthatleadtheDanishgovernmenttotherejection.Finally,somegeneralfeaturesaboutinternationalscientificcollaborationinGreenlandduringtheColdWarerawillbehighlightedanddiscussed.

7.5 NordicreorientationaftertheColdWar

Chair:HallvardTjelmeland

June10-10:30a.m.

N300

7.5.1

ComprehensivesecuritypolicyforDenmark,FaroeIslands,GreenlandandIceland


TheNorthAtlanticisauniqueArcticregionsintermsoftheindependenceandstate-buildingprocessesunderwaysincearound1900andcontinuing.TheKingdomofDenmarkisaparticularlydynamicconstitutionalfeatureoftheArcticasIcelandgainedindependenceinapoliticalprocessfromthe1840sto1940s,andtheFaroeIslandsandGreenlandareinaprocessofeverincreasingself-governmentandlikelyfullindependence.ThispaperwillplaceandcomparecomprehensivesecuritypolicymakinginDenmark,FaroeIslands,GreenlandandIcelandwithinthedoublecontextofindependencedynamicsandinternationalsystemicdevelopments(ColdWar,post-ColdWar,Ukraine-crisis,riseofChina).

7.5.2

ChangesinSecurityPremisesoftheglobalizedArctic–fromcircumpolarstabilityandNordicpeaceintodisarmamentanddemilitarization

LassiHeininen

Insecuritystudies,therearediscourses,premisesandparadigmsofsecurity,aswellassecuritysubjects.WithintheNordicRegion,thereissocialandpoliticalcohesionandtheNordicPeacebasedonsamevaluesandstrongcivilsocieties.WhenitcomestotheArcticregion,therearespecialfeaturesofsecurityduetotheColdWar(e.g.nuclearweapons),andhighgeopoliticalstabilityduetoashiftfrommilitarytocomprehensivesecurityandcooperation.IntheentireNorth,thereislessdisarmament,sofar.ThispaperfirstanalysesthestateofArcticsecurity,andthatoftheNordicRegion.Second,itdiscussesmainaimsofArcticstabilityandNordicpeace.Itthenarguesthatduetogrand(environmental)challengesafurtherchangeinproblemdefinitiononsecuritypremises/paradigms,includingdisarmament,isrequired.Finally,thispavesawaytoaskwhatkindofreorientationisneededinNordicsecurity.

7.5.3 GoodbyetotheNordicBalance?TheNordicCountriesandRussiainthe1990s

StianBones

TheendoftheColdWartransformedinternationalrelationsandcreatednewopportunitiesforpoliticalaction.WhatweretheimpactsontheforeignandsecuritypoliciesoftheNordiccountries?Atthetime,politicalscientistsandhistoriansdisagreed.SomebelievedthattheNordicidea,andthepatternofNordicsecurity,hadnowoutliveditshistoricalrole.Theyalsoarguedthat“theNordicbalance”–theregionallowleveloftensionintheNordicregionduringtheColdWar–hadinfactneverbeenaproductofNordicpolitics.Instead,itwastheresultofGreatpowerpolitics.Othersweremoreoptimistic.TheBritishpoliticalscientistCliveArcher,forinstance,underlinedagencyamongleadingNordicpoliticiansthroughouttheColdWar,aswellthepoliticalcultureinthesecountries.Aparticularpolitical“ethos”hadunderpinnedpolitical-institutionalcooperationacrossbordersfordecades,anditwaseveryreasontobelievethatthiswouldcharacterizetheregionalsointhefuturealso.FocusingonrelationstoRussiaaftertheColdWar,especiallyintheEuropeanArctic,thispresentationdiscusseswhat“reallyhappened”.DidthepatternofNordicsecuritycontinue?

7.5.4

TheArcticTurnandtheNordicCountries

HallvardTjelmeland

ThispresentationwilldiscussthebackgroundfortheNordiccountriesdefiningthemselvesmoredistinctlyasArcticandfortheArcticturnininternationalpoliticsingeneralinthelastdecade.TheArcticturniscircumpolar,butwasofspecialimportanceintheEuropeanArctic,TheHighNorth.NorwayandRussiahadalonghistoryofcooperationandtensionst,relatedtofisherymanagement,delimitationoftheshelfandeconomicZoneintheBarentsSeaandinadditiontoissuesregardingthestatusoftheSvalbardTreaty.From2005,thesetwostatesapproachedeachother,nodoubtbecauseofthenewopportunitiesopeningupwithglobalwarning.AlltheNordiccountriesestablishedArcticstrategiesintheyearstocome.Thetensionsbetweenthe“innerfive”andthe“outereight”intheArcticCouncilandtheeffectsoftheturmoilaftertheGeorgia(2008)andUkraine(2014-)crisiswillbediscussed.ThemainissueishowalltheseprocesseshaveinfluencedNordiccooperation.

7 Posters

June10–3.30p.m.

RevisitingtheArcticstudiesofACSeward:the"fossilised"workofaPaleo-BotanistinGreenlandfindsnewrelevance

PaulRosenbaum

About100yearsago,ACSeward,aCambridgeProfessorandlaterthePresidentoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,achievedconsiderablerenownasabotanist,particularlyforhisstudiesoffossilisedplants.AmongstthesestudieswerehisexaminationsofmaterialgatheredintheArctic.SewardalsotravelledtoGreenlandforasummertoelaboratehisresearch,andhewroteabookabouthistimethere,aptlycalled"ASummerinGreenland"(1923).ThisshortandpleasantbookrecordsnotonlyaportraitofajoyousSewardduringthesemonths,butalsodocumentsthestateofthingsinGreenlandatthattimethroughtheauspiciouseyeofaleadingacademic(evenifhewasonholiday).Thelackofacademicstudyonthisbookisacurioustopic:Sewardwashimselfsocommittedtosharingknowledgewithbothscientistsandbroaderpublicthathewent'aboveandbeyond'bywritingworksforbothaudiences.Nevertheless,hisworkhaslargelybeen

buriedintheannals.MyposterpresentsSeward’sperspectiveontheArcticandGreenlandicsociety,andaimstoinspirecontemporaryacademicswithhisskillforinforminganon-specialistwithpracticalknowledge.Ialsopresenthistoricalcontext,aswellasthereasonswhythisbookispragmatictoscholarstoday.Finally,Iopenadiscussionaboutthe"hiddentreasures"byothergreatscholarsoftheArctic,andhowsuchexcellentknowledgecanbesoeasilyburiedfordecadesormore.

8 IndigenousIssues

Themeleader:KristerStoor([email protected])

8.1 IntellectualIndigenousTraditions-ThePastisthePresent:RepatriationofIndigenousMaterialandImmaterialHeritage

Chair:KristerStoor

8June-11:30a.m.

N300

8.1.1

RepossessingInuinnaitIdentityThatIs"OutofPlace"

HelenBalanoff

Socialmemoryisintegraltoindigenousidentity.Butwhenculturalmaterialsareremovedfrom“place”,awayfromthesocialmemoryofthecommunity,indigenouspeoplesareoftendispossessedoftheabilitytointerprettheiridentity.Thematerialsbecomepartoflargerprojectsindecontextualizedpublicoutsiderspaces,likemuseums,whichcollect,store,interpret,anddisplaythematerials.Inthepast,Indigenouspeoples,includingtheInuinnaitoftheCentralArcticinCanada,hadnovoiceandnopowerinthe“authorizedtales”(MinhHa,1994)oftheircultureinmuseumcollectionsaroundtheworld;culturethatis“outofplace”.Today,relationshipsbetweenmuseumsandtheir“sourcecommunities”haveshiftedconsiderably(PeersandBrown,2003),asmuseumsstrivetodevelopmorecollaborativerelationships.WorkingwiththeBritishMuseuminLondon,InuinnaitfromUlukhaktokandCambridgeBay,Canada,aimedtorepatriatetheirknowledge(socialmemory,stories,andlanguage)throughengagingwithInuinnaitobjectsremovedfrom“place”.TheprojectaimedtoenableInuinnaittorepossesstheagencyandpowertointerprettheiridentitybygivingtheirvoiceandstorytoInuinnaitobjectshousedintheMuseum.Thisprojectwastwo-fold.ThefirstpartwasavisualrepatriationprojectthatusedphotographsprovidedbytheBritishMuseumtotheInuinnaitcommunities.ThesecondpartconsistedofavisittotheMuseumbyElderswhostillhad“therequisitesocialcompetence”(Connerton,1985)toreadtheobjects.YoungerInuinnaitwereincludedasapprenticestotheElders,sothattraditionalknowledgecouldbetransferredtoyoungergenerationsandthusbeincorporatedintothepresent.ThispresentationfocusesonwaysinwhichtheInuinnaitrepossessedtheabilitytointerprettheiridentityandhowtheytransferredtheculturalknowledgefromthe“thingsthattalk”(Dasten,2004)toyoungerpeopleintheircommunities.

8.1.2

Re-connectingIndigenousPeoplethroughtheRainbowSongandRainbowCeremony

JilianMarsh

ReaffirmingourconnectionsasIndigenouspeoplesispossiblethroughrecognisingandclaimingopportunitiesthatrespectfullyengageinbringingfragmentedknowledgetogetheraspartofaculturalrevivalinacolonisedworld.Ethno-archaeologyisusedtocombinearangeofskills,understandings,andknowledgederivedfromancientaswellascontemporaryIndigenousontologiesandepistemologies.Anexaminationofhistoricdatawillbuildanunderstandingofthelinksbetweenpre-contactandpost-contactceremoniallifeinregionalSouthAustraliatoexaminetheculturalsignificanceofUranyi(Rainbow).

8.1.3

TheDiscontinuityofDrumminginSápmi.TracingOldKnowledgeThroughReadback

KristerStoor

Thereareabout90SámidrumsindifferentmuseumsinEuropetoday.Mostofthemarecollectedduringthe17thand18thcenturies.ThedirectoroftheLappishDepartmentatNordiskaMuseetinSwedenErnstMankerwrotetwoimportantbooksonthesubjectoftheSámidrumDieLappischeZaubertrommelI-II(1938,1950).LaterhasRolfChristoffersson(2010)writtenanotherstandardwork"Medtrerösterochtusendebilder:omdensamiskatrumman"(WithThreeVoices...)aboutthedrum.ForoverhundredyearswerethetraditionofusingthedrumlostamongtheSámipeoples.However,todaydohandicrafterandyoikerstakingbackthetradition,buthowdotheydoit?DoManker'sandChristoffersson'sworkandthemuseumartifactsplayanyrolefortheirsearch?Though,artifactscanbeviewedasmobilizingagents,theymightbringchangeandwellbeing.Willitbedefinedasrepatriation,revitalizationorvitalization?Iwilldiscusstheprocessofreadback,howdrummakersanddrummersaretellingtheirstoriesconcerningthedrum.

8.1.4

"We'rebringingitback":RepatriationandRevitalizationonanOjibweReservation

ThomasDuBois

WithinNativeOjibwecommunitieslikethatoftheLacduFlambeaureservationinnorthernWisconsin,USA,repatriationofmaterialandimmaterialtraditionsiscentraltorecoveringasenseofOjibweidentityandcontinuityaftercenturiesofcolonization.Materialsstoredinmuseumsandarchivesgenerationsearlierbecomeresourcesforculturalrediscoveryandassertionofculturalrightsinthepresent.Educationalinstitutions,oncetaskedwithstampingoutindigenouscultures,becomekeyalliesinhelpingcommunitiesgainaccesstosuchmaterialsandbringthembackintoactiveengagementanduse.Thispaperexaminesonesuchallianceandthewaysinwhichithashelpedintheimportantworkofdecolonization.

8.2a EngagingIndigenousYouthinArcticResearchMatters

Chair:MeganJ.Highet

9June-10:30a.m.

N300

8.2a.1

Sámichildrengainknowledgethroughtraditionalwaysofdoingandthinking–toreclaimandreframe

LailaNutti

Thereisanurgentneedtodecolonize,re-center,andre-contextualizeSámiperspectivesandtraditionalknowledgesintothepracticesofeducationthroughtransformativepractice.Throughcriticalreflectionandconversationalinterviewswitheldersandpreschoolteacherstudents,Iexaminehowtoreclaimandreframetraditionalwaysofworkingandthinkingwithintheearlychildhoodeducation.Sámitraditionalwaysofexistingtogetherwiththeelementsinthenaturehaschangedandsohasthearenaswherechildrencangainknowledge.Traditionsasfishingwithnet,cuttingandpreparinggrassforthebootsandmanyotheractivitiesareimportantpartsofthecontentinSámieducation.However,aretheseactivitiesmeaningfulforchildrenandthepeoplearoundtheminacontemporarysociety?Whomaretheeldersworkingwithineducationandwhataretheirroles?Canveryoldtraditionscarriedthroughgenerationsinsmallindigenouscommunitiesbeimportantforinnovativeandcontemporaryearlychildhoodeducation?ThereareSámiearlychildhoodinstitutionsacrossSápmianddifferentnationalframeworks.Insomeinstitutionsthecontentislocalandculturebased,anditisawillandurgetotransformSámiandIndigenousknowledgeandtraditionsintotheSámiearlychildhoodeducationcurriculum.Traditionalknowledgesmightnotbenecessary“tosurvive”incontemporarycontexts,butformsacommonbackgroundandcommonunderstandingsandinsights,andcreatetoolsforself-articulation.Inaddition,theholisticaspectoftraditionalknowledge,connectiontonature,anditsspiritualdimensionsisimportantwithintheframesof.Elders,educatorsandstudentsurgetheimportunesofreclaimingthetraditionalwaysandpresentmanywaysofreframingwithinintheeducations

discoursestoday.Still,manynewquestionsbringthediscussionfurtheronandwillbepartoftheworkonreframingandstrengthenSámiandindigenouseducation.

8.2a.2

TheScienceLandCamp-atooltoempowerandengageKangiqsualujjuaqYouthincommunity-basedwaterqualitymonitoringoftheGeorgeRiver,Nunavik,Canada

JoséGérin-Lajoie,ThoraMartinaHermann,EmilieHébert-Houle,MathieuMonfette,Justine-AnneRowell,TimAnaviapikSoucie,HildaSnowball,Townley,E,EstherLévesque,Jean-PierreDedieu,JanFranssen

Canada’sNorthexperiencesagrowinginterestincommunity-basedenvironmentalmonitoringasresourceexploitationandclimatechangeincreasinglyimpactonremoteindigenousterritories,andrecognitionoflocalknowledgerises.AScienceLandCampinvolvingYouth,Elders,localexpertsandresearchersfacilitatedtheKangiqsualujjuaqcommunitytoinitiateabiomonitoringprogramoftheGeorgeRiverbeforethestartofarareearthelementsminingproject.Thecampinvolvedeightstudentsaged12to17andanindigenousresearcherfromNunavut.Youthtrainingworkshopswereorganized,andsubsequentworkatfivestationsalongtheriverinvolved:sitecharacterization,insitumeasurements(pH,temperature,conductivity,dissolvedoxygen,hardness,colour,turbidity),watersamplingforlaboratoryanalyses(35metals,nutrients,chlorophyll).Beingontheland,hands-onlearningactivities,participatingintheactualdatacollectionrelatedtotheirenvironment,andsharingbetweengenerations/culturesmadesciencepracticalandmeaningfulforInuityouth,andfosteredlocalcapacityinenvironmentalmonitoring.

8.2a.3

Whenyouthnarrate«Istchee»and«Nuna»throughshortfilms

ThoraHerrmann,LaineChanteloup,FabienneJoliet

IntheCanadianArctic,mostofthestudyonrelationshiptothelandisledwithadultindigenouspeople,documentingElderspreviouswayoflifeorhuntersmobility.Whereastheyouthrepresentalmost40%ofthepopulation,fewresearcheslookatyouthpointofview.Partofawiderresearchprojecttodocumentrelationshiptotheland,twovideoworkshopshavebeenorganizedinNunavik(Québec)withInuitandCreeyouth.Thispresentationpresentsthemethodologyusedinyouthfilmmakingandbringsforwardacriticalanalysisofthevideoworkshops.Theaudiovisualproductiongivesparticipatingindigenousyouthavoiceaddressingtheirperceptionandperspectivesontheland.Italsoappearstobeawayto(re)connectwithsometraditionalwaysoflearningthroughelders-youthnarrationandexchange.Asasourceofyouthempowerment,videoscreatedialoguesbetweenresearcherandyouthbutalsobetweenyouthamongstthemselvesandbetweengenerationswithincommunities.

8.2a.4

Rethinkingenvironmentalscienceeducationfromindigenousknowledgeperspectives:anexperiencewithaDeneFirstNationcommunity

RanjanDatta

Thisauto-ethnographicarticleexploreshowland-basededucationmightchallengewesternenvironmentalscienceeducation(ESE)inanIndigenouscommunity.Thislearningexperiencewasdevelopedfromtwoperspectives:first,land-basededucationalstoriesfromDeneFirstNationcommunityElders,knowledgeholders,teachers,andstudents;andsecond,theauthor’scriticalself-reflectionsfocusingonhowland-basededucationcouldofferunlearning,rethinking,relearning,andreclaimingESE.Thisautoethnographyprovidesparticularinsightsintowhoweareasenvironmentaleducators,thechallengesinwesternESE,whyland-basededucationmatters,whyandhowasignificantmoveshouldbemadefromwesternESEtolandbasedESE,andhowland-basededucationoffersabridgebetweenwesternandIndigenouseducation.

8.2b EngagingIndigenousYouthinArcticResearchMatters

Chair:MeganJ.Highet

9June-1:30p.m.

N300

8.2b.1

EngagingIndigenousYouthusingVisualMethods

LeeSwanson

TheBuildingNorthernCapacitythroughAboriginalEntrepreneurship:ACanadianandScandinavianComparativeStudyresearchproject(BNCE)isacommunity-basedparticipatoryresearch(CBPR)studyinvolvingbothyouthandadultsinpartneringcommunitiesinthenorthernpartoftheCanadianprovinceofSaskatchewan.Thesecondphaseofthestudyincludedapproximately200highschoolstudentsacrosssevenmostlyIndigenouscommunities.Someofthisparticipationinvolvedvisualresearchmethods.ThestudentsparticipatedinanOurVoiceexercise,apeer-to-peervideointerviewmethodtheBNCEteamusedtorecordyouthperspectivesabouttheircommunitiestolatersharebackwiththosecommunities.Asecondvisualmethodinvolvedtheyouthdrawingonalargemaptoillustratetheregion,orregionsthattheyconsideredtobetheircommunity.Thiswaslatercomparedtotheadultnotionsofcommunityinthatarea.Theyouthdatacollectionworkshopalsofeaturedanexercisewherethestudentswereshownflashcardsfeaturingpicturesofgoodsandservices,andwereaskedtoindicatefromwherethepeopleintheircommunityacquiredthoseitemsorservices.Thathelpedtheresearchteambetterunderstandthenatureoftheflowoftradebetweencommunities,andtherolethattheundocumentedeconomyplayedinthatregion.ImportantlessonswereuncoveredfromtheseexperienceswithengagingIndigenousyouthwithvisualresearchmethods.Theexperiencesalsohighlightedthevalueofapplyingvisualmethodstoengagewithyouthinresearchprojects.

8.2b.2

HowInvolvingYouthEnrichensResearch:ACommunity-DrivenProjecttoEngageIndigenousYouthinHealthResearchintheNorthwestTerritories,Canada.

MeganHighet,AmyColquhoun,KarenJ.Goodman,theFortMcPhersonH.pyloriProjectPlanningCommittee,andtheCANHelpWorkingGroup

CommunityengagementisnowacornerstoneofresearchinvolvingIndigenouspeoplesinCanada,yetitisoftenonlyadultswhoaretrulyengagedinsuchprojects.Participationofyouthhastendedtobelimitedtotheirroleasresearchsubjectsratherthancollaborators.Weconductedacollaborativeprojectcarriedoutwithyouthattherequestoftheplanningcommitteeofacommunity-drivenresearchprojectfocusedonassessingtheimpactsofH.pyloriinfectioninFortMcPherson,NorthwestTerritories.Wewillpresenthighlightsofthesignificantcontributionsthatyouthmadetoresearchwithintheircommunity,andaddressthecrucialquestionofwhobenefitsfromsuchprojects.Wewilldiscusstheimplicationsofreorientingourresearchagendainamannerthatprioritizesyouthengagementandcapacitybuildingtoproducedirectandsustainedbenefitsforyouth,whilealsoyieldingmeaningfuldataforaddressingthegoalsofacommunity-drivenhealthresearchproject.

8.2b.3

Howweconnectwithourindigenousyouththroughresearchandeducation

NormaShorty,AmyColquhoun,KarenJ.Goodman,theFortMcPhersonH.pyloriProjectPlanningCommittee,andtheCANHelpWorkingGroup

Ourpaneldiscussionwillembraceourindigenouswaysofknowingandourmodernwaysoflearningbysharinghowweengagetraditionallearningschemesinourpublicschoolsandourcommunity.Wewillshare

howwearerevitalizingourlanguagesandourknowledgesinpublicandprivateinstitutionsoflearningandteachinghereinJuneauAlaska.Howweconnectwithourindigenousyouththroughresearchandeducationembodiesourhistories,ourplace,ourlanguage,ourconstructs,ourphilosophies,andourresearchinotherareassuchasfoodsovereignty,theimpactsofcolonizationoverourcollectivecultures,ourhealingprocesses,andmore.Ourworktogetherinformsusasindigenousresearchersinourindigenouslanguages,thinkingandinourownwaysofknowing.Asknowledgebearers,wearecognizantofourcollectivehealingjourneys,ourpubliceducationsystems,andourAlaskaninstitutionsofhigherlearning.AseldersandknowledgebearersofthesoutheastAlaskaregionwearecommittedtorevitalizingandrestoringwhoweareastheindigenouspeoplesofthisregion.ThisstatementhasbroadersocialimpactswhichhaverecentlybeenimplementedinoursocialstudiescurriculumattheJuneauSchoolDistrictLevel,inourhealingworkandhowweconnectwithourcommunity.

8.2b.4

TheBenefitsofUsingLocalIndigenousMethodologiesinResearchwithNorthernFirstNations’Youth

CindyJardine,Laurie-AnnLines

Indigenousmethodologiesareuniquelytailoredtotheterritory,people,andhistoryofaproposedresearchlocation.Usingacommunity-basedparticipatorymethodologythroughanIndigenousresearchlens,weconductedaweek-longsummer‘on-the-land’workshopwiththeYellowknivesDeneFirstNationintheNorthwestTerritories,Canada.Weapproachedtheexplorationofyouth’shealthperceptionsbysettingtheresearchwithinatraditionalDenecampwhereyouthbuiltleadershipskillsandpracticedculturalactivities.Theon-the-landactivitiesweredesignedtopromoteautonomyandself-efficacy,facilitateinterpersonalskillsandteamwork,andteachtraditionalknowledge.Gatheringinformationinarelevantsettingproved‘on-the-land’initiativestobearelevantandeffectiveresearchvehiclewithFirstNationsyouth.Wewilldiscussthemajorcomponentsthatpositivelyimpactedyouth,suchas:promotinghealthytraditionallivingandculture;developmentoftraditionalskills;andexperiencingfreedomandspacetodefinehealthinamannerrepresentativeoftheDeneyouth.

8.3 Arcticnomads:crisesandchoices

Chair:AndreiGolovnev

12June-10:30a.m.

N330

8.3.1

NomadicNenets:risksandmaneuvers

AndreiGolovnev

Yamalistheworld’slargestcenterofreindeerhusbandryandtheNenetspracticeofreindeerherdingseemstobethemostsuccessfulexperienceofethno-culturalandeconomicdevelopmentintheRussianArctic.RecentresonanteventsintheYamaltundraassociatedwithglobalclimatechange,i.e.disastersofthewinter2013/2014(themassivelossofreindeerbecauseoftheicecrust)andthesummer2016(theoutbreakofanthrax)giverisetotalkaboutthe“crisis”oftheNenetshusbandryexpressedintheexcessivegrowthofherdsandovergrazing.BiologistsandadministratorsemphasizethenecessityforasignificantreductioninnumberofreindeerinYamal.Ourresearchproject“MobilityintheArctic:ethnictraditionsandtechnologicalinnovations”fundedbytheRussianScienceFoundationandconductedbyjointteamofethnographersanddesignerssuggestsanotherapproaches.AnycutsandchangesinthereindeerhusbandryshouldbecarriedoutunderclosesupervisionbytheleaderofNenetscommunity,sincetheyhavetheirownexperienceofovercomingrisksandimplementingextraordinarynomadictactics.Inthe“yearofnaturaldisasters”

(2013/2014),whenthesoutherntundragotcoveredwithalayerofice,Nenetsconductedextrememaneuverstosavetheirherds.Inthesummerof2016theymanagedtosurvivetheoutbreakofa“bloatingdisease”(anthrax),andthentheconsequentadministrativeturntowardsreindeercull.Mostnotableinthenomads’responsetothesechallengesisaquickanddecisiveaction,oftenaheadofthefurtherneedsanddemands.Anomaddoesnotrelyonathird-partysupport,andmakesamove,whilelookingfornewopportunitieson-the-go.Bothtundraecosystemandtraditionalethnicsystemnaturallyexistindynamicsratherthanstatics.Incontrasttoindustrialfacilities,themovementofreindeerherdsisnaturalforthetundra.

8.3.2

Seaice,rain-on-snowandtundrareindeernomadisminArcticRussia

BruceC.Forbes,TimoKumpula,NinaMeschtyb,RozaLaptander,MarcMacias-Fauria,PenttiZetterberg,MarianaVerdonen,AnnaSkarin,Kwang-YulKim,LinetteN.Boisvert,JulienneC.StroeveandAnnettBartsch

SeaicelossisacceleratingintheBarentsandKaraSeas(BKS).Assessingpotentiallinkagesbetweenseaiceretreat/thinningandtheregion’sancientanduniquesocial–ecologicalsystemsisapressingtask.TundranomadismremainsavitallyimportantlivelihoodforindigenousNenetsandtheirlargereindeerherds.Warmingsummerairtemperatureshavebeenlinkedtomorefrequentandsustainedsummerhigh-pressuresystemsoverWestSiberia,Russia,butnottoseaiceretreat.Atthesametime,autumn/winterrain-on-snow(ROS)eventshavebecomemorefrequentandintense.Here,wereviewevidenceforautumnatmosphericwarmingandprecipitationincreasesoverArcticcoastallandsinproximitytoBKSiceloss.TwomajorROSeventsduringNovember2006and2013ledtomassivewinterreindeermortalityepisodesontheYamalPeninsula.Fieldworkwithmigratoryherdershasrevealedthattheecologicalandsocio-economicimpactsfromthecata-strophic2013eventwillunfoldforyearstocome.Thesuggestedlinkbetweenseaiceloss,morefrequentandintenseROSeventsandhighreindeermortalityhasseriousimplicationsforthefutureoftundraNenetsnomadism.

8.3.3

NomadicfamilyandnomadicfamilyschoolintheArctic:acaseofSakha(Yakutia),RussianFederation

ElenaKhlinovskayaRockhill,LenaSidorova

TheSovietexperimentindevelopingareindeerherdingindustryandasedentarisationofreindeerherdersresultedintheseparationofthesexesinnomadicfamilies.Malereindeerherdersmovedwiththeherd,whiletheirwivesandchildrenstayedinvillages.Post-Sovietrestructuringpromptedtheideaofreturningtopre-Sovietformsofthewholenomadicfamilyasaneconomicunit,asthiswasthoughttobethefoundationofathrivingreindeerhusbandry.Yetdespitetheproliferationoflegislativeinitiativesaimedatprotectingtheinterestsofnativepeople,thenumberofnomadicfamilieshadfallenandreindeerherdingindustryisdeclining.WeusethepreliminaryresultsofourethnographicstudytodiscusstheSakhaprojectofre-creatingandre-instating‘traditional’nomadicfamily,andwhetherornotthereisaninterestonthepartofthefamilytostaynomadic,quiteincontrastwiththeintentionofthelocalgovernmenttoimplementthislifestylefrom‘above’.

8.3.4

ResourceReindeer?TheintegrationofreindeerhusbandryintoSweden'swelfare-stateeconomyduringthepost-warperiod

CorinnaRöver

Duringthepost-warperiod,anincreasingnumberofSwedishstateauthoritiesandpractitionersbegantoapplyabusinesseconomicrhetoricaroundreindeerhusbandry.Thisposterseekstodescribethedevelopmentofapredominantlyeconomicdiscourseonreindeerhusbandryduringthe1950s-1970s,thedrivingactorsfurtheringit,andhowthisaffectedthedevelopmentofreindeerherdingpolicies.AfterWWII,theSwedishgovernment’sofficialviewonreindeerherdingandtheSamipopulationchangedrapidly.Thischangeincludedthewithdrawalofsegregationist“LappshallremainLapp”policiesandamovetowardsmodernizationeffortsofreindeerhusbandry.Intherapidlydevelopingwelfarestate,standardizedlarge-scalesolutionsbecamewide-spread,andthepracticeofreindeerhusbandrybecameincreasinglyexposedtothegeneralrationalizationeffortsofthatperiod.HowdidthesedevelopmentsshapepastandpresentunderstandingsofreindeerhusbandryinSweden?Whatalternativeandchallengingnotionsofthe‘resourcereindeer’canwefindtoday?

8.4 HowcanweuseresultfromIndigenousresearchastoolsinourdecolonizationprocess(incollaborationwithSåhkie,UmeåSamiAssociation)

Chair:CharlottaSvonniTogettoTráhpphie:MinibustransporttoTrahppieat2:00p.m.outsidetheconferenceentrance(Universum)forchair,presentersandinterpreters.

Publictransport:Busnumber2from"Universum"towards"centrum"12:34,12:49,13:04,13:19.Busstop:Gammlia.

8June-2:30p.m.

Tráhppie

8.4.1

"Kamchatka:MappingEthnographicLandscapeofIndigenousPeoples"

VictoriaSharakhmatova,VictoriaPetrashova

"Kamchatka:MappingEthnographicLandscapeofIndigenousPeoples"Theissuesmappingofculturallandscapeintermofstrengtheningandpreservationoftheculturalheritageofindigenouspeoplesincludingthemanagementofnaturalresourcesandtheirusecontinuestoremainimportant.ThereforeitisurgentseemstoprovidetrainingandmentoringfrolocalandindigenouspeoplewhocarryoutaresearchprogramtosupporttheworkoftheAssociationofIndigenousPeoplesoftheNorthofKamchatkainpartnershipwiththeKamchatkaBranchofthePacificGeographicalInstitute.

8.4.2 Responsibleresearch:addressingcommunityconcernsinaholisticapproach.Buildingbridgesbetweenacademicsforimprovingthewellbeingofinuitcommunities.

SylvieBlangy

TheArcticisoneofthemostrapidlychangingregionsontheplanet.Inuitcommunitiesfacemanychallengesandareconcernedabouttheirfutureandwishtobetterunderstandthelikelihoodofsocial,environmentalandeconomicchangesrelatedtoongoingindustrialdevelopmentandclimatechange.Toaddresstheseconcerns,theOHMI(www.ohmi-nunavik.in2p3.fr)programwasbuiltin2013incollaborationbetweentheKativikRegionalGovernment(KRG),theNunavikResearchCentre(MakivikCorporation),theinter-institutionalCenterforNorthernStudies(CEN)basedinQuébecandseveralresearchinstitutionsinFrancecoordinatedbytheCNRS.Theyjoinedforcestodevelopanintegrated,interdisciplinary,collaborative,holistic

andparticipatoryresearchprogram.TheresearchprioritiesweredefinedwiththeNunavimmiuts:miningimpacts,employment,risksandsafety,wildlifevulnerability,youth/Eldersknowledgetransmission,foodsecurityandcircumpolaragriculture(greenhouse),landscapestransformation,protectedareas,Inuitculture,languageandidentitypreservation,andrenewableenergywereselected.TheOHMIprogramaimsatansweringthoseconcernsatthesametimeandlookingatthecumulativeimpactsinsteadofstudyingoneatatimeandoneaftertheother.Alltheresearchthemesaretightlyintertwined.Inthissessionwearepresentingtheresultsofthreeoftheseprojectsandanalyzinghoweachofthosecontributestoimprovingthewellbeingofthe14Nunavikcommunities.1)linksoftheInuitwithdogs.2)adaptationstrategiesforInuitfacingminingimplantation3)Nordicagricultureingreenhousestoimprovethequalityoffood.Thesefirstresultsbringanewperspectiveinconductingresearchinthenorthandwithisolatedcommunitiesinacollaborativemanner

8.4.3 InstitutionalBarrierstoCommunity-BasedResearch:LearningfromtheNanivaraProjectinNunavut

FrankTester

ThepaperisbasedonexperienceswiththeNanivara(Ifoundit)project,undertakenwiththecommunitiesofGjoaHavenandNaujaat,NunavutTerritory(2013-2016).TheprojectaddressedconcernsraisedbyEldersabouttheextenttowhichInuityouthwerecognizantofInuitsocialhistoryandculture,andconcernsabouttheirlossoflanguage.YouthweretrainedtointerviewandrecordElders,conductarchivalresearchandtosharethisinformationon-line.Aparticipatoryresearch(PAR)modelwasused,backedbyacommitmenttodecolonizingsocialworkresearchandpractice.UniversitiesandgrantingagenciesemphasizetheimportanceofparticipatorymethodsandappliedresearchtodevelopthecapacityofAboriginalcommunities.Institutionalbarrierstoaccomplishingtheseobjectivesaredifficulttoignore.Theyincludeissuesrelatedtomoney:howitisseenandregardedintwodifferentcultures;access,controlandcomplicationsassociatedwithdirectingresourcestoInuityouthstrugglingtoacquireknowledge,skillsandopportunitiesbeyondtheirK12experience,manyofwhomare,toputitbluntly,poor.Theyincludelogisticproblemsunderappreciatedbyaccountantsanddepartmentsoffinance.PaymentsandhonorariainCanadaarecomplicatedbyasocialassistanceprogramthatclawsbackmoneyearned.Thiscreatesinequities;aseriousissueinInuitculture.Internationaltravelpresentsadditionalcomplications.ThereisnocapacitytoeasilyhandlepassportapplicationsinInuitsettlements.Costrecoveryisaproblem.WhilesummerjobsprogramsassistCanadianuniversitystudents,noequivalentprogramfacilitatesparticipationofInuityouth.ColonialismleavesAboriginalpeoplesdisproportionatelyrankedamongthepoorestCanadians,whileresearchfundingbodiesanduniversitieshaveyettoadequatelyaddressstructuralproblemsthatperpetuateinequitiesofopportunitythroughpoliciesthatfailtoaccommodatethematerial,socialandgeographicalreal

8.4.4

EvenyandYup’ikKnowledgeSharingProject:EmpoweringIndigenousExpertise

OlgaUlturgasheva,StacyRasmus

SiberianEvenyandAlaskaYup’ikexperiencedsimilarsocialupheavalsinthepast,however,theircurrentnegotiationstoretainrights,powerandcontrolovertheirownlands,livesandfuturespointatdistinctpoliticalandeconomichistoriesofSiberiaandAlaska.Thecomparisonofthewaysbothgroupstackledupheavalsandenduredthreatstotheirlivelihoodsfromtheirownperspectivespresentsapromisingarenaforelicitingsocialresilienceandadaptationpatternsrequiredforunderstandingthenatureofsocio-environmentalchangeamongtwogroups.ThefirststageinourstudyendeavouredtoengagemembersofYup’ikandEvenycommunitiesinascholarlyenterpriseofcomparisonandatempoweringYup’ikandEveny

environmentalexpertise.EmpoweringIndigenousexpertiseisanintegralpartofdecolonizingmethodologies.Decolonizingresearchrequiresthatweconsciouslycreate,andattimesvacate,spacesofpowerandprivilegetoallowtheIndigenousvoiceandIndigenousknowledgetoemergeasequalandvalidinthesphereofsocialscience.InourpresentationweshallexaminetheprocessbywhichEvenyandYupikgottogetherinordertocreateaspaceforIndigenousknowledgesharingwithintheacademyattheUniversityofAlaskaFairbanks.WewilldetailthemethodsandprocessstepstakentoreachthetransformativeresultsthatmovedtheIndigenousparticipantsbeyondengagementintoenthusiasticco-productionandself-determinationintheresearchprocess.Decolonizingresearchrequiresamuchmorethoughtfulandcriticalprocessthensimplysteppingasideoraddingafewadditionalchairsaroundtheproverbiallytable.Tothispoint,wewillalsohighlightthechallengesinconductingtheworkshopandcreatingaspacewhereco-productioninsocialsciencecanhappen.

8.5 ArcticHorizons

Chair:JonathanWaterhouse

11June-1:30p.m.

N320

TheIndigenousandModernScienceNexus

Panel:JonathanWaterhouse,MaryMarshall

ArcticregionsareexperiencingsignificantlymorerapidchangeinnaturalsystemsandgreaterupheavalinsocialsystemsthanthelowerlatitudesduetoclimaticchangesandArcticAmplification.“In1896SwedishscientistSvanteArrheniushypothesizedthatchangesintheconcentrationofcarbondioxideinEarth’satmospherecouldaltersurfacetemperatures.Hesuggestedthatchangeswouldbeespeciallylargeathighlatitudes.”Currentresearchgenerallyshowsthistobecorrectand,thattemperatureschangesintheArctictendtoexceedthosefortheglobeasawhole,ArcticAmplificationisexpectedtostrengthenincomingdecades,impactsofArcticAmplificationwillextendwellbeyondtheArcticregion.1-2Theriversoftheearthtraversethelandscapesoftheplanet,providingwater,transportation,andfoodtopeoplewholivealongtheirshores.Riversalsotraversethelandscapesofourminds,beliefs,languages,andcultures.Theblendingofthesephysicalandmetaphysicallandscapesisattheverycoreofarichnarrativeandoffersahigherlevelofunderstandingofthenaturalsystemsandthecultureswithinthem.ThedesirabilityandimportanceofincludingtheIndigenousPeople,theirthoughtsandperspectives,aswellasplace-basedscienceintheresearcheffortsduringAnthropoceneareacommonthemethroughouttheNationalResearchCounciloftheNationalAcademiespublication“TheArcticintheAnthropocene–EmergingResearchQuestions”andofferedasakeymessageofthedocument–“Arcticresearchdependsonsufficienthumancapacity,includingscientiststrainedinthenecessaryfieldswhoarecapableofinterdisciplinarycollaboration.Additionally,Arcticresidentscanofferagreatdealtoresearchefforts”.JoinMaryMarshallandJonWaterhouseinathoughtprovokingpresentationanddiscussionthatwillrelaxthemindsoftheaudienceandopenpathwaystotransformativecollaborationbetweenIndigenousCulturesandmodernscience.

8.6a Indigenouspeoples’righttoself-determinationandtherighttogovernthelandscape

Chair:UlfMörkenstam&RagnhildNilsson

9June-10:30a.m.

N320

8.6a.1

Consultations-strengtheningtheSami,orjustpitfalls?

Hans-KristianHernes

TheconsultationagreementbetweentheNorwegianSamiParliamentandthegovernmenthasbeeninplaceformorethan10years,andbeenusedforseveralissueseveryyear.ConsultationsisvaluedasanimportantelementindevelopingtherelationshipbetweentheSamiparliamentandthestate,andimportantforimplementationofSamirightsinNorway.TheagreementhasmadetheSamiParliamentanactorindecision-makingprocesseswithanopportunitytoactinpolicyareasofthewelfarestatenottraditionallyrecognizedasSamiissues,butnonethelessimportantforthelivingofSamipeople.Althoughimportant,severalconflictshavedeveloped,andforsomelandissues(windpowerandminingareexamples)theSamiParliamenthasnotgivenacceptancetotheprocessortheoutcome.BasedontheNorwegianexperience,theaimofthepaperistodiscusshowconsultationsworks,towhatextenttheystrengthentheroleofindigenouspeoples,andwhethertheyimproveprocessesrelatedtoself-determinationandindigenousrights.ArethecriteriaofconsultationsfromILO169met?Canconsultationsbevaluedasarenaswherefree,priorandinformedconsenthavebeenareality?DoconsultationsstrengtheneffortsforSamiself-determination?TheNorwegianconsultationarrangementisgenerallyinterestingforseveralreasons.First,itisanefforttoorganizetherelationshipbetweenthestateandanindigenouspeople,andopeningindigenouspoliticstoavarietyofpolicyareas.Second,therelationshipanddecision-makingprocessesarebasedoncertainpremises(processandoutcome)thatchallengesbothactors,andmaychallengetheideaofindigenousself-determination.Third,theconsultationsareanexampleofimplementationofinternationallaw,foremostILO169butgenerallytoFPICinwhichisimportantinUNDRIP.

8.6a.2

TheFinnmarkAct:An‘ethnicallyneutral’Indigenousland-claimsprocess?

AaronSpitzer,PerSelle

TheFinnmarkAct:An‘ethnicallyneutral’Indigenousland-claimsprocess?Indigenouspeoplesarepoliticallydistinctivedueinparttotheirdistinctiveconnectionto,andutilizationof,land.IndigenoustitlereferstotheprinciplethatlandrightsofIndigenouspeoplesenduredespiteincorporationintosettler-colonialstates.Inrecentdecades,Indigenouspeoplesallovertheglobehaveassertedtheirenduringtitlebylaunchinglegalandpoliticalclaimstotheirtraditionallands.Settlerstates,motivatedbydomesticandinternationallawand/ordesiringlegalcertaintyoverlandownership,havefrequentlyacknowledgedtheseIndigenousclaimsandinstitutedprocessestoresolvethem.SuchprocesseshavebeenmosttransformativeinCanada,wherescoresofland-claimsnegotiationsarenowunderway,andwheremorethantwodozenclaimssettlements,coveringnearly40percentofCanada'slandmass,haveprovidedforindigenousownershipofover600,000squarekilometresofterritoryandusagerightstoanevenlargerarea.EuropeishometojustoneIndigenouspeoples,theSami,dividedamongstRussia,Finland,SwedenandNorway.Samitraditionaluseofland,aswellastheSamiexperiencewithsettler-colonialism,inwaysmirrorsthatofIndigenouspeopleselsewhere.Moreover,modernSamipoliticalmobilization(particularlyinNorway)grewprimarilyoutoflanddisputeswiththestate.Yetuntilrecently,land-claimswerenotafeatureoftheEuropeanlandscape.ThoughthreeSamistates,Finland,SwedenandNorway,institutedarrangementsfor(oftenverylimited)Samiself-determination,thesearrangementswereeffectivelynon-territorial;SamilandtitlewasnotacknowledgedbythestatenoractivelypursuedbySami.In2005,however,Norway,aftercloseconsultationwithNorway’sSamiParliament,institutedtheFinnmarkAct–alawaimedatsortingoutlandownershipandusagerightsinEurope’smostpopulousSamijurisdiction,FinnmarkCounty.

8.6a.3

Indigenousrightstoparticipationandprotectionoftheirlandsonlocallevelthrough‘‘FreePriorandInformedConsent”

Anna-MariaFjellström

Therighttofree,prior,andinformedconsent(FPIC)inrelationtoresourceextractionandotherinvestmentprojectswithintheterritoryofindigenouspeopleshavereceivedagreaterinternationalrecognitionthelast

years.FPICcouldbeunderstoodasanmechanismtoprotectindigenousrightsanditisintrinsicallyconnectedtotheideaofself-determination,whicharguesthat“humanbeings,individuallyandasgroups,areequallyentitledtobeincontroloftheirowndestinies,andtolivewithingoverninginstitutionalordersthataredevisedaccordingly”(Anaya2009,p.187).OnlocallevelFPIC-processescouldaimtoachievingmoreeffectivebottom-upparticipationbyestablishinganobligationtoconsult–orobtaintheconsentof–indigenouspeoplesbeforeresourceextractionandotherinvestmentprojectsthatwouldaffectthemcanproceed.IndigenouspeopleareconcernedaboutindustrialactivitiesencroachingonlandstheydependonfortheirtraditionallivelihoodandFPICcouldbeunderstoodasatoolforindigenouscommunitieswhoareaffectedbyresourceextractiontobeapartofmeaningfulconsultationprocessandtoparticipateindecision-making.Theprocessesshouldforexamplebemutuallyagreedinadvance,respectlocalcustoms,andbedocumented.AmajorclaimofIndigenouspeoplesfacingresourceextractionprojectslikelytoimpacttheirlivelihoods(e.g.mines,dams,windmills)isalsotobeabletohaveasayaboutwhetherandhowtheprojectshouldproceed.Thisstudywill,withreindeerherdinginSwedenasacase,andwithabottom-upapproachinvestigatethepracticalimplementationofFPIC,anditsuseasatoolforindigenouspeopletoincreasetheircontrolovertraditionallandsandnaturalresources.HowcantheFPICprocessbeunderstoodandinterpretedinlocalpractice?WhatdoestheimplementationofFPICmeanfor”samebyar”inthenegotiations/consultationswithvariousdevelopers?

8.6a.4

SámiSelf-DeterminationandtheRightstoNaturalResources

RagnhildNilsson

Whenweforexample,performimpactassessmentsandmeettheSámisociety,wealsomeetawiderangeofopinionsaboutwhatself-determinationare.Onetheonehandwehaveinternationalconventionsandtheoreticalliteratureaboutindigenousrightsincludingtherightstonaturalresources.OntheotherhandwehaveanuncertaintyaboutwhattheSámisocietyactuallymeansandwant´swhenclaimingincreasedself-determinationinSápmi.InthisempiricalpaperIwilldescribethecontentofself-determinationandtherighttonaturalresourcesinSápmi,asithasbeenexpressedinstatementsanddocumentsfromSámiorganizationsandtheSámiParliamentinSwedenthroughoutthelastcentury.IwillalsosituatemyfindingswithintheexistingtheoreticalliteratureanddiscusswhatpracticalimplicationsthiswillhaveforourunderstandingofSámirights.

8.6b Indigenouspeoples’righttoself-determinationandtherighttogovernthelandscape

Chair:UlfMörkenstam&RagnhildNilsson

9June-1:30p.m.

N320

8.6b.1

ContestedplaceidentitiesintwoNortherncities

TorillNyseth,ChristineHudson,PaulPedersen

Inaneraofculturallydrivengrowthurbanidentitiesareofcentralimportanceforthebrandingofcities.Creatingacultureoftolerance,consensusandcohesionareputforthassomethingthatcharacterizesuccessfulurbangrowth.Atthesametimeurbanidentitiesareunderconstantre-negotiationandgroupsthattraditionallyhavehadlimitedpowerareclaimingtheirrighttothecity.InthisstudywelookcloserattheNortherncitiesofUmeå(Sweden)andTromsø(Norway).Inbothcitiesconflictshavearisenaroundthecities’Samiidentity.InthecaseofTromsøconflictsaroundenteringintotheSaamipolicyarea.IntheinaugurationoftheUmeåECOC2014theSamiidentityofthecitywascontestedandnegotiatedbothbySamiinhabitants,cityofficialsandthemajoritySwedishpopulation.Bytrackingthenegotiationsinlocaldailynewspaperswediscusstheimportanceofchangeandreproductionofurbanidentitiesandpowerrelationsinthetwocities.

8.6b.2 KnowledgeaboutSámitraditionallanduseandthecontemporarydiscussionaboutpropertyrights

MalinBrännström

RecentstudiesoflandusestrategiesamongprehistoricSámicommunitiesofnorthernSwedenchallengeestablishedpreconceptionsoflong-termlandscapemanagementamongindigenoushunter-pastoralistsocietiesinsub-arcticareas.InterdisciplinaryresearchfocusingonthetransitionfromhuntingtoreindeerpastoralismcorroboratetheestablishmentofsettlementsclosetothetreelimitzoneinthealpineareasofFennoscandinaviaduringtheperiodAD800-1100.Theso-calledstállosettlementsrepresenttheinitialphasesofreindeerpastoralismandwerelocatedtoanecologicalnichenotsystematicallyusedbefore.Duringthecourseofthe14thcenturylandusestrategieswereadjustedtoobtainlongtermsustainability.Inaddition,studiesshowthatcerealcultivationformedpartoftheregularsubsistenceamongSámicommunitiesininteriornorthernSwedenbyAD800.ResultscallforaredefinitionoftraditionalSámisubsistenceandlandusestrategiesandaprofoundlynewunderstandingoftheconceptsthattodayexplainsSámilanduse.

OurpapertargetsthelinkbetweenknowledgeofprehistoricSámilandusethrougharcheologyandotherfieldsofknowledgeandtheunderstandingofSámilandusetoday.WediscussthesignificanceofsuchknowledgeincontemporarylawsuitsaboutSámilandrights,suchastheongoingGirjascaseinSweden.

8.6b.3

ExaminingtherelationshipbetweenGovernanceandWell-BeingintheYukonFlats

JessicaBlack,CarrieStevensandKevinIllingworth,Gwich’inAthabascan

Indigenouspeoplearoundtheworldseetheworldinuniqueways.Thisincludestheirperceptionsofwell-being,whichdiffersubstantiallyfromthemainstreamliterature,whichlargelydefineswell-beingintermsofmaternalandchildhealth,economicsandeducation.InAlaska,andforAlaskaNativepeoplewell-beingdependsontheabilitytobeincloseconnectionwiththeland,tohunt,fishandgather.However,thisabilitytoliveone’swayoflifehasbeenunderconstantthreatduetostricthuntingandfishingregulationsimposedbythestateandfederalgovernments,contrarytobothestablishedUnitedStatesandinternationallaw.WhiletribalgovernmentsinAlaskahaverecognizedsovereignstatus,theirabilitytoweighinondecisionsthatimpacttheirtraditionalwayoflife(i.e.huntingandfishing)havebeenconfoundedbyaseriesoflaws,includingtheAlaskaNativeClaimsSettlementAct,theAlaskaNationalInterestsConservationActandtheAlaskaConstitution.Inanefforttounderstandtraditionalformsofgovernance,thecurrentgovernancesystemsinplacetodayandtheimpactthesesystemshaveonwell-being,thispresentationwillfocusonastudyconductedintheYukonFlats,asmallgeographicareainNorthwestAlaskaoccupiedbytheGwich’inandKoyukonAthabascanpeople.Inthisstudy,participantswereaskedtodefinegovernance,definewell-being,aswellasexaminetherelationshipbetweentheseconcepts.Theresultsindicatethattraditionalformsofgovernance,whichpredatemorewesternlawsandareguidedbytraditionalvalues,continuetoserveastheprimarymannerinwhichGwich’inpeoplelivetheirlives,whichincludestraditionalhuntingandfishing.WhatalsoemergedfromtheresearchisanunderstandingthatwesternlawslimittheabilityoftheGwich’inandKoyukonpeopletopracticetheirtraditionalwayoflifeanddonothonortribalsovereignty.Adiscussionofspecificstepstomitigatethesechallengeswillfollow.

8.6b.4

The(draft)NordicSamiConventionandtherighttoself-determination.

DoretheeCambou

In2005,anexpertgrouprepresentingthegovernmentsofFinland,NorwayandSwedentogetherwiththeSamiparliamentshasadoptedadraftNordicSamiConvention.ThedocumentrecognisestherightoftheSamipeopletoself-determination,includingtherighttodetermineitsowneconomic,socialandculturaldevelopmentandtodispose,totheirownbenefit,overitsownnaturalresources.Ofimportance,thedraftalsodefineshowtherighttoSamiself-determinationcanbeimplementedintheNordicstates.Inaccordancewiththerecentdevelopmentofinternationallaw,itrecognisestherightfortheSamipeopletoself-determinationacrossthebordersthatseparatethembutwithoutprovidingthemanyrighttosecessionorindependentstatehood.Thus,thedraftconventionrepresentsanimportantcontributionforthedevelopmentofhumanrightslawonthequestionofself-determination,especiallyasitdepartsfromthetraditionalstatecentricmodelofself-determination.Onthe22November2016,morethanadecadeafterthedraftwasfiled,anagreementwasfinallyreachedbythedelegationinchargeofthenegotiationprocessandafinaltextwassubmittedtothethreeNordicgovernmentsandSamiparliaments.Thus,whethertheconventionwillbeadoptedisnowamatterthatshouldbesettledinthenextcomingmonths.Inthelightoftheseconsiderations,thepurposeofmypresentationistodescribeandassessthevalueofthe(draft)NordicSamiConvention;bothforthedevelopmentofinternationallawonself-determinationandforthedevelopmentandprotectionoftheSamipeople.Withinthisanalysis,aspecificfocusisgiventotheunderstandingofwhatself-determinationmeans.Finally,inthecasewheretheconventionwouldbeadopted,thepresentationwillalsoanalysethedifferencesbetweenthedraftandthefinaltext.

8.7a Growingalanguage:acircumpolarIndigenousworldviewaesthetic

Chair:AnnaHudson

8June-11:30a.m.

N320

8.7a.1

Ahqahizu’sdecolonialaesthetic

AnnaHudson

AhqahizuisamonumentalcollaborativesculpturecommissionedforYorkUniversity,Toronto.OverthecourseoftwoyearsofproductionofthisInukfigureplayingsoccer,(carvedfroma26tonnegraniteblock),theartistsRubenAntonKomangapikandKoomuatuk(Kuzy)CurleywereassistedbyYorkUniversitystudentsandlocalcommunitymembers.Thisprocesssurfacedculturallydifferentapproachestostonesculpting(andartmakingingeneral),andconflictingdefinitionsof"theartist"insociety.FromtheperspectiveofMobilizingInuitCulturalHeritage(thefederallyfundedprojectthatinitiatedthesculpture),AhqahizucreatedunprecedentedspaceforInuitartiststodiscover,discuss,debateandarticulatetheirpracticeintheuniversitycontext.Whatformalqualitiesdefinethework’saestheticforKomangapikandCurley?AndhowmighttheirperspectiveupsetinstitutionalizedInuitarthistorywrittenbynon-Inuitanthropologist,arthistorians,curators,andcollectors?AdecolonizingaestheticlanguageforAhqahizuherefocussesonarethinkingof“stillness.”

8.7a.2

IntegratedAudio-VisualDocumentationoftheItelmenLanguage

DavidKoester,JonathanBobaljik,TatianaDegai,TomMyers,AlexanderNakhimovsky,ChikakoOno

ThispresentationconcernstheintegrationofseveralprojectsthathavesoughttodocumenttheItelmenlanguage(Kamchatka,RussianFarEast)andproducebothascholarlydictionaryandmaterialsofuseforcommunitylanguagerevitalizationprojects.Thecorpusofrecordingsincludeaudiorecordingsfromthe1960sbyRussianlinguistA.P.VolodinandfromweeklygatheringsofeldersinthevillageofKovranin1993-94,aswellaslinguisticfieldrecordingsbyC.OnoandJ.D.Bobaljik1993-2016.SoftwaredevelopedbyTomMyersandAlexanderNakhimovskyundergirdstheintegrationofthedictionaryandthecorpusofrecordings

andtexts.TatianaDegaihasconnectedthedocumentationprojecttopracticalapplications.Theposterpresentsaninteractiveschemaofthedataavailable,theonlinedictionaryandtheintegrationofapplications.Inkeepingwiththethemeoftheconference,placesandplacenamesarehighlighted.

8.7a.3

Samiplacenamesandmaps:transmittingknowledgeofaculturallandscapeincontemporarycontexts

SaraCogos,SamuelRoturier,MarieRoué

FortheSamipeople,placenamesprovidethebasisforthetransmissionofaculturallandscape,throughanoralwayofmappingbuiltaroundnarrativesandthedesignationofspecificlandmarks.Basedoninterviewswithmembersofamountain-basedreindeerherdingcommunityinSweden,wefoundthattheirtransmissionistodayensuredthroughcontinuedoraltraditionbutalsobytheincreasinguseofmaps.However,becausetheyfollowthewesterncartographictradition,officialmapsareunabletoexpressthecontinualrenewalofSamiplacenamesandthelandfeaturesthataremeaningfultotheSami,andthusfailtoconveytoponymicknowledge.Inscribingplacenamesonmapstransformsthemintomerelabels:toponymicknowledgehastobetransmittedalongwithitscontextofemergence,situatedatthecrossroadsofcognitive,perceptive,emotional,andsocialdimensions.Thereisanurgentneedtoconceivenewformsofcartographythatcanguaranteethetransmissionoftoponymicknowledgetofuturegenerations,maintainingtherelationshipthatbindstheSamitotheirenvironment.

8.7b Growingalanguage:acircumpolarIndigenousworldviewaesthetic

Chair:AnnaHudson

8June-2:30p.m.

N320

8.7b1.

Nunalimaammiut:TheInlanders

LaakkulukWilliamsonBathory,KarlaJessenWilliamson

KarlamovedfrommountainousandseastruckGreenlandtotheprairie-laidskiesofSaskatchewanandstartedafamilyin1979.Sincethen,KarlaandherdaughterLaakkulukspeakGreenlandicfluentlytooneanotherandtoLaakkuluk’schildren.ThisisuniqueasindigenouslanguagelossisoftensevereinurbansettingsandacceleratinginInuithomelands.Thispresentationisaconversationbetweenmotheranddaughter.Wewilldiscussthenuancesofourlanguageretention:WhatwasitliketobeanInuitfamilyintheprairies?HowcanwecompareourparentinginGreenlandicintwodifferentsettingswithfew,ifanyotherspeakersaroundus?Whatmadeitpossibleforustokeepourindigenouslanguage?Howhasthisfamilialpractiseturnedintoprofessionalandartisticpractise?Finally,whatcanthistypeoflanguageretentionmeanforotherindigenousfamilieswhomaystruggletopasstheirlanguagesontoyoungergenerations?

8.7b.2

Dáidda:ABriefHistoryofaWord

Jan-ErikLundström

The1970semergenceofagenerationofSamiartistsandactivists,mostlyeducatedatWesterninstitutions,developedaestheticpracticeswhichenabledavarietyofencountersbetweencraftpractices,duodji,fromwithintraditionalSamicultureandartisticpursuitsenteredacrosspluralparadigmsoutofmodernismandcontemporaneity.Neitherappropriativenorderivative,theworkoftheseartistsbypassedethnicistdefinitionsandupdatedortransformedcontemporaryartpractices,requiringorcallingfornovelterminologiesto

addressthisemergentartpractices.TheSamiworddáidda,introducedin1977,aimsatcreatinganadequateterminologythat,forexample,mayexpressthenuancesoftheutilitarianaspectsofacrafttraditionincontrastwiththesupposedly"disinterested"propertiesofthepracticesofmodernart.Alaterterm,dáiddaduodji,furtherdistinguishesorfine-tunesaspectsofthesetransformativeandtransgressivepractices.

8.7b.3

The“Eyeofthedrum”.PastandPresentofdrummingandplayinginNunavut,aviewfromtheoutside

FrédéricLaugrand

Drawingoninterviews,participantobservation,testimoniesandrecordingscollectedduringafewOraltraditionworkshopsorganizedinNunavutinthepastfifteenyearswithagroupofeldersandyouthfromtheKivalliqregion,thispaperdealswiththeqilauti(thedrum)thatplayedacentralpartinshamanicperformancesanddrumdancesduringthesongfestivalsofthepast.InthispaperIexplorethecosmologicaldimensionofthedrumandtheroleofplay,butalsodiscusshoweachpersonhashisownpersonalstyle,stressingonthegreatvarietyofdrummingtraditions.Todayasinthepast,thepreservationofthisdiversityisakeyaspectofInuitworldviewandaesthetics,aswellasaguaranteeofitsrichness.FinallyIexplorehowthedrumhasspecialsignificanceinthecontextofcertainfeasts,asitallowedthedrummertoconnecttospirits,andthisconnectionwasstrengthenedbypisiit(songs),whichcouldbringthedrummertoastateofjoyashereachedanotherdimensionintimeandspace.

8.8 ForestSámi:AminoritywithinanIndigenousminority

Chair:ÅsaÖssbo

10June-1:30p.m.

N300

8.8.1

"Tomaketheinvisiblevisible"

GunillaLarsson

ThepaperdiscussestheworktomakevisibleandreclaimForestSámiculturalheritageandhistory.ThehistoryofSámiingeneralisabsentintheschoolbooksandwithinhistoricalnarratives.WithinthearchaeologydisciplinepeoplehaveforalongtimebeenhesitanttospeakaboutSámiancientmonuments.FewscholarsneitherhaveknowledgeaboutSámiculturalheritagenoraboutthespecificmethodologiesdevelopedtodiscoverthem.OneoftheconsequencesisthatSámiheritageingeneral,andForestSámiinparticular,isavoidinarcheologicalstudies.Currentlylimitedarcheologicalsurveysaremadeonlyinviewofcomingindustrialexploitationsthatultimatelydestroytheremainsintheground.ThustheSámiheritageandthepossibilitytotellourhistoryisdestroyedbecauseofanongoingaggressiveindustrialcolonization.HereIwillalsobrieflypresentmyresearchaimingatmakingvisiblethehistoryoftheSámiintheMiddleofSweden,basedonacombinationofarchaeological,ethnologicalandhistoricalsources.Thenew,developedmethodstobeusedinForestSámiarchaeologyarepresented,methodsthatwillbeapartofacombinedpersonal,academic,activistandarcheologicalstruggletoenlightenandreclaimourheritageandhistory.

8.8.2

ForestSámiusageofthetaxation-landandtheSwedishindustrialpolicy1800-1930

BertilMarklund

TheissueofForestSámilivelihoodsandtheSwedishstate’sindustrialpolicyduringtheyears1800to1930canbesummarisedasauniqueexampleofstateinterference,withoutearliercounterparts.ForestSámi

sustenanceunderwentpositivedevelopmentprevioustothe1800’s,butthenfollowedaperiodcharacterisedbySwedishstateregulationoftheland-useontaxations-landstothedisadvantageforForestSámi.ThisstudyreviewsandanalysesstatedocumentsandhowstatepolicyhasaffectedForestSámiland-useonthetaxation-land.ForestSámiisdescribedasagentsofagrowth-modelbasedonaland-usefocusedonutilisingtheentireareaofthetaxation-land.Priortothe1800’s,thetaxation-landhadsustainedthosewhowereengagedsolelyinreindeerherdingorfishingaswellasthosewhoconductedmixedlivelihoodssuchasherding,huntingandfishingorherding,fishingandhandicraft.Thetaxation-landsustainedpeople,inbothpropitiousandscarcetimes.StateinterferenceinForestSámilivelihoodscanbedividedintotwoperiods:Theperiodfrom1800until1850isguidedbyanewauthoritypraxisestablishingconditionsregardingtaxation-landpossessionwhilelegislativeinterventionsupportingthepracticearemissing.Theyearsuntil1928ischaracterisedbynewstatutes,industrialbordersandlegislationthatresultsinForestSámilossofancestrallands,landsthattheyinhabited,livedoffandpayedtaxesforduringatleasttengenerations.ThispresentationfocusForestSámilivelihoodsandsocietyduringatroublesomecentury.Thegrowth-modelshapedbyForestSámiuntil1800wasruledoutbystateinterventionunderthefollowingcentury.Instead,theForestSámiusedalternativestrategiestosurvive.However,ForestSámiendeavourfacedevenmorechallengesasthestateinterventionsincreasedandcomplicatedtheirexistenceuntilthe1930’s.

8.8.3

TheForestSámiResearchInventory

Panel:LenaMariaNilsson,ÅsaÖssbo(chair),BertilMarklund,KristerStoor,IngvarLarsson,JörgenStenberg

TheForestSámiResearchplatforminitiatedaninventoryamongscholarswithconnectiontoorinterestinSámirelatedissues.Weusedournetworkconsistingofemail-listsfromVaartoe–CentreforSamiResearchandtheArcticCenteratUmeåUniversity(Arcum).InordertogainknowledgeofresearchrelatingtoForestSámiissuesandtoinspireresearcherstoconductresearchrelatingtoForestSámitopics,weconstructedaninquiryconsistingofsixsimplequestions.ThesequestionsfocusedtheresearchthemesofeachscholarandiftheyrelatetheirresearchtoaForestSámitopic.Wealsomappedtheresearchers’articlesonForestSamiissuesandthemes.Outof200scholarswereceivedapreliminaryansweringfrequencyof50%,96researchersfromalldisciplinesbutwithastrikingpreponderancetotheHumanitiesandSocialScienceswith69scholars.Morethan40%oftheapproachedansweredthattheirresearchrelatedtoForestSámiissues.Butonly6researchersansweredthatForestSámiissueswasthecentralthemeoftheirresearch.Another5researchersrepliedthattheirresearchtoamodestdegreeconcernedForestSámiissues.DefiningtowhatdegreeaForestSámiissuewasinvolvedintheresearchrevealedsomecomments,forexamplesfromaresearcherstudyingmininginrelationtoreindeerherdinginaForestSámiarea.SincethisresearcherdefinedSámiinthisareaasSámi,withoutspecification,consequentlytheresearchissuewasnotdefinedasaForestSámiissue.ThisForestSámiResearchInventoryhighlightsarelativelylowresearchfocusonthediversityoftheSámicultureinspecificregardingtheForestSámigroup-asub-groupwithalonghistoryofauthorityinduceddiscriminationinrelationtotheMountainSámisub-group.Yetthisinventory,basedonquantitativeandqualitativequestions,canalsoserveasacatalystformoreresearchwithandregardingForestSámisocietyandissues.

8.9a IndigenousPeoplesanddevelopmentpoliciesintheArctic

Chair:SveinungEikeland

10June-10:30a.m.

N320

8.9a.1

AnyIndigenousrolewithinlargescaleindustrialprocessesintheArctic?

ElisabethAngell

GlobaleconomicchangeencouragesglobalcompaniestoentertheArctic.Theresultisimportantstructuralchangeinlocalindustriesandimportantly,increasingindustrialactivitiesbasedonextractingnaturalresourcesinwhichmanyindustriesareoperatingonhugelandareas.Examplesaregrowinginterestsinoilandgas,mineralexploration,windmills,fishfarmingandgrowingtourism.ThesenewdevelopmentsmaytransformtheArcticinabroadmeaningofthewordandthesechangesobviouslyalsoinfluenceandputpressureonthewayIndigenouspeoplehavetraditionallylivedtheirlifeinthenorth.Atthesametimeasglobalindustriesaremovingin,indigenouspeoplesintheseareashaveincreasedtheirautonomyandtheirrighttoself-determination.AnexamplefromNorwayputaninterestinglightonthis:TheSámiParliamenthassinceitsstartin1989developedtobecomesomethingmuchmorethanbeingahearinginstitutionforthegovernmentandcentraladministration.ThisnewandbroaderpositionhasencouragedtheSámiParliamenttodevelopindustrialstrategiesfordevelopingSámicommunitiesandfortryingtocopewiththenewindustrialprocesses.TowhatextentandhowdoesthenewpositionoftheSámipeoplethroughtheirparliamentandtheirpolicystrategies,haveanimpactonthegeneralclimateofandbeliefinsocialandeconomicchangeinthenorth?Andwhatarethemoregeneralconsequencesthereofforfuturedevelopment?HowandtowhatextentdoesthisnewSámiself-determinationhaveanimpactonmoregeneralprocesses,nowgoingoninthenorth.HowcantheSámipeoplethroughtheirinstitutions(theSámiParliamentandotherinstitutions)givedirectionto,obstruct,orevenstopnewandbigindustriesenteringtheArctic?TowhatextentwilltheSámipeoplejusthavetoadapttothesedeep-seatedchangesortowhatextentwilltheirnewstatusgivingthemanimportantvoicethatmakeadifference?

8.9a.2

MineralindustryinSamiareas–theroleoftheNorwegianSamiparliament

VigdisNygaard

Framedbythecontestedrelationshipbetweenindigenouspeoplesandminingindustry,institutionsmattersforindigenousself-determination.MorethanintheneighboringSwedenandFinland,theSamiparliamentofNorwayhasgainedconsiderablepowertoinfluenceonnationalpolicythataffectstheSamipeopledirectly.TheNorwegianstatesigninginternationalconventionsonindigenousrightsandharmonizingnationallawsisoneimportantframework,anotheristhenewtoolstoexercisepowergiventotheSamiparliamentthroughtheconsultationagreementwiththegovernmentandtheauthoritytoraiseobjectiontominingdevelopmentplanslocally.WhentheNorwegiangovernmentpassedanewMinerallawin2008,itwaswithouttheconsentoftheSamiparliament.ThishaschallengedboththeimplementationofanationalminingpolicyinSamiareasaswellastheminingpolicyoftheSamiparliamentfindingitselfconfinedbetweenthedemandtoprotectSamitraditionallivelihoods,andsupportnewindustrialdevelopmentthatcansustainlocalSamicommunities.ThepaperaimsatstudyingtheformationanddevelopmentofaSamiparliamentpolicyonmineralexploitation.ThemineralpolicyisdisputedwithintheSamiparliamentandelectorate,hasdividedpoliticalpartiesandaffectedthecompositionofgoverningbodiesoftheSamiparliament.ThisanalyseisframedbyinternalSamiparliamentprocessesaswellasexternalprocessesperformedbyindustrialactors,municipalcouncilsandNorwegianstatepolicy.

8.9a.3

Indigenous

CharleneStern

MydoctoralresearchfocusesupontheNeets’aiiGwich’in,whosetraditionalterritoryislocatedinthenortheasterninteriorofAlaska,andtheirexperiencewithplanninganddevelopmentina(post)colonial

context.Priortosettlingintopermanentvillages,theNeets’aiilivedinwidelyscatteredcampsmovinginrelationtoseasonalsubsistenceresources.Equippedwithextensiveknowledgeoftheland,Neets’aiipeopleknewatanygiventimewherethebestplacesforcertainanimalsandresourceswereandthuswouldcampclosertothoseareas.Lifebackthenwaspreoccupiedwithbasicsurvival.Planningahead,beingprepared,andadaptingtochangingconditionsweresomeofthekeystrategiesthatenabledtheNeets’aiitosurviveinoneoftheharshestclimatesintheworld.Thepast150yearshasbroughtunprecedentedchangetotheNeets'aii.Thesocio-economicandpoliticalcontextwhichhistoricallydefinedtheexperienceofNeets’aiicommunitiesshifteddramaticallyasaresultofcolonization,theestablishmentofpermanentsettlementsandtheensuingneedforinfrastructure.Today,theNeets’aiiarecentralizedintwovillageslocatedwithintheboundariesofthe1.8millionacreVenetieIndianReserve.Thetransitionfromcampstopermanentcommunitieshasintroducedmanynewplanningneedsincludingpowergeneration,roads,etc.WhereasNeets’aiiancestorstraditionallyusedplanningasasurvivalstrategy,theirdescendantstodayuseplanningtoattractexternalinvestmentforcommunitydevelopmentprojects.The(post)colonialpoliticsofvillagedevelopmentinAlaskafundamentallychangedthewaysinwhichplanninganddevelopmentoccurredamongtheNeets’aiiGwich’inaswellasotherAlaskaNativegroups.ThisresearchbuildsuponmypersonaltiesasaNeets'aiitribalmemberandmyexperienceworkingasaprofessionalplanner.ItismyhopethatinsightsfromthisresearchproveusefultofutureplanningeffortsinAlaskaandbeyond.

8.9b IndigenousPeoplesanddevelopmentpoliciesintheArctic

Chair:SveinungEikeland

10June-1:30p.m.

N320

8.9b.1

Whatis‘detsamiske’(Sámithing)

KjellOlsen

ThepaperdiscusseschangesinidentityprocessesinwesternFinnmark,NorthernNorway.ThemainissuesishowinstitutionsthatregulatetherelationshipbetweentheSámiandtheNorwegiansocietyhaveanimpactontheinhabitants’identity.Whatisarguedisthatsuchinstitutions,likeallinstitutionslikeallinstitutionsthattriestodelimitaFolk,arecontradictionaryintheirdelimitations.Nevertheless,whattheyhaveincommonisthattheygiveanimpressionofSámisocietyassomethingintheperipheryandoutsideoftheareasandindustries,thatexperienceseconomicgrowth.

8.9b.2

ClimatechangeandInuitself-determination–realitiesintwonorthernInuitcommunitiesinGreenlandandCanada

LydiaSchoeppner

Climatechangeandself-determinationaretwoareasofconflictcurrentlyfacedbyInuit.Despitetheavailabilityofgeneralknowledgeanddefinitionsofclimatechangeandindigenousself-determination,conversationsconductedamongInuitwithdifferentagesandprofessionsinManiitsoq(Greenland)andPangnirtung(Canada)infall2016showthatperceptionsofclimatechangeandthoughtsonself-determinationamongInuitcandiffer.AlthoughbothcommunitiesarespatiallycloseandmainlypopulatedbyInuit(easternCanadianArcticandWestGreenland),differentgeomorphologicalandpoliticalrealitiesinbothcommunities(PangnirtungrestsonpermafrostandislocatedinNunavutwhileManiitsoqrestsonrocksandinpoliticallypartofGreenland)allowedthediscoveryofabroadspectrumofperceivedimpactsofclimatechangeandindividualunderstandingsofself-determinationinbothplaces.Despitesomeoverlaps,perceptionsofbothwereoftenalsouniquetooneortheothercommunity.ThevariouslivedrealitiesinbothInuitcommunitiesshowtheimportanceofspecific,morelocallyandInuit-focusedunderstandingsofglobal

phenomenalikeclimatechangeorconceptslikeself-determinationtogainamoreculturallyrelevantandrespectful/diversifiedunderstandingofclimatechangeandself-determination.

8.9b.3

RussianIPs:atthecrossroad

RodionSulyandziga

SofarwearefacingwithnewArcticrealitiesduetoclimatechange,industrialdevelopment,environmentalsituationetcWhatisArctic:storageofnaturalresources,peacefulzoneofonemanagement,geopoliticalarenaforACstatesandothers,indigenouspeopleswellbeing.

8.9b.4

Participatoryactionresearchandresearcher’sresponsibilities:anexperiencewithanIndigenouscommunity

RanjanDatta(pending)

Thispaperseekstoexploretherelationalparticipatoryactionresearch(PAR)frameworksthathavebeendevelopedtoallownon-Indigenousresearchers,alongwithIndigenousco-researcherparticipants,tolearnandhonorIndigenousstories.Specifically,inthecontextofPARresearchintheChittagongHillTractsofBangladesh,weoutline:(a)potentialchallengesbetweenIndigenousresearchparadigmsandWesternresearchparadigms,(b)thesituationofthenon-IndigenousresearcherinrelationtotheIndigenouscommunity,(c)challengesassociatedwiththenon-Indigenousresearcher’sselectionofaresearchsite,(d)collaborationthroughouttheresearchprocessand(e)theprocessesofdevelopingandmaintainingresponsibilities.Theaimisnottooffersimpleanswerstosuchchallenges,buttohighlightthemannerinwhichsuchprocessescanbeaddressed.Thisresearchmayprovidepracticalinsightforfuturenon-IndigenousresearchersworkingwithIndigenouscommunitiesthroughaparticipatorysharingprocesswithIndigenousco-researcherparticipants,Elders,leaders,knowledge-holdersandyouths.Keywords:participants

8.10 Recognition,protectionandmanagementofIndigenouslandandresourcerightsintheArctic–Domesticandinternationalapproaches

Chair:MalinBrännström

11June-1:30p.m.

N330

8.10.1

TerritoriesofTraditionalNatureUseasaResponsetothePerceivedThreatofthe‘FarEastHectare’

GailFondahl,ViktoriyaFilippova,AntoninaSavvinova

The“FarEastHectareLaw”,passedintheRussianFederationin2015,allowedforRussiancitizenstoapplyforallotmentslandthroughoutlargeswathsofRussia’sFarEast,onwhichtodevelopandpursueagriculturalactivities.Indigenousgroupshaveworriedaboutlosingtheirhomelandstosuchapplications.Inthispaperweexaminethediscoursesofindigenousconcernrelatedtothe“FarEastHectare”law,anddocumentastrikingresponse–therapidcreationof“TerritoriesofTraditionalNatureUse”(Territoriitraditsionnogoprirodopol’zovanieorTTPs).TTPsareacategoryoflanduseenabledundera2001Federallaw,designatedtosupportterritoriallytheperpetuationoftraditionalindigenoussubsistenceactivities(suchasreindeerherdingandhunting).InthecaseoftheSakhaRepublic(Yakutia),partofRussia’sFarEast,thenumberofTTPsclimbedfrom13to55withinmonthsafterthepassageofthe“FarEastHectareLaw,”withseveralmore

undertheprocessofbeingestablished.ThisisallthemorenotableinthatnoTTPshaveyetbeencreatedatthefederallevel,despitethefederallawbeingineffectfor15years.

8.10.2

Theever-shrinkingCharuodaWWFReserve,SouthernSakhaRepublic(Yakutia)

AntoniaSavvinova,ViktoriyaFilippova,GailFondahl

Establishingprotectedterritoriesofvarioustypeshavebeenproclaimedasakeystrategyinprotectinglandsonwhichindigenoussubsistenceactivities,andthusculturalsurvival,depend.Yetthetypeofprotectedarea,andtheactualenactmentsofitsprotectivestatusmayresultinitsfailingtoprotectsuchactivities.ToexaminesomeofthechallengesofprotectedterritoriesinmaintainingindigenoushomelandsweprovideanhistoricalgeographyoftheCharuodaWWFResourceReserveinOlekminskrayon(county),southernSakhaRepublic(Yakutia.Thisreserve,createdin1997,straddlesthetraditionalterritoryoftheEvenkipeople,andoverlapspartofoneEvenkcommunity’s(obshchina)landallocation.Initialenactmentsofexclusionledtoearlydiscordoverindigenousrightstopursuesubsistenceactivitieswithinthereserve’sboundaries.Morerecently,thediscoveryofgoldwithinthereserveledtoiterativechangesinthenaturereserve’sboundaries,thathavereducedthesizeofthenaturereserveby17%.Weusethiscasetoillustratethelargerissueofthemutablenatureofprotectedareas–andofthelawsthatregulatethem–intheRussianFederation.

8.10.5

InupiatWhalingRightandAnimalWelfare

NobuhiroKishigami

Aroundthe9thcentury,AlaskanAboriginalpeople(YupiitandInupiat)begantheintentionalhuntingofbowheadwhalesalongtheAlaskanCoast,intheBeringStraittoBeaufortBay..TheynowharvestbowheadsunderthesixyearquotasystemoftheInternationalWhalingCommission.Theirwhalingactivitiesarenotonlyameansofobtainingculturallyvaluedfood,butalsoessentialpartsofInupiatsocialandspirituallife.However,thelegalbasisoftheirwhalingdoesnotstemfromanyIndigenousright,butfromthe“exceptionclauses”oftwodomesticlaws,theMarineMammalProtectionAct(1972)andtheEndangeredSpeciesAct,of1973.BecauseseveralanimalwelfareandenvironmentNGOs/NPOsareengagedinworldwideanti-whalingcampaigns,AboriginalAlaskanwhalersareworriedaboutthecurrentstatusoftheirwhaling,andfeelasenseofcrisis.ThispaperexaminesconflictsbetweentheInupiatwhalehuntandanimalwelfaremovements.

8.11 TheWhiteBookontheChurchofSwedenandtheSámiPeople

Chair:DanielLindmark

10June-10:30a.m.

N330

8.11.1

8.11.2

8.11.3

DanielLindmark

OrganizingandDirectingtheWhitePaperProjectontheChurchofSwedenandtheSámi

BjörnNorlin

TheSwedishChurchandtheSámi:Resultsofawhitepaperproject

ToreJonsen

8.11.4

Movingfromacknowledgedhistorytotransformedrelationships.PerspectivesonreconciliationprocessesbetweentheChurchandtheSámi

CarlReinholdBråkenhielm

TheChurchofSwedenandSámireligioustraditions;EthicalandTheologicalAspects

InApril2016thewhitebookontheChurchofSwedenandtheSámipeoplewaspublished.InitiatedatSámirequest,theprojectresultedinacomprehensivehistoricalaccountofthemissionandeducationamongtheSámi,theattitudestowardsSámiculturalexpressions,thenationalattemptsatdefiningtheSámiasanethnicandracialgroup,andthelocalclergy´shandlingoftheSámiinpoorreliefandotherparishconcerns.Thewhitebookhasbeenmetwithquiteaninterest,bothfromthepartiesinvolvedandfromnational,regionalandlocalmedia.Inthespringof2017,acomprisedpopularversionwillbepublished,designedforuseinfuturereconciliationactivities.

Thesessionwillpresentthebackgroundandorganizationoftheproject,thecontentsandconclusionsofthepublications,andsomeideasforacontinuedreconciliationprocessbetweentheChurchofSwedenandtheSámi,includingtheologicalandethicalaspectsofreconciliation,andSámidemandsformeasurestobetaken.

8.12a “Designing”theperfectArcticanimal?

Chair:FlorianStammler

12June-10:30a.m.

N300

8.12a.1

EthnographicandPhylogeneticMarkersofRangiferinSoutheasternSiberia

DavidAnderson

ThispaperreportsonathreeyearstudyofthehistoryfivelocalreindeerherdsacrossZabaikal'eandsouthernIakutiia.Thestudyisbasedonin-depthinterviewswithEvenkireindeerherdersandontheanalysisofgeneticsamplestakenfromtwelvedomesticreindeerpopulationsandfourwildRangiferpopulationsinthesameregions.Thepapercomparerstheopinionsoftheherdersoftheuniquenessandidentityoftheirherdstointerpretationssuggestedbymatrilinealmitochondrialsignaturesandneutralmicrosatellitesignatures.ThepaperdiscussesstrikingevidencefortheresilienceoflocalbreedingtechniqueswhichhaveconsistentlymaintaineddistinctpopulationswhilemanagingaprogrammeofdeliberateinterbreedingwithwildRangifer.Thepaperalsopresentsamosaicofherdtypesintheregionwhichoftendisplaceeachotheryetmaintainingastableregionalpictureovertime.

8.12a.2

InterethnicandinterspeciessymbioticadaptationintheArkhangelskregion

StephanDudeck

Thepaperexploreshowgroupsofnomadicandsedentaryhumansandanimalsarepartofaspecificsocio-ecologicalsystemintheNorthofRussiaattheWhiteSeacosts.Auniquemulti-ethnicandmulticulturalsocietyformedsincethemiddleagesintheMezenregionfromnomadicreindeerherders,cattleandhorsebreedersandalocalfishermenandseamammalhunters.Underconditionsofhighmobilityandtradeof

goodsandservicesbetweensedentaryRussianvillagersandnomadicNenetsreindeerherdersdomesticanimalswereselectedinordertooccupyavarietyoffunctionalnichesinthelocaleconomy.Inrecenttimesnewformsofgovernmentalityputrestraintsonthisinterethnicandinterspeciesinteractionswhichismetbylocalreindeer,horseandcattlebreederswithnewstrategiesinordertosafeguardthelocalsocio-ecologicalsystem.ThepaperconcentratesonthesenewevolvingpracticesindifferentvillagesoftheNorth-westernArchangelsregion.

8.12a.3

TheadaptationoffarmanimalstonorthernandArcticenvironments

JuhaKantanen

Naturalandhuman-madeselectionenablesanimalstoadapt,survive,beproductiveandreproduceinchallengingenvironments.IntheArctic,traditionalanimalhusbandryisbasedalmostexclusivelyonreindeer(Rangifertarandus)butinFennoscandianLapland,northernRussiaandSiberiaalsootherlocallyadaptedanimals,namelycattle(Bostaurus)andhorse(Equuscaballus)areusedforfoodproductionandothersocietalandculturalneeds(forexample,NorthernFinncattle,Yakutiancattle,MezenhorseandYakutianhorse).Theseanimalbreedsrepresentavaluablegeneticresourcefornorthernagricultureandpastoralism.Fromtheanimalsciencepointofview,theArcticenvironmentguidedtowardsselectionofanimalswithspecificmetabolic,morphologicalandreproductiveadjustments.Fromtheanimalgenomicspointofview,adaptationstoextremeenvironmentsordietsaretypicallyassociatedwithstructuralandfunctionalgenomicvariations.‘Adaptationtraits’arecomplexandpositiveselectionfootprintsingenomescanbestudiedthroughNext-Generation-Sequencing(NGS)applications,suchaswholegenomeandmRNAsequencing,analysisofregulatory(miRNAs)elements,andDNAmethylationprofiles.Reindeer,cattleandhorsemayhavedifferentbiologicalcapacitiestoadapttoextremesintemperature,daylightandfeedavailability.ItissuggestedthatreindeerdescendedfromalargeEurasianglacialreindeerpopulation,havethelongestadaptationhistory(buttheshortestdomesticationhistory)amongthe3speciesandcanbeconsideredasnativetotheArctic.Cattleandhorses,ontheotherhand,havelongerdomesticationhistories,buthaveshorteradaptationhistoriesandareregardedashavingbeen“imported”intotheArctic.Arcticandnortherndomesticanimals-cattle,horseandreindeer-arestudiedinamultidisciplinarystudy“ArcticArk.Human-animaladaptationstotheArcticenvironment:naturalandfolkselectionpractices(Arc-Ark)”.

8.12b “Designing”theperfectArcticanimal?

Chair:FlorianStammler

12June-1:00p.m.

N300

8.12b.1

Animal’ssociallife:declineandrevivaloftheArcticcow

AnnaStammler-Gossmann

Two‘Arcticsisters’,Lappish(Lapland,Finland)andSakha(SakhaYakutia,Russia)cattlerepresentanexoticbreedofahighgeneticdistinctiveness,outstandingtolerancetowardsfreezingtemperatures,modestyinthecaretaking,fat-andproteinrichmilkcontent,andsubscribedexceptionalintelligence.However,duetotheirweakeryieldsascomparedtomainstreambreeds,localspeciesdidnotfitintothe‘high-quantity’conceptofthenationaleconomiesduringthestartedindustrialdevelopmentoftheSovietNorthandaftertheWW2inFinland.Nowadaysclassifiedasanendangeredbreed,LappishandSakhacowsgaintheirrevival.TracingthecomplexrelationsbetweenanimalsandhumansintheNorththepaperanalyseshowchangingsymbolicandembodiedrepresentationalstatusofananimalin/andofthesocietyshapestheattitudestowardsit.

08.12b.2 “Cowsasreindeer”-amultidisciplinaryaccountofhuman-animaladaptationtotheArcticNorth(ArcticArk)

NuccioMazzullo,PäiviSoppela

ThispaperreportsfromaninterdisciplinaryfieldworkinFinnishLapland(ArcticArk)amongNorthernFinncattlebreedersandreindeerherders.InthecaseofNorthernFinncattlebreeders,wehavelearnedthatbreedingchoiceshavenotnecessarilybeentargetedatincreasedproductionofmilkandmeat,butaimedatmakingcowsmoreindependentandversatileintheirfoodchoicewhileremainingsmaller,lighterandhealthierthandominantcommercialbreeds.Initscurrentshape,theNorthernFinncattleisstillabletofindfodderintheforestandswampsbyitselfduringdaytime,whiletheotherbreedswouldnotbeabletoaccessthesameareas.Inconversations,NorthernFinncattleownersshowprideofthetraitsofthesewell-adaptedanimals,particularlyonthebackgroundofstate-initiatedsuccessfulprogrammestoincreasemilkproduction.Thispaperdoesnotonlytellaboutindigenousapproaches,butmoreingeneralaboutstrategiesthatarecommonamongallthosepractitionerssuchasreindeerherdersandcattlebreederswholivealivelihoodthatisembeddedinthedynamicsofthelandscape.Inthisongoingresearchproject,wehavebeenworkinginthefieldtogetherwithanthropologists,biologistsandgeneticists.Wearestillwaitingforthefinalresultsofthegeneticanalysis,butwearehopingtoprovidefurtherevidencesoonthatthesebreedingstrategiesinNorthernFinncattlehavebeensuccessfulintheiradaptationinnortherlyextremeconditions.Inbothcases,withtheNorthernFinncattleandreindeer,similarpatternsshouldbefound.TheresearchalsoincludesthestudyoftheFinnhorse,anddrawsoncomparisonacrosstheRussianandEuropeanArctic.

8.12b.3

DiversityinnomadicSámicommunitythroughexchanges

KajsaKuoljok

ThedescriptionofSámilivesinthispresentationisconnectedtoreindeerhusbandryintheLuleSámiareaintheJokkmokkparishinSwedenduringthe20thcentury.Myaimistohighlighttheroleofthegoatintheherdingeconomy.Livestock,asthegoat,isnotusuallyassociatedwiththeeconomyofthenomadicSámiwiththeirseasonalmovementpatterns.IwillillustratehowinclusionofthegoatwasonewaytodiversifylivelihoodandhowthegoatcametohaveasignificantroleforthenomadicSámiinaperiodofsocio-economicchanges.Thegoatkeepingsystemhighlightstheinterlinkagebetweenlocalpeopleandeconomies.Thegoatalsoservedtosustainárbbediehto,traditionalSámiknowledgethathadbeenbuiltbygenerationsfrommilkingthereindeer,traditionsthatendedinthe1930s.Thereforethatknowledgeisstillaliveamongpeoplelivingtoday.

8.12b.4

TheEthnographyofanExperiment:ASiberian“FoxFarming”Saga

DmitryArzyutov

ThispaperisdedicatedtothesocialhistoryandpoliticsoftheexperimentofdomesticationofArcticfoxesintheNovosibirsklaboratory.Thisexperimentremainsthemostpopularandwidelycitiedindomesticationliterature(Trut1999).AgroupofresearchersfromMoscowmovedtoNovosibirsksoonafterStalin’sdeathwheretheydecidedtorealizetheirideasofanaccelerateddomesticationoffoxes(DugatkinandTrut2017).Inthispapertheauthorputthestressontheresearchandsocialpracticesofgeneticistswhoco-livewithanimalsunderoneroof,analyzingtheirsocialbehaviorandcreatingtheindustrialandacademicmodelsofdomestication.ThepaperisbasedonfieldandarchivalworkinNovosibirskAkademgorodokfoxfarm.

8.13 Owningandknowinghistoriessharedthroughhandsonexperienceandengagementbetweenresearchersandcommunities

Chair:SvenHaakanson

11June-1:30p.m.

N410

8.13.1

Repatriatinglostknowledgeembodiedwithinmuseumcollections.Buildingandusingatraditionalfullsizedangyaaq(openskinboat)fromamodelforthefirsttimesince1860'sonKodiakIsland,Alaska

SvenHaakanson

Howcanindigenouspeoplestakeknowledgefromthepastandputitbackintoalivingcontextthatisrelevantandsustainablefortheircommunitiestoday?Overthepastdecademyresearchhasallowedmetoparticipateinthisprocessofreturningandrecontextualizingforgottenknowledgethroughmuseumcollections.TheAngyaaq“openboat”projectisbasedonoveradecadeofresearchandcollaborationwithmuseumsandthecommunityofAhkiok,onKodiakIsland.Westartedwithmakingmodelangyaatandendedwiththeconstructionoftwofullsizedfunctionalangyaat.Bringingbacktheangyaat,notusedonKodiaksincethe1860s,demonstrateshowcollectionscanbebothmeaningfulandrelevanttothecommunitiesweareworkingwith.

8.13.2

CommunityBasedArchaeolgyandYup'ikHeritageinQuinhagak,Alaska

RickKnecht,CharlottaHillerdal,KateBritton

TheNunalleqArchaeologicalProjectisapartnershipbetweentheYup’ikvillageofQuinhagak,theANSCAvillagecorporationQanirtuuq,Inc.andtheUniversityofAberdeen.Excavationssince2009haverecoveredmorethan50,000artefactsdatingfromc.AD1450-1650.About80%ofthefindsarerarelypreservedorganicmaterials.ThecollectionhasbeenprocessedinScotlandwithplanstorepatriateitinlate2017.Whilecommunitiesoftenparticipateinexcavation,inthiscasetheQuinhagakwillalsotakecontrolofpost-excavationandlong-termcurationatthenewlyestablishedNunalleqCultureandArchaeologicalResearchCenter.Yup’ikculturebearershavebeeninvolvedsincethebeginningandcontinuetoguidetheprocessofengagment.Hereweconsidertheimplicationsoftheprocessaswellastheresultsofthisresearch.

8.13.3

HoldingOnToTlingitCultureThroughResearchAndEducation

NormaShorty

Tlingitidentityhaslongrestedwiththosewhorecorded,wroteandpublishedliteratureonTlingitpeople.Theinterpretationofwhatwasobservedmayormaynotreflectindigenouswaysofrecordinghistory.DuetoearlyandaggressivepoliciesofIndiancolonization,Indigenousscholarsandeldersareglaringlyawareoftheneedtore-connectwiththeirdeepancestralhistoriesbyre-searchingwesternliteraturealongsideprimaryindigenouscultureandknowledgebearersoftheTlingitculture.TheexplorationandinclusionofindigenousknowledgesatbroaderpolicylevelsliketheArcticCouncilandpubliceducationareindicativeofsoundcommunity-basedandindigenous-ledresearch.Indigenouspeoplesrequiretimeamongstthemselvestoresearchandvalidatetheirownformsofresearchandlearningandteaching.Asindigenoushistoriesandknowledgesarerecoveredamongindigenouspeoples,publicandprivateeducationsystemsalsoneedtoberesponsivetooralnarrativeswhichconnecttheTlingittothelandandstoryofcontactandcolonization.

Indigenouspeoplesfromelderstochildrenallbenefitgreatlyfromindigenous-ledcurriculumdevelopmentandculturetoolsforpublicandprivateinstitutionsoflearningandteaching.Formanyindigenouslearners,thequestforidentityisaffordedthroughscholarlyresearchcoupledwithindigenousledschemessuchassummercampacademies,onthelandwintercamps,mainstreamcurriculumandtheirownfamiliesandcommunities.Elderleadcurriculumschemesandprofessionaldevelopmentcoupledwithliteratureandcollectivewaysofknowingareessentialcomponentstosoundeducationalpracticesforall.Tlingitliteracyframeworksandhistoryareclanownedandprotected.SelfdeterminationandselfgovernmentwillensurethatourTlingitculturedoesnotdriftouttothesea.

8.13.4

CulturalAtlasesasaPedagogical

C.SeanTopkok

“CulturalAtlases”representateachingandcurricularstrategyintendedtoprovideameansbywhicheducatorscanintegratecurrenttechnologieswithculturalandacademicelementsoftheK-12schoolcurriculumandotherinformaleducationalopportunities.StudentsandeducatorsenrolledinthiscoursewillbeinterviewingEldersintheircommunitiesandresearchingavailabledocumentsrelatedtothelocalculturalenvironment.TheCulturalAtlaseswillfocusonthemessuchasweatherprediction,edibleandmedicinalplants,geographicplacenames,genealogies,floraandfauna,moonandtides,fisheries,subsistencepractices,outdoorsurvival,theauroraandotherrelevantphenomena.Studentswhoenrollinthecoursewillbeexpectedtoworkwithcommunitymembersto:1)Becomefamiliarwithandapplythe“AlaskaStandardsforCulturallyResponsiveSchools”andthe“GuidelinesforRespectingCulturalKnowledge”intheirworkasateacher;2)ExaminevariouscurricularoptionsforintegratingacademicandculturalknowledgeinAlaskaschools;3)ExplorewaysinwhichNativeculturescanprovidethefoundationforcurriculumdevelopmentinAlaska’sschools;4)ReviewtheroleofEldersasknowledgebearersandrepositoriesofexpertisethatcanbeutilizedasaneducationalresourceinAlaskaschools;5)Examinetheroleoftechnologyasatoolforenhancingtheeducationalopportunitiesavailabletostudentsespeciallyinruralandsmallschools;6)ExplorethewaysinwhichIndigenouseducationalformsandpedagogicalpracticeshavebeenincorporatedineducationinstitutionsbyNativepeoplearoundtheworld;7)Reviewthepolicies,programsandpracticesbywhichaschoolmaybejudgedtoberesponsivetotheculturalneedsofthestudentsandcommunitiesitserves;8)Examinetheroleofthecommunityasanimportantcontributortotheculturalandeducationalwellbeingofitschildren.

8.13.5

Visualstorytellinginsupportofacommunity’sexpressionoftheirheritage

TorstenKjellstrand

Howdoesthetellingofstories–craftedandcuratedwithtechniquesborrowedfromfilm,writing,documentaryphotography,andaudio–helpindigenouspeopleknowandowntheirhistories,awakenlanguage,andrepatriateknowledgethathasbeensystematicallysuppressed?Howdoesinquirythroughstorytellingexaminewhereinresearchandlivedcultureconnect?Throughthemakingoffilm(FindingRefuge)andvideo/photostorytellingprojects(AkhiokCultureCamp),wegivecommunitymembersavoiceintheirownstoryasweworktobridgesocialscienceresearchwithspecificstudiedcommunitiesandbroaderaudiences.

8.15 TraditionalKnowledgeinArcticScience

Chair:RaneWillerslev

9June-3:30p.m.

AulaNordica

8.15.1

TraditionalKnowledgeinArcticScience

RaneWillerslev,AlonaYefimenko

Thesideeventisbeingproposedasapanel,wherebyahostwillleadinterviewswithsixoftheexpertsrepresentingtheArcticindigenouspeoplesandwesternscience.Thepanelwillbefocusedonthehost’sconversationswiththeguestsaboutTraditionalKnowledge(TK)anditsuseinthescientificprogramsalongwiththeguest’sdiscussionwitheachotherandtheaudience.Theideaistohavenon-indigenousscientistssharetheirexperiencesdealingwithTK,onthevalueofTKandhowitcancontributetowesternscience/modernsocietiestoday.ThesideeventwillexplorehowTKandwesternsciencecanbuildcollaborativepartnershipinordertocreatebetteroutcomesandprovidebestpossiblerecommendationsfortheArcticandgloballysonooneisleftbehind.ThesideeventwilldiscusshowcoproductionofknowledgecancontributetotheimplementationoftheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.TopicswillincludemethodsforengagingwithIndigenouscommunities,andprocessesandprotocolsforintegratingTK.Also,closelinksbetweenresearch,scienceandtechnology,whiletakingaccountofTK,willaswellensurethatdevelopmentistakenforwardinasustainablewayfromsocial,economicandenvironmentalperspective.Thesessionwillbeorganizedasfollows:•CeremonywithprayerbyanIndigenouselder;•Introductionandquestionsfromthechairdirectedtothepanelists;and•SessionwithPPleadersBackgroundSincethefoundingoftheArcticCouncil(AC)20yearsago,thequestionofhowbesttoincludeTKintotheworkoftheAChasbeenasignificanttopicofdiscussion.DifferentmethodshavebeenemployedforvariousprojectsbythesixACWorkingGroups(WGs)withvaryingdegreesofsuccess.DuringtheformulationoftheKirunaDeclaration,thefollowinglanguagewasincluded:RecognizethattheuseoftraditionalandlocalknowledgeisessentialtoasustainablefutureintheArctic,anddecidetodeveloprecommendationstointegratetraditionalandlocalknowledgeintheworkoftheArcticCouncil.BytheendoftheCanadianACchairmanshipwhichconcludedin2015,theindigenouspeoplesdevelopedtheirfundamentalprinciplesfortheuseofTKinstrengtheningtheworkoftheAC.These13principlesweredevelopedforusewithintheACframeworkandsevenofthemwereadoptedbytheACSustainableDevelopmentWorkingGroup(SDWG).ObjectivesTheobjectiveoftheproposedsideeventistoconsiderfollow-upactivitiesthatwillfurtherrefineandfulfilanapproachthatwouldenabletheuseofTKprinciplesandthecommoninclusionandconsiderationofwesternscientificmethodsandTKtogether.Thefollow-upactivitiesofthetalkshow/panelwilladdress:•Researchandmonitoringusingscienceand/orTK;•Trustandrealpartnershipbetweenindigenouspeoplesatlocallevelandscientists;and•Co-productionofknowledge;•HowTKcanbepartoftheimplementationoftheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Thesideeventwillalsobeanavenuetoshowcaseaspartofthe20thanniversaryoftheArcticCounciltheachievementsthataremadeonthisfield.TraditionalKnowledgePrioritiesArcticCouncilPermanentParticipants(PPs)viewtheincreaseduseofTKinenvironmentalresearchandmonitoringasahighpriority.PP’svisionforTKinmonitoringandresearchistoimproveourunderstandingofcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsandtoreincorporatenortherneldersintodecision-makingprocessesusing

TK.DuringthedocumentationandcompilationofTK,projectsshouldactivelyfacilitatethetransferofthisknowledgetoyouththroughtheircontinualengagement.Thiswillaidinthepreservation,safeguardingandpromotionofTKtofuturegenerations.Traditionalknowledgeisacornerstoneforenhancingtheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalresilienceofsocietiesontheArctic.PPsrecommendthatallTKprojectsbeconsistentwithexistingTKprinciples,whichweredevelopedandadoptedbythePPs.

9 InternationalRelations&Law

Themeleader:NataliaLoukacheva([email protected])

9.1a TheICELAWProject:Law,Territory,Resources,andMobilitiesinFrozenEnvironments

Chair:PhilipSteinberg

8June-11:30a.m.

N330

9.1a.1

AnticipatingAbundance:EconomisingArcticNatures

GavinBridge

ThispresentationintroducestheResourcessubthemeoftheICELAWproject.TheResourcessubprojectcriticallyexploreshowpolargeophysicalenvironmentsshapethepolitical,economic,andculturalpracticesthroughwhichnaturalresourcesareacquiredandassembledascommerciallyvaluableassets.Historically,northernenvironmentshavebeensitesofresourceeconomiesandnon-renewableresourcedevelopment.TodaytheArcticisagaina‘frontier’forthedevelopmentofnewenergy,mineral,andaquaticresources.Whilethereisalreadysubstantialresearchonthetechnicalchallengesofworkinginpolarenvironments,therehasbeenrelativelylittleattentiontohowthegeophysicalpropertiesandenvironmentaldynamicsshapeinstitutionsofpropertyandregulation,andthepracticesof‘economization’bywhichArcticmaterials(fish,ores,hydrocarbons)aremadeintocommercialresources.TheResourcessubprojectisexamininghowinstitutionsandpracticesofresourcedevelopmentinfrozenregionsareadaptedtothematerialitiesofpolarenvironments,deliberatelysuspendinganinitialdistinctionbetween‘commercial’and‘traditional’formsofresourcemakinginfavourofatransversalperspectivefocussedonhowresourceeconomiesincorporate,indifferentways,thematerialitiesofpolarnature.

9.1a.2

MobilitiesandMigrationsinNorthernChokepoints:NavigatingRisksandSettingPrioritiesinGeographicallyConfinedAreas

StephanieC.Kane,ClaudioAporta,AldoChircop,KateCoddington,StephanieC.Kane,andLeahBeveridge

Thispaperconcernsaresearchprojectwhichraisesthequestionstowhatextentandhowthedynamicgeophysicalpropertiesofnorthernenvironments,especiallyice-coveredareasandotherareasaffectedbyglobalclimatechange,affectdefinitionandmanagementofspaceforvariouspurposes,includinginlaw,policy,planningandmanagement.Coastalandmarinespaceininternationallawandmarinemanagementarerootedonthegeographicalassumptionofdivisionoflandandwater,withcoastalfrontageandshorelineasthelinesofseparation.Thedominantgovernanceconceptsillustratethisdivide:“landdominatesthesea”(intheinternationallawofthesea),“coastal”State,“coastal”management,“ocean”management,“land”useplanningand“marine”spatialplanning.Inthispreliminaryresearchpaper,wepresentapossiblealternative

andnuancedperspectiveofspaceinnorthernenvironmentsthatrecognizesanInuitapproachtothecontinuityofland,waterandiceandexploreshowtheInuitapproachpotentiallyintroducesdifferentperceptionsofrisksanddirectionsforprioritizationofspatialuses.Weexplorethewideninggapbetweenlaw,ontheonehand,andthesocial,ecologicalandgeophysicalrealitiesofthepolarenvironment,ontheother.Weexaminethemovement,convergenceandconflictofpeople,animalsandshipsastheynavigatethrough,convergeoroverlapingeographicallyconfinedareas,whichwecharacterizeas“chokepoints”.Weexpectourresearchtoleadustoinnovativewaysofgeovisualizingspatialusesandinteractionsofnavigationroutes,migratorypathways,Inuithuntingrangesandresettlementpossibilitiesofmigrantlaborers.Withinthisframework,wealsoexaminetheextenttowhichandhowinternationalanddomesticarea-basedmanagement,regulatorytoolsandIndigenousandlocalperspectivesmaybeusedtopromoteintegratedspatialmanagementandpreventormanageconflicts.

9.1a.3

ShipReportingandRouteinginArcticWaters:Practices,TrendsandLessons

AldoChircop

VoluntaryandmandatoryrouteingandreportingmeasuresforshipsnavigatingArcticwatersareimportantmanagementtoolstoensuresafenavigationinArcticwaters.TheirvaluewasrecognizedbytheArcticCouncil’sArcticMarineShippingAssessmentReport,2009.TheyareadoptedundertheauthorityoftheInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea,1974toenablevesseltrafficmanagementtoenhancenavigationsafetyinareaswherenavigablewatersareconstrainedbyheavyuse,obstructions,bathymetryandweather,butalsoforenvironmentalconcerns.TheycanbecontroversialbecausetheymaybeperceivedtoconstraininternationalnavigationrightsundertheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea,1982(UNCLOS).UNCLOSprovidesaframeworkfortheirusebycoastalStatesastoolstoenhancenavigationsafetyandpollutionprevention.Whentheyaredirectedatinternationalshipping,theInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)isthesoleorganizationresponsiblefortheiradoptionandproponentStatessubsequentimplementIMOrecommendations.ThemostrecentexampleofamandatoryshipreportingsysteminArcticwatersadoptedbytheIMOwasfortheBarentsSeaAreaonajointrequestfromNorwayandtheRussianFederation.MoremeasuresinArcticwatersaretobeexpected.TheUnitedStatesisconsideringrouteingmeasuresintheBeringStrait.NorwayhasameasurefortheSvalbardarea.BecauseoftheuniquestatusofArcticwaters,CanadaandtheRussianFederationemploymandatoryreportingsystems,butwithoutgoingthroughtheIMO.CanadaiscurrentlyconsideringasystemofvoluntarymarinetransportationcorridorsinitsArcticwaterstofocusservicesandhasyettoconsiderrouteingmeasures.ThispaperstudiesthecoastalStatepracticesandtrendsonshiprouteingandreportingmeasuresinArcticwatersagainstthebackdropofUNCLOSandtheIMOinstruments.Thepaperconcludeswithlessonslearnedtodate.

9.1b TheICELAWProject:Law,Territory,Resources,andMobilitiesinFrozenEnvironments

Chair:PhilipSteinberg

8June-2:30p.m.

N330

9.1b.1

HybridGovernanceintheArctic:CarvingoutaPoliticalSpaceforCoastalIndigenousCommunitiesinArcticEmergencyPreparednessandResponse

JessicaShadian,JimGamble

AstheArctic’sicerecedesmaritimeandcoastaltrafficisincreasing.Arcticclimatechangeisalsoaffectingindigenouscoastalcommunities’abilitiestohuntandtravelonicewiththesamepredictabilityastraditionallyexisted.ThesefactorsbecomemorecomplexinthatextremeandunexpectedArcticweatherhappensatalltimesoftheyearandtherewillbeacontinuedpresenceofseasonalandotherformsoficeintothefuture.Ina

regionwherelittle,ifany,infrastructureexistsawell-coordinatedregionalregimefocusingonArcticEmergencyPreparednessandResponse(AEPR)andSARisanecessity.TheArcticCouncil(AC)states’havepassedanumberofbindingdeclarationsincludingtheestablishmentofanArcticCoastGuardForum,yet,thereremainsroomtoaccountforthefactthatemergencyresponseswillbeginfromanumberofindigenouscommunitiesalongtheArctic’sshores;communitieswhichownorhaverights(throughdomesticandinternationallaw)totheland,waters,andresourceswheretheylive,maintaininvaluabletraditionalknowledge,andrelyontheArcticenvironmentforsustenance,culture,andoverallcommunitywell-being.OurquestionishowtoadequatelyaccountforandbringincoastalindigenouscommunitiesforfutureAEPRpolicyandgovernance.Howcanindigenouspeoplescanfindtheirpoliticalspaceinthislegallandscape;alandscapethatisfilledwithgovernmentoverlapatthedomesticlevelsandgovernancegapsatthesubnational,regional,international,andtransnationallevels.ThispaperwillalsoexaminewhatmightbeborrowedfromSARprogramsinIcelandandnorthernNorway.

9.1b.2

ShiftingPoliticalSpaceinanicediminishingArctic:BringinginLocalIndigenousCoastalCommunitiesandArcticregionalSAR

JessicaShadian,JimGamble

AstheArctic’sicerecedes,maritimeandcoastaltrafficwhetherintheformofdestinationshipping,innocentpassage,orfortourismisconsiderablyincreasing.Atthesametime,Arcticclimatechangeisaffectingindigenouscoastalcommunities’abilitiestohuntandtravelonicewiththesamecertaintyandpredictabilityastraditionallyexisted.AmajormaritimeemergencyintheArctic’sseasoralongitscoastsisalmostacertaintyandinaregionwherelittle,ifany,infrastructureexistsawell-coordinatedregionalapproachtoArcticEmergencyPreparednessandResponseisanobviousnecessity.Thispaperwillfocusontherolethatlocalindigenouscommunitiescanplayinemergencypreparednessandresponseandhowtomakethishappen.ThisincludeslookingtoIceland’sICESARprogramaswellasNOFOinNorwaytoascertainwhatwemightlearnfromotherexistingArcticsystemswhichbringlocalcommunitiesdirectlyintotherealmofcoastalemergencypreparednessandresponse.

9.1b.3

ArcticFisheries:Puzzleofsustainabilityinashiftingenvironment


Newspatialdistributionofhighlycommercialfishstocks,likecodandmackerel,isseenasoneofthecatchwordsintheclimatechangevocabulary.Sharedcharacterofthesetransboundaryresourcesamongdifferentnationalstatescreatesnewsensitivitiesinthedebateonwhatshouldbeconsideredas‘sustainable’inthecontextofshiftingoceanenvironment.ThispaperbringstothelightcasestudiesinRussianandIcelandicfisheriesthatarecurrentlydealingwiththesituationofgreaterabundanceoffishstocksandtheirnewmigrationroutes.Itanalysesthewaysinwhichnationalfisheriesturnconceptualimperativesofsustainabilityintopractice,puttingtogetherpiecesofthesustainabilitypuzzle,whereenvironmentalconcernsinterferewitheconomicrationality,politicalinterestsandsocialvalues.

9.2 Events,Dynamics,andUncertainty:ArcticChangeandtheLegitimacyoftheArcticCouncil

Chairs:DorotheaWehrmann&SebastianKnecht

10June-10:30a.m.

MC323

9.2.1.

Science-policydynamicsintheArcticCouncilintimesofchange

Malgorzata(Gosia)Smieszek

TheArcticCouncil(AC)wasestablishedatthetimewhentheworld’sinterestintheArcticwashistoricallylow.Liketheregion,sotheinstitutionformedtoserveasaplatformfordialogueandcollaborationonissuesofArcticenvironmentalprotectionandsustainabledevelopmentdidnotrankhighonpoliticalagendasinmostofnationalcapitalsofArcticstatesformuchofitsfirstdecade.Arguably,duringitsearlyyearstheACoperatedmoreasasciencethanapolicyforum,whereworkinggroupshadsubstantialautonomytodeveloptheirownprojectsthatweregenerallyapprovedwithoutprotracteddebates.AlsoduringthattimetheCouncilestablishedalastingprecedentofdeliveringlarge-scalescientificassessmentstobringinformationoncausesandconsequencesofchangeintheregiontoattentionofArcticpolicy-makersandbroaderaudience.Thoseassessments,includingtheseminal‘ArcticClimateImpactAssessment’,havebeenregardedasthemosteffectiveACproductsandthefactthattheCouncilhasallowedfordialogueamongdifferentknowledgegroupsasthemostimportantfactorcontributingtoitseffectiveness,nexttoincludingtheroleofthosewhoaimtofacilitatescience-policyinteractions.Atits20thanniversarytheArcticCounciloperatesinamuch-alteredenvironment,wheretherapidlychangingclimateandiceconditionsoftheArcticOceanfirmlyplacedtheregionontheinternationalandnationalagendasinArcticandnon-Arcticstatesalike.TheACisconsideredtodaythepreeminentregion-specificforumandhastakenaseriesofmeasurestoadapttochangingcircumstances.Havethosechangesaffectedscience-policyinterfacewithintheCouncil?Ifyes,howandwhataretheconsequencesfortheinstitutionwhichlegitimacyhasbeenlargelybuiltonknowledgeproduction?Finally,whatistheplaceofscience-policyinterfaceindiscussionsoneffectivenessandfutureoftheArcticCouncil?Thepaperseekstoaddressthesequestions.

9.2.2.

PopularandFormalGeopolitics:ObservingandAssessingtheArcticCouncilinTimesofUncertainty

DorotheaWehrman

TheArcticisnolongerpredominantlyregardedasaremote,distantregionbutasa“globalregion”attractinginterestsinits“resourceriches”andinitsrapidlychangingenvironmentparticularlysince2007(afterthemuch-citedRussianflagplanting,thepublicationofthe2007-IPCC-reportandthegrowingacknowledgementoftheArcticasa“resourcefrontier”andasa“climatechangebarometer”).Againstthisbackdrop,theproposedpaperisinterestedinrepresentationsoftheArcticregionandespeciallyoftheArcticCouncilinnewspaperarticlesandinscholarlyanalysespublishedpost-2007.ItexaminesinhowfarthegrowingsignificanceanduncertaintyascribedtoclimatechangeintheArctichaveactuallyencouragedatransformationoftheArcticCouncil.Itisparticularlyinterestedinimplicationsofthistransformationfortheparticipationofnon-stateactorsinscientificresearchthatisoftensaidtoguidethepoliticsoftheArctic.WhilesimilartotheAntarcticTreatySystemparticularlyscientificcooperationisalsoregardedasameanstosecurepeace(asa“dooropener”formoreinternationalcooperationinthechangingPolarRegions)andasneededtomeetthecomplexmulti-level(andstillmanyuncertain)challengesarisingfromenvironmentalchanges,particularlytherelatedorderingofinformation,prioritizationofissueconcernsandidentificationof“responsible”meansisentangledwithpoliticalinterests.TheproposedpaperthusdiscusseschangingrepresentationsoftheArcticregionandoftheArcticCouncilinthepastdecadetoassesshowtheserepresentationschallengethelegitimacyascribedtotheArcticCouncil(theArctic’smostsignificantintergovernmentalforumforpolicymaking)andtoproposeavenuesforfurthertransformationstoincreasethelegitimacyoftheArcticCouncilintimesof(particularlyenvironmental)uncertainty.

9.2.3

SocialConstituencies,OpportunisticLegitimationandArcticCouncilenlargement

SebastianKnecht

Conventionaltheoriesoftheopening-upofinternationalorganizations(IO)towardsstakeholdersstresstheexpertise,resourcesordemocraticqualitythattheseactorsbringtotheworkingsandprocessesoftherespectiveIO.SincealmostallIOstodayintegratestakeholdersofdifferentkinds,includingNGOs,thirdstates,businessactorsandotherIOs,pastresearchimpliesthatmoreseemstobethemerrier.However,thisclaimdoesnotholdtrueasbecomesevidentbycasesofnon-admissionofcertainactorsorincrementalenlargement.ThisarticledevelopsaframeworkforanalysingIOenlargementtowardsstakeholdersbasedonlegitimatingneedsoftheIO.TheframeworkdifferentiatesbetweendifferentkindsofactorsandclaimsthateachkindofactorscarriesdifferentsortsoflegitimatingeffectsupontheIO,namelyexpertlegitimacy,democraticlegitimacyandsovereignlegitimacy.ThearticlestudiestheexampleofArcticCouncilenlargementfrom1996until2017toshowcasetheplausibilityofthetheoreticalframeworkanditsempiricalapplicability.

9.2.4

ParliamentarydiplomacyasasourceofthelegitimacyoftheArcticCouncil.

MichałŁuszczuk

TheConferenceofParliamentariansoftheArcticRegion(CPAR)isaninterparliamentarybodyoperatingasabiennialconferenceforparliamentariansrepresentingtheeightArcticstatesandtheEuropeanParliament.TheconferencesalsoincludePermanentParticipantsrepresentingtheArcticIndigenouspeoples,aswellasvariousobserversinterestedintheArcticcooperation.ThefirstParliamentaryConferenceconcerningArctictookplaceinReykjavikin1993.TheStandingCommitteeofParliamentariansoftheArcticRegion(SCAPR),whichisresponsiblefortheworkoftheArcticParliamentariansbetweenconferences,starteditsactivitiesin1994.TheCAPRmeetsafewtimesperyearinthedifferentArcticcountries“todiscusscurrentArcticissuesandthefollow-upoftheConferenceStatementfromthelatestconference”.OneofthemainfirstprioritiesoftheSCAPRwastopromotetheestablishmentoftheArcticCouncil(AC).In1998theSCAPRofficiallybecametheobserveroftheACandsincethattimeithasbeenrepresentingtheCPARwhichistheonlyinterparliamentaryorganizationpresentintheAC.Usuallysuchinterparliamentaryinstitutionsplayimportantroleintheprocessesofregionalizationandareperceivedasasourceoflegitimacyfordifferentregionaldevelopments,primarilyforintergovernmentalorganizations.ThispresentationwillprovidefordiscussionmainpreliminaryfindingsfromtheresearchabouttheArcticparliamentarydiplomacy(withafocusontheCPAR)-atopicwhichprobablyhasnotbeenscrutinizedyet.ThekeyissuewillbetodiscoverunderwhatconditionstheArcticparliamentarydiplomacycouldserveasasourceofthelegitimacyfortheArcticCouncil.

9.2.5

LegitimacyoftheArcticCouncilasaTreaty-makingForum:TheCaseofArcticScientificCooperationAgreement

ShibataAkiho,OsamuInagaki

CantheArcticCouncilbeconsideredalegitimatetreaty-makingforumforissuesinvolvinginterestsandactorsthatextendbeyondtheArctic?ThisquestionwassquarelyfacedbytheeightArcticStateswhennegotiatingthenewArcticscientificcooperationagreementundertheauspicesoftheArcticCouncil.ThoughtheobligationsunderthenewAgreementappliesinmostofthecasestoscientificactivitiesoccurringintheterritoriesandunderthejurisdictionoftheeightArcticStates,whatisatstake-thepromotionofinternationalArcticscientificcooperation-goeswellbeyondtheArctic,involvingnon-ArcticStates'scientistswithresultingbenefitsfortheentirescientificcommunity.ThispaperexaminesthesubstantialeffortsmadebytheArcticStatesinthe

ScientificCooperationTaskForceoftheArcticCouncil-theforumfornegotiatingtheAgreement-inincorporatingthelegitimateinterestofthenon-ArcticStatesandtheirscientistsbothduringthenegotiationprocessandinthefinaltextsoftheAgreement.Althoughtheydidnottakethequantumleap(yet)toofficiallyallowthenon-ArcticStatestobecomepartiestoit,thenewAgreementreflectsarealpotentialfortheArcticCounciltobecomeamorelegitimateandeffectiveforumforinternationallaw-making.Canthisnewmodeoflaw-makingbeapplied,forexample,toafutureregulatoryregimeofblackcarbonemissionsimpactingtheArcticregion?Itwouldalsobeinterestingtocomparethisnewmodeoflaw-makingundertheauspicesoftheArcticCouncilwiththatofafutureCentralArcticOceanfisheriesagreementundertheauspicesofA5+5.

9.3 Arctic'exceptionalism'?NorthernContributionstoInternationalRelations(IR)

Chairs:SebastianKnecht,KathrinKeil,MathiasAlbert

12June-10:30a.m.

N410

9.3.1

TransformingtheNorthernBalance:InsightsfromRealismandTheEnglishSchoolontheArcticregionalorder

SarahMilne

TheArcticregionhasbeenanareaofresearchthatislargelyundevelopedinthestudyofInternationalRelations(IR)yethasthepotentialtomakeasignificantandmeaningfulcontributiontothediscipline.TherelationshipbetweentheBalanceofPower(BOP),HegemonyandRegionalismremainlargelyunder-theorizedinIR.Fundamentaltothisresearchpaperisthequestionof‘howcantheArcticregionhelpIRscholarstomoreclearlyidentifyregionalpoliticalorderandsourcesofchangeintheinternationalsystem?'InparticularthispaperwillfocusontheIRtheoriesofRealismandEnglishSchoolapproachessincetheyhavebeenthemostdetailedintheiranalysisandexplanationoftheBOPandregionalordertodate.Twofurtherissueswillalsobeinvestigated;thefirstwillexploretheclaimmadethesetheorieswhichpredictsthatregionalpowerswilltakeonspecificleadershiprolesandtheirbehaviourcanbeexplainedthroughtherationalmotivationofseekingtomaintainorchangetheregionalorder.ItwillbeadvocatedthatinthecurrentmultipolarArcticorderTheUnitedStates,Russia,CanadaandFinlandhaveallexpressedleadershipcapabilitiesatspecifictimesandeachhavecontributedtoeffortsofregionalization.ThesecondtaskofthispaperwillexplorethreepotentialpathwaysoffuturechangetotheArcticorderthatcouldemergearesultofrevisedAmericanforeignpolicyunderthenewTrumpAdministration.ThreescenariosbasedontheBOPtheoryincludethepossibilityof1)AmericanregionalhegemonyintheArctic,2)anewU.S./RussianallianceleadingtoanewbipolarArcticregionalorder,or3)thecontinuationandstrengtheningofthecurrentmultipolarorder.ThispaperconcludesthatchangeislikelytooccurintheArcticregionalordershouldAmericadecidetorevisititsroleasanArcticpowerinordertoachievenewpolicyobjectivesbutitismorelikelytodosoinagreementwithRussia.

9.3.2

RoletheoryasananalyticaltooltounderstandtheevolutionofthesignificanceoftheArcticinworldpolitics

MichałŁuszczuk

Atfirstglance,explainingtheinternationalrealitythroughthestudyofinternationalrelationsintheArcticseemsataskasoriginalasitisdifficult.Thisislargelyduetotheuniquesignificanceofthedevelopmentofthenorthernpolarregionsfortheinternationalcommunitythroughouthistory(alsocalledasArctic’sdistinctiveness),aswellastheevolutionofthescientificapproachesusedinIRstudiestoanalysetheprocessestakingplaceinthispartoftheworld.Generally,theevolutionofinternationalrelationsintheArctic,formstheontologicalcoreofthe‘scientificspace’ofIRwithrespecttothatpartoftheworld,andhasbeensignificantly

correlatedwiththeepistemologicaldimensionofthat‘space’.ForanexplanationoftheinternationalsituationintheFarNorthuntiltheendoftheColdWar,theoriesandconceptsbasedonrealism,neo-realism,aswellasstructuralismhavebeenemployedtogreateffect.Inthepost-ColdWarera,inturn,explanatorytheoriesandconceptsdevelopedintheframeworkofidealismandconstructivismdemonstratedtheirownsignificantvalue.However,thequestionhowtoanalysetheevolutionoftheArcticstates’approachestowardstheregioninalongertimeperspective(e.g.duringthelast100years)stillseemstobeopen.Thisproposalaimstoprovideforthediscussionthetheoreticalaspectsofthefindingscomingfromtheproject(andabook)focusedontheevolutionofthesocalled‘Arcticroles”oftheeightArcticstates.ThisresearchallowednotonlytobetterrecognizeandunderstandtheArcticpoliciesofthestatesoftheregion,butadditionallyitconfirmedandhighlightedthegrowingneedforcontextualizationofthetheoreticalcategoriesandconceptsusedtheIRstudiesfocusedontheregion(inthiscasethetheoryofrolesintheforeignpolicy).

9.3.3

ParadiplomacyintheArctic

HegeKallbekken

Paradiplomacy,ortheinvolvementofsub-nationalunitsininternationalaffairs,isagrowingphenomenon,whichisraisinginterestingquestionsrelatedtoissuesofstatesovereigntyandpower.TheseareespeciallyrelevantintheArctic,whereontheonehand,sub-nationalgovernmentsareactivelyusingparadiplomacytobenefittheirregions,butwherethestatesontheotherhandaredominatingthemainforumforinternationalcooperation.Thestate-centrisminIRhavelargelyleftsub-nationalgovernmentsoutofthescholarlyliterature.ByapplyingthetheoreticalframeworkproposedbyKuznetsov(2015)IwanttoconductacasestudyoftheparadiplomacyofoneorseveralArcticsub-nationalunits.Fromthere,usingneorealismandneoliberalismIwillanalyzetheconsequencesofparadiplomacyonstatesovereigntyandpower,anddiscusstherelationshipbetweensub-nationalunits’paradiplomacyandstates’Westphalianism,andbetweenglobalizationandArctic“exceptionalism.”COMMENT:ThisabstractisbasedonmyMAthesiswhichissupervisedbyRasmusBertelssen

9.3.4

Thegeopoliticsofaccessandtrajectories:AholisticapproachtounderstandinglocalandglobalgeopoliticsintheHighNorth

LucAmpleman

Inboththepopularmediaandtheacademicsphere,theconceptof‘geopolitics’remainsessentiallyrelatedtospectacularconflictsinthesphereofinternationalrelationswhilelocalpoliticalconflictsareoftenlabeledassociological/political‘casestudies’.ThissituationisparticularlytruefortheArcticregion.Thisparadigmimpedesthedevelopmentofarelevanttheoreticalframeofanalysisallowingasoundunderstandingofthegeopoliticalrelationshipsbetweenpoliticalactors(individualandcollective)involved(ornot)atalllevelsofgovernancewithinvariablegeographicalcontextscoveringallscalesandtypesofregion.Drawingontherecentreflectionaboutthenotionof‘localgeopolitics’(Subra)aswellasthenotionof‘controlofmobility’(Ritchot,Desmarais),thepresentpaperoffersanoriginalinsight(andusefultypology)concerningpoliticalbarriers,tensionsandconflictsrelatedtoArcticgeopolitics(asadisciplineoranareaofreflection)interestedin‘space(s)’consideredas‘(geo)politicalissue(s)’.

9.3.5

Publications,PromisesandPathologiesinArcticInternationalRelations(IR)research:AState-of-the-ArtReview

SebastianKnecht

Thispaperprovidesastate-of-the-artassessmentoftheInternationalRelations(IR)literatureontheArctic.Thepaperanalysesanoriginaldatasetof288articlesthatwerepublishedbetween2011and2016inelevenmajorpublicationoutletsinthefield.Thepurposeofthispaperistwofold:First,itprovidesananalysisofauthorshipinthefieldbasedonpersonalcharacteristicssuchasacademicseniority,genderandcountryoforigin.ItshowsthatmostcontributorstothefieldofArcticIRaresurprisinglyatanearlystageoftheircareersandhavetheirinstitutionalaffiliationwithintheArcticregionsuggestingalackofscientificexchangewithscholarsfurthersouth.Second,thepaperanalysesthecontentofrecentArcticIRscholarshipbyinvestigatingthesearticles’methodologies,analyticalapproaches,theoreticalframeworksandtheirempiricalrichness.

9.4a ManyArctics,ManySecurities:CircumpolarInternationalRelationsinaWidenedSecurityPerspective

Chair:VictoriaHerrmann

12June-10:30a.m.

N260

9.4a.1

RegionalOrderintheArctic:NegotiatedExceptionalism

HeatherExner-Pirot,RobertMurray

Inthepasttwenty-fiveyears,theArctichasbeendescribedandconstructedasa“ZoneofPeace”–aregionwithanunusualabilitytodevelopcooperativerelationsamongstdiversestakeholdersandmaintaingeopoliticalstability.Thisisdespiteasteadyincreaseoverthepastdecadeinresourcecompetition,economicandmilitarystrategicvalue,andpoliticaltensionsexternaltotheregion.Conventionalwisdomhaspredictedadeteriorationinregionalrelationsthathasyettomaterialize.Thissituationbegsthequestion:istheArcticexceptionalininternationalrelations?ThispaperarguesthatArcticregionalorderisexceptionalinsofarasArcticstatesandthosestateswithinvolvementintheregionalhaveworkedtonegotiateanorderandbalanceofpowerpredicatedonnormssuchascooperationandmultilateralism.TheestablishmentofanArcticinternationalsocietyhasseengreatpowersandsmallerpowerscometogethertoformanorderaimedatpromotingnormsandinstitutionsnotseenelsewhereintheworld,butthispapernotesthattheArcticisnotimmunefromthepossibilityofwarandconflict.ByusinganEnglishSchoolapproachtounderstandtheArctic,wecontendthatArcticinternationalsocietywasdeliberatelynegotiatedinawaythatpromotescooperationbetweenArcticstates,butthatthisordercanbedisruptedifArcticinternationalsocietydoesnottakeconsciousstepstomaintainastronginstitutionalframeworkthatprotectsArcticinternationalism.

9.4a.2

Desecuritization’sDisplacementofArcticGeopoliticalControversiesandButtom-upSovereigntyChallenges

MarcJacobsen

WiththeoreticalinspirationfromtheCopenhagenSchool,thispresentationwillfocusonhowdesecuritizationeffortsofgeopoliticalquestionsintheArcticOceanaredrivenbytheArcticFivestateelitesthroughdiscursivelymovingtheissueatstaketoanothergovernancearea.Bydoingthat,theArcticstatesrefutetheperceptionoftheArcticOceanasaterranulliusorlegalvacuum,hencepavingthewayforeconomicgainandexpansionoftheirrespectivenationalboundaries.TheIlulissatDeclaration(2008)isaclearexampleofthis,asthesignatorystatesagreedthatinternationallawandgeo-sciencearethedefiningfactorsunderlyingthefuturedelimitation.Anagreementmadeinresponsetosecuritizationattemptsbycommentatorsandmediainthewakeofthe2007RussianflagplantingonthegeographicalNorthPoleseabed,whichtriggeredharderinterstaterhetoricanddramaticheadlinesWhilenon-Arcticstatesseemtorespectthisdevelopment,non-stateArcticactorsdosometimeschallengethedominatinglawsandagreementsmadebythestates.AprominentexampleistheInuitCircumpolarCouncil’sACircumpolarInuitDeclarationonSovereigntyintheArctic(2009),whichdefiedthedominatingperceptionofWestphaliansovereigntyreflectedintheIlulissatDeclaration.Anotherexampleisthe

GreenlandicoppositionleaderSaraOlsvig’ssuggestionthatHansIsland/Tartupalukshouldbedeclared‘InuitLand’,hencequestioningtheperceptionthatthedelimitationoftheminusculeislandissolelyanissuetobedealtwithbythegovernmentsinOttawaandCopenhagen.Inthisway,disagreementsonaverticallevel,betweenstatesandnon-stateactors,maysurfaceintimeswhenhorizontalcontroversiesbetweenstatesaredisplacedthroughactsofdesecuritization.

9.4a.3

ClimatechangeandenvironmentalsecurityinAlaska

DorisFriedrich

ClimatechangehasbroughtenvironmentalsecurityintheArctictotheforefront.ThemeltingoftheArcticseaiceandpermafrostaffecttheglobalecologyandposeasubstantialglobalsecuritythreat.OneoftherepercussionsoftheseenvironmentalchangesistheincreaseinemissionsofPersistentOrganicPollutants(POPs)andothertoxics.InAlaska,thepresenceofworryinglevelsofPOPsinmarinemammalsandotheranimalsthatareatthebaseoftraditionalsubsistencefoodsposesathreattohumanhealthandaddstofoodinsecurity.AccordingtoWilfridGreaves,globalenvironmentalchangesaggravatevariouschallengestohumansecurity.Alreadyburdenedwithadifficulteconomicandsocialsituation,climatechangeandtheassociatedexacerbationofpollutionmighthamperthedevelopmentofnortherncommunities,forinstancebyimpedingtheiraccesstotraditionalsubsistencefoodsandwater.Thisinturnhasrepercussionsonhumanhealth,well-beingandsocialissues,whichaddtotheconundrum.ThisarticlewillexaminecurrentdevelopmentsofenvironmentalsecurityinAlaska,withafocusontheinterplaybetweenclimatechangeandpollutants.Therelevantchallengesrelatedtoeconomic,healthandfoodsecuritywillbebrieflyaddressed.Furthermore,thearticlewillanalyzethedifferentconceptionsandapproachestoenvironmentalsecurityinAlaskaandtheroleplayedbyvariousinstitutionsandorganizations,includingindigenousrepresentativeorganizations.

9.4a.4

WhatkindofnationstatewillGreenlandbe?

UlrikPramGad

Arcticgeopoliticsisamovingtarget.Notonlyduetoupheavalsimaginedtofollowinthewakeoficemelting,butalsobecauseslow-motionprocessesofdecolonizationappeartobespeedingup,makingparticularlyGreenlandanunknownquantity.Insuchasituation,questionsofnationalidentityaretooimportanttoleavetohistoricalandculturalanalysis.Nationalidentityisneitherconstructedonceandforall,noriseasilyre-constructed.Rather,nationalidentityisre-currentlybothre-producedandre-configuredinpoliticalnegotiations.Tounderstandthedynamicsofthesenegotiations–andtheirrepercussionsfordomesticpoliciesandinternationalrelations–weneedananalyticalstrategywhichisbothstructured,finegrained,andnuanced.Inthisregard,CopenhagenSchoolsecuritizationtheory(CSST)istoofruitfulananalyticaltooltoleavetosecurityanalysts.However,initsobsessionwiththeextreme,theextraordinaryandtheexceptional,securitystudieshaveoverlookedthepotentialofCSSTforpoliticalanalysisbeyondsecurity.Asawayofmakingthisargument,thearticleproceedsbyananalysisofGreenlandicdebatesonlanguagepolicy.BothGreenlandersandscholarsstudyingthemagree,thattheGreenlandiclanguageplaysacentralroleintheconstructionofGreenlandicnationalidentity.However,whilemostacademicsconcludethattheGreenlandiclanguageis'aliveandwell'-particularlywhencomparedwithotherindigenouslanguages-securitizingmovespointingoutDanishlanguageasathreatisarecurrentfeatureofGreenlandicpolitics.Lookingatthe2002and2016debatesonlanguageintheGreenlandicparliamentandnewspapersthroughthelensesprescribedbyCSSTrevealsthatthereferent-objectofthethreatislesstheintegrityoftheGreenlandiclanguageperse,butratherthedignityandintegrityofaGreenlandicnationimaginingitstrueincarnationtobeculturallyhomogenousand,thus,monolingual.

9.4b ManyArctics,ManySecurities:CircumpolarInternationalRelationsinaWidenedSecurityPerspective

Chair:VictoriaHerrmann

12June-1:00p.m.

N260

9.4b.1

RedefiningandrefocusingcybersecurityfromthehumansecurityperspectiveintheEuropeanHighNorth

MirvaSalminen

AcceleratingdigitalizationoftheEuropeanHighNorthisproducinganumberofopportunitiesforindividuals,communities,administrations,businessesandorganizations.Utilizationoftheseopportunitiesdependsonsuccessfulprotectionofthecyber-physicalenvironmentandactorsoperatinginit.Therefore,cybersecurityshouldbeacknowledgedasoneoftheimportant‘securities’incontemporaryArctic.Thispaperintroducescybersecurityintosecuritydiscussioninaredefinedandrefocusedform.Insteadofscrutinizingthetechnicalmeasurestakentoprotecttheconfidentiality,integrityandavailabilityofinformationorthecriticalityofanumberofdigitallyoperatedinfrastructuresforthefunctioningofsociety,itconcentratesonthehumanbeing.Itexaminescybersecurityfromthehumansecurityperspectivebyaskinghowimprovedprotectionofindividualsandcommunitiesinthecyber-physicalenvironmentcanbothcontributetothereductionofexperiencedfearsinpeople’severydaylivesandempowerpeopletodirectthedigitaldevelopmentontotracksservingtheirinterestsandneeds.

9.4b.2

EvolutionofArcticSecurityDynamicsandProspectsforaSecurityRegimeintheArctic

BeixiDeng

ThesecuritydynamicsintheArcticsincetheColdWarfeaturesthetransitionfrommilitarization,tode-militarization,andtore-militarization.Undertheongoingcircumstancesofglobalizationandclimatechange,theArcticstateshaveaccordedprioritytotheenhancementofmilitarycapacitiesintheregion,withtheviewtosafeguardingsovereignrights,ensuringnavigationsecurityofArcticwaterways,respondingtocontingenciesandguaranteeingcivilsecurity.Suchmilitarycapacity-buildingmeasuresare,nevertheless,interpretedasinitiativestoresumearmsraceintheArctic,whichwouldbecontributivetosecuritydilemma.SubjecttothestructuralcompetitionofU.S.–Russiarivalry,therehaslongbeenthelackofasecurityregimeintheArctic.Still,theconstructionofsecurityregimeintheArcticconstitutesamajorconcernfortheArcticstatesaswellassomeextra-regionalstakeholders.IntheArcticregionalcontext,theeverintensifiedinstitutionalcooperationinthedomainsofnon-traditionalandcivilsecurityintheArctic,laysthecornerstoneforestablishingconfidence-buildingmeasures,andgivesrisetotheconsensusonthesecuritydiscoursethatmaintainingcooperationintheArcticwillbemutuallyrewardingforall.Itisalsoworthconsideringwhethersomeregionalmultilateralsecurityframeworks,NATOandOSCEforinstance,possessthelegitimacy,theintentandthecapabilitiestointerfereintheArcticsecurityissues.

9.4b.3

IstheUNStillaSoftSecurityProviderintheArctic?

AlexanderSergunin

Incontrastwiththeskeptical/anti-globalistschoolsofpoliticalthoughtwhichdoubttheroleoftheUNinhandlingthesoftsecurityaspectsofArcticgovernance,thepaperarguesthatthisauthoritativeinternationalorganizationwillretainitssignificanceinthissphere.TheUNwillremainanimportantsoftsecurityplayerin

areas,suchasmaritimesafety,ecologicalsecurity,resolutionofmaritimedisputes,humansecurity(especiallyinthefieldofprotectionoftheindigenouspeoples’rights),searchandrescueoperations,fightingillegalactivitiesintheregionandresponsetonaturalandman-madedisasters.TocopewiththesesoftsecuritythreatsandchallengestheUNshouldreviveand/orreformitsspecializedinstitutionsresponsiblefortheArcticaffairs,suchastheCommissionontheLimitsoftheContinentalShelf,UNEnvironmentProgram,InternationalMaritimeOrganization,UNESCO,CommissiononHumanRights,WorkingGrouponIndigenousPopulationsoftheUNEconomicandSocialCouncil,etc.TostrengthenArcticgovernancetheUNshouldbettercoordinateitsactivitieswithregionalandsubregionalinstitutionsintheArcticregions–firstandforemostwiththeArcticCouncil,Barents-Euro-ArcticCouncil,Nordiccountries’institutions–andestablishaproperdivisionoflaborwiththem.

9.5 ComparativePoliticsandtheArctic

Chair:MariaAckrén

10June-1:30p.m.

N330

9.5.1

TheDomesticArchitecturebehindStateContributionstotheArcticCouncil:AComparisonoftheUS,Canada,GermanyandAustria

JenniferSpence,SebastianKnecht

RecentresearchhasputtheinvolvementofArcticandnon-ArcticstatesinArcticCouncilWorkingGroups(WG)moreandmoreinthespotlightofacademicdebate.However,inordertoassessandcomparethemotivations,prioritizationandprofileofstatesintheCouncil,onehastotakeacloserlookattheconsortiumofdomestic,Arctic-relevantactorsfrompolitics,science,civilsocietyandindustrythatpromoteeachstate’sparticipationintheCouncilinamoreorlesscoordinatedeffort.WeinvestigatehowthedomesticnetworkstructureoftheseactorsintwoArcticCouncilmemberstates(USAandCanada),oneobserverstate(Germany)andanon-membertotheCouncil(Austria)mightdeterminestatecontributiontointernationalsciencecooperation.Empirically,weexploretheexampleofoneofthemostimportantoftheCouncil’ssixWGstowardstheconductofArcticenvironmentalscienceandresearch,theArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme(AMAP).

9.5.2

AcomparativeanalysisofthepositionsandargumentsofRussiaandCanadainthenegotiationoftheIMO'smandatoryPolarCode

DorottyaBognar

IntherealmofArcticshippingregulation,bothCanadaandtheRussianFederationhaveenactedextensiveunilateralnationalregulationsfortheirArcticwaterscognisantofArticle234oftheUNConventionontheLawoftheSea.Meanwhile,onthegloballevel,bothoftheseStateshavebeenimportantactorsinthenegotiationoftheInternationalMaritimeOrganization'smandatoryPolarCode,aninternationalinstrumentaimedatuniversalanduniformlyappliedrequirementsforinternationalshippingthatmighthavebigimplicationsforregulationsatthenationallevel.WhiletheCanadianandRussiannationalregulationshavebeensubjecttocomparativeanalysisovertheyears,thepresentpaperendeavourstocompareandcontrasttheapproaches,positionsandargumentsofthesetwoStatesregardingthePolarCodenegotiations.Issueareasdiscussedinclude,amongothers,vessel-sourcepollution,icenavigatorsandregulationofinternationalversusdomesticvoyages.

9.5.3 “America’sArcticStrategy:ExplainingObama’sNeglectofRegionalSecurityPolicies”

LillianHussong

AsclimatechangeopensnewsearoutesintheArctic,debatesabouttheregion’sgeostrategicsignificanceareunfolding.Initslastthreeyears,theObamaadministrationpublishedaseriesofArcticnationalandmilitaryreportsoutliningemergingcategoriesofactors,institutions,andpossiblethreatsintheregion.Thatadministration’sstrategywaslargelyshapedbyenvironmentalsecurity,apuzzlingdecisiongivenRussia’srecentremilitarizationandprovocationofScandinavianallies.Thispromptsaquestion:whyhastheUStilteditsstrategyintheArctictowardenvironmentalsecuritywhileignoringconventionalthreats?ThepaperwillexaminethreepossibleexplanationsfortheAmericanagendafocusingoncivil-militaryrelations,bureaucraticpolitics,andpersonalleadership.Builtonanassessmentoftheseexplanations,thispaperwillalsoconsiderpossiblestrategiesintheTrumpadministration.

9.5.4

ParadiplomacyintheNorthAtlanticandtheArctic–AComparativeApproach

MariaAckrén

Paradiplomacyhasbecomeanevermoreimportantconceptwithininternationalrelationsreferredtootherstakeholdersthanstates,suchas,sub-stateactors,non-governmentalorganizationsandotheragentsformingtheirowninternationalpoliciesandagendas.IntheArcticthemostobviousinternationalcooperationtakesitstollthroughthecollaborationwithintheArcticCouncil,wherenotmerelystatesaremembersbutalsoindigenousorganizationsandobserversfromnon-Arcticstates.IntheArcticthereareseveralvariousstakeholdersinplacepromotinginternationalaffairsoftheirown.Thisstudywillfocusontheterritorialautonomies/subnationaljurisdictions,whichareallpartoftheNorthAtlanticandArcticterritoryandatthesametime,arealltakingpartintheArcticaffairsfromlocal,national,regionalandinternationallevel.Theoverallresearchquestionishowterritorialautonomies/subnationaljurisdictionsundertakeinternationalrelationswithinthenationalframeoftheirmetropolitanstates?Whatcompetenceswithinforeignaffairsdotheseactorsholdandwhatchallengesaretheyfacing?Whatkindofinternationalactorsareterritorialautonomiesinthefirstplace?Whatkindofstrategiesareundertakentogettheirvoicesheard?

9.6 TheemergenceandexpansionofinternationalsocietyandtheArctic-Exploringtheebbandflowofsovereignstate-intereststowardstheexplorationandsettlementoftheNorth

Chair:JustiinaDahl

11June-1:30p.m.

N350

9.6.1

ScientificexplorationoftheArctic–Whystatescare?

JustiinaDahl

TheprogressofanthropomorphicglobalwarminghasgiventhequestionofthefutureroleoftheArcticintheglobalpoliticaluniversenewprominenceinthestudyofInternationalRelations.Accordingtosomepoliticalscientistsandgeographers,wearewitnessinganemergenceofa“NewNorth”,whichLawrenceC.Smithcharacterizesas“aplaceofrisingworldinterestandhumanactivityinthetwenty-firstcentury.”ThebasesoftheseestimateslieintheassessedconsequencesofglobalwarmingintheNorth,whichCaitlynAtrimsummarizesinthefollowingmanner:“AstheArcticbecomesmoreaccessible,thenortherncoastofEurasiamaytaketheplaceofMackinder’spivot,asbotharouteofpassageandanareaofexploitableresources”.The2004-2015publishedRussian,CanadianandNorwegianArcticpolicieshavecontributedtotheemergenceofthisnew‘horizonofexpectation’forwhatisdeemedaspossible,reasonable,andfeasibleforhumanactivityin

theArcticinthe21stcentury.Thispresentationstudiestheemergenceofthis“NewNorth”narrativefromthestandpointofthehistoricaldevelopmentoffundamentalvalues,normsandideasassociatedwithscience,technologyandenvironmentintheEuropean-origininternationalsociety.

9.6.2

EvolutionoftheengagementoftheArcticstatesintheregionthroughthelensofthe‘Arcticroles’

MichałŁuszczuk

EvolutionoftheengagementoftheArcticstatesintheregionisahistoryoftheexploration,conquestandsettlementoftheNorth.Althoughineveryofthesestatesthisprocesshasdevelopedintheuniqueway,itisstillpossibletoexamineitusingasingletheoreticalframework,whichcangraspdifferentapproachesandvariouscircumstancesoftheinclusionoftheArcticinthesphereoftheinterestofthestatesandthebroaderinternationalcommunity.Thisproposal,basedonthefindingsfromtheresearchprojectabouttheforeignpolicyrolesoftheArcticstatesintheregion,aimstoprovideforthediscussiontheoverviewoftheevolutionofthesesocalled“Arcticroles”inthelast150years.Specialattentionwillbefocusedontheissueofthechangeoftherolesanditsdeterminants.

9.6.3

InternationalSocietyinTransformation:ChinaandtheConstructionofArcticRisksandResponsibilities

SannaKopra,LiisaKauppila

Chinaisincreasinglyidentifyingitselfasagreatpowerinworldpolitics,whichhasopenedanacademicandpoliticaldebatewhetherornotitsrisinginternationalstatuswillposearisktotheworkingsofinternationalsociety.Inparticular,China’sgrowinginterestintheArcticgovernancehasspurredspeculationsaboutChina’s“irresponsible”internationalbehaviour.Atthesametime,ChinaemphasisesthatitisaresponsiblestakeholderanditsArcticengagementdoesnotposeaneconomic,military,politicalorenvironmentalriskeitherregionallyorglobally.ExploringChina'sArcticengagementrepresentsafruitfulcasetoanalyseandassessthevarietyofperceivedrisksthatChina'seconomic,politicalandenvironmentalmodusoperandimaypossiblyposetotheestablishedpracticesandnormsofinternationalsociety.ThispaperdoesnotpinpointwhatChinashoulddo,orrefrainfromdoing,inordertoberegardedasaresponsiblestakeholderinworldpoliticsingeneral,orintheArcticgovernanceinparticular.Incontrast,weapplytheconceptofresponsiblecitizenshipandinvestigatedomesticinterestsandinternationaldutiesthatmotivateandconstrainChina'sbehaviourintheArctic.Ontheonehand,weexploretheroleChinagivestotheArcticinactingoutitsdomesticresponsibilitytopromotenationalinterests;Ontheotherhand,weanalysethewaythegovernmentinterpretsandfulfilsitsinternationalresponsibilitytopreventharmsandrisksbeyonditsnationalborders.WearguethatitiscrucialtounderstandthewayChinadefinesandactsoutitsdomesticandinternationalresponsibilitiesinordertoassesswhetherChina'sentranceintheArcticaffairsposesrealriskstotheregionandeventually,howsuchriskscouldbemitigated.Ultimately,thiscasestudyhenceshedslightonwhatkindoftransformationChina’srisetogreatpowerstatuswillyieldininternationalsociety,andwhatkindofagreatpowerChinaisrisingtobe.

9.7 TheRecentChairmanshipsoftheArcticCouncil(Sweden,Canada,theUS)inComparativePerspective

Chair:DouglasC.Nord

10June-10:30a.m.

N350

9.7.1

Sweden’sArcticCouncilChairmanship2011-13

DouglasC.Nord

Inthespringof2011SwedenassumedtheChairmanshipoftheArcticCouncil.AsthelastoftheArcticEighttotakeonthisresponsibility,therewasconsiderablespeculationastowhattypeofleadershipitmightprovidethebodyduringitstwo-yearterm.Swedenhadnotplayedamajorroleintheorganizationduringthepreviousdecadeandahalfofitsoperation.DespitealongtraditionofArcticexplorationandscientificinquiry,thecountryhadnotemphasizedeitherexternallyordomesticallyitsroleincircumpolaraffairs.ManysawofSwedenasa“reluctantArcticstate”andwonderedwhatdistinctivecontributionsitmightmakeasheadofthemajorinternationalbodydealingwithnorthernconcerns.Itsoonbecameevident,however,thatSwedenwouldnotplayamarginalroleinthedevelopmentoftheArcticCouncilduringitsleadershipperiod.ThispaperwillexaminesomeofthemajorinitiativesoftheSwedishChairmanshipandevaluateitsperformanceastheheadoftheArcticCouncilfrom2011-13.ItwilldevotespecialattentiontoaconsiderationoftheseveralformalandinformalrolesSwedenplayedinthiscapacityandthewaysinwhichitutilizedvariousleadershiptoolsandskillstobothadvanceitsagendaandtobuildgreaterconsensusamongthemembersoftheorganization.These“powersoftheChair”arefrequentlyoverlookedinthestudyofinternationalorganizationsliketheArcticCouncilandnotgivenadequateconsiderationwhenassessingtheleadershipcapabilitiesofdifferentstates.Theessaywillconcludebydiscussinghowagreateremphasison“leadershipfromtheChair”mightassistsuchorganizationsbothinadvancingtheirobjectivesandinbecomingmoreeffectiveoperationalbodies.ItwillbesuggestedhowfutureChairsoftheArcticCouncilmightprofitablylearnfromtheactionsandexperienceoftheSwedishChairmanship.These“lessonstobelearned”areusefulinunderstandinghowforwardinstitutionalprogresscanbeencouragedandmaintained.

9.7.2

Canada’sArcticCouncilChairmanship2013-15

HeatherExner-Pirot

InMay2013,CanadaassumedtheChairmanshipoftheArcticCouncil,anintergovernmentalforumestablishedin1996thataddressesissuesfacedbyArcticstatesandindigenouspeoples.CanadahasplayedanimportantandinfluentialroleinArcticpoliticsinthepast,andtherewasahighlevelofexpectation,particularlywithinCanada,ofstrongCanadianleadershipintheregionatatimewhenpoliticalandpublicinterestintheArctichadbeenpeaking.HowevertheCanadianChairmanshipdisappointedmany.ByArcticCouncilstandards,itwascontroversial,inparticularasregardeditsfocusondevelopment;itshardlinewithRussia;anditsdifficultstyleofmanagementunderMinisterfortheArcticCouncilLeonaAglukkaq.IndeedthegeneralimpressiongivenbycommentatorsandobserversduringthebulkofCanada’stenurewasoneofmalaise.Objectively,however,theCanadianChairmanshipcannotbehailedasanythingbutasuccessbasedonitsactivityandoutcomes.TheseincludetheestablishmentofanArcticEconomicCouncil;theconclusionofframeworkactionplansonreducingblackcarbonandmethaneemissionsandpreventingmarine-oilpollution,respectively;andmanyotherprojects,reportsandinstitutionalimprovementsledbythesixWorkingGroups,threeTaskForcesandPermanentSecretariat.ThispaperwillevaluatetheCanadianArcticCouncilChairmanshipof2013-15.Theevaluationwilladdresssuccesses(e.g.blackcarbon,shifttosustainabledevelopment,stability);failures(minimalconsensus,sustainabilityofinitiatives,geopolitics);andlessonslearnedforfutureChairmanships.ItwillconcludebyproposingapreliminaryframeworkfordiscussionbywhichscholarscanassessArcticCouncilChairmanshipsinthefutureincluding:(1)policyimpact,(2)consensus,(3)profile,and(4)momentum.Thedevelopmentofsuchaframeworkwillbeusefulbothinappraisingtherelativesuccessofpast,presentandfutureChairmanships,aswellasprovidingbenchmarksbywhichtheutilityoftheArcticCouncilitselfcanbejudged.

9.7.3

TheU.S.ChairmanshipandEconomicDevelopment

HeatherNicol

ThemostrecentUSArcticCouncilChairmanshipsignaledanewengagementwiththeArcticstatesandadedicationtodevelopingasophisticatedArcticenvironmentalpolicy.ItwaslessdedicatedtodevelopingtheeconomicinitiativesthatthepreviousCanadianChairmanshiphadchampioned.Whatcanwesayistheresult?WhathashappenedtoeconomicdevelopmentundertheUSChairmanshipandwhatisthelikelihoodthatacollectiveapproachsuchdevelopmentwillengageArcticCouncilmembers?ThisessaywillexplorethesequestionsaswellasotherfeaturesoftheUSChairmanshipthatwillcometoanendin2017.

9.8 ProspectsfortheUpcomingFinnishChairmanshipoftheArcticCouncil

Chair:DouglasNord

10June-1:30p.m.

N350

9.8.1

Steeringthewheelintimesofincreasinggeopoliticaltensions-FinlandasthechairoftheArcticCouncil(2017-2019)

TimoKoivurova

Despiteconflictsarisinganddevelopingrapidlyindifferentpartsoftheworld,theArcticappearstoremainsofartheregionofdialogueandcooperation,evenifmarkedbyanxietiesrelatedtoincreasingRussianmilitarisationandRussia’sannexationofCrimeain2014.WhereasallmembercountriesoftheArcticCouncilimposedsanctionsonRussiainresponsetoitsactionsintheUkraine,theCouncilitselfcontinueditsworklargelyuninterruptedandevenmanagedtocompletenegotiationsonatextofathirdcircumpolarlegally-bindingagreementonscientificcooperationintheregion.MostofthosedevelopmentstookplaceundertheUnitedStatesChairmanshipoftheCouncil(2015-2017),whichinMay2017willpassthegaveltoFinland.FinlandwillreceiveitalreadyfromnewUSadministration,whichdeclarestotakepositionssignificantlydifferentfromitspredecessorinanumberofareascrucialfromtheperspectiveofArcticcooperation,includingclimatechange,relationswithRussiaandexploringoilandgasoffshorereservers.WhatthosechangesmaymeanfortheArcticCouncil?HowdoesFinlandintendtotacklethemastheACChair?WhatistheroleandwhatarethelimitstothecapacitiesoftheCouncil’sChairinsuchgeopoliticallytensecircumstances?Thispresentationseekstoponderoverthosequestions.

9.8.2

Leavingtheimprintorensuringcontinuity?ProspectsforFinland’sChairmanshipoftheArcticCouncil(2017-2019

Malgorzata(Gosia)Smieszek

TheChairmanshipoftheArcticCouncil(AC)rotatesonthebiennialbasisamongeightArcticstates-membersoftheAC.WhereasthecountryatthehelmoftheCounciloverseesandensurestimelyandefficientworkoftheAC,maintainscontactswiththeCouncil’sObserversandrepresentstheACintheoutsidefora,itisalsogivenanopportunitytoproposeitsownprogrammeanddistinctiveprioritiesforitstermintheoffice.ItmayalsosuggestkeyprojectsandinitiativesfortheACthatitwouldliketoadvanceduringitstenure.Arguably,thosepracticesallowthechairingstatetopresentitsownperspectivesontheArcticandmakeitsimprintontheCouncil.However,witheachstateputtingforwarditsdistinctiveideas,thequestionarisesregardingthefollow-upofalreadyongoingactivitiesandcontinuityincarryingthemout.Moreover,withasteadilygrowingnumber

ofprojectstheArcticCouncilfacesachallengeofmanagingandfundingitsworkandensuringeffectivenessofitsrecommendations.WhatisFinlandtakeonthosematters?WhataretheprojectsFinlandintendstoproposeanddevelopduringitschairmanship?HowdotheyrelatetoalreadyongoingactivitiesoftheCouncil?Thispresentationaimsatexaminingthoseinquiries.

9.8.3

ContextualisingFinland’sChairmanshipoftheArcticCouncil(2017-2019)

AnttiKaski

TheArcticCouncil,albeitnotbeinganinternationalorganisationwithagreedbylaws,hasanestablishedagendaandworkingmethods.TheOttawaDeclarationfrom1996mandatestheCounciltopromotethewell-beingofArcticresidents,protecttheArcticenvironment,aSndpromotesustainabledevelopmentincludingmaintainingtheculturalheritageandlivelihoodsofArcticindigenouspeoples.However,thevalueoftheForumextendsbeyondthesestipulatedareasofactivity.Forexample,theIqaluitDeclarationfrom2015reaffirmsthecommitmentoftheArcticstatestomaintainpeace,stabilityandconstructivecooperationintheArctic.Thepresentationseeks,first,todiscusstheroleoftheArcticCouncilinawiderinternationalpoliticalcontextandsecond,elaboratetheprogrammeoftheFinnishChairmanshipoftheCouncil(2017-2019)fromthepointofviewofFinland'snationalforeignpolicyobjectives.ThisaimstoincreasetheunderstandingoftheroleoftheArcticCouncilinthewidercontextoftheglobalorderandinternationalrelations.

9.9 TheArcticNexusinAsia-NordicRelations

Chairs:RasmusGjedssøBertelsen&EgillThorNielsson

12June-10:30a.m.

N450

9.9.1

Sino-NordicArcticTriple-HelixCollaborationandSustainableDevelopment


TheArcticisapotentialimportantnexusingeopolitics,economics,scienceandtransnationalrelationsbetweenthefiveNordicsmall,ArcticstatesandChinaastherisingpoweroftheinternationalsystem.TheNordiccountriesassmall,highlydevelopedstatesmustallstrategicallyadapttotheriseofChinaandgainaccessthere.TheArcticisacommonuniquefeatureofthefiveNordicCountries.ArcticsciencediplomacyconnectionsbetweentheNordiccountriesandChinahavebeenexplored(Bertelsen,Li&Gregersen2016).ThereareimportantsustainabledevelopmentquestionsintheArcticofglobalsignificance.Chinaisalsostrugglingwithsustainabledevelopmentasitsphenomenaleconomicdevelopmenthascomeataheavyenvironmentalcost.ThispaperwillthereforeexploreanddiscussareasofsustainabledevelopmentintheArctic,whereNordicandChineseacademia,business,civilsocietyandgovernmentcancollaborate.ThepaperwillespeciallysearchforareasofSino-NordiccooperationwhichholdsArcticlessonsfortheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsoftheUnitedNations.

9.9.2

NormalizationofDiplomatictiesbetweenChinaandNorway:ImplicationsforChina-NordicArcticCooperation

BeixiDeng

TherestorationofbilateraldiplomatictiesbetweenChinaandNorwayisopeningnewchancestorebuildingArcticpartnershipofthetwostates,asthestatementbetweenbothgovernmentsonnormalizationofbilateralrelationsreleasedon19December2016,indicatesthat“bothsideswillpromotemutuallybeneficialandwin-

wincooperationinvariousfields”,inwhichpolarissuesareincluded.Norwayisthuslikelytore-emergeasanidealpartnerforChina’sengagementintheArcticaffairs,giventhelonghistoryofArcticcooperationbetweenthetwostatesevenbefore2010,Norway’sleadingroleintheArcticscientificresearch,itsabundanceofenergyandresourcesbeneathitsnorthernwaters,itsgeo-strategiclocationasapotentialtransithublinkingWestEuropeandNorth-eastAsiathroughtheNorthernSeaRoute,aswellasitsstrongexpertiseinship-building,offshoretechnology,navigationstandardandqualitycontrol.ThispresentationaimstofurtherexploretherepercussionsofthisnormalizationonChina’sArcticengagementandattemptstoresponsetothefollowingquestions:WillNorwayre-ascendtothemostimportantpartnerforChinainArcticcooperationasitwasbacksixyearsago?Whatconcretecooperativeprogramsarelikelytoappearonagenda?WhatmightbetheinfluencesofthepotentiallyintensifyingChina-NorwayArcticcooperationontheongoingChina-IcelandandChinaRussiaArcticcooperation.

9.9.3

BRIandtheNordicArctic

EgillThorNielsson

TheChinese-leadBeltandRoadinitiative(BRI)aimstofacilitatewin-wincooperationpromotingcommondevelopmentandprosperitywitharoadtowardpeaceandfriendshipbyenhancingmutualunderstandingandtrust,aswellasstrengtheningall-aroundexchanges.Thisisdonethroughjointeffortsbetweenpartnersthatembracethetrendtowardamultipolarworld,economicglobalization,culturaldiversityandgreaterITapplication.BRIisdesignedtoupholdtheglobalfreetraderegimeandopenworldeconomyinthespiritofopenregionalcooperation,viaeconomicpolicycoordinationandin-depthregionalcooperationofhigherstandards.Currentlytherearemorethan60BRIpartnercountries,withRussiatheonlyArcticcountrytoparticipateto-date.RussiarankedhighestofallBRIcollaboratorsinTheBeltandRoadInitiativeBigDataReport2016duetoprojectssuchasthe$27billionYamalLNGprojectintheRussianArctic,whereChinesestakeholdersalreadyhold29,9%ownershipthroughstakesfromCNPCandtheBRI-supportingSilkRoadFund.TheBRIpartnershipcountriesallhavetheirownresourceadvantagesandtheireconomiescanprovemutuallycomplementary,basedonfivepillarsofcooperation:(1)policycoordination,(2)facilitiesconnectivity,(3)unimpededtrade,(4)financialintegrationand(5)people-to-peoplebonds.HerewewillanalyzeChina-NordicArcticcooperationfromthescopeofpolicycoordinationastheunderlyingfactorforfurtherBRIcooperationbetweenNordicandChinesestakeholders.AllfiveNordicstatesparticipatedintheestablishmentoftheAsianInfrastructureInvestmentBankandtheyhavealldevelopedpolicycooperationwithChina,includingastrategicdialoguewithDenmark,aFreeTradeAgreementandFrameworkAgreementonArcticCooperationwithIceland,andwiththenormalizationofrelationswithNorwaymoreArcticinitiativescanfollow,whileFinlandandSwedenalsohavestrongrelationswithChinainvariousfields.

9.9.4

CantheArcticofferanewplatformorcontentforthecooperationbetweenJapanandFinland?

JuhaSaunavaara

TheJointStatementonaStrategicPartnershipbetweenJapanandFinlandasgatewaysinAsiaandEuropethatpaysparticularattentiontothechallengesandpossibilitiesboundtothechangingenvironmentintheArcticwasannouncedinMarch2016whenSauliNiinistö,PresidentoftheRepublicofFinland,heldaSummitmeetingwithPrimeMinisterShinzoAbeinTokyo.Afewmonthslater,inMay2016,theFinnishEmbassyinJapanorganizedaneventgatheringrepresentativesfromboththeprivateandthepublicsectoraswellasfromtheacademiatodiscusscooperationbetweenJapanandFinlandinthearcticregion.Thetake-homemessagefrombotheventsseemstohavesuggestedthatArctichasaroletoplayindeepeningtherelationsbetweenthetwocountries.Thispaper/presentationapproachesthesenewinitiativeswiththreequestionsinmind:hownewaretheseideas;whoaretheactorswhosecontributionisexpected;andwhatistheactualorexpectedcontentoftheFinnish-Japanesecooperationvis-à-vistheArctic?Besidesthestates,thesequestionsarehighlyrelevant

fromtheperspectiveofactorsbasedinnorthernregions.Therefore,theywillalsobeanalysedfromthepointofviewofactorssuchasregionalorlocalgovernments,cities,universitiesetc.locatedinnorthernFinlandandinHokkaido.Theseactorsalreadyhaveasignificantexperienceinbilateralandmultilateralcooperationinnorthernissues.

9.10 TheEuropeanUnionPolicyandtheArctic:AssessingPolicyImpactsonCivilSociety

Chair:CécilePelaudeix

11June-3:30p.m.

N300

9.10.1

WearetheArcticEurope!LaplandandtheEUArcticpolicy

AdamStepien

TheEuropeanUnion’sArcticpolicywaslaunchedasanexternalpolicyexercise.However,withintheEUandwithintheEuropeanEconomicArea,thereareregionsthatforlongconsideredthemselvesArcticandthatfeltthattheEUhadinitiallyoverlookedtheirexistenceinitsunderstandingofwhatconstitutestheArctic.ThishaschangedovertheyearsandinthelatestArcticcommunicationfrom2016,theinternalaspectsoftheEUArcticpolicyoccupyplaceequaltothatdedicatedtotheEU’sforeignaffairs.ThepaperinvestigatestheperceptionsoftheEU’sArcticpolicyintheEU’snorthernmostregions.TheArcticpolicyhasbeenseenasawaytobringgreaterEUattentiontotheperipheralpartofEurope.TheEU’sinterestintheregionisaddedtothelocalexpectationsforenhancedregionaldevelopmentconnectedwithhoped-forArcticeconomicboomandArcticbrandingofEurope’snorthernmostregions.Atthesametime,byaddingissuesspecificfortheEuropeanArcticwithinthescopeofitsArcticpolicy,theEUhasopeneditsArcticdiscoursetolocalconflictsandtotensionsbetweenvariousstakeholdersregardingextractionofminerals,renewableenergy,biodiversitypolicy,ortransportnetworks.Yet,theEU’sArcticpolicyremainsamarginalpolicystatement.EspeciallywithintherealmoftheEU’sinternalaffairs,ArcticpolicyisofsecondaryimportancecomparedtotheEU’smainsectoralpoliciesandregulations.WhatcanthereforestakeholdersinArcticEuropeexpectfromtheEU’sArcticpolicyandwhytheyshould(orshouldnot)seeitasrelevantfortheirinterestsandtheirlocalaffairs?

9.10.2

TheCBCPrograms:roleintheBarentsRegion

ElenaSychenkova

TheobjectiveofthispaperistoincreasetheunderstandingoftheCBCPrograms'roleintheBarentsRegioninparticularKolarcticENPICBCProgramme2007-2013promotesequalopportunitiestoparticipateincross-borderpartnerships.ThespiritofpartnershipbetweenEUandNeighbourcountrieshasbeenoneofthekeyfeaturesoftheENPI,andwillcontinueundertheENI.Thisstudymainlyfocusesonthesomelevelsofcooperation,including:levelofcountries-memberoftheCBCPrograms;leveloflocalauthorities-memberofprogrammesmanagement;levelofparticipantsoftheprojectsinprogrammearea.ENPICBCProgrammespromoteequalopportunitytoparticipateincross-borderpartnerships,inwhichRussia,Finland,NorwayandSwedenbecomeequalfinancesubjectsofthecooperationforthefirsttime.

9.10.3

ImplicationsofEU’seconomiccrisisandausteritymeasuresfortheEuropeanArctic

MonicaTennberg

Since2008,Europehasexperiencedaneconomic(andpolitical)crisisfollowedbyausteritymeasuresbothofwhichhavehaddramaticeffectsonhouseholdsacrosstheEurope.Increaseinunemployment,especiallylong-termandyouthunemployment,accompaniedwithdegradationoflabourconditionsandincreaseinabsoluteandrelativepovertyhastakenplace.Austeritymeasureshavefurtherstrengthenedthenegativeimpactsofthecrisisandincreaseofpovertyamongthehouseholds.Yetnotallcountriessuffereditseffectstothesamemeasureoroverthesametimeframe.ThepresentationwilldiscussthefindingsoftheRESCUEproject–Patternsofresilienceamonghouseholdsintimesofsocio-economiccrisesinEurope,fromnineEuropeancountries,includingFinlandanditsimplicationsforthefutureofEuropeanArcticwelfarestates.

9.11 Revisitingprogress:Indigenouspeoples,institutionalinclusionandrights

Chair:JeffreySissons

12June-1:00p.m.

N330

9.11.1

Thepresenceofanabsence:pipelineconstructionandtheambiguityofhope

ValeriaGuerrieri

Thispaperisaimedatexploringthetightentanglementbetweenpowerandfuturitythatsubtlymaterializesinthecontextofpipelinecommunityhearings.ByfocusingontheconsultationsaccompanyingthedevelopmentoftheMackenzieGasProjectinNorthernCanada,thepaperillustrateshowinthesepoliticallyandemotionallychargedsettings,thepipeline-althoughnotphysicallythereyet-iscontinuouslyevokedbytheparticipantstothemeetings,whostrategicallylinkitsconstructiontopasthistoriesandfutureplans.Inthisway,itissuggested,thepipelinemanagestoshapearatherambiguoustemporalpoliticsbymeansofhope,afeelingwhichcanbeasequallypowerfulasitcanbepowerfullymanipulated.Throughhopeandsubsequentanticipation,thefutureismadealiveinthepresent,thusnotonlycreatingamoreintenseawareness,butalsoencouragingpeopletoshapetheirbehaviors,choicesandaspirationsaccordingtothefuturewhichhasbeenanticipatedforthem.

9.11.2

Indigenouspoliticalnetworking–frominternationalleveltonationallevel?

TanjaJoona

Worldwideindigenouspeoplesareactivepoliticalactors.Internationalpoliticalactivismhasledformanyimprovementsandresultedworkinggroups,specialrapporteursandtheUNDeclarationontherightsofindigenouspeoples,forexample.Ininternationalpoliticsandarenas,indigenousissuesrepresentoften“goodthings”suchashumanrights,culturalandlinguisticissues,intellectualpropertyrightsetc.;issuesthatareeasiertocompromisewith.Thecombinationchangesinnationallevelswhereenvironmentalquestions,landandwaterrightsandquestionsrelatedtonaturalresourcesplacetheindigenouspeoplesintoopposition.Issuesthatareconcreteandinvolvealsootherlocalpeoplearemoredifficulttodeal,especiallyinterritoriesinhabitedbyindigenouspeopleswheretheyform,inmanycases,aminorityposition.ThepaperevaluatesFinnishcasestudywhereindigenousSámiareveryactiveintheinternationalarenas,butwhoconfrontchallengesinnationalpolitics.EventhoughreceivingroughcriticismfromtheInternationalHumanRightbodiestheFinnishStatehasnotsucceedinits’nationalpoliticstowardstheSámi.ThismightbebecauseofnationalandlocalpoliticalinterestsdonotmeetwiththeSámiinterests,andthereforepoliticalnetworkingissparse.IncomparisontoNorwayforexample,Sámipoliticsisnationalpoliticsatthesametime,sinceSámiparliamentisorganizedthroughpoliticalparties,thesameonesrepresentedatStortingetinOslo.

9.11.3 Thecolonialinclusionofindigeneity

MarjoLindroth,HeidiSinevaara-Niskanen

Globalpoliticsboastsoflegalandinstitutionaldevelopmentsthathaveallegedlyadvancedthecauseofindigenouspeoples.Thispaperdemonstrateshowtheinstitutional,legalandpoliticalinclusionofindigenouspeoplesinfactmarkstheirexclusion.Bydrawingoncriticalscholarshiponbiopolitics,itdiscussesthewaysinwhichwell-intentionedstatementsandmeasuresare,infact,avehicleforcolonialistpractices.Indigenouspeoplesaregovernedininternationalpoliticsthroughparticularbiopoliticaltechnologies.Thesetechnologiesappearbenevolent,yetarenothingshortofcolonialist.Arcticpoliticsthattendstocongratulateitselfforincludingindigenouspeoplesandtheiragendas,isequallyaconduitforsuchcolonialbiopower.

9.11.4

TheIndigenousSubject:Dispossessed,Perseverant,Resilient

JulianReid

ThroughoutthehistoryofcolonialismcompetingrepresentationsoftheIndigenoushavebeendeployedbycolonialpowerstotheirownadvantagesandends.Historicallytheindigenoushavebeenrepresentedasbelongingtoapasttemporalityinwaysthatlegitimizedcolonialruleinthepresentandfuture.TodaysuchrepresentationsoftheIndigenousasprimitiveandofthepastarelessprevalentorpowerful.AnthropologistsaremorelikelytobereadberatingthefailureoftheirdisciplinetohavechallengedtheteleologicalnarrativesunderpinningtheWest’shistoricalsenseofsuperiority.TheassumptionthatIndigenouspeoplesshouldopenthemselvestotheworldisalsochallengedincreasinglybytheideathattheWesthasmuchtolearnfromtheindigenous.ItistheWest,today,itisarguedwidely,whichmustopenitselftotheIndigenousinwaysthatnotonlyrecognizetherightsoftheindigenoustolifebutthesuperiorvalueoftheirwaysoflife.Thispapercasts,bywayofcontrast,acriticalgazeuponthisdramaticshiftinfortunesofindigenouspeoples.How,itasks,isthedecolonizationofwesternthoughtproceeding?Whatattributesofindigeneitydowesterntheoristsmostadmire?Isthisdecolonizationactuallyoccurringandreflectedinthepoliciesofwesternstates,institutionsandsocialpractices,ordoesitreflectacynicalmanipulationofindigeneityandindigenouspeoplesbywesternpowers?Scholarsattheforefrontsofindigenouscritiquestatetheimportanceofanalyzingthe‘conditionsofexistence’ofindigenouspeoplestodayaswellastheformsofknowledgeresponsiblefortheproductionofindigeneity.Thispapertakesitscuefromsuchinvitationstoanalyzethepoliticalfunctions,exclusionaryanddisempoweringastheyare,ofsuchapparentlyempoweringandemancipatorydiscourseswithinindigenouscritiqueitself.

9.11.5

"Natives",scientists,statesandprivateenterprise-whoownstraditionalknowledge?

RobertWheelersburg,RebeccaTsosie,SeanMelvin,ElizabethtownCollege

SinceexplorerslikePearyandNansonbegantravelingtotheArctic,Westernershavecollectedlocalknowledgeandtransmittedittotheworldfreelywithoutconsideringitsownership.ThatinformationtransferprocessincreasedrecentlywiththeemphasisonTraditionalEcologicalKnowledge(TEK)asaprimarytopicforArcticsocialscienceresearch.Yet,whatarethelegalandethicalaspectsofintellectualpropertyrights(IPR)fortoday’sindigenousArcticpeoples.Suchsocietiesarecharacterizedbyapastorientationwithapredominantroleforcustomandhabit,markedbyalackofdistinctionbetweenfamilyandbusiness,andwiththedivisionoflaborbaseduponage,gender,andstatus.Today,manyArcticsocietieshaveafutureorientation,followrationalbusinesspractices,andlackrigiddivisionoflabor,whichcreatesproblemsforTEKIPRthatareoftendevelopedcommunallyandhandeddownfrompreviousgenerations.Further,shouldpreviouslyunreportedArcticTEKchangedbymodernizationandculturalborrowingbesubjectedtoIPRprotection?WhatistheappropriatetreatmentforcurrentTEK,andwhodetermineswhicharesubjecttoIPR?Donon-indigenous,long-

termnorthernpopulationswiththeirownTEK(e.g.Icelanders)deserveIPRprotection?Followingasummaryofthecurrentstateofagreementsinthenorth,thispaperexaminescasestudiesofvariousArcticgroupsandreviewshoweachisaffectedbycurrentIPRregulations.RegardlessofthecurrentstateofArcticTEKmanagement,theauthorsrecommendthatArcticpeoplesbeactivelyinvolvedinshapingfutureIPRagreementsandpracticestosafeguardtheirownculturalprotection.AsobserverstotheArcticCouncil,indigenousorganizationscouldencouragetheformationofaworkinggrouptoreviewanddraftnewagreementsinvolvingIPR.NorthernresidentswhoalsopossessTEKshouldmobilizetoensureappropriateIPRprotectionisapriorityatthestateandinternationallevels.

9.12 ArcticSecurity

Chair:NiklasEklund

8June-11:30a.m.

UB336

9.12.1

FriendsandenemiesintheArctic:AnalysisofRussianmediaperceptionsoftheArctic

EkaterinaKlimenko

Althoughoverthelast20yearstheArcticregionhasremainedoneofthemostpeacefulregionsintheworld,theinternationalmediacoverageoftheArctichaveoftenfocusedonpossiblerivalriesoverterritory,resources,andshippinglanes.ThetendencyhasonlyincreasedafterthecrisisinUkrainethatstartedin2014.WhileanalysisoftheRussianArcticpolicyintheacademicandpolicyresearchisplentiful,theanalysisoftheRussianmediaperceptionsoftheArcticislacking.Thereareonlyfewstudiesconductedoverthelastfiveyearsandallofthemwereimplementedbefore2014.TheyshowedthatintheissuesofconflictintheArctichaveappearedlessandlessintheRussiannewspapersfocusingmoreoncooperation.ThispaperwillexploreRussianmediarepresentationoftheArcticregionbyanalyzinghowtheissuesofconflictandcooperationarepresentedinthearticles.TheparticularfocuswillbemadeonexaminingoftheevolutionoftheframingbeforeandafterthecrisisinUkraine.Particularly,whetherthe‘storylines’havechangedaftertheannexationofCrimeaintheatmosphereofincreasinggeopoliticaltensionsbetweenRussiaandtheWestandhowtheRussianmediaportraitsRussia’s‘friends’and‘enemies’intheArctic.ThepaperwillfocusontheexaminationofthetwomainstreamRussiannewspapersRossiyskayaGazetaandKommersantandoneindependentnewspaperNovayaGazetaovertheperiod2007-2016.

9.12.3

WestNordicSecurityRelationshipsin2025–RecommendedTerritorialandMaritimeDefenseStructuresinaFutureArcticNorthAtlantic

RobertWheelersburg

WithinadecadeglobalchangeinclimateandgeopoliticalalignmentswillrequirenewWestNordicRegion(WNR)securityrelationships.Consistingtodayofbothalliedandindependentstates,alongwithsemi-autonomouslands,theNorthAtlanticcontainsthemostdiversesecuritypoliciesanddefenseobjectivesintheArctic,makingtheWNRhardlystableorconflict-free.ShouldNATOcollapsethroughactionorinaction,newlyaccessibleresource-richterritoriescurrentlyclaimedbyseveralstates(e.g.LomonosovRidge)willpresenttraditionalstate-levelsecuritychallengeswithinthenextdecadeascoldcompetitionsoverresourcesbecomehotconflicts.ResearcherslikeByers(2009)predictthatadditionally,threenewWNRsecuritythreatswillmaterializefollowingmeltingoftheicepackandopeningoftheNorthwestPassageandtheTrans-PolarRoute(Stephenson2013).Thesethreatsincludeout-of-arearoguestatesaccessingnewlyemergedArcticresourcesandtransitroutes,terrorismrelatedtomassmovementofpeopleintoandthroughthearea,andcriminalactivitysuchdrugandhumantraffickingfacilitatedbyice-freeportsandunimprovedlandingstripsinsparselypopulatedareas.Tomeetthesepotentialthreats,thispaperrecommendsafutureWNRsecuritystructurethatestablishestheNordicSecurityCommand(NORDSECCOM)evolvingfromthecurrentNordicDefense

CooperationAgreement(2009).TherecommendationdividesNORDSECCOMintotworegions;theEastNordicRegionwiththecorestatesofDenmark,FinlandandSweden,andtheWNRcomprisedofGreenland,Iceland,Nunavut,theFaeroeIslandsand(independent)Scotland.FollowinganotionalNORDSECCOMrequirementthatallmembernationshavesecurityforcesabovepolice(e.g.constabulariesandreserves),thestudydescribesahypotheticalWNRorderofbattleformemberstatesinvolvingbothexistingandfuturemaritimeandgroundforces;thelatterincludingaproposedFirstIcelandicSecurityForce.

9.12.4 RefractinggeopoliticalchoicesintheArctic

NiklasEklund

9 Posterstheme9

10 KnowledgeSystems&Education

Themeleader:DianeHirshberg,([email protected])

10.1 PolarresearchforSTEMeducation

Chair:AgataGoździk

12June-10:30a.m.

N350

10.1.1

Frompolarbeartoindigenousheritage:EDU-ARCTICprogramasavehicletostrengtheneducationcurriculaacrossEurope

AgataGozdzik

EDU-ARCTICisanEU-fundedprojectfocusedonusingArcticresearchasavehicletoencouragestudentsaged13to20topursuefurthereducationinscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics(STEM),settingthemonapathtocareersinoneofthesesectors,oreventobecomeascientist.Studentsparticipatingintheprojecthaveauniquepossibilitytogettoknowwhatscientificcareersarelikeandlearnmoreaboutdifferentresearchdisciplineswhilelearninghowtoapplythescientificmethodandlearncrucialproblem-solvingskills.TherearefivemaincomponentsoftheEDU-ARCTICprogram:onlinelessonswithpolarscientistsworkingatresearchstationsandinstitutes,Polarpedia-anonlineencyclopediacontainingaglossaryofpolarscientificterms,ArcticCompetitionsforEuropeanstudentsandtheirteachers,inwhichwinnerswillbeinvitedtotakepartinthepolarexpedition,monitoringprogramengagingstudentsinconductingmeteorologicalandenvironmentalobservationsaroundtheirschools,andteacherworkshopsaimingatgivingteacherstherighttoolstouseEDU-ARCTICresourceseffectively.PolarRegionsrepresentoneofthemostinterestingnaturalenvironmentsthatcanengagestudentsontopicsrelatedtoglobalchanges.ManystudentsfrommostEuropeancountriesassociatetheArcticwiththeideaofafaraway,almostunreachableandmysticalplace.Thismakespolarcontentinterestingandengaging.TherangeofdisciplinesandresearchtopicsproposedwithintheEDU-ARCTICprogramiswideandcoversenvironmentalsciences,geophysics,geology,geomorphology,climatology,climatechange,atmosphericchemistryandphysics,hydrology,ecology,biodiversity,genetics,zoology,biology.Theprogramalsogivespossibilitytomakethelessonsinter-andtransdisciplinary.Therefore,startingwithpolarbear’sstorywemayendupwithanthropology,sociologyofArcticregions,humanbiologyandmedicine,orsocio-humanities.

10.1.2

GrowingfoodandknowledgeintheArctic:combiningbiologicalprocesseswiththeInternetofThings

AngelaHollman,JuliaTorquati,NateBickford,SonjaBickford,MattBice

TheproposedprojectwillmodelaninnovativeapproachtogrowingfoodintheArcticthatwillalsosupportscience,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)education.ThisprojectinvolvesintegratingtheInternetofThings(IoT),whichreferstoplacingeverydaydevicesonadigitalnetworktocollectandexchangedata,withbiologicalprocessesofgrowingfood.Specifically,aninnovativegardenwillbedesignedthatusesaninteractiveIoTsystemthateffectivelymonitorsgardenconditionsandcanbecontrolledremotelytoadjustconditionsasneeded(i.e.,temperature,moisture,light).ThisapproachtocombiningscienceandtechnologyinagardenenvironmentwillengagestudentsmorefullyinSTEMlearningandalsosupportdevelopmentofanalyticalskillstheycanuseinscienceandtechnologyfields—scientificlifecycleofgrowingalongsideoflearningtheinteractiveIoTsystem.Inconclusion,thisprojectwillyieldvaluableinformationthatcanenhanceSTEMteachingandlearningwhilesustainablyproducingfoodinanArcticcontext.

10.1.3

PreparingGeoSTEMTeachersfortheArcticRegion

UteKaden

Thepresentationwilldiscussthedesign,implementation,andresultsofathree-yearNSFfundedproject-TeachGeoSTEM-thatisdesignedtoincreasethenumberanddiversityofSTEMteachersinAlaska.BestpracticesandalsochallengestoSTEMteachingusingplace-relevantPolarthemes(e.g.,permafrost,arcticdinosaurs,rivererosion)willbeshared.ResearchshowsthatindigenouspeopleinArcticAlaskahavethelowestparticipationratesinSTEMcareersandfaceoneofthegreatestchallengesofall–thesustainabilityoftheircultures,villages,andwaysoflife.AccesstoqualitySTEMteacherswhoengageandprepareNativestudentsforlearningSTEMandchoosingcareersinrelatedfieldsisunequivocallycriticalforschoolsandcommunitiesoftheNorth.Currently,highteacherturnover,singlesubjectteacherqualifications,andirrelevantcurriculaarevariablesthatpreventeffectiveteachingofSTEMinK-12schoolsinruralAlaska.ThisresultsindisengagementofAlaskaNativesinsciences,lowgraduationrates,andhighunemploymentforNativestudents.TheUniversityofAlaskaSchoolofEducation(UAF-SOE),theUAFCollegeofNaturalScience&Mathematics(CNSM),theInternationalArcticResearchCenter(IARC),incollaborationwiththeBeringStrait(BSSD)andYukonKoyukuk(YKSD)SchoolDistrictsandtheUniversityofAlaskaMuseumoftheNorth(UAM)worktogethertorecruitandprepareGeoSTEMTeachersfortheArcticRegion.TheGeoSTEMprojectsupportsteacherrecruitment,effectiveness,retention,andequityinaccesstoSTEMeducationforindigenousandruralstudents.

10.1.4

SELIN(Self-InducedLearningInfrastructure)intheNorth:EnhancingDistance-LearningthroughEthnographicStudyofAlaskanDogMushing

PatrickPlattet,RobinShoaps,ThierryWendling,IIAC-LAHIC

ThispaperintroducesSELIN(Self-InducedLearningInfrastructure),ane-learningapplicationdevelopedattheUniversityofNeuchâtel,Switzerland,byateamofculturalanthropologistsandcomputerprogrammers.SELINisuniqueamongexistinge-learningpedagogicalmodelsbecauseitisdesignedspecificallyforteachinginductivereasoningthroughactiveobservation.Itallowsforthecreationofcoursesthatprivilegetheobservationofempiricaldata,themasteryofinductivereasoning,andthecreationofbottom-uptheoreticalconstructs.Theaimisa)toguideusersinlearning“howtosee,”“howtolisten,”“howtodescribe,”and“howtoanalyze,”followinganapproachthatprivilegeshands-onanalysisofempiricaldata;andb)tocreateanddistributecoursecontentamonganinternationalnetworkofselectschoolsanduniversities,includinginthecircumpolarNorth.OnenewSELINcourseiscurrentlyunderproductionattheDepartmentofAnthropologyoftheUniversityofAlaskaFairbanks(UAF)withsupportfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.Entitled“Human-AnimalInteractioninAlaskanDogMushing”,thiscourseoffersnewinsightsintohuman-animalrelationshipsthroughamultidisciplinaryfocusondogmushingandsleddogracing,tworelatedactivitiesthatareperformedandvaluedinmanyregionsofthecircumpolarNorth.OurpresentationdiscusseshowtheSELINplatformanditscoursecontenthavepotentialtoenhancedistanceeducationinurbanandruralregionsintheNorth.Wealsogiveafirstglimpseintoournewcourseon“Human-AnimalInteractioninAlaskanDogMushing”,hopingtoreceivefeedbackandstimulatetheproductionandsharingofnewpedagogicalmaterialsthroughSELIN.

10.1.5

The“researchimmersion”approachasthemainmethodofeducationinSiberianprimaryschools

DruzyakaPert

ThecurrentRussianpublicschoolsystemreproducesmanyoftheproblematicaspectsoftheoldSovietsystem,whichwasdirectedmoretowardsmemorizationandrecitationofinformationthanprovidingstudentswithan

understandingofthefundamentalprinciplesofscienceorotheracademicdisciplines.Incontrast,the“Pythagora”school,acommunityofSiberianscientistsandeducators,hasdevelopedauniversalmethodofeducationcalled“researchimmersion”.Thismethodhasbeenemployedformorethan15yearsandaimstoteachstudentsbyimmersingthemintheactualworkofscientists,suchasmathematicians,physicists,andhistorians.Thismethodalsoallowsforconnectionsbetweenuniversitystudentsandyoungresearcherswhoareoftenemployedtoworkwiththeschoolchildren.The“researchimmersion”methodhasgreatpotentialforremoteregions,suchasSiberianareasthatarefarfromlargepopulationcentersthuslimitingstudentsaccesstoqualifiedprimaryandsecondaryeducationusingofmoderntechnologies.Thispaperexaminesthe“researchimmersion”method,specificallyhowcertainthemes,consideredcentraltoscientificdisciplines,aredefinedandtransmittedtoschoolchildren.Itexploreshowstudentsareengagedthroughthismethodandhowitaidsinchangingattitudestowardscienceandotherdisciplines.Educationceasestobeasetofknowledgesthatchildrenmustmemorizeandbecomesasystemthroughwhichstudentswanttolearnhowtonavigate.Inthe“researchimmersion”method,studentspassfromeducationalgamestoresearchproblems.Whilethe“Pythagora”schoolitselfisbasedinNovosibirsk,immersiontechniqueshavebeenemployedinotherareasofRussia.Therefore,“Pythagora”school’sworkoffersgreatpotentialforschoolchildrenfromsmallSiberiantownslocatedfarfromtheresearchcenters.Severaltypesof“immersions”stemmingfromavarietyofdisciplinesformtheprogram.

10.3 TeacherEducationandTeacherTurnover

Chair:UteKaden

9June-3:30p.m.

N335

10.3.1

PeopleandPlace:CulturalInductionandCommunityEngagementtoIncreaseTeacherRetentioninArcticAlaskaSchools

UteKaden

LimitedresearchisavailableconcerningteacherretentioninArcticAlaska.Recentinterviewswithcommunitymembers,schooladministrationandteachersintenarticschooldistrictsidentifyfactorsrelatedtoteacherretentionandteacherattritioninAlaskanArcticNativecommunities.SharedIndigenousknowledgeintheschools,culturalintegrationintothecommunity,andteacherretention,aremultidimensionalissues,theauthorsrecommendthatbettercommunicationpatternsandsharedresponsibilitiesbetweenruralschooldistricts,localadministrators,teachers,communitymembers,anduniversity-basedteacherpreparationprogramsbeestablishedandmaintained.KeyWords:TeacherRetention;TeacherAttrition;IndigenousKnowledge;CulturalIntegration;ArcticAlaska;Education;RuralSchools

10.3.2

TeacherPerceptionsofWorkingConditions&TeacherTurnoverinAlaska

CraigKasemodel

InAlaskateacherturnoverratesinruralAlaskaareveryhighaveraging20%acrossallruraldistrictsandrunningashighas50%inseveralschooldistricts.Theimpactsofhighturnoveraremultiple;mostimportantlythathighturnoverratesarecorrelatedwithlowerstudentachievementonstandardizedmeasures.Inaddition,highturnoverratescreatesignificantcoststodistrictsstrugglingtostaffruralschools.ThecausesofhighteacherturnoverinAlaskaarecomplex.Over2/3ofteachershiredeachyeartoworkinAlaska’sschoolscomefromoutsidethestate.Manyteachers,whoareoftenbeginningteachers,cometoruralAlaskaunfamiliarwiththeculturesoftheindigenouspeoplesaswellasthechallengesinlivinginaremotesmallcommunity.Moreover,inmanycommunitiesthereisadisconnectbetweenparentsandtheschoolleavingteachersfeelingunsupportedbythecommunity.Inthispaper,thefollowingresearchquestionsareaddressed:•WhatareAlaskateachers’perceptionsoftheirrolesandrelationshipswith:odistrictandschooladministrationoparents

andthecommunity•Howsatisfiedaretheywithdifferentaspectsoftheircommunityandcommunityengagement?•Howsatisfiedaretheywithdifferentaspectsoftheirfacilitiesandresources?•Howdotheseperceptionscorrelatewiththeirdecisionstostayorleave?•Whatdifferencesexistbetweenurban&ruralteacher’sperceptions?Toexplorethecausesandcorrelatesteacherturnover,Ianalyzeddatafromastatewidesurveyofteachersontheirperceptionsofrelationshipswithadministrators,parents,andcommunitiesandtheiroveralljobsatisfactionaswellasinformationonwhethertheseeducatorsstayedinorlefttheirschool.Iexplorenationaldatasetsforteacherperceptionsonworkingconditionsaffectingturnover.Finally,Idiscusstheimplicationsofthefindingsforpolicymakersandschooldistrictsandideasforaddressingthisdifficultissue.

10.3.3

Teachereducationstudents’ideasonclimatechangeasatopicinschooling–CanadianandGreenlandperspectives

LarsDemant-Poort,PaulBerger

ThesciencestellusthatEarth’sclimateischanging;however,howdowe,society,preparefuturegenerationsofcitizensinthenorthforafutureofclimatechange?Inthisstudy,welookatclimatechangeunderstanding,whichislinkedtoteachereducationandtheconceptofactioncompetence(Breiting,Hedegaard,Mogensen,Nielsen,&Schnack,1999).Inteachereducation,climatechangeisoftentaughtinscienceclassessuchasgeography(Nielsen&Clausen,2012),andinsciencerelatedtopics;alternately,itmaybetaughtinaclassdesignedforgeneralteachereducationstudents(Berger,Gerum,&Moon,2015),thoughweknowofonlyonesuchcourse.Wefinditnecessarytoexamineteachereducationstudentsacrossallsubjects.Wewillreportonthefirstphaseofthisstudy,anonlinequestionnaireusedtoobtaindatafromteachereducationstudentsattheInstituteofLearningattheUniversityofGreenlandinNuuk,Greenland,andattheFacultyofEducationatLakeheadUniversity,ThunderBay,Ontario,Canada.

10.4a Researchstrategiestounderstand“peopleandplace”:thechallengesandopportunitiesofinterdisciplinaryworkandco-productionofknowledge

Chair:LibbyLarson&ColleenStrawhacker

10June-10:30a.m.

N340

10.4a.1

AMultidisciplinaryAssessmentofCommunityLevelCorporateSocialResponsibilityinRuralCommunities:ArcticandNon-Arctic

SonjaHBickford,Riitta-LiisaHeikkinen-Moilanen,MarcLanteigne,ChrisWaples,AngelaKHollman,MatthewRBice,BenJBrachle,NateABickford

SustainabledevelopmentiscrucialinruralArcticareas.IntheArctic,localpoliticalandtraditional,culturalexpectationsdifferandthusprivateandpublicdecisionmakersfindthemselvesdealingwithadual-edgedsword—externalforcesliketechnologicaladvancesandmarketsandinternalorganizationalandcommunitylevelgoals.Abalancingactensuesforanorganizationtomaintainapositiveimage—orsociallicensetooperate(SLO)—whilealsomeetingstakeholderexpectations.Onewayfororganizationstobalancethesecompetingforcesisthroughcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR),whichhasemergedasanimportanttoolandapproachoverthepastfewdecades.Inthisinnovativeproject,aninternationalcomparativestudywillbeperformedinthreeruralcommunities(Arcticandnon-Arctic)toassessthepotentialforcollectiveCSRpracticesviaastakeholderengagementmethodology.Thisstudybringsauniqueperspectiveinlookingthroughthelensofthestakeholder,andcomparingtheseaimsviaamultidisciplinaryframework,inordertoco-createaresearchdesigntomaximizetheoutcomeapplicabilityoftheproject’sresults,alongsideonsiteorganizationalandcommunity-widedatacollection–measuringthecollectivevaluesofCSRinthethreeruralcommunities.

Theaimoftheprojectistoenhancedecisionsregardingbest-practiceCSRactivitiestoaugmentboththecommunities'andeachorganizations’strategicgoals.

10.4a.2

ArcticFuturesMakers:TappingtheuntappedresourcemostimportanttoArcticfutures

DouglasCost

ThepromiseofArcticyouthtoactivelyshapethefutureremainsanuntappedresourceinthepursuitofcommunityresilience.Lebelandothers(2010)haveoutlinedsixwaysthatsociallearningprocesses,likescenariosdevelopment,arepotentiallyimportantforbuildingadaptivecapacity.Myresearchisbasedontheconceptthatengagingandempoweringyoungpeoplethroughrigorousinvolvementinthinking,deliberating,andplanningforfuturesdevelopsafoundationforeffectivecommunityresiliencethroughouttheiradultyears.ThispaperreportsonanexploratoryprojectengagingArcticyouthinfuturesthinking-ArcticFutureMakers(AFM).Throughatwo-dayscenariosdevelopmentworkshop,highschoolstudentsfromeveryvillageintheNorthwestArcticBoroughparticipatedinthinkingaboutfuturestopromote“backwardsdesign,”theabilityforyouthtoplotouttheirpathstowardsasignificantgoal.Theresultsindicatethestudentssharesimilarideasintermsofthekeydriversoffutureresilience,whencomparedtoadultswhoparticipatedinseparatescenariosworkshops.However,AFMalsorevealedlimitationsofexploringdeepuncertaintywithhighschoolstudents,especiallyintheU.S.wherestandards-basedtestinghasdownplayedinnovativethinkinginpublicschoolcurricula.

10.4a.3

Whatiswinter?Northerncitizens,students,photosandsharedexperience/knowledge

SuzanneRobinson

Canadaidentifiesitselfasbeingawintercountry(#wearewinter-CanadianOlympicteam).Western/Southernliteratureandpopularculturebothmythicizeandlamentwinter(Winteriscoming).Canadaalsoidentifiesitselfwith“thetrueNorthstrongandfree”and#wetheNorth(TorontoRaptors).However,mostCanadiansorotherswillnevergoNorthof60,neverseethesub-Arctic,anddefinitelyneverventureintotheArctic.TwoAdultEducationclassesatAuroraCollegeinYellowknifeusedphotographytoexploreandexaminewhatwintermeanstothem,howtheythinkothersseewinterandwhattheywantpeopletoknowaboutourNorthernwinter.Theyconsideredwinterasconceptandcontextlinkedtogeography,environment,traditionandculture.TheArctichasalwaysbeenmulti-culturalwithmanynationsofIndigenouspeoplebutisnowalsoevolvingintoanextremelydiverseinternationalcommunity.StudentswerepredominatelyInukandDenefromallovertheNorthwestTerritoriesbutalsonon-indigenousfromAsia,Africa,SouthAmericaandotherpartsofCanada.Winterisaneternalconceptforsomeandabrandnewexperienceforothers.Throughasharedinquiryprocesstheythoughtfullycollaboratedandlearnedfromeachotherinthisvisualprocessofco-research.ThesetraditionalandrecentArcticcitizens’photosinviteotherstoquestionfoundationconceptslikewinterandexploretheirunderstandingasitislinkedtolandandidentity.AstheArcticfaceschange(goodandbad)itiscriticaltofindwaystoamplifyandsharetheNorthernvoicewhichhasalwaysbeeninextricablylinkedtoouruniqueenvironmentandlives.ThispresentationoftheNorthernvoicewillincludeexamplesofstudents’photosandexploreinterdisciplinaryvisualresearchandco-knowledgeproductiontobetterunderstandpeopleandplace.Pleasenote:ThisnewquestionbuildsonphotographyandprojectvideoworkIhavedonewithmystudentsoverthelastdecade

10.4b Researchstrategiestounderstand“peopleandplace”:thechallengesandopportunitiesofinterdisciplinaryworkandco-productionofknowledge

Chair:LibbyLarson&ColleenStrawhacker

10June-1:30p.m.

N340

10.4b.1

NetworkingasaKnowledgeProductionStrategy:‘LearnWhereYouLive’andtheNorthernNursingEducationNetwork

BenteNorbye,LornaButler;HeatherExner-Pirot

ThereareaboutadozenbaccalaureatelevelnursingprogramsintheCircumpolarNorththatprovidedeliveryinadistributedmanner,toimproveaccessibilityfornorthernstudentsandrecruitandretainalocalnursingworkforce.In2015wejoinedtoformaUniversityoftheArcticThematicNetwork,withthegoalofsharinglessonslearnedandbestpracticesinnursingpedagogiesandresearch,withinanortherncontext:greaterdistances,populationsparsity,extremeweatherconditions,higherIndigenouspopulations,uniquecultures,andenvironmentalfactors.AcademicnetworkingiswellestablishedintheArcticregion,buthasgenerallybeendonewithinthedomainofthesocialsciences,humanitiesandthenaturalsciences.Thispresentationwillexaminethebenefitsthatpan-circumpolarnetworkinghasbroughttoprofessional/practicebasedscholarship–inthiscasenursing-including:•Sharingbestpracticesandlessonslearnedwithadiversityofgeographical,cultural,andepistemologicalperspectives•Themeaningsof“northern”anditsapplicationinthehealthandeducationfields•Theco-productionofknowledgeincluding:(1)undergraduatestudents,throughtheInnovativeLearningInstituteonCircumpolarHealth(2)graduatestudents,througharesearchexchangebetweenUiTandUSask(3)facultymembers’pedagogicalapproachesinteachingnorthernnursing(4)facultymembers’researchfocus•Implementationofnewstrategiesfordistributedteaching,includingremotepresencerobotics.Networkingisfoundtobeaconstructivemeansbywhichtostrengthencollaborationandcreateknowledgewithintheprofessionalpracticeandeducationofnursing.“Learnwhereyoulive”isfoundtonotonlybeaphilosophybywhichtoimprovetheaccessibilityofabaccalaureatenursingeducation,butastrategybywhichnursingresearcherscanbeexposedtodifferentmethodsandpracticeswhileapplyingthemwithintheirownuniquecontexts.

10.4b.2

MayIStudyYou?:TheUnforeseenBenefitsfromSeekingConsent

JonRosales

TheAlaskansSharingIndigenousKnowledgeprojectfollowsaniterativeprocesswheresuccessiveresearchinitiativesstemfromtheinterestsandprioritiesofthegoverningbodiesinthetwovillagesparticipatingintheproject.AKSIKhasfocusedexclusivelyonclimatechangeimpactsinSavoongaandShaktoolik,Alaska,twonativevillagesonthefrontlinesofglobalchange.AKSIKadherestotheprincipleofFree,Prior,andInformedConsenttoguideinteractionwiththevillagesinanethicalmanner.WorkingintandemwiththeTribalCouncilsonvillageinterestsbuildscredibilityandtrust,andtheco-productionofknowledgegeneratedfromscientificandtraditionalecologicalsourcescreatesafullerunderstandingofclimatechange.Suchanapproachgeneratesnovelformsofinquirythatcouldnothavebeenanticipatedfromafarorvialiteraturereview.Thelatestresearchprojectoninterpretingbabynamesasindicatorsofstormintensityandclimatechangewillbehighlightedinthispresentation.

10.4b.3

InformationSovereigntyandIndigenousKnowledge:LessonsfromDigitalToolsfromtheExchangeforLocationObservationsandKnowledgeoftheArctic

ColleenStrawhacker,PeterPulsifer,NoorJohnson

TheExchangeforLocalObservationsandKnowledgeoftheArctic(ELOKA,eloka-arctic.org)facilitatesthecollection,preservation,exchange,anduseoflocalobservationsandknowledgeoftheArctic.ELOKAprovidesdatamanagementandusersupport,andfosterscollaborationbetweenresidentArcticexpertsandvisiting

researchers.Recentlycompletingitsthirdphase,ELOKAhascreatednumerousdigitalproductslargelyguidedbyIndigenouspartners,rangingfromatlasespreservingandvisualizingIndigenousKnowledgeandinformation,toonlinedatabasesallowingforArcticresidentstouploadlocalobservationstoshareamongotherindividuals,villages,andorganizations.NowenteringitsfourthphasewithfundingfromtheNationalScienceFoundation,ELOKAlookstocontinueandexpandthismissionwhilealsocreatingavarietyofoutreachandtrainingmaterialsfordifferentaudiences.ThispaperwilloverviewtheprogressonproductsandinfrastructuremadeduringELOKAIII,whileintroducingplansforthenext,fourthphaseofELOKA.Ideasandprototypesforvariousoutreachproductswillbedemoed(e.g.,StoryMaps,videotrainingsessions,etc.)andfeedbackwillberequestedfromtheaudienceonwhatteachingandoutreachmaterialswouldbeidealandmostusefulforavarietyofdifferentaudiences,includingIndigenouscommunitymembers,students,policymakers,andscientists.

10.4b.4

Istheproblemglobalmeantemperatures,orpoliticalwill?Navigatingvariedproblemdefinitionswhileco-producingresearchaboutalbedomodificationintheArctic

HollyBuck,IlonaMettiäinen

Giventheslowprogressofdecarbonizingenergysystems,somescientistshavemodeledmodifyingthealbedotoreflectincomingsunlightasaclimateintervention.Thiscouldcooltheplanetglobally,orregionallyintheArctic,bringingrisks,possiblebenefits,andpoliticalcomplexity.Climateinterventionstrategiesarenotcreatedequally:differentdesignscanproducedifferentclimaticresults,andthisisoneofmanyreasonswhytheco-productionofknowledgeaboutthemiscrucial.Thispaperpresentsanexampleofaprojectwhichincorporatescitizenideas,concerns,andquestionsearlyintotheresearchofalbedomodificationintheArctic,withtherationalethat“upstreampublicengagement”isbetterforscienceandsociety.Weconductedsemi-structuredinterviews,publiclecturesandfocusgroupsinFinnishLaplandaboutclimateintervention,andareconductingclimatemodelingworkbaseduponthisqualitativeworktoexaminescenariosofwinterdurationandconditionsunderclimatechangeandclimateengineering.WhilestakeholderparticipantsweregenerallyinterestedinlearningaboutanddiscussingtheimplicationsofalbedomodificationstrategiesintheArctic,theyalsowereinterestedinplacingthesestrategiesinabroaderframeofclimatesolutionsandwiderrangeofplaces,withinterestinresearchonissueslikeconsumerlifestylechanges,re-localization,renewableenergyresearch,andthelackofpoliticalwilltomitigateemissions.Inthepaper,wediscussthetensionbetweendifferentboundingsoftheproblemunderinvestigationinprojectsofknowledgeco-production,andhowtousethattensionproductively.

10.5 Culturenegotiation,culturalresponsivenessandlearningnewculturesineducation

Chair:JerryLipka

11June-1:30p.m.

N340

10.5.1

TheCenterandtheBeginningofEverything:MathematicsemergingfromIndigenousKnowledge

JerryLipka,DoraAndrew-Ihrke

Withhistwofingerscrossedperpendiculartoeachother[+],Mr.Jimmy,aninety-two-year-oldYupiaqelderandmemberofourlong-termresearchgroupofinsidersandacademics,said,“Thisisthecenterofeverything.”Subsequently,weanalyzedadiversesetofeverydayactivitiesfrommakingclothingtonavigatingonlandandsea.Eachandeveryactivityusedtheorthogonalcenter,movementsto,from,andaroundthecenter,symmetry,measuring,andhalvingasawayofthinkingandperforming.ElderssystematicallyaccomplishedactivitieswithoutWesterninstrumentationandpredominantlywithoutnumbers.WeidentifiedaYupiaqspatiallocativesystemwithrecurringstructuresandconnectedittoasystematic,generative,andcohesivewayof

teachingthefoundationsofmathematicalthinking.Inthispresentation,weshowhowsymmetry,measuring,andhalvingcangenerateandconnectdiversemathematicsstrandsanditsimplicationsforteachingmathematics.

10.5.2

TheCenterandtheBeginningofEverything:Aculturalguide

DoraAndrew-Ihrke,JerryLipka

Whatwasonceunnamedisnownamedandvisible:Qukaq–Thecenterandbeginningofeverything.Ihavelearnedfrommymother,mygrandmother,andmanyotherYupiaqeldershowtomakeclothing.ThispresentationemphasizesthepracticalculturalimportanceofwhatMr.Jimmy,aYupiaqelderandmemberofourlong-termresearchgroup,termed[+]qukaq[center]andayagneq[aplacetobegin].Iwillmodelandexplainthroughaspecificculturalactivityandconstruction,makingacollar,theimportanceofqukaqacrossactivities.Thisprocesshighlightsthegeneralizableandsystematicknowledgeembeddedinqukaqandayagneqandshowshowweusesymmetrytoturnanasymmetryintosymmetry.Thismodelingwillrevealtheunderlyingspatialmeasuringorientationsystemembeddedin+.ItisYupiaqepistemologythatestablishesamethodofmeasuringandlocatingthatprovidesacriticallinktoteachingthefoundationofandconnectiontomathematicalthinking.

10.5.3

TheCulturalNegotiationofEducationintheArctic:acasestudyofUlukhaktok,NWT,Canada

LalondeGenevieve,TristanPearce

ThereisalongstandingdesireamongsomeInuitandnortherneducatorstobetterintegrateInuitcultureandmodesoflearningineducation.Atpresent,effortstoincludeInuitcultureineducationcanbedescribedasadhocoradd-onstoaEuro-NorthAmericanschoolingsystem,whichputsmanyInuitininternalconflicttryingtoliveaccordingtotwovaluesystemsthatinsomewayscontradictthemselves.ThispaperreportsonresearchconductedwithInuitinthewesternCanadianArctictoidentifywhataspectsofcultureandmodesoflearningInuitdesiretohaveincludedineducationbeyondthoseidentifiedaprioribynon-Inuiteducators.AconceptualframeworkfortheculturalnegotiationofIndigenouseducationisempiricallyappliedinacasestudyofUlukhaktok,NWTtoidentifywhatInuitthinkyoungpeopleshouldlearn,howtheyshouldlearnit,wheretheyshouldlearnitandfromwho,andwhyitisimportantforthemtolearnit.Datawerecollectedusingsemi-structuredinterviews(n=31),free-listsandparticipantobservation.FindingsshowthatInuitdesiretohavenativelanguages,subsistenceknowledge,skillsandvalues,andunderstandingofthelocalenvironmentincludedineducation,whichnotonlybuildscompetenceinsubsistencebutalsoprovidesstudentswithcapacitytocopewithchallengesinthemodernworld.Thisinvolveson-the-landhands-onlearningwithaskilledpersonand/orfamilymemberandpracticaleverydayuseofnativelanguagesinlearning.Inuitperceiveschoolasaplacefor“learning”andtheresearchidentifiesopportunitiestonegotiatethisspacetobetterintegrateInuitcultureandmodesoflearning.

10.6 FulbrightInitiative

Chair:MikeSfraga&VirginiaRoss

11June-3:30p.m.

N340

10.6.1

Panel:TomArnbom,LindaChamberlain,SusanChatwood,AsliTepecikDiş,GunhildHoogensenGjørv,AnneHansen,TamaraK.GwenHoldmann,NoorJohnson,TrevorLantz,BjarniMagnússon,IttyS.Neuhaus,GregoryPoelzer,LauraSokka,MariaTysiachniouk,ØysteinVarpe,NielsVestergaard

ThissessionwillbringtogetheragroupofFulbrightArcticinitiativealumnifromthe2015-16cohorthttp://www.cies.org/fulbright-arctic-initiative/scholars.Thisinitiativestimulatedinternationalscientific

collaborationonArcticissuesthroughthedevelopmentofcollaborativemodelsthatenabledinterdisciplinaryscholarshipthataddressedsharedchallengesacrosstheareasofenergy,water,healthandinfrastructure.Thepanelwillbeaninteractivequestionandanswersessionthatwillhighlightkeyfindingsofindividualandgroupworkthatwasconductedduringtheinitiative.Activitiescrosseddisciplinesofenvironmentalsciences,politicalsciences,anthropology,law,publichealth,biology,engineeringandurbanplanning.Thiscreatedadynamicformtoexploresharedchallengesrelatingtosustainableenergysources,communitywellness,climatechangeandwater.Therewillalsobereflectionontheinterdisciplinaryprocessitself,inclusionoftraditionalknowledge,andhowtheArcticInitiativecanserveasamodelforotherappliedresearchprogramsaddressingcomplex,rapidlychangingsocialandenvironmentalissues.AsaresultoftheskillsandresearchmodelsgainedfromcollaborativeresearchandthepolicyandcommunicationexperiencesprovidedbytheFulbrightteam,anewkindofscholarshipisemerging.

10.7 KeystoExperientialLearningSuccessfromtheModelArcticCouncil(MAC)

Chairs:JeffKormos&AnthonySpeca

June11-1:30p.m.

UB337

Panel:

SaraLundin,SapphoGilbert,andValMuzik

InMarchof2016,around65studentsfromnearadozendifferentcountriesgatheredattheUniversityofAlaska,FairbankstoparticipateinasimulationoftheinnerworkingsoftheArcticCouncil.Overtwodaysstudentsnegotiatedandcametoconsensusontwoprojects,concludingwiththedraftingofthe“FairbanksDeclaration”.Ayearlater,inApril2017,about35pupilsfromanumberofsecondaryschoolsintheUKandSpaingatheredatNorwichSchoolintheUKfortheirownsimulationoftheArcticCouncil.BothmodelArcticCouncilsareanexampleofexperientiallearningsuccess,butwithdifferingcharacteristicsappropriatetotheeducationallevelsofdelegates.TheMACpanelwillincludeparticipantsfromthe2016ModelArcticCouncilinFairbanks,Alaskaaswellasparticipantsfromthe2017NorwichModelArcticCouncilintheUK.ThepanelmemberswilladdresstheirpersonalexperienceinlearningabouttheArcticCouncilthroughnegotiation,consensusbuilding,strategizing,andworkingtowardsamutuallybeneficialagreement.AswellthePanelwillbeaskedtospeakabouthowtheplannedextracurricularactivitiescontributedtotheoverallsuccessofMAC.TheintentionofthepanelistorelaytheexperiencesofthestudentsfromtheirownperspectivesinordertodiscussthekeystothesuccessofMACandpromoteitscontinuedfunctionasatrainingprogramforemergingArcticsocialscientists,andaninspirationforfurtherstudyoftheArctic.

10.8 Outcomes,Highlights,IdeasandProposals–conclusionsoftheCalotteAcademy

Chairs:LassiHeininen&LauraOlsen

June10–1.30p.m.

N335

Panel:

LauraOlsen,GeraldZojer,andLassiHeininen

TheArctic(region)and‘Arcticness’canbeperceivedinmanydifferentways,andvariousviewpointscanfocus,forexample,ontheenvironment,economics,people(s),orpowerhegemony.AtthesametimeaconstantdiscourseinArcticstudiesishowtodefineorre-definetheArctic,ifitnecessarytobedefined(strictly),orevenifwespeakaboutoneArcticorseveralArctics.TheArcticstates(re)definedthemselvesandremappedtheirnorthernmostregionsintheirnational(Arctic)policies,andnownumerousnon-Arcticstatesaredoingthesame.However,IndigenouspeoplesoftheentireNorthhavedonethat–consciouslyornon-consciously-alreadyforlongtime,evencenturies.

Thissessionwillconsistofspeakers(willbenominatedlater)fromtheprevious–onaroad-sessionsoftheCalotteAcademy2017andismeanttobringtogetheroutcomes,resultsandhighlights,aswellasideasandproposalsfromtheroadasconclusionsofthe2017Academy.IntheendofthesessionthespeakersareaskedtogivetheirownperceptionoftheArctic/Arcticstudiesofthe2010s.

10 Posters

TheCulturalNegotiationofEducationintheArctic:acasestudyofUlukhaktok,NT,Canada

LalondeGeneviève,TristanPearce

ThereisalongstandingdesireamongsomeInuitandnortherneducatorstobetterintegrateInuitcultureandmodesoflearningineducation.Atpresent,effortstoincludeInuitcultureineducationcanbedescribedasadhocoradd-onstoaEuro-NorthAmericanschoolingsystem,whichputsmanyInuitininternalconflicttryingtoliveaccordingtotwovaluesystemsthatinsomewayscontradictthemselves.ThispaperreportsonresearchconductedwithInuitinthewesternCanadianArctictoidentifywhataspectsofcultureandmodesoflearningInuitdesiretohaveincludedineducationbeyondthoseidentifiedaprioribynon-Inuiteducators.AconceptualframeworkfortheculturalnegotiationofIndigenouseducationisempiricallyappliedinacasestudyofUlukhaktok,NWTtoidentifywhatInuitthinkyoungpeopleshouldlearn,howtheyshouldlearnit,wheretheyshouldlearnitandfromwho,andwhyitisimportantforthemtolearnit.Datawerecollectedusingsemi-structuredinterviews(n=31),free-listsandparticipantobservation.FindingsshowthatInuitdesiretohavenativelanguages,subsistenceknowledge,skillsandvalues,andunderstandingofthelocalenvironmentincludedineducation,whichnotonlybuildscompetenceinsubsistencebutalsoprovidesstudentswithcapacitytocopewithchallengesinthemodernworld.Thisinvolveson-the-landhands-onlearningwithaskilledpersonand/orfamilymemberandpracticaleverydayuseofnativelanguagesinlearning.Inuitperceiveschoolasaplacefor“learning”andtheresearchidentifiesopportunitiestonegotiatethisspacetobetterintegrateInuitcultureandmodesoflearning.

TraditionalEcologicalKnowledgeandScientificUnderstandingofLargeStorms

MargaretMauch

PreviousinvestigationsdonebytheAlaskansSharingIndigenousKnowledgeproject(AKSIK.org)revealthatresidentsofthenativevillagesofSavoongaandShaktoolikclaimthatstormintensityisincreasingintheBeringStraitRegionofAlaska.Climatologistsdonotmakethatclaim,insteadfocusingonthelackofseaiceasthephysicalfactoraffectingstormsurgeintensity.Thisprojectexploresthevariedinterpretationsofstormintensityfromthescientificunderstandingtothatheldbytraditionalecologicalknowledgeholders,includingtheincongruitybetweenscientificandTEKcertaintyofstormintensity.TheprojectbasesitsconclusionsonpreviousvideointerviewsdonebyAKSIKinvestigatorsofresidentsofSavoongaandShaktoolikdescribingclimaticchangesintheirenvironmentandonfollowupinterviewstodistillfurtherdescriptionsofchangingstormpatternswhilecomparingittodominantclimatescienceevidence.IncorporatingknowledgefromthenaturalsciencesaswellasTEKiscriticaltounderstandingthelandscape.

LinkingTwoKnowledgeSystems:UsingGrass-LayDirectiontoDeterminePrevailingWindDirectionChangeonSt.LawrenceIsland,AK

GunnarOhlson

SiberianYupikhuntersandgatherersonSt.LawrenceIsland,AKmaintainthatprevailingwindshaveshiftedfromN-NEtoS-SEsincethe1990s.Tobecomereorientedininclementweather,theyaretaughttolookdownatthedirectiondeadgrasslays.SinceprevailingwindsintheBeringStraitregiontraditionallycameoutoftheN-NE,thetallergrassesareexpectedtoleantotheS-SW,butwithclimatechangethewinddirectionismorevariableandprevailingwinddirectionmayhavechanged.GrassplotsonSt.LawrenceIslandandCanton,NewYorkareusedtocorrelategrasslaydirectionwithwinddirection.Ifcorrelationsaresignificant,grasslaydirectionmaybeusedasananemometerforareaswithoutinstrumentalrecord,likemostofSt.LawrenceIslandandtheArctic.TEKinformsourresearchofpredominantwinddirectionchangeinordertocoproduceknowledgeandlinktwosystemsofthought.

11 Languages

Themeleader:LenoreGrenoble([email protected])

11.1 LanguageandPlaceinArcticContext

Chair:DanielAndersson

8June-11:30a.m.

N335

11.1.1 IndigenousPlace-NamesinPost-colonialSettings:TheCaseofUbmeje/UmeåinNorthernSweden

DanielAndersson

Thispapersuggestsamodelfordescribingthemeaningofplace-namesinmultilingualcontextswhichisstructuredaroundthreedimensions:narrativehistory,thepresentsituationandvisionsofthefuture.Thismodelbuildsuponpreviousresearchontoponymicidentityandassumesthatplace-namesdescribe,aswellascreate,relationshipsbetweenpeopleandplaces,andbetweenpeopleinplaces–allofwhicharecriticalcomponentsofplace-making.Therelationshipsthatplace-namescreatehaveimplicationsforpowerstructuresandarestronglylinkedtoindividualandcollectiveidentity,meaningthatallaspectsofthemodelarepermeatedbyemotion.Thisemotionalsensitivityexplainsdisagreementsandconflictssurroundingplace-namesinmultilingualareas.Conflictingstandpointsresultnotonlyfromdifferingviewswithinanyoneofthethreedimensionsinthemodel,butalsoofdifferingviewsontherelationshipbetweenthedimensions.Forexample,aplace-namemayconstituteanimportantpartofapersonorgroup'sdiachronic(i.e.,narrative)understandingofaplace,whileanotherindividualorgrouprathermayseethenameandtherelationshipsthatitcreates,asapartofavisionofthefuture.ThesecondpartofthepaperoperationalizesthismodelintheanalysisoftheongoingcontroversysurroundingthecityofUmeå’s2012applicationforpermissiontousetheUmeSaminameUbmejeasanofficialSaminameonmapsandstreetsigns.Theapplicationwasrejectedin2013byLantmäteriet(TheLandSurvey),yetthecitythenappealedtotheSwedishgovernment,whichhasnotyetreachedaconclusion.Tosupplementthevoicesofconsultationbodies,e.g.theInstitiuteforLanguageandFolkloreandindependentexpertsonlanguageandcultureaswellaspoliticalactors,e.g.Umeåmunicipality,IpresentanddiscussdatafromasurveyofrepresentativesfromalocalSamicommunity.

11.1.2

PlacenamesasculturalpracticeinGreenland

LenoreGrenoble

PlacenamereclamationinGreenlandhasreplacedcolonialtoponymswithKalaallisut(Greenlandic)ones,createdinaccordancewithprinciplesofInuitculture.TheseplacenamesaredeeplyanchoredinthelandscapeandreflectInuitculturalontologies,reflectingintrinsicInuitconnectionsbetweenpeopleandland(Alia2009:122).NamingpracticesinGreenlandcanbeanalyzedwithregardtotwointerrelatedpractices.Oneisthetransparentsemanticsofatoponym,readilyunderstoodbyanyspeaker.Thebasicsemanticcategoriesarelandscape,(other)spatial,animal,color,bodypart,activity,andtool.Thelargestnumberrelatetolandscapeandgeographicaltopography,Secondis‘hiddenmeaning’(ormemoryscape,Nuttall1991):questionsaboutthe“meaning”oftoponymsofteninvokedescriptionsofactivitiesthatoccur(ed)there.Theresultisasocially-boundedsystemofplacenames,whichcanbefullyinterpretedonlywithlocalspatialandculturalknowledge.

11.1.3

TraditionalworldviewofindigenouspeopleoftheNorthinplacenamesandspacerepresentation

LiudmilaZamorshchikova

Thispaper’sfocusistoinvestigatethepeculiaritiesofplacenamesandspacerepresentationincaseofYakutia.ThetraditionalworldviewofindigenouspeopleoftheNorthisreflectedintheplacenamesbybeingassociatedwithmyths,legends,narrativememory.ThemigrationofYakutsfromsouthtonorthisreflectedinhistoricalnarratives.Thetraditionalbeliefsandknowledge,ritualandspiritualpracticesprovideabasistocreatetheplacenames.ThetopographiccharacteristicsoftheMiddleLenabasincorrespondtothenomadicideasoftheoptimalvitalenvironment–water,flatvalley(pasturesforcattle),orographicobjects(windprotection)andwoods(fuelandmaterialforconstruction).ThespacerepresentationandorientationofmodernYakutscontainthetraditionalfeatures,relatedwithhistory,culture,andworldview.TheresearchisfundedbytheRussianScienceFoundation(?15-18-20047).

11.1.4

ICASSdiscoursesanalyseandthediscourseontheurbanArctic

YvetteVaguet

TheInternationalCongressontheArcticSocialSciences(ICASS)increaseseachoccurrence,intermsofboththenumberofcontributionsandthenumberofcontributors.Thus,overtime,ithasasserteditselfasamajorinternationaleventfortheSocialSciencesintheArctic.Asaresult,theuseofitsBookofAbstractsasacorpusofdatabecomeslegitimate,offeringasnapshotofscientificactivitywithinthislargedisciplinaryfamily.Moreover,showingathree-yearoccurrence,itappearstobeagoodindicatoroftrendsandevolutionsofresearch.Anotheradvantage,andnotleast,thesummariesofthepresentationsareavailablefreeonlineandthusconstitute,amaterialoffirstchoicewithatriennialregularity.WeproposeatextualanalysisofthescientificdiscoursesofICASSovertime:2011,2014and2017,namelyICASSVII,VIIIandIXusingALCESTE,alanguageprocessingsoftware.Asegmentationofthethreecorpuses,onebyone,isconducted.Thesoftwaredetectsthephenomenaofco-occurrenceandproceedstohighlightwhatislexicallyordinary.Theconstructionoflexicalclassesisbasedontheco-occurringwordsinthelexiconwhosetheintensityofrepresentativenessisexpressedbythecalculationofKhi2.Thelexicalworldofthediscourseasforalandscapepresentsitsowntopographywithmountainsthatconstitutethemainresearchforcesandvalleysthatrepresentthedivisionsbetweenthepreviousones.AnalyseofresultsshowssomepermanenciesdespitethatthethemeofthecongressdoesaffectthediscoursegloballyforICASSVIIandICASSVIII.Especially,theindigenousworldandthetransmissionofvernacularknowledgemaintainovertimeasignificantplaceinthespeech.Thesameisalsoobservedforenvironmentalconcernsconsideringtheglobalclimatechange.Lookingfortermssuchas‘urban’,‘town’referringtotheurbanArctic,thecorpusshowthattheurbancontexthasemergedtimidly.

11.2 LangagueandResponsibility

Chair:LauraSiragusa

8June-2:30p.m.

N335

11.2.1

“Don’twriteitwithh”–StandardizationandResponsibilityinWritingSakhaOnline

JennaneFerguson

Thequestionofcontinuedmaintenanceisonefacingmanyminorityandindigenouslanguages(Henne-OchoaandBaumann2015),andspeakers/learnersareconfrontedincreasinglybythequestionofhowexactlytheyshouldbeengagingwiththisresponsibilityfortheirlanguages.Inrecentyears,increasedaccessibilitytotheinternetandcellulartechnologyinRussia’sFarEasthasaffordedmoreandmoreSakhaspeakerstheopportunitytousetheirlanguageonline;thishasledtomanyproductiveandpromisingprospectsforSakha.However,whenpayingattentiontotheemploymentandreceptionofparticularregionally-associatednon-

standarddialectfeaturesthatarenotrepresentedorsanctionedbytop-downlinguisticpolicy(e.g.“OnthelawsoforthographyandpunctuationinSakha”(22December2015,No.501),tensionsarerevealedconcerningwhoshouldbetakingresponsibilityforthelanguageandhowtheyshouldbedoingso.FollowingGiddens’(1984)conceptofthedualityofstructure,thispresentationthusexploreshowtheresponsibilityforandthroughlanguagemaybeexpressedandperformed.InexaminingwrittenSakhaonblogs,forums,andsocialmediasites,Ifocusonsheddinglightonboththedirectandindirectinvocationsofresponsibilityforone’slinguisticfeaturechoices.ThroughananalysisoflinguisticformsascoupledwiththeideologiessurroundingtheprescriptivistSakhawrittenstandardvs.grassrootsheterographicpractices(cf.Blommaert2008)andtheprocessesoferasureandiconization(IrvineandGal2000)emergingonline,wecangainanunderstandingofhowonlineSakhausersasserttheiragencyandnegotiateasenseofresponsibilityforthecontinuedmaintenanceofthelanguage.

11.2.2

Breathandwords:meetingtheterritorymasterandnegotiatingresponsibility

LauraSiragusa

Thispapersuggestsanotionof‘responsibility’inrelationtolanguageusewhichpromptsfromananalysisofVepsianenchantments.VepsareFinno-UgricminorityofNorthwestRussiawhohavetraditionallyinhabitedforestedterritorieswhichtheysharewith‘wild’and‘domestic’animals(suchascowsanddogs,bearsandwolves),andothernon-humanentities(suchtheterritorymasters).Thelatterarespiritualentitieswhicharebelievedtohavecontroloveranarea(e.g.,forest,water,sauna,etc.)andthosebeingsinhabitingit.Vepsianvillagers,especiallytheelderly,tendtobebilingualinVepsian,theirheritagelanguage,andinRussian.InVepsian,‘responsibility’isconveyedbytheword,vastusenpidändwhichappearsetymologicallyconnectedtothewordsindicating‘aresponse’,and‘ameeting’.Thisleadsmetounderstandtheconceptofvastusenpidändasthetemporally-extendedintersectionbetweenameetingandthefollowingreverberation.Morespecifically,Vepsianvillagersemployenchantmentsinordertofindcattlethatgotlostintheforest,buildahouse,healsomeonewhohasfallenill,curepeopleandcattlefromsnakebites,makesomeonefallinlove,etc.InthispaperIfocusonthoseenchantmentswhichhaveaconnectiontotheterritorywherepeopleliveanddiscusstwoenchantments:oneusedtofindlostcattle,andoneusedtobuildahouse.PuhegidistheVepsiantermforenchantmentswhichisetymologicallyconnectedtootherFinno-Ugricwordsindicatingbreathing/blowing,andtheyareusedasawaytosettleproblematicsituationswiththeterritorymasters.Iwanttoshowhowthe‘meetingpoint’(ArmstrongOma2013)whereresponsibilityisnegotiatedwiththeterritorymastersresidesinthebreathandthewordsusedwhenexecutingtheenchantment.References:ArmstrongOma,K.2013.Human-AnimalMeetingPoints:UseofSpaceintheHouseholdArenainPastSocieties.Society&Animals21:162-177.

11.2.3

Concept“Culture”inthelanguageconsciousnessofYakutlanguagespeakers(languagerepresentation)

MarinaKysylbaikova

Thelanguagerepresentationoftheconcept“Culture”inthelanguageconsciousnessofYakutlanguagespeakersispresentedinthisabstract.Theconcept“Culture”ispresentedbythefollowing15stimuluswords,whichwererevealedasaresultoftheanalysisof25Russiandictionarydefinitionsoftheword“culture”:culture,tradition,civilization,language,science,history,folklore,literature,art,religion,education,sport,spirituality,humanism,upbringing.AsaresultofthequestionnaireoftheYakut(2000people)languagespeakerswith15stimuluswordsoftheconcept“Culture”wegotahugenumberofreactions.“SemanticGestaltmethod”proposedbyY.N.Karaulovhelpedustorevealthecoreandperipheryconceptualsignsofourconcept.Firstly,theassociations(reactions)ofYakutlanguagespeakerstostimuluswordsoftheconcept“Culture”weredistributedtosemanticzones(proposedbyY.N.Karaulov)andtherewererevealedconceptualsignsamongthesezones.Asaresultweidentifiedthefollowing:thecoreoftheconcept“Culture”inthe

languageconsciousnessofYakutlanguagespeakersis"Folklore"(7.7%).Itincludessuchreactionsas:olonkho/olonkho(Yakutheroicepos)(616),folklor/folklore(200),Sahatyla/Yakutlanguage(600),sier-tuom/rite(100),Ysyakh/Ysyakh(Yakutnationalholiday)(560),ritual/rite(8).Thefirstlayerofthestructureofconcept“Culture”inYakutlanguageconsistsofthefollowingsigns:"Literature"(5.8%),"Humanvalues"(5.3%),"Relationships"(4.8%).Thesecondlayer-"Faith"(3.7%),"Institutionalization"(3.6%),"Physicalactions"(3.2%).Thethirdlayer-"Sport"(2.8%),"Education"(2.8%),"Periodizationofculture"(2.55%).SothelanguagecomprehensionoftheYakutlanguagespeakersshowsthatcultureisfolklore.YakutcultureisbasedonYakutfolklore.FolkloreofSakhapeopleisrichandvaried.

11.3 LinguisticofEconomies

Chair:JenanneFerguson&DariaSchwalbe

9June-10:30a.m.

N335

11.3.1

WhatLanguageAdvertises:ExploringtheLinguisticLandscapesofCherskyandYakutsk

JennaneFerguson,LenaSidorova

Thispresentationexploreslanguageandplacethroughanexaminationofthelinguisticlandscape(LL),inattemptstounderstandhowdifferentlanguagesfunctionvis-à-visRussianinthevisualpublicsphereinasmallvillage(Chersky,Nizhnekolymskulus)andalargercity(Yakutsk)intheSakhaRepublic,RussianFederation.Throughanexaminationofsurveymaterials(primarilyphotographs)collectedbetween2013-2015,weattempttoanswerthequestionofhowthisformofpubliclanguageuseisshapingthewaysinwhichspeakersconceptualizethelinksbetweenlinguisticandculturalidentitiesandtheseplaces.Weanalyzethelanguageusageinordertogetasenseofthepresenceandabsence/erasureofthespeakersofcertainlanguages,andhowthisconnectstoabroadersenseofthemultilingual“linguisticeconomiesofplace”(Schwalbe2015).FocusinginparticularonthesituationinYakutsk,werevealhowtheuseoftheSakhalanguageinboththepoliticalandcommercialspheresrevealsadiscourseofbothsymbolicand“commodified”(Heller2010,Helleretal2014)authenticitiesthatcontributetotheproductionofidentity.Thus,languageitselfthusnotonlycirculatesasacommodity,butalsohelpsinproducingandshapinganidentitylinkedtoaspecificplace.

11.3.2

SpatialSkills,MovementPractices,andLanguageMaintenanceamongtheEwenkipeopleofSiberia

NadezhdaMamontova

TheEwenkiareknownasoneofthefewindigenousgroupsintheArcticthathavemanagedtooccupydifferentenvironments(taiga,tundra,steppes,coasts)withinahugearea,flexiblyadjustingtonewlandscapesandlivelihoodpracticeswhile,atthesametime,maintainingtheirculturalintegrity.Despitethisfact,mostanthropologicalliteraturecontinuestofollowrigidcategorizationsthatdepictthemlargelyasreindeerherdersofthemountainoustaiga.AmongsomescholarsandEwenkileaders,thereisalsoatendencytotalkaboutthemaintenanceofthelanguageandtheEwenkicultureintermsofthepreservationofreindeerherdingandforestlifestyle.Contrarytothisdiscourse,IassumethattheremarkableabilitiesoftheEwenkipeopletoadaptthemselvestodifferentenvironmentsandtopreservethenativelanguagearecloselyboundupwiththeorganizationandproductionofthespatialknowledge,nomadicpractices(journeying),anduniqueontologicalandepistemologicalsystems.Theirspatialabilities,foremostbasedonthedeepknowledgeoftheSiberianriversystems,inconjunctionwithnavigationskillshelpedpeopletofindnewnomadicitineraries,whereasontologyfacilitatedthe"landscapedomestication,"beitaforestoramarineecosystem.Hence,themostdestructiveeffectsoftheSovietpolicytowardsindigenouspeoplefortheEwenkiwerenotthetransformationofeconomy,whichhasalwaysbeendiverse,butrathertheinterruptionofmovementpracticesandviolationofnavigationskills.However,withinthepresent-daylanguagerevitalizationprojectstheEwenkipeopleattempttoeither

revitalizetheseskillsorcreatesomealternativeformsofnomadicpractices,forexample,through"onlinenomadism"—theuseofGoogleMapsandothertechniquesforcreatingandmodellingnomadicroutes—andtheorganizationofsummerlanguageschoolsattheplacesofculturalsignificance.Mypresentationwillbedevotedtotheanalysisoftherelationbetwe

11.3.3

Asenseofplace.Language,placeandownershipintheRussianFarEast

JenanneFerguson

Havingacapacitytoimplicitlylinkpeopletoparticularplace-basedorterritorialidentities,minoritylanguageshavebeenfordecadesusedasatoolintheindigenouspeoplesquestforrecognitionoftheirrightsandculturalintegrityallacrosstheArctic.However,aspartofchangingpoliticalenvironmentandtheongoingnegotiationforcontroloverlandsandresourcesinrecentyears,wecanobserveshiftsfromlanguageandethnicitytoterritorialitywhereland,inChristineSchreyer’swords,“isoftentakenasmoreiconicofidentitythanlanguage”(2016).Thepresentpaperdiscusseshowtheseideasofbelongingtoaparticularplace,expressedandsignifiedinalanguage,havebeenaccumulatedandputtoworkintheRussianFarEast;andhowlanguageandterritorialityhavebeenusedasresourcesfor(re)creatingaparticularkindofidentity,enablingvariousgroupswithinaparticularplace/territorytoclaimownershipofitand/ordenyresponsibility.

11.3.4

InuitLanguageAtlas:APlaceforAllDialects

KumikoMurasugi,JeelaPalluq-Cloutier.MonicaIttusardjuat,AmosHayes

Thereare12dialectsoftheInuitlanguagespokenin4InuitregionsinCanada:InuvialuitSettlementRegion(NWT),Nunavut,Nunavik(n.Quebec),andNunatsiavut(n.Labrador).Thevitalityofdialectsvariesgreatlyamongregions.WhilethoseineasternNunavutandNunavikarerelativelystrong,othersintheInuvialuitRegion,NunatsiavutandwesternNunavutareconsideredendangered(Moseley2010).Severalfactorshavecontributedtothevitalityofregionaldialects,includingthetotalInuitpopulationinaregion,thehistoryofcontactwithnon-Inuit,andavailableresourcesforlanguagemaintenanceandpromotion.WepresenttheAtlasoftheInuitLanguageinCanada,acollaborativepilotprojectbetweenacademicresearchersandInuitpartnerorganizations.TheAtlasutilizesauser-driven,interactivemultimediaplatformtocollectandpresentlinguisticdata(Taylor&Lauriault2014).WefocusonthedictionarycomponentoftheAtlas—adatabaseofwordsofvariouscategories(e.g.bodyparts,animals)inseveraldialects,withthecapacitytointegrateadditionalwords,categoriesanddialectsbasedontheneedsofAtlasdevelopersandusers.Thedataisaccessiblevisuallyandauditorilyfromvariedperspectives:ascellsinachart,pointsonaregionalmap,orshadedareasinphotographedartworks.OnehighlightoftheAtlasisthatitprovidesalldialects,regardlessofnumberofspeakersorgeographiclocation,equalrepresentationandaccessibility.AstheAtlaspermitsremotecontributionsfromanylocationwithInternet,allregionshaveequalopportunitiestocontribute.Furthermore,astheAtlasiscurrentlyhostedonaserverattheGeomaticsandCartographicResearchCentreatCarletonUniversity,regionscancontributeandviewdialectalinformationwithoutincurringcostsforprintingorwebsitemaintenance.ThisAtlasisanimportant,accessibleresourceinthedocumentationofInuitdialects,especiallythosewhosefutureisuncertain.

11.4 LanguageofPlaceandSpace

Chair:LenoreA.Grenoble

9June-1:30p.m.

N450

11.4.1 NamingCaribou:InuitrelationalapproachestodistinguishingcaribouintheKitikmeotRegionofNunavut

GitaLjubicic,SimonOkpakok,SeanRobertson,RebeccaMearns

KingWilliamIsland(KWI),intheKitikmeotRegionofNunavut,hasbeenlargelyoverlookedincaribouresearchtodate.KWIisshownasblank,orashavinguncertainstatus,inthemajorityofcaribouherdrangemaps.However,fromworkingwithInuitEldersandhuntersintheHamletofGjoaHaven,onthesoutheasterncoastofKWI,itisclearthatcariboumigrateonandofftheislandseasonally,andsomeremainontheislandyear-round.Caribouwasidentifiedlocallyasapriorityforcommunitydiets,livelihoods,andculturalpractices,andwehaveworkedtogetherfrom2011-2016tofacilitate3Elder-youthlandcamps,39interviews,and5verificationworkshops.Insupportofeffectivecommunicationsandcollaboration,itwasimportanttounderstandappropriateInuktitutterminologyandlocalapproachestodistinguishingcaribouintheregion.InuitinGjoaHavendonotgenerallydistinguishcaribou(tuktuitinInuktitut),intoherdsinthewaythatbiologistsorwildlifemanagersdo.Locallytherearefourmainwaysthatcaribouaredifferentiated,relatedtowheretheyarefromorwhattheylooklike.Basedonourwork,aswellasexploringexistingliteratureintheKitikmeotandKivalliqregions,somekeyconsiderationsariseinrelationto:1)accountingforInuktitutdialecticaldifferences;2)understandingthelocalizedgeographiccontextof“island”cariboureferences;and,3)becomingfamiliarwithtraditionalInuithomelandsandthelanduseareastheserepresent.Therefore,Inuitapproachestonamingcaribouarehighlyrelational,embeddedinunderstandingsoflanguage,place,andpractice.OurintentinsharingtheseinterpretationsistosupportmoreinclusiveandmeaningfulincorporationofInuitknowledgeincaribouco-management.Thisisnotlimitedtonaming,buthaspotentialimplicationsforneworrefinedapproachestocaribouherdandhabitatmonitoringwhichareoftenderivedfromhowherdsaredefined.

11.4.2

Thelegalframeworkdefiningtherighttolearntheindigenousmothertongueatschool:SámiinSwedenandRussia.

EkaterinaZmyvalova

Thefocusofmyresearchishowthechildren’srighttolearntheirmothertongue,ortheirrightfulheritagelanguage,inschoolisinterpretedintheSwedishandtheRussiancontexts.ThetitleofmyPhDprojectis“Acomparativestudyoftheimplementationofindigenouschildren’srighttolearntheirmothertongueatschool:SámiinSwedenandinRussia.”InmypresentationIwillexaminethecontentoftheindigenouschildren’srighttolearntheirmothertongueatschoolandalsoIwillconsiderhowthisrightisdefinedininternationallawandthenationallegislationsofRussiaandSweden.Iwillpresentamodelthatconsistsofthreelayersoflegalprovisionsfrominternationallawdowntolocalschoolpracticethatinsomeaspectscanbesoopaquethatpreventsthechildrenfromgainingrealbenefitsoftherighttomothertongue.

11.4.3

ChangeintheKalaallisutspatialdeixissystem:TheeffectsofurbanizationonlanguageuseinGreenland

HilaryMcMahan

TheKalaallisut(Aleut-Yupik-Inuit)demonstrativesrepresentatypeofspatialdeixiswithcomplexdistinctionsandgeographicalanchoring,asaspectsofalandmark-baseddirectionalsystemareencodedalongwithmoretypicaldemonstratives.Thismorphologically-distinctparadigmof12stemsencodesproximity,verticality,interiority,visibilityandthecoastline,andisanchoredinGreenland’scoastallandscape.However,thesystemhasrecentlybeguntoexperiencesignificantchange,includingalackofuse/understandingofparticularforms,semantic/pragmaticshifts,andcalquesfromDanish,relativetoexistingdescriptions(e.g.Kleinschmidt1851;Thalbitzer1911;Bergsland1955;Fortescue1984,1988;Sadock2003).Crucially,changeismostevidentinthe

languageofyoung,urbanGreenlanders.Inparallel,significantsocioculturalandenvironmentalchangehasbeenoccurringinGreenlandthroughprocessesofmodernization,globalizationandurbanization.Thisresearchworkstocapturealinguisticsystemundergoingfluxinrelationtoitswidercontextofrapidclimatechange,urbanizationandmodernizationinGreenlandandtheArctic.

11.4.4

EvenkidialectsofIrkutskregion:currentlinguisticsituationandlanguagechangesinducedbycontacts

OlgaKazakevich

InthepaperIamgoingtopresentfreshresultsofthefieldworkinfourlocalEvenkicommunitiesoftheKatangaandKachugdistricts,Irkutskregion,doneintheinthesummer2016.ThemainobjectivesofthefieldworkwereasurveyofthecurrentlinguisticsituationinthecommunitiesandthedocumentationofthelocalEvenkidialects.FourEvenkicommunitiesweresurveyed;twoofthemarecommunitiesofdistrictcentreswhereEvenkisareminoritygroups,theothertwoarecommunitiesofsmallvillageswhereEvenkisbuildtheoverwhelmingmajority.Nevertheless,inallthefourcommunitiesRussianisthemainmeansofcommunicationinallthedomainsincludingfamilylife.TheyoungestEvenkispeakeris27intheKatangadistrictand58intheKachugdistrict.BesideRussian,theKatangadilectcontactswithYakutandtheKachug(Upper-Lena)dialectwithBuryat.Somelinguisticresultsofthesecontactswillbeconsidered.

11.5 LanguageVitality

Chair:KumikoMurasugi

9June-3:30p.m.

N340

11.5.1

OneInuitLanguageWritingSysteminCanada

MonicaIttusardjuat,JeelaPalluq-Clouteir,KumikoMurasugi

TheInuitofCanada,ledbyInuitTapiriitKanatami(ITK),Canada’snationalInuitorganization,arecurrentlyexploringthestandardizationoftheirwritingsystem.Thereexistninescriptsinuse,makingitdifficultforCanada’s60,000Inuittoshareresources,especiallyfortheteachingandlearningoftheirlanguage.Astandardwritingsystemwouldpromotecommunicationacrossdialects,aidinthedevelopmentofcommonlearningmaterials,improvemobilityandallowconsistencyintheeducationsystemforstudents,andstrengthenInuitunityandcultureinCanada.AsnotedbyPatricketal.(inpress),thechallengeforthestandardizationinitiativeisin“developingandimplementingstandardformswhileacknowledgingtheneedtomaintainandpromoteregionalvariationsinwritingandspeaking.”InthispresentationwediscusshowthoseinvolvedinthestandardizationprojectareaddressingtheneedofInuittomaintaintheirregionalidentities,whileatthesametimepromotingtheimportanceofawrittenstandard.•TheAITTaskGroupiscomposedof14members:3fromeachofthefourlandclaimregions,thepresidentoftheInuitYouthCouncil,andITK’sNationalInuitLanguageCoordinator.ThisensuresthatallregionsareequallyrepresentedintheTaskGroup’sdecisions.•Thestandardwritingsystemwillnotreflectonedialect,butwillbeacompilationofpropertiesfromdifferentdialects.•Itisonlythewritingsystem,andnotthespokenlanguage,thatisbeingstandardized.Thepronunciationofthewrittenstandardwillreflectthevariousspokendialects.•Communitieswillretaintheirregionalwritingsystems,andwillbeencouragedtoteachandusethemintheirhomesandcommunities.•TheAITTaskGroupconductedconsultationsinArcticcommunitiesacrossCanada,andwillcontinuetodosoateachstageoftheprocess.

11.5.3 TakingmyLanguageback

JaneJuuso

IdescribecoursesaimedatrevitalizationoftheSamilanguage.Thecoursebuildsonelementsofcognitivetherapy.In2009IpublishedthebookVálddángiellanruovttoluotta(Takingbackmylanguage”Juuso,2009.PublishedinSwedishSweden2013.)Itdescribesthetheoryandmethodbehindacognitiveapproachtolanguagerevitalization.ThebookalsoprovidesapracticalintroductiontohowovercomeanxietyanduncertaintywhenspeakingtheSamilanguage.ManyoftheSamipeoplehaveapassiveSamilanguage;theyspeakalittleSami,buttheydarenottospeakpublicly.Somepracticeitonlywithchildrenandtheelderly.Whatobstaclesarecreated?Whydotheyhavesuchafearofspeakalanguagethattheymaster?Manyhavebeenonabeginnercourse,whichisacourseforpeoplewhocannotspeakSamiatall.Myexperiencewiththatkindofcourse,isthatfewornobodyofthepeoplethathavebeenonthesecourseshasstartedtouseSamiactive.Forthegroupofpeoplewhoarereceptivebilingual,willthelanguagecourseSàmas(courseforthosewhocanusetheSamilanguagebutwanttolearnwritingandreading),betoohardanddifficultforthem.TheywilleasilygettheimpressionthattheydonotmastertospeakSami.Identity,affiliationandlocalactivitiesarefundamentaltopeople'swell-beingandsafetyinacommunity.Tobeabletospeakbothlanguagesusedinthecommunityhelpstostrengthenhumanidentityandaffiliation.ThosewhounderstandSami,orcanalittle,anddonotbegintousethelanguageindaily,mayresultTodal(1998)withittheSamipeoplethatdonotspeaktheSamilanguageexperiencearequirementthattheymustmasterthelanguageperfectlybeforetheycanbeginspeakingit.NorwegiancomesandlearnstheSamilanguageinaflash.Whatdoesthiswiththosewhodidnotdaretospeak?

11 Posterstheme11

#DigiGiella-Anewapproachforpromotingendangeredlanguages

CoppélieCocq,EllacarinBlind,PeterSteggo,AndersÖstergren,SylviaSparrock

Howcandigitaltechnologiessupport,promoteandhelptodevelopthedifferentSámilanguages?AredigitaltoolsappropriatemeansforpromotinganddevelopingIndigenouslanguages?Ifso,inwhichcontextsandsituationsshalldigitaltoolsandresourcesbeapplied?Oristhereariskthattheuseof,andenthusiasmfortechnologymightbeathreattolanguagerevitalization?Ourprojectseekstoinvestigatetheseissuesbybringingtogetherteachers,languageactivists,researchers,minoritycoordinatorsinSwedishmunicipalities,studentsandpolicymakers.ThisprojectisconductedthroughorganizingannualconferencesduringathreeyearperiodinUmeå,starting2016.OurposterwillpresentthisuniqueinitiativethathighlightstheuseofdigitaltoolsandresourcesinSápmi,forinstancetheuseofSámilanguagesinsocialmediaandexamplesofmobileapplicationsforteachinglanguages.ThisprojectistheresultofacollaborationbetweentheLanguagecenteroftheSwedishSámiParliament,theSámiidRiikkasearvi,HumlabandtheDepartmentofLanguageStudiesatUmeåUniversityandUmeåMunicipality.Ourobjectivewiththisprojectistoidentify,createandinventnovelmethodsandtoolsforpreserving,developingandteachingendangeredlanguages,wheredigitalinitiativesareseenaspossiblechannelsamongothers,oftenrequiringtobecombinedwithotherinitiativesinordertobettermeettheneedsandeffortsforrevitalization.Withthisposter,wehopetoopenadialogforknowledgeexchangeandinternationalcollaborationandnetworkswithotherIndigenousgroupsindifferentlinguisticsettings.

MappingLanguageVitality

CoppélieCocq

ThisposterpresentsanongoingprojectaimingatvisualizingurbanlinguisticlandscapesthroughdigitalmappinginthepurposeofapproachingrepresentationsandconditionsformultilingualisminSweden.Languagesavailableinourenvironmentintheformofwordsandimages,anddisplayedinpublicplaceshavebeenthefocusofscrutinywithinarapidlygrowingresearchareacalledLinguisticLandscapeStudies.LLSgiveattentiontotheconsequencesandimpactthatthevisibilityandmaterializationoflanguagescanhavenotonlybyhavinganinformativeandsymbolicfunction,butalsotheirimpactonlanguagevitality.OneofthefocusesoftheprojectMappingLanguageVitalityillustratedanddescribedintheposteristhecaseofofficialminorityandIndigenouslanguagesinSweden.Thehistoricalhierarchicalrelationshipbetweentheselanguagesandmajoritylanguages,andrecentchangesinminoritypoliticsmotivatethischoiceoffocus.Also,thepracticeofnamingplaceshasanadditionaldimensioninIndigenouscontexts:tonameaplaceintheIndigenouslanguageoftheinhabitantsisdescribedapertofadecolonizationproject.Intheposter,weproposetopresentapilotstudyconductedin2015-2016inUmeå:theprototype(deepmap)andthepreliminaryresultsuponwhichweplantopursuetheproject.Inthepilotstudy,about400linguisticexpressionswerephotographedinUmeå'scityscape,ofwhichabout150werecoded.Thelinguisticexpressionsconsistoffixedsignsandsignboards,posters,temporaryvernacularsignsetc.Avisualizationwascreatedbyproducingadigitalmapinordertoseewhereandwhenlanguageswerematerializedinthecity.Thedigitalmapiscentralinordertovisualizeconnectionsbetweenlanguages(astheymaterializelandscape)andotherlayersofinformation.

12 Literature

Themeleader:KathleenOsgood([email protected])

12.1 ‘TheMediatedNorth’–Constructing‘theArctic’inContemporaryMedia

Chair:SusanB.Vanek&AndreasWomelsdorf

10June-10:30a.m.

UB334

12.1.1

AttheEdgesoftheEmpire:AestheticsofPlace,TerritoryandHistoryintheAlaskanComputerGameNEVERALONE–KISIMAIN?ITCHU?A(2014)

AndreasWomelsdorf

Aswillbearguedinthispaper,thereleaseoftheAlaskancomputergameNEVERALONE–KISIMAIN?ITCHU?Ainautumn2014markedaturningpointinrespecttorepresentingindigenousvoicesinandbycomputergames.ThegamewasdevelopedcooperativelybyAnchorage’sCookInletTribalCouncilandateamofgamedesignersandisamongsttheveryfirsttotraversecolonialistrepresentationsofindigenouspeoples,historiesandplaces.Thispaperwillexaminetherhetoricofthecomputergameandthesignificanceof‹geo-graphical›representationsinshapingananti-colonialistargumentandarticulatingindigenousidentityasrelyingonbothsensesof‹territory›and‹history›.Inaddition,itistocriticallyaskforthepoliticalimplicationsoftheinvocationofa‹domestic›ratherthana‹globalaudience›astheprimarytarget-groupofthegame’smarketing.Thebroadaimofthepaperthereforeistodisarticulaterepresentationsof‹theArctic›,‹theGlobal›and‹theLocal›asconsequencesofAlaska’ssettlercolonialisthistorieswhichcontinuetoresonatethroughoutthestatetoday.

12.1.2

DigitalLibraryDevelopmenttoSupportSustainableInformationServices:ACaseStudyoftheInuvialuitSettlementRegioninCanada’sNorth

AliShiri

Thissessionwillfocusonintroducingafederally-fundedresearchprojectthathasdevelopedadigitallibraryinfrastructurefortheInuvialuitSettlementRegion(ISR)inCanada’sWesternArcticregion.TheprojectaimstobridgethedigitalinformationgapcurrentlyexperiencedinCanadianNortherncommunities.ItbuildsontheclosecollaborationbetweenacademicsandsixnortherncommunitiesintheInuvialuitSettlementRegiontoidentifyandprioritizeinformationneedsasafoundationforthedevelopmentofasustainableculturalheritagedigitallibrary.Amongthemainobjectivesofthisprojectisthecreationofacommunity-drivenandculturallyappropriatemetadataframeworkforthedescriptionanddiscoveryofdigitalinformation.Planningforthesustainabilityofdigitalculturalheritageaccessandmanagementisanotherimportantobjectiveofthisprojectthatfocusesonthelong-termandcontinuedaccessibilityofdigitalinformationforcommunitymembersintheISRregion.Theprojectadoptsamulti-methodapproach,drawinguponsuchsocialsciencedisciplinesasculturalanthropology,communityinformatics,informationscience,managementandbusinesstoinclusivelyandholisticallyinvolvecommunitymembers,leaders,andorganizations.Thissessionwillpresentanoverviewofthemethodologicalframeworkdevelopedaswellasthecurrentstateofthedigitallibrarycontentandorganization.Lessonslearnedfromtheon-goingandsustainedcommunityengagement,partnershipandcollaborationwillbeshared.

12.1.3

WhatIsLeftOverAfteranEpos:CurrentFunctioningofYakutOlonkho

SemyonMakarov

WhatIsLeftOverAfteranEpos:CurrentFunctioningofYakutOlonkhoSiberiaisknownasaplace,wherethesameepictraditionsareexisting.Butitisalsocanbenoted,thatalmosteverywhereinthisregioneposisreplacedbyotherformsofhumanactivity.Inthissituationthequestionaboutmodernpragmaticsofepicgenreemergefullblown.IconsidertheeposofYakutswhichalsoknownasOlonkho.ItwasdiscoveredanddepictedforthefirsttimebyRussiananthropologistsinthemiddleoftheXIXcentury.Fromthenonwardthisfolkloretraditiontransformed,buttheparticularcharacteristicsofthisprocessarestilldoesn’texplicit.Iamgoingtoshowinmypresentationthesignificantfeaturesofperceptionofthisepicgenrebymoderntraditionalknowledgeholders.IreconstructedthefunctionsofOlonkhoinconditionsofentirelyoraltraditionwithanalyzeofearlierrecordings.TheycanbecomparednowwithcurrentsocioculturalsituationinSakhaRepublic,whentheeposdoesn’texistinitstraditionalformbutatthesametimeitusedlikeamainsignofnationalidentity.MostofmodernYakutpeoplehaveno“internal”interestinsingingorlisteningoftheepicnarratives.Buttheyoftenrememberitinsituations,whenitisnecessarytopresenttheirethnicimageto“external”supervisors.MypresentationincludestheresultsofanthropologicalfieldworkwhichhavedoneamongYakutsin2016year.Icollecteddatausingparticipantobservation,introspectionandsemi-structuredinterview.

12.1.4

NewsfromtheNorth:Arctic-focusedJournalismandtheConstructionofaRegion

SusanB.Vanek

Althoughsmall-scalelocalnewspapersandradiohaveexistedinsomeareasoftheArcticforalmost200years,massmediaproducedintheNorthandfocusedontransmittingregional‘Arcticnews’totheentireglobeisanewphenomenon.Thispapercentersononeattempttocreatesuchanoutlet,TheArcticJournal,anonlinenewssitedesignedspecificallytoplace‘Arcticnews’withinaglobalcontextandtransmittingitregionallyandinternationally.HighlightingtheroleoflanguageandnewtechnologiesasbothconveyorsandimpedimentstothesegoalsaswellastherepresentationoftheArcticandwhatqualifiesas‘Arcticnews’,thispaperwillexaminethecontemporaryroleofmediaintheconstructionoftheArcticasaregion.ItconcludesbyaddressingsomeofwaysunevenaccesstonewtechnologiesandmediaskepticismfurthercomplicatesthecontemporaryroleofmediaintheNorthandbeyond.

12.2a Arcticchildren'sliterature

Chair:HeidiHansson

11June-1:30p.m.

N420

12.2a.1

“TheFairiesofSvalbard”

TamaraAndersson

ThischapterwillexaminehowtheArcticandtheNorthPoleareportrayedincontemporarySwedishliteratureprimarilyaimedatchildrenage5-10.Ashasbeenpointedoutbyscholarsinterestedin(notionsof)theArcticandAntarctic,thepolarregionshavehistoricallybeenperceivedasspacesdevoidofcontents,eitherasgeographicallocationswhoseonlypurposeistobediscoveredandconquered,orasblanccanvasesonwhichone’simaginationisfreetopaintanypicture.ThechapterbeginswithabriefdemonstrationofhowtheseperceptionsarestillprevalentinSwedishchildren’sliterature,resultingindepictionsoftheArcticanditsinhabitantsandvisitorsthatrangesfromtherealistictothefantastic.ThemainfocusofthechapterisontherelationshipbetweentheArcticandthefairytale.EventhoughSwedenisconsideredapartoftheArcticregion,thecommonSwedishconceptionoftheArcticismoreorlesssynonymouswith“theHighArctic”:anunpopulatedareaoficesituatedoutsidetheworld(Keskitalo2004).I

arguethatthis“emptiness”facilitatesrecyclingandreinventingclassicaltropesandmotifsfromtheEuropeanfairytaletradition,asisthecaseinDerödadrakarnaslandochandrasagor(2007[Thelandofthereddragonsandotherfairytales])byYlvaKarlsson.The“empty”Arctic–madevisibleonlythroughtheuseofgeographicnamesandillustrationsthathintattheInuitheritageofsomeoftheprotagonists–seemstoserveasanidealstageforexposingwhatJackZipesdescribesas“thedeepcross-culturalandmultilayeredoriginsandmeaningsof[fairytales]”(2006:41).Karlsson’scollectionofstoriestiesthepolarregiontopresentdayScandinavianlife,traditionalfairytalesand20thcenturyBritishchildren’sclassics,whichopensforadiscussiononintertextualityandgenrehybridityinchildren’sliterature.

12.2a.2

“OrientationandDisorientationinRealisticandSpeculativeYoungAdultFiction”

MariaLindgrenLeavenworth

Thischapterexaminesthreecontemporarynovelsaimedatayoungadultaudiencethatmovefromoneexampleofrealisticfiction:MarcusSedgewick’s2009Revolver,viaaworkthatusesspecificitiesofplacetoenvisionalternativewaysoflifeonlyincrementallyremovedfromtheplausible:RebeccaStead’s2007FirstLight,toatextinwhichphysicallawsareradicallyreconfigured:SarahBethDurst’s2009Ice.Thepurposeofselectingbothrealisticandspeculativeworks—textsinwhichsomebutnotallaspectscanbealignedwithreal-worldplaces,events,andphysicallaws—istwofold.Firstly,theselectionopensforexaminationsofhowtheArcticisutilizedinthenovels.Inbothtraveloguesandfiction,theremoteandseeminglyemptyArctichastraditionallybeenseenasconceptuallydistancedfrommoreextensivelymappedpartsoftheworldmakingtheareaanidealsettingforstrangeoccurrencesalsoinrealisticworks.TheaimisconsequentlytoanalysedepictionsoftheArcticandhowfunctionsmayvarywitheachwork’sconnectionstotherealworld.Secondly,thenovelsenablediscussionsaboutwhatculturaltheoristSaraAhmedterms“queermoments:”instancesthatdestabilizethecharacters’possibilitiesforphysicalandexistentialorientation.InarealistictextsuchasRevolver,queermomentsforcharactersareproducedbyfearanddoubt,andwhileemotionssuchasthesearerelevantalsoinFirstLightandIce,theyarecomplementedbyspeculativeeventsandoccurrencesthatmoreprofoundlyaffecttheorientationofbothcharactersandreaders.Importantly,thedestabilizationproducedbyqueermomentscanproductivelyproblematizenormativeassumptions,andinspeculativefictiontheycompletelyaltercharacters’perceptionofthesurroundingworld.

12.2a.3

“NelvanaoftheNorthernLights–afeministrolemodel?”

CathrineBjerknes

TheCanadiancomicNelvanaoftheNorthernLightsappearedinTriumphComicsbetweenAugust1941and1947,withtheCaucasian-looking,so-calledInuitgoddessNelvanaasthefirstsuper-poweredheroineworldwide.Nelvana,daughterofKoliak,theMightyKingoftheNorthernLightsandamortalmother,livesinamale-dominatedworld,buthersuperpowersanddeterminationmakehersuperiortomostofhermalecounterparts.Thecomichasonlyrecentlybeenrepublished,almost70yearsafterthepublicationofthefinalissue,whichmeansthatthereisverylittlecriticaldiscussionofthework.Previousresearchhasalmostexclusivelyconcentratedontheheroineasanationalsymbol.Genderisonlybrieflymentioned,andthischapterthereforebeginstofillagap.Theaimofthechapteristoexplorethegendereddevelopmentofthesuper-heroineNelvanaasafeministrolemodelforyounggirls,andexaminethisdevelopmentagainstanArcticbackground.Publishedinthe1940s,whenfeminismhadnotyetgainedastrongfoothold,Nelvanastandsoutasaliberated,independentwomanwhochallengesgendernorms.Eventhoughalmostallhermalecounterpartswooher,andsheundergoesaromanticmaturationthroughouttheseries,sheremainssingle,determinedtosaveherInuitfriendsfromunscrupulousNazisortheworldfromaliens.Asaproductofitstime,thecomicispermeatedbyracismandanus-and-themrhetoricwhichbecomesparadoxicalinrelationto

Nelvana’sallegedInuitheritage.However,thefocusongendercontributestomakingNelvanaoftheNorthernLightssomethingmorethanastereotypicalportrayalofCanadianpolicyinthenorth.

12.2b Arcticchildren'sliterature

Chair:HeidiHansson

11June-3:30p.m.

N420

12.2b.1

“DestinationOther:”PicturebookVoyagesofDiscoveryinMid-20thCentury

JoAnnConrad

ThiscomparativeprojectinvestigatespicturebooksproducedintheU.S.andCanadaalongsidethosefromtheNordiccountries,whichfocusonthechildexplorer(s)whomagicallyembarksonavoyageofdiscoverytovariousexoticandsterotypifiedportsofcall.Butthe“discovery”isareiterationofroutes,images,andassumptionslonginplaceinacomplicatedhistoryoftheinventionoftheNorthasapotentialityfortheconstruction“home”andanormalized/standardizedidentity.Thesebookswere,andare,receivedas“ethnographic”and“historical.”However,theyallexistinthelandscapeoftheimagination,builtonalreadycirculatingstories,books,andimagesthatservetoreaffirmtheNorthaswild,untamed,purifying,exotic,andavailable.ThusthesePicturebooksfortheveryyoung,oftentreatedasinnocuousarealsopartofadiscursivefieldinwhichexpectationsalreadyformedbyatextualtraditionarereaffirmedandnormalized.

12.2b.2

“MediatingGreenlandthroughchildhoodexperiences”

LenaAarekol

MarieAhnighitoPearywasthedaughteroftheexplorersJosephineandRobertEdwinPeary.ShewasgivenhermiddlenameAhnighito,meaningSnowbabyinoneoftheGreenlandicInuitlanguages,becauseshewasborninGreenlandin1893duringanoverwinteringexpedition.Togetherwithherdaughter,JosephineDiebitsch-PearyreturnedtoGreenlandseveraltimesandMarie’schildhoodexperiencesintheArcticresultedinthreebooksforchildren.Thefirstbook,TheSnowBabywaswrittenbyJosephineDiebitsch-Pearyandpublishedin1901.ThesecondbookChildrenoftheArcticwaspublishedtwoyearslaterin1903andwasallegedlywrittenby“TheSnowbabyandhermother,“whilethethirdbookSnowlandfolk(1904)waswrittenbyRobertPeary.Allthebookshadthesamelayoutandwereamplyillustratedwithphotographsanddrawings.Thefirsttwobooksmaybecharacterizedaslight-heartedstory-booksdescribingMarie’schildhoodintheArctic,whereasthelastbookcontainsshortnarrativesabout“theeskimos,thebears,thedogs,themuskoxen,andotherdwellersfromthefrozennorth.”AsanadultMariebecameanauthorherselfandwrotefourbooksbasedonherArcticchildhoodknowledge:LittleTooktoo:ThestoryofSantaClaus’YoungestReindeer(1930),Muskox,LittleTooktoo’sFriend(1931),TheSnowbaby’sOwnStory(1934)andOotahandHisPuppy(1942).ThechapterwilldiscusshowthesebooksmediateGreenlandforchildrenfocusingontherepresentationofeverydaylife,childhood,gender,exploration,indigeneityandtheroleofanimalstories.

12.2b.3

PolarIcon:FridtjofNansenforChildrenandYoungAdults

AnkaRyall

ThispaperinvestigatestheroleoftheNorwegianArcticexplorerFridtjofNansen(1861–1930)asapolariconinliteratureforchildrenandyoungadults.MyfocusisonfourrecentNorwegianbooks–TorBomann-Larsen’sFridtjof&Hjalmar(1986)andTurentilNordpolen(”TheTriptotheNorthPole”)(1991),ØysteinDolmen’s

Knutsen&LudvigsenavslørerFridtjofNansensfalskeberømmelse(”Knutsen&LudvigsenExposeFridtjofNansen’sFalseCelebrity”)(1994)andBjørnOusland’sNordover.MedNansenmotNordpolen(”Northward:WithNansentowardstheNorthPole”)(2008).WhileOusland’sbookisanapparentlystraightforwardgraphicversionofNansen’snarrativeoftheFramexpedition(1893–6),thethreeotherbooksrelyonageneralknowledgeof(elementsof)thatstory,aswellasofthebiographyand–intheillustrations–oftheiconicmoustachioedfigureofthemanhimself.Likewise,theyindifferentwaysdebunkthetraditionofpolarheroismpersonifiedbyNansenandhiscompanionHjalmarJohansen(1867–1913)intheirunsuccessfulattempttoskitotheNorthPole.AllfourbooksrevisetheimageofNansenasnationalhero,whichhadbeendisseminatedinearlierbiographiesforyoungpeople–thefirstofwhichcameoutin1897,thesameyearasNansen’sownaccountoftheFramexpedition–aswellasinchildren’sbooksthatdonotdealwithNansen’sadventuresassuchbutusehimasanidealisedrolemodel,particularlyforNorwegianboys.Paradoxically,byeithercritiquing,deflatingorlampooningNansenasapolaricon,thebooksaffirmhiscentralityinthenationalimaginary.

13 MonitoringArcticsustainabledevelopmentandsocio-ecologicalsystems'resilience

Themeleader:TatianaVlasova([email protected])

13.3 ArcticLandscapeOntologies

Chairs:SébastienGadal&LiudmilaZamorshchikova

9June-10:30a.m.

N350

13.3.1

LandscapeOntologyofArcticYakutia:AnInterdisciplinarySpatialApproach

SébastienGadal,JurateKamicaityte-Virbašiene

Theaimofthepaperistopresentaninterdisciplinaryspatialmethodologicalapproachoftransformationandconstructionofknowledgeaboutthearcticlandscape.Theconstructionofsocio-cultural,socio-environmentalandterritorialknowledgeisbasedon:(a)thedevelopmentofaninterdisciplinarymethodologyintegratedandformalizedontologically,whereresearchersinitiallyfollowapositivistapproach;(b)thesystematiccollectionofgeographical,sociolinguistic,spatial,andarchaeologicallanddata,maps,toponyms,linguisticdictionaries;(c)theintegrationofthecollecteddataintoageolinguisticandgeographicdatabase,organized,mergedandstructuredaccordingtotheontologicalmodelcreatedintegratingitintoageographicinformationsystem(GIS);(d)theacquisitionofspatialremotesensingdata.Theestablishedgeographicalindicatorsencompassgeographical,cultural,anthropological,historicalandterritorialobjectsmodelledbyEarthsatelliteremotesensing.Italsogivesthepossibilitytoextractontologiesoflandscapes:thegeographicobjects,geolocalised,andasanelementorawholeontologicallydefiningaplace.

13.3.2

Recognitionoflandscape‘structuresbytoponymicalmapandremotesensinganalysis(Khangalasskydistrict,Yakutia)

MoiseiZakharov,ViktoriiaFilippova,AntoninaSavvinova,KyunneyPestereva,SébastienGadal

LandscapeandtoponymicalresearchescontributetothereconstructionofthegeographicalenvironmentofthepasthistoricperiodsaswellasthestudymadeontheKhangalsskydistrictinYakutia(orientalSiberia).Alandscapesemanticscartographyofthetoponymscoveringthevalleyof“Erkeeni”and“Samartay”combinedwithremotesensingimageprocessingandthesemanticsanalysisofthethreelinguisticgroupsoftoponyms[Turkic(Yakut),Manchu-Tungus(Evenk)andSlavic(Russian)]generateamodelofrecognitionofthelandscape’scategories.Theselandscape’scategoriesrecognisedcorrespondingtothehistoricalevolutionsofKhangalsskydistrict;butalso,ofthedifferentlanduses,specificeconomicactivityoftheethnicgroupsorganisingthegeographicspace.

13.3.3

MicrotoponymsoftheMiddleLenaIslandsastheReflectionofthePopulation’sModeofLife

KiunneiPestereva,MariannaSamsonova,AitalinaPavlova,ViktoriiaFilippova

WithintheRSFproject"LandscapeOntology:Semantics,Semiotics,andGeographicModeling"(No.15-18-20047)fundedbytheRussianScienceFoundation,theresearchoftheCentralYakutiatoponyms(caseofKhangalasskyregionthatfromthehistoricalpointofviewhasbigimpactontheSakhaethnosformation,itsmaterialandspiritualculture)wasconducted.Theconductedresearchrevealedreflectionofthestagesof

KhangalasskyregiondevelopmentbyMongol,TurkicandTungusethnicgroups.LocatedinthemiddlereachesoftheLenaRiver,bigisland,valleyareasandtaigacontributedtotheformationandcoexistenceofappropriatingandproducingthetypeofeconomicactivity(livestock,agriculture).Untilthemid-20thcentury,thelocalpopulationwasconcentratedonthelargerislands,whichweretheplaceofresidence,andcarriedgreateconomicandsacralmeaning.Inthe50-iesofthe20thcenturyduringtheprocessofconsolidationofthevillageslocatedonseveralIslands,therewasalarge-scaleresettlement.However,theIslandscontinuetobeofgreatimportanceforthepopulationuntiltoday,aslandscapeandtoponymicmapsdevelopedduringtheexpeditionsandregisteredinthedatabaseofmicrotoponymsdemonstrate.

13.3.4

ReflectionofthetraditionaleconomyofindigenouspeopleofYakutiaintheplacenames

AntoniaSavvinova,ViktoriiaFilippova

Traditionaleconomicactivities–reindeerherding,huntingandfishing,practicedbythelocalpopulation,arewidelyreflectedintheplacenames.Tostudythetypesoftraditionaleconomicactivities,wecarriedoutasemanticanalysisoftoponymsofEven,EvenkandYakutpeoplesfromthetoponymicdictionaries.Theanalysisshowedthatthehuntinghasahighestvalueintraditionaleconomicactivities,itisreflectedinthedominanceofplacenames–42%.Thetoponymsassociatedtofishingarefoundin25%ofplacenames.Thereindeerherdingisoneofthemaintypesoftraditionalactivitiesanditisreflectedin16%ofplacenamesassociatedwithreindeerherding.Thus,theplacenamesassociatedwithtraditionalnatureusecanbeanindicatoroffeaturesofeconomicactivitiesofindigenouspeoplesofYakutia.TheresearchisfundedbytheRussianScienceFoundation.(?15-18-20047).

13.3.5

Yakutskcityinwinter:externalandinternalperceptions

LiudmilaZamorshchikova,AnnaIkonnikova

Thispaper’sfocusistoinvestigatetheimagesofYakutskcityinwinterthroughtheexternalandinternalperceptions.Theresearchproject“LandscapeOntology:Semantics,Semiotics,andGeographicModelling”(?15-18-20047)fundedbytheRussianScienceFoundation.TheexternalperceptioncreatedbythewesternreportersandjournalistsfixesYakutskasacoldestcityoftheworld.“Absolutelyeverythinghereseemscomprisedofendlessiceandsnow,raisingthequestionofwhatsortofextremes—ofemotion,activity,desperation—cansuchanenvironmentgenerateinthepeoplewhoendureit”(http://time.com/3798383/yakutsk-the-coldest-city-on-earth/).Theinternalperceptionisdifferentandittellsthecityanditslifeasa"norm",notfocusingonthecitymeteo.However,theclimateuniquenessofthecitybecomesthefocuswhentoldaboutthemajortouristevents.Wecansaythatthecoldbecomesakindofopportunityforpromotethisnewtouristbrandofthecity.

13.4 ThePlaceofArcticAnimals

Chair:BathshebaDemuth

11June-3:30p.m.

N320

13.4.1

LocalConcerns,Collaboration,andPlurarityintheresearchofTorngatMountainsCaribou

JamieSnook

TheTorngatWildlifeandPlantsCo-ManagementBoard(TWPCB)wasestablishedaspartofthe2005LabradorInuitLandClaimsAgreement(LILCA).In2009communitymembersinNain,Nunatsiavutandboardmembersof

theTWPCBidentifiedconcernswiththeTorngatMountainsCaribouHerd(TMCH).TheseconcernswerebeingexpressedatatimewhentheadjacentGeorgeRiverCaribouHerdwereexperiencinghistoricandprecipitousdeclines,andwereprioritizedforresearchfundingandattention.ManagingtheTMCHiscomplexandmultiplelevelsofgovernmenthavejurisdictionalauthority.TheTWPCBcollaborateswithmultiplestakeholdersincludingtheNunatsiavutGovernment,theGovernmentofNewfoundlandandLabrador,GovernmentofQuebec,academia,aswellasothers,ondatacollection,dataanalysis,andinformationdissemination.TheTWPCBconvenedaTMCHstakeholderworkshopin2010andhascoordinatedatransdisciplinaryresearchprogrameversince.Since2009,theTWPCB’sworkrelatedtotheTorngatMountainsCaribouHerdhasspannedseveraldisciplines:scientificandInuitknowledgeresearch,inter-jurisdictionalmanagementandpublicengagementandawareness.Meetings,workshops,conferencecalls,andpartnershipshaveallcontributedtostrengtheningtherelationshipsbetweenstakeholdersconcernedabouttherelativelysmall,montaneherd.Notably,atelemetryprogramwasinitiatedin2011,followedbythefirstsystematiccollectionofInuitknowledgein2013(Wilsonetal,2014)andthefirstaerialcensusoftheherdin2014(Couturieretal,2015).Thecontinuationofthetelemetryprogramisongoing,andthedevelopmentofaspringphotoclassificationmethodologyisinprogress.

13.4.2

“We’reStillontheLearningCurve”:AcasestudyofBelugahunting,EcologicalKnowledge,andCulturalConflictinUlukhaktok,Canada

PeterCollings,TristanPearce

Duringsummer2014,huntersintheCanadianInuitcommunityofUlukhaktoklanded33belugawhales.Thehuntwasunprecedented:belugawhalesareonlyrarelyencounteredinlocalwaters,andthereisnoculturaltraditionamongUlukhaktomiutforhuntingbeluga.GovernmentagentsandmembersofothercommunitiesintheInuvialuitSettlementRegionsubsequentlyexpressedconcernsaboutefficiency,safety,equipment,andprocessing,consumption,andfutureregulationofbeluga.Inthispaper,weexaminetheprocessandaftermathofthehunt,highlightingthetensionsthatemergedbetweenUlukhaktomiutandtheexternalagents(bothInuvialuitandgovernmental)overtheeducationandmonitoringcampaignthatresulted.WediscussviewsoftheequipmentUlukhaktomuitdevelopedtohuntwhales,perceptionsaboutthedistributionofmeatbothcommunity-wideandregionally,andresistancetonotionsthatUlukhaktomiutlackedecologicalknowledgeaboutbelugawhales.ForUlukhaktomiut,ecologicalknowledgeexistsnotasasetoffactsbutasasuiteofskills,andconcernsaboutthenumberofanimalstakenwasoffsetbythewidedistributionoftheharvest.

13.4.3

Prey,Predators,People-TheManagementofWolvesinAlaska

DorisFriedrich

IntheArctic,wolvesarepartoftheecologyalongsideotherpredators.Theyhave,however,auniquelyambiguousrelationshipwithhumansandtheirimagerangesfrommosthatedandfearedtovaluablemembersofthenaturalcommunity.Alaskainparticularhasacomplexhistoricalrelationshipwithitswolfpacksandtheinteractionsbetweenagencies,hunters,trappers,scientistsandconservationistsarefraughtwithproblems.Despitepotentialbenefits,protectingwolvesiscontroversialandignitesdebates.People’sattitudestowardswolfmanagementarenotonlyaffectedbyconcernsaboutwolfattacks,butbyfactorsliketheperceptionofnature,thelevelofknowledgeonwolves,thedistancetowolfterritory,beingahunter,owninglivestockorahuntingdog.Theattitudesaremorelikelyaresultofindirectexperiencethandirectexperienceofwolfpresence.Besides,theargumentsforcontrolmeasures,suchasincreasingpreypopulationsforhuntingorreducingthedangertohumans,oftenstemfrommisunderstandings.Bisietal.(2007)arguethat“wolfmanagementisratherasociologicalthanabiologicalquestion.”InseveralArcticregions,predatormanagementhasgivenrisetoconflictswiththelocalpopulationandotherstakeholders,astheauthoritiesfailtotakeintoaccountsocial,economicandpoliticalaspects.InFinland,thestronglocalsupportfortheillegalkillingofwolveschallengesstatewolfmanagement,whichiswhyPohja-MykräandKurki(2014)emphasizetheneedto“prioritiselocalsocio-culturalneeds”.Althoughthisconclusionhasbeendrawnfromanumberofstudiesovertime,itsimplementationstillleavesalottobedesired.ThispresentationaimsatsheddinglightontheclashingattitudestowardswolfmanagementinAlaska,withacomparisontootherArcticstates.Possiblewaystoalleviateconflictswillbeexaminedinordertoimprovehuman-wolfinteractionsandincreasesupportforwolfmanagementpolicies.

13.4.4

ManyfacesofReindeerandmanyfacesofDog:HowlocalpeopleandanimalslivetogetherindifferentpartsoftheRussianArctic

KonstantinKlokov,VladimirDavydov

Foralongtimedogs,reindeer,andhumansinhabitedtheArcticareastogether.Theirtriplealliancebroughttothecreationofsustainablemodelsoflandscapeappropriation.Themainpurposeofthistextistodiscussthesynergetic(symbiotic)effectofmutualhuman-dog-reindeeragencyandtocomparetheiradaptivestrategiesintheTundraandTaiga.ThepresentationwillincludetheresultsoftherecentfieldstudieswithinArcticDomusprojectaswellasPolarCensus(1926-27)data.Dogsandreindeerprovidedpeoplenotonlywithtransport,food,andskins.Incomparisontootherspeciestheycanprovidepeoplebetterdegreeofautonomy,becausetheycanberelativelyautonomousthemselves.Theideaofautonomycorrelateswiththeideaofpersonhood.Peopleperceivedogsandreindeeraspersonswhothemselvesknowhowtoactincertainsituations.Theyareactiveagentsofsocialinteractionandhaveabigfreedomofmovement.Nomadiceconomyofatypicalreindeerherders’familyrepresentstheunbreakablechain,consistingofahosthusband,housewifeandchildren-heirs,severalhundredofreindeerandaboutadozenofdogs,whereeachplaysitsirreplaceablerole.Dogsandreindeerworkedinclosecooperationtogetherwithhumansinherdingandhunting,althoughhavingbeingpartlycompetedinsomeplacesasameanoftransportation‘monopolized’eitherbydogsorreindeer.Adogusedtobemoreimportantthanareindeerinthecontextofreligiousbeliefs.Actually,ritesofsacrificeofreindeerarewidespreadaswell,whilesacrificeofdogsismostlyathingofthepast.Howeveraspecialattitudetowarddogsisstillpreserved.AnalysesofPolarCensus(1926/27)dataonhunting,sledgeandherdingdogsanddomesticatedreindeerindifferentnorthernareasallowedtorevealseveraltypesoftheircoexistencewitharcticlandscape.Eachofthesetypeswaslocatedinaquitedefinitegeographicalareadeterminedbyclimatic,geographicalandculturaldrive

13.6 MonitoringsustainabilityintheArctic

Chair:

12June-1:00p.m.

N420

13.6.1 Knowledgeco-productioninsustainabilitymonitoring

TatianaVlasova,SergeyVolkov

Thepaperisanattempttotietogethermainbiogeophysicalandsocialscienceprojectsundertheauspiceofinterdisciplinarysustainabilitysciencedevelopment.Specialattentionisputtothenecessityofthetransdisciplinaryknowledgeco-productionbasedonactivitiesandproblem-solutionsapproaches.ItputsattentiontotheroleofmonitoringactivitiesinsustainabilityinterdisciplinaryscienceandtransdisciplinaryknowledgeevolutionintheArctic.SociallyfocusedmonitoringnamedSocially-OrientedObservationscreatingatansdisciplinaryspaceisviewedasoneofsourcesoflearningandtransformationstowardssustainabilitymakingpossibletoshaperapidchangeshappeningintheArcticbasedonsustainabilityknowledgeco-production.ContinuousSocially-OrientedObservationsintegratingscientific,educationandmonitoringmethodsenablestodefineadaptationandtransformationpathwaysintheArctic-themostrapidlychangingregionofourplanet.Socially-OrientedObservationsarebasedontheexistinganddevelopinginterdisciplinaryscientificapproachesemergedwithinnaturalscienceandsocialscienceprojects,sustainabledevelopmentandresilienceconceptsputtingprincipleattentiontobuildingsustainableandresilientsocio-ecologicalsystems.ItisarguedthattheArcticsustainabilityscienceisavaluablecomponentofthewholeandbroadersystemoftheArcticSustainabilityknowledgeco-producedwiththehelpoftransdisciplinaryapproachesintegratingscience,local/traditionalknowledge,entrepreneurship,education,decision-making.

13.6.3

HedeAsPhenomenonOfNationalCulture

AntoniaVinokurova

TheEvens,indigenousethnicgroupsoftheNorthlivingintheterritoryoftheRussianFederationintheRepublicofSakha(Yakutia),inKamchatkaKrai,Magadanregion,ChukotkaAutonomousDistrict,KhabarovskKraiwhichtotalnumbermakesabout20thousandpeople.NowdanceofEvenshedeisperformedduringalltraditionalholidays,like"Evinek","Hebdenek",theholidayofreindeerbreedersspentinMarch.NowadaysHededanceisdifferentiatedbyterritorialgroupsofEvens.Allayikhovsky,Abyysky,Momsky,Nizhnekolymskyuluses(regions)andlocalgroupsofBerezovsky,Sebyan-Kyuelsky,TopolinskyEvenshavedifferenttypesofdance.Hedewasformedasartlayerinnationalculture.Ithasthepeculiarnature,traditionsandmakesafundamentalbasisinmodernnationalchoreography.Studyingasphenomenonofnationalculture,unfortunately,remainsbeyondthescopeofthoroughresearchesthatexcludesthefullanalysisofintegrityofnationaldancingart.HedeasphenomenonofnationalcultureoftheEvenpeople,accordingtoA.P.Okladnikov,andshouldbepreservedasoriginal,uniqueestheticphenomenon.

13.6.4

Clashofthenorthernstereotypesinliterature,art,andlife

KonstantinKlokov

ThepresentationisbasedonacomparisonofthetwoimagesoftheFarNorth.OneofthemwasbornintheversesofpoetsofChukotka:VictorKeulkut,ZoiaNenlyumkina,AntoninaKymytval,VladimirTyneskin,MikhailValgirginandothers.?sthebeautyofpoetryisdifficulttoconveytootherlanguages,inmypresentationthisimagewillbepresentedbydrawingsofalmostunknownbutremarkableartist,choreographer,andteacherVictorTymnevie(1948-2007).HiscreativearchiveiskeptintheHouseofFolkArtinAnadyr.AnotherimageoftheFarNorthwaspresentedinpoemsandsongswrittenbyAlexanderGorodnitsky(themostfamousbardoftheRussianNorth)andbywriterOlegKuvaev(1934-1975).Hisnovel"Territory"aboutgolddiggersinChukotkawaswritteninSoviettimesandreprintedmorethan30times.Bothauthorsaregeologists,whoworkedintheNorthformanyyears.AllimageswerecreatedbyauthorswhosincerelylovetheNorth,butrefertoitindifferentways.Thedifferenceinthetwoimagesiscorrelatedtothedifferencesinstereotypes.However,myinterviewsandobservationsduringfieldworkinChukotkaandinothernorthernregionsshowedthatthe

differencesinthestereotypesofbehaviorofindigenousandnon-indigenousnorthernerscannotalwaysbesimplyexplainedbythefactthattheyperceivetheNorthindifferentways.Thecontextsthatdeterminebehaviorpatternscanbeverydiverse.

13.6.5

NorthInSakhaEpicSpace

AlinaNakhodkina

ThepaperanalyzestheimageoftheNorthinSakha(Yakut)epicspace.AcarefulstudyofSakhaepicrevealscertainsimilaritieswithfolkloreoftheindigenouspeoplesoftheNorth:somemotifsorplots,e.g.sceneofaprotagonistsister’skidnappingbyaTungushero.TraditionallytheepicqueststartsinthesouthandleadstothenorthimitatingthemodeloftheSakhamigrationtoSiberia.ThepositivedescriptionoftheTunguspeopleexistsalongwiththedepictionoftheNorthasahostiledangerousenvironment,coldbadlandswithsparsevegetation,i.e.Northisobjectificationofhell,theUnderWorld.TherearedistortedformsoftraditionalsouthernfaunaandfierybogsintundrawhichisadistinctivefeatureoftheSakhaepic.TheNorthisstereotypicallyrepresentedinwinteronly.Theepicdepictsrealnaturalphenomenasuchasfog,orpolarnightinrathernegativecontext.

13.7a Knowledgeintegrationforpolicymakingtoenhanceresilience:

Chair:IulieAslaksen

9June-1:30p.m.

N420

13.7a.1

ECONOR–“TheEconomyoftheNorth2015”

JulieAslaksen,SolveigGlomsrød,GérardDuhaime

WepresentresultsfromthethirdECONORreport,“TheEconomyoftheNorth2015”,whichgivesacomprehensiveoverviewofthecircumpolareconomyandtheeconomyoftheArcticregionsofthe8Arcticcountries.TheArcticeconomyisdescribedandanalysedinabroadcontextencompassingsocio-economicconditions,inequality,macroeconomicdevelopment,extractiveandrenewablenaturalresources,landuseimpacts,andstudiesoftheintertwinedeconomyofthemarketandsubsistenceactivitiesofindigenouspeoples,asbasisforlivelihoodandculture.RegionalstatisticaldataforArcticregionshavebeenlacking,andamainpurposeoftheECONORprojectsistocontributetomakesuchdataavailable.TheECONORprojectIIIhasclosecooperationwithArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgram(AMAP)andprovidedataandadvicetotheArcticCouncilprojectAdaptationActionsforaChangingArctic(AACA).ECONORcontributestopolicy-relevantknowledgethroughacomprehensiveapproachtotheeconomy,encompassingmacro-economicandsocio-economicdata,analysisofclimatepolicyonfuturepetroleumproduction,andknowledgeonsubsistenceactivitiesofindigenouspeoplesandotherlocalpeople.ImpactsofeconomicdriversonlanduseandbiodiversityareaddressedthroughGLOBIOmodelanalysis.ThroughpresentationtotheArcticCouncilresultsfromECONORarebroughtintoArcticpolicymaking.TheECONORreportismadefortheArcticCouncilSustainableDevelopmentWorkingGroup(SDWG)andfundedbytheNorwegianMinistryofForeignAffairsandNordicCouncilofMinisters,withfinancialsupportfromtheparticipatinginstitutionsandAMAP.ThereportiseditedbySolveigGlomsrød,CICEROCenterforInternationalClimateandEnvironmentalResearch,GérardDuhaime,Université´Laval,Quebec,andIulieAslaksen,StatisticsNorway,andthepresenteddataandresultsaremadepossiblethroughextensivecooperationofthenetworkofcircumpolarstatisticiansandresearchers.

13.7a.2

IncomeInequalityintheCircumpolarArctic

GérardDuhaime,AndréeCaron,SébastienLévesque

TheobjectiveofthisstudyistoexamineincomeinequitiesinthecircumpolarArcticregionsandtoinvestigatetherelationsbetweeninequalityandindicatorsofdemography,health,educationandeconomy.InordertolaythefoundationsofasystematicstudyofinequalitiesintheArctic,wehavecompiledGinicoefficientsofinequalityforeachcircumpolarregion,alongwithothersocioeconomicindicators.Testswereperformedtomeasurethecorrelationbetweenincomedispersionandindicatorsoflivingconditions.Theresultsattestoftheexistenceofmodelsthatcorrespondedtowell-establishedpoliticalblocs:weobservehigherlevelsofincomeinequalityintheRussianandAmericanregionsthanintheNordicCountries,andthelivingconditionswithinthesethreeblocstendtoberatherhomogenous.Thissituationisreflectedinthecorrelationanalysis,asincomeinequalitytendstobeassociatedwiththesocial,demographicandsanitaryconditionsofthepopulationoftheseregions.

13.7a.3

Arcticpetroleumextractionunderclimatepolicies

LarsLindholt,SolveigGlomsrød

AspartoftheECONORIIIprojectwestudiedtheimpactofclimatepolicyonpotentialfuturepetroleumsupplyfromArcticregions,basedontheFRISBEEmodelofglobalpetroleumextraction.ThemodelcoverssixArcticregions;Alaska,ArcticCanada,ArcticNorway,Greenland,EastArcticRussiaandWestArcticRussia.Themodelhandlesprices,costsandreserves,andpetroleumproducersbaseinvestmentandproductiondecisionsonprofitmaximizationanddetailedinformationaboutfieldsworldwide.TheassumptionthatinvestmentsfirsttargetthemostprofitablereservesleadstoageographicalspreadofoilandgasextractionpotentiallyacrosstheArcticregions.Ourclimatepolicyscenarioisinlinewiththe2degreesCscenario(450partspermillion(ppm)scenario).OurreferencescenarioisinlinewiththeNewPolicyScenarioinIEAWorldEnergyOutlook2015.Themajorityofcoalandnaturalgasisusedforelectricityproductionworldwide,hencethescaleandmixofthesefuelsinelectricitysupplywillbeaffectedbyfutureclimatepolicy.AmajorquestionishowthepotentialfornaturalgasinArcticregionswillbeaffected.WeusetheFRISBEEmodeltoidentifytheimpactontheoilandgasmarketandonsupplyfromtheArcticregions.IntheFRISBEEmodel,coalandgasmarketsaremodelledascompetitive,whileOPECisadominantplayerintheoilmarket.ClimatepolicyisrepresentedbyaglobalCO2price,initiallyleadingtoreduceddemandforfossilfuels.However,themainresultisthattheArcticmaynotlosepetroleumrevenuesfromaglobalclimateagreement.ThereasonisthataCO2pricemayincreasethedemandforgasandthegaspricesforarcticproducers.Oilpricesmaynotfallasmuchasonecouldexpect,sinceOPECmayreduceproductiontoensureroughlythesameoilpriceaswithoutaclimatetreaty.

13.7a.4

TheArcticasa“hotspot”fornaturalresourceextractionandglobalwarming.

BirgerPoppel

TheArctichasincreasinglybeenseenasa“hotspot”intermsofglobaldemandforresources,withlargeimpactsontheenvironmentandlocalcommunitiesfromthepetroleumandminingactivities.Resourceextractionbothcreatesexpectationsofeconomicopportunitiesandconcernsaboutshort-andlong-termenvironmentaleffectsandpotentialconsequencesforthelivelihoodsofArcticindigenouspeoplesandotherArcticresidents.ThepotentialforasustainableanddiversifiedeconomicdevelopmentandresourceuseintheArcticmaybechallengedbyanincreasedglobaldemandformineralsandpetroleum.Atthesametime,rapidclimatechangeimpactstakeplaceintheArctic.Thecombinedeffectsofthesetrendshavelargeimpactsonthenature-basedlivelihoods,livingconditionsandwell-beingofindigenouspeoplesandotherArcticresidents.ThelivelihoodsoftheindigenouspeoplesoftheArcticaretraditionallybasedonrenewablenaturalresource

harvest,andsubsistencehunting,fishing,reindeerherding,andgatheringarestillprevalentlifestylesinmanypartsofthecircumpolarArctic.ThefocusofthispresentationisthenotionandincreasedarticulationoftheArcticasahotspot,andthechallengestothelivelihoodsandlivingconditionsintheArctic.TwoGreenlandiccasestudiesarepresented:Qeqertarsuatsiaat,asettlementsouthofNuukwherearubymineisconstructedandreadytooperateandNarsaq,asmalltowninSouthGreenlandwhereplansforarare-earth-elementsmineproducinguraniumasaby-productisplanned.

13.7b Knowledgeintegrationforpolicymakingtoenhanceresilience:

Chair:JulieAslaksen

9June-3:30p.m.

N420

13.7b.1

InterdependencyOfSubsistenceAndMarketEconomiesInTheArctic

DavinHolen,DrewGerkey,EvenHøydahl,DavidNatcher,BirgerPoppel,MaryStapleton,EllenIngaTuri,andIulieAslaksen

AcrosstheNorthhunting,fishing,herding,andgatheringcontinuetobeofmajorsignificancetothelocaleconomiesofNorthernpeoplesprovidingfood,andreinforcingsocialrelationshipsandculturalidentity.Inthemixedcash-subsistenceeconomiesoftheArctic,consumptionpossibilitiesareusuallycreatedbyacombinationofmarketparticipationandsubsistenceactivities.Withsomenotableexceptions,asinAlaska,subsistenceactivitiesaremostlyinvisibleinsocialstatistics,duetolackofdataandlackofrecognitionofhowtheycontributetolivelihoodandwell-being.Thispresentationwillpresentupdatedavailableknowledgeonstudiesofsubsistenceeconomies,describewheregapsexistandpossibleopportunitiesforresearch,andexaminetheinterdependencyofthesubsistenceandmarketeconomyoftheindigenouspeoplesandotherlocalpeopleintheArctic.ThepresentationemphasizestheuniquedatasourceprovidedbythesubsistencesurveysofAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame,carriedoutinlocalcommunitiesoveralongperiodoftime,providingdataonthesubsistenceactivitiesoftheindigenouspeoplesinAlaska,fordifferentregionsanddifferenttypesofwildfood.

13.7b.2

EconomicImpactsofArcticTourismintheECONORRegions

KristineGrimsrud

TheArcticisformanyanexoticdestinationthatoffersauroraborealis,iceandsnow,biglandscapes,dogsleddingandskiing,reindeer,wildlifehabitats,huntingandfishing,“wildernessexperience”,andculturalheritagesites.Arctictourismhasincreasedrapidlyoverthelastcoupleofdecadeswithglobaldemandforremote“last-chance”tourismexperiencesasrapidwarmingleadstomeltingofglaciersandice-caps.Ontheonehand,itisoftenhopedthattourismcanbeasignificantsourceofrevenue,jobs,personalincome,andpublicfinanceintheArctic,andthattourismcanrevitalizecommunitiesthatformerlyhadresourcedependenteconomiesandstopoutmigration.ThepotentialforsmallscaletourismmaybepresentforsomeArcticregions,relatedtoe.g.huntingandfishing,butmaybesmallerforotherArcticregionsbecausetourismdevelopmentofe.g.cruiseportsrequiresrelativelylargeinfrastructureinvestments.Synergyeffectsbetweenthesemayexist.Ontheotherhand,communitiesmayexperienceanumberofnegativesocio-culturalimpactsfromtourism.SparselypopulatedArcticcommunitieshavebeenoverwhelmedwhenthenumberoftouristsbyfarexceedsthepopulationsandinfrastructurecapacitiesoftheirhostcommunities.TheArctic’secosystemsarefragileandsusceptibletochangecausedbymorepollution,wasteandarapidgrowthinthedevelopmentofinfrastructure.Traditionalculturemayalsobeaffectedbytourism.

ThispaperfocusesontheeconomicimpactsofArctictourismintheECONORregionswiththegoalofcomparingimpactsacrossregions.AparticularchallengeisthatdifferentregionsusedifferentindicatorsoftheimpactoftourismandthatnoconsistentindicatoroftheeconomicimpactoftourismcanbefoundinalltheECONOR-regions.Someregionsaredatarichandotherregionshaveverylittledata.WeprovideanoverviewoftheregionaleconomicimpactofArctictourismusingselectavailableindicators.

13.7b.3

BiodiversitymodellingintheArcticasdecisionsupporttoolatglobal,regionalandlocalscale

WilbertvanRooij

Overthelastyears,assessmentsonbiodiversityhavebeencarriedoutforTheEconomyoftheNorthIIIprojectandtheNomadicHerdersproject(NH).WhiletheECONORIIIprojectfocussesonaregionalandnationalscaleofthecurrentArcticbiodiversity,theassessmentsfortheNHprojectwereonaprovincialscale,bothforthecurrentandfuturesituationforthreeArcticareasintheBarentsregion:Finnmark,LaponiaandNenetsAO.ThebiodiversityintheseareashasbeenassessedwithhelpoftheGLOBIO3biodiversitymodel.Withthismodelthebiodiversityisnotdirectlymeasured,butassessedviacause-effectrelationsbetweenbiodiversityandlanduse,infrastructure,fragmentationandclimatechange.Resultsoftheassessmentlevelsarecomparedandanalysed.Themaindifferencesbetweentheresultsarecausedbythelevelofdetailofthelandusemaps.Theuseoflocalexpertknowledgeatthelocalscalealsoinfluencestheoutcome.Fordecisionsupportatthelocallevelahighlevelofdetailisrequired.FortheNHprojectthepurposeofthemodellingistoinvestigateifitcanbeusedtosupportlocaldecisionmakersinvolvedwithenvironmentalplanningthatmightaffectreindeerherders.Resultsshowthattherearesignificantimpactsonbiodiversity,bothatpresentandinthefuture.ClimatechangeresultsinagradualchangeofthebiodiversitythroughouttheBarentsregion.Localbiodiversitylossesarecausedbyinfrastructuralandurbandevelopment,expansionofmines,windmillparksandholidayhouses.ResultsforFinnmarkhavebeendiscussedwithlocalreindeerherdersandtheyobservedthatsomeoftheseverebiodiversitylossesoverlapwithvitalcalvinggroundsandimportantmigrationroutes.Reindeerherdersbelievethattheresultsshouldbemadeavailabletolocaldecisionmakersatthestartoftheplanningprocess,sothatpossibleconsequencesforreindeerhusbandrycanbediscussedbeforeirreversibledecisionsarebeingmade.

13.7b.4 High-TechforHighNorth:CombiningTraditionalKnowledgeandInnovationforSustainableFuture

VarvaraKorkina

Howlongagodidasmartphonebecomeanindispensablepartofourlife?Now,wegotusedtocallingonSkypeorWhatsAppandseeingourinterlocutors...Tenyearsagothiswasimpossible.High-techiseverywhereinourlives.Wecanusealotofnewtechnologiesinourresearchoroureverydaylife.Butsometimesweforgetthatthesetechnologiescanbecombinedwithothersystemsofknowledgeanddeployedtoachievesocietalgoals,suchassustainabledevelopment.WhatdoTESLAandreindeerherdersmayhaveincommon?Arethesetwodifferentworldsthatgoingtowardthecommongoalofsustainablefuture?Forward-looking,innovativecompanieswanttochangeourwayoflifebyfosteringsustainabletechnologicalandlifestyleoptions.Indigenouspeopletrytosaveourworldinthedifferent,butpotentiallycomplementaryways.Mutuallearningandinvestmentinjoinedeffortsarelikelytobenefitofboth.AwholegenerationofArcticresidentsaregrowingupinthedigitalandconnectedworldandnowrelyontechnologyfortheirdailyactivities.Atthesametime,IndigenousknowledgehasbeensustainingIndigenouscommunitiesformanycenturiesandstillconstitutesthefabricofIndigenoussocieties.

Howdowecombinetwodifferentworlds?Whyshouldorshouldwenotdothis?Whatareexamplesofsuccessfulcollaborationdowehave?

13.7c Knowledgeintegrationforpolicymakingtoenhanceresilience:

Chair:IulieAslaksen

10June-1:30p.m.

N420

13.7c.1

AdaptationActionandIndigenousPeoples’PerspectivesintheBarentsregion

SveinDMathiesen

TheBarentsregionisaneconomically,sociallyandculturallydiverseregion,hometoanumberofIndigenousPeoples.Keyquestionsandtrendsoneconomy,climatechangeandgovernance,andassociatedimpactsonlivelihoods,knowledgebase,livingconditionsandwellbeingoftheregion’sIndigenousPeoplesarediscussed.WeaimtovoicetothemultipleconcernsofIndigenousPeoplesandprovideinformationandguidancetowarddevelopingadaptationtoolsandstrategiesforfutureplanninganddevelopmentintheBarentsregion.Knowledgeoncumulativeimpactsandfutureconsequencesofclimateandsocio-economicdriversareachievedthroughGLOBIO3.ThecomplexityofmultipledriversandfarreachingconsequencesofunrelateddevelopmentsdemandthatImpactAssessmentsevolveintoholisticandlongtermssocial-ecologicalresilienceassessmentswherethecapacityoftheinterdependentcomplexsystemsofpeopleandnaturepersists,adaptsandtransformsinthefaceofArcticchange.Traditionalknowledge(TK)needstobepartofthisprocess.Tippingpointsforcontinuationoftraditionallivelihoodsexistandinsomeareas,maybepassedinthenexttwodecades.ThereisneedfornewkindsofeducationandeducationdeliveryintheNorth,incorporatingmultidisciplinary,multicultural,holisticapproachesforsustainabledevelopmentthatincludestraditionalknowledge.SuccessfuladaptationtoclimatechangedemandstrainingoflocalArcticleadersinlong-termsustainablethinkinginbothIndigenousPeoples’andmainstreamsociety.Developmentofmeaningfulco-productionofknowledgebetweenTKandwesternsciencewillbekeyforcreatingsuccessfuladaptationstrategies.NewadaptiveboundarymechanismsfortrainingfutureindigenousleadersshouldbedevelopedandshouldmirrortheBarentscommunities’needsfortraditionalknowledgeandscientificknowledgewhenplanningtheirfutureeconomies,utilizinge.g.theUniversityoftheArcticnetworks.

13.7c.2

Thescience-policyoftraditionalindigenousknowledgeinmanagementofnaturalresources

AndesOskal

Wecontributetobetterunderstandingofscience-policyprocessesbyexploringtheroleoftraditionalindigenousknowledgeinpolicy-makingfortheadaptationofArcticsocio-ecologicalsystemunderclimatechange.TheprojectsAdaptationActionsforaChangingArctic(AACA)andNomadicHerders,withSámireindeerherdersandotherreindeerherdingpeoplesofthecircumpolarArctic,raiseissuesforthescience-policyprocessesbyaskinghowtraditionalindigenousknowledgecanexpandthescopeofthescientificapproachtoresilienceandadaptivecapacity.TraditionalindigenousknowledgeisthebestavailableknowledgeandpracticeoftraditionalArcticsubsistenceactivities.AsrecognizedbytheArcticClimateImpactAssessment(ACIA),traditionalexperience-basedknowledgeofindigenouspeoplesandotherlocalpeopleexpandsthescientificapproachtomonitoringimpactsofclimatechange.Traditionalindigenousknowledgeisembeddedinthesubsistenceactivitiesthatprovidefoodandculture,assuchitisaformofsciencethatbuildssociety.“Futureresearchonclimatechangeshouldresultinadeeperunderstandingofwhatexactlyformsthebasisforthesocial,cultural,politicalandeconomicviabilityofarctic

communities,andattempttoexploretheresearchprioritieshighlightedbycommunitiesthemselves”(ACIA2005,p.686).Adaptationpossibilitiesofreindeerherderstoclimatechangecanbeconstrainedbyinstitutionalframeworksandresourcemanagementregimes,documentedbytheÉALATproject.ManagementoftheArcticnaturalresourcesisoftenunderinfluenceofeconomicinterestsoutsidetheArcticregions,documentedintheECONORprojects.Wesuggestacriticalapproachtoexplorethesciencepolicyprocesses,inorderforstrategiesforadaptationtoclimatechangeintheArctictotakeintoaccountstronguncertainty,irreversibility,valueincommensurability,ethicalissues,andinterestconflicts,assuggestedby“post-normal”science.

13 Posters

PsychofunctionalconditionofemployeeswhoworkonarotationalscheduleintheArctic

VeraLobova,IlyaKim

Thereisanumberoffactorsthatadverselyaffectsthehumanorganism,engagedinthedevelopmentofnewoilandgasdepositsintheArcticregion.Amongthem,theresearcherstraditionallymarkouttheharshclimateandasetofenvironmentalandsocialconditionsthatareharmfultohumanhealth.Therewith,anumberofresearchersemphasizetheideathatsocialfactorsplayanimportantroleinthisprocess,offeringthespecialistsamajortasktoimprovethelivingconditionsintheArctic.ThepurposeoftheresearchistoassessthedynamicsofpsychofunctionalconditionofemployeeswhoworkonarotationalscheduleintheArctic.Thestudyinvolved38youngmen(20-35yearsold),whoseaverageagewas30.3yearsoldandrotationalexperience-5.1years,whoworkinthesettlementPriozernyofNadymregion,locatedintheArcticzoneoftheterritoryoftheforesttundra.Themodeofoperationwasa30-daywatchandthen30-dayvacation,whenworkerswenttotheirhomes(medianstripandtheSouthofRussia).Indicatorsofanxiety(situationalandpersonal)ofyoungmenatthebeginningoftherotationalperiodexceedthoseattheendofthewatch.Functionalindicatorsofwell-being,activity,moodduringarotationalchangeundergoadversechangeswithsignificantdifferencesinthescaleofwell-being.Overall,theanalysisshowedthatmentalfunctioningofyoungmenintheArcticissubjecttolittlenegativeinfluenceofnaturalandsocialfactors.Despitetheoptimisticoutlook,thedatadictatesstrictcriteriaofprofessionalselectionforworkinextremeconditionsandtheimportanceofpreventiveworkinrelationtotheadaptationofpersonneltotheconditionsoftheArctic.Thecomplexofsocialactivitiesmustincludemeasurestoreducefatigueandoptimizethehumanworkload,inordertobringitintoaccordwithpsychofunctionalcapabilitiesofeachindividualemployee.

NenetsandtheArctic:FormsofAdaptiveBehaviour

VeraLobova,AlexanderUlyanchenko

TheresearchtookplaceintheterritoryoftheArcticregioninthesettlementNyda,oneofthelargestnativevillageslocatedonthecoastoftheGulfofOb.SurveyedrepresentativesoftheindigenouspeopleoftheNorthbelongtotheSamoyed(Nenets)group.Thegroupwasformedbyrandomsamplingandincluded41people.ThestudyofdeepmechanismsofpersonalityshowedthatsuchtypeofpsychologicaldefenseasaprojectionisthemostexpressedintheNenets,whichiscloselyassociatedwiththeirmythologicalperceptionoftheworld,characterizedbyinstallingthepersonificationofanimals,trees,andatendencytoattributeownmotivations,feelingsanddesirestothephenomenaofnature.Themechanismofprojectionforwomenismoreintensethanthatformen.ThesecondactivemechanismofpsychologicaldefenseoftheNenetsisnegation,whichhastraditionallybeenoneofthemainmechanismsoffearandindicatestheignoringoftheemergingdanger.AnothertypeofdefenseusedbytheNenetsisovercompensation,whichexplainsastrongfeelingsinviolation

ofpersonalspace,thatismoreevidentinthebehaviourofwomenthanofmen.Italsodemonstratestheimportanceofsuchaspectsoflifeasorder,commitmenttocomplywithculturalnormsandtraditionsintheconsciousnessofNenets.AmongtheformsoftheNenetsadaptivebehaviourtherehavebeenhighlightedindependence,evidentreadinesstoexternalconfrontation,contemplation.Womenhasactualizedcommunicativeneedformutualsymmetricalconnectionwithoutemotionalstress,men-expressionoffreedom,self-relianceandoriginality.TheNenetsadaptivebehaviourischaracterizedbyevidenttensionofpsychologicaldefensemechanismsandimportanceofsuchaspectsoflifeasthecommitmenttothepreservationoftraditionsandcustomaryprinciplesoflifeintheconsciousnessoftheNenets.

Northerngeoculturalarealasawayofconceptualization(problemstatement)

ViktoriaMikhaylova

TwoaspectsofontologicalfoundationofNortherngeoculturalarealgivemainaspaectsofitsstudy.Thefirstaspectconcernsasubjectconceptualizationwhichallowstoconsiderthisgeoculturalareaasauniformgeographical,natural,economic,sociohistorical,culturalcomplex.Thesecondaspectdevelopsdynamicallyconnectedprocessofformation,changeandenrichmentofgeoculturalareas.IftheEuropeancultureisbasedonsubstantialconceptualization,theEasternisbasedonprocessualconceptualizationwhichisrelatedtoNature-orientedconceptualozation.ThedifferenceofNortherngeoculturalarealisequaltotheWesternandEasterncultures.Northernmulticulturalincludesmultiplicityofcultures.Northistheterritoryoftraditionalvalueswithcultureofreindeersandbreeders.Cultureofindigenouspeoplesischaracteristicbyitsgoculturalareal.Northistheplacewhereproductsoftechnogenicandinformationdevelopment.Besides,Northisdiverseplaceintermsofsocialspaceandgeographicaldistribution.MultiplicityoftheNorthisrhizomatic,becauseithasneithercenter,northeperiphery,norauniformclearboundarywhichcouldprovidetheNorth.

RepresentationOf“Life”InLinguisticConsciousnessOfTheYakuts,RussiansAndFrench

IrenaKhokholova

Theproblemsofresearchoflinguisticconsciousnessandimageoftheworldalongwiththeproblemsofinterculturalcommunicationandspeechontogenyoccupyacentralpositionofpsycholinguisticresearch.Studiesofethnicimageoftheworldletusrevealthestatusofethnicconstantparametersthatdistinguishoneethnicgroupfromanother.Recordinganddimensionofculturalspecificityofimagesofconsciousnessarecarriedbycomparingtheassociativefieldsofthesamewordsindifferentlanguages.Associationisalinkbetweensomeobjectsorphenomenathatisbasedonourpersonalexperience.Thisexperiencecanbethesameastheexperienceofculturewhichwebelongto.Theaimofourresearchistostudytheassociativeverbalnetofwords"olokh/zhizn’/vie”inYakut,RussianandFrenchculturaltraditions(basedonYakut,RussianandFrenchassociativedictionaries).Freeassociativeexperiment,quantitativemethodsandstatisticalprocessingofdata,summarizingthefactsobtainedthroughthemethodofsemanticgestaltbyY.N.Karaulovareusedasthemethodsofresearch.TheresultsoftheassociativeexperimentconductedamongthenativeYakutlanguagespeakers(2012)aswellasdatafromRussianAssociativeThesaurus(Y.N.Karaulov)andtheFrenchAssociativeDictionary(M.Debrenn)arethematerialofourresearch.InlinguisticconsciousnessofYakut,RussianandFrenchcultureholders“life”hasuniversalandspecificvalues.Theresultsofassociativeexperimentsinthreelanguagesshowthatthewords-stimuli“olokh/zhizn’/vie”canbelongtothesamegroupduetotheirinternalsynonymywhichdescribedassomethinghigh,external,thatmakeinfluence,thatisuncontrolledanduniversalinrelationtoman.ThusthemostfrequentassociationamongtheRussiansandFrenchtothewordstimuluszhizn’/vieare"zhizn’-smert’”-life-deathand“vie-mort”whereasthereaction"life-death"amongtheYakutrespondentsoccupiesaperipheral

14 Museums&Heritage

Themeleader:IgorKrupnik([email protected])

14.1 TheFormationofNorthernSpaces:Field-sciences,Place-names,HeritageandTourism

Chairs:UrbanWråkberg&P.J.Capelotti

9June-10:30a.m.

N410

14.1.1

Exploration,science,influence,andnationalidentityinArctictopnymy

PJCapelotti

FranzJosefLandwitnessedthreesignificantAmericangeographicexpeditionsbetween1898-1905(Capelotti:2016),aswellasearlierexplorationbyasuccessionofEuropeangeographicexpeditions(Barr1995;Capelotti:2013),andeachlefttheirmarkintermsofmappingandplace-names.ThispaperwillrecountresultsofanhistoricplacenamesofFranzJosefLandworkshopheldinOslo,Norway,in2015,andpointtonewdirectionsinthiswork.

14.1.2

Militarizing(anddemilitarizing)ColdWarArcticSpaces:ShiftingTechnologies,Strategies,andFieldPractices

RonaldEDoel

InthefirsthalfoftheColdWar,theArcticbecameacenterofglobalstrategicconflictasneverbefore.EscalatingtensionsbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionafter1945madetheArctic—thegeographicmidwaybetweenNorthAmericaandEurasia—apotentialtheatreofwar.SovietresearchershadgainedagoodunderstandingoftheArctic’senvironmentalpropertiesthroughextensivestate-sponsoredexpeditionsinthe1920sand1930s,butAmericanscientistswerefarlessfamiliarwiththisregion.Toeffectivelyoperateweaponssystemsandwarningnetworksinthefarnorth—includingtheDistantEarlyWarning(DEW)lineinfarnorthernCanada,themassiveThuleAirForceBaseinnorthwestGreenland,andthenuclear-poweredcitynamedCampCenturyonthewesternexpanseofGreenland’sIceCap—Americanofficialsrealizedtheyneededtorapidlygainrelevantenvironmentalknowledge.OperatingthesetechnologicalsystemsinspiredPentagonleaderstofundmajornewresearchprogramsinthephysicalenvironmentalsciencesinthefarnorth.Theseutilitarianresearchprogramscontinuedthroughthe1960s—losingmomentumonlywhenanewgenerationofweaponsystems(includingsubmarine-basedPolarisnuclearmissiles)lessenedtheneedfornewenvironmentalknowledgefornationalsecurity.DrawingonrecentlydeclassifiedCIAdocumentsandnewlyavailablematerialsatseveralpresidentiallibraries,thispresentationaddresseskeyfactorsthatinfluencedfieldresearchandoperationalstrategiesbyWesternforcesintheArctic.

14.1.3

TheSolovetskyIslandsattheWhiteSeaasahistoricalknowledgeproductionsiteanditscontestedmemory

JuliaLajus,DmitryLajus

SolovetskyIslandswithitsfifteenthcenturymonasteryisincludedintotheWorldHeritageList.ItisfirstofallknownasmostimportantreligioussiteintheRussianNorthsurroundedbyamazinglydiverseandunique

naturalenvironmentaswellasasiteofmemoryofoneofthemostcruelSovietGulagcamp.However,theislandsalsousedtobeasiteofknowledgeproduction.Thus,forinstance,in1883–1899theSolovetskybiologicalstationwassituatedhere.Itsbuildingstillexistsbutmemoryofitispoorlyrepresented.InthispaperthecontestedmemoryofscienceandscientistsinvolvedinresearchatSolovkiindifferentperiodsisdiscussed.InadditiontotheresearchersofthebiologicalstationwholedthefoundationtopolarmarinebiologyandoceanographyinRussiathepaperfocusesonnaturalscientistswhocontinuedtodoresearchinmostterriblecampconditionsandtheirmemory.

14.1.4

Storiesoflight–visuallymappingtimeandchange.

TyroneMartinsson

Historicphotographs,mapsanddrawingsasculturalheritagevisualrecordsalongwithjournalsandprintedsourcesplayasignificantroleinunderstandingplaceandtime.ThesesourcesareequallyvaluableformediatingandunderstandingcontemporaryissuesofchangingArcticlandsacpes.ThroughexamplesfromtwositesinSvalbard,SmeerenburgandMagdalenefjorden,andtwohistoricexpeditions,Phipps1773andBuchan1818,thispresentationwilllookattheroleofhistoricalvisualsourcesincontemporaryfieldworkrelatedtoenvironmentalissues,historyoficeandlight,visuallymappingtime,changeandexperience.

14.1.5

Presentationsofnature,heritageandgeopoliticsintheArcticvisitorindustry:ReflectionsonsomecasesfromSvalbard(Norway)andNorth-WestRussia

UrbanWråkberg

Basedonparticipantobservations,interviewsandanalysisofun-provokedweb-sources/socialmedia/artandofficialdocuments,thispaperwillexplorevisitor’sguidedinterpretationsandenactmentsofArcticsites,vistas,journeysandadventuretrekking,aspartofindividualssocio-economicprojects,astheygetenactedduringvisitstoSvalbard(Norway)andtheborderlandsandperipheriesofNWRussia(MurmanskOblast).TheRussianminingandtourismoperatorTrustArktikugolonSvalbardanditstwo-linedevelopmentpolicywillbediscussed.Itsclosed(1998)Pyramida/Pyramidencoalminecampfunctionstodayasakindofamemory-laneforWesterntourists,whileitsstate-boostedcommitmenttomodernizeitsmainsettlementofBarentsburgspeaksgeopoliticalcommitmenttopermanencetoallvisitors.Reflectionswillbemadeonwhatthemeaningof“modernisation”maybeinorganisationalandmaterialregardsandaspartofare-projectionoftheRussianstatevectorintoitsextraterritorialanddomesticArctic;asexemplifiedfromSvalbard,andincertainotherregardsalsoatperipheralsitesinMurmanskOblast,Russia,e.g.theresurrectedmonasteryofSt.TriphoninLuostariandthepublicmanagementofTeriberkaanditsappropriationbyactivistsasaculturaldystopic/utopicflexiblesite.Scandinavianvisitors’discoursesandenactmentsatsitesofhistoricmostlyNorwegianhutsafterbearhuntersandfurtrappersofthe1920-30s,willbefocussedasstagesforhailingthefreelifeofwilderness,posturinginacritiqueofcitylifeandover-civilization–expressionsofthevisitors’wishtoenacttheclichéoftheArctichunterandtrekker,freebyhis/herownskills.AdiscussionisalsoplannedonthetopicofhowthehistoryofexplorationandscienceispresentedinlocationsofsignificancetothisheritageofSvalbard.

14.2a CuratingthePolyvocalArctic

Chair:LottenGustafssonReinius&NinaKirchner

10June-10:30a.m.

N410

14.2a.1

Tomeasureimpermanence

NinisGunhildRosquist,HannaLjung

TherapidlymeltingsmallicecaponthesouthernsummitofKebnekaisemountain,ArcticSweden,isprobablythemostrecognizedsymbolofthecurrentclimatechangeinSweden.Ithasdecreasedbyanaverageofonemeterperyearoverthepast20years.Thedifferencebetweenthealtitudeofthesouthsummit(ice)andthenorthsummit(bedrock)wasonly30cmattheendofthemeltseasonin2016.Weprovideanexampleofhowarapidchangingmountainenvironmentcanbeportrayedusingbothfactsandart.Theartwork“Iammountain”consistofafilm,asoundpieceandahandcraftedseismograph.

14.2a.2

FromfishingsafaritoPolarexpeditions

SvenerikJakobsson

Duringthe1960-70'sIwasengagedinissuesrelatedtopollutionofourenvironmentandprotestsagainsttheVietnamWar.Myartwasrathergrimbecausethenatureofthesetopics.Inthemiddleofthesummerof1979,myneighborcameoverandaskedmeifIwasinterestedinjoininghimonafishingsafaritosouthwestGreenlandinAugustthesameyear.Myanswerwas“Yes,Idefinitelyjoin!”InthemiddleofAugustwewereonourwaytowardsNarsarsuaqlocatedonsouthwesternGreenland,aneventthatwouldcometomeanalotformeandchangemyworkdirectionasanartist.TheboattripwetooktogettoourcampsitewentthroughBredefjordandSkovfjord.Thefantasticicebergs,campingintheremotearea,andhikingtothemarginoftheGreenlandIceSheet,gavemenewinspirationsformyart.Afterthisfirsttrip,asecondonewasplannedfor1982tothesamearea,inpartbecausemysonwasverykeentogoduetothegreatfishing.IthinkwebothbecamehookedontheArcticnature.IproducedseverallargeetchingsafterthesetripsthatappearedonmyfirstGreenlandExhibitionatthegalleryoftheSwedishPrintmakers’Association(GrafiskaSällskapet)inStockholm1982.IwantedtoshowmyworkonGreenlandandcontactedtheCulturalCenterinQaqortoqandgotapositiveresponseandexhibitionslotfor1984.ThisledtogoodconnectionswiththemuseumdirectorJoelBerglundandajointboatingtripinthefjordssurroundingQaqortoqthefollowingsummer.Intheearly1990'sJoelBerglundwasoneoftheheadsoftheNationalMuseuminNuuk,thecapitalofGreenlandlocatedatabout64?Nonthesouthwestcoast.Heinvitedmetodisplaymyworkatthemuseumin1993.ThePrincipaloftheArtSchoolinNuuk,ArnannguaqHoegh,visitedtheexhibitionandappreciatedmyetchingtechnique,andofferedapositionasaguestteacher.Iaccepted,andstartedateachingtrackthatwouldlastfor17years.IspentonemontheachyearinNuukattheendofthespring.

14.2a.3

ArcticCornerattheEstonianNationalMuseum:DialogicExperience

ArtLeete

Intheautumnof2016,thenewbuildingoftheEstonianNationalMuseum(ENM)wasopened.Themuseumdisplaystwopermanentexhibitions–oneaboutEstoniaandtheotherabouttheFinno-Ugricpeoples.Inthelatterexposition,named“TheEchooftheUrals”,oneroomisreservedfortheArcticpeoples(theSami,Khanty,Mansi,Nenets,Enets,NganasansandSelkups).AsthecuratoroftheArcticdisplayofENM,Iaimedtopresentthesepeoplesonthebasisofethical,emotionalanddialogicconsiderations.Inregardofethics,Idecidedtodiminishamountofreligiousartefactsandthemestominimum.Onecannotbereallysureaboutactualcircumstancesofcollectingspiritfiguresandothersacredobjectsbymuseumresearchesduringthepastdecades.Besides,presentationofreligioustopicsprovokescontradictoryfeelingsamongindigenouscommunities.“TheEchooftheUrals”expositionwascreatedincollaborationwithourindigenousfriendsfromSiberiaandtheRussianNorth.Theyhelpedusincollectingneededethnographicitemsandmakingcopiesofthemuseumobjects.ButIwasalsoabletoconsultwithindigenousexpertscontinuously,asphonesandInternet

reachalmosteverywhere.ThisavailabilitycausedpeculiareffectsalsoaftertheopeningoftheexhibitionatENM.Facebook,Instagramanddifferentblogsarefulloftextualandvisualdataaboutthedisplay.Peopletowhomwededicatedtheexhibitionareabletoreacttotheexpositionfromadistance,withoutvisitingEstonia.Asitappears,peoplearerathereagertocommentontheexposition.Whileexhibitiondesignwasconcentratedontheoverallconceptandtotalimpression,critiqueconcernsmainlydetailsandfragments.Ontheonehand,thisisaspecificeffectofusingsocialmediaasamediatorofthedisplay,ontheotherhand,onecanlearnnewthingsinthisdialogicprocessasnobodyissosmartthateverydetailcanbedisplayedwithoutdoinganyharmtoindigenousknowledgeorfeelings.

14.2b CuratingthePolyvocalArctic

Chair:LottenGustafssonReinius&NinaKirchner

10June-1:30p.m.

N410

14.2b.1

Thecategory,thesetandtheuniversaluser.Interrogatingandnegotiatingconnectionsbetweenobjectsthatmakesense–inGjoaHaven,NU,inOsloandontheinternet.

ToneWang

Digitalsharingofmuseumcollectionshasbeenandisamajorconcerninmanyrelationshipsbeingpracticedbetweenlocalmuseumsaroundtheworldandlargerwesterninstitutions.Thispaperconcernsoneinstanceofsuchcollaborativepractice.ThecollectionatthecoreofthisprojectwaspurchasedbyRoaldAmundsenduringhisstayinGjoaHaven1903–15.AspartofthecollaborationbetweentheNattilikHeritageCentreinGjoaHaven,Nunavut,andtheMuseumofCulturalHistory,Oslo,workhasbeenmovingforwardoncreatingawebsitewhereknowledgecanbeshared.Howtotranslateinformationaboutobjectsinmeaningfulwayshasbeenoneconcernoftheproject.Howtostructureandgrouptheobjectstomakesenseoutofthemisanother.InthispaperIwanttotracesomeoftheintenseinterrogationsandnegotiationssurroundingthedigitalsharingofInuitmaterialculture,inGjoaHaven,inOsloandinbetween.Elderexpertswithgreatknowledgeabouttraditionalways,professionalinterpretersusedtocreatingInuktitutsenseoutoftextsemanatingincompletelydifferentcontexts,variousmuseumprofessionals,andwebuserexperienceprofessionalsanddatabaseinsidersallgettheirsay.Thevaryingknowledgepracticesandregimesofclassificationemergingfromthisdisjointedandpartialconversationmakesthequestionofwhatweareindeedattemptingtodiscussallthemorecrucial.Whoismakingsenseforwhominthisprocess?Isitthesetofobjects,thosethatbelongtogether,thatshouldbeourfocus?Orthecategory,theobjectsthatareconsideredtobeofthesamekind?Andwhathappenswhentheelusivebutinsistent“universaluser”entersthestage?

14.2b.2

Ersersaaneq:CreatingknowledgethroughImages.

MaluFleischer,MichaelNielsen,MariusElisasen

In2016,theErsersaaneqprojectwasdesignedbythreestudentsfromtheUniversityofGreenlandtobuildanonlinerepositoryof3DmodelsoftheGustavHolmcollection.ThecollectionisdividedbetweenGreenland,DenmarkandUnitedStates.Thegoalistodigitallyre-unifyportionsofthecollectionanddevelopcoherencywithinaglobalcontext.ProjectpartnersincludeNKA,SmithsonianandNNN.TheErsersaaneqteamhastestedanddevelopedacost-effectivestrategytocreateanonlinedatabaseofhighresolutionimagestobeauniversallyaccessibleeducationalresource.BriefdescriptionsaccompanytheimagesinbothEnglishandGreenlandictoprovidehistoricandculturalcontext.Thisprojectprovidesasystematicwork-flowforproducinghigh-qualityonlinecollectionsresponsibly,quicklyandcheaply.Makingthesematerialsuniversallyaccessible

demonstratesthatthesematerialsarenotonlyimportanttoGreenlandichistory,butarealsopartofalargerglobalcollectionofindigenousworldheritage.

14.2b.3

Contactzoneandmultivocality.Decolonizingmuseum-collectionsfromGreenland

CuneraBujis

MuseumexhibitionsandcollectionstoresprovideauniquespacewhereIndigenousrepresentativesandmuseumprofessionalsandthepubliccanmeetandstartadialogue.Untilrecentlymuseum-doorswereshuttoindigenouspeoples.Comparisonbetweenbadmuseum-cases(forinstancetherequestoftheGreenlandicgovernmenttoreturnpresumedInuithumanremainsfromtheNetherlandsinthe1990stransformingthemuseumsettingintoaconflictzone),andrecentdevelopmentsmayshedlightonthis‘hottopic’.In2008,twoDutchmuseumsandtwoGreenlandicmuseumsstartedacooperativeventuretosharethephoto-collectionsofmuseumsintheNetherlands.Asaproductofcross-culturalinteractionspreservedinacolonialstateinstitute,theseimagesoflandscapes,communitiesandindividualsareethnologicalorexoticforaDutchpublicandhistoricalorancestralforthepeopleofEastGreenland.Photosmayevenservetoindicateclimatechangeandstimulatestorytellingandtransferoflocalknowledge.Throughthevisualrepatriationprojectwww.roots2share.gldigitalcopieshavebeenreturnedtothecommunitieswheretheycannowbeaccessedlocally.Peoplecontributeintheirownlanguage(TunumiisutandKalaallisut)andreactoneachother.School-projectsinEastGreenlandwereinitiated.Roots2Sharetransfersownershipandauthorizationfromaforeign(‘colonial’)countrytothelocallevel.Thispaperexploresanattempttodecolonizemuseum-collectionsandculturalheritageandthebuildingofmutualrelationships,whichmayreinforceculturalidentity.

14.3a 21stCenturyCollecting

Chair:AmberLincoln

11June-1:30p.m.

N430

14.3a.1

Collecting(for)thefuture?ArcticCommunities,MuseumsandRepresentation

BuijsCunera

RepresentationisahotissueamongIndigenouspeople.Misinterpretationsoftheirculture,presentedinmuseumsarecriticized.Anthropologicalmuseumsholdadifficult‘doubleposition’,withonelegrootedintheirown(western)societiesandwiththeotherinIndigenouscommunitiesfromwhichtheyhavecollections.OftenageneralEuro-AmericanpublicisattractedbyaromanticizedimageoftheArcticandexhibitionsshowingthatprovethebethemostsuccessfulintermsofvisitor-numbers.Modernlifeinthecities,migrationandurbanization,industrializationandclimatechangeareverydifficulttopresentinmuseums.Alsoproblematicisthatthecoreofmuseumcollectionsdatefromthe19thcenturyandnotverysuitedtopresentculturesoftoday.Theseoldcollection,withexamplesfromGreenlandandSápmi,arehighlyvaluedbothbythepublic–interpretingthemas‘authentic’–andalsobyIndigenouspeoples,valorizingthemastheirancestralroots.Althoughcontemporarycollectingisnotanewphenomenon,collectinghigh-techmaterials,suchasmobiletelephonesorsnowmobiles,ishardlydoneinanthropologicalmuseums,andismoretherealmoftechnicalmuseums,industrialdesignmuseums,artandarchitecture.Boththelackofthesematerialsandthepotentialpresenceinanthropologicalmuseumsisevenlyproblematic.Thispaperwillshedlightonthecontroversiesinmuseumpractice,varyingfromthewishtorepresentArcticsocietiesastheywereandhowtheychange,toself-representationandimaginedcultures.

14.3a.2

LivingCulture,LearningSkills,TellingourStories–theFirstNationofNa-ChoNyäkDunHeritageHouseinMayo,YukonTerritory

SusannaGartler,JoellaHogan

HeritageCentresaroundtheglobeplayavitalroleintheculturalrevivaleffortsofindigenoussocieties.Theycanbeseenaspartofaculturalrevanche–theongoingprocessofresistanceandmaintenanceofresilienceandagencyamongst,inthecaseoftheYukonTerritory,fairlyrecentlycolonizedpeoples.Withincreasedagencyandself-determination,thefocushasshiftedfromsoledisplayandpreservationtowardsanactiveengagementwiththelivingcultureofresilientandactivepeoples.Thispaperprovidesinsightsfromheritage-makingoftheFirstNationofNa-ChoNyäkDun(FNNND),aswellasdiscussingrelevantinformationfromotherFirstNationculturalcentersintheregionregardingthecollection,storageandproductionofitemsattheplanned‘LivingCultureHouse’inMayo.TheFNNNDrepresentsacommunityinfluencedgreatlybystateexpansionviasettlercolonialismandthedevelopmentoftheextractiveindustryintheCanadianNorthinthe20thcentury.Weexplorepathshowanewheritagecenter,inaccordancewithanontologythatvaluesgoodrelationshipsaboveall,mayhelptoensureculturalsustainabilityfortheFirstNationofNa-ChoNyäkDun,otherresidentsofMayoandvisitorsalike.Thisisachievedbyexaminingmultiplestakeholdercommunicationsinthecollaborativeplanningprocess.Culturalcentresarealwaysconditionedbytransculturalandtransnationalfactorsandareoneofthemechanismsbywhichethnicgroupscommunicatewiththeoutsideworld.WhiletheNa-ChoNyäkDuncompriseofonlyaroundsixhundredmembers,thedimensionofculturallossthroughcolonizationandsuccessesaswellasstrongeffortsoverthepastyearsinrevitalizingheritagepointtowardsthewidersignificanceofthisexample.Thispaperalsohighlightsthestrengthandself-determinationthatledtotheuniquesystemoftheYukonself-governingFirstNations.

14.3a.3

Collecting,Presenting,andHonoringCulture:IndigenousCollaborationattheAlaskaStateMuseum

AmyGeorge

TheAlaskaStateMuseumwasestablishedonJune6,1900,withthepurposeofcollecting,preserving,andexhibitingobjectsfromtheAlaskaterritory.Afteratwo-yearclosureand$139mrenovation,themuseumreopenedonJune6,2016.InalignmentwithitsmissiontointerpretanddistributeknowledgeaboutthehistoryofAlaska,itspeople,andresources,theAlaskaStateMuseumcontinuestoworkwithlocalsbycollaboratingwithindigenousartistsfortherestorationofobjectsandbycelebratingAlaskathroughexhibitslikeAlaskaPositive.Thispresentationisbasedontheauthor'sinternshipexperienceandfocusesonseveralexamplesofhowtheStateMuseumcollaborateswithlocalindigenouspopulationsandinstitutesincollecting,presenting,andhonoringculturalitems.

14.3a.4

MakingcollectionsinnorthwestAlaskaandwithinheritageinstitutions

AmberLincoln

InnorthwestAlaska,Inupiaqindividualscommonlyformandkeeppersonalcollectionsofvariouskindsofthings.Passingdownoldtoolsmadebyrelativesisonewaycollectionsareformed.Theseinheriteditemsarecherishedaspaisaat,keepsakes.Beachcombingforspecialrocks,fossilizedivory,artifacts,andshellsisanotherwaycollectionsaremadeandisafavoritepastimeamongresidents.Inparticular,individualscollectandkeepalgaaniqsaat,artifacts,forseveralreasons.Whilesomepeopleconsidersellingthesefinds,manymorepeopleusethemaseducationaltoolstounderstandthepastorinspiretheirownartisticcreations.In

ordertounderstandtheculturalcontextofInupiaqcollecting,thispaperexploresthepracticesofformingandkeepingcollectionswithinwidersetsofhistoricalandcurrentharvestingandfamilialrelationships.Museumanthropologyhaslongacknowledgedthatunderstandinglocalmotivationsforandpracticesofmakingpersonalcollectionsbetterinformshowheritageinstitutionsinterpretandexhibittheobjectstheyhouse.Thispaperaddstothoseinquiriesbyexploringhowheritageinstitutionsmightdrawonlocalcollectingmodelsastheyseeknewwaystomakecollectionsandacquireobjectsinthe21stcentury.

14.3b 21stCenturyCollecting

Chair:AmberLincoln

11June-3:30p.m.

N430

14.3b.1

“Cut!”:sealskinsewinganddigitizingfilmwiththeMittimatalikArnaitMiqsuqtuitCollective

NancyWachowich,GroWeen

Digitalpracticeshavebecomecentraltorelationshipsbetweenmuseumsandsourcecommunitiesinthenorth,aimingto:engagesourcecommunitiesasequalpartnersinknowledgecreation,sharerightsandresponsibilitiessurroundingculturalheritage,andsignalthewillingnesstotakenewmuseologicaldirectionsinspiredbyacollaborativeethos.However,digitalizationinitiativesarealsocastaspotentiallyproblematicincaseswheremainstreaminstitutions,ratherthanindigenouscommunities,retainexclusivecontrolofthedigitalizeddataanditscirculation.Thepitfallsfromthecoloniallegaciesofmuseumsandheritageinstitutionsloom.ThispaperaddressessuchissuesofcontemporarycollaborationinthecontextoftheMittimatalikArnaitMiqsuqtuitCollective(PondInletWomen’sSewingCollective),foundedinMittimatalikinFebruary2015inanefforttodigitallyrecordsealskinsewingpractices.Skinsewingisahighlyskilledandsymbolicallyrichartform,reliantonfosteringandmaintainingstrongcommunitybondsandattendantenvironmentalrelationships.YetthisexpressiveformremainsgenerallyunderrepresentedinmetropolitanappreciationsofInuitart.Recordingskillsinvolvedinsealskinsewingcanbeofvalue,notjustfortheireducationalpotential,butalsofortheaestheticevaluationsandexpressionsofInuitsovereigntythattheartformnaturallyengenders.Digitalcollectingpracticesincorporateawidearrayofapproachestoissuesofcontent,format,thelongtermandshort-termuseofrepositoriesandintellectualpropertyrights.Inawarenessoftheselargerdigitalmuseumdebates,andinanefforttoestablishnewcollaborativepractice,membersoftheMittimatalikArnaitMiqsuqtuitCollectiveoptedforparticipatoryvideomethods,withprocessevolvingorganically,digitalmaterialrecordedlargelyinInuktitut,anddigitalsharingpracticesusingnewcommunicationsmediaandfocusingonlocal,informalnetworks.

14.3b.2

"TheGift"intheMuseum:AnAnalysisofChangingTrendsinMuseumCollections

LynnWalker

WhenMarcelMausswrote"TheGift",hedemonstratedthatgift-giving,whichincludestheobligationstogive,receive,andreciprocate,isafundamentalcomponentofmanycultures.Sinceitsinitialpublicationin1925,manysocialscientistsreferto"TheGift"forinsightintoreciprocityandexchange;however,ithasyettobeconsideredinunderstandingtherelationshipsbetweenmuseums,sourcecommunities,andobjects.Thereceipt,stewardship,andexhibitionofethnographiccollectionsevokeandchallengeMauss’stheoriesofexchange.Drawingon"TheGift"andothersources,thispaperconnectstheideasofMaussandthebroaderfieldofmuseumanthropologythroughanexaminationofthechangingmuseologicalpracticesandstandardsincontemporaryNortherncommunitiesandmuseums,whichaimtoresolvetheinstitution’scoloniallegacyintheregion.Thispaperfurtherarguesthattheoriesofexchange,asunderstoodbyMauss,areoftencompromisedinthehandlingandcareofethnographiccollections.

14.3b.3

MakingConnections:TheForakerGroupSustainabiltiyModelandAlaskaNativeTribes

Ququngaq,JonellaLarsonWhite

Alaskaishometo229federallyrecognizedtribesthatareapartofaglobalrenaissancechangingtheworldofindigenouspolitics.Thisrenaissance,orparadigmshift,involvestriballeadershipwhoareactivelyengaginginnewgovernanceconversationsandpracticesthatstemfrom,andareguidedby,culturalvalues.Inmanycases,rethinkingtribalgovernancerequiresleadershiptoadaptgoverningpracticesinheritedbywesterninstitutionalframeworkstopost-colonialframeworksthatareculturallyrelevant.Thisprocessisoftencharacterizedas,“NativeNationBuilding.”Language,culturalmaterial,andartsexpressionareallcriticalelementsofindigenousculturethatcontributetribalgovernmentsunderstandingtheircoreideology—thefoundationtolongtermsustainability.Whentribalgovernmentsmeettheirpurposethroughvalues,theystrengthentheirfocusandincreasetheabilitytodefinethe“self”inself-determinationandeffectivelyexerciseanddefendsovereignrightsonbehalfoftheircitizens.Thiscontributestohealthytribesandcommunities.

14.4 SustainingArcticCulturalHeritageinthe21stCentury

Chair:IgorKrupnik

9June-3:30p.m.

N410

14.4.1

‘ModelofaSummerFestival’andCulturalRevitalizationintheSakhaRepublic(Yakutia)

TatianaArgounova-Low

In2015theNationalArtsMuseumoftheSakhaRepublic(Yakutia)inYakutskheldanexhibitionwhosecenterpiecewasauniquemammothivorymodeldepictingYsyakh,theSakhasummerfestival.Thismodel,whichwasloanedbytheBritishMuseum,depictsinminiatureritualactivitiesofYsyakhaswellasathleticcontestsandceremonialarchitecturethatremainasignificantpartofthefestivities.Ysyakhhasundergonemanytransformationssincethemodelwasmadeover150yearsago.Inthispaperwereflectonhowthemodel’sdisplaypromptedrecollectionsaboutthechangesYsyakhhasundergonewithinlivingmemory.ItalsorevealedinsightsintohowSakhapeopleviewhistoricartefactsandtheirplaceinrevitalizingSakhaartisticandculturaltraditions.Insodoing,weexaminethepotentialofhistoricartefactstobenarrativeobjects.

14.4.2

EthnographicCollectionsandtheDigitalReturnofInuitKnowledge:TheFifthThuleExpeditionAtlasaspartofanInuinnaitKnowledgeBank.

DarrenKeith,PamelaGross

AswenearthecentenaryoftheFifthThuleExpeditionitisatimetoreflectonthebodyofknowledgeheldbytheInuitvisitedbytheExpeditionandtheextenttowhichthatknowledgeremainscurrentintheoraltradition.Inevitablythefactorsofsocialandlinguisticchangeovertheinterveningyears,inadditiontothefactthatthelastoftheElderswithpersonalknowledgeoftraditionallife-waysarepassing,combinetocreatewhatmightbedescribedasabottleneckinInuitknowledge.AwarenessofthissituationisthemotivationfortheKitikmeotHeritageSociety’s(KHS)InuinnaitKnowledgeBankinitiative.TheknowledgebankisintendedtoconsolidateallexistingInuinnaitknowledgeprovidingInuinnaitwithbroadestpossiblefoundationofknowledgewithwhichtorecreateandrenewtheirknowledgeandidentityintothefuture.FortheKHSithasbecomeobviousthathistoricethnographicsourcesandcollectionsarenowofvitalsignificancetoInuinnaitassourcesoftheirknowledge.TheKHSseekstodigitallyreturntheInuinnaitknowledgeintheExpedition’spublishedreports,photographs,filmandethnographiccollectionstoitssourcecommunitiesthroughthedevelopmentoftheFifth

ThuleExpeditionAtlasamultimediadocument-orienteddatabaseapplicationthatproducesarichlyhyperlinkedwebofknowledge.

14.4.3

TheFinnsinSiberiain1917:CollaborationandInclusivenessintheCommunity-DrivenHeritageProject

VictoriaPeemot

TheFinnishGeologicalExpeditiontoUrjankhaitookplacein1917,whentheautonomousGrandduchyofFinlandwasapartofRussiaandtheformerRomanov’sempirewasbetweentworevolutions.UrjankhaiwasacountryinSouthSiberia,whichwasruledbytheManchurianempireuntil1911andwentundertheRussianprotectoratein1914;todayitisTheRepublicofTyva,apartofRussia.Despitethecomplicatedpoliticalsituation,thegroupofFinnishresearchershasconductedsuccessfullyageologicalsurveyinUrjankhai.TheresultsoftheExpeditionwentmostlyunnoticed.Thephotographicarchiveoftheexpedition,diaries,andreportsofparticipantsareunique,theydescribesituationinRussiacaughtbyresearcherstravelingacrossthecountryinthetroubledtime.Materialsoftheexpeditionarealsovaluableforadetailedaccountonthegeography,nature,andethnographyoflocalethnicgroups.Theheritageprojectwasinitiatedin2013bythecommunityorganisationSjundbyTraditionföreringRyledbyCarlJohanLindén,sonofthehistoricalexpedition’smemberEricLindén.TheprojectisconductedinFinlandandTheRepublicofTyva.InFinland,itismostlyworkwiththearchivalsources,whilethefieldresearchinTyvaenablesthediachronicandcollaborativeapproach.IhavebeentoplacesvisitedbytheFinnsin1917andpresentedphotographsfromtheExpedition’sarchivetothelocals,thusevokingastringofmemoriesabouttheplaces,eventsandpeoplewholivedthere.Iwastakenontrips,byacarorhorseback,toseetheexactlocationswheretheFinnstookparticularphotographsalmostacenturyago.Narrativesonthehistoryoftheplacearecomplementedbytheretrospectivereflectionsoftheinterlocutorsontheoldphotographs.Inframesofthisproject,thepastandthepresencecometogethertotellastoryextendedintimeandspace.Astoryofinternationalpartnership,mobility,andcuriosity.

14.4.4

BuildinganInternationalGuidetoOnlineArcticEthnographicCollections

NicholasParlato,IgorKrupnik

AccesstoculturalinformationabouttheArcticanditspeople,aspreservedinhistoricaldocumentationandmuseumcollections,remainsamajorissueforresearchersandindigenouspeoplealike,duetothegeographicremotenessofthekeymuseums,archives,andlibrariesfromthecircumpolarregion.Aninitiativewasdevisedin2015–2016bytheconsortiumoftheU.S.LibraryofCongress,SmithsonianInstitution,theJeffersonInstitute,andotherinternationalpartiestocreateanonline“Arcticlibraryportal”,consolidating,ideally,allmajorscientificArcticlibrary,museum,andarchivalcollectionsfromaroundtheworld.Asafirststeptowardsthisprodigioustask,asmallprojectwaslaunchedattheSmithsonianInstitution’sArcticStudiesCentertoproduceapilot“catalogofonlineArcticethnographiccollections.”Dr.IgorKrupnik,ChelsiSlotten,andIhaveundertakenapreliminarysurveyofabout40Russian,Canadian,Swedish,andIcelandicmuseumstodeterminethepresentstateofdigitalaccesstotheirethnographicholdingsonArcticindigenouspeoples.Thenextphasewill,hopefully,includemajorethnographicmuseumsintheU.S.,otherNordiccountries,Greenland,aswellasinEuropeandJapan.Theresultsofthissurveywillbeeventuallysynthesizedintoaguidebook,detailingthemuseumsthemselves,theextentandnatureoftheirrespectiveethnographiccollections,andtheavailabilityofonlinevisitor’saccesstoexploretheirresources.OurhopeisthatsuchavirtualorprintedguidebookproducedinconsultationwithlocalexpertsandcuratorswillservetoelucidatethediverseconditionsofonlineaccessibilityofmajorArcticethnographiccollectionsandgroundthe“ArcticPortal”initiativeincurrentcuratorialrealities.

Postertheme14

Ersersaaneq:anewparadigminGreenlandicheritagemanagement.

MaluFleischer,MariusElisasen,MichaelNielsen,HansHarmsen,ChristianKochMadsen

InGreenlandic,Ersersaaneqmeanscreatingknowledgethroughimages.In2016agroupofresearchersfromUniversityofGreenlandandtheNationalMuseumofGreenlandinitiatedapilotprojecttodigitallyreuniteportionsoftheGustavHolmcollectiononline.ThisprojectoffersanewparadigminGreenlandicheritagemanagementandhasimportantimplicationsforothernationalmuseumswithlimitedresourcesaroundtheworld.Greenlandisnotuniqueinthatmuchofitsheritageresidesoverseas.BecausetheartifactsarespreadbetweenGreenland,EuropeandtheUSitmakesitdifficultfortheGreenlandicpeopletohaveanyinfluenceonhowthematerialsarepresentedtotheworld.CreatingadigitalrepositorywheresomeoftheseitemscanbeviewedonlineisimportantbecauseitbringscoherencetothecollectionandaddsaGreenlandicperspectivetothelargercontextofthematerial’shistories.

15 People&Place

Themeleader:GailFondahl([email protected])

15.2 PeopleofSiberia:Politics,Economics,andDemography

CANCELLED

8June-2:30p.m.

15.3 WorkandWorkersintheArctic

CANCELLED

8June-11:30a.m.

15.4 NewDimensionoftheArcticFrontier

Chair:AlexanderPelyasov

9June-10:30a.m.

N420

15.4.1

ThefrontierasaninherentfeatureofArctic:thecasesoffrontierphenomenoninurbanization,migrationsandimagination

NadezdaZamyatina

TheArctichasanumberofspecificattributesthatdetermineitsuniquenessincomparisonwithotherregionsoftheEarth.TheydeterminethespecificwayoflifeandeconomicdevelopmentinArctic.Theseattributesareremoteness,instability,fluctuatingmobility,thediscretecharacterofspaceetc.EspeciallyinstabilityandmobilityaretypicalformanyphenomenaintheArcticsuchasvegetationzones,climaticparameters,permafrostdistribution;settlementsnetworkconfiguration,transportationroutes,population,economicspecializationetc.Instabilitygeneratesuncertainty.Theconditionsofuncertaintyevokenotonlythecosts,butalsoserveasastimulusforinnovativesearch.BetterincentivestotheinnovationsearchallowsustorecognizeArcticasaterritorywithimmanentlyinherentconditionsofthefrontier.FrontieressenceoftheArcticisinvestigatedinthefieldsofArcticurbanization,populationmigrationaswellasinthefieldofArcticimagination.TheworkisbasedonsurveysofArcticmigrantsaswellastheexperiencesoffieldstudyofArcticcitycommunities.

15.4.2

TheArcticfrontier:expansionofagriculturebeyondtheutmostnorthernlimitsofoecumene

AlexeyNaumov

Modernagriculturalactivitiesarespreadallovertheoecumene,andplayimportantroleevenintheArctic,wherenaturalconditionsaremostlyadverseforconventionalpractices.Frequentreportsonagribusinessachievementsinnorthernregionsproofthatagriculturalfrontierismovingnorth.HowfarNorthithasshiftedindifferentcountries?Whicharethedrivingforcesofthisgeographicalphenomena?HowmuchnationalandregionalauthoritiespayfordevelopagricultureintheArctic?Canthisdevelopmentrelayonabalancebetweentechnologicalbreakthroughandaboriginalexperience?Whichchangesinlanduse,structureofeconomy,wayoflifeoflocalsandnewcomershappeninareasofrecent“Arctic”agriculturalexpansion,andhowfarcanthese

regionsbeagriculturallysustainable?TheanswertothesequestionscanbedrawnfromcomparisonofUSAlaska,Canada,Greenland,Iceland,Scandinavia,FinlandandRussia.

15.4.3

ArcticEntrepreneurshipastheNewFrontierfortheArcticSocialScience

AlexanderPelyasov

TheaimofthisprojectwastostudyArcticentrepreneurshipandtoformulateideasaboutitsroleinthemoderndevelopmentoftheYamal-Nenetsautonomousregion.Thisgoalhasrequiredtoposethreemainobjectives-1)toseparatethephenomenonoftheArcticentrepreneurshipasaveryspecificandspecial;2)todeterminetheeconomicbasisfortheexistenceoftheArcticentrepreneur;3)topenetrateintotheinternalstructureoftheArcticSMEandidentifyitsfunctionalandterritorialconditionsintheYamalo-NenetsAutonomousDistrict.Thenoveltyofourstudywas1)theemphasisontheArcticSME,whowasbornasaresultofthestressontheeconomyofthis"unexpected"smallbusinesssegmentintheArctic,whichiscomposedtypicallyoflargecorporations;ontheotherhand,fromtheconvictionthatfromacommonyardstickofbusinessofthetemperatezone,whichisthesubjectofhundredsofstudiesaroundtheworldinrecentyears,itisimpossibletomeasurethemanyfacesoftheveryspecificArcticsmallbusiness.2)theapplicationofazonalapproachbycomparingtheArcticentrepreneurship,theNorthandthetemperatelatitudesinthecharacterizationofawidevarietyofphenomenaoftheArcticSME3)inourparticularinteresttothesourcesofnewknowledgeandinformationtotheArcticentrepreneur-whethertheypossessspecificitycomparedwithmoderateandnorthernzone,whetheritispossibletoisolatethetypesofentrepreneursaccordingtothiscriterion,whetherthereareopportunitiestoincreasetheefficiencyofregionalandlocalauthorities.Thegeneralmethodologyofourworkwastheconceptofextremeeconomy,includingtheArcticzone,whichisdevelopedinrecentyearsinmanyforeignandRussianstudies(suchasthestudyofextremeurbanismintheSpanishschoolofurbandevelopment,etc.).SoarcticSMEisjustanaturalderivativeofthecommonplatformofextremeArcticeconomy.

15.4.4

ThesocialandenvironmentalproblemsoflocalcommunitiesoftheArcticzoneVorkuta

GalinaKnyazeva,EkaterinaKniazeva

ThestudywassponsoredbytheRussianPresident'sgrantforstatesupportofyoungRussianscientists-PhD(MK-7500.2016.6).ThestudyseekstosubstantiatethemodelofpsychologicalsafetyofworkersofoilandgasproductionattheshiftworkintheArcticconditions.Safetyinindustrialactivityinthefirstplacedependsontheemployee,atthesametimenotonlybyhisrelationtotheobservanceofoccupationalsafetyandhealth,butalsoonthecharacteristicsoftheindividualspecialist,hissubjectiveexperienceandtheeffectivenessofhispsychologicalself.ThestudywasconductedontheoilandgasindustrywithashiftlabourorganizationintheNenetsAutonomousOkrugofRussia(shiftdurationis30days).Thestudyinvolved70peoplebetweentheagesof24to60years(meanage38,7±1,3).Methodsare:thestudyofdocumentation,monitoringtheworkprocess,questionnaires,psycho-physiologicalandpsychologicaltesting,statisticalmethodsofdataanalysis.Thestudyclarifiedtheconceptofpsychologicalsafetyasamentalstateaccountabilitysubjectcomplexinternalandexternalfactorsergaticsystemensuresupdatingofinternalresourcesoftheindividualtotheeffectivenessofprofessionalactivitiesonthepsycho-physiologicalandpsychologicallevel.Introducedandempiricallygroundedmodelofpsychologicalsafety,whichisrepresentedbythefollowingcomponents:psycho-physiologicalleveloffunctionalstatus(reduced/optimal);psychologicalleveloffunctionalstate(avralny/economical);theimageoftheobjectoflabor(lowhazardassessmentundifferentiated/highdifferentiatedriskassessment);theimageofthesubject(undifferentiatedhigh/moderatelydifferentiatedhighself-assessment);theimageofthesubject-objectandsubject-subjectrelations(neutral/negative/positive).

15.4.5

ThegeographyofentrepreneurshipinCanadaandinRussia:thespecificityoftheNorthernregions.

AnastasiaPozdorovkina(TBCpending)

Inthesocio-economicgeographicalterm"Arctic"isusedtoreferremoteregions,occupyingthenorthernexpansesofAsia,EuropeandNorthAmerica.Theyarefarfrommajorcities,politicalandindustrialcenters.Thelowpopulationandremoteareasdoesnotallowentrepreneurshiptobeindependent,withoutanyassistancefromthegovernment.WhatfactorsplayakeyroleinentrepreneurshipinRussiaandCanada?Oneofthemainideasofresearchwastoexaminewhichinstrumentsofgovernment’ssupporttoprovideCanadahighplacesinsmallbusinessintherankingsoftheWorldBank.Forexample,thereare190positionsCanadahas22linein“easyofdoingbusinessrank”,whileRussiahasonly40position[http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings].Moreover,itwasinvestigatedhowtoadaptandapplysuccessfulinternationalexperienceforRussia’sArctic.

15.6 TheArcticasaFoodProducingRegion

Chair:DavidNatcher&IngridKvalvik

9June-3:30p.m.

N230

15.6.1

MappingthelocalfoodproductionsysteminGreenland

RebekkaKnudsen,EllenArnskjold(TBCpending)

Greenlandseekstoincreasethecountry'sownfoodproductioninordertoprovideeconomicgrowth,lessenfood-import,createjobsandpromoteahealthylifestylewhichreflectsthenationalculture.Atthesametime,aglobalinterestinuniqueandpureproductsfromtheArcticbringsaboutthepossibilityofanexpandingmarketforuniqueGreenlandicfoodproducts.Basedonqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedfromanationalsurveyandtheinitiative"TheGreenlandLabel",seekingtosustainamorelocalfoodsystem,thepaperprovidesanoverview-supplementedwithconcretecasesfrombothsmall-scalefoodentrepreneurs,largescaleproducersandexpertsonthefoodvaluechain-ofthecurrentstatusofGreenlandicfoodproductionaswellasitsfuturepossibilitiesofdevelopinguniqueGreenlandicfoodproducts.Thepapermapschallengesrelatedtothelegalframework,conditionsforentrepreneurshipaswellashealthandfoodsecurity.

15.6.2

OpportunitiesforArcticfoodproduction

BjørgHelenNøstvold,IngridKvalvik,RuneRødbotten,HildeHalland,SigridurDalmansdottir,EivindUleberg

Thearcticnatureprovidesbigopportunitiesforfoodproductionbothonlandandinthesea,butfoodproducersinthenorthernareasfacesubstantialchallengesthatconstraintsthedevelopmentofcommercialfoodindustriesintheseareas.Throughcasestudies,the“Arcticfood”projectanalysesfactorsfacilitatingorimpedingfoodvaluechaindevelopmentsinthenorth.Theaimistoidentifyhowarcticcompaniescanincreaseproduction,orvalueoflimitedproducts,andcapitalizeonthedemandforlocalandarcticfood,supplythegrowingtourismindustryandexploitpossibilitiesinsouthernfoodmarkets.Thecasestudiesincludesuccessesandfailuresoffoodproductionandmarketstrategiesandidentifykeysuccessfactorsandkeychallengesforcompanies.Informationfromcrossboarderandmultisectorcasesprovideconcreteknowledgeforcompaniesandauthoritiesonopportunitiesandbottlenecksfornewandfurtherdevelopmentofthenorthernperipheryasanimportantandsustainablefoodsupplier.

15.6.3

WhynorthernregionsofRussiadevelopagriculture:Khanty-MansiAutonomousAreacasestudy

DariaSidorova

Agriculturalactivitiesathighlatitudesfacenaturalobstaclesandrequiremoreexpenditures,thanimportingfoodtothenorthernsettlements.Nevertheless,someregionsofRussianNorthproduceaconsiderableamountoffoodandplananimpressivedevelopmentofagriculturalactivities.Khanty-MansiAutonomousAreaisoneofthekeyRussianoil-producingregions,wherehighrevenuesenableinvestmentinagriculturewiththeaimtosupplyits1.5millionpopulationwithfreshfood.Asdeclaredinthenewstrategyofdevelopmentofagri-industrialcomplexoftheregion,thistargetcanbeachievedbytwomeans.First,consideringaboriginalagricultureandsupportingindigenouspopulationactivities,e.g.reindeerbreedingandfishing.Second,adoptingmoderntechnologies,whichmakeagricultureefficientevenonterritorieswithharshclimateandpermafrost.Analyzingthisstrategyfromthepointofviewofcomparativeeconomic-geographical(location-specific)analysis,theauthorintendstoanswerthequestion:whetherthesemeansarereliable,ornot.

15.6.4

MarketingArcticFoodQuality

EivindUleberg,SigridurDalmannsdottir,HildeHalland,BjørgNøstvold,RuneRødbotten,IngridKvalvik

Consumersgenerallypreferfoodthatishealthy,withgoodtasteandproducedinasustainablemanner.Additionally,increasingfocusisnowtowardstheculturalaspectsofthestoryandtheoriginoftheproduct.FoodfromtheArcticmayscorehighonalltheseproperties.TheuniqueclimaticgrowthconditionsintheArctic,characterizedbylowsummertemperaturesandlongdays,affectthecompositionoftheprimaryfoodproducts,givingthemaspecificArcticquality.Afewstudiesinvolvingcharacterizingthequalityattributesrelatedtohighlatitudefoodproductionhavebeenperformed.HerewewillprovideexamplesofdocumentedqualitiesoffoodfromNorthernNorway,howthiscanbeusedinthemarketingoftheseproductsandhowthiscanprovideaddedvaluetotheproducts.MarketingstrategiesemphasizingthespecificcharacteristicsofarcticqualitycanbeawaytoincreasetheprofitoffoodproductsfromtheArctic.

15.6.5

FoodproductionandexportsintheArcticislandoperatedsociety-Qaanaaqanexample

KåreHendriksen

Theworld'snorthernmostdistrictQaanaaqisGreenland’slastrealhuntingdistrict.Thehuntingprofessionandthusthehuntingcultureisunderpressurefromclimatechange.Anditisincreasinglydifficulttosellhuntingproductssuchaswalrusandnarwhaletusk,polarbearskins,etc.,duetointernationalrestrictions.ThehuntingprofessionhasoverthepastdecadeundergoneagradualconversiontofishingforGreenlandhalibut,andearningsfromfisheryrepresentagrowingpartoftheindividualhousehold'sincome.Butfishingischallengedbyaninadequateinfrastructure.DuringthewinterQaanaaqonlyhasverylimitedandexpensivefreshwaterresources,anditisonlyduringthewinterthefisherydonewithlonglinesfromtheseaicetakeplace,becausethehalibutarescaredtoleavethefjordsbythenarwhalesduringtheopenwaterperiod.Whenrelativelylargeamountoffreshwaterisneededtoprocessthecatchprocessingisnotsocio-economicallyviableandthefishisfrozeninonepiece.Consequentlythefreezingcapacityinthecity'ssmallprocessingplantisquicklyfilledupandtheyear’sfishinghastostopwithnoincomeforthefishers,anditisnotpossibletoutilizethepotentialforjobcreationinprocessingThemajorityofhalibutarecaughtinthenearbysmallsettlementofQeqertat,adistanceofeighthoursdogsledgetravelfurtherintothefjordbutQeqertathasnofirstsellsfacilities.AresearchprojecttoensurebetterwatersupplytoQaanaaqwillbepresented.Itwillbediscussedwhether

fromasocio-economicperspectiveitwillbeasustainablesolutiontoestablishalocalfirstsellandprocessingplantinQeqertat,whichhassignificantlybetterfreshwaterresources.

15.7 PeopleandFishingPlacesoftheNorth

Chairs:PaulaEliseSchiefer&SaraMoritz

10June-10:30a.m.

N420

15.7.1

CountingSalmon:FishWeirs,NumbersandRelations

PaulaEliseSchiefer

FishweirsinSouthwestAlaskaareanimportantsiteforfederalandstateinstitutionstocollectinformationaboutsalmon.Weirsallowthecountingoffish,thebasisforfisherymanagementdecisions.Thesedecisionsdirectlyimpactsubsistencefishers,asmanagersuseclosersandregulationsofmeshsizeandcatchnumberstoensurethatenoughsalmonpassuptotheirspawninggrounds.BasedonastayatafishweironaKuskokwimRivertributaryandfieldworkinthatarea,thispaperwillpresentandanalysetheroleofweirsintimesofregulationsanditsimpactonhuman-fishrelations.Itwillespeciallyconcentrateononefactor:numbers.Afishcensus,orrunreconstructions,informofnumberscanreinforce,change,orcreaterelationsbetweenpeopleandsalmonalongtheKuskokwimRiver.Exampleswilldepicttheserelations,onweirsaswellasonboats,infishcampsandoffices.

15.7.2

MultispeciesEngineers:Politicsof(Un)MakingFishingPlacesinInteriorAlaska

ShiakiKondo

Thispaperdealswithhowengineeringanimals,humansandbeavers,interactwithsalmon,otherhumanandnon-humananimalsandAlaskanlandscapesthroughtheirplace-makingpractices.Inthebackgroundofseverekingsalmondeclinearoundtheearly2010s,manyhumanandnon-humanactorswerementionedaspossiblecauseforit(e.g.bycatchduringcommercialfishingintheocean,climatechange...etc).Also,culturalrevitalizationisinfullswinginInteriorAlaska,wherehuntingandfishingremaintobeaveryimportantpartofAthabascanwaysoflife.Inthissense,salmon-humanentanglementoccupiesoneofthecentralthemesofindigenouspoliticsandculturalpractices.MyethnographyfocusontwofishingplacesintheUpperKuskokwimregion.Ononehand,Idescribe"culturecamp"organizedbyAthabascanpeopletheretohighlighttheirplace-makingpracticesagainsthistoricalStateinterventions.Ontheotherhand,inasalmon-spawningarea,wheregrizzlybearsfishforsalmon,humanhunterswaitfortheopportunitiestohuntgrizzlybears.Thisiswhentheareabecomesthecentralplaceofentanglementsamongvarioushumanandnon-humanpersons.Influencedbymultispeciesframeworkofanalysis,Itrytobridgethetwoexamplesandvariousplace-(un)makingpracticestoshedlightontheissuefromacosmopolicalpointofview.

15.7.3

VoicesfromtheCoast:SalmonFisheryDependentCommunitiesinAlaska

DavinHolen

IncoastalAlaskahumansandsalmonsharespaceinanintertwinedandoftencomplexsocial-ecologicalsystem.ResidentsofAlaskacoastalcommunitieshaveastrongconnectiontosalmonasavaluableresourcefortheirwayoflife,afactoraccountedforintheirpersonaldecisionmakingofwhethertocontinuelivingintheirruralcommunities,ortomigrateawaylikethesalmon.SalmoninAlaskaarehighlysymbolic,interwovenintotheidentityofcoastalcommunitieswhilealsobeingabundantacrossAlaska,bindingcommunities

together.ThispaperpresentsnarrativesfromcoastalcommunitiesacrossAlaskarelatinghowimportantfisheriesareasawayoflifebindingfamilytraditions,economy,cultural,andasenseofplace.

15.7.4

“Menwithoutwork“:LabourandIdentityontheWhiteSeaCoast

NatalieWahnsiedler

Thispaperwillexplorethesocialentanglementsofpeople,placeandfishontheWhiteSeacoastinNorthwestRussia.IwillfocusonthevillageofDolgoshchel’ewhichisconsideredatraditionalPomorvillage.ThetermPomoryderivesfromtheRussian“pomoriu”,meaning“bysea”.IthasbeenusedtorefertoagroupofRussianpeoplewholivealongtheWhiteSeaandBarentsSeacoastsandwhosemainoccupationhasbeenfishing.LikemanyfishingvillagesintheRussianNorth,thevillageofDolgoshchel’ieunderwentsignificanttransformationsinthepastcentury.DuringtheSovietperiod,thestatepromotedindustrialfishing.WiththedissolutionoftheSovietUnion,fishingenterprisessufferedasignificantcrisis.Today,onlyasmallnumberofpeopleincoastalvillagesontheWhiteSeaareemployedinthefishingsector.Mosthavetorelyonfishingforsubsistence,which,however,islimitedduetostrictregulations.Locals,nevertheless,feelthemselvesentitledtofishresourcesandcontinuetofishillegally.TheyoftenoutlinethediscrepancybetweenthembeingPomoryandnotbeingallowedtofish.ThispaperwillfurtherinvestigatethelinkbetweenlabourandidentityontheWhiteSeaCoast.

15.8a

15.8b

ARecentStudyoftheBarentsRegion:TheBarentsRegion–currentsituationandfuturechallenges

Chair:Mats-OlovOlsson

11June–1:30p.m

11June–3:30p.m.

MC323

15.8.1 EnvironmentalchallengesintheBarentsRegion

ThomasNilsen

ThehighnorthoftheEuropeanArctic,includingtheBarentsRegion,isfacingsomeofthemostdramaticeffectsofclimatechange.Temperaturesarerisingfasterthantheglobalaverageandhavealreadyinsomeareassurpassedthe2degreestarget.Sea-iceismelting,openingforoildrilling,shippingandcruise-tourisminwatersthatearlierwerenotaccessible.Warmerseawaterbringsinnewfish-stocks,meltingpermafrostthreatensinfrastructureonthetundraandawetter,wilder,andwarmerweatherposeschallengesforcoastalinfrastructureandhumanactivities.

Simultaneously,cross-borderairpollutionfromtheminingandoreprocessingindustryontheKolaPeninsulacontinuestocausehazardstosurroundingtaiga-forestandnature.Whycanthatstillcontinuethroughaperiodwhentheindustrymakesbiggerrevenuesthaneverbefore?

ThepresentationwillquestionwhytheenvironmentalmovementinnorthwestRussiaistargetedbyofficialstructuresandpartlydeclared“foreignagents”underRussia’snewNGOlegislation.

15.8.2 ThegeopoliticsofoilandgasintheBarentsSea

OleGunnarAustvik

ThepresentationoutlinestheimportanceofBarentsareaoilandgasascomparedtoconventionalresourcesintheMiddleEastandelsewhere,andshaleresourcesintheUnitedStates.WhataretheeconomicandpoliticalopportunitiesandchallengesforpetroleumdevelopmentsintheHighNorthascomparedtootherplaces?Whoarethestakeholdersandhowcanresourcesbegoverned?

15.8.3 TheroleofSaamitraditionalecologicalknowledgeinenvironmentaldecision-making

LauraOlsen

ThenumberofactorswithdifferinginterestsisconstantlygrowingintheBarentsRegion.Theregionisrichinnaturalresourcesanditisattractingactorsalsofromoutsidetheregion.Whenitcomestonaturalresourceutilization,theinterestsofthelocaland(especially)theindigenouscommunitiesandotheractors,suchasnationstatesorinternationalcompanies,donotalwayscoincide.Well-conducteddecision-makingprocessesconcerningtheseissuesplayakeyroleinensuringasustainabledevelopmentandthepeacefulco-existenceofdifferentactorsintheregion.Decisionsconcerningthelocalenvironmentandnatureareparticularlyimportantfortheindigenouspeoplesintheregion,since,forexample,mostoftheirtraditionallivelihoodsarestronglyconnectedtonature.Indigenouspeoplesalsohavevaluabletraditionalecologicalknowledgeaccumulatedoverlongperiodsandpassedforwardforgenerations,butthisknowledgeisnotalwaysintegratedoreventakenintoconsiderationindecision-makingprocesses.ThepresentationfocusesontheSaami,anindigenouspeoplelivingintheBarentsRegion,andontheroleoftheirtraditionalecologicalknowledgeinenvironmentaldecision-making.Howcouldtraditionalecologicalknowledgebebettertakenintoconsiderationindecision-makingandwhatkindofadditionalvaluewoulditcontribute?

15.8.4 Reflectionsonsecurityandgovernanceintimesofrapidchange

AnnikaE.Nilsson

TheBarentsregionisdeeplyembeddedinarangeofglobalprocesses,especiallyrelatingtoenvironmentalchange,resourcemarkets,andgeopoliticalshifts.Whilesuchrelationshipshaveshapednorthernregionaldevelopmentforseveralcenturies,thecurrentrateofchangeintheArcticisoftencalledunprecedented,basedontherapidrateofclimatechange.Thevolatilityofresourcemarketsinrecentyearsandanuncertaingeopoliticalsituationintheworldaddfurtherdimensions.

Thepresentationwillfocusontheimplicationsofthatdevelopmentforgovernanceandsecurity.Itwillemphasizethatsecurityagendasintheregion,whethertheybelocal,nationalorinternational,needtoincludepreparednessforsurprisesandincreasedattentiontolearningfeedbacksthatspanfromthelocaltotheglobal.Inthiscontext,regionalsecuritybecomesamatterofcapacitytonavigaterapidchangeanduncertaintyinarangeofdimensions.

15.8.5 FuturegeopoliticsoftheBarentsSeaarea–fromtraditionalsecuritytoenvironmentalandhumansecurity

LassiHeininen

Insecuritystudies,therearediscourses,premisesandparadigmsofsecurity,aswellasdiscussionsconcerningthesubjectsofsecurity.Correspondingly,instudiesofgeopoliticsthereisasmallerorlargernumberoffactorsdependingonyourapproach,classicalorcritical.WhenitcomestotheBarentsSeaarea,aswellastheentireArctic,therearealso,ononehand,specialfeaturesofsecurity,suchasmilitarization,nuclearsafety,foodsecurity,etc.,and,ontheotherhand,several(oldandnew)factorsofgeopolitics,suchasresources,identities,andknowledge.Thus,thesecuritynexusoftheArctichasbeen“environmentalized”bythegrowingconcernfor

thestateoftheenvironmentduetoindustrialization,long-rangepollution,andclimatechange.Alsoingeopolitics,theenvironmentplaysamoreimportantrole,andthereisanon-goingparadigmshiftfromresourcegeopoliticsto“environmentallinchpin”andtowardsclimateknowledge.RapidclimatechangeandtheAnthropocenecanbeinterpretedasglobalfactorspromotingapeacefulchange.HeretheBarentsSeaareahasplayed,andplays,animportantroleasbothatargetandexample.

ThepresentationfocusesontheroleoftheenvironmentoftheBarentsSeaarea,aswellastheentireArctic,andhowithasredefinedArcticsecurityandgeopolitics.Thepresentationwillfirstdiscusswhytheenvironmentmattersandhasbecomeanewfactorinfluencingsecurityandgeopolitics;second,analysetheimportanceofspecialfeaturesofsecurityandnewfactorsofgeopoliticsoftheBarentsSeaarea,andthattherearenewsubjectsofsecurity;third,examinethegrandenvironmentalchallengesandwickedproblemsrevealingthedualismoftheglobalizedArcticanditsimplicationsworldwide;andfinal,assessanddiscusstheroleofhighgeopoliticalstabilityasapreconditionforregional(sustainable)developmentand(regional)security,aswellaspeacefulchange,whichismuchneededwhentryingtofindresilientsolutions.

15.9 SuccessstoriesfromtheNorth:Fromsurvivaltoavisionforthefuture

Chair:AnnaStammler-Grossmann

11June-3:30p.m.

N350

15.9.1

Pathwaystowardssustainability:experiencesfromaNativecommunityinruralAlaska

IrmelinGram-Hanssen

Thechallengesfacedbyruralnortherncommunities,suchashighcostsoflivingandhighout-migrationrates,arewellknownandbroadlydocumented.ThisisalsothecasewithIndigenouscommunities,wheretheongoingcoloniallegacyisseentoincreasetherisksassociatedwithexperiencedandanticipatedglobalchanges,includingclimatechange.Yet,somecommunitiesarefindingwaystonavigatewithinthiscontextofsocialdisparitiesanduncertaintyinwaysthatnotonlyallowsthemtomaintaintheircommunitybutenablesthemtoengageinprocessesthatenhanceoverallsustainabilityandcontributetothequalityoflifeofcommunitymembers.BasedonresearchdonewithanIndigenousruralcommunityinAlaskain2011-2012,thispaperexploresthekeyconditionsthatareenablingaruralcommunityofsixty-sixinhabitantstodevelopadiversifiedlocaleconomy,reducetheirdependenceonfossilfuelsandlargelyretaintheiryoungpopulation.Theresearchisbasedonanarrativeapproachwherecommunity-membersidentifiedstrengthsandweaknessesoftheircommunity.Community-narrativesformedthefoundationofasustainabilityanalysisinwhichsixconditionswereidentifiedascentraltothesustainabilityeffortsofthecommunity;connectiontothe“outside”,focusonyouth,opennesstochange,relationshipwiththeland,innovation,andcommunication.Thepaperdiscussestheimplicationsofthisstudyforhowweunderstandandmeasureruralcommunitysustainability,includingtheroleofindividualandcommunityagencyandtheunderstandingofsustainabilityasaprocessinwhichthe“right”pathisconstantlynegotiatedamongcommunity-members.Thepaperconcludesbysupportingthecallforresearchthattakesintoaccountvaluesandbeliefs,andarguesfortheusefulnessofnarrativeanalysisinthisregard.TheauthoriscurrentlydevelopingthisresearchfurtheraspartofherPhDinHumanGeographyatOsloUniversity.

15.9.2

Folkstrategiesandstatepolitics:Thecowthatalmostdisappeared

PäiviSoppela,NuccioMazzullo

ThedisplacementofNorthernFinncattlewasveryrapidin1950-60’sfollowinglargelossesoffarmanimalsduringWWII,andthebreedalmostbecameextinct.Untilrecently,theprevailingpolicieshaveaimedatinfluencingtheirchoicestowardsgreatermilkproduction.AlthoughmilkyieldoftheNorthernFinncattleis

lowerthantheotherbreeds,themilkhasmanysuperiorproperties,forexamplethoseforcheeseproduction.Thisbreedhasalsogreatpotentialsfornoveltydairyproductsandfarmservices(eg.tourism,greencare).NowadaystherearestateeffortstosavetheNorthernFinncattle,whichisstillanendangeredbreed(ca.800cows),forinstancebysupportingnationalprogramsandmaintainingagenebank.ThispaperdiscussesthecaseoftheNorthernFinncattle,abreedthatiswell-adaptedtotheArcticclimate,butproduceslittlemilkincomparisonwithdominantcommercialcattlebreeds.Basedonourfieldworkmaterials(ArcticArk),wewillfocusonaparadoxresultedbythestatepoliticsthatfirstsupportedthedevelopmentofintensiveagriculture,whichledtothedisplacementoftheNorthernFinncattleandlateronrediscovereditasaFinnishheritage.Breedershaveexpressedconcernsforthelackofduerespectfortheirskillsandbreedingpractices.However,therearepositivesignsofarevival,particularlyamongyoungfarmers.Hence,thestagewearelivingnowcouldbecometherenaissancefortheNorthernFinncattleinLapland.

15.9.3

TurningColdIntoGold:FrozenAssetsOfAPlaceMaking


Livinginacoldenvironmentiscommonlyassociatedwiththephysicalandrelativesensationsoffreezingtemperature,snow,ice.Afundamentaldimensionofsocialjudgementoftheseplacesisthatof‘warm’versus‘cold’,followingby‘South’versus‘North’,‘center’versus‘periphery’.Althoughawholesetofpositivetraitsisassignedtothe‘warmth’and‘cold’isperceivedratherasaburden-forsomeplacesintheNorth‘cold’hasprovidedopportunitiesto‘enact’,experimentwithandtorelatetoitinnewways.BasedonthefieldworkmaterialinNorway,FinlandandRussiathispaperanalyseshownortherncommunitieshavecreatedavisionforaviablefuturebyturningthecoldintoavaluableeconomicandsymbolicresource.Itfocusesontheplace-makingprocessthatbuildsonandreinforcestheideaofcoldenvironmentasanassetthathasbeeninitiallylargelyorientedonthetourismandinvestmentmarket.Tracingondifferentideasofcold,thepaperevaluatestowhatextendmanifestationsofacoldenvironmentbridgeclashingoutside-insideimagesofthesamereferenceterritory,shapethestrategiesofself-representationandmediatechangesinlocalsocietyandenvironment.

15.9.4

Barentsburg,aRussiantownintheNorwegianland:fromdecaytosuccess

AndrianVlakhov

Inthispaper,IampresentingtheresultsofalongitudinalstudyofBarentsburg,aRussianminingtowninSvalbardarchipelago.Thankstoitsuniquepoliticalstatus,Svalbardishomefortensofnations;however,twomostsignificantcommunitiesofthearchipelagoaretheNorwegianandRussianones.Duetothedeclineofthecoalminingindustry,theindustrialsettlementsofSvalbardhavefacedessentialchallengesduringtherecentdecades,beingforcedtoturnfromminingindustrytosustainableeconomies.Inthispaper,IamfocusingontheRussiancommunityhavingtodealwiththeconsequencesofSovietplannedeconomy;thecommunityexperiencedsharpdeclineinthe2000sbutmanagedtofindanewlifethroughdevelopingtourismandresearchactivities.IcomparethissituationtotheNorwegianexperienceandpresenttheresultsoffive-yearcommunitymonitoring,tryingtotell,deconstructandreconstructthesuccessstoryofthecommunity.

19.9.5

TheRoleofInternationalCooperationBetweenNorthernRegionsinImprovingtheQualityofLifeintheArctic

MikhailPogodaev

Sub-nationalgovernmentsintheNorthhavelong-termcooperationinimprovingthequalityoflifeinnorthernhemisphereandinsustainabledevelopmentofcircumpolarregions.Governorsofnorthernregionsestablishedatoolforthiscooperationin1991-theNorthernForum.Thisorganizationplaysaroleofinternationalplatformforexchangeofexperiencesandbestpracticesinthemanagementofnorthernterritories.Theforumdirectsattentiontoeconomicconcernsandmorebroadlytoissuesofsustainabledevelopmentinareasheavilydependentontheextractionofnaturalresources.Ithasoftenservedasavenueforsubnationalgovernmentstocomparenotesonissuesinvolvingrelationswithnationalgovernmentsandtoexplorestrategiesforadvancingtheinterestsoftheresidentsofnorthernregions.TheNorthernForumhasobserverstatuswiththeArcticCouncil.

15.10a ChildhoodandYouthintheArctic

Chairs:JackHicks&JetteRygaard

11June-1:30p.m.

N230

15.10a.1

Earlychildhoodadversityasakeyriskfactorforsuicidebehaviour–andasaninterventionopportunity–inInuitcommunities

JackHicks

Sincethe1970sInuitregionsacrosstheArctichavesufferedsharplyelevatedratesofdeathbysuicideamongchildrenandyouth.Thispaperwillpositthattheglobalevidencebaseonhowadversechildhoodexperiences(ACEs)dramaticallyincreasetheriskofsuicidebehaviouroverthelifecourse–forexample,Dubeetal(2001)foundthatthepopulationattributablefractionsforACEsandsuicideintheUSare“ofanorderofmagnitudethatisrarelyobservedinepidemiologyandpublichealthdata”–canbothhelpexplainwhyanepidemiological‘suicidetransition’amongInuithasoccurredandhelpfocussuicidepreventioneffortsinInuitcommunities.ThispaperwillthenexaminethemannerinwhichtheNunavutSuicidePreventionStrategy(NSPS)andtheNationalInuitSuicidePreventionStrategy(NISPS)havefocusedonearlychildhoodadversityanditsimpactsoverthelifecourse.

15.10a.2

Influenceof(hetero-)genderednormsonlonelinessamongyoungpeopleborninnorthernFinland

AnnaReettaRönkä

Lonelinessisamultidimensional,painfulandinvoluntaryexperiencenegativelyaffectingwellbeingandhealthofmanyyoungpeople.Problemslikedepression,suicidalbehaviorandsenseofnon-belongingnessarecloselyassociatedwithloneliness.ThesesocioemotionalproblemsareacuteissuesincircumpolarcommunitiesmakingtheArcticanespeciallyvulnerablecontexttowardsissueslikeloneliness.FindingsofRönkä´sPhDthesisonlonelinessindicatethatbroadersocioculturalmatters,includingnorthernculturalethosand(hetero-)genderednorms,arecentrallyinfluencingandintensifyingtheexperienceofloneliness(Rönkä,forthcoming2017).Inthispresentation,wewillexplorehowgenderednormsandnormatizationpracticesareentangledandcontributetothedevelopmentoflongitudinalchronicexperienceofloneliness.Wedothisthroughqualitativeanalysisofsemi-structuredinterviewsof35youngadults(aged27-28),whoareapartoftheNorthernFinlandBirthCohort1986study(N=9,432)andwhohaveself-reportedbeingverylonelyduringtheiradolescence.

15.10a.3 UndertheShieldshapedMountain

JóhannaBjörkSveinbjörnsdóttir

UndertheShieldshapedMountainisavisualethnographywiththechildreninKulusuk,EastGreenland.Tsumu?Iaskedthemwhentheycametomystorytellingworkshop,wheredowego?Inthesmartphone,childrendownto6yearsoldhaveaccesstoalltheaudio-visualtoolsneededtotellandsharetheirstories.Theseworkshopsframedmyvisualethnographyandparticipantobservationandwasthegatewaytolearnmoreaboutthecommunity.Atthesametimeasnationalpoliticsareadvocatingforurbanizationandcuttinginservicestothesettlements,thereisacontinuingurgencytobetterthechildren’swelfare,especiallythesettlementchildren’s.Thiscontradictiondrovemyfieldworkforward.Theresearchshowedmethatasteenagersthechildrenhaveoutgrownboththegeographicalandsociallandscapesandthereislittletheircommunitycanprovidefortheirfuture(Ingold1993).Theyknowthattobuildafuturetheymustleaveanditscaresthem.Themultipleaudio-visualscreatedduringtheworkshoparethusafundamentalpartoftheresearch.ThroughoutthepresentationIwillbereferringtorelevantclips.Asignificantpartofthestudyistheexhibit:12smartphoneswithshortvideoshangonawallpaperedlandscapeofthechildren’sphotos,suggestingalinkbetweentheirgeographicalandsociallandscapes.

15.10b ChildhoodandYouthintheArctic

Chairs:JackHicks&JetteRygaard

11June-3:30p.m.

N230

15.10b.1

Thesoundofbreakingglass:investigatingthenarrativebehindactsofpropertydestructioncommittedbyyoungNunavimmiut.

Anne-MarieTurcotte

TheInuitofNunavikrepresentCanada’syoungestandfastestgrowingpopulation.Inrecentyears,manyInuitleadershaveexpressedconcernsoverincreasedviolence,propertyoffencesandsuicidesamongtheiryouth.Inlessthanacentury,Inuithaveexperiencedrapidsocialchangesthathaveimpactedthetransmissionofculturalskillsandvaluesandcontributedtoasignificantintergenerationaldividewhereelderssustainedaland-basedwayoflifethatyoungergenerationswillnotexperience.Thepurposeofmydoctoralresearchistoexamineactsofjuveniledelinquency,morepreciselythebreakingofwindows,andtoverifytheextenttowhichdestructivenesscanbeusedasanindicatorofyouthdistress.TheinvestigationwillcentreonInuityouthwhostruggletocreateastableidentityincommunitieswhereculturalcontinuityhasbeendisruptedandassimilationprocesseshaverenderedendemicdifferentformsofviolence.FewstudieshavefocusedonthemeaningofactsofpropertydestructionamongNunavikyouth.Moreoveractsofvandalismlikethebreakingofwindowshavenotreceivedanyattentionbyresearchers,mainlybecausetheyhavebeenregardedasachildren’sgamewithoutanyparticularsignificance.Yet,inmanyNorthernVillagesofNunavik,windowsofspecificbuildingsaresystematicallysmashedbyyouthwhothrowrocksatthem.Brokenwindowsarereplacedbyplywood,leavingopaquestructureswherenaturallightcannotbeseenfromtheinside.Windowpanesareonlydeliveredtwiceayearduringthesummermonths,viaseaway.UsingatheoreticalframeworkdrawingfromIndigenousstudies,psychoanalytictheoryandethnopsychiatry,thisinnovativeethnographicresearchwillfillanimportantgapinknowledgeconcerningyoungNunavimmiut.Recognizingchildrenasinfluentialactorsinthesocial,politicalandeconomicalrealms,thisstudynotonlyaimsatencouragingthemtosharetheirstories,butalsototrulyhearwhattheyhavetosay.

15.10b.2

NomadicKindergarteninSebyan

LialkoZakharova(TBCpending)

ThevillageSebyan–KyuelislocatedinthenortheastofSiberia.ItisacompactresidenceplaceofEvens(Lamuts).LinguisticsituationcharacteristicofindigenousNorthethnicgroupsshowsobviousdeclineinEvens’populationknowingtheirnativelanguage.ButinthevillageofSebyan-Kyuelthenativelanguageexistsinsuch

functioningspheresasfamilyandhousehold(afamily,relatives,friends),productionandeconomy(work,economicactivity)andinofficialspherepartially(education,culture,events).Majoractivityofindigenouspeopleisreindeerherding.Economyisrepresentedbythecompany«Sebyan»agriculturalenterprisewhichistheunprofitableenterpriseaccordingtolastyearsindicators,adeerlivestockisbeingsharplyreduced.Itresultedinnomadiccommunities’formation.CurrentlyinSebyanthereare5nomadiccommunities,theyarecreatedforfurtherpreservationanddevelopmentofmodernreindeerherdingasthestandardoflivingandwell-beingofindigenouspeopledependonit.Andwehaven'tstoodasideandhaveshownourprivateinitiativeinsolutionofimportantsocialissues.So,lastyearwesetuptheEvennomadicdaystaygroup–agroupforsupervisionandtakingcareofreindeerherders’childrenonthebasisofthe"Deer"community.Thisexperimentalmultiagelanguagegroupisfocusedonchildrenagedfrom10monthsupto6years.GamesandconversationsareconductedintheEvenandEnglishlanguages.Preschoolchildrenareeasiertobetrainedinlanguage,astheydon'thavehomeworklikeschoolstudentsandtheylearnlanguageseasier.Thisyearwearegoingtorealizeourprojectnamed"Privatenomadickindergarten”:theexperimentalfamily"Umtichan"short-termstaygroup.Thisisourattemptbasednotonlyonsheerenthusiasm,butalsoontheentireawarenessofthefactthatintheeraofincreasingglobalization,destinyofthepeopleisinextricablyconnectedwithtraditional(nomadic)lifestylepreservation.Andwewanttomakecontributiontofurtherpreservationanddevelopmentoftraditionallifestyle,cultureandnativelanguageofEvens.Inthisprojectwearegoingtotrytodesignapropermodelofprivateeducationalsystemwithdifferentiatedtrainingandeducationinnative,RussianandEnglishlanguagesallowingtomaintaincultureandnationaltraditions.Itwillcontributetopreservationanddevelopmentofworldnationdiversity,harmonizationinnationalandinterethnicrelations.InfutureweareplanningtodesigntheschoolEven-Russian-Englishreindeer-breedingdictionaryonthebasisofEvens’lamunhinskyspeechandtocomparetheresultsofourexperimentwithotherregions.

15.10b.3

ChildMaltreatment/WellTreatmentinInuitContextPastandPresent

Jean-MichelHuctin

ThispresentationshowsthemainresultsofaPhDstudyinanthropologyongoodchildrearingpracticesandparentingdeficiencyinthepastInuitcommunities,aswellasprofessionalcareintoday'sGreenland.Stillapressingsocialproblemaswellasanextremelysensitivetopic,althoughlesssociallytabootoday,childmaltreatment(fromtemporaryneglecttotheseriousphysical,psychologicalandsexualabuse)hasbeenoverlookedbymostanthropologistsandInuitstudiesarenoexception.Thisstudycombinesethnohistory,sociology,publichealth,psychotherapy,socialworkandethnographytocoverfourbigissues.Firstly,itarguesthatInuitfromAlaska,CanadaandGreenlanddevelopedinthepastanadvancedknowledgeinchildrearingandeducation.Secondly,itquestionstheprevalenceofmaltreatment,suchasbabyinfanticide,orphanneglectandotherforms,thatseemedtobesporadicandmainlyduetoArcticsurvival.Thirdly,itpresentsthecurrentsituationinGreenland(anthropologicalepidemiology)andtheimprovementofprofessionalcare.Lastbutnotleast,itexplainshowaresidentialcareinasmallnortherncommunityofGreenland-theUummannaqChildren’shome-hasbeenfindingmanyoriginal,cross-culturalandculturallyrelevantwaystoheal,raiseandeducateyouth,givingthemrootsandwingsnecessaryfortheirdevelopmenttowardsadulthood.Resultsfroma10year-longanddeepparticipantobservationintherapeuticalandeducationalactivitiesshowthatcommunityandculture,throughdiversesocializingexperiences,playanessentialroleinfosteringself-esteemandresilienceinyouth.Theresidentialcareshouldkeepcontactwiththemwhentheyleave,helpingthemwithalltheissuesofautonomyinadulthood.

15.11 PeopleandPlace:PopulationsintheArcticincensusesandlongitudinalparishrecords

12June-10:30a.m.

N430

Chair:ElisabethEngberg

15.11.1

Laboratoiredepopulationaunord:DevelopingnewmicrodatasourcesforQuebechistoricaldemography

LisaDillon,AlainGagnon,HélèneVézina

FewpopulationscanboastademographicandbiologicalhistoryascaptivatingasthatofQuebec.Fromitsorigins,theQuébecpopulationexperiencedaformidablelevelofnaturalincrease,multiplyingtheinitialgroupof10,000founderstooveramillionresidentsby1861.Thedevelopmentofthispopulationuptothebeginningofthe19thcenturyiswell-documentedinacontinuousseriesofCatholicparishregistersaswellashousehold-levelcensuses.Asaresult,Quebecpopulationdataprovidesanexcellent“populationlaboratory”foruniqueandinnovativeresearchinhistoricaldemography,populationgeneticsandevolutionarybiology.Sincethe1960sand1970s,theProgrammederechercheendémographiehistorique(PRDH)(UniversitédeMontréal),BALSAC(UniversitéduQuébecàChicoutimi)andtheCentreInteruniversitaired’étudesquébécois(CIEQ,UniversitéduQuébecdeTrois-RivièresandUniversitéLaval)haveengagedindiverseprojectstobuildhistoricaldatabasesoftheQuebecpopulation.Today,theseprojectsarecollaboratingtoextendthesedataaswellasintegratecensuses(includingthe1831householdcensusofQuébec)intothisrepertoire.OurproposedpaperdiscussesthesenewinitiativestoextendQuebeclongitudinalandcross-sectionaldatasourcestothemid-nineteenthcenturyandbeyond.Wewilldiscusskeyfeaturesofourdatasources(suchassettlerandaboriginalpopulationcoverageandgenerationaldepth),highlightnewenvironmental,biodemographicandeconomicvariableswhichhavebeenintegratedintothedatabase(includinginformationontemperature,droughts,wheatpricesandcyclicepidemics),andpresentapreliminarydescriptiveportraitofthispopulationusingthesenewdata.Ourpaperwilladdresstheuniquechallengesofsocialreproductioninthecontextofexponentialpopulationgrowth,ethnicdiversity,colonisationnorthandsouthoftheSt.LawrenceRiver,agriculturaladaptationandmulti-generationalco-operation.

15.11.2

M.Bol’shakovandnational-economiccensusonIamalpeninsulain1934

ElenaVolzhanina

ThepresentationdealswiththeexperienceoffieldworkamongNenetsesofIamalpeninsulain1934-1935byregistrarsoftheAdministrationofNational-economicaccountingwhoworkedundertheleadershipofM.Bol’shakov.Census1934supposedasalogicalcontinuationofPolarCensus1926-1927inrelationtoeconomicsofindigenouspeopleoftheNorthsoitinheriteditsmethodsoffieldworkratherstructureandterminologyofcensusform.Neverthelessregistrarshadtoworkindifficultsocio-politicalconditionsnamelyuprisingofNomadsagainstSovietpower.Detailedaspossibleinthatcircumstancesdescriptionsofnomadichouseholds’economywereusedonlybytheleaderM.Bol’shakovtoprovehisownconceptofsettlingdownofnomadicpeopleintheNorth,whichwasreceivedacriticalassessmentamonghiscontemporaries.Thecensusitselfwasconsideredafailureanditsmaterialshaveneverbeenusedinscientificstudies.Thearticleisalsoexpectedtocarryoutaterminologicalanalysisofwordsandexpressionsbothinherentinthestructureofformsandusedbyregistrarsinthecommentstodescribetheeconomyofthenomadicpeople.

15.11.3 Assessmentofterritorialperipheralityimpactoninnovativedevelopmentandsocio-demographicsituationintheSiberianregions

AnastasiaMyadzelets

TheissueofterritorialperipheralityofparticularregionsisconsideredforthecaseofSiberianandNorthernpartofRussia.Theperipheralityisoneofthebasicspatio-temporalfactorsthatnegativelyimpactsoneconomicdevelopment,itsinnovativeness,territorialorganizationand,throughit,onasocio-demographicsituationofremoteareas.Thisfactorintensifiesregionaldisparitywhichcloselyconnectedwithsomeothergeographicalfactorsandmayessentiallyreducetheinvestmentefficiencyinthestateeconomy.Theimpactofthefactorisassessedthroughmodelingofconnectionofdifferentsocio-economicanddemographicparameters.Forthemodelcalculationanindicationfunctionisapplied.Thefunctionconnectsageneralizedintegralevaluationparameterofstudyobjectstate(regionterritory)withitsindividualintegralparametersofstate(socio-economiccharacteristics)throughcoefficientscalculatedbyregressionmethods.Regionaldistancesandtransportaccessibility,populationlifequalityindexandinvestmentefficiencyarechosenasgeneralizedintegralevaluationparameters.Theyreflectcomplexspatial,economicandsocialperipherypropertiesoftheinvestigatedterritory.Fortheanalysisthegeoinformationdatabaseforeveryregioniscreatedwithnecessarycontentofsocio-economicstatisticinformationfortheperiod2000-2015.ResultsoftheresearcharemappedusingGIS-methods.Thecalculationshowsthatinspiteoftheevidentperipheralitybecauseofthegeographicallocationandlowleveloftransport-logisticinfrastructuredevelopmentthereisanopportunitytoreducethefactoreffectfortheSiberianregions.Itmightbereachedbyincreasingofinvestmentefficiencyandimprovementofpopulationwell-beingandthelifequality.

15.11.4

Studying18thand19thcenturySámiFoodHistorywithaNutritionalDatabase

RitvaKylli

TheaimofthispresentationistostudyhowSámifoodhistorycanbeaddressedwithanutritionaldatabase,madeonthebasisofapopulationdatabasethatis,inturn,basedonparishregistersandcoverstheSámiareaofFinnishLapland.Thequestioniswhatkindsofdetailscanwefindoutaboutthedietandnutritionofindividualinhabitantsof18thand19thcenturyLaplandandwhatkindsofsources(courtrecords,estateinventorydeedsetc.)canweutilisetomakeacomprehensivenutritionaldatabaseofindividualinhabitantsandhouseholdsoftheArcticregions.

15.12 PeopleandAnimalsintheLandscape

Chair:BirgittaÅhman

12June-10:30a.m.

N420

15.12.1

Insectstellastory:awebinterwovenwithentomologyandNaskapiknowledgeinKawawachikamach

MarionCarrier

InKawawachikamachinsectsarepollinatorsandpredatorsofculturallyimportantplants,vectorsofdisease,andsourcesofannoyanceforhumansandculturallyimportantanimals.ThereisarisingconcernamongstNaskapithatclimatechangeanditseffectsoninsectabundance,distribution,composition,andphenologyhaveimpactonthewaysinwhichpeopleconnectwiththeland.Insectsamplingonthreepeatlandsitesduringthesummerbreedingseasonrevealeddifferencesininsectcommunityassemblagesinforested,bogedge,andopenbogmicro-habitats.WehavefoundthatLabradortea,aculturallyimportantplant,isvisitedbyalargediversityofinsectsduringitsfloweringseason.Questionnairesconductedwithcommunitymembersrevealschangesininsectmorphologyandabundance,aswellastheappearanceofnewspeciesoverthelast50years.

Naskapiinsectartgivesinsightondifferingperceptionsandvaluestowardsinsects,anditcreatesaspacefordiscoursearoundinsect-plant-humanrelationshipsacrossculturesandspaces.

15.12.2

Renewableenergy-anaddedeffectinthereindeerhusbandrylandscape

AnnaSkarin

InthesubarcticborealforestofFennoscandiathereisamassiveincreaseintheconstructionofwindfarms.Theaffectedrangesrepresentimportantgrazingresourcesforreindeer(Rangifertarandustarandus)withintheSámireindeerhusbandrysystem.Increasedknowledgeofthedirectandcumulativeimpactsofwindfarmsiscriticalinordertomitigateimpactsofthisdevelopmentonreindeerhusbandry.ReindeerhabitatusewasstudiedwithinacalvingrangearoundStorlidenandJokkmokkslidenwindfarmsinMalåreindeerherdingcommunity,andintwodifferentwintergrazingareasaroundStor-RotlidenandGabrielsbergetwindfarmsinVilhelminaNorraherdingcommunity.ReindeerhabitatusewasassessedbyfollowingreindeerequippedwithGPS-collars.Weestimatedreindeerhabitatselectionbyusingresourceselectionfunctionmodelsforeachwindfarmbefore,duringandafterconstruction(duringoperation).Inaddition,reindeerhabitatusewasassessedaroundGabrielsbergetarea1)whenthewindfarmwasturnedofffor40days,2)duringoperationwhenthereindeerweresupplementaryfed,and3)duringoperationwithoutsupplementaryfeeding.Ourresultsshowedthatthereindeerreducedtheiruseofareasclosetothewindfarmsoravoidedgrazinginareaswheretheycouldsee(andprobablyhear)thewindturbines,andpreferredareaswherethewindturbinesweretopographicallysheltered.InMalå,thereindeerincreasedtheuseofthetopographicallyshelteredareasby50%comparedtonon-shelteredareas.AroundGabrielsbergetwindfarmthereindeerlargelyavoideda3-kmzonewhentheywerenotfed,whilefeedingseemedtokeepthereindeerclosertothewindfarm.TheeffectoftopographicshelterwassmalleraroundStor-Rotliden,whereareaspreferredbythereindeerbeforeestablishmentwerealreadyshelteredfromthewindfarm.Nevertheless,reindeerherdersreportedashiftinreindeerhabitatusealsoaroundthiswindfarm.

15.12.3

Majordeclinesinfoodresourceschallengeacenturies-oldpastoralsystem

AlessiaUboni,BirgittaÅhman,JonMoen

Rangelands,i.e.naturalpastures,extendoverlargerareasthananyotherlandtypeandareessentialtofoodproductioninmanypastoralistsocieties.Today,climatechangeandotherlandusesarethreateningrangelandsandconsequentlythepastoralistsocietiesthatrelyonthem.IntheArctic,wheretheeffectsofclimatechangearemostapparent,thosethreatsareofparticularconcern.InSweden,reindeerhusbandryisanexampleofapastoralismsystemthatisfacingthreatsrelatedtoclimatechangeandcompetitionforresourceswithotherlanduses.Warmertemperaturesaredeterioratingtheconditionsofwinterpasturesand70%ofthemostoptimalwinterpastureshasbeenlostinthelastsixtyyearsmainlyduetoforestryactivities.However,despitethosethreatstheaveragenumberofreindeerinthesystemhasnotchangedconsiderably.Inourstudy,weinvestigatethefactorsthathavecontributedtothisapparentparadoxandevaluateifthemeasurestakenbytheherderstofacethosethreatshavethepotentialtobelong-termsolutions.

15.12.4

Human-animalagencyinreindeermanagement:Samiherders’perspectivesonFennoscandiantundravegetationdynamicsunderclimatechange

TimHorstkotte,Utsi,T.Aa.,Larsson-Blind,Å.,Burgess,P,Käyhko,J.,Oksanen,L.,Johansen,B.,Forbes,B.C.

ManylivelihoodsinArcticandsub-Arcticregionsareincreasinglyfacedwithacceleratingeffectsofenvironmentalchangeandresourceexploitation.Theoftencloseconnectionbetweenindigenouspopulationsandthedynamicsoftheirrespectiveterritoriesallowsthemtomakedetailedobservationsofhowthesechangestransformthelandscapeswheretheypracticetheirdailyactivities.Here,wereportSamireindeerherders’observationsbasedontheirlong-termoccupancyanduseofcontrastingpastorallandscapesinnorthernFennoscandia.Inparticular,wefocusonthecapacityforvariousherdmanagementregimestopreventapotentialtransformationofopentundravegetationtoshrublandorwoodland.FennoscandianSamiherdersdidnotconfirmasubstantial,rapidorlarge-scaletransformationoftreelessarctic-alpineareasintoshrub-and/orwoodlandsasaconsequenceofenvironmentalchange.However,whereencroachmentofopentundralandscapeshasbeenobserved,arangeofdriversweredeemedresponsible.Theseincludedabioticconditions,anthropogenicinfluencesandthedirectandindirecteffectsofreindeer.Mountainbirchtreelineadvanceswereinsomecasesassociatedwithreducedordiscontinuedgrazing,dependingontheseasonalsignificanceoftheseparticularareas.Inthemanyplaceswheretreelinehasrisen,herdingpracticeshavebynecessityadaptedtothesechanges.Exploitingthecapacityofreindeergrazing/browsingasaconservationtooloffersnewadaptivestrategiesofecosystemmanagementtocounteractapotentialencroachmentofthetundrabywoodyplants.However,suchnovelsolutionsinenvironmentalgovernanceareconfrontedwithdifficulttrade-offsinvolvedinecosystemmanagementforecologicallyreasonable,economicallyviableandsociallydesirablemanagementstrategies.

15.12.5

TheaftermathofChernobyl–exploringacrisisinreindeerhusbandryfromahistoricalperspective

CorinnaRöver

AfterthereactoraccidentattheChernobylnuclearpowerplantin1986,somereindeerherdingareasinSwedishSápmiwerecontaminatedbytheradioactivecloudthatreachedScandinaviaafewdayslater.Althoughtheradioactivepollutionwaslimitedinitsgeographicalscope,subsequentconcerns,fearandsuspiciontowardsreindeermeatwerenot,andthemarketforreindeerproductsinSwedenwasseverelyaffected.AfterChernobyl,largenumbersofreindeerwereslaughteredanddisposedof,andstateauthoritiesimplementednewmonitoringmeasuresforreindeermeat.Thepost-Chernobylreactionsgiverisetoquestionsabouttheconceptualizationandsocialconstructionofreindeer(andtheirgrazinglands)asresources.Thispaperaimstoexplorethediscourseofproductivityandvalue(s)aroundreindeerhusbandryafterChernobyl.Arereindeerprimarilyamarketcommoditythatneedstobesafeforconsumption,andwhataretheimplicationsofsuchanunderstanding?

15.13 Architectures,Affordances,andDomestication

Chairs:RobertWishart&JanPeterLoovers

12June-1:00p.m.

UB337

15.13.1

TherelationshipbetweenthedwellingandtheterritoryintheEasternCanadianArctic

EmelieDesrochers-Turgeon

Therelationshipbetweencultureandplaceisconstitutedandsustainedthroughaseriesofspatialpracticesandperformancesthat“transformlargelyunmodifiedwildernessintomeaningfulculturalspacessymbolizingacollectiveconsciousnessthatisinextricablyassociatedwithageographicalterritory”[Prosper,2007:119].Forexample,Inuittoponymsillustratetheculturalfabricofanarrativetraditionthatreliesonthevisual,mnemonicroleoftopographicfeaturestoassistinthetellingandlearningoforalhistory.ThestudyofInuitculturallandscapescanuseanalternativeconceptualframework,“onethatismoreinclusiveofnon-materialculturesandlesspronetounderminingthepluralityanddynamictemporality"[Prosper,2007:119].Architecturehasthepotentialtoapproachculturallandscapesthatprivilegesquotidianpracticeandritualperformanceasthe

meansthroughwhichameaningfulrelationshipbetweencultureandplacethatisconstitutedandsustainedovertimeandspace.TheproposedpresentationconsistsinacriticalanalysisofthecurrentgovernmentalconstructionpracticesintheCanadianEasternArctic(BaffinIsland)tounderstandhowtheyharmtherelationshipbetweenthedomesticspaceandtheterritory.Theproposalistostudythehouseasaplaceofmediationwiththeenvironment.GiventheimportanceofthelandfortheInuitpeople,onemustacknowledgethetangibleandintangiblequalitiesoftherelationshipbetweenlandanddwelling.Focusingonthenotionofthreshold,thepresentationwillundertake:–ananalysisofthecurrentandformergovernmentalhousesbuildingpractices;–casestudiesofdwellingsbuiltormodifiedbyInuit;–acomparisonwiththevernacularInuitdwellingsandsettlementsfromanthropologicalandlinguisticstudies;–acomparativestudyofthenotionofidentityembodiedintheterritoryfromanInuitpointofviewandfromthesettlernationofCanada.

15.13.2

Everydaylifeinthesleddogkennel

BrynhildGranås

Thispaperexploresthehuman-dogrelationinlongdistancedogsleddingwhileconsideringitasanexampleofacooperativeinterspeciesworld-makingsocialformation.DogsleddingisanewoutdoorpracticeoftheNordicNorththatrecentlyhasbecomepopularinNorway.Dogmushersandsleddogshavesettledinvillagesaroundthecountrywhere,likeinFinnmark,surroundingopenflatlandscapesarefoundthatpreparewellforthepractice.BasedonanethnographicfieldworkinFinnmark,theanalysisinvestigateshuman-dogco-existenceintheeverydaylifeofmushersandsleddogs.Theirrelationwillbedescribedasonebetweencompanionspeciesthathavetosortthingsoutthroughcommunicationtosolvetaskstogether.Theirroutinesandimprovisationsinvolvecreativeengagementsinthemultispeciesenvironmentsofwhichtheyarepartandthelandscapeswheretheystroll.Theirinteractionsinvolvefences,chains,andleashes,whilerelyingonmutualcommunicationandrespect,tomakelifetogetherenjoyableandendurable,andtofinallybeabletoperformwelltogetherinlongdistancecompetitions.Thisisaneverydaylifefullofmudanddogdirtwherecommunicationisperformedthroughbodiesthatsmellandsoundandthat,throughtheirmovements,arewatchedwiththesightandfeltwithhandsandpaws,snouts,tongsandmouths.Theanalysisdiscusseshowstoriesfromtheeverydaylifeinthedogsledkennelmaychallengeandinflictonsomeoftheboundary-anddistinctionmakingpracticesthatstilltendtoberepeatedwhenlifeinthefarNorthisdescribed.Whatdifferencesdosleddogsandmushersmakeandhowcantheyenrichourunderstandingofcurrentworld-makingprocessesintheNordicNorthandhuman-animalrelationsaspartofthat?

15.13.3

WhattheEasternArctic'semerging,resident-builtculturallandscapeteachesus:AhybridVernacularArchitecture

SusaneHavelka

Whenonelooksbackatmorethanhalfacenturyofgovernmentinterventionandanationatthebrimofmodernlivingconditions,onecannotrefrainfrombeingfascinatedbythewayinwhichInuitbuiltformtoday,togetherwithamoremodernwayofliving,havebecomeanexpressionthatisfullyembracedbythewholecommunityyoungandold.Itisasthoughahybridityofmodernismandtraditionalculturecometogetherandmaterializewithacharacteranddistinctivenessofanewvernacularwhichhasemergedfromthefragmentsandthesurplusmaterialsofgovernmentintervention.Throughitsculturalandnewtechnicalknowhow,Inuitasanationhasineffectpainteditselfanewportrait.Theseremotecommunitiesofindividualbuildersandsurvivorscannotbeanythingbutpartofanewmovementembodyingabeliefthatsmallandmodestrealizationscanplayamajorroleinlegitimatinganexistingconstruct.Tolookathowthistraditionisactivelycontributingtomaintainingparticularformsinthebuiltenvironmentatthescaleofboththesinglebuildingto

anentiregrouping.AsaresultwehaveforgottentheextensiveworkofInuit,theworkofgenius,whichcontributesasignificantportionofthebuildingactivityinandaroundcommunitiestoday.

15.13.4

DomesticationandHousingintheNorth:HousingDesignandIndigenousCulture

AmandaMcLeod,CarolKauppi,HenriPallard(TBCpending)

Thispaperdrawsupontheconceptofdomesticationtoconsiderhowtheestablishment,bytheCanadiangovernment,ofhousinginnorthernIndigenouscommunitiesconstitutedaformofdomesticationofIndigenouspeople.Weconsidertheviewthatnormativeidealizationsofthedomesticsphere,throughthedevelopmentofformsofhousinginIndigenouscommunitiesofthenorth,reflectfundamentalelementsoftheidealizedWesternvisionofhomeanddomesticspace.Likedominantperspectivesontherelationshipbetweenhumansandanimalsthatvieweditthroughthelensofdomestication,traditionalIndigenouswaysoflivingonthelandwereregardedas“primitive”.Followingthemakingoftreaties,housesandcommunitiesweredesignedandconstructedtoreinforceindividualismandWesternnotionsofthesocialworldcomprisinghomesseparatefromschools,churches,otherstructuresandpublicspaces.Thedesignofthetypicalsinglefamily,two-orthree-bedroomhomehasservedtounderminetraditionalIndigenousculturesinCanadathatwerebasedoninter-generational,multi-familydwellingsinwhichland-basedfoodproductionwasintegratedintocommunitystructures(e.g.fordryingandsmoking).StudiesofthesubarcticregionofthewesternJamesBayhaveshownthathousingdesignhasledtoextremeover-crowdingandalackofappropriatestructuresforprocessingfoodfromhuntingandfishing.Thispaperpresentsfindingsbasedonpeople’sexperiencesofhousingontheJamesBayindicatingproblematicaspectsofhousingdesignthatfailstotakeintoaccountIndigenousconceptionsoffamily/communityandpatternsinrelationshipstoland-basedactivities.AhousingdesignispresentedthatwasbasedonresearchwithCreecommunitymemberstoreflectthevaluesandpracticesofpeoplewhohavebeendisplacedbythebuiltenvironmentsintheircommunities.

15.13.5

Architecturesofinter-speciescommunication-eiderdownharvesting.

BenteSundsvold

EiderdownharvestingwaspreviouslyawidespreadpracticealongthecoastofNorthernNorway.Todaytherearejustafewrookeriesleftwitheiderdownharvesting.Intheseplaces,thecommoneider(SomateriaMollissima)isreceivedasaguestofhonoreachspring,andthepracticeisbasedonmutualbenefitandexchangebetweenmanandbird.Thepracticeisanoddformofdomestication,betterunderstoodasco-domesticationwherehumans,birdsandenvironmentplayequalparts.InmyPhDwork,Iusedavideocamerainordertoextendtheobservationalgroundoftheinteractionbetweenbirdandman(anetho-ethnographicapproach).Thepresentationwillfocusontheperformativeaspectsofinter-speciescommunicationwhenahumanandabirdtrytomakesenseofeachother.Someofthetoolsofcommunicationarematerial;somearecloselylinkedtotheaffordancesoftheenvironment,addedwithalargeportionofengagementandhumancompassion.

15 Posters

The"Golden"familyYakutia

KlavdiiaBarashkova

Thedynamismofmodernsocietycanleadtochangesofsuchatraditionalinstitutionasthefamily.Manyyoungpeopleprefercohabitationwithoutmarriage.Divorcesarebecomingcommonplace.Agrowingnumberofdivorcedwomendonotremarry,andwomenwithillegitimatechildren.Manychildrenbroughtupwithoutoneparentandtheregulationofintimaterelationshipsofadultsispartiallydestroyedbythefreedomofmanners.Modernwomenhaveequalopportunitiesasmeninthebusinessandthebusinessthatprogressive,butthistrendinevitablychangesthenatureoftherelationshipinthefamily.Topreservethetraditionalconceptoffamily–whenyoumarrythefirstandlasttime,whenthechildhasbothfatherandmotherwhentheparentsperformtheirdirectfunctionofeducationandsocialisationoftheirchildren,needtopayattentiontotheexperiencesoffamilieswhoarethefamiliesofthe"longlived".InYakutialive64couples,whohavetheofficialstatusofa"Golden"family.Thetitle"gold"isawardedtothosefamilieswhocelebratedthe"Goldenwedding,"thatis,livedfor50yearstogether.50yearsoflawfulmarriageandfamilylifeisahugeexperiencegainedthroughoutlifeandagreatlegacyforyoungergenerations.In2016intheRepublicofSakha(Yakutia)published4book"GoldofthefamilyofYakutia",whichisdedicatedtocoupleswhohavelivedtogetherinmarriagefor50years(thefirstbookcameoutin2013).Thisbookis"atributetothefamiliesofthecentenarians.Secretsoffamilyhappiness,tipsforstrengtheningthefamily,historyofstrongandhappyfamiliesisabrightexamplefortheyounggeneration."

UrbanlandscapeandspaceperceptionintheArctic

DariaBurnasheva

TheSovietConquestoftheNorthwasnodoubtoneofthemostambitiousandlarge-scaleurbanizationprojectshumanityevercreatedandimplemented.ItwasaimedtotransformthevastterritorieslyingbetweentheBarentsseaintheWestandtheBeringintheEast–thenorthernedgeofalmosttheentireEurasiancontinent.From1930sto1980stheregionfacedanintensiveurbanizationprocess,whichresultedinseveralhundredsofnewtownsbuiltintheNorth.Thisprocesscreatednotonlyurbanspaces,completelynewtothenorthernenvironment,butalsoproducednewmeanings,symbolsandperceptions.Thispaperintendstoshowhowtheeverydaylifepracticesofresidentsreflecttheirperceptionofspace,createdbyboththesurroundingenvironmentandtheurbantown.UsingacaseofTiksi,asmallArctictownofabout5000residents,builtasaportontheLaptevseaservingtheNorthernSeaRoute,wealsoshowthatthisrelationshipisbidirectional:bybuildingthehouseswechangeanexistingperceptionofspace,butthenitisthesurroundinglandscapewhichinfluencesourperceptionofthebuilding.

Music,peopleandplace

PaalFagerheim,OveLarsen

Thisposterpresentsthepublication"Musikk,folkoglandskap"(Music,peopleandplace)publishedonOrkanaAkademisk2015(ed.PaalFagerheimandOveLarsen.)TheanthologyincludescontributionsofauthorsfromNorduniversityandAgderuniversityinNorway(professorTorDybo),inadditiontoUmeåandStockholmUniversityinSweden(AlfArvidsson,MarikaNordström,ToivoBurlin)Theposterwillpresenttopicsconcerningmusicasacentralactivityinprocessesofculturalandsocialidentificationinthecircumpolarareas.Thebookdiscussesdifferentmusicalstyleslikepopularmusic,traditionalfolkmusic,andSámimusic.

ToTheQuestionOfClusterApproachInManagementOfRegionalDevelopment

SkryzbinaIrina,RomanovaOksana,MordinovaMarina,MikhailovaAnna,BarashkovaKlaudia

Relevanceofaproblemofresearchofessenceandtheprinciplesofformationofterritorialclustersiscausedbythatinmodernconditionstheypromoteanintensificationofinnovativeactivityofeconomicentities.Processesofglobalization,competitionstrengthening,economicsanctionsconcerningRussia,thegrowinginterrelationbetweenthemarketsofthecapitalandnewtechnologies,strengtheningsocialorientations,large-scalenatureofcreationanduseofknowledge,technologies,products,services,causedemergenceofclustersasinstitutionalandinvestmentbasisofinnovativedevelopmentofregions.Theproblemofformationofclustersforinnovativedevelopmentandincreaseofcompetitivenessofeconomicsystemsisactualformanyregionsandthecountries.Attheheartofclusterapproachthereisaconcept"cluster",inaformrepresentingthenetworkorganizationofgeographicallyadjoininginterconnectedcompanies(suppliers,producersandbuyers)andtherelatedorganizations(educationalinstitutions,bodiesofthepublicandregionalgovernment,theinfrastructurecompanies)operatinginacertainsphereandcomplementaryeachother.Clustersbecamemodelofthespatialorganizationofproductionworkedbythewesterneconomicschool.Inresearchexperienceofforeigncountriesisconsidered,SWOTandPESTanalysisismade.Inarticlemoderninternationalexperienceandpracticeofformationofclustersisanalysed.Conclusionsaredrawnonapproachtoconceptaclusterintheconditionsofneweconomy.Methodsofthecomparativeanalysis,contentanalysisandgroupofanalyticalmethodsareused.Clustershavetobeformed,relyingontheprinciplesofinnovativedevelopment,territorialplacementandinfrastructureobjectsonalltechnologicalchain.Clustersbecomeaninstitutionalandinvestmentbasisofdevelopmentofregions.

TheFishery-PastoralismTheory

YukaOishi

ThisposterwilldiscusstherelationshipbetweenfisheryandreindeerpastoralismanditsenvironmentaluseofKhantywholiveintaigaforestofWesternSiberia.Thisisbasedonthedataofanthropologicalfieldworkbyauthorin2011to2012and2016.ItcomparestwotypesofseasonalmigrationofNorthernKhanty,thatis,theoneissmallmigrationinlowlandforest,andanotherismigrationfromtherivervalleystothemountains.Today,bothoftheformerandthelatterhavetwoformsofmanagementoflivelihood.Oneistheprivatemanagementofsubsistencecomplexofpastoralism,fisheryandhunting.Anotherisreindeerbreedingandfisheryinenterpriseproduction.Thetheoryonmigrationofreindeerbrigadehasbeenbeingthoughtfromtheplaceofpasture.HoweverfreshwaterfishresourceisveryimportantforKhantyandtheyeatmuchfishactually.Therefore,especiallyfocusingontheplaceoffishery,itre-examineshownaturalenvironmentalconditionsandsocialbackgroundaffecttheirmigration.Asaresult,itrevealsthattherouteofmigrationisdecidedfromnotonlytheplaceofpasture,butalsotheplaceforfishingorexchangingmeatforfish.MoreoveritalsotriestoreconsiderpastoralismtheoryandsubsistencecomplexofNorthernEurasia.

Arcticcoastalcommunities:Howdoweseethesea?


ThisposterexhibitionisbasedonthematerialscollectedduringtheanthropologicalfieldworkinthecoastalareasoftheNorthernNorwayandNorthernRussia.Itrepresentstherelationshipofthecoastalinhabitantswithandaroundseawater,andtheirwaysofperceivingandexperiencingcoastalandmarinelife.

Theimplementationofthe"Fromtraditiontoglobalization”projecttodevelopmentofaruralschool

VasiliiVladimirov,OksanaRomanova,AleksandraZakharova,AlinaGogoleva,KlavdiiaBarashkova

ThevillageBakhsy(RepublicofSakhaYakutia)islocated120kilometersfarfromthecapitalofRepublicYakutskcity.Morethan480peopleliveinourvillage.Theable-bodiedpopulationisabout360.155childrenaretill17years.Thereareonly66pupilsatourschool.Thedevelopmentofhightechnologies,communications,massmediapromotedrapprochementofthenationsandthepeopleandopenedampleopportunitiesofeconomic,politicalandculturalcooperation.Reallyitispossibletoseeresultsofglobalizationthatbordersforeconomic,culturalandevenpoliticalactivitybecomemoreandmoretransparent,conditional.Globalizationinvolvesformationofnewgeopoliticsandnewvisionoftheworldwhichismoreandmoregettinganimageofawhole.In2014,togetherwithpartners,thebodyofourschoolbegantoworkontheproject"FromTraditiontoGlobalization".Nowtheproject"FromTraditiontoGlobalization"istheexperimentalplatformofChurapchinskydistrict,theRepublicofSakha(Yakutia).Thepurposeoftheinnovationprojectisformationanddevelopmentofthemulticulturalenvironmentpromotingsuccessfulsocializationofthepersonalityintheglobalworld.Theinvolvementofforeignpartnershasapositiveimpactonthedevelopmentoftheschoolandthevillage.Thankstotheworkontheproject"Fromtraditiontoglobalization”,aswellastheconsolidationofschoolandsociety,wehaveachievedconsiderableresultsin:•therevivalofcultureandtraditionsofSakhapeople,•attractingtheinterestofthevillagerstothecultureofthepeopleoftheworld;•thedevelopmentofsmallbusiness;•thestudyofforeignlanguages.•enhancingtheattractivenessofthevillage.

16 Religion&Spirituality

Themeleader:PiersVitebsky([email protected])

16.1 ReligiousbeliefsandtraditionsinSiberia:NatureMyths,ShamanismandBuddhism

Chair:TBA

9June-10:30a.m.

N460

16.1.1

Howtokillashaman,orwhyawomanneedstowearpants?

AlexandraArkhipova

DuringmyfieldworkinNorthernMongoliaIfoundamythologicalbeliefaboutshamanswho,becauseoftheirlinkswithspirits,weresostrongthatwerenearlyimmortal.AccordingtotheDarkhats,aTurkicethnicgroupfromNorthernMongolia,theonlywaytokilloneofthosepowerfulshamansisbyputtingapairofwoman’spantsonhishead.However,theydidn’tknowwhywasthat.Myinvestigationonthistopicrevealsthatthisunclearinstruction“toputwoman’spantsontheshaman’shead”means“tocreateacontactwithmenstrualblood”.AccordingtoSiberianbeliefsthecontactwithmenstrualbloodviolatesthebordersofsacredspace,andasaresulttheshamanloseshispower.ThisquitearchaicplotexistsamongdifferentethnicgroupsofSiberia,includingArcticarea(Mongols,Buryats,Altaians,Teleuts,Darkhats,Orochi(fromtheFarEast),ChineseReindeer-Evenki,NganasansofTaymyr,Chukchi)andNorthernAmerica(Tlingit,Paviotso,Yurok)intwobasicforms(seemapbelow):•asataletype–somesupernaturalbeinglosthispowerandwaskilledbecausehewastouchedbywoman’smenstrualblood;•asaritualpractice–ifapersonhaving“shamanisticroot”doesn’twanttobecomeashaman,hecandrinkmenstrualbloodortouchwoman’spants(suchritualwasobservedbyVladimirBogorazamongChukchipeople).

16.1.2

Seekingforrecognition:YukaghirreincarnationcosmologyandethnicrevivalintheLowerKolyma

LenaSidorova,LaurVallikivi

WeshallfocusonTundraYukaghirreincarnationcosmologyanditsworkingsinthecurrentethnicrevivalbyexaminingrebirthaccountsfromtheLowerKolyma.InSovietizedSiberia,theatheiststatefoughtagainsteverythingthatwas“religious”andthuscontributedtothewaneofreincarnationideologyandrelatedritualpractices.Inaddition,thestatesuppressedadistinctYukaghirethnicityithadpartlyconstructeditself.Inthe1990srebirthreturnedtopublicdiscourse,whichcoincidedwiththetimeofavibrantethnicrevivalmovement.WeshallexplorehowtodayYukaghirelders,whofeartheirpeoplewilldieout,linktheideaofindividualreincarnationwiththetropeof“therebirthofapeople”.Inthisparticularsociohistoricalcontext,theyjuxtaposethetrajectoriesofpersonalandcollectivebecomingthroughthenotionofrecognition,asbothgainingfullpersonhoodandfullpeoplehooddependsonbeingacknowledgedbyothers(thelivingandthedead)aswellasbyoneself.

16.1.3

TheFracturesoftheWhole:DepictionofTheShamanicUniverseontheKac?aDrums

VictoriaPeemot

ThispaperisabriefdescriptionoftwodrumsbroughtbyFinnishgeologistJacobJohannesSederholmfromtheexpeditiontoSiberiain1917.Thestudyexploresthedrums’origin,culturalaffiliationandsemanticsoftheir

partsandimagesonthedrumheadusingananalogousapproach,basedonethnographiesoftheSayan-Altaipeoples.Oneofthedrumsiswell-preservedandoutstandinglyrichinimages.JustlikeTheBayeuxTapestrytellsthestoryoftheNormanconquestofEngland,thisdrumisanarrativeabouttheworldoftheSayan-Altaishamans.Everyimageopensanewdiscourseontheshamanicuniverse,itslandscapes,inhabitantsandtheirfunctions.Theauthorisawarethatinterpretationofpicturesandtheirsemanticscanbearguablebecause,accordingPotapov,‘...pictures,whichrepresentcommonshamanrealities,canbeconsideredcanonic.Thevarietyinpicturesiscausedbypersonalspirits-assistantsandguardiansoftheKac?ashamansandtheirperceptionofspiritsofspecificdeceases.’Twodrums,broughtbyJ.J.Sederholm,havenotpreviouslybeendescribedinthescholarlywork,sothepaperaimstointroducethesedrumsforfurtherscientificuse.

16.2a Revisitingcircumpolarbearceremonialism

Chair:PiersVitebsky

11June-1:30p.m.

UB334

16.2a.1

WakingtheBear:EasternKhantyTraditionandtheRevivalofBearCeremonialisminWesternSiberia

OlgaBalalaeva

Thesocialandpoliticalupheavalsofthelate1980sopenedthedoortoarebirthofethnicidentityconsciousnessamongtheKhantyandMansipeoplesofKhanty-MansiyskiAO-Iugra.InthisprocesstheBearFestivalbecameforaclearinstanceofwhatSpicercalledan"identitysymbol".ButjustastheSoviet-eraselectionofthenorthern(KazymRiver)KhantylanguageastheofficialKhantylanguageforuseinwritingandbroadcastingalienatedeasternKhantyforwhomKazymspeakersarealmostunintelligible,sotootheofficialrevivalofinterestintheBearFestivalfocusedmostlyontheMansiandthenorthernKhanty.Foravarietyofreasons,verylittleattentionorsupportwasgiventothetraditionsoftheeasternKhanty,althoughtheyoccupynearlyhalfoftheokrug'sterritorybetweentheOb'-IrtyshconfluenceandtheYeneseihighlands.Inthiswayanartificialuniformitarianismemerged,basedingreatmeasureontherevivalofthetraditionfromthenarrowsetofclassicalethnographicsourcesandanunevendistributionofresources,whichnotonlyobscuresbutdiminishesthevalueofregionaldifferences.Thisisnotsimplyasmallpoliticalmiscalculation.BecauseKhantyandMansipeopleshistoricallyhavebeensowidelydispersedandsodifferentiallyexposedtovariousacculturativeforces,suggestingsomekindofuniformityofexperienceorexpressivecultureismisleading.Thispaperexploresthesepreviouslythequestionoftherelationshipbetweena"core"westernSiberianBearCeremonialtraditionandpreviouslyunreportedregionalvariations.SpecialattentionisgiventothenatureandsignificanceofthedistinctivebutoverlookedeasternKhantyBearCeremonialtradition.Inthisway,weaimtouncoverwhatlocaltraditionsmightsuggestabouttheregionaldifferencesinethnohistoricalprocesses,beliefsandpractices.

16.2a.2

GrizzlyandPolarBearsasCulturalKeystoneSpeciesinNorthAmerica

ClarkDouglas,DouglasClark,KyleArtelle,ChrisDarimont,WilliamHousty,DouglasNeasloss,ClydeTallio,AimeeSchmidt,andNancyTurner

TheconceptofculturalkeystonespecieshaspromiseforadvancingreconciliationamongIndigenousandnon-IndigenousPeoplesbyconveyingtheculturalimportanceofsomespecies,forwhichtherearerarelyanalogsinwesternsocieties,andbycreatingacommonfocusforenvironmentalrestoration,conservation,andco-governanceefforts.Weexplorehowgrizzlybearsandpolarbears,twohigh-profilespeciesthatoftenserveasecological"flagshipspecies"inconservationefforts,arealsoimportantculturalkeystonespecies.WeadaptedGaribaldiandTurner'scriteriafordefiningculturalkeystonespeciestoalsoencompassspecieswithwhomcultureshaveaprimarilynon-consumptiverelationship,butthatarenonethelessdisproportionatelyimportanttowell-beingandidentity.GrizzlybearsincoastalBritishColumbiaarecloselylinkedtomanyPeoples(includingtheHailzakvandKitasooXai-xais),wheretheyarecloserelatives,arealinktothespiritualworld,playanimportantroleincrestsandlanguage,arefeaturedinsongs,dances,andstories,andarecentraltotheidentityandlivelihoodsofindividuals,families,chiefs,andNations.Churchill,ManitobaprovidesanotherexamplewherepolarbearsserveasaculturalkeystonespeciesforamixedIndigenous/non-Indigenouscommunityinwhichmanyofthelivelihoodbenefitsfromthespeciesaremediatedbyeconomictransactionsinaglobalizedtourismmarket.Wesuggestthatabroaderrecognitionofthebeyond-ecologicalimportanceofthesespeciestothecultureswithwhichtheyhavesharedlandscapeswithsincetimeimmemorialwouldbeanimportantstepinfurtheringmeaningfulreconciliation,andmightfacilitaterespectfuleffortstowardsmoremeaningfulco-governance.

16.2a.3

Filmingthebearfestivalasasocialrelationship

StephanDudeck

30yearsagolaterEstonianPresidentLennartMerifilmedtheKhantybearfestivalattheAganRiverinWesternSiberia.BasedonrecentfieldworktogetherwiththeKhantyinordertorepatriatethearchivedmaterialsfromEstoniathispapertriestoexploretheaftermathofthefilmandtheritualintheregion.ThepaperinvestigatestherelationshipofpeopleinfrontandbehindthecameraandcomparesthedocumentingworkofLennartMeriandrecentrevivalistactivitiesoftheKhanty.Khantyvisualcultureisperformedinaspecificwayinthebearceremonialcomplexandaudio-visualdocumentationhastotakeintoaccountthisindigenouswaysofshowingandhiding.Practicalcollaborationinpresentdaydocumentationandrevivalletusunderstandtheimpactandapproachesofformerattemptstodocumentandpromotethebearceremonialismandtodevelopethicalandmethodologicalprinciplesofparticipatoryvisualanthropologyofthebearceremonies.

16.2a.4

BearceremonyoftheTurukhanSelkups:reminescencesofthechildhood

OlgaKazakevich

BearceremoniesandtheirelementsinSelkupcommunitieswerementionedbyethnologists,butprecisedescriptionsofSelkupbearceremoniesarescares,especiallyrecordedinSelkupfromaceremonyparticipant.In2014duringmyfieldworkamongtheTurukhanSelkupsIwasluckytorecordalifestoryfromaSelkupladyof59lastingovertwohours.Thestoryincludedanepisodewitharatherprecisedescriptionofabearfiestdatingbacktothechildhoodofthestory-teller.Itmeansthatthedescribedceremonytookplaceintheearly1960s.InthepaperIamgoingtoanalyzethisdescriptionandtocompareitwiththemultipledescriptionsofthe“classical”Khantybearceremony.

16.2a.5

ThePersistenceofthePolarBearinInuitSociety

DarrenKeith

EarlyethnographicresearchintheCentralCanadianArcticdescribedtheelaborateceremonysurroundingthedeathofapolarbearbetrayingthesignificantconsiderationshowntoaspeciesthatwasanintegralpartoftheInuitsocialuniverse.Morerecent21stcenturyfieldwork,focusedongeneralInuitknowledgeofpolarbears,recordednomemorythisritual,howeverthepolarbearcontinuedtoholdaverysignificantpositioninInuitsociety.Polarbearsareomniscientwithrespecttotheworldofhumanbeingsandthecausalityfortheactionsofbearscanbetracedtohumanspeechandaction.DespitetheimmensesocialchangesInuithavemanagedinthe20thcenturyandtheattendantpressuresoncultureandlanguage,thepolarbearhasretaineditspositioninInuitsociety.ThisfactmaybeasignthatanimismmoregenerallyispersistentincontemporaryInuitworldviews.

16.2b Revisitingcircumpolarbearceremonialism

Chair:PiersVitebsky

11June-3:30p.m.

UB334

16.2b.1

AfemaleperspectiveonSamibearceremonies

AnnaKuhmunen

IndigenousSamireligionismostlyusedforthepre-ChristianreligioustraditionsoftheSami.“Shamanism”orritualpracticesconnectedwiththenoajdde,togetherwithbearceremoniesarethemostfrequenttopicsexplored.ResearchershaveoftenseenSamibearceremoniesasexclusivemaleactivitiessincethehuntingwasperformedbymen.Thisasymmetricaloutlookonmen’sandwomen’sparticipationinritualsispartlyduetothewrittensourcematerialbyclergymenandmissionariesduringthe1670s-1750s,whichgenerallyhasamalepointofdeparture.Thisviewhasalsobeenreinforcedbylaterresearchers.Byintroducingarchivematerialfromthe1820s,asourcenotfrequentlyused,andawoman’saccountofbearrituals,itismyaimtobringstotheforeafemaleperspectiveontheceremony.ThecomplementarygenderrolesinSamireligionarethusputinfocus.

16.2b.2

AncientBearbeliefsoftheUiltaonSakhalin

TatyanaRoon

TherewerethreeoriginalethnicgroupsonSakhalinIsland-theNivkh,theAinuandtheUilta(Orok).Theycoexistedontheislandfromancienttime.AllofthesegroupshadreligiouscomplexoftheBearceremonialism.SomeoftheritualsandfolkloretraditionoftheNivkhandtheAinuwereinvestigatedanddescribedin19-20centuriesbymanyresearcherssuchasLeopoldShrenk,LeoShternberg,BronislawPilsudski,andother.ManyauthorspaidspecialattentiontotheBearFestivalintheNivkhandtheAinuculturesasfamouseventthathavebeenuniquenessfortheregionofLowerAmur,SakhalinandHokkaidoislands.NeverthelessthebearritualsandfestivalintheUilta(Orok)culturewereunknown.ThisethnicgroupbelongstotheTungus-Manchulanguagefamily.DuringmyfieldworkexpeditionhasbeenobtainedsomereferencesonthisissuefromelderlyUiltapeopleandmaderecordingsabouttheirculturaltraditionswithbearintheNorthofSakhalin.Inadditionfewfolkloretextswithbear’splotswererecordedandfewonefoundatthearchivesindifferentcities.AstolimitedrecourseswecanreconstructacomplexofbearbelievesandimportanceoftheseritualsintheUiltasocietyandculturethatdisappearedtotheendof20century.Theyhavespecialvocabularyandlegends.Thebearritualswerepracticedforhuntingintaigaandforarisingcubincagewiththefestivalalmostthesameasdidtheirneighboringethnicgroupsbutwithspecificfeatures.Thisisimportantpointbecausetheyhavehadmobilewayoflifewithreindeerherding.InthepasttheUilta’culturalcomplexhavebeenclosetootherpeopleoftheAmur-SakhalinRegionwhichweresettledandfish.ThelifeoftheSakhalinIndigenousPeoplehaschangedconsiderably.Collectedmaterialslettoreconstructlayersoftherelationshipbetweendifferentethnic

groupsontheislandwiththeUilta,commonanddifferencesoftheBearceremonialismonSakhalininprevioustimes.

16.2b.3

BearCeremonialismandFilmDocumentation

AndrewWiget

PresentedhereareexcerptsoffilmdocumentationofEurasianbearceremonialism,withspecialattentiontorecentaudiovisualdocumentationofwestSiberianbearfestivalsamongtheKhantyandMansi.Discussionfocusesonhowaudiovisualdocumentationhighlightsnotonlyregionaldifferencesinbearfestivalformsbutalsoperformativedifferencesintheirenactments.

16.2b.4

Ob'-UgrianBearCeremonyTraditionsInACircumpolarContext

AndrewWiget

Therelationshipbetweenbearsandhumansisatthecoreofsomeoftheoldestformsofculturalactivity.Intheborealforest,theBearistheprincipalother-than-humanperson,sometimesanancestor,alwaystheMasteroftheForestwithaleadingroleinmanaginglifeinthetaiga.TheritualhuntingandkillingofadesignatedBear,whoisunderstoodtoofferhimselftomenforjustthispurpose,isfollowedbyanelaborate‘sendinghome’ceremony,wherethebearashonoredguestiscelebratedforoneormoredayswithsongs,dances,folkdrama,beforebeingsentbacktohissky-home,asfamouslydocumentedbyHallowell1926.AlthoughbearsareCulturalKeystoneSpecies,acrosstheNorthtodaybearceremonialtraditionshavebeenthreatenedandinsomecasesextinguished.Since2008ourworkhasbeenfocusedontheelaborateandhighlydevelopedbearceremonyoftheOb'-UgrianKhantyandMansipeoplesofwesternSiberiaforwhomthesituationwasespeciallyacute.Duringthecourseofthiswork,wecontributedtotheorganizationofoneKhantybearceremony,participatedinanother,producedourownvideodocumentationofthree,andgatheredvideodocumentationoffourothers.WearecoordinatingtheworkofagroupoflocalKhantyandMansischolar-colleaguestoreview,translateandcommentuponthesematerialstogenerateabroad,contemporaryunderstandingofbearceremonytraditions.Andwehaveundertakentothoroughlyreviewofpost-Hallowellethnographic,archaeologicalandlinguisticdatafromEurasiaandNorthAmericainbothEnglishandRussianlanguages.Inthispresentation,welocateOb'-Ugriantraditionsamongspecificregionaltraditionsandsubtraditionsinordertounderstandwhattheserelationshipssuggestaboutthehistoricaldiffusionof"circumpolarbearceremonialism"andthebeliefsystemitsustains.Wealsoreportonthecurrentstatusofthesetraditionsandtheirroleinindigenousculturalrevivalefforts.

17 Researchmethodologies

Themeleader:Lize-MariévanderWatt([email protected])

17.1 Revisitingcircumpolarbearceremonialism

Chairs:AnnetteScheepstra,KirsiLatola,andGertrudeSaxinger

8June-11:30a.m.

N420

17.1.1

StakeholderengagementintheEU-PolarNetproject

AnnetteScheepstra,KirsiLatola,GertrudeSaxinger

EU-PolarNetaimstoestablishanongoingdialoguebetweenpolicymakers,businessandindustryleaders,localcommunitiesandscientiststoincreasemutualunderstandingandidentifynewwaysofworkingthatwilldelivereconomicandsocietalbenefits.TheresultsofthisdialoguewillbebroughttogetherinaplanforanIntegratedEuropeanResearch.StakeholderengagementisacrucialpillaroftheEU-PolarNetproject.Consideringtheenormousamountofstakeholdersandthecomplexityoftheproject,thisisnotaneasytask.TheresearchprojectsthatwillcomeforwardfromEU-PolarNetwillalsohaveastrongstakeholdercomponent.Itiscrucialthatwedevelopagoodstrategytoorganisethisengagementinthebestpossibleway.Howcanweeffectivelyworkwithstakeholdersinawaythatisbeneficialforallinvolved?Howdoweengagetherightstakeholdersintherightprojects?Howdowepreventtoover-askstakeholders?Isthereaneedforcoordinationofstakeholderengagementinallthedifferentpolarresearchprojects?

17.1.2

StakeholderengagementintheArctic:WhatcanbelearnedfromSocialLicensetoOperateresearch?

CocoSmiths

TheSocialLicensetoOperateconceptemergedinrelationtolargeminingprojectsduringthelate1990s.Itisaresponsetothegrowingunrestinsocietyregardinglargeindustrialprojectsandtheirpotentialnegativeenvironmentalandsocialimpacts.Thecapacityof(local)stakeholderstodelayorpostponethepermitproceduresofaprojectindefinitely,hasmadecompaniesandalsogovernmentauthoritiesrealisetheimportanceofobtainingandmaintainingtheconsentofthesestakeholders.Thisisanongoingprocessthroughoutthelifetimeofaproject,typicallyinvolvingmanystakeholderengagementinitiatives.Existingliteratureaddressesquestionsincluding‘HowtoobtainandmaintainaSocialLicensetoOperate?’and‘WhatareimportantfactorsleadingtoaSocialLicensetoOperate?’.Givenitsorigin,theconceptispredominantlystudiedinaprivatesectorcontext,althoughitisalsorelevantfromagovernment,civilsocietyandresearchprojectperspective.Thispresentationelaboratesupontheroleoftrustandlegitimacy,astwofundamentalprinciplesunderlyingaSocialLicensetoOperate,inrelationtostakeholderengagementintheArctic.Differentformsoftrustandlegitimacyexist,eachcontributinginadifferentmannertoaproject’srelationshipwithitsstakeholders.Moreover,theArcticregionsometimesputsforwardspecificchallengestotheimplementationofstakeholderengagementinitiatives,whichneedtobetakenintoaccountaswellinorderforittobecomeasuccess.

17.1.3

WhatcanwelearnfromresearchaboutsocialimpactassessmentsintheArctic?

LeenaSuopajärvi

Inlargenaturalresourceprojectssocialimpactsareassessedintheplanningphaseoftheproject,inmostoftheNortherncountriesasapartofenvironmentalimpactassessmentorimpactassessmentprocedure.Inacademicliteratureaswellasinconcreteprojectssocialimpactassessment(SIA)asexante–evaluationisseenasinsufficient;theyreportlocalexpectationsfortheprojectandnotrealimpacts;SIAshaveaminorroleinEIAorIA;andtheyaretechnocraticinnature.Assessingsocialimpactsasacontinuousprocessthroughouttheprojectimplementationhasmanyadvantages.Forthecompany,SIAincreaseslong-termsuccessoftheprojectbyidentifyingpossibleproblematicissues.Forthelocalauthorities,SIAoffersinformationforcommunitydevelopment.And,forthelocalpeople,SIAoffersawaytobeheardindecision-makingprocesses.Inthepresentationisintroducedar&d-projectReginainSodankylä,wheretheaimistodevelopsocialimpactmanagementplan(SIMP)foraddressingsocialimpactsofminingdevelopmentsandcollaborativeplanningprocessformitigatingpossiblenegativeimpactsanddevelopingpositiveimpacts.AtitsbestSIMPbuildstrustandmutualbenefits.

17.1.4

WhatcanwelearnfromresearchaboutcommunitybasedparticipatoryresearchintheArctic?

ElizabetRink

InthispresentationanoverviewofcommunitybasedparticipatoryresearchwithArcticIndigenouspopulationsisdiscussed.FindingsfromCBPRstudiesintheArcticsuggesttheneedfordevelopingstrength-basedcollaborativeresearchprojectswithIndigenouspopulations.SpecificallyinordertoconducteffectiveCBPRstudiesresearchersmust:1)spendtimewiththecommunitypriortotheresearchtakingplace;2)developarespectforthediversityofcommunityvalues;3)respectthehistoryofthecommunity;4)respectforIndigenouscustomsandpractices;5)respectforIndigenousepistemology;and6)engageingivingbackandreciprocity.Thesefindingsindicateacontinuedneedforvigilanceinunderstandingtheprofoundimpactofcolonizationontheindividual-andcommunity-levellivedexperienceforArcticIndigenouscommunities.CBPRwithArcticIndigenouscommunitiesmustembraceanArcticIndigenousworldviewandincorporatethosebeliefsandpracticesintotheactualresearchmethodologies,aspartofthecoreresearchprocess,notjustassomethingelsetobestudied.Finally,itisnecessarytocreatepartnershipsthatsupportboththeresearchedandresearcherinamutuallyrespectfulandnonjudgmentalmannerandthatallowformutualgiving,receiving,andsharing.

17.1.5

Well-BeingandResourceDevelopment

BrendaParlee

Thepresentationcriticallydiscussestheusefulnessof"well-being"asaframeworkforinterpretingandaddressingtheinterrelatedsocialandecologicalimpactsofresourcedevelopmentinthecircumpolarnorth.Thevalues,beliefsandsocialnormssurroundingtheprocessandoutcomeofwell-beinginfluencehowindividuals,communitiesandinstitutionsperceiveandrespondtoresourcedevelopmentprojectssuchasmining,hydrodevelopmentandpetroleumextraction.Italsoframesthemeaningandsignificanceofthebenefits/dis-benefitsthatareexperienced.DrawingonempiricalresearchwithnorthernIndigenouscommunities,thepresentationexamineshowwell-beinghasbeenusedinthreeenvironmentalassessmentprocessesandtheextenttowhichithasobscuredorimprovedunderstandingoftherealitiesoftheresourcedevelopmentprojectsandtheirimplicationsfornortherncommunities.

17.2a FacilitatingsocialsciencesandhumanitiesscholarshipoftheArcticthroughlibrary,archivalandinformationservices

9June-10:30a.m.

N230

Chairs:SpencerAcadia&HanneleNäveri-Ranta

17.2a.1

MethodologicalConsiderationsinDevelopingDigitalLibrariesfortheArcticCommunities:TheCaseofCanada’sNorth

AliShiri,CathyCockney,SharonFarnel,DineshRathi,RobynStobbs,SandyCampbell

ThispresentationwillintroduceaCanadian,federally-fundedprojecttitledDigitalLibraryNorththatfocusesondevelopingadigitallibraryinfrastructurefornortherncommunitiesintheInuvialuitSettlementRegionintheWesternArctic.Itwillprovideanoverviewofthecurrentstateoftheprojectaswellasthelessonslearned,inparticulartheimportanceofon-goingcommunityengagement,diversemethodologicalframeworksforconductinginformationneedsandseekingbehaviourstudiesandtheneedtodecolonizemethodologiesbycollaboratingwithcommunitymembersatallstagesofaresearchproject.Thepresentationwillintroduceamulti-methodapproachadoptedinthisprojectthatconsistofsuchmethodsasethnography,environmentalscanning,informationaudit,documentanalysis,andvisualmethodsandphotographytoinformthedesignanddevelopmentofadigitallibraryfortheISRregion.Amongthekeyaspectsofthemethodologicaldesignareclosecommunityengagementandcollaboration,trustbuilding,andculturallyawareapproachesto:informationorganizationandmetadatapractices,selectionofopensourcedigitallibrarysoftware,multilingualuserinterfacedesignandimplementationandusabilityevaluation.Thepresentationwillprovideexamplesofdigitalobjects,culturallyappropriatedescriptionmethodsandexamplesofmetadatarecords,designconsiderationsformultilingualuserinterfacesandlessonslearnedfromausabilitystudyofthedevelopeddigitallibrary.

17.2a.2

Hopedale:acasestudyinresourcedescriptionforhistoricaltextsabouttheInuitofLabrador

StaceyPenney,DarrenJ.Furey

Inthemid-18thcentury,missionariesoftheMoravianChurcharrivedinLabradoronthenortheastcoastofNorthAmericawiththeintentionofestablishingthechurchintheregionbyconvertingtheexistingindigenouspopulationtoChristianity.TheMoraviansdocumentedtheirinteractionswiththeLabradorInuit,producingawealthofmaterialsthatprovidehistoricalevidenceoftheInuit’slife,culture,andlanguage.AspartofaCanadiangrant-fundedprojectledbyresearchersatMemorialUniversityofNewfoundland,librariansatMemorialUniversityLibrariesarefacilitatingdigitalpreservationofandaccesstoaselectedsubsetofthesematerialsfocusedonthecommunityofHopedaleinLabrador.StaceyPenney,cataloguingandmetadatalibrarianatMemorialUniversityLibrariesandprojectcollaborator,andDarrenFurey,HeadofCataloguing&MetadataatMemorialUniversityLibraries,discusstheirresearchintoexistingattemptstodefineculturallyappropriatemetadataframeworksforsimilarprojectsandreflectupontheirprevailingmetadatapractice.EngagingwithInuitcommunitiesrepresentedinthearchivalmaterialsand,therefore,inthemetadataisacornerstoneofthisprojectandprovidesabasisuponwhichlocalcommunitymemberscansharetheirsubjectknowledgeandhelptodescribethematerials.Thesecollaborationsessionsbothdirecttheformationofthefinalworkproductandallowlocalcommunitymemberstheopportunitytolearnsomebestpracticesforthedescriptionofdigitizedculturalresources.Wedescribehowtwosubject-focusedcontrolledvocabularieswerecompiledandhowtheywereimplementedforarangeofselectedmaterials.Thenweconcludebylookingbeyondthisparticularprojecttohowourinvestigationintothecomplexitiesofprovidingculturallyappropriatemetadatawillhaveimplicationsforourcontinuingprofessionalpractice.

17.2a.3 SelectioncriteriaforthedevelopmentofaspecialcollectioninArcticStudies

JoëBouchard

ThispaperaimstopresentselectioncriteriatobuildacollectionoffoundationalworksinArcticstudiesattheUniversitéLavalLibrary.ThiscollectionwillconsistoffirsteditionsofthefirstbooksthatcontributedtothedevelopmentofgeographicalknowledgeabouttheNorthandtheArcticpublishedbetweentheendofthe18thcenturyandthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.Thespeakerstressesthatthedevelopmentandpromotionofsuchcollectionshaveapositiveimpactforacademiclibrariesbyboostingtheirlocal,nationalandeveninternationalreputationandthatthecollectionsthemselvesmakeapracticalcontributiontoteachingandresearch.HepresentsselectioncriteriathatareusedtoidentifydocumentarysourcesconsideredasfoundationalworksinArcticstudies:geographicalknowledgeprogression,distributionandreceptionofthebooksfollowingtheirpublication,firsteditions,particularlyinterestingmaterialfeatures,factsrelatedtotheeditionofthesebooks.Afewpreselectedtitlesaregivenasexamples.Thispresentationispartofaconsultationprocessinitiatedin2015atthe26thPolarLibrariesColloquy(Fairbanks,Alaska).ItseekstobuildadialoguewithlibrariansinvolvedinNorthernandArcticStudies,inordertoassesstheselectioncriteriaforthisspecialcollection,whichhaveevolvedsignificantlyinthelastyear.Presenter:JoëBouchard,librarian,Bibliothèquedel’UniversitéLaval,QuebecCity,Canada.

17.2b FacilitatingsocialsciencesandhumanitiesscholarshipoftheArcticthroughlibrary,archivalandinformationservices

Chairs:SpencerAcadia&HanneleNäveri-Ranta

9June-1:30p.m.

N230

17.2b.1

EffectiveIndigenousTerminologyinCanadianLegalResearchfortheArctic

NadineHoffman

Termsusedintoday’ssocietytodescribeindigenouspeoplesandculturesaresignificantlydifferentthanhistoricalterminology.ContemporaryArcticandindigenousresearcherswillknowcurrentkeywordstoconducttheirresearch,butmaynotbeabletolocatehistoricaldocumentsiftheyarenotcognizantofthechangingtermsusedthroughouthistory.ThispaperwillanalyzeappropriatecontemporaryandhistoricalkeywordsinthecontextofCanadianlegalresearchbestpractices.Keywordsusedtoeffectivelyfindaboriginalresourceswillillustratechangesintaxonomyreflectingchangesinsocietalnorms,databasepractices,legaldefinitions,andthevariousjurisdictionsofaboriginalpeoples.AsurveyofCanadianlawlibrarieswillbeconductedtoanalyzesubjectheadingsfoundinlibrarycatalogues,legalindexes,andotherprimaryandsecondaryresources.Giventheinterdisciplinarynatureoflaw,thispaperwillbeapplicabletomostindigenousscholarsacrosstheSocialSciencesandHumanities.

17.2b.2

CreatingandCuratingIñupiaqLanguageResourcesatTuzzyConsortiumLibrary

ErinHollingsworth

AtTuzzyConsortiumLibrary,I?isagvikCollegeinUtqiagvik,AlaskalibrariansareresearcherswhoworkincollaborationwiththecommunitytopreserveandprovideaccesstoIñupiaqresources.ThisIñupiaqlanguageandculturedocumentationisbeingledbythelibrary;however,itisacommunitydrivenproject.ThePublicServicesLibrarianatTuzzyLibraryandtheIñupiaqFacultyatI?isagvikCollegecollaboratedtodeveloptheIñupiaqLanguageDatabaseprojectthatwasinitiallyfundedbyaNationalEndowmentfortheHumanitiesgranttobuildtheframeworkforaNativelanguagedatabasethatservesasatooltocreateonlinedigital

content.WithgrantfundingfromtheNationalScienceFoundation,theprojectisgrowingandcontinuingtodocumenttheIñupiaqlanguageacrosstheentireNorthSlope.ThisdatabaseisapartofthelargerbodyofIñupiaqcontentthatthelibrarystrivestoprovidefree,publicaccesstothroughcreationandcuration.

17.2b.3

Géoindex+ageospatialplatformforhistoricalandresearchdataoftheNorth!

StéfanoBiondo

ThispaperaimstodemonstratethepotentialofGéoindex+inhostinganddisseminatingrecentandhistoricalgeospatialdatarelatingtotheNorth.ThesedataweretakenfromcartographicdocumentsintheUniversitéLavalLibrary'scollectionandfromresearchdataproducedbyacademicsfromArcticNetatUniversitéLaval.Géoindex+,ageospatialdatadiscovery,visualizationandextractionplatform,isdevelopedbytheCentred’informationgéographiqueetstatistique(CentreGéoStat)oftheUniversitéLavalLibrary.ThespeakerwillshowhowGéoindex+worksanddemonstrateitspotentialforthepromotionofresearchandhistoricalpolardatabyusingthreeexamples.Thefirstexamplewillhighlightthepossibilityofgivingsecondlifetohistoricalcartographicdocumentsbythedigitization,georeferencing,visualizationanddisseminationofmapsfromtheCoppermineExpedition,whichwasledfrom1819to1822bytheBritishexplorerJohnFranklin.ThisexpeditionaimedatexploringandmappingapartoftheArcticcoastofwhatisnowCanada.ThesecondexamplewillbringouttheexpertisedevelopedbytheCentreGéoStatbycreatingnewinteractivedatafromthevectorizationoftheroutefollowedbytheCoppermineExpedition.allowinganewwayofdiscoveringthetextualandiconographiccontentofthebookdescribingthisadventure:NarrativeofaJourneytotheShoresofthePolarSea,intheYears1819,20,21,and22.ThethirdexamplewillseektodemonstratethatGéoindex+canalsohostanddisseminaterecentresearchdataabouttheNorth.NorthernstudiesarearesearchnicheareaatUniversitéLavalandtheyproducevoluminousdata.Amongthesearethebathymetricdata(submarinetopography)gatheredfromthescientificicebreakerAmundsen.Géoindex+allowsLibraryuserstolocate,visualizeanddownloadgeneralizedbathymetricdatarelatingtoCanada'snorthernwaters.

17.3 Researchisrelational:Indigenous-ledandcommunity-placedresearchintheArctic

Chair:JulieBull

8June-11:30a.m.

N430

17.3.1

AdaptingQualitativeMethodsforIndigenous-LedHousingResearch

CarolKauppi,EmilyFaries,AmandaMcLeod,HenriPallard

Thispresentationdescribesacollaborativeprojectofinvestednon-IndigenousandIndigenouspeople—professors,graduatestudents,agencystaff,andanIndigenousparticipantwithlivedexperience—inthedesignofahousingstudy,facilitationofworkshops,datacollection,analysisandarchitecturaldesign.Participantsoftheworkshopshadmigratedfromremote,subarcticcommunitiesofthewesternJamesBaysuchasMooseFactory,Moosonee,FortAlbany,andAttiwapiskat.Thepresentationsummarizesaspectsofprojectdesign,includingIndigenous-ledopeningceremonies(traditionaldrumming,singing,andasmudgingceremony),facilitateddiscussions(focusgroups)aboutexperienceswithhousingandhousingneeds,andadesigncharretteexploringhousingsolutions.Participantswereinvitedtodesigntheiridealhousingthroughdrawingandmodelling.Awiderangeofmaterialswasprovidedincludingdrawingmaterials(pencils,pencilcrayons,markers,paints,andavarietyofpapers)andconstructionmaterials(modellingclay,woodensticks,felt,glue,grahamcrackers,icing,andsoftcandiesinvariedshapesandcolours).Participantssharedtheirexperiencesofmigrationandhousingneedthroughnarratives,drawings,andmodels.Theyconveyedexperiencesofcultureshock,racismandformsofhomelessness,includingabsoluteandhiddenhomelessness.Thediscussionsintheworkshopswererecordedandtheaudiorecordingsweretranscribedverbatim,followedbythematicanalysis.

Subsequently,anarchitecturestudentcreatedhousingdesignsbasedontheresultsofthehousingworkshops.Inthepresentation,theresearchprocesswillbediscussedwithafocusonwisepractices,thesignificanceofIndigenouspeople’sinvolvementinallphasesoftheresearchandoutcomesbasedonthearchitecturaldesignsresultingfromtheresearchprojectthatwerepresentedwithinaJamesBaycommunity.

17.3.2

DocumentingNanvarpakYugcetunPlaceNamesUsingaCommunity-basedParticipatoryApproach

YokoKugo

ThispaperwillfocusontheprojectofdocumentingCentralYup’ikplacenamesintheIliamnaLakearea,Alaska.Establishingrapportwiththecommunitiesfromherpreviousfieldwork,aJapanesePh.D.studentconductedherpreliminaryfieldworkoforalhistoryinterviewsusingacommunity-basedparticipatoryapproachinAugust2016.Inthisproject,shegavelocalassistantstrainingtouseequipmentproperlyandreviewedinterviewquestionswiththemtogainlocalperspectives.Localassistantsassistedwithandmadenarratorscomfortableduringtheinterviews.ThisworkiscrucialforYup’ikcommunitiesbecausethepopulationofYup’ikspeakingeldersisdeclining.Agoaloftheprojectisforlocalcommunitiestomaintaintheplacenamedataandtopassontheirlocalknowledgeandpracticestofuturegenerations.Traditionally,Indigenouspeoplenamedplacesbasedontheiroralnarratives,dailyactivities,andmulti-generationalobservationsofthelandscape.Whennumbersofindigenouslanguagesdecline,avarietyofindigenousandvernacularknowledge,suchasindigenousplacenames,alsodeclines.UsingandmaintainingIndigenousplacenamesmightbeatoolforIndigenouspeopletosustaintheirwaysofliving,theirlanguage,andtheirlocalecologicalsystem.

17.3.3

InuitandWesternWaysofKnowinginAcademicResearch:ExaminingIQandCBPR

JennyRand,AudreySteenbeek,CharlotteLoppie,DebbieMartin,BarbaraPlested

ThisresearchprojectissituatedwithinalargerHIVpreventionfocusedcommunity-basedparticipatoryresearch(CBPR)studytakingplaceinthreeInuitcommunitiesacrossNunavut.MuchoftheliteraturesurroundingCBPRstronglypromotesthisapproachasasuccessfulprocessforcollaborativeresearchbetweenUniversity-basedresearchersandIndigenouscommunities.However,missingfromtheliteratureisresearchspecificallyexaminingCBPRprocessesandIndigenouswaysofknowing,theiralignment,andifandhowtheyworktogether.DrawingontheconceptofTwoEyedSeeing,madeknownbyElder,AlbertMarshall,thisresearchprojectwillexamineaCBPRprojectinaction,inordertoassessthealignmentofInuitQaujimimajatuqangit(IQ)andprinciplesofCBPR.IQreferstoInuitepistemology,orInuitsocietalvaluesthatrepresentInuitwaysofknowinganddoingpastpresentandfuture.Studyresultswillprovideanin-depthunderstandingofhowWestern(Academic)andIndigenous(Inuit)waysofknowinginteractwithinaCBPRHIVpreventionresearchstudy.WithnouniversitiesinNunavut,academicresearchwithInuitcommunitiesintheterritorymustonavarietyoflevelsnavigate/negotiateInuitandnon-Inuitwaysofknowing.ThisprojectwillultimatelyproduceknowledgeforInuit-specificresearchframeworksthatwillhavegreatutilityacrossdisciplines.ThefindingsfromthisresearchprojectwillhelptoensureInuitwaysofknowingareexplicitlyincorporatedintoresearchprocessesandwillcontributetoknowledgeforbothInuitcommunitiesandUniversity-basedresearcherstoconductculturallyaffirmingresearchandleadtowisepracticesforcommunity-placedandInuit-ledresearch.

17.3.4

Indigenousmethodologyinresearchoftraditionalknowledge

UlianaVinokurova,A.Artamonov

Anewparadigmofindigenousmethodologyisbeingcreatedbyacademiccommunityofindigenousscholars.Itisaimingtoenrichthesciencewiththoughtandexperience,perspectivesandinterestsofindigenouspeoplebytheirownscholars.Itprovidesbetterunderstandingandperceptionofindigenouspeoplenotasobjectsofresearch,colonizationandpostcolonialism,butassubjectsofhistorywithrichculturalandintellectualheritageandpotential.Protectionoftraditionalknowledgefromwronginterpretationandmisuse,alongwithstatementofintellectualindependenceareamongotherstheactivitiesofscholarsdevelopingtheindigenousmethodology.Thespheresofindigenousintellectualpropertyaredevelopedbytraditionalepistemologywhichperceivestheworldasawholeandinteractionofhuman,ancestralspirits,naturalphenomenaandanimalworld.Traditionalknowledgeisdemandedbyvarietyofsciencesinconnectionwithglobalclimatechange.Forindigenouspeoples,thistrendmeansarelianceonakindof"internalproperty",orindigenousmethodology,toshowpersonalcreativeinterestintheintellectualheritageandworldviewoftheirancestors,toaccumulateandto"pack"themintoamodernscientificandeducationalparadigm,vocationaltrainingprograms,toasystemofspiritualvaluesofintegralcivilization.Indigenousmethodologyisformedasresearchmethodologyandisbecominganideologyofrevitalizationofindigenousidentitiesandfoundationofnoospherecivilization.

17.3.5

Culturalfootprintsinnorthernlandscapes:People-plantrelationshipsinMakkovik,Nunatsiavut(Labrador,Canada)

EricaOberndorfer,ToddBroomfield,JeremyLundholm,CarolGear,GitaLjubicic

MostplacesonEarthhavebeentransformedbyculturalpractices.CulturalsignaturescreatedbyIndigenouspeopleshavebeenwell-documentedinthelandscapesoftheAmazon,Mesoamerica,California,andthePacificnorthwest.ThelegacyofIndigenouspeoplesonnorthernlandscapeshasreceivedmorerecentattentioninthenorthernborealforest,CanadianArcticandsub-Arctic.Thisrecentworkishelpingtoreviseourcollectiveunderstandingoftheenduringculturallegaciesthatareexpressedinnorthernlandscapes.Likemanynorthernregions,Labradorhasbeendescribedasanuninhabitedwildernessuntouchedbypeople.ThroughrecentculturalandecologicalworkwiththeInuitCommunityofMakkovik(Nunatsiavut;Labrador,Canada),wedrawattentiontorelationshipsbetweenpeopleandplantstohighlighthowMakkovimiut(residentsofMakkovik)andtheirancestorshaveshaped—andcontinuetoshape—plantcommunitiesandsoils.Mechanicaldisturbance,soilenrichment,transplanting,tending,andfirearesomeofthewaysthatMakkovimiuthavetransformedplantcommunitiesinandaroundMakkovikovergenerationsofpractice,shapingplantspeciesabundance,distributionandcommunitycomposition.Ecological,culturalandpersonalvaluesaffecthowrelationshipswithplantsareexpressed,andhaveimplicationsforbothplantandhumancommunities.Itisimportanttopaycloseattentiontopeople-plantrelationshipsinnorthernregionstoincludetheseregionsinconversationsabouttheeffectsofculturalpracticesonlandscapes.Wewillcontinuetobetterunderstandculturalfootprintsonthelandifwelistenmorecloselytothestoriesnorthernpeoplestellaboutplants,andletthesestoriesguideecologicalquestions.

17.4 Pasttheories/Futuretheories?Aroundtableon‘theory’andArcticsocialsciencesandhumanities

Chair:RichardPowell

9June-3:30p.m.

N430

17.4.1

Introduction:FuturetheoriesandtheArctic?

RichardPowell

Formuchofthetwentiethcentury,thestudyoftheCircumpolarRegionwasassociatedwithalimitednumberofspecialistinstitutions.By1945,muchofthisinterestwaspreoccupiedwithparticulartopicssuchasthehistoryofexploration,governanceornationaldefenceandsecurity.ThismeantthatArcticpeoplesandplaces

werenotgenerallyassociatedwiththesupposedadvancesintheoryconstructionthatwereseentocharacterisethepost-1945socialsciences.Instead,post-warArcticanthropologywascastigatedbycriticsfornotprovidingcentralconcepts.Arcticgeographyandeconomicstendedtobepursuedasanadjuncttogeneralregionalstudies.Moreover,astheArctichasreturnedtotheattentionofglobalpublicsinthetwenty-firstcentury,therehasbeenaresurgentinstrumentalismdetectableinsomeformationsofEarthSystemScienceasappliedtotheregion.Insomeprojects,itisarguablethatEarthSystemSciencehasbecomethedominanttheoreticalframeworkforArcticsocialscience.Atthesametime,theory-makingitselfcanbeunderstoodasaformepistemicviolenceenacteduponinhabitantsofthenorth.Overthepastdecadeorso,therehasbeenaproliferationoftheoretically-informedArcticethnographies,suchasinCriticalInuitStudiesornewanthropologiesofoilandgasdevelopmentintheNorth.Thisworkhasbeencarefultoattendtoindigenousvoicesandtoframetheco-productionofknowledge.Despiteattemptsatdisavowal,then,therecontinuetobelegaciesoftheory-constructionbyArcticscholarsfornorthernpeoplestoday.

17.4.2

Bush/theory:reflectionsontheoryproductionincanadianarcticsocialscience

PeterKulchyski

Thispaperwillexaminethemannerinwhichthedifferentdisciplinesofanthropology,historyandpoliticsinDenendehandNunavut(farnorthernCanada)havechallengedorbeencomplicitwithdominantframeworks.Whilethereisarobustrelationshiptotheoryonthepartofethnographers(Brody,Briggs,Balicki)inthelastfewdecades,historians(Zaslow,Coates,Abel)havetendedtofosteradepoliticizedanduntheoreticalapproach,whileinpoliticsastreamofthinkers(Dacks,Whittington,Dickerson,White)havereliedondominant,liberaltheoreticaltropes,thoughsome(Watkins,Berger)havereliedonandcontributedtopoliticaleconomyorientedtheoreticalperspectives.Anewergeneration(Cruikshank,Nadasdy,Sharp,Irlbacher-Fox)hasproducedworkmoretheoreticallyinformed,thoughstilloperatingoutofanthropology,anddoofferinsightsvaluabletotheory-making.

17.4.3

Lability:aconcepttoconsiderforarenewedtheoreticalframeworkforArcticsocialscience.

BéatriceCollignon

LabilityisakeyelementofInuit’sexperienceandunderstandingofavativut–“thatwhichsurroundsus”,atallscales;i.e.:thedirectsurroundingsofoneselfaswellastheglobalenvironmentunderstoodinaholisticapproach.ButithasbeensofaroverlookedinbothsocialandearthArcticscience.IbelievethatlabilityshouldbeakeyconceptinarenewedtheoreticalframeworkforArcticsocialandearthsciences;aframeworkbasedonInuit,andotherIndigenousNortherncultures,knowledge.

17.4.4

TheneedformoreActor–NetworkTheoryandSTSinArcticresearch

LillRastadBjørst

TheclassiclocalstudyorcomparativecasestudycanbefurtherenhancedbyconceptsderivedfromANTandSTSwhichconsiderhowwithinnetworkspeople,objectsandplacesgetinvited,related,excludedandenrolled.Forexample,canastudyoftheclimatechangedebateorminingintheArcticopenupcomplexsocialandpoliticalarenas,whereanincreasingnumberofactors––humanaswellasnon-human––aredelegatedasspokespersonstotalkonbehalfofnature,cultureandsociety.

17.4.5 ThehumanitiesinArcticStudies

SverkerSörlin

ThehumanitieshavebyandlargefollowedasimilarpatternasmanysocialsciencesandhavebeenslowtoengageinArcticresearchanddonesowithafairlylowleveloftheorizingandamodestinterestandrecognitionamongcolleaguesinthecoredisciplines.InmanyhumanitiesdisciplinestherewasevenlittleinterestatallintheArcticuntilfairlylateinthe20thcentury,forexampleinmostfieldsofhistory.Thisisnowchangingrapidlyandsignificantnewworkwithgrowingrecognitionispursued,probablypartlybecauseofagenerallyrisinginterestinArcticissuesinaperiodofrapidgeopolitical,environmentalandsocialperturbations.Howshouldthehumanitiesfacethesechanges?HowcouldArctichumanitiesbecomefullyintegratedininternationalresearchagendasandwhatistheroleoftheoryinthisregard?

17.5 Roundtable:Socialandpoliticalsciencesinmultidisciplinaryinitiatives

Chair:JustiinaDahl

10June-10:30a.m.

N430

17.5.1

Panel

1.GailFondahl&PeterSköld,ChairofInternationalArcticScienceCommittee'sSocialandHumanWorkingGroup2.GerlisFugmann,ExecutiveDirector,AssociationofPolarEarlyCareerScientists,3.MalgorzataSmieszek,IASCFellow20144.AndrianVlakhov,IASCFellow20155.JustiinaDahl,IASCFellow2016

Thedevelopmentofopportunitiesforearly-careerinvolvementhastraditionallybeenoneofthestrongpointsinArcticstudies.Thissessiondiscussesthedevelopmentandprogressoftheearly-careerfellowshipsoftheInternationalArcticScienceCommitteeandtheInternationalScienceInitiativeintheRussianArctic.Thespeakersconsistofpastandpresentearly-careerresearchersandseniorscientistswhohaveparticipatedorbeeninvolvedinthedevelopmentofthetwoprograms.Theyexplainhowtheprogramswereestablished,howtheyfunction,andhowtheyhavebeendeveloped.Theyalsogiveconcreteexamplesofhowearly-careerresearchersspecificallyinthesocialsciencesandhumanitiescanbenefitandhavebenefitedfromtheirparticipationinthem.

17.6 TheInteractionofEthics,PlaceandSocialScienceResearchMethodologiesandOutcomeswithIndigenousPopulationintheArctic

Chair:ElizabethRink

9June-1:30p.m.

N450

17.6.1

PopulationDynamicsinGreenland:Researchandconfidence–buildinginasmallnorthGreenlandiccommunity.

GitteAdlerReimer

ThepresentpaperwillaimtodiscusshowresearchdoneinasmallnorthGreenlandicsettlementshowshowimportantitisfortheresearchertoconstantlybuilduptrustamongtheKullorsuarmiut.Confidenceisbuiltupbyusinganthropologicalmethodologyandtheresearchshowsthatconfidence-buildingisaconstantprocessandextremelyimportantforresearchdoneinasmallcommunityorgroup.Thepresentationwillalsodiscussthepositionalityofresearchteammembersinrelationshiptocommunitymembersandthepsycho-social-

emotionaldynamicsthatevolveasresultofconductingresearchonsensitivetopicssuchasreproductivehealthandkinshipstudies.

17.6.2

Fieldworkinthe‘Arctic’-Methodologicalinsightsfromanoutsider

HanneleneSchilar

Inthispresentation,Idrawfrommyexperiencesduringfieldworkin‘arctic’Sweden,NorwayandFinland.Inmyworkwithhandicraftmakersandsellers,Ihavecomeincontactwithbothindigenousandnon-indigenouslocals.Methodologically,afewpointswerenoticeablethatIwouldliketoaddressinthissession.Firstly,InotedpositivelythatapproachingSamipeoplenotfortheirethnicitybutoutofagenuineinterestfortheiroccupation,createdmoreequalresearchdynamics.So,Iapproachedindigenousandnon-indigenouswiththesamerespectandinterest.Hence,Iproposethatmoreoftenindigenousandnon-indigenousperspectivesshouldbestudiedtogethertoupliftallvoices,andnotreproduceinherentlyanindigenous/non-indigenousdivide.Secondly,Ibecameawareofmyproductiveroleasan‘outsider’.BeingGerman-andneithernationalSwedish,NorwegianorFinnish,norofanylocalethnicity–createddifferentpowerstructures.Iwasabletoaskwhatmightotherwisebetakenforgranted,wasallowed‘nottoknow’anddiverselocalpeoplefeltratherenabledtoshareevencriticalperspectiveswithme.Thirdly,andfinally,Iwouldliketoaddresssomeethicalconsiderationsofdoingresearchintheseareas,asforinstancetheimportanceoftakingtimeandcommittingoneselffully,whichcouldsometimesposeachallengefortheresearcher.

17.6.3

EthicalPrinciplesforCommunityBasedParticipatoryResearchwithFinnishSamiHealthResearch

ElizabethRink,RhondaJohnson,ArjaRautio,HeidiEriksen

Emergingfromtheliteratureregardingcommunitybasedparticipatoryresearch(CBPR)withindigenouscommunitiesarethefollowingunderstandings:1)theneedforknowledgeoflanguage,culture,place,andspirituality,theirinterconnectedness,andhowtheseconceptsmayaffectattitudes,beliefsandbehaviorsamongagroupofpeople:2)theneedforexpertiseinavarietyofresearchmethodologies;and3)theneedforresearcherawarenessofselfandawillingnesstoshareselfintheresearchprocess.Theseunderstandingscallforestablishingethicalguidelinesforindigenouspeoplesthatspeaktonewschemasinresearchwithindigenouspeoples.TheFinnishSamicurrentlyhavedonothaveethicalguidelinesforresearchthatspeaktotheuniquecharacteristicsoftheirdiversecommunities.WediscussourprocessofdevelopingasetofguidingethicalprinciplesforconductingcommunitybasedparticipatoryhealthresearchwithmembersoftheSamicommunityinNorthernFinlandthroughtheuseofcommunitycapacitybuildingandqualitativemethods.OurpreliminaryfindingssuggestthattheFinnishSamiexperience“researchfatigue”andhavemistrustforoutsideresearcherscomingtotheircommunitiestoconductresearch.

17.6.4

AnEvaluationofTheInteractionofPlaceandCommunityBasedParticipatoryResearchasaResearchMethodologyintheImplementationofaSexuallyTransmittedInfectionInterventionforGreenlandicYouth

ElizabethRink

Newlyemergingresearchthatsuggeststhattheactualphysicallocationofastudyandthegeographiccontextinwhichastudyisimplementedinfluencesthetypesofresearchmethodsmostappropriatetouseinastudyaswellasthestudy’sresearchoutcomes.Thispaperpresentsareflectionoftheextenttowhichplaceinfluencedtheuseofcommunitybasedparticipatoryresearch(CBPR)asaresearchmethodologyintheimplementationof

aninterventiontoaddressedsexuallytransmittedinfections(STIs)inGreenland.AnevaluationoftheinteractionbetweenplaceandCBPRsuggestthatthephysicalityofplaceinfluencedtheintervention’ssuccessesandchallenges.FutureresearchthatusesCBPRasaresearchmethodologyinsexualandreproductivehealthresearchintheArcticwarrantssituatingtheresearchdesign,implementationandoutcomeswithinthecontextofplace.

17.7 IncorporationofSocialScienceandHumanitiesinlargeEUandotherprojects

Chairs:AnnetteScheepstra,KirsiLatola,GertrudeSaxinger,NicoleBiebow,andRenykaBadhe

10June-1:30p.m.

N430

17.7.1

InclusionofSSHinEU-PolarNet

AnnetteScheepstra

EU-PolarNetistheworld’slargestconsortiumofexpertiseandinfrastructureforpolarresearch.From2015-2020,EU-PolarNetwilldevelopanddeliverastrategicframeworkandmechanismstoprioritisescience,optimisetheuseofpolarinfrastructure,andbrokernewpartnershipsthatwillleadtotheco-designofpolarresearchprojectsthatdelivertangiblebenefitsforsociety.TheobjectivesofEU-PolarNetaretoestablishanongoingdialoguebetweenpolicymakers,businessandindustryleaders,localcommunitiesandscientiststoincreasemutualunderstandingandidentifynewwaysofworkingthatwilldelivereconomicandsocietalbenefits.TheresultsofthisdialoguewillbebroughttogetherinaplanforanIntegratedEuropeanResearchProgrammethatwillbeco-designedwithallrelevantstakeholdersandcoordinatedwiththeactivitiesofmanyotherpolarresearchnationsbeyondEurope,includingCanadaandtheUnitedStates,withwhichconsortiumpartnersalreadyhaveproductivelinks.AspecialpointofattentionintheEU-PolarNetprojectistheestablishmentoftrans-disciplinarycollaborationonpolarresearchbybringingtogethernaturalscientists,socialscientistsandstakeholders.InthispresentationwewillshortlyexplaintheEU-PolarNetprojectandsetthebasisforthediscussionofthissession,howtoimprovethecooperationofnaturalandsocialscientists(includinghumanities)inlargerresearchprojects.

17.7.2

LessonstobelearnedfromtheICE-ARCproject

DmitryYumashev

ByitsverydesigntheEU-fundedICE-ARCprojectbringstogetherexpertisefromnaturalsciences,economicsandsocialsciencestoexplorepossiblefuturechangesinArcticseaice,Arcticclimate,Arcticcommunities,aswellastherelevantglobalrisksandopportunitiesthatcouldbebroughtaboutbythesechanges.Thisinterdisciplinaryapproachhasfacedseveralchallengesthatareoftenassociatedwithbuildingonandacrosstheboundariesofestablishedscientificfields,butindealingwithandovercomingthesechallenges,ICE-ARCpartnershavebeenabletoexplorecomplexproblemssuchasthefutureofArcticshippinganditsimpactonglobalclimateandeconomy.WhileworkingwiththelocalcommunitiesinnorthwestGreenlandtobetterunderstandtheirperceptionoftheclimaticchangesandhearabouttheirexpectationsforthefuture,ithasalsobeenpossibletoengagetheminadvancingthenaturalscience,forexamplethroughinstallingsensorsondogsledges.AnotherkeypillaronwhichICE-ARCprojecthasbeenbuiltisextensiveengagementwithglobalstakeholderswhoareconcernedbothwiththerisksandopportunitiesarisingfromthechangingArctic.ThePolicyandScienceRoundtable"TowardsabalancedviewofArcticshipping",thefirstintheseriesofseveralsuchevents,broughttogetherpolicyofficersfromtheEuropeanCommission,representativesofthegovernmentsofGreenland,NetherlandsandFinland,NGOs,representativesfromtheshippingindustry,privatemaritime

consultants,climatescientistsandeconomists,withthecommongoaltodebatetheimplicationsofthelatestinterdisciplinarysciencefindingsbyICE-ARCpartnersconcerningthepossiblefuturesoftransitshippingthroughtheNorthernSeaRoute(NSR).TheArcticBaseCamp,asideeventattheWorldEconomicForumannualgatheringinDavos,hasattracteddistinguishedscientists,businessleaders,worldmediaandprominentclimateadvocates,includingAlGoreandChristianaFigueres,todiscusstheimplicationsoftheprofoundchangestakingplaceintheArcticonthefundamentalissuessuchasglobalfoodsecurityandresilienceofcoastalcommunities,withhighlightsfromthelatestICE-ARCresearchprovidingsomeofthemaintalkingpoints.Wefirmlybelievethattransdisciplinaryendeavoursliketheseones,combinedwithcutting-edgeinterdisciplinaryscience,arenecessaryifwearetosuccessfullyaddressthemultiplechallengesfacinghumanity,includingthechallengesposedbytheextentoftheclimaticchangesinthepolarregions.TheICE-ARCprojecthastaughtvaluablelessonsandshownthesignificantpotentialofsuchinitiatives.Thisexperiencemustbebuiltuponinthefuture.

17.7.3

LessonstobelearnedfromtheHumanitiesandSocialSciencesExpertGroupandtheHistoryExportGroupofSCAR

Lize-MariévanderWatt

ScientificresearchplaysacentralroleinAntarcticaastheofficiallysanctionedactivitythroughwhichthecontinentisgoverned.InthewordsofProtocolonEnvironmentalProtectiontotheAntarcticTreaty(ratifiedin1998),Antarcticaisa“naturalreservedevotedtopeaceandscience.”TheScientificCommitteeonAntarcticResearch(SCAR)istheICSUbodyinchargeofthecoordinationofscientificresearchinAntarctica.SCARalsoprovidesscientificadvicetotheAntarcticTreatySystem.Thenaturalscienceshavebecomeprivilegedwithinthisframework.Attheturnofthemillenniumthisstartedtoslowlychange,withsocialscientistsandhumanitiesscholarsincreasinglyengagingwithAntarcticathrougharangeoftopics,rangingfromhistoryandpoliticstoAntarcticsocio-ecologicalsystems,tourism,heritageandethnography.ThispresentationtracestheformationandgrowthoftwogroupsundertheumbrellaSCARthatarerepresentativeofthisshift,theHistoryExpertGroup(HEG,establishedin2004)andtheHumanitiesandSocialSciencesExpertGroup(HASSEG,establishedin2010).ThepresentationfocusesonhowHEGandHASSEGoperatewithintheAntarcticsciencecommunity.Italsotouchesonquestionsofinterdisciplinarityandcross-disciplinarityataprogrammaticlevel,withininSCARbutalsohowtheinternationalscientificcommunityisaffectingitmorebroadly.

17.7.4

Holisticapproachinclimatechangeresearchandtheconsequencesforthehumanbiome.

BrigittaEvengård

Theinteractionsbetweenclimatechange,ecosystemhealthandhumanwell-beingisofincreasingimportancetostudy.Thisisinthecontextofpreparingforaworldofuniversalsocialandecologicalchange.Inaninternationalconsortium,CLINF(ClimatechangeeffectsontheepidemiologyofinfectiousdiseasesandtheimpactsonNorthernsocieties)theimpactsonhumanandanimalhealthaswellasonsocietyenlargebyclimatechangearestudied,particularlythechangingboundariesofinfectiousdiseasesintheNorth.Theconsortiumconsistsofexpertsinthefieldsofclimatechange,ecology,microbiology,veterinarymedicine,humanmedicine,socialscience,gender,traditionalknowledge,statisticsandeconomyfromtheNordiccountriesaswellasEngland,theUSandRussia.Incidencedataonaselectionofinfectiousmicroorganismswithpotentialstocauseaclimatesensitiveinfectionarethebasisfortheuseofgeographicinformationsystemanalysisandfurthermappingwithclimateandhydrologicaldata.Resultsshouldbepresentedearlytodecision-makersforarapidimplementationinsociety.Stakeholdersareinvolvedfromthestartoftheproject.

17.8 Data,databases,andresearchdata

Chairs:PhilipBuckland&ColleenStrawhacker

11June-3:30p.m.

N450

17.8.1

Visualizingandexploringdataonpastlandscapes

PhilipBuckland,MattiasSjölander

SEAD-TheStrategicEnvironmentalArchaeologyDatabase-providesaccesstoawealthofdataonpastArcticenvironmentsasrecordedintheremainsoffossilinsectsandplants,aswellasothertracesinthesoil.Thesedataaredifficulttointerpretonanindividualsitebasis,andevenmoredifficulttosynthesiseandinterpretovermultiplesites.Thereconstructionofpastlandscapesusuallyrequiresbothaquantitative,statisticalcomponentwhichsummarisesempiricalevidence,aswellasaqualitative,narrativecomponentwhichdescribesinterpretationsinmoregenerallyunderstandableprose.Thispresentationexploressomerecentdevelopmentsintoolsforthevisualizationandexplorationofpalaeoenvironmentaldata,anddiscusseshowthesecanaidintheinterpretationandcommunicationofenvironmentalchange.

17.8.3

LinkingInternationalandInterdisciplinaryDatatoEnableData-IntensiveResearchonLong-TermHumanEcodynamicsintheNorthAtlantic:TheDataARCProject

ColleenStrawhacker,RachelOpitz,EmilyLethbridge,AdamBrin,GisliPalsson,PhilBuckland,PeterPulsifer,JacksonCothren,ThomasMcGovern,ThomasRyan

Uniquelysituatedattheintersectionofresearch,data,andinformationfromthesocialsciences,naturalsciences,humanities,andinformatics,theDataARCproject(cyberNABO.org)isambitiouslypursuingthecreationofdigitaltoolstolinkdatafromavarietyofinterdisciplinarysourcestoaddressgrandchallengequestionsonthelong-termhumanecodynamicsintheNorthAtlantic.Thesequestionsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,howpeopleinthepastmediatedvulnerabilitiestoclimatechange,howandwhythefatesamongvariousvillagesandregionsdiffereddespitesimilarchallenges,andhowpeopleinthepastusedlocalknowledgetocarefullymanagevulnerableresources.Toenableandeasetheabilityforresearcherstoaddressthesequestionswithavarietyofdatasources,theDataARCteamwillcreatedigitaltoolsthatallowfornon-specialistscientiststodiscover,access,download,andmoreeasilyunderstanddatafromanumberofdifferentsources,includingarchaeology,theIcelandicSagas,paleoclimateproxies,andpaleoenvironmentalrecordstoaddressbroadscale,multidisciplinaryquestions.Additionaloutreachtoolsandstorieswillbecreatedthroughouttheprojecttobetterengagethegeneralpublic.TheproposedpresentationwillprovideanoverviewofDataARCobjectivesandprogress,includingtheintroductionofaninitialprototypeofanonlinetoolforfeedbackfromthewiderinternationalArcticscientificcommunity.

17.8.3

KnowledgeandConsultationinOffshoreDecision-MakinginNunavut:ACaseStudyofResistancetoSeismicTesting

NoorJohnson

In2014,theNationalEnergyBoardofCanadaapprovedafive-yearseismictestingplanforBaffinBay.Preparationfortestingcametoahalt,however,whenthehamletofClydeRiver,withsupportfromGreenpeace,broughtalegalcasetotheCanadianCourtofAppealthatreflectedstronglyheldobjectionstoseismictestingonthepartofmanyNunavutresidents.Thiscasestudyconsiderstherolesofdifferentactors,includingNunavutresidents,environmentalorganizations,andlegalexperts,inresistingseismictestingasa

precursortooffshoredevelopment.Itexaminestherolesthatdifferentformsofknowledgeandexpertiseplayedinlegitimizingconcernsaboutseismictestingandinmobilizingactionagainstit.Finally,itoffersreflectionsonhowconcernsabouttheroleofconsultationindecision-makingandaboutoffshorerisksandhazardsmightbeaddressedthrougharenewedfocusonparticipatorygovernance.

17.8.4

ChallengesandcontributionsofaninterdisciplinaryresearchonInuitstringfigure-making.

CélinePetit

ThispaperwilldiscussthemethodologicalchallengesandopportunitiesraisedbyaresearchinvestigatingtheInuitpracticeofstringfigure-makingfromadualethnomathematicalandanthropologicalperspective,whichaimstobetterunderstandhowthis"traditional"practicepertainedtoasystemofmemorizationandexpressionofdifferenttypesofknowledge,involvingtheuseofmathematicalconcepts.Thepresentationwillfirstdealwiththefieldworkmethodologyandcollectingtoolsdevelopedforstudyingthemathematicaldimensionofthispractice,asembeddedinparticularsocio-culturalcontexts(thatis,initslinkswithotherexpressionsofthesymbolic,technicalandcosmologicalcomplex-esoftheInuitsocieties).Thefocuswillthenbeputonthe-ethical,juridical,epistemologicalandeducational-issueslinkedtothecreationofanonlinedatabaseconceivedbothforfacilitatingcomparativeanalysisofthedatacollectedandforprovidingpedagogicalresourcesinmathematicseducation.

17.8.5

MeasuringtheNordicityoftheArcticToday

YvetteVaguet,ArmelleCouillet,CélineColange

ColdnesscontributessignificantlytotherepresentationanddefinitionoftheArctic.Thus,inacontextofglobalwarming,doestheArcticnotreducemechanically?Similarly,itscommonsocialrepresentationassociatesitwithalow-densitysettlementandtraditionaleconomies.Doesacceleratingintegrationoftheborealregionsnotaffecttheirdegreeofnordicity?TheindexofnordicityofLouis-EdmondHamelindatesbacktothe1960sandtheauthorhasalreadypointedouteffectsofretractionandextension(Hamelin,1968).Thiscompositeindexstillholdsaspecialplace(Petrov,1977).Itcombines10criteria:oneislatitude,sixconcernphysicalenvironmentand,fourconcernhumanenvironment.Foreachofthem,aplacetakespointsaccordingtoitsdegreeofnordicity.Finally,thesumofallitspointsformsitspolarvalue.L.-E.Hamelinthusdefined'isonorths',linesofequaldegreeofnordicity,theoneof‘200’layingthesouthernlimitoftheArctic.Weareattemptingtoupdatethisindexusingasmuchaspossibleabundant,globalandfreedownloadabledatabases.Inordertogetaviewofspatio-temporalevolutionofthe‘isonorths’,thenordicityindexiscalculatedfortheyears1960and2010.Thispresentationfocusesonthefirstpartofthiswork,whichconcernsthephysicalenvironment,ie6outof10criteria.Arasterwithaspatialresolutionof25kmx25kmisdevelopedforeachcriterion.Then,aconversionofthedataintopointsofnordicityiscarriedoutaccordingtoamatrixadaptedfromL.E.Hamelin.Finally,thenewrasterisaddedtothestacktomakethefinalsum.Theresultsfortheenvironmentalcriteriashow,onthescaleoftheArcticbasin,aretreattowardsthenorthoftheisonorths.Regionaldisparitiesappearandarediscussed.ThecasestudyofWesternSiberiaforwhichallthecriteriahavebeencalculatedcouldbepresented.

17.9 AssessinguncertainfuturesoftheArctic:toolsandmethods

Chair:RiinaHaavisto&AnnikaE.Nilsson

10June-10:30a.m.

N450

17.9.1 ArcticFuturesMakers:TappingtheuntappedresourcemostimportanttoArcticfutures

DouglasCost


17.9.2

Nestinglocalnarrativesinglobalscenarios

AnnikaE.Nilsson

Globalscenariosaboutsocioeconomicfutureshaveplayedamajorroleinmakingprojectionsforfutureemissionsofgreenhousegases,whilevariousbottom-upapproachesforproducingscenarioshavebeenusedforassessingvulnerabilitiestoclimatechangeandadaptationchallenges.Anewglobalscenarioframeworkhasrecentlybeendevelopedaimedatservingbothneeds.Canthisglobalframeworkalsobeusedforproducinglocalandregionalscenariosofpotentialfuturesthatwouldbeusefulforplanninganddecision-making?Thispresentationtakesitsstartingpointinanapproachthatusesnarrativesaboutglobalchangeascontextsettersinworkshopswherelocalandregionalactorsdiscusspotentialfuturedevelopmentandchallenges.BasedonexperiencesofusingthemethodologyfortheBarentsregionalreportforAdaptationActionsforaChangingArctic,thepresentationwilldiscussadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsuchanapproach,includingneedsforfurthermethoddevelopment.

17.9.3

Participatorysocio-economicscenariodevelopmentintheArctic

RiinaHaavisto,KaroliinaPilli-Sihvola,AtteHarjanne

Arcticdecision-makingfacesvariousuncertaintiescausedbyglobalandlocaldevelopmenttrends.Socio-economicscenariosaddresstheseuncertaintiesbypresentingalternativefuturesbasedonsocialandeconomicchange,governancestructures,socialvaluesandtechnologicalchange.Whileglobalsocio-economicscenariosmayvisione.g.populationandeconomicgrowth,thesetrendsmightnotrealizeintheArctic.Thereforelocalsocio-economicscenariosareneededtoinformthedecision-makersabouttheuncertaintiesintheArcticcontext.Inaddition,socio-economicscenariosenhancelearningandenablerobustadaptationdecisions.Participatoryscenariodevelopmentisacommonapproachforcreatingasetofalternativefuturesthataddressdifferentdimensionsofuncertainty.Varioustechniqueshavebeenappliedinthemakingoftheparticipatoryscenariosrangingfromvisionarydescriptionsoffuturewithoutmuchofamethodologicalsupporttostructuredqualitativeorquantitativemodelingexercises.Wepresentresultsofaparticipatoryscenarioexercisewhichdevelopedsocio-economicscenariosfortheEurasianArcticby2040anddiscusstheirimplicationsfordevelopmentoffutureweatherandmarineservices.Overall,thisstudyaimsto1)identifyandanalyze

participatorysocio-economicscenariosdevelopedfortheArcticasawholeortoitssub-regions,and2)discusshowthesescenarioshavesettheirfootinactualdecision-making.

17.9.4

Arcticclimatepredictions:pathwaystoresilient,sustainablesocieties(ARCPATH)

LeslieKing,AstridOgilvie

ARCPATHisaninterdisciplinaryCentreofExcellenceprojectfundedbyNordForskNordicteammembersarefromIceland,Norway,DenmarkandSwedenwithinternationalmembersfromCanada,USA,UK,Russia,China,andGermany.ItisledbyYongqiGao,NansenEnvironmentalandRemoteSensingCentre,Norway,andAstridOgilvie,StefanssonArcticInstitute,Iceland,withco-applicantsNíelsEinarsson(StefanssonArcticInstitute)andLeslieKing(RoyalRoadsUniversity)amongothers.ThecontextoftheprojectisthatrecentrapidchangesintheArcticareachallengetohumanwelfarealreadyatriskfromsocio-economicaswellasclimaticdrivers.Theproject’smaingoalsare:i)TopredictregionalchangesinArcticclimateoverthecomingdecadesusinginnovativemethodstocapturebothanthropogenicandnaturalfactorsinglobalandhigh-resolutionregionalmodels;ii)Toincreaseunderstandingregardinghowchangesinclimateinteractwithmultiplesocietalfactors,includingthedevelopmentoflocalandregionaladaptationmeasures;iii)Tocombineimprovedregionalclimatepredictionswithenhancedunderstandingofenvironmental,societal,andeconomicinteractionsinordertosupplynewknowledgeonpotential“pathwaystoaction”.Thesewillbeachievedthroughcross-disciplinarycollaborationincluding:climatology;environmentalscience;environmentaleconomics;oceanographyandcryosphereresearch;marineandfisheriesbiology;fisheriesmanagement;governancesystems;humaneco-dynamics;andtraditionalecologicalknowledge(TEK).DrawingontheseseparatebutinterlinkingdisciplineswillenableARCPATHtoformatrulysynergisticcentreofexcellencewheretheoverarchinggoalistofosterresponsibleandsustainabledevelopmentinnortherncommunities.TheprojectwillfocusonthreeArcticregions:northernIceland,easternGreenlandandnorthernNorway.Thispresentationwillpresenttheresearchplanaswellemergingfindingsoftheproject.

17.9.5

Diversegradingstandardscanimprovethejudgementofgroupsinrankingtasks

MichaelMorreau

Throughoutsociety,committees,expertpanelsandothergroupsreachdecisionsonthebasisofindividualjudgmentsexpressedinscoresorgrades.Contributingtheirinputsinthisformenablespanelmemberstoreachjudgmentincaseswheretheavailabilityofinformationislimited---forexample,whencomparingdifferentecosystemsbytheirsusceptibilitytodisruptionbyinvasivespecies,orbyclimatechange.Thistalkintroducessupergrading,anewmethodforaggregatingsuchinputsintocollectivejudgments.Supergradingcanhandleinputsexpressedindifferentgradelanguages,enablinginformationtobegatheredfromdiversesourcesandpromotingcollectiveintelligence.Remarkably,theinevitabledifferencesinpeople'sgradingstandardsdonotcompromiseresults.Theyactuallyimprovethem,enablinggroupstoarriveatjudgmentsthataremoreprecisethanindividualmemberscanmanageontheirown.Itisshownthatthecollectiveabilityofasupergradinggroupwithdiversestandardscanbegreaterthanthatofalessdiversegroupwhosemembershavegreaterability.Knowledgeofthismethodcanhelpustounderstandexistingdecisionpracticesandtoimproveonthem.

17.10 Exploringtheuser-producerinterfaceofweatherandseaiceinformationinsupportofArcticmarinemobilities:definingsocialandinterdisciplinarysciencecontributionstotheYearofPolarPrediction(YOPP)

11June-3:30p.m.

N460

Chair:GitaLjubic

17.10.1

IntegratingSignificantEnvironmentalandCulturalMarineAreasintotheNorthernMarineTransportationCorridorsintheKitikmeotRegionofNunavut,Canada

JennaJoyce,JackieDawson

ClimatechangeandsubsequentlossofseaicecoverhasincreasedthenavigabilityofArcticwatersandinfluencedanincreaseinshippingactivity.TheNorthernMarineTransportationCorridors(NMTC)initiative,co-ledbytheCanadianCoastGuard,providesaframeworkforgoverningArcticshiptrafficanddecision-makingandaimstoincreaseshippingsafetybyprovidingpredictableservicestomarinerstransitingthecorridorsintheCanadianArctic.However,thelocationofexistingNMTCsdoesnotfullyconsiderareasofmarineusebynorthernresidents,culturallyimportantareas,andecologicallysignificantmarineareas.ThiswasidentifiedasasignificantresearchgapintheArcticCouncil’s“ArcticMarineShippingAssessmentReport”andhasyettobefilled.AbetterunderstandingofArcticmarineuseisrequiredtoincreasethesafetyofmarineusersandreducetherisksassociatedwithincreasedshiptraffic.Thisresearchdirectlyaddressesthisknowledgegapandspecificallyaimstobetterunderstanduseofthemarineenvironmentbygeospatiallylocatingareasofknownmarineuse,culturalimportance,andecologicalsignificanceintheKitikmeotregionofNunavut.ThisbenchmarkingexercisecanthenbeusedtogeneratecomprehensiveriskzoneswithintheNMTCsusingvalidatedriskanalyticsandthroughanalysisofhistoricalshiptrafficandits’congruencewithidentifiedareasofmarineuse.Identificationofhighriskareaswithinthecorridorshassignificantdecisionmakingutilityandcanbeusedtoinformsitespecificneedsforinvestmentinenvironmentalweatherandiceservices,marineinfrastructure,placesofrefuge,deploymentofassets,andfuturemonitoringneeds.

17.10.2

Arcticinformationsystemsassocio-technicalinfrastructures:dynamicsanddevelopmenttrends

MaaikeKnol,PeterArbo,SebastianGerland,MachielLamers,HannekeLuijting,OlgaPavlova,SteinTronstad,PaulaDuske

ThispaperaimstoprovideinsightintothedevelopmentanddynamicsofinformationsystemsfortheArctic,withaparticularfocusonprovidersofinformationaboutseaiceandweatherconditionsintheNordiccountries.Traditionally,informationaboutseaice,icebergsandweatherconditionsisprovidedbythenationaliceandMETservices.Morerecently,the“ecosystem”ofArcticinformationprovidershasbecomemoreheterogeneous,duetoincreasedtechnologicalpossibilitiesanduserdemands.WeapproachArcticinformationsystemsassocio-technicalinfrastructures.Likeinfrastructuresintheconventionalsense,thesearelarge-scaleinstallationsthatfacilitatemovementandexchange,enablingotheractivitiesorservices.Theyextendacrosstimeandspaceandhaveanetworkstructure.Arcticinformationsystemsareacombinationofphysicalartifacts,organizations,knowledge,legislation,protocolsandstandardoperationprocedures.Theyrequiresystembuilders,functionality,andacceptanceamongusers,andmustbeseenasservingsocietalneeds.Thispaperprovidesinsightintowhatthesesocio-technicalinfrastructuresaroundArcticinformationprovisioninglooklike,andmaylooklikeinthefuture,byfocusingonvarioustypesofinitiatives.Assuch,ithasdirectrelevancetotheobjectivesoftheYearofPolarPrediction.Thepapertakestheformofadescriptivereview,basedondocumentandliteraturestudies,ascrutinyofwebsites,andanumberofin-depthinterviews.Aspectsincludedaretheirorganization,fundingstructures,thegeographicalscalesatwhichtheyoperate,thetypesofservicesandinformationthatareprovided,thetargetgroups,theuser-producerinteraction,theinformationconsistencyandstandardization,andtheaccessibilityoftheservices.AfewcasestudiesfromNordiccountries

areselectedtoenhancedeeperunderstandingofcurrentdevelopments(e.g.METNorway,BarentsWatch,EffienSea2,ArcticWeb).

17.10.3

Theroleofclimate-relatedinformationinArcticexpeditioncruising:practices,needsandimplications

MachielLamers

ClimatechangeismakingnavigationinArcticwatersmoreunpredictable,forexamplewhenitcomestoseaiceconditions,windandwaves.Toenableresponsibleandsafeexpeditioncruisepracticesarangeofclimateinformationsourcesandsystemsarecurrentlyavailable,andthereisacontinuingdriveofpublicandprivatesectorinstitutionstofurtherdevelophigherresolutionandinstantenvironmentalinformationservices(e.g.SAON,YOPP).However,whatandhowinformationsourcesandsystemsarecurrentlyusedbyexpeditioncruiseoperatorsinvariousdecision-makingcontexts(e.g.planning,operations)isnotknown,letalonewhattheclimateinformationneedsofoperatorsaretocontinuesatisfyingcustomerexpectationsinaresponsibleandsustainablewayinthefuture.Further,littleisknownabouttheclimateinformationsupplyside,itsactors,theproductionanddistributionprocessesofthisclimateinformation.Basedonaseriesofinterviewswithrelevantstafffromexpeditioncruiseoperatorsandprovidersofclimaterelatedinformationservices,aswellasareviewofliteratureanddocumentation,thispaperwillexploretheroleofclimaterelatedinformationandinformationsystemsinexpeditioncruisepracticesintheEuropeanArcticandtheclimateinformationsupplynetwork.Theaimistoobtainasoundunderstandingofwhichweather,climateandbiophysicalinformationsourcesandsystemsareused,whyandhow.Basedonthisanalysiswearguethattheincreasedtransparencyofeconomicsectorsregardingbiophysicalandclimaticconditionsresultingfromthedevelopmentoftheseinformationsystemsseemstoplayadoublerole.WhilemakingtheArcticmorecontrollableandpredictable,italsoenlargesthepotentialrisksandhazardsassociatedwithincreasingactivity.Nexttoexploringtheseimplicationssuggestionswillbemadeforenhancingtheeffectivenessofclimateinformationservicesprovision.

17.10.4

ImprovingPredictionofPressuredIceintheHudsonStrait,Canada:aninterdisciplinaryanalysisofresourceshipbesetmentsusingshipvoyagelogsandhindcastmodeling.

AnnikaOgilvie,JackieDawson

ReductionsinArcticseaiceextenthavefacilitatedanincreaseinshippingactivityduetonewpossibilitiesforresourceextraction,tourism,andshortertraderoutesthroughtheNorthwestPassage.Despiteon-goingwarming,difficulticeconditionsstillpresentasignificantthreattovesselsnavigatingthroughArcticwaters.Oneofthemostchallengingiceconditionsthatshipscanencounterisseaice“underpressure”.Thistypeoficeoccurswhenwinds,tides,orcurrentsinteractinregionswhereiceconcentrationishighandcancausealltypesofships,includingicebreakers,tobecomebeset(i.e.stuckinice).Pressurediceischallengingbecauseitisdifficulttopredictandtherearecurrentlynoreliableforecastingmethodstoaidinshipnavigation.Improvedforecastingofpressurediceisurgentlyneededasriskstoshipsincludepotentialhulldamage,sinking,andrelatedfinancial,environmental,andcrewsafetyimplications.Thisstudyaimstoimproveunderstandingofthepresence,formation,andimpactofpressurediceridgesintheHudsonStrait,Canadawherebulkcarriersprovideyear-roundservicetotheRaglanNickelmineinDeceptionBay,Quebec.Thestudyinvolvesaniterativetwo-stepanalysisofthe35wintertransitsthroughtheHudsonStraitbetween2005and2015.First,ananalysisofshipbesetmenteventsidentifiedfromhistoricshiplogswerecorrelatedwithin-situweatherandenvironmentalconditionsduringandpriortobesettingeventstoidentifypossiblefactorsinfluencingridgedevelopment.Second,apressuredicemodeldevelopedbytheNationalResearchCouncilofCanadaisusedtohindcasthistoricbesetmenteventsthusenablingevaluationofthemodelseffectivenessinpredictingactual

pressurediceevents.Resultsoftheiterativestudywillbeusedtotestvariousfactorswithinthemodeltotrytorefineaccuracyandpredictioncapabilities.

17.11a Theinvisibilityofgender-CalotteAcademy2017:PerceptionsoftheArctic

Chair:GunhildHoogensenGjørv

9June-10:30a.m.

N430

17.11a.1

BlindspotsandIntersections:Genderinindigenousstudies

TorjerOlsen

Genderandindigeneityarecontestedtermsandfieldsofconflict.Ibringthefieldsofgenderstudiesandindigenousstudiesintoconversationwitheachother.Withinindigenousstudies,aswellaswithinSámistudiesmoreparticularly,Iarguethatgenderhasbeendownplayed.Withingenderstudies,ontheotherside,therehasbeenasimilartendencytodownplayindigenousissues.Importantcontributionsfromindigenousmethodologieshaveincludedtheemphasisonthevoicesandinterestsofindigenouspeoples.Iarguethatthisisnecessary.However,Iarguethatgenderis(almost)equallynecessarywithinresearchon-orrelatedto-indigenouscommunities.Theempiricalbasisismainlyresearchliteratureonindigenousissues.ItakethisasastartingpointforamoregeneraldiscussionongeneralprinciplesfordoingresearchonArcticcommunities.

17.11a.2

TheAndrocentricArctic:AFemaleCo-LeaderAtaPolarResearchStation

AnnaG.M.Temp,BillyLee,ThomasH.Bak

Schmidtetal.(2005,20004)describethatamongpolarcrews,menandwomenreportequalfrequencyandsatisfactionwithsocialsupport.Femaleteamleadersaretheexceptionhere:theyreceivelesssocialsupportandreporthigherdissatisfaction.Wearereportingacasestudyofthefemaleco-leaderofthe38thPolishPolarExpeditiontoSvalbard.HerexperiencedwillbedescribedusingtheSymptomChecklist90Revised(SCL-90-R),whichwewillusetocompareherpsychologicalstrugglestoanormativegroup.WewillalsodrawonquotesbasedonthreeinterviewsconductedwithherinSeptember2015,January2016(polarnight)andJune2016(midnightsun).TheseinterviewswillbeanalysedusingInterpretativePhenomenologicalAnalysis(IPA).Shedescribesherstruggleswithemotionalcopingaswellassocialinteractionsbasedonherpositions.Herdescriptionsofisolationfromherco-workersisreflectedinhigherSCL-90-Rscores,evencomparedtothemaleteamleader.Wewillfurtherusetheinterviewsofherteammatesinilluminatingherexperienceandreflectingontheinteractionsbetweenherandtheteam.Furthermore,onlyoneteammatereportedconsistentlyhigherSCL-90-Rscoresthanher.Sowewilllookatthepersonalitycharacteristicsofbothtodrawconclusionsontheirexperiencesandshedlightontoherstruggles.Giventhescarcityoffemalepresenceandleadershipatpolarstations,ourstudycanexpandtheexistingbodyofliteraturethroughthisinsightintoherpsychologicalfunctioning.Thismayhelppreparefuturefemale(co-)leadersbetter.

17.11a.3

AperspectiveongenderinresearchontheArcticfromaScienceandTechnologyStudies'pointofview

MichaelBravo

17.11.4 IASSAGroupon"GenderintheArctic"

Saxinger,Gertrudeet.al

17.11b Roundtable:GenderintheArctic

Chair:GunhildHoogensenGjørv

9June-1:30p.m.

N430

17.11b.1

RoundtableDiscussion:Gender,GenderStudies,andgenderedscienceintheFarNorth

Panel:

BrendaParlee

May-BrittÖhman

OlgaUlturgasheva

VirginieVaté

J.OttoHabeck

GunhildHoogensenGjørv

17.13a Experimentalapproachestohumanbehavior

Chair:SteinØstbye

9June-1:30p.m.

N460

17.13a.1

ConflictResolutionModelsintheArcticRegion

FuadAleskerov,SergeyShvydun

TheglobalclimatechangehasseveralimportantconsequencesfortheArcticregion.Onetheonehand,meltingiceopensuppotentialforexploitationofnaturalresourcesbutalsoshrinksArcticshippingrouteswhichoffersignificanteconomicsavingsformanycountries.Ontheotherhand,thepotentialintensivehumaninterventionleadstoseriouspotentialthreatstothenaturewhichinturnalterthewayoflifeforthenativepeoplesandcancreateseriousdamagetotheeconomiesofthecountriesintheregion.ThepotentialeconomicbenefitsofglobalwarmingintheArctichasalreadycapturedtheinterestofmanycountrieswhichledtopotentialconflictamongthem.Unclearbordersandterritorialclaimsmadetheproblemevenmorecomplicated.InAleskerovandVictorova(2015)therewasattempttoestimatetheutilityofeachareaintheArcticregion.Asaresult,therewasproposedamodelwhichanalyzespreferencesofthecountriesinterestedintheArcticregionandrevealspotentialconflictsamongthem.OurworkisacontinuationofthisstudyanditisfocusedontheconflictresolutioninArctic.Wepresentseveralmodelsofpotentialconflictresolutionbasedondifferentpreferentialallocationofresourcesamonginterestedcountries.Westronglybelievethatearlyforecastofsuchpotential

conflictzonesanddiscussionsondifferentscenariosofresourceallocationmighteasethedecisionmakingprocessininternationalrelations.

17.13a.2

BusinessGameAsAToolForStudiesOfStrategicBehaviourInRussianWholesaleElectricityMarket-CaseOfArcticRegion

NikolayKorgin,M.Goubko,V.Korepanov,T.Vaskovskaya

WedescriberesultsobtainedduringconductionofseveralbusinessgamesbasedonsimplifiedmodelofRussianwholesaleelectricitymarket.Wedesignedbusinessgamestomodeltheexistingpolicy(LMP),invarioussimplecases,includingcaseofsimplestcongestionproblem.Congestionsofpowertransmissionlinesbrakemarketintoanumberoflocalmarketswithimperfectcompetition.Theproblemstudiedisasortofanon-cooperativegame,whereanumberofselfishmarketplayerssharetheelectricitydemandatonelocalmarket.Insuchasituation,eachplayerattemptstomaximizehis/herprofitindependently.Weconsidermodelwithtwonodes(locations)connectedwithatransmissionline,runningseveralbusinessgameswithsameparticipantsvaryingjustline’stransmissioncapacity.Resultsofgamesconductedrevealquiteunexpectedfromclassicaltheoreticalpointresult.Transmissionconstraintslimitthetransferofelectricityfromonelocationtoanother.Theinfluenceoftransmissioncongestionisexpressedinthe,so-called,out-of-meritgeneratordispatch,whenthestandardmeritorderisbrokenandthemarketisdividedintoseverallocationswithdifferentprices.Duetotransmissioncongestion,powertransfertohigh-pricelocationsisblockedandhigh-pricegeneratorsthereareemployedtobalancepowerconsumption.Atthesametime,itoccursthatlow-pricegeneratorsareuncalledattheirlocations.Transmissioncongestionleadstotheappearanceofsmalloligopolyandevenmonopolymarketsthatbecomesareasonofanunfairgameofthepowermarketplayersinordertomanipulatethesituation.Butinallgamesconductedparticipantsmanagetoavoidbreakageofsystemintotwoseparatemarkets,keepingsamehighpricebothinhigh-priceandlow-pricelocations.Whilethiseffectseemstobeunexpected,wemanagetofindevidencesofexistenceofthiseffectinarcticpartofRussianwholesaleelectricitymarket.

17.13a.3

Menoftheirfortunes?

MikkoMoilanen,SindreMyhr

Whenparentshavehighoccupationalstatus,theirchildrentendtoenduphighersocialclasses.Doesthisoccurbecauseparentalabilityispassedongeneticallyorbecausericherandmoreeducatedparentsprovideabetterenvironmentforchildrentoflourish?Weanalyzetheimportanceoffamilybackgroundonoccupationalstatusattainmentundertheindustrializationin19thcenturyNorway.WeestimatedtheeffectoffamilybackgroundonoccupationalstatusattainmentamongmeninduringindustrializationinNorwayinthelatenineteenthcentury.Thedataweusedcontainedinformationon51.433malesandtheirfamilybackgroundin1865and1900.Weusefourstrategiestoshedlightontheimportanceoftheheritabilityofoccupationalstatus:firstlookingatenvironmentalinfluencessharedbytwins.Second,thedifferencesbetweenrelativesraisedindifferentfamiliesareusedtomeasuretheenvironmentalimpact.Third,wecomparechildrenwhoaretheirparents’ownoffspringtochildrenwhoarestep-orfosterchildren.

17.13b Experimentalapproachestohumanbehavior

Chair:SteinØstbye

9June-3:30p.m.

N460

17.13b.1 TheImpactofEventDeterminantsonTeamAssemblyMechanismsofSocialNetworks

AndreasKoch

Thesizeandcompositionofsocialnetworksrelytoalargepartonthecharacteristicsoftheinvolvedactors,i.e.,theircapabilitiesandaspirationstocollaboratewithothers,andthe(in)tangibleinfrastructurenecessarytocommunicate.Animportantadditionalissueisgivenwiththenatureofnetworkmechanismsitself,theprocessofhowrelationsbetweenactorsemergestructurally,andwhichdeterminantsaretobethoughtofasrelevant.Thesemechanismssupposedlydependontheallocationofsocialcapitalandthusofadifferentsocialhabitus,ofwhichthe“Indigenous”isonerelevant.The“teamassemblymechanism”questionhasempiricallybeenraisedbecauseofanAustrianproject,whichpromoteslocalprojectsofpeoplewhoareengagedinimprovingthewell-beingoftheirfellowcitizens.Awardedprojectleadersestablishteamsofdifferentsizeandsocialcomposition,andruntheirprojectsforabout12months.Inordertohelpimplementtheprojectssustainablyweareinterestedininterlinkingindividualteamstowardsgreaterclusters.Insodoing,eventslikecommunitymeetingsappeartobeausefulmeans.Atheoreticalreferencemodelhasbeenselectedandadaptedtoourownneeds.Majordifferencescomparedtothereferencemodelare:(i)teamscanvaryinsizeand(ii)innetworkstructure;(iii)individualagentsareinsertedasnewpotentialcollaborators;(iv)originalteamscanmergeeitherbyaprojectleaderorbyateammember.Basedonthisbenchmarkmodeltwoempiricallybasedregionalmodelshavebeenderived.Theaimofthepaperistopresentsomefirststatisticalresultsabouttheassemblymechanismsofcollaboratingteamsbycomparingtheempiricallyobservedemergenceofnetworkswiththetheoreticallysimulatedones.ThesimulationisdonewithNetLogo,afreelyavailableagent-basedsimulationsoftware.ThemethodologyissuitabletobetransferredtoresearchtopicsinvolvingIndigenouspeopleintheArctic

17.13b.2

Theriskswetake,andthelifewemake-effectsofpositionalconcernsonrisktakingbehavior

AndreaMannberg,MarkusLandrö,MariaSkjeldås

Inthispaper,weempiricallytestifpositionalpreferences(i.e.,utilitybasedonsocialcomparisons)arelinkedtorisk-takingbehaviourinavalancheterrain.Ourhypothesesarethat1)individualswhoidentifiesstronglywiththesocialgroupbackcountry/off-pisteskiers,aremorepositionalaboutadvancedskiingactivitiesthanindividualswithaweakeridentificationwiththisgroup,and2)thatahighdegreeofpositionalityisassociatedwithgreaterexposuretoriskintermsofavalanches.Totestourhypotheses,wegathersurveyinformationviaawebsurveyinNorway.Respondentsarecontactedviadifferentchannels,amongthosetheonlinemagazineFriflyt,theavalancheforecastingservice,Varsom.no,localsportshopsinTromsø,andstudentsatUiT.Toteaseoutpositionalpreferences,risk-aversion,andtime-preferences,weuseaexperimentalapproachinwhichtherespondentisexposedtohypotheticalgambles.Thisapproachisthencomparedtomeasuresofsocialcomparisonandriskpreferencesfrompsychology.

17.13b.3

Historyversusexpectationsineconomicgeography:anexperimentalanalysis

SteinØstbye

WhenintroducingmigrationintheNewEconomicGeography(NEG)framework,dynamicsusedintradetheorytomodelcapitalmobilitywasreinterpretedandaddedtotheframework.Attemptshavelaterbeenmadetorationalizethedynamicsasrationalhouseholdmigrationbehavior.ThefirstaimofthepresentpaperistocriticallyreviewtherelevantliteratureinordertofacilitatesoundresearchonmigrationwithintheNEGframework.Thepaperpresentsagame-theoreticframeworkthatgivesclearlydistinctivepredictionswhen

migrationbehaviorismyopicandwhenitisforward-looking.Thetwoalternativesaretestedinaneconomiclaboratoryexperimentwithincreasingnumberofagentsindifferenttreatments.

17.15 VoicingArcticOthers

Chair:IngeborgHøvik

11June-1:30p.m.

UB336

17.15.1

‘Savage’laughter:TheroleofhumourandridiculeincolonialencountersinSápmi

LindaAnderssonBurnett

Thispresentationwillanalysethesubversiveimpactthatlaughtercouldhaveincolonialencounters,focusingespeciallyoncorrelationsmadebetweenlaughterandindigenousresistanceinanumberofScandinavianandBritishtextsonlateeighteenthandnineteenth-centurySápmi.Laughterisoftenheldupasafeaturethatdefinesuniversalhumanityandwhichseparateshumansfromanimals(Milner).Yet,laughterisnotananthropologicalconstantbutishistoricallysituatedandlocallycontingent.Differentemotionalcommunitieshavetheirowncodesandnormswhenitcomestolaughter.Whilelaughtercanbringdisparatecommunitiestogetheritcanalso,asSarahAhmed’sworkonaffectiveeconomiesandemotionshasshown,havethepotentcapacitytoalignpeopleagainsteachother.WhiledescriptionsofimmodestanduncontrollablelaughterwereusedtobyEuropeancolonialcommentatorsinordertoclassifyindigenousandcolonisedpeoplesassavagesandbrutes,thelaughing‘other’alsohadthecapacitytounsettletheobservingcoloniser.Byadaptingandcombiningthehistoryofemotionsandpostcolonialanalysis,thispaperwillidentifyandanalysemomentswhencolonialknowledgeclaimsweremetwithvigorousresistance,throughlaughterandridicule,frompeoplesintheArctic.References:Ahmed,S.‘AffectiveEconomies’inSocialText,22:2(2004):117-139.Milner,G.B.‘TowardsaSemioticTheoryofHumorandLaughter’Semiotica5(1972):1-30.

17.15.2

Samilifeinearly20thcenturyfromaWesternfemaleperspective

HannaEglinger

ThispaperinvestigatestravelnarrativesbyEmilieDemantHatt(WiththeLappsintheHighMountains/MedLapperneiHøjfjeldet,1913)andEstaBlendaNordström(TentFolkoftheFarNorth/Kåtornasfolk,1916).Hatt(1873-1958)andNordström(1891-1948)weretwoScandinavianwomenwhoeachspentayearinSamicommunitiesanddescribedtheirexperiencesamongsttheSamipeopleintheirtravelogues.FortheDanishvisualartistEmilieDemantHatt,herfriendshipwithSaminomadshelpedhertodevelopanewvisualstyleinanexpressionistdirectionanda“remarkablymodern”anthropologicalapproach.Thereportageof‘Sweden’sfirstmodernjournalist’EsterBlendaNordström,whoworkedasanomadteacherinLaplandin1914,isanotherexampleofearly‘participantobservation’beforeitstime.Bothwomenshowgreatawarenessofenvironmentalissuesandofthedifferentrelationshipsbetweenhumanbeings,animalsandtheirArcticsurroundings.However,acomparisonofthesewomen'stextswillshowsomedifferencesintheirwayofrepresenting"theArcticOther".

17.15.3

TracesofInfluence:ArcticimageryinEuropeannineteenth-centuryvisualculture

IngeborgHøvik

ThispaperinvestigatesthepresenceofInuitvoicesinartandvisualcultureproducedbyInuitandEuropeanindividualsworkinginculturalcontactzonesintheArcticandEuropeinthenineteenthcentury.Throughvisual

analysisofthismaterial,thispapertracesthetransculturalinfluencethattookplacewhenEuropeanexplorersencounteredInuitduringexpeditionsandwhenInuitindividualswerebroughtbacktoEuropebyexplorersandwhalers.DrawingonpostcolonialtheoryandInuitepistemologies,itfurtherexamineshowInuitmadetheirvoiceshearddespitetheasymmetricalrelationsofpowerthatcharacterisedthesecontactzonesandtovaryingdegreesimpactedhowvisualrepresentationsweremadeandwhoseimageswererecognised.

17 Posters

Collaborativecommunitymapping:developingashorelinechangeriskWebGIStosupportresiliencylandusedecisionsandplansinAlaska'sArcticSlope

MichaelBrady

ThefocusofthisstudyistotransformemergingArcticcoastalenvironmentspatialdataintoinformationthatcansupportlocalresiliencylanduseplanninginthefaceofextremeshorelinechangeandrelatedenvironmentalthreatsandopportunities.StudymethodsincludecollaborativecommunitymappingusingpapermapsandaWebGISinthreeNorthSlopecommunitiestoenhanceusabilityofcoastalassetexposureinformationcreatedfortheregion.TheexposureWebGISisacollaborativeeffortwiththeNorthSlopeBoroughusinganInstructionalSystemsDesign(ISD)process.The50localcommunitypapermapworkshopparticipantssharedabout300coastalexposure"problemplaces"usingcodedstickerstolinktohand-writtenand/oraudio-recordedverbaldescriptions.PapermapworkshopresultswereanalyzedforISDfront-endevaluationfocusedonenhancinginformationsalienceandlegitimacy,revealingspatially-detailedlocalconcernsincludingrichlocalknowledgeaboutlossofboatingaccessforsubsistencehunting.RegionalresourcemanagersalsosharedlocalconcernsofdiminishedindustryaccesstoremaininginfrastructureatdecommissionedDoDradarsites,andobservationsofcoastalimpactsfromextensivehydrocarbondevelopmentalongthecoastline,bothalsorelevantforbroaderU.S.ArcticStrategydecisionsupport.Atotalof16participants,mostlyconsistingoflandusemanagersandBoroughGISprogrammers,providedusabilityfeedbacktoalivedemonstrationoftheWebGISinaformativeevaluationeffort.Credibilityperceptionswerefavorable,andtherewasinterestinexpandingthetooltoincludeenergysectorrisks.Manycommentsfocusedonsalience,includingrelevancyofdataused,andfitnessforuseinbetterengagingdevelopers,despiteimperfectregionalscaledataused.TherewasalsodiscussiononusingthetooltosupporttheBorough'sdevelopmentpermitreviewprocess,whichcurrentlyreliesoncoastalriskinformationprovidedbydevelopers.

ProbabilisticprojectionsofannualflowandhydropowerpotentialintheArctic.

ElenaShevnina,Pilli-SihvolaK.,HaavistoR.andVihmaT.

Energyproductionisanimportantfactorofsocio-economicdevelopmentandwell-being.Amongothersthehydropowerisasourceofrenewableenergy.Hydropowerprojectsusuallyrequirealargeinvestmentbutoperatingcostsarelow.Theabilitytogetinvestmentbackmostlyrelyupontheprojectrevenuecapacity,whichlargelydependsonanhydropowerproductionandpricestoenergy.Asthepriceiseitherfixedormarketriskotherwisemitigated,thefocusofinvestorsisontheuncertaintyoftheestimatefortheenergyproduction,whichdependsonthetechnologyandtheavailablewaterresources.Formodel-basedapproachtofinancialriskassessmentforinvestmentsthewaterresourcesshouldbeevaluatedintermsofprobability.Also,theprobabilityofriverflow,averageflowandhydropowerpotentialareamongthedecision-makingfactorsforhydropowerplantlocationselection.Thehydropowerplantsoperateduringseveraldecades,thustheavailablewaterresourcesshouldbeevaluatedforthelong-termfuture.Traditionally,theprobabilityofriverflowis

evaluatedfromobservationsandisextrapolatedtothefutureinanassumptionthatthewaterresourceswillnotchangedduringtheperiodofoperationofahydropowerplant.However,theobservedchangesintheclimatedoubtthisassumption,andtheclimateprojectionsunderdifferentscenariosofthefutureopenopportunitytoassessthethefuturewaterresourcesinchangingclimate.ThefuturewaterresourcesintheArcticwereevaluatedfortheannualriverflow.TheMARkovChainSystemmodel(MARCS)wasappliedtocalculatethefutureannualflowinformofprobabilitydensityfunctions(PDFs).TheclimateprojectionsundertheRepresentativeConcentrationPathways(RCPs)wereusedtoforcethemodel.Themodelwasparametrizedwiththeobservationsat326sitesofthesixArcticcountries(Finland,Sweden,Norway,Russia,CanadaandUnitedState).Thehydropowerpotentialwasevaluatedbasedonthef

TheBarentsRegion-historytextbookandencyclopedia

Mars-OlovOlsson,LarsElenius

ThisposterpresentationwillprovideasummaryofthebackgroundandresultsofalargeknowledgeproducingprojectonthetopicoftheBarentsRegion.Thepresentationmightbedividedbetweentwoposters:onefocusingontheoutcomeofthefirstpartoftheproject-ahistorytextbookforuniversitystudents;theotherontheoutputofthesecondpartoftheproject-anencyclopediaservingasacompaniontothehistorytextbook.

18 Resourcedevelopment&Extractiveindustries

Themeleader:FlorianStammler([email protected])

18.1 Filmscreening:BeneaththeSurface:InuitMinersatRankinInlet,1957-1962

Chair:FrankTester,ArnKeeling

11June-3:30p.m.

AulaNordica

BeneththeSurface:InuitMinersatRankinInlet,1957-1962

IntroducedbyFrankTester

BeneaththeSurface(Ujarangniqtiuvalauqtut)isanoriginaldocumentaryfilmchroniclingtheexperienceofInuitundergroundminersattheNorthRankinNickelMine,1957-1962.Incorporatingoriginalinterviewswithformerminers,archivalfootageandcommentary,thefilmexploresthelegaciesofindustrialdevelopmentandimpactsonInuitworkingatCanada’sfirstArcticmine.TheNorthRankinNickelMinedevelopedintheearly1950s,inresponsetoariseinthepriceofmetalsbroughtonbytheKoreanWar.ThemineandcompanytownofRankinInletwerecelebratedbythefederalNorthernAdministrationasdemonstrativeofthemodernizationofInuitthroughtheintroductionofsettlementlivingandwagelabour.

MiningwasseenasthesolutiontoaregionalcrisisbroughtonbyaprecipitousdeclineinArcticfoxfurprices,episodesofstarvationamonginlandInuit,andconcernsoverInuit“dependency”onwelfareandotherformsofgovernmentassistance.ThefilmdocumentshowmanyInuitwereattractedtoRankinInletforworkandreadilyadaptedtoundergroundmining,butfaceddiscrimination,poorworkingconditionsandmanyhealthandsocialproblemsresultingfromthisveryrapidtransition.Mineclosurein1962pitchedthecommunity(andtheregion)intoeconomiccrisis,resultinginwidespreadhardshipanddislocationamongInuitfamilies.ThefilmchroniclesInuitingenuityandresilience,butisalsoacautionarytaleofdependencyonresourceexploitationforArcticcommunities.http://www.abandonedminesnc.com/

18.2 IndigenouscommunitiesandtheextractivessectorintheCircumpolarNorth.Respondingtoimpactstoindigenoushealthandwell-being

Chairs:JenJones&LesleyJohnston

8June-2:30p.m.

18.2.1

Assessinghealthimpactsofamine:considerationoftheprevailingepistemologyanderasureofIndigenouswell-being

LesleyJohnston

Asextractiveindustriesdevelop,opportunitiestoaccesscommunityandindividualeconomicwealthintheformofemployment,paymentsandpreferentialtreatmentforcommunitybusinesseshavebeencreated.Yettheseeconomicbenefitshavenotnecessarilytranslatedintoimprovedhealthoutcomes.Oftencommunitiesexperienceproblematicissuesrangingfrommentalhealthchallengestolossoftraditionallivelihoods–whichareimplicatedinthedevelopmentofextractiveindustries.ThepersistenceofthesechallengesinfaceofeconomicstimulusmakeCircumpolarCanadianjurisdictionsnoteworthysitesfortheexaminationoftheIndigenoushealth,socialdeterminantsofhealth,andextractivesindustrynexus.ThisreflectionisenrichedbyacomparisonwiththedevelopmentchallengesthatexistinMongolia,aformerSovietsatellitestateandlowerincomecountry.Comparingandcontrastingthesedevelopmentexperiencesoffersanopportunityto

contemplatehealthandontology,definitionsofIndigeneity–andresponsibledevelopmentgiventheseconditions.

18.2.2

Notontheland:Implicationsofsilencednarrativesintheassessmentofhealthandwell-beinginthegovernanceofnorthernextractiveindustries

JenJones,LesleyJohnston

FindingsfromtheTruthandReconciliationCommissionofCanadaofferanopportunitytoconsiderhowcoloniallegaciesinformpersistenthealthdisparities.WhileconsiderationofcolonizationanditsimpactonIndigenouswell-beingisgrowinginacademicscholarship,itisslowtofindafootholdingovernancemechanismsusedintheextractiveindustries.Despitethegrowthinresearchandapplicationofthesocialdeterminantsofhealth,mechanismssuchashealthimpactassessmentsandimpactandbenefitagreementscontinuetostruggletorespondmeaningfullytocommunityconcernsandissues,particularlyinNorthern,largelyIndigenousjurisdictions.ThrougharesearchpartnershipwiththeLittleSalmonCarmacksFirstNation,acommunity-basedparticipatoryresearchprojectseekstoconceptualize,withinthegovernanceoftheextractiveindustries,howlegaciesofcolonizationcanbeunderstoodandaddressedintheassessmentofimpactstothehealthandwell-beingofYukonFirstNations.Theactofunlearningandthenre-imagingmayofferopportunitiestoconsideron-goinglegaciesofcolonizationinthegovernanceofextractiveindustry.

18.2.3

VillageIncomeandMineralExplorationACaseStudyofthePebbleExplorationProject

JenniferSchmidt,BobLoeffler

TheArcticisarapidlychangingplaceandamongthechangesisthepotentialforincreasedresourceextraction.Resourceextractionactivities,includingmining,areexpectedtoincreaseinfrontierregionswithimportantsocio-economiceffectsonremoteregions.During2009-2012,thePebbleMineralExplorationProjectspentmorethan$330millionexplorationforcopperwithinBristolBay,Alaska.Ratherthanthefrequentlyrequiredenvironmentalanalysis,thisstudylooksattheincomeeffectsofexploration.Itspecificallytracestheamountofemploymentandincomethatsmall,nearby,predominantlyNativevillagescapturedfromthemineralexplorationproject.WeusedadatabaseofemployeesatthePebbleExplorationsite,suppliedbytheminingcompanyandaugmentedbytheauthors,todetermineemploymentandincomeeffectsoftheexplorationprojectonvillagesinBristolBay(n=27),Alaskaforthefouryearsfrom2009through2012.AremarkablylargeportionoftheemployeesduringthefouryearswerefromAlaska(80%)with43%fromtheregion.AmongthenearbyvillagesPebbleExplorationhadalargeeffectonemploymentandincome.Duringthefouryears14%ofthelaborforceamongthenearbyvillageswereemployedbyPebbleexplorationaccountingfor6%ofthetotalincome.ThisincomewasgreaterthanincomefromcommercialsalmonfishingortheAlaskaPermanentFundDividend(PFD).EmploymentofBristolBayresidentsroseeachofthefouryears(2009=111,2012=157)asdidretentionrates(2009/2010=55%,2011/2012=67%).TheownersofthePebbleExplorationProjecthadastrongpreferenceforhiringlocalresidents,whichmayaccountforsomeoftheresults.Duringatleastthelasttwoyearsofthe4-yearstudyperiod,thereweremorelocalapplicantsthanthereweresuitablejobsavailable.Overall,Employmentandsubsequentincomewasthegreatestamongvillagesclosetotheprojectanddroppedofrapidlywithincreasingdistance.

18.2.4

Indigenousandmunicipalresistance,andresponsestohydroelectricdevelopmentintheNorth.

JamieSnook

HappyValley–GooseBayisthelargestIndigenouspopulatedcommunitywithinNewfoundlandandLabrador,Canada.Thecommunityisanurbancentreand30kilometresfromtheMuskratFallshydroelectricdevelopment.AstheMayorfor4yearsduringthepeakdevelopmentofthisprojectIwillexplorecommunityconcernsandimpacts,questionsaboutsustainability,corporatecitizenshipinthenorth,Indigenousresponses,theroleofscience,communityengagement,threatstoculturalcontinuity,andthedirectimpacttohealthandwellnessofadjacentpopulations.ThroughafirstpersonnarrativeandlivedexperiencethepresentationwillhighlightthechallengestoaddressingIndigenoushealth,agovernanceresponsetoenvironmentalmonitoring,Indigenousinclusion,municipalexclusion,Indigenousandmulti-culturalresistance,andvaluesthatunitedpeopleintheLabradorregion.

18.3a Miningandlarge-scaleextractionas(sustainable)development?ExtractiveprojectsinGreenlandandNunavut

Chairs:LillRastadBjørst,MarcJacobsen,PelleTejsner,FrankSejersen,andDagAvango

11June-3:30p.m.

18.3a.1

ThePoliticsofUraniuminGreenland:It’snotelementalatall

MariaAckrén,RasmusLeanderNielsen

ThedebateoveruraniumhasbeenonandoffinGreenlandicpoliticsfordecades.Whilethefirstdiscoveryofuraniumdatesbacktothemid-1950s,thesubjectkeepsdividingthepoliticalandpublicspheres,aswellastherelationshipwithCopenhagenintheDanishRealm.In1965,thefirstlegalmentioningofuraniumisstatedasaresourceofadifferentkind,accompaniedbyinternationalconventions.WiththeintroductionofHomeRulein1979anewMineralResourcesActwasimplementedasajointmatterbetweenDenmarkandGreenland,andlaterreplacedbyanewactin1991.However,theselawsdonotmentionradioactivesubstances.Inthe2000s,thediscourseof'zero-tolerance'wascoined.However,therehasneverbeenanyofficialdocumentstatingthismatter.In2009,withtheintroductionofthenewSelf-GovernmentAct,GreenlandreceivedthecompetenceoverallitsnaturalresourcesandimplementedanotherMineralResourcesActin2010.ButmanyissuesregardingextractionofuraniumarestillevidentlydividingthepoliticalpartiesandtheGreenlandicpopulation,andcallsforauranium-referendumhaverecentlyresurfaced.Thestandardphraseisiterativelyto‘agreetodisagree’,i.e.postponingtheharddecisionstotheindefinitelyfuture,evenwithinthenewandcurrent,asofFall2016,coalitiongovernment.Insum,paraphrasingSherlockHolmesinanegatedmanner:TheelementofuraniumisbynomeanselementaryinthecaseofGreenland.Thispaperappliesmixedmethods,i.e.combiningsurveydataandqualitativeinterviews,tomapthepreferencesofthepoliticalparties,thepublic,andotherkeyactorsinbothNuukandlocalsclosetotheKvanefjeld-projectinsouthernGreenland.WearguethatthestandardLiberalgame-theoreticalnotioninIRof‘theshadowofthefuture’worksinmurkyandsomewhatcounterproductiveways.Thus,different‘agreetodisagree’-uncertaintiesacrossissuedomains(economical,political,andenvironmentaletc.)canbe

18.3a.2

Mininglegaciesinpost-miningfuturesatGreenland:heritageprocesses,tourismandanti-colonialmobilization

DagAvango,PederRoberts

Fromthemid1800’s,theminingindustryestablisheditselfindifferentpartsoftheArctic.Companiescarriedouteverythingfromprospectingtolargescaleminingoperations.Duetoitssensitivitytoshiftingdemandsontheworldmarkethowever,mineralrichareasintheArcticcarrytheenvironmentalandsocietalimprintsofmorethanahundredyearsofmining,legaciesfromthepastthatlingeroninthepresent,posingchallengestoresidentsandotherstakeholders.Legaciesofminingareinterpreteddifferentlyindifferentcontexts.Whilesomewillunderstandthemasunwantedimprintsofanunjustpast,othersmayappreciatethemasculturalheritage,resourcesfortourismorasstructuresthatcanbeusedfornewpurposes.IntwocloselyrelatedresearchprojectswithinREXSAC–ResourceExtractionandSustainableArcticCommunities–weexploreunderwhichcircumstancesmininglegaciescanbecomearesourceforpost-miningfutures.Inthispaperwewillpresentanddiscusstheresultsfromtwoofthecasestudiesofthisproject,theformerminingcommunityQullissatinWesternGreenland(inoperationfrom1924-72)andtheironorefieldsofNorrbotteninSweden/Sápmi(startingin1880’s,stillinproduction).Inthesetwosettings,residents(indigenousandnon-indigenous),governingbodiesaswellasstakeholderswithinextractiveindustriesandtourism,havetakenverydifferentapproachestothelegaciesofmining.Towhodothematerialimprintsofminingbecomeresources,howandwhy?Canmateriallegaciesofminingoperationsinacolonialcontextbecomearesourceforanti-colonialresistanceandinthatcasehowandwhy?CanmininglegaciesbecomeresourcesforsustainableArcticfutures,howandwhy?

18.3a.3

Perspectivesonachangingyetcomplicatedrelationship:ExtractivecorporationsandthepublicinGreenland

NinaDoering

Thispresentationwilltakeacloserlookattherelationshipbetweenoilandminingcompanies,thepublic,andotherinstitutionsandgroupsinGreenlandbyexaminingtheirrolesandpositionsinworkingtowardsananticipatedfutureshapedbynon-renewableresourceextraction.Aparticularfocuswillbeplacedonspatial,economic,andstructuralfactorsthatleadtotheexclusionofcertainactorsfromthisprocess.BasedonfieldworkcarriedoutindifferenttownsalongGreenland'swestcoastin2015/16,thepresentationwillengagewithattemptstoimproveinteractionsandcooperationbetweentheextractiveindustryandthepublicaswellaslocal(re)actions.Inaimingtogainabetterunderstandingofsomeoftheseissues,anemphasiswillfinallybeputoninter-generationaldifferencesandthequestionofhowpastexperiencesshapeparticularactionsandexpectations.

18.3a.4

Miningassustainabledevelopmentofwhat?PoliticalperspectivesinGreenlandandNunavutdevelopmentdiscourses

MarcJacobsen

ThequestionofwhetherornottomineisoftenplacedcenterstageinArcticdiscussionsaboutrightsandresources.Someprimarilyperceiveminingasakeytoabettereconomyand,thus,animportantsteptowardsincreasedindependencefromformercolonisers,whileothersmainlyseeitasapossiblethreattonatureand,throughthis,athreattothetraditionalwayofliving.Centraltothesediscussionsarethedefinitionsofanationalidentityandtheambiguoususesofthesustainabilityconcept,whichisprominentlyarticulatedbybothsides.ThispresentationfocusesonGreenlandandNunavutwheretheacquisitionofrightstotheirownnaturalresourceshasbeenacardinalpointinthepostcolonialnegotiationswithDenmarkandCanadarespectively.Today,miningisstilloftenhighlightedasakeytocontinuousself-determinationthat,ofcourse,needstobesustainable.Butwhatexactlyisitthatshouldbesustained?Isite.g.theglobalenvironment,thenationaleconomyorthelocalwayofliving?Orperhapsanothercombination?Theanswertothesequestionsactivatesdifferent-andsometimesconflicting-perceptionsofwhatthenationalidentityentailsaswellaswhattheperfectfuturemaylooklike.Thus,theanswerispolitical.Thecomparativeanalysisengagefourbodiesoftexts

departingfromeachtheirscale:1)theinterregionalInuitCircumpolarCouncil,2)theDanishRealmandtheCanadianFederation,3)GreenlandandNunavut,4)thelocalscalerepresentedbytwoparticularminingprojects.Throughanalysingarticulationsmadeonthesedifferentscales,thispresentationshowsushowsomehighlightstheimportanceofpreservation(sustaining),whileothersattachmoreimportancetothepossibilitiesthatchange(development)maybring.Centraltothisdifference,isthediscrepancyinhowdifferentGreenlandersandNunavummiutenvisiontheirfutureandwhethertheyfeelmostrelatedtothelocal,thenationalortheregionalscale.

18.3b Miningandlarge-scaleextractionas(sustainable)development?ExtractiveprojectsinGreenlandandNunavut

Chairs:LillRastadBjørst,MarcJacobsen,PelleTejsner,FrankSejersen,andDagAvango

12June-10:30a.m.

18.3b.1

TheRoleofTraditionalKnowledgeintheReclamationandMonitoringofMinesinNorthernCanada.

MickiBaydack,BrendaParlee

Aboriginalpeopleshavetendedtosufferdisproportionatelyfromtheadverseimpactsofminingandhavecapturedfewsustainableeconomicbenefits.Amongthegreatestpointsofconcernandconflictisoverthesocialimpactsofminingandtheshifttowardsawage-basedeconomy.TheharmonizationbetweenthelandandthepeoplethatonceactedasacornerstoneofculturalcontinuityhasdiminishedwithincreasedminingactivitiesintheCanadiannorth.TraditionalKnowledgehaslongbeensocio-economicallyandculturallyimportanttomanycommunitiesintheNorthincludingLutsëlK'éDeneFirstNationintheNorthwestTerritories,and(Qamani'tuaq)inNunavut.Inmypresentation,IwilldiscusstheroleofTraditionalKnowledgeinthereclamationandmonitoringofminingprojectsinthetraditionalterritoriesofthesetworegionsanddiscusswaysinwhichsuchprocessescanleadtobetterinclusionofTraditionalKnowledgeinnorthernresourcedevelopment.

18.3b.2

Partnershipsinmining:Howtobecome,findandkeepagoodpartner?

LillRastadBjørst

ThisstudyaimstounderstandtheInuit(Greenlanders)relationshipbuildingwiththeminingindustry.Greenland,beingasiteofsocialchange,makeslocalgovernmentscuriousaboutwhatapotential“partnership”couldmakepossible.Inthispresentationtheinnerlogicofpartnershipsbetweenthelocalgovernments(andcommunities)andtheminingindustryarebeinganalysed.Theprimarydataiscollectedatmulti-sitesbothinandoutsideGreenland(e.g.theDanishParliament,PDAC2016,demonstrationsinbothGreenlandandDenmark,theFutureGreenlandConference2015,inreportsandnewspapersandsocialmediaplatforms).SinceGreenlandarchivedself-governmentin2009theyhavebeen“flirting”withtheglobalminingindustry.Greenlandbeingastateinformationlookingforeconomicindependence,hasaffectedtheirposition-butthequestforstablerelationshipsintheminingsectorconflictandcreatetensionbetweenthefuturepartnerstobe.Additionally,aresistancemovementinGreenlandandDenmarkhasgainedmomentumandbeensuccessfulinidentifying‘objectsoffear’towardsmining(especiallytheminingofGreenland’suranium).WhatisatstakeintheaffectiveeconomiesrelatedtomininginGreenland?Thestudyindicatesthatunderstandingandanalysingthelanguageandcultureofminingisofoutmostimportancewhencoopingandbuildingrelationshipswiththeminingindustry.ThetheoreticalframeworkisacombinationofAhmed’s(2004)interpretationofaffectiveeconomiesandAndersen’s(2008)theoryonpartnerships.

18.3b.3

TheproposedKiggavikuraniummineinNunavut:Auniqueexampleofanorebodythathasundergonetworeviews,25yearsapart,underverydifferentpoliticalcircumstances

NunavummiutMakitagunarningit,JoanScottie,HiluTagoona,WarrenBernauerandJackHicks(pending)

TheKiggavikuraniumdepositneartheNunavutofBakerLakeisanimportant,andpossiblyunique,caseofanorebodywhichhasundergonetwoenvironmentalreviewsunderverydifferentpoliticalandlegalregimes–thefirstbeforethecreationofNunavut,andthesecondafterthecreationofNunavut.Inbothcasestheproposeddevelopmentdidnotproceed,inbothcasesfortechnicalreasons.Andinbothcases,thereviewpanelsdidnotpubliclyacknowledgethestrongoppositionbymanyresidentsofBakerLakeandothernearbyInuitcommunities.Community-basedgroupsincludingtheNorthernAnti-UraniumCoalition,NunavummiutMakitagunarningit(‘ThepeopleofNunavutcanriseup’;https://makitanunavut.wordpress.com/)andtheBakerLakeHuntersandTrappersOrganizationraisedmanyoftheissueswhichappeartohavebeensignificanttothereviewpanelsandexpressedwidespreadInuitoppositiontotheproposals,butthiswasnotsomethingthatthepanelscouldpubliclyacknowledge.

18.3b.4

RethinkingRemediationattheGiantMine,NorthwestTerritories,Canada

CaitlynnBeckett

Asubstantialbodyofresearchhasanalyzedthesocial,economicandenvironmentaleffectsofminesinnorthernCanadaduringtheiroperationalphases.However,afterclosuretheseminesdonotsimplydisappearandtheycanbringaboutpersistentenvironmentalproblems.Mineremediationoftenentailslong-termrisksduetothepermanentcontainmentofdangerousmaterialsandthemobilizationoftoxins.Todate,researchonmineremediationinCanadahasfocusedprimarilyonitsscientificandeconomicaspects;littleisknownaboutremediationasahistorical,politicalandsocialforceinthenorth.UsingtheGiantMineintheNorthwestTerritoriesasacasestudy,thispaperanalyzesmineremediationprocessesintheCanadiansub-Arcticandinvestigateshowlocalcommunitiesshapetheseprocesses.Usingtheconceptsofecologicalrestoration,environmentaljustice,socialwastetheory,andtheoriesofrepair,careandstewardship,thispapersinvestigateshoweffectivelyAboriginalknowledgeandcommunityconcernshavebeenincludedinremediationplanning.Recognizingthatremediationplanstendtofocusonthephysicalandeconomicaspectsofcontainingpollution,thispaperasks:Howcanthecurrentapproachtomineremediationbechangedfromafocusonsitecontainmenttoabroaderemphasisoncommunityremediation,restoration,repairandreconciliation?Iarguethat,withoutacommunityobjectivesbasedapproachtoremediation,suchprojectsriskcontinuingsystemsofdegradationandmarginalizationthatallowedforsuchdestructiontohappeninthefirstplace.TheGiantcaseillustratesthepotentialforcommunityactivismtoshiftremediationtoincludesocialissuessuchasenvironmentaljustice,reconciliationandintergenerationalequity.Thisresearchcontributestoabroaderunderstandingofthesocialdimensionsoftoxiccontaminationandmineremediation,andthedevelopmentofbestpracticesforcommunityengagementduringmineclosure.

18.4a IndigenousCommunitiesandExtractiveIndustriesintheArctic:ProcessesofDominationandCo-existence

Chairs:GailFondahl,GunhildHoogensen,DonatasBrandisauskas,ViktoriyaFilippova,AytalinaIvanova,AntoninaSavvinova,andFlorianStammler

9June-10:30a.m.

18.4a.1

Dealingwithindustrialdevelopment:indigenous-industryagreementsintheArctic

ElseGreteBroderstad,GregPoelzer,CamillaBrattland,Hans-KristianHernes

IntheCircumpolarNorth,increasedindustrialdevelopmentssuchasmineralextraction,fishfarming,andhydroelectricdevelopmentprojectsposeriskstoindigenouslifewaysandrightstolandandwater.Duringtherecentyears,theArcticcountrieshaveestablishedvariousformsofinstitutionalorregulatorymechanismstodealwiththesekindofrisks.Themechanismsinquestionoftenneedtohandletwooppositemandates:sustainablemanagementofrenewableresourcesandeconomicdevelopment.NorthAmericahaswitnessedtheemergenceandinstitutionalizationofanumberofintergovernmentalarrangementsbetweenthestateandIndigenousgovernancebodies,aswellasbetweenIndigenouspeoplesandindustryactors.InFennoscandia,newanddiversegovernancearrangementsareemergingaimingtosecureindigenousinterestandrights.Forexample,theFirstNationsPowerAuthorityinSaskatchewan(Canada)enabledFirstNationstodevelopandsellhydropower,bio-mass,andotherformsofelectricalpowertothestate-ownedutilitycompany,SaskPowerCorporation.IntheNordiccountries,thereareexperienceswiththeestablishmentoffundsorcompaniestochannelbacktherevenue/incomefrompowerproduction(suchasFinnmarkKraft)orothercommonpoolresourcestolocalcommunities,butspecificSamiconcernsarestillweaklyaddressed.Theseexampleswillserveascasesinthepaper.Weask;underwhatconditionsareagreementsandgovernancemechanismsactuallyofbenefittoIndigenouspeoples,andwhatkindofbenefitshaveensued?Whataretheindigenousexperienceswiththeestablishedmonetaryorresourcefundsasacompensatorymechanism?WhatcantheNordiccountrieslearnfromtheNorthAmericaninitiativeswhenitcomestoassessinganddealingwithriskstoindigenousrightsandlifeways?Wediscussthepossibletransfervalueoftheseprojectstootherdevelopmentventuresthatpotentiallyposearisktoindigenouslifeways.

18.4a.2

EthnologyexpertiseinYakutia

VyacheslavShadrin

Yakutiain2010adoptthelawofethnologicalexpertise,whichincludesthestudyoftheimpactoftheindustrialprojectsonindigenouspeoplesandthecompensationforthedamagecaused.Thislawestablishedmandatoryforethnologicalassessmentsforproposedeconomicandotheractivitiesinplacesoftraditionalresidenceandtraditionaleconomicactivitiesofindigenouspeoples.Thecompanyitselfispreparingdocuments,workingwithcommunities,assesshowmuchdamageispossible,includingpossibleornottheseactivitiesasmuchaspossibletominimizethisactivity,assessestheamountofcompensation.Thenthesedocumentscomeintothegovernment.Itemploysexpertgroup,includesrepresentativesofindigenouspeoplesandthatevaluatesmaterials.Weconductedaseriesofexpertises.Theresultofthisworkwastheunderstandingoftheproblemsrelatedtotheethnologicalexpertise.Firstlyit'sneedamechanismofactionforbigRussiancompanies,whichmayignorelocallaws.Secondly,itisnecessarytodevelopamethodologytoassesstheexistingdamage.Thismethodallowstoestimatetheeconomiclossesrelatedwiththeland.However,itdoesn'tallowtocalculatethedamagetoethno-culturalandsocialphenomena-language,culture,lifestyle,etc.,which,infact,isfundamentaltotheethnologicalexpertise.Third,itisthedevelopmentofrequirementsforthedocumentspreparedbythecompanyandsubmittedforethnologicalexpertise.Fourth,it'stoensurethefullparticipationandkeepingindigenouspeoples'viewsonthemechanismofethnologicalexpertise.Fifth,it'sneedamonitoringtheimplementationoftheresultsofethnologicalexpertise.Weneedtoensurethatindustrialdevelopmentmustbeunderthecontrolofindigenouspeoples.Toensureaconflict-freecoexistenceofindustrialcompaniesandthelocalpopulationisn'tpossible,therefore,needadialogue,andinthefuturetheparticipationintheco-managementofnaturalresources.

18.4a.3

ImaginedterritorialityandlivedexperienceofthelandinSouthYakutia

AytalinaIvanova

ThispaperconnectstheoryofhumanterritorialitytothelivedexperienceofthelandamongEvenkireindeerherdersandtheiradministratorsinSouthYakutia.Inthisfieldsiteidentifiedontheonehandneatlycircumscribedlegallyrecognisedterritoriesforindigenouscommunities(obshchiny).Ontheotherhand,thefactuallivedexperienceofreindeerherdersonthelandhasnothingtodowiththeseterritories-someofthosearemany100sofkmaway.EthnographicexperienceofthissituationleadstoconcludealongSchopenhauer's"theworldaswillandimagination":assigningterritoriestoreindeerherdersremainsanexerciseforthesakeofclaimsandentitlementsvisavisoutsiders,whoareanticipatedoralreadycomingandopeningupareasfortheexpansionofextractiveindustries.These'imaginedterritories'areputonpaperanddeveloptheirownrealityeventhoughherdersandhuntersmayneversetfootonthem.Ontheotherhand,theareaswherethethehuman-environmentrelationsareenactedformthemainliveworldforherdersandhunters,whoseemtohavearrangedthemselveswiththesituationoflivingontwolandsinparrallel:onpaperontheirterritory'aswillandimagination',forwhichtheycanlobbyforandgetcompensationfromindustry;andtheirlivedlandthatformsthecentreoftheirlifeworld.Thepaperconcludesthatthisparallelterritorialityisingoodlinewiththeparallellifeworldofindigenousherderstoday:ontheonehandtheyarepartofasocialrealitydominatedbysedentarynon-indigenousadministrators,whileatthesametimetheystrugglebutcontinuetolivetheirownpartnershipwiththeenvironment,whichdoesnotneedarealityonpaperbutindailyinteractionwithotherbeingsontheland.Keywords:Territoriality,legalanthropology,Yakutia,extractiveindustries,indigenouspeoples.

18.4a.4

Co-managementboardsofcariboumanagementintheCanadianArcticasapolicymodelforfutureoildrillingoperations

EvgeniiaSidorova

TheresourceextractionintheArcticseemstobequiteviableeconomically,butdrillingoperationspotentiallycouldharmthenaturalenvironment.TheArcticindigenouscommunitiesarehighlydependentonthelocalpopulationofcaribouasamatteroftheirculturalsurvival,buttheireffortstoprotecttheirsubsistencerightsaretooweakincomparisonwiththepowerofindustryandgovernmentrepresentatives.ThispaperislookingforaneffectivepolicymodelforthefutureoildrillingintheArcticthatwouldprovideaconsensusbetweenopponentsandproponentsofdrilling.Iuseaqualitativecasestudyoftheco-managementmodelintheCanadianNorth(specificallyfocusingonthecaseoftheBeverly-KaminuriakBarrenGroundCaribouManagementAgreement).Theco-managementmodelsuggests“theintegrationofthestate-basedandindigenousself-regulatorysystemsthatresultinmoreappropriate,efficientandequitableresourcemanagement.”Theseboardscreateadialoguewhereindustryandgovernmentrepresentativesandindigenouspeoplescantalkabouthowtofightresourcecrises,andavertapotentialbiological/politicalcrisis.

18.4a.5

Transitionofinteractionexperiencebetweenindigenouspeoples’communitiesandcoalextractiveindustryfromSouthSiberiatotheArctic.

DmitryBerezhkov

Small-numberedindigenouspeoplesoftheRussianArcticandSiberia,theirtraditionallandsandlivelihoodremaintobeundertheintensepressureofindustrialdevelopment,lackoflegalprotectionandenvironmentaldegradationnowadays.Inrecentyears,somenewthreatslikeclimatechangeorgeneralrollbackoftheRussiandemocracydeterioratethesituationsharply.DepletionofoldnaturalresourcesdepositspushesextractiveindustryfurthertotheHighNorthterritoriesdespiteoflowpricesforrawmaterials,lackoftechnologiesandgeneraleconomicdeclineinthecountry.Asexperienceshows,businesscanquicklyadjusttonewcircumstancesandusethemforitsownbenefit,whichin

itsturncouldleadtointensificationofindigenouspeoples'rights’violations.ThepaperdescribesthecaseofShorcommunityKazasfromSiberiawhichsuffersfromcoalminingfordecadesandcurrenttransitionofcoalbusinessapproachtowardsindigenouspeoplesfromSiberiatotheArctic.

18.4b IndigenousCommunitiesandExtractiveIndustriesintheArctic:ProcessesofDominationandCo-existence

Chairs:GailFondahl,GunhildHoogensen,DonatasBrandisauskas,ViktoriyaFilippova,AytalinaIvanova,AntoninaSavvinova,andFlorianStammler

9June-1:30p.m.

18.4b.1

DataInfrastructures,Community-BasedMonitoringandIndigenousknowledge

NoorJohnson,PeterPulsifer,ColleenStrawhacker

Scientistsandpolicy-makersareincreasinglyinterestedinutilizingdataandtechnologyinfrastructurestomakeobservationsofArcticchangebroadlyavailableforsynthesis,assessment,anddecision-making.EffortssuchastheSustainingArcticObservingNetworks(SAON)aimtocoordinateamongobservingnetworksforthepurposeofsupportinglong-termdatacollectionacrossavarietyofplatformsandmakingdataavailabletoawiderangeofusers.Theseeffortsfacesignificantoperationalchallenges,however,includingthoseofbuildingdatainfrastructuresthatsupportdiversekindsofdataandobservations.Take,forexample,community-basedmonitoring,whichisgainingincreasingrecognitionbasedonitsperceivedpotentialtocontributeobservationsforbothscientificresearchanddecision-making.Arcticcommunities,particularlyIndigenouscommunities,organizeandparticipateinmonitoringeffortsbasedonverydifferentprioritiesandgoalsthanthoseofconventionalscience.Supportingthedataneedsofcommunity-basedmonitoringprogramsthereforerequiresthoughtfullydesigninginfrastructuresthatcanbeadaptedtorespondtotheneedsofusercommunitiesandprotectsensitivedata.TheExchangeforLocalObservationsandKnowledgeoftheArctic(ELOKA)workswithIndigenousArcticcommunitiesandresearcherstodevelopinfrastructuresforthestewardshipofIndigenousknowledgeandcommunity-basedmonitoring.Examplesincludecyberatlasdevelopmentandcartographicrepresentationsofcultural,social,andenvironmentalknowledge,aswellassystemsforlong-termmanagementandstorageofsuchinformation.Drawingontheoryandappliedexperience,thispaperwillconsiderboththepotentialofdatainfrastructurestosupportsharingofIndigenousknowledgeandcommunity-basedobservationsofenvironmentalchangeaswellaschallengestotheirrealizationasemancipatoryprojects.

18.4b.2

‘Indigenousspace’inArcticdevelopmentdiscourse:AcasestudyoftheGwich’inNationandtheArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge,AlaskaUSA

ElizabethRobson

ThespecificcasestudyexaminedinthispaperistheinvolvementoftheGwich’inNationinthelong-runningdisputeoverpetroleumdevelopment,specificallyoilexplorationanddrilling,withintheArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge(ANWR)inAlaska.ThestudyfocusesonhowGwich’inspokespeoplehavearticulatedtheirindigeneityinpractice,inordertoextendsolidarityandexertinfluence.Itexploreshowthreekeyaspectshaveinfluencedthedebate:i)Gwich’inpeople’sindigenousstatus;ii)thelocationoftheintendeddevelopment;andiii)theinvolvementofnatureconservationinterests.Thedebateisapproachedprimarilythroughwrittenrecords,withconsiderationalsogiventoaudio-visualrepresentations.Thedocumentsareoftwotypes:formalprocesses,suchasPublicHearingsandCongressionalCommittees,inwhichGwich’inrepresentativesaddressdecision-makersdirectly;andlessformalchannels,suchaspublicationsormedia,designedtoreachandinfluencea

generalpublicaudience.Thepaperdescribeshowimages,ideasandnarrativesrelatedtoindigenouspeoplesandtheenvironmenthavebeenusedstrategicallybyGwich’inspokespeopletoestablishtheirlegitimacyandauthorityinthedebate,andtochallengedominantframingsoftheissues.Itproposesthattheconceptof‘indigenousspace’(Hathaway2010)isusefulinsurfacingthedynamicinteractionsthatinfluenceindigenousself-representationandinhighlightingbarrierstotheinclusionofalternativeperspectiveswithindevelopmentdiscourse.

18.4b.3

IndigenousGovernanceofNaturalResourceExtraction:AlternativeInstitutionalModelsforMediatingCommunity-CorporateRelations

HalSalzman,MarieLowe

Naturalresourcesofferthepotentialmeansforeconomic“development”andself-determinationyet,instead,typicallyleadtothe“naturalresourcescurse”ofrelianceoncorporationsandelitesthatprovideminimalreturnstolocalcommunities.Theresearchondevelopmentincreasinglyidentifiesthenatureofinstitutionsasthekeyfactorshapingthetypeandintegrityofgovernanceandbenefitsofresourceextractiontoindigenouscommunities.ThisempiricalresearchanalyzestwoinstitutionalmodelsinAlaskacommunities,AlaskaNativeCorporationsandtheCommunityDevelopmentQuotaprogram,thatmanagenaturalresourcerevenuestosupportcommunitydevelopmentandvaryingdegreesofself-governanceinthecontextofoutsidecorporateresourceextractionorprocessing.Theanalysisexploresthekeydimensionsofinstitutions,governance,andresourcerevenuemanagementandtheinter-organizationalrelationshipswithoutsidefirmsandgovernmentsthatcanprovidepositivedevelopmentpathways,atleastpartiallyaddressingthenaturalresourcescurse.

18.4b.4

Gold-miningandIndigenousDevelopmentinSouthernYakutia:EvolvingRelationshipsandLocalEvaluations

ViktoriyaFilippova

ActiveindustrialdevelopmentinRussian’snorthintensifiesanthropogenicimpactsonthevulnerableenvironmentandfrequentlycreatessituationsofconflictwithindigenouspeoplewhentheirtraditionallandsandlivelihoodsarecompromised.Industrieshaveattemptedtogainaccessandsociallicensebyprovidingcompensationsandbenefitstolocalpopulations,tohelpwiththeir‘development’.Sometimesthecompaniesarerequiredtodosobyregulations;morecommonlytheyareencouragedtodosoinordertominimizeprotestandconflict.InthispaperweexaminethecaseofanexpandinggoldminingoperationinsouthernSakhaRepublic(Yakutia)locatedonthetraditionalterritoryofEvenkipeople.Throughpromisesoffinancialbenefits,employmentopportunitiesandminimalenvironmentaldisruption,thecompany,Neryungri-Mettalik,hassoughttodeveloppositiverelationswiththelocalcommunityandhasengagedinnegotiatedagreementswiththeheadofthelocalEvenkvillageadministration,toostensiblyhelpwithcommunitydevelopment.Interviewswithlocalresidentsandanalysisofarticlesintheregionalpressprovidefodderforevaluatingthesuccessofboththeinitiativesandthediscourseoflocalcommunitydevelopmentthroughengagementwithindustrialplayers.

18.4b.5 BenefitSharingArrangementsBetweenOilCompaniesandIndigenousPeopleintheRussianArctic

MariaTysiachniouk

ThispaperprovidesaninsightintovariousmodesofbenefitsharingagreementsbetweenoilandgascompaniesandindigenouspeopleinRussianArctic.Thisworkexaminesthefactorsthatinfluence

thosemodesandtheirefficiencyintermsofproceduralanddistributionalequity.ResearchwasconductedusingqualitativemethodologyinthreeregionsofRussia(NenetsAutonomousOkrug,Khanty-MansiAutonomousOkrug,Sakhalin).Accordingtoourfindings,therearethreemainmodesofdeliveryofbenefitsinRussianArctic:1)statepaternalism,2)corporatesocialresponsibility3)partnership.InthepartnershipmodeonSakhalinweseethattheproceduralequityismuchhigherthaninothercases.Thedecisionsonbenefitsharingaremadetogetherwiththeindigenouspeopleandtheresponsibilityisshared.TheothertwocasesrepresentaresetofSovietpracticesonthemarketbasis,thedistributionalequitymaybesufficient,buttheproceduralequityislow.

18.5a CurrentResearchonExtractiveIndustriesandtheSustainabilityintheArctic

Chairs:AndreyPetrov,ChrisSouthcott,TierryRodon,andSverkerSörlin

8June-11:30a.m.

18.5a.1

TheMineClosed–NowWhat?Re-EnvisioningResourceExtractionSitestoStimulateLocalCommunities

RyanBergstrom

ThelifeofCuylerAdams,theIllinoisbornfarmer,contractor,sawmilloperator,real-estatemagnate,anddiscovererofoneofthelargestironoredepositintheworld,hasbeencalled"atrueromanceofbusiness,ofscience,andofhumannature."TheKennedyMinethatAdamsestablishedin1903wasthefirstofapproximately30minesthatoperatedthroughouttheCuyunaRange,thelastofnorthernMinnesota'sthreegreat"IronRanges".ThirtyyearsafterthefinalclosingoftheminesintheCuyunaRange,theIronRangeResourcesRehabilitationBoard(IRRRB)alongwiththeMinnesotaDepartmentofNaturalResources,andnumerousotherlocalandstateagenciesandnonprofitorganizations,establishedtheCuyunaStateRecreationalArea(SRA).ThegoaloftheSRAwastonotonlystimulatelocaleconomiesaftermining,butalsotopreserveandprotecttheregion'snaturalenvironment.Asaresult,todaytheSRAcoversover5000acres,andincludessixnaturallakes,15artificiallakesformedfromminingpits,25milesofshoreline,threecampgrounds,andover25milesofworld-classmountainbikingopportunitiesthatdrawtouriststosurroundingcommunitiesthroughouttheyear.TheobjectiveofthisstudywastotrackthehistoryoftheCuyunaSRAtobetterunderstandhowformerextractivesitescanbere-envisionedandappropriatedtobenefitlocalcommunitiesandthenaturalenvironmentlongafterminingceases,andhowthecuriouscaseofCuyunacanbeappliedtootherformerextractivesitesthroughoutArcticandSub-Arcticregions.

18.5a.2

Effectsofresourcedevelopment,sovereignwealthfunds,andlandclaimssettlementsonpovertyreductioninruralAlaska

MatthewBerman

Abstract:ResourcedevelopmentfollowingthediscoveryofoilatPrudhoeBayandtheAlaskaNativeClaimsSettlementAct(ANCSA)hascreatedbillionsofdollarsofcashflowsannualfromruralAlaskaforthepastseveraldecades.TheAlaskaPermanentFundandmanyANCSAcorporationshavebeenpayingsubstantialdividendstoruralAlaskaresidents,providingbasicincomeinaregionwithfewemploymentopportunities.Evaluatingtheeffectsofthisbasicincomeonpovertyreductionrequiresaccuratedetaileddataonincomebysource.Comparisonofnon-wageincomereportedintheonlycomprehensivedatasourceofsocialandeconomicindicators,generatedbytheUSCensusBureau,tototalcashpaymentsfromtheAlaskaPermanentFundandANCSAcorporationdividendsrevealssubstantialunder-ereportingofthisincome.UsinghouseholdlevelCensusBureaudata,wereconstructedincometoincludelikelydividendreceipts,andcomparedpovertyrateswithandwithoutthisincome.Resultsshowedasubstantialeffectonpoverty:morethantwiceasmuch

asmightbeinferredfrompublisheddata.ThereductioninAlaskaPermanentFundDividenddistributionsnecessitatedbyAlaska'sneedtodivertrevenuesfromthePermanentFundearningstopayforstategovernmentoperationswilllikelyleadtoalargeincreaseruralAlaskapovertyrates;however,theincreasethatappearsinofficialpovertystatisticswillbemuchsmallerthatwhatactuallyoccurs.

18.5a.3

TheDevelopmentLinkageinNaturalResourceEconomies

LeeHuskey

Thispaperexploresthelongtermeconomicconsequencesofaresourceboom.Theboom-buststoryofnaturalresourcebasedeconomiesdescribesthemasfragile,dependentonthefortunesoftheirnaturalresourceindustries.Aneconomysimplycontractswhenitsstaplessectordeclines.Anumberofauthorshavehypothesizedthatresourcedevelopmentundercertainconditionswouldleavebehindamoreresilienteconomy.Thisargumentsuggeststhesupportsectorwillnotcompletelycollapseinastaplesbustandsomeportionofitwillremain.Thisremainderchangesthefrontiereconomicenvironment,providingservicesandreducingcostsforfutureeconomicactivity.UnderstandingtheconditionswhichthishappenswilladdadevelopmentlinkagetoStapleTheory.Thedevelopmentlinkageprovidesawaytounderstandhowresourcedevelopmentcontributestolongtermcommunityeconomicwell-being.ThehistoricdevelopmentexperienceofanumberofcommunitiesinAlaskaandCanadathatexperiencedresourceboomsprovidesatestforthishypothesis.

18.5b CurrentResearchonExtractiveIndustriesandtheSustainabilityintheArctic

Chairs:AndreyPetrov,ChrisSouthcott,TierryRodon,andSverkerSörlin

8June-2:30p.m.

18.5b.1

Well-BeingandResourceDevelopment

BrendaParlee

Thepresentationcriticallydiscussestheusefulnessof"well-being"asaframeworkforinterpretingandaddressingtheinterrelatedsocialandecologicalimpactsofresourcedevelopmentinthecircumpolarnorth.Thevalues,beliefsandsocialnormssurroundingtheprocessandoutcomeofwell-beinginfluencehowindividuals,communitiesandinstitutionsperceiveandrespondtoresourcedevelopmentprojectssuchasmining,hydrodevelopmentandpetroleumextraction.Italsoframesthemeaningandsignificanceofthebenefits/dis-benefitsthatareexperienced.DrawingonempiricalresearchwithnorthernIndigenouscommunities,thepresentationexamineshowwell-beinghasbeenusedinthreeenvironmentalassessmentprocessesandtheextenttowhichithasobscuredorimprovedunderstandingoftherealitiesoftheresourcedevelopmentprojectsandtheirimplicationsfornortherncommunities.

18.5b.2

MiningEconomies,MiningFamilies:ExtractiveIndustriesandBusinessDevelopmentintheCanadianSub-arctic

StephanSchott,AntenehBelayneh,ThierryRodon

Thispaperanalyzestheimpactsofmajorextractiveindustries,particularlytheRaglanMineandtheVoisey’sBayMineonbusinessdevelopmentinNunavikandNunatsiavutrespectively.Thediscussioninfocusgroupsrevolvedaroundthreemajorthemessurroundingtheminingindustryandeconomicdevelopment.FirstBenefits

fromminingandimpactsonbusinessesdependonthestageofminingdevelopmentwithdifferentexperiences,expectations,andchallengesateachstageoftheminingprocess.Secondly,theimpactbenefitagreement(IBA)andthedefinitionofInuitownershipaffectsbusinessdevelopment,partnershipsandspecialization.Preliminaryinsightsindicatethattheabilityofnon-specializedlocalbusinessestopartnerupwithoutsidecompaniesputsspecializedlocalcompaniesinavulnerableposition.ThisseemstoconstrainthelevelofspecializationofInuitbusinesses.Thirdly,thereareunforeseenimpactsonmigrationandthedistributionofbenefitsbetweenlocalcommunitiesandregionalhubs.Thebenefitsofminingaredistributeddifferentlybetweencommunitiesclosertothemineandlargerregionalhubs;howeverthisdistributionofbenefitsseemstovaryconsiderablybyregionandthestageofminingdevelopment.Theminingoperationmight,therefore,resultinunforeseenpermanentmigrationawayfromcommunitiesthatareincloseproximitytothemineonceacertaindevelopmentstageisreached.Inthispaper,wepresentthestructureandcontentofacomprehensivebusinesssurveythatweareconductinginNunatsiavutandNunavik.Wepresentapreliminaryanalysisoftheresultssofarandlinkthemtothediscussionandfindingsofthefocusgroups.

18.5b.3

RussiancapacitytodevelopitsoffshorehydrocarbonresourcesintheKaraSea:Arcticandglobalimplications

JonSkinner(CANCELLED)

IncreasingseasonalicefreeArcticwatersandmarketdemandtoexpandhydrocarbonextractiontopreviouslyundevelopedoffshoreregionshasacceleratedanArcticpriorityinnationalstrategiesandinternationalforums.Itisproposedthatgeo-strategically,thesheersizeoftheKaraSeahydrocarbonfieldsisofapredictivemagnitudegreatenoughtoimpacttheprogressionorregressionoftheRussianeconomy;andtherebyhaveapredictivevalueonthecapacityforRussianunilateralforeignpolicydecisions.Rosnefthasreleasedfiguresofapotential30to40billionbarrelsofrecoverableundiscoveredoilreservesintheSouthKaraSeabasinandsignificantlymoreinthemoreremotenorthernwaters,representingthelargestunexploitedhydrocarbonpotentialremainingfortheRussianFederation.TherearealsoundercurrentsofskepticismthattheRussiansmaynotachieveoffshoreproductionatthepaceandorscaletheyenvision.ThoughthedirecteconomiccontributionstotheglobaleconomyofexploitationofKaraSeahydrocarbonsislikelynotagamechanger,thetechnologicalsophisticationitwillrequireandthelevelofcooperationandintegrationneededbetweenthemostadvancedWesterncorporatetechniquesandRussianpartners,couldwellbeforRussiancentralstatestability.Inthiscontext,hydrocarbondevelopmentintheKaraSearegionlendsitselftointerdisciplinarystudyasameanstoassessRussia’srelativestrategicstability.TheresearchincorporatedtwoprimarytoolstoassessthedriversimpactingsuccessfulRussianhydrocarbondevelopmentofitsKaraSearesources.Thefirstwasasurvey-interviewofexpertsandthesecondwasthecreationofscenarionarratives(assistedbyaworkshopofArcticexpertsandstakeholders).ThefourscenariosweredesignedtoexplorethecomplexityoftheinterplayofthedriversofhydrocarbondevelopmentintheKaraSea,withtheobjective,ofidentifyingplausiblefuturedecisionpointsforplannersandpolicymakers.

18.5b.3

ArcticOffshoreDevelopment:SustainabilityIssuesPrevail

AndreyKrivorotov

ReconcilingenvironmentalandproductiongoalshasalwaysbeenamajorchallengefortheArcticoffshoreoil&gasindustry.Asourcountry-by-countryanalysisshows,eachgovernmenthastoweighthepotentialgainsofresourcedevelopment(enhancingenergysecurity,foreignpolicyeffects,regionalandindustrialspin-offs)againstcomplexconsiderationslikeParisAgreements,domesticpolicyagenda,budgetaryimpactsandrisksforthenature.Overthepastthreeyears,theprospectsforArcticoffshoredevelopmenthavegrownincreasinglycomplicated.PolicystakeholdersareheavilypreoccupiedbynumerouschallengesintheglobalSouthandnewgianttradeblocks.Globalmacroeconomicturmoil,pertaininglowoilpricesandstructuraltransformations

(shaledevelopment,emergingshelfareas,etc.)affectmarginalhydrocarbonprovincesworldwide.WesternsanctionsonexportsofArcticanddeepwaterdrillingandproductionequipmenttoRussiahavehittheindustryfurtherbysplittingtheinternationalmarketforadvancedoffshoretechnologiesandthusjeopardizingreturnoninvestmentsintherelevantR&D.Underthecircumstances,sustainabilityconsiderations(whichhadalreadybeenhighontheagendaaftertheMacondooilspillandKulluqincident)startedclearlytodominatethemindsetofpolicy-makers,oil&gascompaniesandlocalcommunitiesin2015-early2017.Withfewexceptions(mainlyinNorway),Arcticoffshorelicensing,explorationanddevelopmenthasstalledorbeenpostponedworldwide.Iflefttoprivateinvestmentsonly,theoilrushmayturnintoyetanother‘tidalwave’(likeformerquestsforfurs,whales,goldormilitarypresence)whichhittheArcticandthenretreat,leavingfewremnants.Thisrepresentsachallengetoallstakeholders,urgingthemtoimprovetheirmid-termplanning,enhancemutualcooperationandmaximizerippleeffectsofanyoffshoreproject.

18.6 Conflictorcoexistence?ChallengingtheconceptofSápmiasacolonyforextractiveindustries

Chairs:ÅsaÖssbo,KristinaSehlinMcNeil,andMay-BrittÖhman

12June-10:30a.m.

18.6.1

ExtractiveViolenceonIndigenousCountry

KristinaSehlinMacNeil

ThispresentationonconflictandpowerrelationsbetweenextractiveindustriesandIndigenousgroupsinSwedenandAustralia,drawsontwocasestudiestocomparesituationsforLaevasreindeerherdingSamicommunityinnorthernSwedenandAdnyamathanhaTraditionalOwnersinSouthAustralia.TheanalysisemployspeaceresearcherJohanGaltung’sconceptsofculturalandstructuralviolenceasanalyticaltoolstofurtherexploreandcontrasttheparticipants’experiencesofinteractionswithextractiveindustriesandindustrialproponents.Inadditiontheconceptofextractiveviolenceisintroduced–definedasaformofdirectviolencebutrelatingspecificallytoextractivismandIndigenouspeoples–asacomplementtoGaltung’smodel.Theresultsshowthatalthoughtheexpressionsofcultural,structuralandextractiveviolenceexperiencedbythetwoIndigenouscommunitiesarevaried,theimpactsarestrikinglysimilar.Bothcommunitiesidentifiedextractiveviolence,supportedbystructuralandculturalviolence,asthreatstothecontinuationoftheirsocietiesandcultures.Furthermore,theresultssuggestthatinordertoachieveconflicttransformationandaddressviolenceagainstIndigenouspeoples,Indigenousanddecolonisingperspectivesmustbetakenintoaccount.

18.6.2

ForestSámireindeerherdingvsepistemologicalandcolonialracism

May-BrittÖhman,HenrikAndersson,PetriStorlöpare

RepresentativesoftheSwedishstatecommonlypresentSwedenasbeingintheglobalfrontregardingdemocracy,humanrightsandenvironmentallysustainability.MeanwhiletheSwedishstateisperforminggenocideagainstitsIndigenouspeople.Statesupported/encouragedindustrialexploitationssuchasmining,hydropower,forestry,windpower,militarization,roadsandrailroadsisincreasinglyenvironmentallydestroyingSámiterritory,endangeringthefutureforSámireindeerherdingaswellasallotherSámitraditionalandlocallivelihoods.AmorethancenturylongaggressivecolonialracistpolicyhastakenandcontinuestotakeitstollonSámicommunitiesandindividualsaswellasotherlocalinhabitants.However,theSámihavenevergivenup.ThispresentationprovidesinsightintotheeverydaystrugglesofHenrikAndersson,a36yearoldForestSámiandreindeerherderofGällivareForestSámivillage,CEOofhisowncompanywherehealsoworkswiththebuildingoftraditionalSámitimbercoralsandgoatje.AnderssonhasworkedwiththestrengtheningofreindeerherdingandotherSámitraditionssinceyoungage.Afilmandresearchprojectcollaborationinvolving

Andersson,filmmakerPetriStorlöpareandDr.Öhman(alsoForestSámi),putsfocusontheonehandAndersson’sdailystrugglestoprotecttheimportantforestsandlandsforreindeerherding,inparticularagainstthethreatofwindpowerconstructionsbythestateownedcompanyVattenfallandtheprivateVasavind.OntheotherhandthepresentationisoneoutofÖhman’smanyFeminist/Indigenoustechnoscienceinterventions,challengingthecolonialandracistSwedishenergypoliticswhereSámivoicesarestrategicallyexcluded.

18.6.3

Damagedone.ExploringtheongoingconsequencesforlocalSamicommunitiesasaresultoftheSwedishHydropowerdevelopment.

ÅsaÖssbo,KristinaSehlinMacNeil

Itiscommonlyperceivedthatthedammingofriversforelectricityproductionisenvironmentallyfriendly.However,theimpactoflarge-scalehydropowerdevelopmentintheSwedishpartofSápmicomplicatesthisview.Neithercanthisimpactbelefthiddeninhistory,sinceitisatangiblerealityforthosewholiveandworkalongtheindustrialisedwaterways.ThemostimportantrenewablepartsoftheenergysystemarebasedonahistorywhereSamirightstotheirlandweredevaluedandnotmetintheauthorizationprocessesforhydroelectricdevelopment.SamiexperiencesoflandscapetransformationthattheindustrialisationofthewatersbroughtwiththemremainablindspotinthehistoryoftheSwedishenergysystem.ThusthereisariskofcontinuinginvisibilityoftheconsequencesfortheSamicommunitiesinpoliticaldecisionsregardingenergysystemsandothercommunityplanningdevelopmentinthefuture,whichinturnleadstoinfringementsoncommunitiesinruralareas.ThisisparticularlyacuteforSamicommunities,whohavestrongconnectionstotheirtraditionallandsandwhoarebearingthebruntofaneverincreasingresourceextractioninSápmitoday.Thisinitiationprojectaimstofurtherexplorethepossibilitiesofapplyingforandconductingalargerresearchprojectwheretheprospectiveresearchparticipantsarepartoftheprocessfromstarttofinish,i.e.thedesignofresearchquestionsaswellasthemethodsandactualexecutionoftheproject.ThegoalistodesignalargerresearchprojectinvolvingrelevantquestionsfortheparticipantsinordertocontributetoethicallyfoundedknowledgeofthelocalSamicommunities’changesandcontemporarychallengesasaresultofhydroelectricdevelopment.ThepurposeofthelargerresearchprojectistoexaminethechallengesthatSamisocietyfacestodayregardingtheongoingimpactsofhydroelectricdevelopmentandhowthesechallengescanbeovercome.

18.6.4

EarlymodernexploitationofnaturalresourcesandconstructionsofminingheritagetodayinSápmi

Carl-GöstaOjala,JonasM.Nordin

Thispaperdealswithcolonialhistoriesandlandscapesinthepresent-daySwedishpartofSápmi,focusingonthecontestedhistoryandheritageofearlymodernmining.Takingitsstartingpointinthe17thcenturysilvermineatNasafjäll/NásaandsilverworksatSilbojokk/SilbbajåhkåbyLakeSädvvájávrreinSápmi,asnodesintheearlymoderncolonialandmissionarylandscapes,thepaperdiscussesthecolonialprojectsoftheSwedishcrownandindustrialistssupportedbythecrowninthe17thand18thcenturies,andhowconstructionsofminingheritagetodayaffecttheunderstandingoftheearlymodernhistory.WearguethatthereisaneedtoviewSwedishcolonialisminalarger,internationalperspective,notseparatedfrommoregeneralEuropeancolonialideologiesandpractices,andalsotoexploretheconnectionsbetweentheearlymodernexploitationofnaturalresourcesinSápmiandSwedishparticipationincolonialprocessesinotherpartsoftheworld.Inthispaper,wealsodiscusspossibilitiestorethinkandchallengethehistoriesofextractiveindustriesinSápmibyengagingwithnewapproachestoarchaeology,withinspirationfrom

internationaldevelopmentsinthefieldsofIndigenous,andcommunity-basedandcommunity-initiatedarchaeology.CanarchaeologycontributetoamorecomplexandnuancedunderstandingofcolonialhistoryinSápmiintheearlymodernperiod,anditslegaciestoday?

18.7a ResourceextractionandsustainableArcticcommunities:interdisciplinaryperspectives

Chairs:DagAvango&GunhildRosqvist

10June-10:30a.m.

18.7a.1

Arcticminingsettlementsintransition:heritageprocesses,tourism,scienceandgeopolitics

DagAvango

Oneofthecharacteristicsoftheminingindustry,intheArcticandelsewhere,isitssensitivitytofluctuationsinworldmarketspricesanddemand.Afterboomperiodscomebustandeventuallyallminescometoanend.AcrossmineralrichareasintheArcticaretheenvironmentalandsocietalimprintsofmorethanahundredyearsofmining,legaciesfromthepastthatlingeroninthepresent,posingchallengestoresidentsandotherstakeholders.Legaciesofminingareinterpreteddifferentlyindifferentcontextsthough.Whilesomewillunderstandthemasunwantedimprintsofanunjustpast,othersmayappreciatethemasculturalheritage,resourcesfortourismorasstructuresthatcanbeusedfornewpurposes.IntwocloselyrelatedresearchprojectswithinREXSAC–ResourceExtractionandSustainableArcticCommunities–weexploreunderwhichcircumstancesmininglegaciescanbecomearesourceforpost-miningfutures.InthispaperIwillpresentoneofthecasestudiesofthisproject,thede-industrializationprocesscurrentlytakingplaceatSvalbard.Overthelasthundredyears,coalmininghasformedthebasisforsettlementatthisarchipelago.Todayhowevermostmineshavebeenclosedanddifferentactors,fromstatepolicymakersandofficials,toscientists,formeremployees,tominingandtourismcompanies,areseekingwaystobuildapost-industrialfutureforthesecommunities.Basedinterviewswithmorethan50actorsanddocumentationoffourformerorde-industrializingminingsettlements,Iwillseektoanswerthefollowingquestions:whatroledothematerialandimmateriallegaciesofpastminingoperationsplayindifferentfuturevisionsfortheSvalbardarchipelagoandwhy?Canthelegaciesofminingbecomearesourceforapost-miningSvalbardandinthatcasehow,forwhomandwhy?Whichlessonscanbedrawnfromthede-industrialisationprocessinSvalbardforotherpartsoftheArctic?

18.7a.2

ConstructionofcoalasaresourceintheSovietplannedeconomy:thecaseofArcticindustrialmonocitiesonSpitsbergen

VasilyBorovoy

InmyreportIwillarguethatSpitsbergencoalwasseennotonlyasacoverforstrategicpresenceofdifferentgovernments.ItwasseenalsoasaremedyforthefuelshortageofthenewlyestablishedSovietindustriesandfleetsintheEuropeanNorththeUSSRthroughoutthewholeperiodfromthebeginningofthe20thcenturyuntiltheSecondWorldWar.IwillelaboratenotonlyonthesupplyofindustrialneedsontheEuropeanNorthbutalsoonthesocialdimensionsofenergypolicy.SocialimpactisrepresentedbytargetedinterventionsofthestateagentsintoeconomicandlabourrelationsinthecommunitiesoftheSovietmonocitiesonSpitsbergen.Itwasdonetoshiftthebalanceofsocialorderintheseindustrialcommunitiesforthesakeofproductivitybythemeansofpoliticalpropaganda.Constructivistapproachmayprovideamoreproblematicandnuancedanalysisofthisfield.Itimplieddifferentperceptionsofaresourcedependingonneedsanddifferentcontextsofactors’performanceandvariousstrategiesofitsextraction.Fromthisangleofviewextractionofresourcesispresentednotasamerecoverofastruggleforstrategicterritoriesbutasamaterialjustificationofapossibilitytogovernthesecontestedlands.ChangesinsocialrelationsintheSovietindustrialmonocitieswillberegardedbothasconditionsandaftermathofconstructionofcoalasaresourceinplannedeconomy.

18.7a.3

IndustrialvsartisanalRussianfisheriesintheBarentsSea:historicalpathdependenceandcurrentstatus

JuliaLajus

Thepaperprovideshistoricalbackgroundforpathdependenceofcurrentsituationwithrestrictionsandunderdevelopmentofsmall-scaleartisanalfisheriesalongtheRussiancoastoftheBarentsSea.ItexploresmultisidedprocessofindustrializationoffisheriesintheBarentsSeasinthe1920s–1950swhenafterintensivedebatesandashortperiodofco-existenceofartisanalinshoreandindustrialoffshorefisheries,theSovietauthoritieschosedirectiontowardsrapidunbalancedindustrialization.Artisanalfisherieswerenotonlyovercompetedeconomically,butalsoofficiallyrestricted.Currentlytheyarepracticallyabsentintheregion.Forinstance,KamchatkaRedKingcrabfishing,basedonspecies,introducedinthe1960s,whichapproachedcommerciallysignificantabundanceinthe1990s,nowisrestrictedforlocalpeoplefishery.Thepaperofferscomparativeperspectivewithdevelopmentofsmall-scalebuttechnologicallyadvancedNorwegianfisheries.

18.7a.4

ComparisonofprocessofinternationalecologicalcertificationoffisheriesandforestryinRussia:driversandpatterns

DmitryLajus,DariaSmagina,CarinaKeskitalo

ForestStewardshipCouncil(FSC)andMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)areinternationalorganizationswithamaingoaltocertifysustainableuseofrenewablenaturalresourcessuchasforestandfishrespectively.Thestructureofeco-standardsandmethodologyofcertificationaresimilarinbothsystems,butinsomeextentdependonitsobjects.FSCprogrammeoperatesinRussiasincethe1990s,whereasMSC-sincemid-2000s.ThegoalofourresearchistocomparedriversandpatternsofprocessofcertificationinthesetwosystemsinRussiabasedonsemistructuredinterviewswithstakeholdersofMSCcertification,andanalysisofliteraturesourcesonFSCcertification.AlsowewilltrytoforecastfurtherdevelopmentofMSCcertificationsinRussiabasedonanalysisofpatternsofprocessofFSCcertifications.

18.7a.5

Fuelingdevelopment?The'social'intheArcticenergyscape

HannaLempinen

Inpolitical,popularandscholarlyframings,theArcticregionisonthebrinkofbecomingthe'world'snewenergyprovince':growthinglobalenergydemand,dwindlingreservesandpoliticalinstabilityatexistingproductionsites,warmingclimateandtechnologicaladvancementsarepushingenergyextractionactivitiesfurthertowardsthepreviouslyinaccessiblenorth.InthispresentationItakeacriticalperspectivetothis"orthodoxversion"(Hannigan2016)ofconstructingtheArcticenergyconcern.ThroughananalysisoftextsandimagesofnorthernmediareportingandArcticscientificassessmentsandreports,Idrawattentiontothewaysinwhich'energy'becomessynonymouswiththeexportsofoilandgasandtothewaysinwhichthesocialdimensionassociatedwithenergyinthenortharereducedtoregionalsocioeconomicsanddevelopmentalconcerns.

18.7b ResourceextractionandsustainableArcticcommunities:interdisciplinaryperspectives


10June-1:30p.m.

18.7b.1

HistoricalevolutionoftheTornioRiver’smininglandscape

ÉliseLépy,Vesa-PekkaHerva,HannuI.Heikkinen

ThelandssurroundingtheupstreampartoftheTornioriveraresubjecttoastrongandcontinuoussoilmineralization.Thisarearepresentsasubstantialreserveofironoreanditisthereforeanimportantgeographicalaxistostudyforfutureminingprospects.Besides,theTornioriverhasalonghistorywithminingdevelopmentssincetheestablishmentoftheKengisforgein1644andtheSvappavaaraminein1650.TheobjectiveofthisresearchistostudyhowminingheritageandpresentminingactivitieshaveshapedtheTornio’sriverlandscapeandanalyzethespatialandtemporaldynamicsofthismininglandscape.Theminingimpactsonpastlandscapesareanalyzedby(1)studyingthecolonizationandhumansettlementoftheTornioriver,(2)analyzingthedescriptionofthelandscapewrittenbytravelersintheiraccounts,and(3)analyzinghistoricalmaps.Animportantfocusismadeontheroleplayedbytheriverasasourceofenergy,transportationmodeetc.Thepresentationwillshowsomepreliminaryresultsobtainedfortheproject“UnderstandingtheculturalimpactsandissuesofLaplandmining”fundedbytheAcademyofFinlandandalsofortheREXSAC’sresearchactivities.

18.7b.3

MultiplepressuresfromdevelopmentofextractiveindustriesandclimatechangeonreindeerhusbandryinArcticSweden

NinisGunhildRosquist,NinisRosqvist,NiilaInga,GöranEriksson,PiaEriksson,SandraFisher,ChristianFohringer,JerkerJarsjö,RebeccaLawrence,PerSandström,NavinderSingh,CarlÖsterlin

ReindeerhusbandryinSwedishSápmiisexperiencinganincreaseddemandonlandusebyforestry,extractiveindustries,andinfrastructures;alivelihoodwhichisfurthermoreaffectedbyrapidongoingandprojectedfutureclimateandenvironmentalchanges,thecombinedeffectsofwhicharepoorlyunderstood.Thissituationrequiresanurgentdevelopmentofstrategicimpactassessmentmethods,includingscenariobuilding,toinvestigatetheeffectofmultipleandcumulativeimpactsofclimate,environmental,andlandusechangesonecosystemservices,especiallyonreindeerhusbandryinSwedishSápmi.InSápmithedominanttraditionallivelihoodofreindeerhusbandryisalreadystrugglingtoadapttoclimatechange,requiringmoreflexiblereindeerherdingpractices.Inpractice,however,flexibilityisreducedbecauseoflanduseclaimsbyothersocietalpressures.Reindeerherdingcommunitiesconcludethereforethattheircapacitytofurtheradjusttothesemultiplepressuresisverysmall.Arequiredtransformationtowardsamoresustainableuseofecosystemsinthisregionneedstobebasedonscenariosintowhichtheeffectofmultiplepressuresfromclimatechangeandcompetinglandusedemandsareintegrated.Weemployacross-disciplinaryapproachandconductcommunity-basedparticipatoryresearchinnorthernSwedenwherewecanbuildonthealreadywell-establishedcollaborationbetweentheapplicantsandSámirepresentatives.

18.7b.4

ResourceReindeer?TheintegrationofreindeerhusbandryintoSweden'swelfare-stateeconomyduringthepost-warperiod

CorinnaRöver

Duringthepost-warperiod,anincreasingnumberofSwedishstateauthoritiesandpractitionersbegantoapplyabusinesseconomicapproachtowardstheconductofreindeerhusbandry.ThispaperseekstodescribethedevelopmentofapredominantlyeconomicdiscourseonSamireindeerhusbandryaroundthe1960s,thedrivingactorsfurtheringit,andhowthisaffectedindigenousherdingpractices.

AfterWorldWarII,theSwedishgovernment’sofficialviewonreindeerherdingandontheSamipopulationchangedradically.Thischangeincludedthewithdrawalofsegregationist“LappshallremainLapp”policiesandastrongpushtowardsthemodernizationofreindeerhusbandry.

Intherapidlydevelopingwelfarestate,standardizedlarge-scalesolutionsbecamewide-spread,andthepracticeofreindeerhusbandrybecameincreasinglyexposedtoextensiverationalizationefforts.Withthehelpofmoderntechnologyandup-to-dateresearch,thetraditionallivelihoodwastobeintegratedintothemodernwelfarestateeconomicsystem.Organizationalstructureschanged,andreindeerhusbandrydevelopedanunprecedentedemphasisontheproductionofreindeermeatasmarketcommodity.TheaimistodiscusshowthesedevelopmentsmayhaveshapedpastandpresentunderstandingsofreindeerhusbandryinSweden.

18.7c ResourceextractionandsustainableArcticcommunities:interdisciplinaryperspectives


10June-1:30p.m.

18.7c.1

Extractivelegacies-AcomparativestudyofheritagisationofformerextractiveindustrialspacesintheArctic

CamillaWinqvist

InthispaperIwillpresentmydissertationprojectwithintheframeworkofREXSAC.TheaimoftheprojectistoexamineheritagisationprocessesinareasintheArcticthatareorhavebeenaffectedbyextractiveindustries,inordertoexplainwhyheritagisationprocessesstart,developorend.Thestudyiscomparative,withcasestudiesfromtheEuropeanArctic.Iwillexplorehowexperiencesandinterpretationsofthepast,aswellaspowerrelationsandeconomicinterests,haveshapedtheviewonlegaciesfromlarge-scaleextractionsofnaturalresources,andhowthesesiteshavebeendealtwithandmanagedfromthemid20thcenturyupuntilthepresent.Myapproachwillbemultidisciplinary,combiningtheoryandmethodfromcriticalheritagestudies,historyoftechnologyandsocial/culturalanthropology.Iwillprimarilyworkwithmethodssuchasinterviewsandarchivalresearch,aswellasarchaeologicalfieldworkatindustrialandpost-industrialsitesintheArctic.

18.7c.2

Barentsburg,aRussiantowninSvalbard:newinputforArcticsocialscience

AndrianVlakhov

Inthispaper,Ipresentthepreliminaryresultsofmydoctoralthesis(tobedefendedin2017)studyingtheRussiancommunitiesofSvalbardarchipelago,anoutcomeofafive-yearlongitudinalobservationconductedincloserelationwiththeREXSACactivities.IarguethattheBarentsburg,theprimaryRussianSvalbardsettlement,isuniqueevenfortheArcticstudiesasitisbroughtintoexistencebytheintertwinementofhistory,archaeology,politics,economics,socialprocessesandotherareas.Inthesametime,itprovidesnewempiricalandtheoreticaldataforallthosedisciplinesassuchintertwinementresultedinauniquetypeofsettlementwhich,despitebeinghighlyunlikelytoexist,stilldoesthat.Anewframeworkhasbeendesignedtodescribethiscommunity,whichisgoingtobepresentedatthecongress.

18.7c.3

Togetherorapart?RecenttourismdevelopmentofRussiansettlementsonSvalbard

AlbinaPashkevich

Svalbardisadestinationwiththeconstantlyincreasingtouristflows.Forthepasttwentyyearsthenumberofvisitorsarrivingoncruisesshipshastripled.Theremotecharacterandnaturalbeauty,combinedwiththehighpossibilityofencounteringwildlifearefeaturesactingasamagnetforvisitors.However,thehistoryofcoalmininganditsimportanceforthesurvivalofSvalbardcommunitiesisalsoincreasinglyutilized,butill-researched,aspectintheprocessofdestinationdevelopment.Touristvisitstotheoperationalandabandonedcoalminesrepresentanalternativetothewildlifetours.SinceveryrecentlySvalbardalsorepresentanarenaforajointtourismdevelopmentfromNorwayandRussia.UnderstandingtheroletheroleplayedbyRussianstate-ownedcoalcompany‘Arcticugol’astheprinciplestakeholderinthetourismdevelopmentcenterinBarentsburgandthecomparisonoftheactivitiesandinfrastructureintheRussiansettlementswiththoseinNorwegiansettlementsandsitesliesinafocusofthispresentation.Severalresearchquestionsareposed:WhyandhowhavetheRussiansettlementsonSvalbardbecomeinvolvedintourism?Whattourismactivitiesoccur,howaretheyorganized,whoarethevisitorsparticipating,andhowdotheirpracticescomparetoactivitiesintherestofSvalbard.

18.8 EnvironmentalandsocialimpactassessmentofindustrialactivitiesintheArctic

Chair:LarsLövgren

8June-11:30a.m.

18.8.1

Gas-phasemercurycyclesinArcticcoal-poweredcommunitiesonSvalbard

MarkHermanson,SydneyLeCras,MichelleNerentorp,AnnaNikulina

Weanalyzedelementalmercury(Hg0(g))inambientairatLongyearbyenandBarentsburgonSvalbard,wherecoalhasbeentheprimaryenergysourcefordecades.Thesearetwooffourknowncoal-burningsitesintheArctic(theothertwoareinVorkutaandKayerkanRussia).Eventhoughcoalcombustionisthelargestglobalanthropogenicmercurysource,Hg0(g)hasneverbeenanalyzedbeforeateithersiteonSvalbard.ThesamplersoperatedindependentlyofeachotherovershorttermsinMay2016.BothsamplerswereLumex915+spectrometerswithZeemanbackgroundcorrection.AtLongyearbyen,Hg0(g)concentrationhadadailycyclerangingfrom~1.0ngm-3atmidnighttoahighof~5.5ngm-3inearlyafternoon,averaging~2.9ngm-3,nearlydoubletheArcticbackground(~1.59m-3).Thepeakconcentrationreached42ngm-3overa20-minuteperiodononeday,perhapsbecauseofabundantSO32-inreducingcombustionconditions,convertingHg2+toHg0(g).UV-AandUV-BfluxesshowedstrongandsignificantcorrelationstoHg0(g),obviouslycoincidental.Ambientairtemperature,windspeedanddirectionshowednocorrelationstoHg0(g)variation,eventhoughtheLongyearbyensamplerwasupwindfromthepowerplantdischargeduringmostofthesamplingperiod,andwindspeedswereoftenmorethan5ms-1.AtBarentsburg,Hg0(g)rangedfrom~1.0-2.5ngm-3,indailymidnighttoafternooncycles,butnoteveryday.Theaveragewas2.00ngm-3.UVandweatherdatafromBarentsburgarenotavailable.DailycyclesandhighaverageconcentrationsinbothSvalbardcommunitiesshowthatcontinuoussamplingofHg0(g)isimperativetolearnmoreaboutdailycycles,annualtrends,andpeakemissions.

18.8.2

TheArcticinaGlobalEnergyPicture:InternationalDeterminantsofArcticOilandGasDevelopment

KathrinKeil

TheongoingtransformationsoccurringintheArcticregionaredeeplyintertwinedwithregionalandglobalprocesses,bothinthesenseoftheArcticaffectingandbeingaffectedbytheseprocessesthatreachbeyondtheArctic’ssouthernborders.Toillustratethegovernanceactors,institutionsandprocessesthatoperateattheinterfaceofregional-globalinterdependencies,thispaperanalysesthusfarneglectedinternational

determinantsofArcticoilandgasdevelopment.Suchdeterminingfactorsincludeinternationalmarketdevelopments,geopoliticaltensionsfromoutsidetheArctic,competitionwithconventionalandunconventionalresourceselsewhere,andthusfarneglectedformsofgovernanceincludingtheroleandbargainingpowerofinternationalenergycompanies.Withthisanalysis,thispapershowsthebiggerpictureoftheArctic’s(actualandpotential)significanceinglobalenergysupplyandsecurity,andtheroleofglobalpoliticalandeconomictrendsforArcticenergydevelopment.

18.8.3

Sustainablesolutionsinremoteextractiveindustries-challengesandopportunities

BirgittaLiljedahl

Asclimatechangeopenstheopportunityforincreasedextractionofnaturalresourcesinsensitive,previouslynonaccessibleareas,theneedforsustainablesolutionsnotonlyinprocess,butinassociatedlogistics,arise.Remoteareaoperationscannotrelyonexistingsocietyinfrastructureandsupportregardingmanagementofaccidents,incidents,orpotentialantagonisticattackssuchase.g.cyberattacksoncriticalinfrastructure.Also,lessonslearnedhasshown,thatsolutionsmusthavealongtermsustainableperspective,waybeyondtheclosureandlifespanoftheextractionandoperationitself.ThepaperdiscusschallengesandopportunitiesforsustainableoperationsandenvironmentalmanagementinremoteoperationsintheArctic,drawingon17yearsoflessonslearnedfromcivilian,militaryandcorporateremoteoperationsinconflictandcrises.

18.8.4

TheImpactofResourceExtractiononInuitWomenandFamiliesinQamani’tuaq,NunavutTerritory,Canada

FrankTester

ThecommunityofQamani’tuaq(BakerLake)islocatedinthegeographicalcenterofNunavutTerritory,Canada.Agnico-Eagle’sMeadowbankgoldmineislocatednorthofthecommunity.Employmentisbasedonatwo-weekin/outrotation.Usingaparticipatoryactionresearchmodel,researchersworkedwithInuitwomentodocumentsocialimpacts.Inaweek-longworkshop,womendevelopedqualitativeandquantitativeresearchapproachestodeterminingimpacts,aswellasinitiativestoaddressthem.Thepaperpresentsresultsofthequantitativeresearch.TheinstrumentusedwasdevelopedandadministeredbyInuitwomenwithdataanalysisandreportwritingtakingplaceattheUniversityofBritishColumbia.Sixtytwowomencompletedthequestionnaire.Itrecordedtheirexperience,perceptionsandinsights.Resultsrevealtheextenttowhichthecommunityisconflictedaboutminingimpacts.Whileacknowledgingtheeconomicbenefits,respondentsdetailsocialimpactsincluding:dividedopinionswithinfamiliesabouteconomicbenefitsrelativetosocialcosts.Theseincludeimpactsontheavailabilityofcountryfoods,asignificantincreaseinproblemswithdrugs,alcoholandgambling,domesticviolenceandfamilybreak-ups,sexualharassmentontheworksiteandnegativeimplicationsforchildrenandchildcare.RespondentsraisedconcernsaboutthelackofculturalunderstandingandrespectandissueswiththeuseofInuktitut.Womenratedexistingservicesthatmightaddresstheirconcernsandidentifiedservicesneededasaresultofthepresenceofthemine.Daycare,thecreationofaculturalcentreforlearningfromElders,bankingservices,asafeshelterforwomenandcounsellingsupportwereidentifiedasneedservices.ThisinformationispresentedusingchartsandgraphsfromTheImpactofResourceExtractiononInuitWomenandFamiliesinQamani’tuaq,NunavutTerritory:Aquantitativeassessment,locatedonthewebsiteofPauktuutit:InuitWomenofCanada.

18.8.5

EcosystemserviceperspectivesinimpactassessmentsofminingprojectsinNorthernNorway

AlmaElizabethThuestad,SanneBechHolmgaard,PatrickBergSørdahl,AndersHesjedal,ElinRoseMyrvoll,EinarEythorsson,Ann-MagnhildSolås

Ourprojectexploresthepotentialandimplicationsofintegratingtheconceptofecosystemservices(ES)inenvironmentalimpactassessment(EIA)methodology.KeyresearchissuesareknowledgeproductionwithinEIAsandimplicationsofapplyingculturalecosystemservices(CES)asaconceptualtoolforEIAs.InNorwayEIAsareanintegralpartofacomplexregimeoflegaldemandsandprovisionsand,assuch,intendedtobeatoolforvaluationandtrade-offsbetweenvariousinterests.WeanalyseEIAslinkedtominingprojectsinFinnmarkcountyinNorthernNorwayasabasisfordiscussinghowanESapproachmayinfluenceprocesseswithregardtoknowledgedemands,knowledgeproductionandvaluation,trade-offsandhowanES/CESapproachmayaffecttranslationofknowledgeintogoverninginstruments.SamiculturalheritageandtraditionalSamiuseoflandandseaareasarecentralaswediscusslimitationsandopportunitiesofapproachingculturalheritageasCESandoperationalisingCESinEIAs.ArecentWhitePaperencouragesimplementationofESperspectivesinEIAprocessesandmethodologicaldevelopmentstofacilitatethis.However,whenlookingatthereviewedcasesESperspectivesarenotapparentandtheEIAmethodologicalframeworkdoesnotallowforexplicitESperspectives.TheconceptofCESiscurrentlydebated,butthereisnoconsensusastowhatCESdescribes.TherearemanydefinitionsanddescriptionsofwhatCESencompasseswithinvariousframeworks.TodiscussCESasausefulconceptinEIAswewillclarifywhatESandCESis,orratherwhatESandCEScanbe,withinaEIAframework.

18.9a MinErAL:cross-perspectivesonresourceextractionandindigenouslivelihoodsfromthecircumpolarNorthandAustralia/Melanesia

Chair:ThierryRodon

10June-10:30a.m.

18.9a.1

Betweencontrolandcompensation:thepoliticsofmininginNewCaledonia

FranceBailly,SéverineBouard,ChristineDemmer,LeahHorowitz,ClaireLevacher,Pierre-YvesLeMeur

WiththepoliticalagreementsofMatignon-Oudinot(1988)andNoumea(1998)NewCaledoniahasembarkedinanoriginalprocessof‘negotiateddecolonization’asawayoutofthe1984-88sequenceofconflictcombiningcivilandanti-colonialstrugglesandknownasthe(euphemizedtermof)‘events’.Subsequentlytheminingissuehasemergedasastructuringtoolofeconomicautonomyandthereforepoliticalemancipationforpro-independencepoliticalparties.Thisformof‘resourcenationalism’reliesoninstitutionalarrangementsincludingpublicequityinnickelextractionandprocessing,andthesecuringofnickeloredepositforthepro-independenceNorthProvince.Theprogressiveconstructionofthemineralresourceasapoliticalissueattheterritorylevelinthe1990swasaccompaniedbymorelocalizedconflictsandarrangementsintheformsofvariousimpactandbenefitagreements(IBAs)signedbyindigenouspeople,localcustomaryandpoliticalauthoritiesandcorporations(sometimesundertheaegisofpublicauthorities).Theselocalizedconflictswere(andare)notdisconnectedfromthenationaliststrugglebuttheysometimesresorttootherjustifyingdiscoursesregardingenvironmentandindigenousrightsanddevelopvariousargumentsaboutsocialandecologicalcompensation.TheseincludeprivilegedaccesstolocalemploymentandentrepreneurshipbutalsoclaimsfordevelopingextractiveactivitiesrunbyKanakpeople.Thisinterplaybetweenlocalizedandnationalistdiscoursesandstrugglesaroundtheminingissuewillbeanalyzedthroughthedoubletensionbetweenresourcenationalismandindigeneityontheonehand,andsocialrelationsofproduction(thecorporation-workers-subcontractors-regulatorystatenexus)andofcompensation(includingneighboring/affectedcommunitiesandawideraudience:civilsociety,internationalarenas),ontheotherhand,mobilizingdifferentcasestudiesinNorthandEastNewCaledonia.Thisinterpretiveframepavesthewaytoacomparativeanalysisoftheembeddednessofmininginpoliticalcontextswhereindigenousrights(informersettler

coloniesforinstance)aswellasthecurrenttransformationsoftheminingindustry(andshiftfromsocialrelationsofproductiontosocialrelationsofcompensation)areatstake.

18.9a.2

LearningfromNunavik:Therelationshipbetweengovernanceandresourcedevelopmen

AdamieDelisle-Alaku,Jean-MarcSéguin,AmélieRouleau

Thispresentationwillrelaypastexperiencesanddiscussavisionforthefuturefollowing20yearsofoperationundertheRaglanAgreementthatwasratifiedin1995-thefirstImpactandBenefitAgreement(IBA)regardingmininginCanada.Inpreparationforthenext25years,areviewoftheRaglanAgreementwasconductedinconsultationwithInuitpartners,thecommunitiesofSalluitandKangirsujuaqandMakivikCorporation.Severallessonslearnedandopportunitieswillbesharedaboutthisreviewprocess.Inaddition,thepresentationwilldiscusstheobjectiveofestablishingacommonvisiononthedevelopmentoflaborskills,respectfortheenvironment,thedevelopmentoflocalbusinessesopportunities,andthesharingofwealth.

18.9a.3

InstitutionalDevelopmentandResourceDevelopment:TheCaseofCanada’sArcticIndigenousPeoples

ThierryRodon

Thereisanongoingacademicdebatearoundtheso-called“resourcecurse”,onecamparguesthatresourcedevelopmentcorruptseconomiesandinstitutions,theothercampconsidersthatinstitutionscanmediatetheimpactofresourcedevelopment.Inthispaper,usingthecaseoftheCanadianArcticlandclaimagreements,weassesstowhatdegreetheseagreementshavehelpedtheIndigenouspeopleintheCanadianArcticimproveresourcedevelopmentoutcomesfortheircommunities?Throughfourcasestudies,theCreeofEeyouIstchee,theInuitofNunavik,theInuitofNunavutandtheInuitofNunatsiavut,weanalyzetheinstitutionalframeworkcreatedbythedifferentLCAsinrelationtothecapacityofIndigenouscommunitiestocontrolresourcedevelopmentandtobenefitfromit.WeconcludethatatleastinthecaseoftheCreeofEeyouIstchee,theirinstitutionalcapacityallowsthemtobettercontrolresourcedevelopment.Forcedtofollow:Intersectionalityandindigenouswomen'sengagementswithindustryinNewCaledonia.

18.9a.4

Forcedtofollow:Intersectionalityandindigenouswomen'sengagementswithindustryinNewCaledonia.

LeahHorowitz

Thispaperusesanethnographicstudyofwomen'sengagementswithmininginNewCaledonia(SouthwestPacific),toexaminetwoquestions.First,howdoindigenouswomen'sdynamic,culturally-informed,post-colonialsocialpositionings,inwhichgenderandethnicityintersectwithage,socio-economicstatus,andsocialhierarchies,shapetheirexperiencesof,andpossibilitiesfornegotiationwithandresistanceto,industry?Secondly,howdowomen'ssocialpositionsandpossibilitiesforengagementinturnshapethewidercommunity'sresponsestoindustry,especiallytheformstheseengagementscantake,suchasleadershipofresistancemovements?Toexaminethesequestions,Idrawontheoreticaltoolsfromfeministscholarship,inparticulartheconceptsofoppression,domination,structural/culturalviolence,andintersectionality.Ifindthatwomenactivelyengagedwithindustrialprojects,buttheminingcompaniesreferencedwomen'sdominatedsocialpositionasareasontosidelinetheirconcerns.Thus,thispaperrecognizesindigenouswomen'sincreasingagencyinengagingwithexternalactors,suchasindustrialprojects,yetitalsoshowshowoutsiderscanreferencelocalculturalnorms-suchastheongoing,culturally-specificoppressionanddominationof

(particularlyyoung,rural,poor,indigenous)women-tosidelineandthusfurthermarginalizecommunitywomen.Ialsoemphasizetheimportanceofexaminingwaysthatthesocialpositionsofintersectingsocialgroupscan,inadvertently,affectthecommunityasawhole.Culturalnormsmilitatedagainstwomenandyouth'srisingtopositionsofleadership,severelyrestrictingthepoolofpotentialleaders.Thus,effortstoaddressissuesconcerningthelargergroupmaybeconstrainedbythemarginalizationofsubgroups.

18.9b MinErAL:cross-perspectivesonresourceextractionandindigenouslivelihoodsfromthecircumpolarNorthandAustralia/Melanesia

Chair:ThierryRodon

10June-1:30p.m.

18.9b.1

“Forfuturegenerations”:talkofotherstocomeinNorthernCanadianEApublichearings.

ChristopherFletcher

EnvironmentalAssessment(EA)isaguidedprocessofweighingmultiplethreadsofpossibleevents,andtheirentanglements,inordertoseeintothefuture.ThecontingencyofEApredictivecapacityleavesspacefordivergentwaysofpicturingthefuture.ThisisthecaseinNorthernCanadawhereminingandotherlargescaleindustrialprojectstakeplaceontraditionalterritoriesofindigenouspeoplesandthenatureofthefutureisverymuchthesubjectofcontemporarydebates.ThispaperwillexplorethediscoursearoundthefutureasseeninacorpusofpublicrecordstatementscompiledfromanumberofEAhearings.Ifocusspecificallyonhowindigenouspeoples’discourseon“futuregenerations”isemployedinpubliceventsandhowargumentsaboutdevelopmentimpactsaresubsequentlydeveloped.Theseinter-culturalinterjectionsengageontologicalpreceptsincomplexarrangementsofpersonalexperience,culturalknowledgeandcontemporaryaspirations.

18.9b.2 IndigenousKnowledgeandEnvironmentalRemediationinExtractiveDevelopment

ArnKeeling

ThispaperexaminesthepoliticsofremediationandtheincorporationofIndigenousKnowledgeinenvironmentalassessmentprocesses.Large-scaleextractivedevelopmentshaveleftalegacyofenvironmentaldegradationandsocio-economicmarginalizationinmanyIndigenousterritoriesaroundtheglobe.Communityandregulatoryconcernovertheongoingimpactsofhistoricextractivedevelopmentshas(insomecases)spurredeffortstocleanupabandonedandcontaminatedsites.Beyondthetechnicalchallengesofremediation,forIndigenouscommunitiestheseprocessesmayrevivethesenseofinjusticeassociatedwiththeoriginaldevelopmentanditsimpacts,andpotentiallyperpetuatethe“slowviolence”oftoxiccontaminationintheenvironmentandIndigenousbodies.ThesedynamicsareexploredinrelationtoCanada’sGiantMine,anabandonedminesitewherearecentenvironmentalassessmentreviewedaplantocontain237,000tonsofarsenictrioxideburiedunderground,thelegacyofhalfacenturyofgoldminingnearYellowknife,NWT.TheCanadiangovernmentproposedtofreezethematerialundergroundinperpetuity,aremediationstrategythatprovokedintensecontroversylocally.Usingreportsfromtheremediationproject,archivaldocuments,andhearingtranscriptsfromarecentenvironmentalassessment,thispaperexaminestheconflictbetweenYellowknivesDene,whowanttheremediationprocesstoaddressthelegaciesenvironmentalinjusticeinflictedontheircommunity,andgovernmentattemptstoconfinethedebatetotechnicalengineeringquestions.ThesefindingshighlighttheshortcomingsofeffortsbyregulatorsandprojectproponentstoengagegenuinelywithIndigenousknowledgeinthereviewprocess,therebyfailingtorecognizecallsforrestorativeenvironmentaljustice.

18.9b.3

Miningandharvesting:onthecoexistenceofresourcedevelopmentandthemixedeconomyinNunavik

IsabelLemus-Lauzon,ThierryRodon

MiningactivitiesareongoingintheeasternCanadianArctic,andcoexistencebetweenInuitcommunitiesandminingdevelopmentsiscomplex.Infact,thereisasignificantcontradictionbetweenminingactivitiesonInuitlandsandthepursuitoftraditionallandbasedactivities.Ononehand,theminingindustrybringseconomicbenefitssuchasemploymentandroyalties,whichhelpsupportthecostsofharvestingactivitiesthrough,forexample,thepurchaseofhuntingequipment.However,Inuitareexpressingseriousconcernsregardingtheenvironmentaldegradationthatresultsfromsuchactivitiesandthatthreatenstheresourcebaseuponwhichharvestingdepends.Moreover,employmentintheminingsectorandtheharvestingeconomyexistinverydifferenttemporalsystemsthatcanbedifficulttoreconcile.Inthisstudy,weexaminetheimpactsoftheRaglanandCanadianRoyaltiesmines(Nunavik,Canada)onthemixedeconomyoftwoadjacentInuitcommunities.Forthesecommunities,mininghasimpairedaccesstothelandandtospeciesthatarecentraltoInuitresourceharvesting.Forexample,recurringconcernswereexpressedregardingfreshwaterqualityandthepresenceofcontaminantsinfish,concernswhichledtotheabandonmentoftraditionalfishingspotslocatednearthemine.Otherconcernsregardedmigratorycaribouecologyandberryplantsgrowth.However,transparency,flexibilityandcommunityinvolvementappeartobekeystonefactorsforabettercoexistencebetweenminingdevelopmentandInuitcommunities.

18.9c MinErAL:cross-perspectivesonresourceextractionandindigenouslivelihoodsfromthecircumpolarNorthandAustralia/Melanesia

Chair:ThierryRodon

11June-1:30p.m.

18.9c.1

PreparingforthePostMiningWorld:TowardsNewDirectionsinWesternCapeYork

AllanDale

WesternCapeYorkPeninsulainFarNorthernQueenslandisanintenselyAboriginaldomainofgreatculturaldiversitywithinahighlyremoteandgenerallyundevelopednaturallandscapeofimmenseculturalandenvironmentalsignificance.Attheepicentreofthisregion,however,liesamassivebauxitedepositthathasnowbeenminedforsincethelate1950s.TraditionalOwnershavenotreceivedanoutstandingbenefitfromthisdevelopment,thoughAustralia’srecentnativetitlehistoryhastippedsomepowerbacktowardstheireconomicfavour.Withthemainoriginalresourcelargelyexhausted,significantunexpendedroyaltyfundingavailableandwithseveralnewdepositscurrentlyunderdevelopment,traditionalownersandthewiderregionalcommunityfaceaswagofunprecedentedchallenges.Withinthenext10years,theregionwillalsoforthefirsttimebedirectlyconnectedbybitumenroadtotheoutsideworld.HowcanbenefitsofpastminingbebetteremployedtosecurethefutureofkeyAboriginalcommunities?Howcanmuchbetterequityandbenefitbederivedfromnewdevelopment?Howcantheentireregionreformitsgovernanceandeconomicfundamentalstotransitionfromacorporate-ledgovernanceregimetoanewhybrideconomicmodelthatgivestraditionalownersrealcontrolovertheirfuture.Howcantheregionsecurenew,normalisedeconomicopportunities?RegionalDevelopmentAustraliaFNQ&TS,withitsUniversityandcommunitypartners,islookingtosparkalongertermregionalplanningandreformprocesstoconsiderthesequestionsandtoshapethefutureoftheregioninmorepositivedirections.

18.9c.2

IndigenousCommunitiesandSmallMiningOperationsinRemoteAustralia:Theimpactofscaleonrelationshipbuildingandengagement

JeanieGovan,DeanCarson,SharonHarwood,RobPorter

ResearchhastypicallyfocusedontherelationshipsbetweenIndigenouspeopleandlargescaleminingprojects.Largescaleprojectsusuallycomewithhighlevelsofpublicity,highlevelsofgovernmentinvolvementinplanningandapprovalsprocesses,anticipatedimpactsonrelativelylargegroupsofIndigenouspeople(locatednearorfarfromtheminesite),andsubstantialminingcompanyresourcesforcommunityengagement.Smallerscaleprojects,whichmayemployjustafewdozenpeople,beaccompaniedbylimitedinfrastructuredevelopment,andbeplannedtooperateforjustafewyears,areoftenoverlooked.Conceptually,smallerscaleprojectsmightoffermoreopportunitiesfordirectIndigenousparticipationinplanning,developmentandoperationbecauseoftheimmediacyofcontactbetweenminersandresidents/custodians.Ontheotherhand,Indigenousengagementmaybemorelimitedbecauseofthelimitedminingcompanyresourcestosupportsuchengagement,andthelackofpublicprofilethatcandrawattentiontobothconflictsandbenefits.Ourpresentationusesaseriesofcaseexamplesofsmallandlargeprojectstoexplorehowrelationshipbuildingandengagementmightdifferaccordingtoscale.

18.9c.3

Economicimpactsofminingonlocalandregionalhumanandbusinessdevelopment

StephanSchott

Iwilldiscussthelocalandregionalimpactsofmajorminingoperationsatdifferentstagesoftheminingoperationonmigration,trainingandhumandevelopment,businessdevelopmentandregionalrevenuegeneration.Generalfindingsfromtheliteraturewillbecomparedwithspecificfieldwork,focusgroupsandsurveyworkconductedinNunavikandNunatsiavutintheCanadianEasternSubarctic.IwillthendiscusshowthisworkcouldbeextendedinthenearfuturetootherareasthatarewithinthegeographicboundariesofMinErAL,andhowthiscouldcontributetothenetwork’sworkpackages1(gapanalysis)and5(sustainableregionalandlocaldevelopment).

18.10a WecannotunderstandpresentorfutureresourceuseinnorthernEuropewithoutunderstandinghistory.Ahistoricallyinformedunderstandingofchangeasacontributiontoclimatechangestudies

Chair:E.CarinaH.Keskitalo

9June-10:30a.m.

18.10a.1

Institutionalchangeorinertia?SocietalchangeinthecaseofnorthernEurope

E.CarinaH.Keskitalo,MariaPettersson

Afocusonchangeovertimeinsocietalinstitutionshasseldombeenplacedpointandcentreofclimatechangestudies.Rather,theclimatefieldhas,toalargepart,focusedonstudiesofthefuturebyemphasisingscenariostudiesorforsocialsciencesdirectstakeholderinteraction,partiallyexcludingthesocialsciencesandhumanitiestaskofdescribingtheinstitutionsthatactasboundaryconditionsandgoverningagentsofchange.Thisintroductorybookchapteraimstoillustratethewaysinwhichchangemaycomeaboutornotcomeabout,andhowinstitutionsmaychangeorpersistovertime,throughafocusonresourceusecasesinnorthernEurope.Inordertoillustratepotentialsbothforchangeandforinertia,thebookatlargedrawsonmultipleintersectingbodiesofliterature,includingonpathdependency,incrementalandcatalyticchange,andvarious

treatmentsoftheseinrationalchoice,historicalinstitutionalismandotherfieldsofstudy.ItfurthershowsthatinstitutionalprerequisitesforchangeinnorthernEuropecomparedwithforinstancenorth-eastRussiaandNorthAmericaarelargelydifferent,whichinturnresultsindifferentinstitutionalprocessesandprerequisitesinthiscasethaninother,often-compared,areas-andinsubstantiallydifferentadaptationandmitigationprocesses.

18.10a.2

HumanGeographyandDevelopmentinaDynamicRegion

DeanCarson,OlofStjernström,LovisaSolbär,DorisCarson,PeterSköld

ThecontemporaryhumangeographyoftheFennoscandianNorthhasbeenshapedbytheprocessesofdevelopmentthathaveoccurredoveratleastthepast250years.Humangeographyhasbeendynamic,withdifferentindustrialregimeshavingpreferencefordifferentpatternsofsettlementandeconomicdemography.Nevertheless,fromthisdynamismhaveemergedasetofcharacteristicswhichprovidebothchallengesandopportunitiesforfuturedevelopment.Contemporaryhumangeographyissuesincludepopulationageing,gendering,thefragilityofsmallervillagesandsettlements,challengesinrecruitingandretaininglocallabour,increasingprominenceofnon-residentlabour,andnewformsofbothinternationalandinternalmigration.Thischapterwillexaminehowthese,andother,characteristicshaveemergedasaresultofeconomicdevelopmentprocesses,andhow‘sticky’currenttrendsmightbeinthefaceofnewdevelopmentpathsemerginginsectorssuchasforestry,tourism,resourceextraction,energyandnaturalresourcemanagement.Theaimofthechapteristounderstandbothhowhumangeographyrespondstodevelopment,andhowhumangeographyconstrainsandenablesdifferentformsofdevelopment.CloseattentionwillbepaidtothediversityofexperiencesacrosstheFennoscandianNorth,witharecognitionthatfutureexperiencesarealsolikelytobediverse,evenasgovernancestructuresandapproachestodevelopmentbecomeincreasinglyhomogenous.

18.10a.3

WhatdoesthestatewantintheNorth?:Fromwelfarestatetode-regulationandre-regulation

SverkerSörlin

ThispaperpresentsapatternofhistoricalchangewithanincreasingroleofthestatesinnorthernmostEurope.Thewelfarestatewasdevelopedinthenorthinatimewhenstrongeconomicgrowthwasattainable,thankspartlytocheapenergyandgoodavailabilityoflaborandcapital.Risingcostsforsocialservicesandinfrastructurescouldbecovered,andmigrationwaslimited.IncontrasttoforexamplenorthernCanadastateinvestmentsinlargescaleinfrastructure,suchasroads,railwaysandlargemininginfrastructureswereperceivedwithinacontextofmodernistdomesticintegration,evennation-buildinguntilthe1950s.De-regulationincertainresourcesectorssincethe1980saswellasrecenttrendstowardsre-bounderizationsuggestthatthebuildingoflasting,prosperouscommunitiesinthefarnorthisnolongeralegacyoftheNordicstate–isthattrueandifsowhy?

18.10a.4

Makingsenseofregionalfuturesinachangingglobalcontext

AnnikaE.Nilsson,NiklasEklund,MarieJürisoo,EkaterinaKlimenko,Lize-MariévanderWatt

TheconditionsforsustainabledevelopmentanywhereintheArcticarecloselyrelatedtoachangingglobalcontext,wheresignificantfactorsincluderesourcemarketvolatilities,geopoliticaluncertainties,andexpectationsofmajorshiftsintheglobalclimatepatterns.Whileinstitutionalandtechnologicalpathdependenciesenablecertaindevelopmentpathsandconstrainothers,theArctichasalsoseenshiftsinpoliticalprioritiesthathavehadmajorimplicationsforsustainabledevelopment.ThispaperfocusesontheEuropeanArctic,whereweuseregionalstorylinesofpotentialfuturesasaheuristictooltoexploretheinterplaybetween

existingsocialstructuresandachangingglobalcontext.Wefocusinparticularonuncertaintiesconnectedwithresourcemarketsandsecurity.Theempiricalfoundationfortheanalysisderivesfromscenarioexercises,stakeholder-informedanalysesofpastchangesintheregion,andanalysesofhowmajorgeopoliticalactorsframecertainissuesinwaysthatmakethempoliticalprioritiesbackedbysubstantialresources.

18.10b WecannotunderstandpresentorfutureresourceuseinnorthernEuropewithoutunderstandinghistory.Ahistoricallyinformedunderstandingofchangeasacontributiontoclimatechangestudies


9June-1:30p.m.

18.10b.1

Theinstitutionalisationofforestry:howforestrywasdevelopedas‘continuouslanduse’

JanKunnas

Inourpaper,weexaminethelonghistoryofforestryinNorthernSweden,asaconsequenceitistodayconsideredas“ongoinglanduse”(pågåendemarkanvändning),whichisnottobeaffectedbyotherinterests.Forestryrelatedactivities,suchaslogging,arethusnotsubjecttoregularlanduseplanninginspiteoftheconstitutionallyestablishedmunicipalself-government.Theimportanceofalonghistoryoflanduseisclearwhenwecompareforestrywithtourism,whichdoesnotfallfarbehindforestryrelatedindustriesineconomicimportance,butisnottreatedasacontinuinglanduse.Reindeerherding,withaverylonghistory,althoughthepresentdaylargescaleherdingoriginatesfromthe17thcentury,isoratleastshouldbetreatedascontinuinglanduse,butatleastreindeerherders’claimsthattherealityisdifferent.

18.10b.2

Constructingmineralresources:networksandgovernanceinthedevelopmentofminingintheEuropeanArctic

DagAvango

TheminingindustryintheEuropeanArctichashistorydatingbacktothe1600’s.Miningformedanimportantcomponentofthecolonialappropriationofthenorthbyactorsfromthesouth,itreshapedenvironmentsandsocieties(indigenousandnon-indigenous),establishedsettlementsandinfrastructuresandovertimebecameasubstantialbasisforthegenerationofwealth.Inrecentdecadesasubstantialbodyofliteraturehasbeenproducedaboutthelongtermdevelopmentofthisindustry,fromdescriptivehistoricalaccountstotheorydrivenanalysesexplainingtheindustryfromsociotechnicalsystemsperspectives.Despitesocialconstructivistambitionsinsomeofthiswork,fewattemptshavebeenmadetolookintotheroleofresourcegovernanceinthedevelopmentofminingintheEuropeannorth.ThischapterofthebookaimstoexplainthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheminingindustryintheEuropeanArctic,withafocusonitschanginginstitutionalframeworks.Howhavechanginglaws,regulationsandpracticesinfluencedthedevelopmentoftheminingandwhy?

18.10b.3

Themakingof‘wilderness’andpleasureperipheriesinaresourceregion,andtheirimplicationsinpolicy

DieterK.Müller,JoakimByström,OlofStjernström,DanielSvensson

Large-scaleinvestmentsinnorthernFennoscandiahavebeenmoremarkedthaninothernorthernareas.Theseinfrastructuredevelopmentscontinuewithinvestmentinwindpoweraswellasoilandgasdevelopmentin

northernmostNorway.However,atthesametime,adiscussionisunderwayonwhetherinvestmentinothersectorssuchastourismmayhavemorepotentialforcontinuedexpansionofemployment.However,considerationsalsorelatetohowareasaredescribedinthewakeofastronger‘Arctic’focus;ifareasareincreasinglydescribedas‘wilderness’oraspleasureperipheries,willthisresultinalimitationininfrastructuredevelopmentcomparedwithwhathasbeenthecaseunderamoderniststatefocus?Andwhatdoesthismeanforthedevelopmentoftourism.Thepaperengagesindiscussingtheroleofpublicandmediadiscoursesfordevelopment,aswellashowthesehavehistoricallyplayedout–andmaygainimpactinthefuture.

18.10b.4

EthnicityandresourcerightsintheEuropeannorth,17th–21stCentury

PerAxelsson,PeterSköld,CorinnaRöver

AsnorthernEuropehasbeenpopulatedandsubjecttomigrationbothbetweenandwithincountries,populationpatternsaremorecomplexthanwhatisusuallyrecognizedinothernorthernareasaswellasareaswherecolonizationorinternalcolonizationtermsusuallyareapplied.Throughcasestudiesfromthe1600sanduntiltodaytheaimofthispaperistoexaminehowethnicities,resourcesandrightstoresourceshavebeendeterminedandgovernedovertimeandplaceintheEuropeannorth.

18.10c WecannotunderstandpresentorfutureresourceuseinnorthernEuropewithoutunderstandinghistory.Ahistoricallyinformedunderstandingofchangeasacontributiontoclimatechangestudies


9June-3:30p.m.

18.10c.1 EnergyregimesintheScandinaviannorth,c.1900-2015

UrbanWråkberg

ThispaperprovidesthefirstregionalreconstructionofenergyconsumptionandtheenergymixinFennoscandia.coveringboth‘traditional’carriers(draughtanimals,firewood)andmodern(fossilfuels,etc.).Itwillexaminethefactorsthathaveshapedenergyuseovertime.Thesecanbeconsideredfirstfromasectoralperspective(householdsindustriesandtheserviceandgovernmentsectors).Inturn,thedemandfromparticularconsumerscanberelatedtotechnologicalchangeandtheconstructionofinfrastructures(ports,railways,fuelstorage,transmissionlines).Technologiesdonot,however,existindependentlyoftheinstitutionsandsystemsofgovernancethatallowthemtooperate.Thelongtimeframecanidentifywhethersignificantshiftsinenergyuse,inparticularassociatedwithindustriessuchasminingandsmelting,andtheintroductionofmodernenergycarriersintodomestichouseholds,alsorequirednewinstitutionalframeworksandactorsorwereadaptedbythepreviously-establishedsocio-technicalsystemsalongpathdependentlines.

18.10c.2

MarineResources:ReconcilingEnvironmentalConcernsandEconomicOpportunitiesintheArctic

SabineHöhler

ThispaperpresentsabookchapteronmarineresourcegovernancethatreviewssomeofthetrajectoriesoflivingandmineralmarineresourceexplorationinArcticmarineenvironmentssincetheearlytwentiethcentury.Thechapterdrawsonthehistoriesoffisheries,seabedminingandecosystem-basedmanagementschemeswitharegionalfocusontheBarentsSea,theNorthSeaandtheArcticOcean.Thelargeraimsofthechapter

aretwofold.Thefirstaimistoidentifyhistoricalpath-dependenciesunderstoodasopportunities,interventionsandoppositionsforagency.Tothisendthedefinitionsanddemarcationsofzonesandpartitionsofmarinespaceswillbeexploredaspolitical,institutionalandtechnoscientificconjunctures.Theconceptionsofsustainabilitythatinformedtheboundarydrawingprocessesandemanatedfromthemwillbeasecondfocus.Thechapteraimstoidentifyshiftingnotionsofsustainability,frommaximumsustainedyieldtowiderconcernswithglobalecosystemsustenancetosustainingeconomiesaspartofenvironmentalresponsibilitiesandprotectionschemes.

18.10c.3

Giveninstitutionallogicsandpathdependencies,howmuchcan‘softmeans’reallychange?AstudyofEIA,certificationandCSRmechanismscomparedwithothertypesofinstrumentsandtheiruseinresourcesectors

LovisaSolbär,CarinaKeskitalo;HanneleneSchilar;MariaPettersson

Theeffectivityofpoliciestargetingsustainableuseofnaturalresourcesdependsonclarityonthegoal.Difficultasthismaybe,evenmoredebatedarethemeanshereto.Questionsonthecapabilityofnewgovernanceinstrumentstocontributetosustainabilitytargetsremainunsettled.Notenoughwiththat,emergingquestionspertainingtolegitimacy,henceparticipationindecisionmaking,accesstojustice,andaccountability,areatleastasimportant.Thischapterreviewsliteraturesonvoluntarymeasuressuchascertification(e.g.forestry,fisheries,mining)andstatutoryproceduressuchasenvironmentalassessment(e.g.EIA)withtheaimofdiscussingthecapabilityofthesegovernanceinstrumentstofacilitateenvironmentallyresponsible,forward-lookingresourceusethatalsotargetsadaptationtochange.Thereviewpointsatissuessuchasfittingassessmentprocedurestotheresourcesotherwiseavailable,makingparticipationmoreconcrete,andlearning;especiallyregardingcertificationschemes,theliteratureseemstodivergeinitsassessmentofenvironmentaleffectiveness.

18.10c.4

DynamicsofArctificationinRussia—InstitutionalChange,ReificationorInertia?

NiklasEklund

InthewakeofArcticpolicydevelopmentfollowingthedevelopmentoftheArcticCouncilin1996,theArctic–whichismostlytakentoincludethenorthernpartsoftheNordiccountries,Russia,USA(Alaska),andCanada–hasoftenbeenseenanddiscussedasaunit.ProblematizingthisperspectiveiswhatOranYoung(2012)hastermedthe“constitutionalfoundations”oftheArctic.Asinternationalcooperationisfoundeduponthelegalandpoliticalframeworksofstatesand,asopposedtogoingbeyondstates,representsanaddedlayerofgovernancetopreexisting,deeplyentrenchedpoliticalinstitutionsandpractices,thevalidityofemergentterritorialconceptualizationsremainstenuous.RussianpoliticalandadministrativechoicesareparticularlyimportanttoaninformedunderstandingoftheArctic.PatternsofstateandcivilorganizationdiffernotonlybetweenthecountriesofnorthernEurope(astreatedinotherchaptersofthisbook)butalsobetweenRussiaandtherest.ThetermArctification,asdiscussedinthischapter,helpstheefforttograspandunderstandhownationalinstitutionalchangeandinertiainRussiacontributestooverallpatternsofchangeintheArctic.TheaimofthischapteristodescribeanddiscussArctificationfromthevantagepointofRussianinstitutionalandmanageriallogics.Examplesaregivenfromdifferentsectorsandissueareasincludingtechnology,naturalresources,settlements,communitiesandtheenvironment.

18.11 Islandoperations-adriverintheurbanization?

Chair:KåreHendriksen

June-10:30p.m.

18.11.1

UnderstandingthepotentialsanddevelopmentdynamicsofArcticisland-economiesaspre-conditionsforsustainableregionalandsocietalplanning

KåreHendriksen

ThepresentationisbasedonthecurrentGreenlandicnationaldevelopmentplanningwhichisbasedonapoliticaldesireforasustainableandmoregeographicallybalanceddevelopment.Thiscontrastsearlierplanningthattendedtoprioritizeinfrastructureinvestmentsthatsupportcentralizationofpopulationandcommercialdevelopment.InrecentdecadesGreenlandhasexperiencedasectorbasedfocusinthedevelopmentofinfrastructures,inspiredbyaneoliberalprivatizationanddivisioningstrategy.Thishasledtoasignificantsub-optimizationforeachinfrastructurecompaniesasaresultoftheefforttocreateaneconomicbalancedwithineachofthese,andeventocontributewithprofitstotheowners.Consequently,anumberofimportanttasksarenotsolvedinthecommunities,ortheyaresolvedatincreasingcostsforreducedserviceandwithseveralbreakdowns.Thisisaresultofthefactthatsomeofthesetaskarenotwithintheindividualinfrastructurecompany’scoreactivity,atthesametimethatsolvingthesetasksdoesnotprovideasufficientmarketbaseforprivatecompanies.Asaconsequence,locallivelihoodsandthuspotentialindustrialbaseforanumberofsettlementsbecomesunderused,contributingtoaself-reinforcingcentralizationtrend.Itwillbediscussedhowtodevelopparametersfortheassessmentofasettlementscurrentdevelopmentdynamicsanddevelopmentpotential,whichtakesintoaccountconsequencesofsectorizationandincorporatesthepotentialsynergiesthroughincreasedcross-sectoralcooperation.

18.11.2

Islandeconomiesandthechallengefromstylizedeconomicmarketmodelsandvisionsofmodernisation–illustratedbyhistoricandcontemporarysituationsfromGreenland

UlrikJørgensen

Thepresentationtakesoutsetinhowsocietalfunctions(provisions)offood,shelter,education,healthcareandinfrastructureshavebeenunderstoodandorganizedwithinsectorsinmodernsocietiesbasedonstylizedideasofdivisionsbetweenmarketandstateinstitutions.Therationalesandtheinstitutionscreatedinrelationmodelsofwelfareaswellasneoliberaleconomicideasandnewpublicmanagementshaperatherdifferentgovernanceapproachesforhowthesesocietalfunctionsareprovided.Theunderlyingassumptionsofsuchconceptsarethepresenceofacertainsizeofmarketsandpopulationincludingaconnectinginfrastructurethatoftenisnotrelevantinsocietiesthataresmall,dispersedandwithcostlyinfrastructures.WithexamplesfromthemodernizationhistoryofGreenlandandthevisionsofde-colonizationthearticlediscussunderwhichconditionsdifferentmodernizationstrategiesareoperational.Afocusonsustainabilityresultsinquestioningthevaluesandexpectationsbuildintosectorbasedneoliberalandpublicmanagementconceptandasksforfurtherqualifiedcritiqueoftheimplicitassumptionsofscaleandinterconnectednessinthetheories.Thegovernanceimplicationsmayleadtodysfunctionalanddismantlingdevelopmentsinsocietieswheredispersedislandeconomicconditionsaremorelikelytorepresentative.

18.11.3

TheNorthernSeaRoute:transitanddomesticshippingintheRussianArctic

IlyaStepanov

OfficialsofvariousstatesandinternationalcompaniesstickmoreattentiontotheArcticcapabletobringnewresourceandtransitopportunitiesforintensifyingworldeconomy.Climatechange,technologicaladvancesandthelong-runtrendofrisingoilpricesleadtothelaunchofnewenergyprojectsintheRussianArctic.However,todaytheseprojectsfacesevereobstaclessuchusfluctuationsonenergymarkets,sanctionsagainstRussian

companiesandinnerproblemsofRussianenergysector.ThedevelopmentofRussianArcticwillbecloselytiedtotheredevelopmentoftheNorthernSeaRoute(NSR)whichisconsideredtobebothstrategicprojectforArcticandnon-Arcticstatesaswellascommercialopportunityforinternationalcargotransports.ThesetwocomponentsdeterminetheprospectsoftheNSRdevelopment.Whatismore,thedevelopmentoftheNSRwillgoalongsidewiththedevelopmentofRussianArcticdrivenprimarilybyenergyandmineralresourcesprojects.RussiaseeparticulargainsnotonlyindevelopmenttheNSRasatransitroutebridgingAsiaandEuroperatherthaninintegratingitsNorthernregionsrichinmineralresourcesintotheworldeconomyaswellasinfosteringthedevelopmentofSiberiaandtheFarEast.ThisresearchfocusesonthemainfactorshelpingandhinderingthedevelopmentoftheArctictransitandresourcepotentialandattemptstobuildsomeprojectionsforthefuture.

18.11.4

CapacitybuildingandstrategicmanagementofresourcebasedindustriesintheNordicArctic

LeneisjaJungsberg,RyanWeber

TheroleofthelocalauthoritiesiscrucialinmanaginglargescaleindustriesinperipheralareasintheNordicArctic.Seenfromaterritorialperspectivetherearethreemainchallengesitisnecessaryforthelocalauthoritiestobeawareof;1)sparsity,remotenessandnegativedemographicstructure,trends2)risksoflanduseconflictsandnegativesocialimpacts3)toretaineconomicbenefitsofthelargescaleindustrieslocally.AspartoftheNorthernPeripheryandArcticprogrammefundedbytheEuropeanUnionsixmunicipalitieshavecommittedtoworkwiththesechallenges.Thepurposeistobuildlocalcapacitybyincreasingthelevelofknowledgewhichcanbeusedasinputforstrategicdecisionmakingtomanagelargescaleactivitiesextractingnaturalresources.Thispaperpresentsmainfindingsofempiricaldatagatheredincooperationbetweenresearchersandpractitioners.Thesearelocalstakeholderinput,resultsfromsurveysmonitoringsocialimpactandSWOTassessmentsfocusingonlocalretentionofeconomicbenefits.Theuseoftheseresultsisutilisedaspartofdevelopingastrategicframeworkbythelocalauthoritiestoincreasethepreparednessforsocialandenvironmentalmanagementforexploitationofnaturalresourcesbylargescaleindustries.Thelocalstrategycomprisesofsevenstepseachleadingtowardstheendgoalofpolicyimplementationandsupportofhowlocalauthoritiestacklee.g.youthout-migrationandagendersegregatedlabourmarket,land-useconflictsandagreenereconomicgrowth.

19 SettlementsintheArctic

Themeleader:DeanCarson([email protected])

19.1 SolvingArcticPuzzles:TheNeedforSocio-economicDevelopmentinLocalCommunitiesintheArcticandPossibleContributionsbyNon-ArcticStates

Chairs:FujioOhnishi,ShinichiroTabata,andEdwardBoyle

8June-11:30a.m.

MC323

19.1.1

SocialarrangementoffarmmanagementinlocalcommunitiesoftheRepublicofSakha(Yakutia)

MasanoriGoto

TherecentthermokarstdepressionoverthepermafrostinSiberiaiscausednotonlybyclimatechangebutalsobysocialchange.LanddegradationoccursconspicuouslyontheabandonedgrasslandswhichweremadebydeforestationintheSoviettimes.Thesoilconditionisaffectedbytheintensivelarge-scalestockfarming,alongwithbytheglobalwarming.Therefore,itisindispensabletofollowthetransformationofsocialsysteminenvironmentalinvestigation.BasedontheresultoffieldresearchconductedwithintheframeworkofJapaneseArCSproject,thispresentationillustratesthecurrentsocialsetupsworkingaroundlivestockfarmingeconomyintheRepublicofSakha(Yakutia).

19.1.2

WhalingandlocalArcticcommunities

ShunwaHonda

Whalingandconsumptionofwhaleproductshavelongcontributedtomany,butnotallArcticcommunities.HereIfocusupontheeasternArctic,namelyGreenlandwithlimitedcomparisonwithNunavut.Whalingandtheconsumptionofwhalemattak,qiporaqandmeatplayadecisiveroleintheformationof,andmaintenanceofGreenlander(Kalaallit)ethnicidentityandsocialcohesion.Ofcourse,whalemeathasbeenanimportantsourceofnutrition,possiblesincetheSaqqaqculturalperiod4000yearsago.Inthispresentation,Ihypothesisethatwhalingandtheconsumptionofwhaleproductscametohavesocio-politicalovertonesinreactiontoenvironmentalismandanti-whalingmovementemerginginthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,Tosubstantiatethefoundationsofmyhypothesis,IbrieflydiscussthehistoryofwhalingandconsumptionofwhaleproductsintheeasternArctic,andthenpresentanoverviewofethnographicalaccountsofwhalinginthe16thto19thcenturies.NextIfocusuponwhalinginthe20thcentury,fromtherelativelyinactivefirsthalftotheresurgencewhaling,particularlyoflargewhales,inthepost-WWIIperiod.Inthisperiod,severalactorscameuponthescene,namely‘modernisation’policiesenactedbytheDanishgovernmentinthe1950’sand1960’s,andtheemergenceofenvironmentalismandtheanti-whalingcampaign.Discussionofthesocialandeconomicimportanceofwhalesandwhalingmayinaway,howeversmall,contributetoabetterunderstandingandappreciationofwhalingintheArcticbythosenotfamiliarwithArcticsocio-economicrealities.Thiswillinturnhopefullycontributeamoretolerantattitudetowardsubsistencewhalingbylocalcommunities,andthustosocio-economicdevelopmentinlocalArcticcommunities.

19.1.3

IsolationandDisempowermentasaNewChallengeofAdaptationinThreeArcticCommunities:Uummannaq(Greenland),Wainwright(Alaska),Tiksi(Yakutia)

Jean-MichelHuctin,MateoCordier,MatthewBerman,CharlotteDaCunha,NikulkinaIngaVladimirovna,VyacheslavShadrin,Jean-PaulVanderlinden,JuanBaztan

AdaptationtochangingnaturalandsocialenvironmentsintheArctichavebeenincreasinglyexaminedduringthelastdecadethroughvariousdisciplinaryapproachesandfinallyassociatingindigenousknowledgeinresearch.Howeveritstillremainsnecessarytobetterunderstandthedrivingforcesthatshapeadaptationprocessesatcommunitylevelwithinitsculturalframework.Severalresearchprojectsincludingoursshowforinstancethatclimatechange,althoughdeeplyimpactinglocalenvironmentsandactivities,isnotthemainstressfactorfortheInuit.Amongotherstressfactorsaffectingpresentandfutureadaptation,increasingincertainty,complexityandcapacityofanticipationinthecommunity,thereducedeconomicopportunitiesandthepoliticaldisempowermentatlocallevelseemstobeconsideredasthemostimportantonestodealwith.Howisolationanddisempowermentaffectcapacitiesofadaptation?TheresultspresentedherearebasedonthecasestudiesofthreeArcticcommunitiesoftheARTisticcresearchproject:Uummannaq,Greenland;Wainwright,Alaska;Tiksi,Sakha.Thesecoastalcommunitiesareverydistantfromeachother,withverydifferenthistorical,socio-economicandculturalbackgroundsbutsharetodayseveralcommonfeatures:theycannolongerbeindependentandself-subsistentbecausetheyarealllinkedtotherestoftheworld,theyarerelativelyisolatedfromthemostpopulatedareasandthepoliticalauthoritiesoftheircountry,theyhavelimitedinfluenceondecision-makingovertheirownlifeandfuture.Localauthoritiesinthesethreecommunitiesexpectaidandsolutionsfromthefederalsysteminwhichtheyoperate–theSakhaRepublic,theStateofAlaska,andtheGreenlandself-rulegovernment.WhileTiksiistheadministrativecenterofaDistrictinSakhaRepublic,UummannaqandWainwrighthavealsoastrongregionalgovernmentsabovethecommunitylevel.

19.1.4

ThefuturesoftheArctichumanpopulations:factoringeducationalattainment

AnastasiaEmelyanova

Thisstudyaimsattheprojectingpopulationsinsub-nationallevelstratifiedbyeducationattainmentaccompanyingageandsexformostoftheArcticprovinces(25),incomparisontoall-nationchangesofArcticcountriesforthehorizon2015-2050.Inthestudydesign,alternativescenariosforthefuturearedevelopedforprojectioncomponents.Infertility,weassumesettingonthelatestUN2030/2050“medium”forecastsandsecondly,Arctic-specificassumptionsbasedontherecentpastoftheArcticfertility.Inmortality,scenarioscoverthedynamicsoftheArcticforerunnerinlifeexpectancy(FaroeIslands),ormediummortalityassumptionsonthebasisofaglobalconditionalconvergencemodelofWittgensteinCentreforDemographyandGlobalHumanCapitalwiththeforerunnerJapan.Inmigration,weconditionpopulationchangeswiththegrowingin/out-migration,orlevelled-offconvergencebetweenthem;alsotoshadeother“what-if”optionsmigrationratesarekeptconstant.Next,wegobeyondtraditionalprojectionapproachapplyingmethodologyfromLutzetal.(2014)andintroducingmortalityandfertilitydifferentialsthroughoutlevelsofprimaryschoolingtothetertiarydegreecompletiondependingonnationalclassificationsystemsofeducation.EducationisanimportantelementtoincludesinceitwillkeepaffectingpopulationdynamicsintheArctic.Womenwithmoreeducationwilllikelyhavefewerchildren,highlyeducatedmenandwomenmayhavebetterhealthandlowermortalityratesandtheirchildrenhaveabetterchanceofsurvival.Migrationisalsoaffectedallowingforeasierintegrationofwell-educatedindividuals,andimpactingchoice/formatofmigrationtrajectories(Lutzetal.2014).Factoringeducation,ourgoalisinproducingmeaningfuloptionsforvariousstakeholdersthatneedtorelyonthefuturepopulationstructureofArcticresidentsanditshumancapital.Lutzetal.Worldpopulationandhumancapitalinthe21century,2014.

19.2a Place,Space,andthewaywedothings:Responsestolarge-scalechangeinArcticsocieties

8June-2:30p.m.

N450

Chairs:MarianneKarlsson,CamillaRisvoll,GreteK.Hovelsrud,andBrigtDale

19.2a.1

Large-scalechangesinNorthernNorway:placeattachmentasabasisforadaptation

HeleneAmundsen

“Iwishthattherewillbepeopleandactivitieshere.Wewanttolivehere.”(Principaloflocalschool).Placeattachmentcanbelocallyreflectedinawillingnessandcommitmenttorespondtothechallengesacommunityisfacedwith,andrepresentamotivationtoadapttochanges.Attachmenttoplacehasbeenfoundtoaffectthewillingnesstoengageinactivitiestomaintainattributesofplacethatarevalued.ForinstanceinlocalcommunitiesinNorthernNorway,peopleareactivelyaddressingthechallengestheyarefacingtoensurewellbeing.Attachmenttoplacechangesovertimeandincreasedexpressionsofplaceattachmentareoftenseenattimesofthreatstoplace,whichcouldtriggeradaptations.Climatechangeimpactsrepresentonesuchthreattoplace.Ontheotherhand,placeattachmentandplaceidentitiesmayserveasabarriertotakingupnewideasandforchangingpractices,forinstancethroughreducingflexibility,opennesstonewideasandabilitytochangepractices.Occupationalidentityandplaceattachmenthavealsobeenfoundtolimitadaptationoptionsincommunities,inparticularopportunitiesfortransformation.ThispaperexplorestheseinsightsthroughcasestudiesinnorthernNorway.

19.2a.2

Flexibilityamongreindeerherderstoclimatechangeandcarnivoregovernance:AcasestudyinNordland,NorthernNorway

CamillaRisvoll,M.Karlsson,SM.Eilertsen,G.Hovelsrud,T.Magnussen,D.Galafassi,M.Fabritius

ThispaperinvestigateshowchangesinpastoralaccessandflexibilityaffecttheadaptivecapacitywithinreindeerhusbandryinNordland,northernNorway.Largecarnivores(wolf,brownbear,wolverine,lynx,goldeneagle)thathistoricallyinhabitedmountainregionswerealmosteradicatedbythebeginningofthe20thcentury.ThesepopulationshavedramaticallyincreasedagaininFenno-Scandinaviaduetointernationalandnationalcommitmentstowardsprotectinglargecarnivores.Moreover,climatechangehasincreasinglylockedwinterpasturesforreindeerduringthepast30-50years.TheCarnivoremanagementplanforNordlandispresentlyunderrevision.Withinthisplan,newzonesprioritizinglandforcarnivoresandforgrazinganimalsaresuggested,whereinlandmountainlandscapesareallocatedforcarnivoresandareasclosertothecoastareprioritizedforgrazinganimals.Flexibilitytomovetheherdstodifferentpasturesisanimportantcomponentofadaptivecapacitywithinreindeerhusbandry.Increasedcarnivorepressuretogetherwithincreasedfrequencyinlockedpasturesreducereindeerherders’accesstoinlandpasturesandhasledtochangedhusbandrypractices.Inthisstudy,weanalysehowthecombinedeffectsofchangesincarnivoremanagementandclimatechangeeffectreindeerherders’flexibilityandpastoralmobility.Wedrawonobservations,interviews,focusgroupsanddocumentstudies.ThepaperdiscussesopportunitiesandbarriersassociatedwiththecombinedeffectsofcarnivoremanagementandclimatechangeinlocalpastoralcommunitiesinNordland,andultimatelyhowthisaffectspastoralists’flexibilitytoattainsustainablehusbandryandproductionmodes.

19.2a.3

Participatorymeaning-makingofenvironmentalandculturalchangesinreindeerherdinginthenorthernmostborderareaofSwedenandFinland

ÉliseLépy,HannuI.Heikkinen,TeresaKomu,SimoSarkki

Thispresentationisbasedontheresearchfindingsoftwoprojects:CLICHE(ImpactsofclimatechangeonArcticenvironment,ecosystemservicesandsociety)andPITCH(PrimaryIndustriesandTransformationalChange).It

explorestheadaptationpossibilitiesofreindeerherdingregardingenvironmentalchangesattheNorthernmostSwedish-Finnishborderregion.Theobjectivewastoconductvulnerabilityassessmentontherelationsbetweenreindeerherdingandvariousenvironmentalchangescreatingpressureforchange.Bysuchparticipatoryassessmentweexploredtheinterplaybetweenculturalresilienceandtransformationasperceivedbyreindeerherdersandwhetherthechangesareconsideredasfairenablingtherenewalofthelivelihoodorunjustimposedfromoutside.OurapproachisbasedoninterviewsconductedinfourherdingcommunitiesoftheKönkämäeno-Muonionjokirivervalleyandonaworkshopduringwhichascenarioexercisewasusedforopeningupcriticaldiscussionsofpotentialtransformativechangesofherding.Resultsemphasizethemultidimensionalcomplexitiesofadaptationfromthelocalpointofviewandtheprominentroleofculturalcontinuitywithinreindeerhusbandry.

19.2a.4

Change,occupationalidentityandfutureprospectsamonglocalstakeholdersinHelgeland,Norway

StineRybråten,MaikenBjørkan

Northerncoastalcommunitiesarefacingmultiplechallengesinthefaceofacceleratingglobalenvironmentalandsocioeconomicchange,suchasclimatechange,ecosystemdegradation,intensifiedresourceextraction,landusechangeandurbanization.However,environmentalandsocioeconomicchangealsoentailsopportunities,andcoastalareasare‘hotspots’forblendingtraditionaleconomiesandnature-basedpractiseswithnewtechnologiesandbusinessopportunities.Suchopportunitiesarefurtherhighlightedincurrentsustainabilitytransitionpolicies,aimedatcombiningecologicalgoalswitheconomiccompetitiveness.Inthispaper,weinvestigatehowdifferentstakeholdersperceiveandevaluateforcesofchangeinthecoastalzoneofHelgeland,NorthernNorway.Basedoninterviewswithfishermen,farmersandaquaculturerepresentatives,weexaminehowsenseofplaceandoccupationalidentityinfluencethesevariousstakeholders’perceptionsofchangeanddegreetowhichtheypursueincreasedproductivityorotheraspectsoftheirlivelihoodsforfuturesustenance.Animprovedunderstandingofthelinkagesbetweenlocalandoccupationalidentityandlivelihooddevelopmentprospects,mayprovidenewinsightsofrelevancetoamorelocallyoriented‘greenshift’discourse.

19.2b Place,Space,andthewaywedothings:Responsestolarge-scalechangeinArcticsocieties

Chairs:MarianneKarlsson,CamillaRisvoll,GreteK.Hovelsrud,andBrigtDale

9June-10:30a.m.

MC413

19.2b.1

ConflictingFutures:TheRelationshipBetweenPotentialPetroleumExplorationandNatureConservationintheLofotenIslands,Norway

MarianneKarlsson,BrigtDale

WhethertheseaareasoutsidetheLofotenIslandsinNorthernNorwayshouldbeopenedforpetroleumexplorationhasbeenheatedlydebatedsincethemid-1990s.Inparallelpoliticalprocesses,large-scaleconservationmeasureslikeaWorldHeritagestatusapplication(UNESCO)andtheestablishmentofanationalparkhaveemergedasalternativedevelopmentfuturesintheregion;thefirstatop-downprocessinitiatedbythenationalgovernment,thesecondalocalinitiativeinpartspurredbythepetroleumandUNESCOdebate.Petroleumandconservationissueshavebeenaddressedinparallelpoliticalprocessesandcanbeunderstoodasrelationaltoeachotherinthatconservationargumentsarestateddirectlyorindirectlyasaresponsetothepossibilityofextraction..BothfutureprospectshavestirredupstrongfeelingsandresistancelocallyinLofotenandbeyondastheseprocessesareseentothreatenlivelihoods,landandseascapes,albeitindifferentways.

Drawingupontheoriesofontologicalsecurityandrisk,thispaperexaminestherelationshipbetweendebatesonnatureconservationandpetroleumdevelopmentintheLofotenregionfrom2007to2017.Ourobjectiveistoidentifyandunderstandhowsimilartopicsofconcerntraversebothdebatesandhowinterpretationsofthesetopicsshapealocalsenseofontologicalsecurity.Wedothisthroughstudyingthethreepoliticalprocessesmentioned:openingtheLoVeSepetroleumshelf,applyingforUNESCOWorldHeritageapplicationandtheestablishmentofLofotoddennationalpark.Thepaperisbasedonqualitativeinterviewswithresidents,officials,politicians,localbusinessesandmediaanalysisoflocalnewspapers.CentraltotheargumentpresentedisanunderstandingofhowreactionstoconservationshedlightonwhypetroleumiscontroversialinLofotenandhowlocalexpressionsofsecuringanddevelopingtheareaarecentraltounderstandinghowdifferentfuturesareimaginedandthusplannedfor.

19.2b.2

Familiesnegotiatingtheplaceofresidence

HannaMustajärvi

Thepaperpresentsmydoctoralresearchplan.IwilldointerviewresearchonthechoiceoftheLappishfamilies’residence.Ianalysefamilies’internationalnegotiatingandcontextualizemyanalysiswithdiscussiononmigrationandplace.Inrecentdiscussions,metropolitanisationhasbeenconsideredasanaturalanddesirabledevelopment,whichshouldnotbeinterfered.FromthisperspectiveLaplandistheperiphery.ThepeopleofLaplandmoveabroadandelsewheretothecountry,butalsowithintheareatopopulationcenters.Migrationdirectstowardsbettereducationalandjobopportunitiesintheregions.Manyyoungpeople,morewomenthanmen,moveawayfromLapland.WhatinterestsmeiswhyandhowsomepeoplechoosetoliveinLapland.Familyisapproachedasacommunityinwhichcommonspotsfordifferentopinionsarenegotiated.Iaskfirst,howthedifferentinterestsoffamilymembersareinvolvedinthenegotiationsrelatingtothechoiceofplaceofresidence.Secondwhichspecificthemesaretakenupinthenegotationsandbywhom?Iassumethat,gender,tradition,variousauthorities,experientialandscientificknowledge,aswellassocietalvaluesarereflectedinthenegotiations.Whichofthesefactorsaredecisivewhenselectingtheplaceofresidence?Iexplorehowtocommunicatewiththenegotiationsonmediamigrationdebate.

19.2b.3

ArcticoilandGasdevelopment:thecaseofGreenland

BirgerPoppel

WhereasthewatersaroundGreenland,accordingtotheUSGeologicalSurveys,containshugeoilandgasdepositsresources,sofar,noprofitablefindshavebeendiscovered.DespitethelackofeconomicbenefitsfrompetroleumactivitiestheGreenlandicdiscourseaboutoilandgasissignificantindifferentways–notleastbecausefutureoilandgasactivitiestosomeareseenaspotentialdriversforeconomicindependencefromDenmarkandthereforealsoforpoliticalindependence.ThisandotheraspectsoftheGreenlandicoilandgasdiscoursesuchasGreenland’soilandgaspolicycomparedtoforinstancethatofInuitCircumpolarCouncilandpotentialconflictsbetweenGreenland’soilandgaspolicyandtheCOP21agreementstoreduceglobalwarmingwillbediscussedinthepresentation.

19.2b.4 RadioandWhatsapp.PublicSpaceamongtheEasternKhantyandtheAsiaticYupik

DmitriyOparin

Thepaperisdedicatedtotheformationofanewdimensionofspaceinindigenoussettlementsviamedia.Thepaperisbasedontwocasestudies–onefromWesternSiberiaandtheotherfromtheRussianFarEast.InKorliki(Khanty-MansiOkrug)publicspaceisformedonthebasisofcommunicationbyradio.Huntersspend

mostoftheirtimeintheforestataconsiderabledistancefromboththevillageandeachother.Everydayataspecifiedtime,manyvillagersandtheirrelativesgotospeakonairwiththeirrelativesintheforest.Dialoguesbetweenindividualsareheardbyall,withpeoplediscussingwork-relatedandpersonalmatterspublicly,passingonimportantinformation,andsimplysharingtheirimpressionsoftheday.ConversationsareoftenintheKhantylanguage,whilethelanguageofthe“real”publicspaceinthevillageisexclusivelyRussian.Wecanthusseetheformationofauniquepublicspaceviamediathatencompassesallthevillageinhabitantsandthetaigahunters.AmongtheChukchiandAsiaticYupikWhatsapphasrecentlybecomeonethemainmeansofcommunication.Therearemorethan5chatsthatencompassalmostallthevillagersofNovoeChaplino(Chukotka),Sireniki(Chukotka)andevenSt.LawrenceIsland(Alaska).Peoplecommunicatein4languages(Russian,Yupik,Chukchi,English),sharepicturesandvideosandstayintouchalmost24hours.Iwouldliketoseehowthesenewmediaformpresentpublicspaceandchangeeverydaylives.

19.3 CitiesoftheNorth:UrbangrowthcentresandhinterlanddevelopmentacrosstheArcticandbeyond

Chairs:DorisCarson&LinusLundström

10June-1:30a.m.

MC323

19.3.1

CitiesoftheNorth:Urbanisation,mobilitiesandnewdevelopmentopportunitiesforsparselypopulatedhinterlands

DorisCarson

Thispresentationwillintroducetheproject“CitiesoftheNorth”–acollaborationbetweenUmeåUniversity(Sweden),CharlesDarwinUniversity(Australia),andtheUniversityofAlaska-Anchorage(UnitedStates).Theprojectseekstodevelopabetterunderstandingofhowrapidlygrowingcitiesinnorthernperipheriescontributetosocio-economicdevelopmentintheirsparselypopulatedhinterlandregions.DrawingoncasestudiesfromdifferentArcticandnorthernperipheries,theprojectusesacomprehensivemobilityperspectivetostudytheimpactsofurbangrowthoncapitalspilloverintoperipheralhinterlandcommunities.Mobilitiesbetweenthecityandthehinterlandmayincludeadiverserangeofpopulationflows–includingresidential,labourandvisitorflows–andthesearelikelytochangeovertimeintermsoftheirtemporal,spatialandsocialdimensions.Thispresentationoutlinesthestudyframeworkanddiscusseshowchangingurban-ruralmobilitiesmaycontributetothedevelopmentofhuman,economic,socialandculturalcapitalinsparselypopulatedperipheries.

19.3.2

CitiesandFrontierResourceDevelopment:theparticularcaseofAnchorage

LeeHuskey

Citiesoftenplayapassiveroleinfrontierresourcedevelopment,simplyprovidingthegoodsandservicedemandedbyfirmsandemployeesintheresourceindustries.Thesecitiesgrowandcontractwithresourceproduction.Undercertainconditionscitydevelopmentmaysupportorencouragefurthergrowthbyloweringcostsandchangingtheeconomicenvironmentoftheresourcefrontier.ThelinkagesbetweenthedevelopmentofAnchorageandAlaska’sresourceeconomyareexploredandcontrastedwithotherAlaskacitiestoexplainitsuniquegrowthpath.

19.3.3

UrbanisationandchangingpleasureperipheriesintheArctic

DieterMüller

Northernperipheriesareoftenidentifiedasimportantdestinationsfortouristsfromsoutherncores.However,thisperspectiveoftenunderratesdomestictourism,whichformativelyinfluencesdemandandsupplybasesforregionaltourismsystems.Hence,urbanizationintheArcticalsohasanimpactontheseregionaltourismsystemsbycreatingnewspatialpatternsofnodesandmobilityflows.ThispresentationaddressesthischangebyhighlightingexamplesfromnorthernSweden.Moreover,eventheinterrelationshipbetweenregionalandinternationaltourismsystemsarediscussed.

19.3.4

Urbanisationoftourismandchangingtravelpatternsinthenorth:thecaseofCairnsandFarNorthQueensland

BrucePrideaux,MichelleThompson

Largescaletourismrequiressignificanttourismrelatedinfrastructureincludingtransportsystemsfortraveltofromandwithinthedestination,accommodation,attractionsandshopping.Tosupportthistourisminfrastructureawiderangeofotherinfrastructureisrequireincludinghealth,lawandorder,waterandsewerage,education,medical,retail,manufacturing,constructionandsoon.Inregionalareas,andwheretourismisthekeyeconomicsector,urbanisationprocessesarelargelytourism-drivenleavingdestinationsvulnerabletofluctuationsintourismdemand.ThispaperexaminestheimpactthatexternalfactorsincludingtheGlobalFinancialCrisisandtheriseoftheAustraliandollarasaresultofthemineralsboomhadonthecityofCairnsandtheregionofFarNorthQueensland,amajornature-basedregionaltourismdestinationinAustralia.Thepaperalsoconsidersthepossibleimplicationsoffutureexternalfactors,includingclimatechange,onthecityandwhatthismaymeanforfuturegrowthoftourismintheregion.Centraltothediscussionisconsiderationoftheimportanceoftourismgeneratedexportincometosustainthedestinationandhowchangesinthevolumeandvalueoftourismexportincomemayimpactonurbanisationprocesses.

19.3.5

SenseofPlaceinIndustrialTownsoftheRussianArctic:LivedExperiencesandPlace-MakingacrossGenerations

AllaBolotova

ThispaperdealswithlifehistoriesofpeoplelivinginnewindustrialtownsbuiltduringtheXXcenturyintheRussianArctic.IanalyseempiricalevidencesfromseveralminingtownsinMurmanskregion(North-WesternRussia,KolaPeninsula),thatIcollectedintheframeworkofseveralresearchprojects.Icomparelivedexperiencesandsenseofbelongingtoplaceoftwodistinctgenerationsthatstartedtheirworkinglifeinnorthernindustrialtownsinverydifferenthistoricalcontexts,withaparticularfocusontheroleplace-makingindevelopingplaceattachment.Thefirstgroupunderconsiderationisthegenerationoffirst-comers:peoplewhoarrivedtothenorthin1950s-1960sasvoluntaryworkmigrantsandpersonallyparticipatedinconstructionofnewtowns.Majorityofthemarenowretired,intheageof70+.Thesecondgroupistheyounggenerationof25-30yearsold,whorelativelyrecentlystartedtheirworkinglife.Howdidvaryinghistoricalcircumstancesinfluenceonthespheresofworkandlifeinnorthernindustrialcommunities?Howdiddifferentgenerationsadjusttothepost-Soviettransformationsandchangesintheircommunities?Howdidstructuralconditionsofpost-Sovietmodernizationandde-industrialisationinfluenceonplaceperceptionsinnorthernminingtowns?Throughanin-depthethnographicandhistoricalstudyIanalysethelivedexperiencesofworkinganddwellinginnewminingtownsforseveralgenerationsofnorthernersduringtheSovietandpost-Sovietperiods,inthecontextofindustrialisationandurbanisationprocessesinthecountryandonthegloballevel.

19.3.6 CitiesintheEuropeanNorth-EastofRussiainthetwentiethcentury:featuresofformation

LuibovMaksimova(TBC–pending)

Formationofcitiesinthenorthinthe1930s-1950scanbeconsideredaphaseinthedevelopmentofthemodelofstate-controlledindustrialeconomy.However,intheSovietUnionthis,commontoallcountriesshiftoftheprogressivedevelopment,tookplaceatitsownspeedandwithcertainnationalcircumstances.Firstofall,thenorthernterritoriesintheSovietUnionwerebeenexploredbeforeoverseasones.Secondly,unliketheforeignnorthwheredevelopmentwascarriedoutinashiftmethod,theSovietUnionusedthegeneralcolonizationattheexpenseofmassforcedmigrationofrepressedpopulation.Thispredeterminedthemainfeaturesofurbanizationprocesses.FromthetraitsofsocialisturbanizationtypicaltotheEuropeanNorth-Eastmentionedinthescientificliterature,economyandpoliticshadanabsolutepriority,whereasthesocialaspectoftheprocesswasignored.Placeoforiginofcitieswasdeterminedbythepresenceofmineralresources,orinformationontheirpotentialreservesinaparticulararea.Despitethecommonunderstandinginthescienceoftheimportanceofthesocialinfrastructurecreationduringthedevelopmentofthenorthernterritories,thecolonizationoftheEuropeanNorth-EastbytheGULAGledtotheparalleldevelopmentofindustrialandsocialinfrastructureswiththefirstoneleadingtheway.Manyarchitecturalandconstructiontaskswhilecreatingcitieswerecarriedoutinanexperimentalmode.Thereareseveralstagesintheprocessofurbanizationofthestudyarea.Ifthefirststageischaracterizedbychaoticconstructionworks,withafrequentabsenceofaplanofconstructions,thenlaterrepressedarchitectswereinvolvedintheconstructionofcities.Thechangeofleadershipofthecampbroughtinthechangeofurbanpolicies.Intheliterature,itisstatedthatthestate-mobilizationmodelofurbanizationwasnotalwaysunsustainable.

19.4 Futureofsmallvillages

Chair:DeanCarson

9June-1:30p.m.

MC413

19.4.1

FutureofSebyan

LialkoZakharova(TBC–pending)

Sebyan-KuolisaplaceofcompacthabitationoftheEvens,thearcticpeople.Therearesomesolutionsofmanyproblemstotheauthor'sopinioninthisproject.

19.4.2

Mixedeconomiesandhunter-gatherertransformations:acasestudyfromAlaska

AlbertoBuela

ManyofthesmallvillagesintheArcticarepopulatedby(formerly)huntingandgatheringsocieties,nowintegratedintoindustrialstatesanddependingonimportedtechnology,markets,andtransferpayments.Therefore,suchvillageshavebeendescribedashavingamixedeconomy.Thispaperpresentsamaterialistandsystemicapproachfortheanalysisofthesocioculturaltransformationsassociatedwiththeemergenceofamixedeconomy.AcasestudyfromAlaskabasedonqualitativedatawillbepresentedtodescribechangesinthesocialstructureandeconomyofanInupiaqvillage,andidentifysomeofthefactorstherebyinvolved.Thelatterincludeshiftsintechnologyandsubsistence,butalsointhesocial,economic,andpoliticalspheres,suchasthoseassociatedwiththechangingroleofthehuntingeconomyandtheemergenceofnewinstitutionsandsocioculturalpatternsduetoinclusionintothestateandtheindustrial-marketeconomy.Theaimistocontributetothebuildingofacomprehensiveandgeneralmodelofmixedeconomies(intheArcticandbeyond)thatcanhelptounderstandandexplainhowsmall-scaleindigenouscommunitieschangeinthecourseof

contemporarydevelopments(suchastheexpansionofindustrialsociety)andidentifythemainfactorsoftheseprocesses.

19.4.3

EntrepreneurshipandInnovationattheEdge.

PrescottC.Ensign

Inthischapterweexamineentrepreneurshipandinnovativebehaviourofthoseindiscretesettlementsinsparselypopulatedareas(SPAs)ofdevelopednations.Weexplorevariousfactorsanddecision-makersthatareinvolvedincreatinginducementsforeconomicdevelopmentindiversegeographicallocations.Thefactorsexaminedaresociological/cultural,communitydynamics,governmentpolicyandaction,economicconditions,andpeopleandplace.TheroleofinnovationandentrepreneurialactivityonacommunityispresentedinacasestudyoftheCreeNation.Finally,observationsonreasonsforsuccessandfailurearepresented.

19.4.4

Decentralisingknowledgemakingandknowledgesharingtobenefitsmallvillages

HeidiHodge,DeanCarson

Inashiftfrombeinghistoricallyperceivedas‘knowledgekeepers’,universitiesareincreasinglylookingtocommunitiestoformpartnershipsfortheco-creationandsharingofknowledge.Itisanacknowledgementofthevalueofmeaningfulengagementwithcommunities,andofcommunitybasedknowledgenetworks.Mostexamplesofsuchventuresarebasedinmetropolitancities,orlargeregionalcentres,atbest.Thereareasmallbutgrowingnumberofcasesbasedinruralandremotelocations.Someareledbyuniversities,othersdrivenbycommunities,andafewcasesareprobablehybrids.Allaregeographicallyremotefromtheirrespectivemaincampus,andhaveresearchactivitiesattheircore.Thispaperexploresthreesuchcases:Burra(SouthAustralia),TheCentreforRuralMedicine(SwedishLapland),andtheQaujigiartiitHealthResearchCentre(Nunavut,Canada).Itexaminestheirmechanisms,relationshipsandplacebaseddriversforeffectiveknowledgemakingandsharing,tobenefitsmallvillages.

19.4.5 TheVillage:Usinghigh-techforinternationalmultidisciplinaryeducationofIndigenoussustainability

NateBickford

TheIndigenoushavelongsustainedtheirwayoflife.Thetimeisripetolearnfromandsharethisgenerationalknowledge.However,ideasonhowtoeffectivelydistributeIndigenousknowledgearewidelydebated.Thisprojectarguesthatsharingknowledgeshouldstartwithahigh-techsolution.TheVillageisanideaofafutureonline,interactiveplacethatallowsapoolofIndigenousknowledgetodriftacrosscontinentsbridgingtwosocieties—ArcticandNorthAmerican.ThisprojectaddressestheyouthknowledgegapinruralNorthAmericaregardingsustainableArcticlifestylesbypullingtogethertwoclassrooms—ArcticIndigenousversusruralNorthAmerica—andcreatingavillageofintercontinental,interactivelearning.Eachgroupwilllearnfromtheotherkeyingintocultural,economic,environmentalandpoliticalaspectsthatcreatesustainableversusnon-sustainablelifestyles.AcknowledgingthatsomeArcticareasstillstrugglewithdigitalcommunications,TheVillageallowsforasafeplacefortheIndigenousknowledgetobereachedfromadistancebyothercontinents,evenwhenArcticaccessisunavailable.TheVillage’sendproducts,tobeexpected,includeaninteractivewebplatform—supportedbyadatabasebackend—withmicrolectures,discussionsandaninteractivevillagegame.Toaffectchange,wemustfocusonouryouthandthisstartsnotonlywitheducation,butthebridgingofsocieties.

19.5 RecruitingandRetaining

Chair:DeanCarson

11June-1:30p.m.

UB335

19.5.1

RecruitmentneedsfortheRussianArcticzonedevelopment

AnnaSimakova,I.Stepus

Therearemorethan1millionpeopleworkingintheRussianArcticzone.MostRussianArcticterritories’regionaleconomyisexperiencingacuteshortageinqualifiedstaff.Morethan60%ofvacanciesdeclaredbyemployerstotheEmploymentService’aredelingwithqualifiedworkersandspecialistsofmiddlequalification.AccordingtosurveyresultsperformedbyleadingemployersintheRussianArctic,therewascompiledalistoftheTOP-25occupations-suchasdrillrigoperator,oilandgasoperatorproduction,mechanic-repairers,laboratoryassistantofchemicalanalysis.AdistinctivefeatureoftheArcticregioneconomyisthehighprevalenceofshiftmigrationasoneofthecirculartypesoflabourmigration.Upto15-20%ofpeopleworkasshiftmigrantsfortheleadingenterprisesintheRussianArcticzone.Shiftmigrationisthemostwidespreadintheoilandgassectoroftheeconomy.Nowadays,thekeyapproachtotheRussianArcticzonedevelopmentisthedevelopmentof"backupzones"basedonalreadyestablishedurbanagglomerations.Inthiscontext,theterritoryoftheEuro-Arcticmacro-regionofRussiaisuniqueandhasgreatpotentialsince92%ofthepopulationlivesinthesecities.ForKola,Arkhangelsk,Vorkuta,Nenets"backupzones"developmentprioritiesaredefinedinaccordancewiththeindustryspecificsandtypeofinnovativeeconomicdevelopment(mainlandorisland).

19.5.2

EvaluatingRecruitmentandRetentionStrategies–haveyoumadeitwork?

DeanCarson,BirgitAbelsen,DavidHeaney,SiggiSigurosson,GwenHealey,JenniferWakegijig

Governmentagenciesandprivatecompaniescontinuetobeconcernedabouttherecruitmentandretentionofskilledandprofessionalworkersinsparselypopulated,remoteornorthernregions.Internationalresearchhasproposedanumberofwaystoimproverecruitmentandretention,buttherehavebeenrelativelyfewattemptstoevaluatewhetherthesestrategiesactually‘work’inthelongterm.TheRecruitandRetain:MakingitWorkprojectwithintheEuropeanCommission’sNorthernPeripheryandArcticProgrammeisdevelopingamethodofevaluatingrecruitmentandretentionstrategiesthatincludesconsiderationofthecharacteristicsoftheorganisation,thelocation,andtheprofession.Theaimistoimprovetheevidencebasearoundparticularstrategieswhichmaybecostlytoimplementandwhoseoutcomesareoftendifficulttoassess.

19.5.3

Retentionofhigh-skilledlabourinGreenland

VerenaHuppert

BraindrainpresentsacurrentchallengeformanyArcticregions,includingGreenland,whichstrugglestoretainhigh-skilledlabour.ThispaperinvestigatesintothebraindraininNuuk,itsextent,causesandconsequences,anddiscussessomeofthemeasuresthatarecurrentlyestablished.ItshowsthatanArctictownlikeNuuk,Greenland,canbenefitfromknowledgeandexperiencefromasimilartownoutsidetheArctic,inregardstotheirapproachtoturnthedevelopmentofbraindrain.Inacomparativecasestudy,NuukiscomparedtoCharlottetowninCanada,showinghowNuukcouldbenefitfromtheknowledgeandexperienceinothertownsoutsidetheArctic.Itisfoundthatespeciallyintheareasofyouthbraindrain,thelinkbetweenyounghigh-

skilledandthelabourmarket,andcommunicationbetweenlocalactorsthatNuukcouldlearnfromtheexperienceandsolutionsinCharlottetown.

19.5.4

ModelingrecruitmentofmedicalandotherprofessionalstoruralAustralia:lessonsfortheArctic

KathrenePunshon,DeanCarson

ManynorthernandArcticregionscontinuetostruggletogetdoctorsandotherprofessionalworkerstopracticeinruralandremoteareas.ThesuccessofinitiativessuchastheNorthernPeripheryandArcticProgramme'sRecruitandRetainProjectcanonlybemeasuredbytheextenttowhichprojectinitiativesimpact'normal'behaviour.However,wehaveveryfewstudiesthatdescribe'normal'behaviourformedicaldoctorsorotherprofessions.Inparticular,wedonotknowhowsimilarordifferentarethe'normal'behavioursofdifferentprofessions.ComparingthenormalbehavioursofdifferentprofessionsinruralAustraliahasyieldedsomeinterestingresults.Althoughallprofessionalsaregenerallyasmobileaseachother,generalmedicalpractitionersmoveverydifferentlytootherprofessionals.Forexample,movinggeneralpractitionerschosetomovetolargerregionalcitiesfarmorethananyotherprofession,butmoverurallessthananyotherprofession.InthepastAustralianruralpromotionprogramsaimtogetdoctorstomovetolargerregionalcities,rural,orremoteplaces,butitappearsthisgeneralistpromotionstrategyisworkingtopromotedoctorstomovetolargerregionalcitiesattheexpenseofmovingruralandremote.ThissuggeststheneedfortargetedrecruitmentandretentionprogramstoensuresuccessforregionssuchastheArticnorth.

19.6 TheSocialDimensionsoftheUrbanArctic

Chair:MarieLowe&NeltaEdwards

9June-3:30p.m.

MC413

19.6.1

U.S.“WelfareReform”DiscourseandAlaska’sHousingCrisis

MarieLowe

Alaska’spopulationhasbeengrowingatafasterratethantheLower48statesoverthelasttwodecadesandthistrendispredictedtocontinueoverthenext30years.ResearchalsoindicatesincreasedlevelsofruraltourbanmigrationandagradualurbanizationtakingplaceinAlaska,mirroringotherareasofthecircumpolarnorth.Populationincreasesandurbanizationprocessesaddpressuretothealreadylimited,adequatehousingstockinAlaska.Theliteraturedemonstrateshowinadequatehousingisassociatedwithcompromisedchildwell-beingandeducationalattainment—additionalfactorscontributingtothereproductionofpovertylocallyandnationally.ThispaperaddressesthehousingcrisisinAlaskawhileconsideringU.S.federalpolicyonanddiscoursesabout“welfarereform”and“self-sufficiency”forpopulationstraditionallyreliantupontransferpaymentsandpublicassistance.Itexploreshowmarket-focuseddiscoursesembeddedinfederalpoliciesarebeingarticulatedintheAlaskacontext.

19.6.2

ComparingIndigenousandnon-IndigenousPerspectivesonHealthandHousingintheCanadianNorth

HenriPallard,CarolKauppi

AccordingtoUNSpecialRapporteurontheRightsofIndigenousPeoplesJamesAnaya,thehousingcircumstancesonFirstNationscommunitiesinCanadaconstituteacrisis.Henotesthattheirhousingsituationcontributestohealthchallenges,particularlyinnortherncommunities.Thisprojectutilizedphotovoiceand

interviewmethodstostudyhousingandhealthintwoNorthernOntarioCreecommunitiesandtwocomparisoncommunities—urbanmunicipalitiesinNorthernOntario.All60participantswerelivingwithformsofhiddenhomelessness.ThecomparisonoftwoIndigenousandtwonon-IndigenouscommunitiesintheCanadiannorthmakesthisstudyunique.Oneofthecommunities,FortAlbanyFirstNation,isaremote,fly-incommunityontheJamesBay.AnothernorthernCreecommunity,ConstanceLakeFirstNation,isaccessiblebyroad,asaretheurbancommunitiesstudied.PhotographsfromIndigenousandnon-Indigenousparticipantsinthefourcommunitiesarefeaturedinthispresentation.Thispaperalsodescribesthemesfromparticipants’narrativesaboutthehealthimpactsoftheirhousing.Ineachofthestudycommunities,participantstookphotographsoftheirhousingsituationandexplainedtheimpactsontheirphysicalandmentalhealth.Intheresults,weidentify(i)commonthemesfrominterviewdata(narratives)andfromphotographs,allowingforabetterunderstandingofthenatureofthehousingandthenegativeimpactsofpoorhousingonphysicalandmentalhealth;and(ii)commonissuessuchas“couchsurfing”andovercrowding,sleepingrough,andsubstandardorinadequatehousing.FindingsareinterpretedinthelightofhousingpoliciesofthefederalandprovincialgovernmentsinCanada.

19.6.3

SocialOutcomesofInadequateHousingforFamiliesinanArcticContext

NeltaEdwards

ResearchintheNorthAmericanArcticshowsthatinadequatehousingaffectschildwell-beingandachievement,individualphysicalandmentalhealthandfamilyharmony.Thispaperexaminesseveraldimensionsofinadequatehousing—inparticularcrowding,lackofaffordabilityandratesoffamilymobility.Whilecrowdingandaffordabilitydirectlyaffectoutcomes,familymobilityisacomplexinterveningvariablethatisbothanoutcomeofinadequatehousingandanindicatorofit.“Pushfactors”fromruralareas,suchaslackofemploymentandeducationalopportunitiesaswellascrowdedandexpensivehousing,oftencompelpeopletomovetourbanareaswheretheymayfindthemselvesmakingmultiplemovesastheyattempttosecureadequatehousing.Thispaperhighlightsthedifficultiespresentedbyinadequatehousinginfrastructuretobothrurallivingandurbanizationinthenorth.

19.6.4 CulturalResilienceintheUrbanArctic

KristenOgilvie

TheurbanArctichaslargelybeendescribedaspostcolonialserviceandeconomiccentersinwhichindigenouspeoplesmeldintonon-traditionallifestyles.Oftenhighlightingthenegativeimpactandoutcomesofcolonialism,thesestudieslinktheurbanlandscapewithculturelossandrelatedbehavioralhealthproblemsamongindigenouspeoples.LittlescholarshiphasfocusedontheresilienceofnativepeoplesintheurbanArctic,andthewaysinwhichtraditionsenactedandpracticedintheurbanenvironmentsreinforceidentityandbuildstrengthamongindigenousgroups.Thispaperhighlightsexamplesofrecentandongoingresearchthatexplorespersistent,renewed,andinnovativeindigenousculturaltraditionintheurbanArctic.

19.6.5 WalkingthroughWinterLandscapes

VanessaZembal

ThisresearchfollowspeopleastheynavigatewinterlandscapesinEdmonton,AB.Walkinginthewinterisanareaoflimitedresearch,butverymucharealityforpeoplelivinginwintercities.Thisrealitychangesdramaticallybasedonaperson’sabilityorcomfortlevel.Mostpublicspacesaredesignedwithpatternsofinclusionandexclusionthatmaybeconsciousorunconscioustopeopleusingthespace.Throughexploringtherangeofexperiencesthatcanoccurwithinthesamespace,weareattemptingtorethinkthevastnetworkof

relationshipsandinfluencesinvolvedindesigningaspace.Walkingthroughthesespaceswithparticipantspositionstheconversationspatially.Itslowsdowntheconversationbecausewearenotonlytalking,butnavigatingthroughotherpeople,builtformsorvehiclesthatareinherenttoanyexperienceofspace.Thisresearchfocusesonthebuiltformwithinthespace,aswellastheobjectsorthingspeoplebringtohelpthemmoveornavigatethroughspaces.

Posterstheme19

Socialimpactsofwildlifeecologicalchangesonnorthernsmallnumberedpeoplesandtheiradaptationbylocalcommunity-basedmanagementinSakhaRepublic

ShirowTatsuzawa,I.Okhlopkov,N.Solomonov,E.Nikolaev,R.Kirillin,E.Kirillin

SeveraltypesofecologicalchangesoflifehistoriesinwildfaunaandflorahavealreadyfoundedIntheArcticandsub-arcticSiberia.Thesephenomenaareprobablyarosebytheglobalclimatechanges,andarisingsocialandeconomicalconflictsinlocalcommunities,especiallynorthernsmallnumberedpeoples.Inthispaper,weintroducesomeexamplesoftheseecologicalchangesinwildlife(reindeer,migratorybirds,etc.)andeffortsofadaptivemanagementfortraditionalwildlifeutilization(huntingetc.)basedoninternationalcollaborations.

UrbanArcticVisualSurvey:PartOne-Kirkenes

VictorFrankowski

UrbancentresintheArticarestartingtogothroughmajorchangesduetogeopoliticalandeconomicaldevelopmentsintheregion.Inourlifetimesustainableurbangrowthdevelopmentisgoingtoplayakeyfactorinmaintainingafinelinebetweenhumanhabitationsandnaturesexploitation.TheArticNorthhasbecomeamajoreconomicalzonewithincreaseinnaturalresourcesexploration,shipping,tourismandurbanisation.Themulti-mediaprojectlooksatcreatingvisualurbansurveyofindustrialisedArctictownsandchangesexperiencedinthemduetoglobalisation,migrationandclimatechange.Theinitialpresentedsectionisfocusedon,an18month,researchonthebordercityofKirkenesinfarnortheasternNorway.Itsgeo-politicalpositioningintheBarentsregionmakesitacentralpartinthefuturegrowth,developmentandtransnationalrelationsbetweenRussia,FinlandandNorway.Thesize,economy,multiculturalismandhistorypresentsacasestudyintowhatchangesthetownisexperiencingandtheaffectonitsfutureplanninganddevelopment.Throughphotographyanddigital-mediathissectionoftheprojectlooksatdevelopingamethodologicalframeworkallowingforthereplicationoftheresearchinfourothersimilarsizedsettlementsindifferentregionsoftheArctic.Withtheaimtoreturntoeachofthemonceeveryfiveyears,creatingavisualarchiveofthechangingurbanArcticlocalities.

20 Sustainability

Themeleader:AndreyPetrov([email protected])

20.1a TowardagenderequalsustainablehumandevelopmentintheArctic

Chair:Eva-MariaSvensson

8June-11:30a.m.

MC413

20.1a.1

Men´sIntimatePartnerViolenceagainstSamiWomeninSweden–ReflectionsonEthicsinIndigenousResearch

MonicaBurman,MariaSchefferLindgren

Inthispaperwewillreflectuponsomedifficultiesandpossibilitieswehaveencounteredincreatinganethicalandcollaborativeresearchprocessinourongoingresearchprojectonmen´sintimatepartnerviolenceagainstSamiwomeninSweden.OurambitionistobasetheresearchprocessoncoreethicalprinciplesforindigenousresearchsuchasRespect,Recognitionofrights,Responsibility,Mindfulness,ParticipationandMutualbenefits.TheissueswewillraiserelatebothtotheoverallSamicommunityandtoSamiindividuals,forexampletheSamiwomenthatareparticipatingasinformantsintheproject.Someethicalaspectsarecomplicatedbythefactthattheexistenceandprevalenceofmen’sintimatepartnerviolenceagainstSamiwomenisasilentandsometimesforbiddensubjectwithintheSwedishSamicommunity.ThisprimarilyafflictSamiwomenwhohavebeenexposedtomalepartnerviolence,notonlybecauseofthedifficultiestoescapefromviolenceandgetrelevantsupportthatfollowsfromthetaboo-likequalityoftheviolence,butalsobecauseofconsequencesemanatingfromspeakingoutaboutanddisclosingtheviolence.Anotherimportantdimensionistheriskitentailstomaketheviolencevisibleinacontextofcolonialismanddiscriminatorypowerstructures.Amoredetailedissuewewilldiscussandreflectuponishowtocreateacollaborativeandparticipatoryresearchprocesswhenthereisnoevidentresearchpartner(s)intheSamicommunity.ViolenceagainstSamiwomenhasnotyetbeenputontheSwedishSamicommunityagendainsimilarwaysasinsomeotherIndigenouscontextsandfewSamiorganizationsformulatesviolenceagainstwomenasasubjectandconcern,atleastnotofficially.Finally,wewillpresentsomeideasonhowtocreatealong-lastingcommitmentinrelationtotheSamicommunitydespitehindrancescreatedbystructureswithintheSwedishacademia.

20.1a.2

“Wheremenaremen”:TheFinnmarkRaceandgenderedrepresentationsoftheNorth

TineKvidal-Røvik

Inthisarticle,ItakeagenderperspectiveinexploringconstructionsoftheNorth.Specifically,IdoadiscourseanalysisofrepresentationsoftheFinnmarkRace-thelongestsled-dograceinEuropeandakeyeventinNorthernNorway.Sportisapowerfulculturalinstitution,rhetoricallyrelevantinsociety,asignificantsiteforidentityconstructionandenactment,andplaysanimportantroleinsocialorganizationofgender.Historically,sporthasbeenconnectedtomasculinity,thuswomenplayingsportshavechallengedthosegenderedassumptions(Bialowas,2008),especiallyinthecontextoftraditionalmasculinesports(Kane,1988;Fink&Kensicki,2002).Menandwomencompetesidebysideinsleddogracing,yetitisstillasportwithmasculineconnotations.BasedonacriticalculturalanalysisofFinnmarkRacenewsstoriesandarticlesfromthelastfouryears,Ipointtoatensionembeddedinthegenderedrepresentationsoftherace.Ontheoneside,women’sperformancesintheraceareemphasized,arguablychallengingunderstandingsoflongdistancesleddogracingasamasculinesport.Atthesame,thediscourseanalysisshowthatwomenarepresentedinwaysthatforegroundthefactthattheyarewomen,presentingthemassomethingdifferent,acuriosity,andsomethingunexpected.ThissayssomethingaboutFinnmarkandNorthernNorwayasaplace-aplacewhereitis

surprisingthatwomenperformsowell.Itindicatesthatthehegemonicmasculinity,thestereotypical“manlyman,”istheonethatbelongsintheNorth,thusreinforcinggenderimbalancesintermsofpowerandinfluence.

20.1a.3

Surrogacy:Whatisa«Reasonable»Expense?ReimbursementorCompensation?

LouiseLangevin

TheCanadianfederallawonassistedreproduction(2004)permitsnoncommercialsurrogacy,undersomeconditions,withthereimbursementofreasonableexpenses,whicharepermittedbyregulation.Theregulationshaveneverbeenadopted.Eventhoughsurrogacyisamarginalphenomenon,butontheriseinCanada(lessthan1%ofbirths),surrogatemothersareinfactpaidbyintentionalcouples,accordingtotheurbanrumour.CanadahasbecomeagoodplacetorecrutesurrogatemothersbecausehealthcareisstatefundedandtheservicesofthesewomenarelessexpensivethanelsewhereintheWesternworld.Thefederalgovernmentisnotadequatelysupervisingtheapplicationofthatlaw.Fertilityclinicsandresearchershaverepeatedlyaskedfortheadoptionofregulations.Thegovernmenthasmandatedafederalagency,theCanadianStandardAssociation,todraftbestpracticesforthereimbursementofgametedonorsandsurrogatemothers.ApublicconsultationwasheldintheAutumn2016.Mypaperwilldealwiththedraftofwhatmightbecometheregulation.Thedraftingofthatregulationraisesmanyissues,theexploitationofwomennotbeingtheleast.Someresearchershavetakentheopportunitytoaskforacompleterevisionofthe2004legislation.Thefertilityclinicsseemtobehappywiththeproject,whichshouldintrigueanyfeminist.Itenumeratesthe«reasonable»expenses,someofwhicharealreadypermittedbyHealthCanada.Itevenprovidesforsomeexceptionalexpenses.Butitdoesnotproposeanyindependantagencytosupervisethereimbursements,taskwhichrestontheclinics.Thesurrogatemothermustprovideallthereceipts.Somemustbeprovidedbycertifiedpractionners.Someproposedtosetupanadministrativeagencytosupervisethereimbursements,butitwouldimposemorebureaucracy.Aflatfeecouldbeasolution,justlikeitisthecaseinsomecountriesforgametedonors’reimbursements.Thefeartoover-compensatesurrogatemothersm

20.1a.4

ProstitutionandTraffickingintheNorthofSweden–AnIssueofGenderEquality

JennyWesterstrand&ÅsaYttergren

20.1a.5

Gender,HumanSecurity&theArctic:WhereDoWeStand?

TahneePrior

TheArcticischangingatanunprecedentedrate.Whiletraditionalsecurityissues,likewarandconflict,maynotbeasourceoftensionintheregion,non-traditionalsecurityissuesposesignificantchallengesfornortherncommunities.Arcticindigenousandnon-indigenouswomenareparticularlyvulnerablewithexistingresearchprovidingevidenceofongoingandpotentialthreatstotheirrolesincommunityadaptationandinshapingchange(ArcticResilienceReport2016).Thesechallengesfallalongmultiplelines.Aheightenedpresenceofextractiveindustries,forexample,cansignificantlyimpactgenderpaygapsandhumantraffickingintheregion(Sweet2014;AlaskaEconomicTrends2016).Climatechangebringsquestionsrelatingtowomen’sself-determinationandtherightsofindigenouswomen,inparticular,totheforefront(Prioretal.2013).Whatismore:women’s(maternal)healthcontinuestobecompromisedbythepresenceofpollutantsandlongtravel

distancesinthecontextofchildbirth,forexample.AndwomenoftenremainmarginalizedindiscussionsonhumanandsocietalsecurityintheArctic;invisibleindecision-makingprocessesacrossmultiplelevelsofgovernanceandindata,aswell.Broadly,thispaperlooksathowweapproachgenderissuesintheArctic;takingstockofwherewestandtodayandwherewemightgotomorrow.First,itengageswithatheoreticalframeworkthatapproacheshumansecuritythroughagenderedlens.Suchanunderstandingcanilluminateexistingtop-downgovernancemechanismswhichdonotaddresstheabovechallenges,exploringalternativenon-dominantinterpretationsinstead(Hoogensen&Stuvoy2006;Tickner1992;Blanchard2003).Second,itbroadlyexaminesthecurrentstateofgenderintheArctic.Indoingso,itpointstohowcurrentunderstandingsofwomen’srolesinsocietalsecurityareinsufficient.Finally,thepaperturnstohowstorytellingcanbuildcapacityforwomens’voicestobeheardintheNorth.

20.1b TowardagenderequalsustainablehumandevelopmentintheArctic

Chair:Eva-MariaSvensson

8June-2:30p.m.

MC413

20.1b.1

Men´sintimatepartnerviolenceagainstSamiwomeninSweden-TheSamicontextasaggravating

MariaSchefferLindgren,MonicaBurman

Men´sviolenceagainstindigenouswomenisaglobalprobleminurgentneedofrecognitionandaction.AsapartoftheresearchprojectMen´sintimatepartnerviolenceagainstSamiwomeninSweden:socio-legalproblematizationsofvulnerabilityandresponsibilitythreequalitativein-depthinterviewswascarriedthroughwithSamiwomenexposedtomalepartnerviolence.Fortheory,datacollectionandanalysisaconstructivistgroundedtheoryapproachwasused.Eachinterviewlastedbetweenoneandahalfandthreeandahalfhours,whichmeansthatcomprehensivematerialfortheanalysiswasgained.AllthreewomeninterviewedarelivinginthenorthpartofSweden,hadlefttheirviolentmalepartnersatthetimefortheinterviewsandhadindifferentwaysconnectionstoreindeerherding.Duetoethicalreasons,itisnotpossibletorevealforexamplethewomen´sageoroccupation.Abouttheresults,atfirst,ruralityisageneralandimportantcontextforallwomeninthegeographicalarea.Further,theanalysisshowsthatthepatternofviolence,coercionandcontrolissimilartointimatepartnerviolenceingeneral.Butwealsofoundaggravatingfactorsthatdoesnotexistwhenwomenbelongingtothemajoritypopulationareexposedtomalepartnerviolence.Throughtheanalysis,acorecategoryemergedcalledTheSamicontextasaggravating.Thecorecategoryisrelatedtothreesubcategories;Acultureofsilence,ThecostsofleavingandEffectsofcolonialism.TheresultshighlighttheimportanceofbreakingthesilenceofviolenceandtoincreasetheknowledgeandculturalsensitivityinorderfortheSwedishstateandtheoverallSamicommunitytotakepolitical,socialandlegalresponsibilityforSamiwomenexposedtointimatepartnerviolence.

20.1b.2

GenderEqualityandAgingintheNordicArctic

LenaWennberg

ThereisasignificantbodyofresearchexamininggenderequalityintheNordicwelfarestatemodelbutthisworkhasnotyetfocusedontheArctic.Thisresearchinsteadfocusesgenerallyonequalityissuesinthecontextofthenation-state,theEuropeanregionasawhole,andonEuropeanUnionpolicies.Inthiswork,internationaltreatiessuchastheConventionontheEliminationofallFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen(CEDAW)areoftenthestartingpointforbuildinggender-basedcritiquesoflegalandwelfarepolicies.Inthispaperthe

complexitiesofthepublicandprivatedivisionofwelfareprovisionandcarefortheelderlyinthecontextoftheNordicArcticareaddressedinlightofnational,regional,andinternationalpolicyandlaw.Thepointinthesocio-legalapproachtakenhereisthatgenderequalityandagingneedtobeseenagainstthevariouslocalandspecificcontextsinwhichpeopleageandprobablybecomeinneedofwelfareservicesandcareprovidedbypublicaswellasprivateprovidersinawelfarestateintransition.Thepositionofhumanrightsandthelegalstatusofindigenouspeopleandnationalminoritiesalsocomeintoquestion.Todate,mostlegalpoliciesconcerningagingpopulationpolicyandlawhaveaddressedtheseissuesinurbancontexts.Examininggenderequalityfortheagingpopulationinrural,depopulated,andmulticulturalcontextshighlightstheurgencyofdevelopingpoliticalandlegalinterventionsadjustedtothosespecificcircumstances.Internationallythewelfarestateisoftenunderstoodasapoliticalnotion,notputintolaw,butamatterofdistribution.Inanoptimisticviewonhumanrights,thestrengthoftheCEDAW,withitsholisticandtransformativeapproach,couldprovideaspaceformoregroundedempiricalresearchthattakesintoaccountthelocalandspecificcontextsinwhichpeopleage.

20.1b.3

ExploringEqualityAndSocialJusticeInTheNordicArctic:WithSpecialFocusOnGenderAndAging

ShahnajBegum

Arcticregionisfacingageingphenomenonasitisthecaseinallacrosstheglobe.In-migrationandout-migrationimpactonthedemographicpatternsoftheArcticregion.Agingisastronglygenderedinmanydifferentcontexts.ThenumberofwomenintheArcticismorethanthatofmen.Thisimbalancesaswellasotherfactorssociallyconstructedcauseinequalityanddiscrimination,oftenprobablyhiddenorinvisible.Thepromotionofequalityenhancesocialjustice.However,equalityandjusticehavealsoattimesparadoxicalmeaning–onerulesouttheothers,oratleastaffectstheother.Oftentimeequalityinstrictsenseoffersunequalopportunitiesmakingjusticeandfairnessquestionableinagivensociety.Thecomplexrelationshipbetweenequalityandsocialjusticegivesrisetotensionsamongstvariousgroupsinasociety.IlookatthiscomplexityinmystudywithaviewtoinvestigatinghowgenderequalityandsocialjusticehasbeenembeddedtothechallengesfacingtheelderlypeopleoftheArcticregiongenerally,andparticularlyofitsNordicregion.Tocarryoutthisresearch,Iwillusethedatagatheredduringyear2012to2015frommyfieldstudiesin3specificareasinNorthernFinlandandNorthernSweden.Toanalyzethedata,Iwillapplycriticaldiscoursemethodinintersectionalresearchsetting,whichincludeselderly,gender,ethnicityandlocalperspectives.Keywords:Arctic,NordicArctic,Ageing,gender,equalityandsocialjustice

20.2a PoliticsofSustainabilityintheArctic

Chair:ElanaWilsonRowe

10June-10:30a.m.

MC413

20.2a.1

SustainabilityintheArctic-acontemporary,contextual,conceptualhistoryapproach

UlrikPramGad

Changestotheclimate,globalpowerbalances,demandsfornaturalresources,andaspirationsforself-determinationsetthestagefornewpoliticalstrugglesintheArctic.CentraltothestrugglesisthenotionoftheArcticasaspecialplacecharacterizedbyanatureatoncehostileandfragile.Inthisclashbetweenfragilityandthedrivetowardsdevelopment,theconceptofsustainabilityhasbecomepivotal.Yetthereisneitherconsensusonwhatsustainabilityshouldreferto,noronhowitshouldbeachieved.Asthesocialscienceshavebeeninvitedtocontributebothtoperfectingourunderstandingofsustainabilityandtoimplementit,muchscholarshiphasembracedtheconcept.Incontrast,somecriticshaveadvocatedawholesalerejectionoftheconceptonaccountsofneo-colonialism.Ratherthanjoiningoneofthesetwocamps,thispaperdesignsananalyticalstrategyforinvestigatingthediversepoliticalconsequencesofsustainabilitybecomingabuzzwordin

theArctic,focusingonhowtheconceptisemployedtoredistributerightsandresources,reconnectingandreprioritizingscalesaswellasreformulatingidentitiesintheprocess.“Sustainabilityisalwaysaboutmaintainingsomething”(McKenzieinJacobsen&Delaney2014).Butwhatistobesustained?Inrelationtowhat?Bywhom?Thepapertakesasitspointofdeparture,thatsustainabilityshouldbeapproachedasapoliticalconcept:Aconceptthatfacilitatesandstructuresadiversityof-partiallyconflicting,andthereforepolitical-strategiesataseriesofscales.Conceptsaregenerallynamesforthingsandideas(Bartelson2001:25).However,wordstakeondifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts,andsimilarmeaningsmaybeexpressedinavarietyofwords.Inprinciple,thisconundrumleavestwodiametricallyopposedapproachesopenfortheanalyst:Anonomasiologicalapproachwouldbeginwithaspecificword('sustainability')andmapitsdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.

20.2a.2

SustainabilityConceptsforShippingalongtheNorthernSeaRoute

KathrinKeil

WhileanexplicitdiscussionofhowArcticshippingcouldberenderedsustainableislargelyabsentincurrentdebates,differentandattimescompetingconceptsofsustainabilityinrelationtoshippingcanbedetected.Theseconceptslargelycenteronthenotionofsafety(inthesensethatashipisabletoproceedthroughArcticwatersandthecrewonboardtosurvive),andofenvironmentalprotection(inthesensethatharmtotheenvironmentthroughshipsneedstobeminimized)butalsodiffersubstantiallyintheir(implicitandexplicit)emphasisondifferentsustainabilitynotions.Thispaperthusaskshowdifferentstake-andrightsholdergroupsinvolvedinArcticshippingactivitiesconceptualizesustainabilityintheirargumentsandstorylines.Concretely,thepapershowswhatshouldbesustained,inrelationtowhatandbywhom,implicitinthenarrativesandargumentsputforwardbydifferentstake-andrightsholdergroups.

20.2a.3

DevelopmentofNorthernCommunities:TraditionoraReconstruction?

OksanaRomanova

NorthernindigenouscommunitiesinYakutia,Russia,preservetraditionalformsofliving,adaptingpartsofmodernlifestyle.Atthesametime,thereareseveralforecastingoftheregion,forexample,strategicplansandprospectivesby2050.Inthisplansisdescribedamythicaltransferfromatraditionalagriculturetosome"newcreativeeconomy."Itissaidthatinthebrightfuturemostofthepeopleinthevillageswillhavesmallentrepreuniralbusinesses.Thisstudywonderswhatwouldactuallyworkforthosecommunitiesandwhatcircumstancesandwhatwayoflivingisgoingtofulfilltheirneedsandkeepthemself-sustainable,notdependingonfederaldonations.TherearethreegeneralwaystodevelopNorthernterritories:1)fullyusingthesoil'sjuicesforneedsofminingandextractionindustry,2)conservationandpreservationofterritoriesofindigenouscommunitieswiththeworld'snaturalforests,onthesamelinewithAmazonforestsasotherrelicandancientplaces,3)thecertainmixtureofthefirstandthesecondoptions,keepinginmindthatthefirst,businesspart,willtakeoverthesecond.InconclusionImustaddthatindigenouspeoplethemselvesmustchoosewhatoptionisoptimalforthem.Itmustbetheirdecisiontomakebuthowevertherearepowerstosilencethem.Thelocalcommunitiesmustopenthedialogwitheveryaspectofthisdecision:talktoindustries,talktofederalandregionalpowersoneverylevel,andcreateaconsensuswithinthemselves.

20.2a.4

PeopleandplacelessnessinFinnishTVadverts

MiiaRantala

InmyinterdisciplinarydoctoralthesisIanalysetheintersectionalrepresentationsofFinnishnessinTVadverts:howFinnishnessintersectswithothersocialcategoriessuchasgender,‘race’,ethnicity,sexuality,socialclass,nationality,age,andhealth.Iunderstandnationalityasperformedbyactsofdoingitrepetivelythesamewayasgender,sexuality,and’race’(Butler).IaskhowFinnishnessisconstructedandperformedinTVadverts?WhoareincludedandwhoareexcludedfromtherepresentationsofFinnishness?TheideaofonewhitemiddleclasspeoplehasbeenstronginFinland.FinlandhasashorthistoryinimmigrationeventhattherehasbeendifferentkindsofethnicalgroupsforhundredsofyearsandindigenousSamipeople.Thenewandmassivewaveofimmigrationstartedinthebeginningof1990sandthese‘newminorities’differedfromtheearlierpopulationmostlybytheirskincolour.Theresentwaveofimmigrantsbeganattheendofyear2015duringthelargestmountsofrefugeesarrivedtoEurope.ThecriticismovermulticulturalpoliticshasincreasedduringrecentyearsduetothefinancialcrisisandtheincreasedpopulisminFinland.Thepopulistsworrythatmulticulturalismisendangeringthe‘originalandhegemonicFinnishculture’.Aftertheparliamentaryelectionandtheriseofpartycalled‘Finns’inApril2011,hatespeechandopenracismincreasedtowardimmigrantsandespeciallytowardsnon-whites,Muslims,homosexuals,andeventraditionalethnicminorities,forexampleFinn-SwedesandSami.ButatthesametimeantiracistmovementshaveincreasedinFinland.

20.2b PoliticsofSustainabilityintheArctic

Chair:UlrikPramGad

10June-1:30p.m.

MC413

20.2b.1

SustainabilityandtheRussianArctic

ElanaWilsonRowe

ThemainaimsofRussia’soft-repeatedArcticpolicytrilogyare:defenceofnationalinterests,sustainabledevelopmentofnaturalresourcesandsocialsecurityandprospectsforArcticresidents,inparticularindigenouspeoples.GivenRussia’senvironmentaltrackrecordandeconomicrelianceonnon-renewableresourceextraction,itistemptingtodismissasdecorationtheprominentplaceawardedtosustainabilityinRussia’sArcticpolicydocumentsandtop-levelpoliticalstatements.Ontheotherhand,Russiainheritedascience-policyvocabularyandsetofpracticesrelatingtoenvironmentalriskthatcontinuetoshapehowthehuman-natureinterfaceisconceivedandmanaged.Thereisastrongandgrowingwealthofscholarshipexamininghowsustainability-relatedquestionsarenegotiatedinpracticeinvariousspecificlocationsintheRussianArctic,particularlyasitrelatestotheextractiveindustries.Findingsincluderelatively‘successful’instancesinwhichco-existenceanddialoguebetweenmultipleusersofadjacentoroverlappingterritoriesisachievedand–equallyoften–casesofhighconflictaroundresourcedevelopment.However,thereislittleresearchconductedatthenationalleveltoexaminewhatkindofpoliticalworktheconceptofArcticsustainabilityisdoinginMoscowandifandhowasustainabilitydiscourseshapesfederalpoliciesanddecisions.ThispaperfirstexploresthelongpolicylinesofRussia’srelationtotheArcticanditsresources,followedbyalookatSoviet-eraenvironmentalthinkingrelevanttounderstandingcontemporarysustainabilitydiscourse.AnanalysisofRussianpolicydocumentsandmediadiscussionofArcticsustainabilityisthenpresented.Keythemesexploredarea)thecontextsandfunctionsoftheusagesofthewordsustainability(sustainabilityofwhat?Forwhom?Towhatend?)andb)theinvolvementofdifferentkindsofvoicesandactorsaroundvariedframingsorunderstandingsofsustainability.

20.2b.2

Arcticsustainabilityandenvironmentalethics-thenormativityofadisputedconcept

JesLynningHarfeld

IwillinthispaperbeexploringthenormativeconceptofsustainabilityasanintegralpartofthedebatesaboutindigenousnessandindigenousrightsintheArctic.Itwillbearguedthatsustainabilityethics,althoughalsonecessarilyuniversalinscope,shouldatthefirstonsetbeapproachedananalysedatlocalandspecific-culturallevels.Theconceptofsustainabilityis,inallofitsguisessincetheBrundtlanddefinition(1987),afundamentallynormativeconcept;indeedanethicalconcept.ByspeakingofsustainabilitywearenotmerelypointingtotheontologicalaspectsoftheEarth’slifeandresources;i.e.theempiricalquestionastowhatkindofusage(orotheractions)canbethecasewhilenotunderminingtheabilitytousethesametypesoflifeandresourcesinthefuture.Instead,weare,whenspeakingofsustainability,engaginginadiscourseabouthowweoughtuseandactinrelationtotheEarth’slifeandresourcesinsuchawaythatitissustainedinagoodway.Thisethicalnotionofgoodis,asmentionedabove,tobeunderstoodasauniversalconceptandthusaconflictpotentiallyarisesbetweenthisuniversalityandtheideathatsuchvaluesmustbesomehowconnectedlocallyorculturally.Iwill,however,arguethatacombinedbottom-up/top-downapproachtoenvironmentalethicswillhelpusgetamuchclearerimageofthevaluesthatarerepresentedinthedebateonsustainabilityandtherightsofindigenouspeoplesintheArctic.

20.2b.3

RegulatingPetroleumActivitiesintheArcticWaters:ResponseoverPrevention?

DariaShapovalova,TinaHunter

TheacceleratedwarmingintheArcticandthesubsequentmeltingofseaiceopensmoreareasoftheArcticwatersforoffshoreexplorationanddevelopment.Currently,NorwayandRussiaaretheonlycountriesproducingoilintheArcticoffshore.However,otherArcticcoastalStatesoutline,intheirrespectiveArcticpolicies,thatthelong-termoutlookissetonpetroleumdevelopmentintheArcticwaters.Regulatingsuchactivitiessoastominimisetheriskofalarge-scaleoilspillcallsforacombinationofprevention,preparednessandresponserequirements.ThepaperarguesthattheshifttowardsincreasedattentiontopreventionisrequiredtoincreasethesafetyofArcticoffshoreoperations.Itprovidesacomparativeanalysisofprevention,preparednessandresponserequirementsinrelationtooilspillsacrosstheUS,RussiaandNorway.

20.2b.4

ResourceDevelopmentintheSápmiRegion:TheIntegrationofHumanRightsImpactAssessmentinLicensingProcesses

AnnaPetrétei

OneofthemostcurrentchallengestheSámiarefacingistherapidexpansionofextractiveindustriesthroughoutthewholeArcticregion,creatingobviousconflictsbetweenstatesandtheinterestsofSámipeople.EuropeanHighNorthhasalreadyproventoberichinmineraldeposits.Furthermore,itissuggestedthattheworld’slargestremaininguntappedgasreservesandundevelopedoilreservesarelocatedintheArctic.Therefore,thereisagrowingpressuretoconductextractiveindustrialactivitiesontheterritoriesthathavetraditionallybeenimportantfortheSámi,forinstanceonreindeerherdingareasandreindeermigrationroutes.Theexpansionofextractiveindustrialdevelopmentswilllikelycausesignificantchallengestotheenjoymentoftheirhumanrights,inparticulartheircommunityandcollectiverights,unlesseffectiveandefficientproceduralmeasuresareinplacetomitigatethepossibleeffectsoftheseextractionactivities.Thispaperexploresthepossibilityofintegratinghumanrightsimpactassessment(HRIA)inexistinglicensegrantingmechanismssuchasenvironmentalimpactassessment(EIA).TheintegrationofHRIAwouldensurethatthespecialstatusandinterestsofSámipeopleisproperlytakenintoconsiderationwhenplanningandimplementingminingandotherextractiveindustrialprojects.RecentconflictsbetweenSámicommunitiesandminingcompaniesclearlyshowedthatitisofutmostimportancetoregulatetherelationbetweenSámiinterestsandtheadverseimpacts

ofminingandotherextractiveactivities,andtofindsolutionsthatwouldenhancethepreventionofsuchdisputes.

20.3 ArcticYouthandSustainableFutures

Chair:JónHaukurIngimundarson

12June-10:30a.m.

N460

20.3.1

ArcticFuturesMakers:TappingtheuntappedresourcemostimportanttoArcticfutures

DouglasCost


20.3.2

Going,stayingorbelonging:thecomplexityofyouthmobilityinruralAlaska

IrmelinGram-Hanssen

CommunitiesinruralAlaskaexperienceincreasinglyhighcostsofliving,lackofemploymentopportunitiesand(asaresult)highout-migrationrates,especiallyamongyoungwomen.RuralyouthinAlaskaareencouragedtopursuehighereducationasawaytoincreasethelikelihoodofgettingasatisfyingjob(andlife).However,thedwindlingnumberofyouththatreturntotheirhomecommunitiesafterattendingformaleducationinthebiggercitiesisamainconcerninruralAlaska.ThisisespeciallysoinNativecommunitieswheresomearguethatauniversitydegreehaslittlevalueandinsomecasesevenpreventstheyouthfromlivinginthecommunity.Atfacevalue,thisseemstopresentaclassicaldilemmainwhichruralAlaskaNativeyouthneedtochoosebetween“traditional”and“modern”waysoflife–betweenstayingorgoing.However,asthispaperwillshow,thisprocessismuchmorecomplexandnuancedthancanbeunderstoodfromthesedualisms.ThepaperpresentsresearchdonewithanAlaskaNativecommunityduring2011-2012,focusingontheroleofyouthincommunitysustainability.Theresearchisbasedonnarrativesofyouthandyoungadults,dealingwiththeiraspirationsforthemselvesandtheircommunity.Ratherthanthequestionofwhethertostayorgo,thenarrativessuggestthatfocusisplacedonhavingacontinuousconnectiontothecommunity.Ratherthantryingtocontrolthepathwaysoftheyouth,thevillageadministration(whoitselfiscomprisedofyoungadults)doeswhatitcantoinstillafeelingofbelongingintheyouthbyinvolvingchildrenandteenagersincommunityplanningaswellasguaranteeingjobsandhousinguponreturnfromhighereducation.Thepaperendsbydiscussingpossibleimplicationsforruralcommunitydevelopment,especiallyinrelationtotheactiveinvolvementofchildrenandyouthinthisprocess.TheauthoriscurrentlydevelopingthisresearchfurtheraspartofherPhDinHumanGeographyatOsloUniversity.

20.3.3

WhyShouldYouthInTheNordicArcticBeConsideredInWhyShouldYouthInTheNordicArcticBeConsideredInRegional

AnnaKarlsdottir

In2013,theNordicWorkingGrouponSustainableDevelopmentintheArcticinitiatedaforesightanalysistoassessopportunitiesandchallengesforsustainableregionaldevelopmentintheNordicArcticandidentifyfuturedevelopmentperspectives.Foresightanalysisisafacilitated,participativeprocessforsystematicallyobtainingrelevantknowledgeandvisionsforthemedium-tolong-termfuture,whichisaimedatimprovingcurrentpolicymakingandmobilizingjointactions.OneconsiderablepartoftheworkwasfocusingonyouthinthevariousregionsoftheNordicArcticandtheirfutureperspectives.Establishedpoliciesonregionaldevelopmentornationalorregionalstrategiesdorarelyincludetheyouthperspectiveintotheirvisions.Thisinspitethatinsomeofthecountriesinvolvedbothnationalandregionalyouthstrategiesexists.ThispresentationwillrefertothespecialanalysisonyouthandwhatperspectivestheyholdcomparedwithemphasisandcontentofexistingregionalyouthstrategiesintheNordiccountries.WewilldiscusshowYoungpeopleintheNordicArcticholdvisionsthatmighthaveimportantregionalimplicationsintheNordicArctic.

20.3.4

ArcticYouthandSustainableFuturesproject:thechoices,needsandaspirationsofArcticyouth.

JoanNymandLarsen,JónHaukurIngimundarson,DianeHirshberg

FollowinguponakeyrecommendationinthesecondArcticHumanDevelopmentReport(2014),theobjectiveoftheArcticYouthprojectistofillidentifiedgapsinknowledgeonthelives,ambitions,needs,challenges,wellbeing,andreactiveandproactiveinitiativesofyouth–indigenousandnon-indigenous–acrossthecircumpolarArctic.ThefutureoftheArcticwillbedeterminedtoagreatextentbytoday’syouth,astheymakechoicesaroundtheopportunitiesandchallengestheyface,theirprioritiesintermsofcultureandidentities,wheretostudyandwheretolive,andwhatoccupationsandlifestylestopursue,aswellasonfactorsaffectingtheirsocialandphysicalenvironment,suchastheimpactsandresponsestoclimatechangeandeconomicandculturalglobalization.Theprojectseekstopresentresultsofanddiscussionswithyouth,asynthesisoftheliteratureontheissues,andin-depthanalysisanddiscussionofsomeofthemostpressingcurrentgapsinourknowledgeonArcticyouthandsustainablefutures.Inthisintroductorypresentation,wepresentanoverviewoftheproject,itsobjectives,methodsandkeyquestions,andthestatusoffocusgroupinterviews.

20.3.5

ArcticYouthandSustainableFutures:focusgroupinterviewsandpreliminaryresults.

JoanNymandLarsen,JónHaukurIngimundarson,DianeHirshberg

ThispresentationdescribespreliminaryfindingsoftheArcticYouthproject´spilotfocusgroupinterviewswithyouthages18-24inIceland(FjallabyggðandAkureyri),Norway(Bodö)andGreenland(Nuuk).WewillhighlightingtheresultsfromthesegroupdiscussionswithyouththatareofparticularrelevancetotheprojectofdevelopingacomprehensivesetofArcticsocialandsustainabilityindicators.

20.4a ArcticSustainabilitiesintheAnthropocene

Chair:BricePerombelon

9June-10:30a.m.

UB335

20.4a.1 LocalviewsonminingdevelopmentsinGreenland

NinaDoering

Supportfornon-renewableresourcedevelopmentandeffortstoprotecttheenvironmentdonotonlydividedecision-makers,NGOs,andotheractorsatthestatelevel;proposedoilandminingprojectsalsohavetheabilitytocreateconflictwithincommunitiesand,atthelowestlevel,individuals.Inthispresentation,localviewsofcurrentminingprojectsinGreenlandwillbeanalysedinordertoexplorehowhopesforeconomicdevelopmentcompetewithconcernsaboutpotentialenvironmentaldestruction.AfocuswillbeplacedonexpectationsoftheyoungergenerationinGreenland,theimportancetheyassigntoconsiderationsofsustainability,andthewaysinwhichdifferentactorsengageinthedebate.Theempiricaldataforthepresentationisbasedonfieldworkcarriedoutoveranextendedperiodin2015/16.

20.4a.2

TechnicalandInstitutionalChange:transitionsinresource-basedInuitCommunities

BrooksKaiser

Weuseamulti-trophicmodelofsocio-ecologicalsystemstoinvestigatehowearlytradewithnon-InuitcommunitiesaffectedlongrunopportunitiesforInuit.Theeffectsoftradeincludebothdirectchanges,e.g.inthepopulationandintheresourcebase,andindirectchangesthroughinstitutionalgaps.Achangeinthetermsoftradewithintheexistingsystemsaccompaniednew,desirablegoods.Whatheldvaluecametochangeovertimewithitsabilitytobemonetizedortradedfornon-Inuitgoods.Examplesincludefoxandwhales.BothInuitandoutsidetraderssawearlytradesasmutuallybeneficial.Further,tradeintroducednewtechnologies(e.g.guns)thatloweredharvestcosts,increasedresourcepressures,andincreaseddiseasesthatreducedhumanpopulations,sometimesrapidly.TheseintroducedtechnologiesanddiseasesandthechangesintherelativevalueofmarketablegoodsshiftedcommunitiesawayfromasetofequilibriumconditionsunderwhichInuitcommunitieshadbeengenerallycapableofsustainedoperationsatornearcarryingcapacityfortheenvironmentandtechnologyavailable.Thesetransformationschangedthepotentialroleofthetoplayerofthesocio-ecologicalsystem.Theincreasedavailabilityofphysicalcapitalandtheincreasedpressureontheresourcebaseandpopulationledquicklytoneweconomicchallengesthatneededchangesinstewardshipandinstitutions.Inparticular,institutionalsolutionsneedtoaddressdynamicimpactsfromoverharvestingofcommonresourcesandtoassurethattradenotonlyincreasedpresentdaywell-beingbutalsoincreasedintertemporalwell-beinginordertorestoreequilibriumtothedynamicsofthecommunities.Whereecologicalknowledgepreviouslyhadgeneratedmosttechnology,thetransformationincapital,technologyandvaluesrequiredstewardshipmorethanecologicalknowledge.Suchstewardshipevolvedtooslowly,whiletechnicalecologicalknowledgesimultaneouslyeroded.

20.4a.3

AnOntologyofdevelopmentintheGeopoliticalNorth:ResourceextractionintheCanadianNorthwestTerritoriesandtheshiftinindigenousexperiencesofnature

BricePerombelon

ClimatechangehascreatedtheconditionsforarenewedinterestfortheArctic’sonshoreandoffshorehydrocarbonresources.IntheSahturegionoftheNorthwestTerritories,morethantwentyyearsaftertheimplementationofahybridEurocanadian-indigenousresourcegovernanceframeworkfollowingthesignatureofacomprehensivelandclaimssettlementagreementwiththeSahtuDeneandMetispeoples,theexplorationandextractionofnon-renewableresourcescontinuesunabatedinthisareaoftheCanadianSubarctic.Takingstockofthisparadox,thispaperassessestheeffectsofthisinnovativesystem,focusinginparticularonthequestionofeconomicdevelopment.Usingethnographicdata,itarguesthatresourcedevelopmentinthisregionoftheHighNorthhastobeunderstoodfromtheperspectiveofindividualexperiencesofcolonial

dispossessionanddecolonialempowerment.Itconcludesthattobesuccessful,sustainabledevelopmentstrategieshavetobegroundedatthelevelofindividualwaysofbeing.

20.4a.4

AnthropocenesecurityforthefutureArctic

JessicaGraybill

ThispaperexaminedAnthropocenesecurity.Aframeworkforconsidering,expanding,andrefiningthemeaningofthistermforArcticsocio-ecologicalandenergyconsiderationsisdeveloped.Iprovideempiricalengagementwithonelocusofthe(re)creationofAnthropocenesecurityconcerns,thehydrocarbonextractionsite.Applyingtheconceptualframeworktoaregionalcasestudyservestoexaminebothonesite,andsuite,ofhuman-environmentinteractionsthat(re)createtheconditionsofAnthropocene(in)security.Examinationofthehuman-environmentnexusofhydrocarbonresourceextractiononSakhalinIsland,locatedinthecontinentalshelfzoneinRussia’ssub-ArcticFarEast,provides(1)aconceptualizationofsecuritythatembracesdiscussionofvulnerability,resilience,andadaptationforpeopleduetosocio-ecologicalchangewroughtbyAnthropocenelivingand(2)discussionofhowthecontinual(re)productionofecologicalinsecurityrelatestoceaselesspursuitofenergysecurity.

20.4b ArcticSustainabilitiesintheAnthropocene

Chair:JessicaGraybill

9June-1:30p.m.

UB335

20.4b.1

PossibletrendsofsustainabledevelopmentoftimberareasoftheBarentsregion(throughtheexampleoftherepublicofKarelia)

NadezaPolevshchikova

TheterritoryoftherepublicofKareliabelongstonorth-westernfederalcircuitandisapartoftheRussianEuropeanNorth.PartoftheareaislocateduptheNorthPole.TherepublicbelongstotheinternationalzoneoftheBarentsEuro-ArcticRegion.Therepublicmightserveasanexampleofchangestakingplaceinsideasocio-economicenvironment.TraditionallytherepublicofKareliahasbeenorientedforforestry.Theneedforforestharvestingledtosettingupruralforestry-orientedsettlementsinthe50-softhepreviouscentury.Thenewsettlementswereestablishedeitherintheexistingvillagesorastheonesonthescratch.Rightnowwhentheforestharvestingdecreasesweobservethetransformationofthesettlements.Forestryenterprises,thatformanyyearshavedefinedthesocio-economicdevelopmentoftheterritory,areshuttingdownforvariousreasonsthathavebothexternalandinternalcharacter.Thepossibilitytousethesettlementsnotonlyforproductionpurposesbutalsoforrecreationhasbecomeapriority.Apeculiarrecreationalzoneisbeingformedthatchangesforestryactivitiestorecreationalones.Recreationalactivitieshavevarioustrendsincludingsocio-economic,natureandenvironment,historicandgeographicthatarefoundindifferentterritoriesoftherepublicofKarelia.Thedevelopmentofrecreationalactivityintimberareascanpromotetheirsustainabledevelopment.

20.4b.2

RuralYakutiainChangingWorld:UnstablePermafrost

LiliiaVinokurova

RepublicofSakha(Yakutia)isattractiveareaforresearchersonsocialsciencesandhumanities.Webelievethat"peopleandplace"ofYakutiamayberegardedasinterestingexampleofmultipleArctics.Thereisgreat

varietyofclimaticconditions,demography,infrastructure,historyandlanguagesinYakutia.Ruralterritoriesarestayingtheethnicnicheofindigenouspeoples–theYakuts,Evenki,Even,Dolgan,Yukagirs,Chukchi,Russianold-timers.Oursurveyofruralterritoriescorroboratesthattheshrinkingof"livingspace"isnotedbyrepresentativesofallindigenousgroups:reductionoftheareasofpastures,areasforhuntingandfishing,etc.ThreateningtostabilitychangesaredeterminedbymanycomplexprocessesoccurringinruralYakutia.Coupledwiththeseissuesarethethirdwaveofindustrialization,inwardandoutwardmigrationwithintheRepublicandconsequencesofclimatechange.Intheruralcommunitiesthereisagrowingawarenessthatthepermafrostmeltingisnolongeramyth.

20.4b.3 RussianArctic:GovernanceandResourceDevelopmentIndigenousPerspective

LiubovSuliandziga

TheexistingliteratureonArcticstudiesisextensive,vastandmultidisciplinary.Yet,itisoftenlimitedtotheCanadian,EuropeanandtheUSArcticperspectivesleavingbehindotherimportantplayersintheregion.Bythesametoken,indigenousperspectiveispresentprimarilybyInuitandSaamicommunitieswhohaveseenconsiderableindigenousempowermentintheWestcomparedwiththatinRussia.ThepaperseekstofillthegapinArcticresearchandhelpstosynchronisethedatabyproducingacomprehensivecomparativestudyonRussianArcticindigenouspeoples.Knownas“aterritoryofdialogueandcooperation”,theArctichasapotentialtobecomethesiteformeaningfulengagementbetweentheRussiangovernmentandArcticindigenouspeoples.Thepresentationseekstoexaminethefollowingquestions:1.RussianArcticas"aterritoryofbigandcourageousprojects",andsustainabledevelopment.AreIndigenousrightsthecostoftheArcticdevelopment?2.ThepositionofRussianArcticindigenouspeoplesinthebroadercontextofregion'sgovernance.WhatistheroleofArcticindigenouspeoplesintheregionaldevelopment:passiveobservers,facilitatorsortriggersofchange?

20.4b.4

Arationalapproachtotheissueoflandandthecarefuluseofwaterbio-resources,thebasisofbalancedandsustainabledevelopmentoftheTurukhanskdistrict

OlegSheremetev

Thepapergivesadetailedassessmentofthepracticalapplicationofthemainapproachestotheissueandallocationoflandforprivateandcommercialpurposes,describesthemainproblemsofapplicationoftheexistingregulations,theemphasisontheneedforcarefulandappropriateuseofwaterbiologicalresources,concludesthatprospectiveeconomicdevelopmentofArcticterritoriesonthebasisofeffectiveplanningandrationalapproachtotheuseofbiologicaldiversityofTurukhanskdistrict.

20.4c ArcticSustainabilitiesintheAnthropocene

Chair:AndreyPetrov

9June-3:30p.m.

UB335

20.4c.1

ThesignificanceofsocialparametersinsustainabledevelopmentofthesubpolarterritoriesofSiberia

LeonidKorytny

TheimplementationofthesustainabledevelopmentprinciplesinRussiahasitsspecificfeatures.Thisisprimarilyduetothehugespacesandtoadrasticnaturalandclimaticdifferentiationofitsterritory.TheclimateofthesubpolarterritoriesofSiberiaisdistinguishedbyanexceptionalseverity.ThegradientsofthetotalsicknessrateandmigratorymobilityofthepopulationshowanunambiguoustendencytowardthesubpolarterritoriesofEastSiberia.Thecomplianceofsocialparameterstothedegreeofseverityofclimateisofcrucialimportanceforsustainabledevelopmentofthesubpolarterritories.Areasonablelife-supportsystemforthepopulationprovidesabasisforprogressivedevelopmentofthenorthernregions.

20.4c.2

TheIndigenousandModernScienceNexus

JonathanWaterhouse,MaryMarshall

ArcticregionsareexperiencingsignificantlymorerapidchangeinnaturalsystemsandgreaterupheavalinsocialsystemsthanthelowerlatitudesduetoclimaticchangesandArcticAmplification.“In1896SwedishscientistSvanteArrheniushypothesizedthatchangesintheconcentrationofcarbondioxideinEarth’satmospherecouldaltersurfacetemperatures.Hesuggestedthatchangeswouldbeespeciallylargeathighlatitudes.”Currentresearchgenerallyshowsthistobecorrectand,thattemperatureschangesintheArctictendtoexceedthosefortheglobeasawhole,ArcticAmplificationisexpectedtostrengthenincomingdecades,impactsofArcticAmplificationwillextendwellbeyondtheArcticregion.1-2Theriversoftheearthtraversethelandscapesoftheplanet,providingwater,transportation,andfoodtopeoplewholivealongtheirshores.Riversalsotraversethelandscapesofourminds,beliefs,languages,andcultures.Theblendingofthesephysicalandmetaphysicallandscapesisattheverycoreofarichnarrativeandoffersahigherlevelofunderstandingofthenaturalsystemsandthecultureswithinthem.ThedesirabilityandimportanceofincludingtheIndigenousPeople,theirthoughtsandperspectives,aswellasplace-basedscienceintheresearcheffortsduringAnthropoceneareacommonthemethroughouttheNationalResearchCounciloftheNationalAcademiespublication“TheArcticintheAnthropocene–EmergingResearchQuestions”andofferedasakeymessageofthedocument–“Arcticresearchdependsonsufficienthumancapacity,includingscientiststrainedinthenecessaryfieldswhoarecapableofinterdisciplinarycollaboration.Additionally,Arcticresidentscanofferagreatdealtoresearchefforts”.3JoinMaryMarshallandJonWaterhouseinathoughtprovokingpresentationanddiscussionthatwillrelaxthemindsoftheaudienceandopenpathwaystotransformativecollaborationbetweenIndigenousCulturesandmodernscience.

20.4c.3

TowardstherealizationofahealthylifefortheSouthSamiinTärna

HiroshiMaruyama,LeenaHuss

Whenpromotinghumanwellbeinginaparticularsociety,bothnegative(protection)andpositive(empowerment)aspectsneedtobeintegrated.LinguisticandculturalrevitalizationisbymanyIndigenouscommunitiesseenasawaytoempowermentandhealingafteralonghistoryofcolonization.ArecentstudyconductedontheSouthSamilanguageinVilhelminaandStoruman,Swedenshows,ontheonehand,thatanumberofparentsandteachersregardthereformedminoritypolicyof2010asaguaranteeforthesurvivaloftheSouthSamilanguage.Ontheother,variousbeliefsandemotionsconcerninglanguageissuesandrevitalizationalsoseemtoimpedeorslowdownrevitalizationeffortsontheindividuallevel.LanguagerevitalizationisbynomeansaneasytaskfortheSouthSamiinthoseareasowingtothefactthatcolonizationisnotsimplysomethingthathappenedinthepast.WhatstillpersistarethecolonialsystemofclassifyingtheSamiintotwogroupsandtheintergenerationalimpactsoftraumacausedbytheSwedishcolonizationofSápmi,inadditiontothehistoricalinjusticesperpetratedontheSami,includingracialbiologicalclaimsoftheinferiorityoftheSami,confiscationofland,removal/denialofrights,stigmatizationoflanguage,cultureandbelief,andexploitationofwaterforhydropower.Additionally,anemergentminingprojectisfearedtothreatenlocalSamipeople’slivelihoodsinTärnainthefuture.GiventhatmostSouthSamidonotbelongtoanySameby,

theylackenjoymentoftherighttofree,priorandinformedconsenttodecisionsaffectingthem.InordertorealizeahealthylifefortheSouthSamiinTärna,wemakeawiderangeoftheirsufferingsandstrugglesvisible,andcomprehensivelyexplorethebackgroundsofthemincollaborationwithlocalSamiactivistsinthelightofthenorm-orientedandpolicy-orientedapproaches.

20.4c.4

AssessingLocalFoodProductionandAccessibilityforCommunityGardensinRuralAreas:ArcticandBeyond

SonjaBickford,AngelaHollman,JulieTorquati,AthenaRamos,MattBice,NateABickford

Sustainabilityanddevelopmentareoftenthoughttobeinconflict,butinrecentdecadesmorefocushasandunderstandinghasbeencultivatedinthetermsofsustainabledevelopment.Withresearchandunderstandingpeoplecandeveloppracticesthatsustainthemselves,butalsotheenvironmentandcitiestheyimpact.Withnewdevelopmenttheimpactisoncommunityresourcesandinnovationisneededtoutilizeresourcesinasustainablemannersothattheyremainintactforfuturegenerations.Oneexampleistheaccessibilitytofood.Inmodernsocietiesfoodisprocessedandtransportedaddingtothecostandpollution.Modernfoodmovementssuchascommunitygardens,orcollectivedistributionsystemsoflocalproducehaveevolvedintotermssuchas‘locavores’–consumptionoffoodwithina100mileradius.WiththeaimofidentifyingideasandbestpracticesforruralandArcticcommunitygardensthisstudycomparesandcontrastslocalcollectivefoodproductionandaccessibilityinfivesimilarruralcommunitiesinbothArcticcountries(Finland,Sweden,andIceland)aswellasnon-Arctic(EnglandandUnitedStates).Thestudyconsistsofananalysisofliteratureandon-siteobservationalstudiesofbothnationalandlocalculturesinregardstofood,definitionsofnaturalresources,andthehistoryandimportanceofcommunitygardensinthestudiedcountries.ThestudywillresultincollectiveinternationalexamplesofcommunitygardenpracticesapplicabletoArcticcommunities.

20.5 Northernhousing-fromdesigntodecolonization

Chair:BettinaKoschade

12June-10:30a.m.

N340

20.5.1

PublichousingandSocialStatus:TheChangingRelationsbetweenStateandInuitTenantsinNunavik(Canada)

MarileneBaribeau

TheobjectiveofthisstudyistoanalyzetherelationshipbetweentheNunavikInuitsocietyandtheQuebecgovernment,inthecontextofrecentmodificationsinthesocialhousingregulation.Itrestsonthepoliticalsociologyapproachtopublicpolicyanditsinstrumentation,asdevelopedbyLascoumesandLeGalès.Itusesaqualitativemethod,basedonacontentanalysisoflegislationandpublisheddocumentationandsemi-structuredinterviewsofkeyinformantsandasampleoftwelveInuittenants.Thehypothesisisthatthesetransformationsdidleadtoanadjustmentofthecitizenshipbondamongthesocialhousingtenantsandthatthisadjustmentwilldifferamongindividuals,yetinaspecificInuitfashion.Thestudyaimstodemonstratethepertinenceofasociologicalanalysis,thathighlightstherepresentationscarriedbyapublicpolicyanditsinstrumentation,inordertodeepenthecomprehensionoftherelationshipbetweenasocietyanditsstate.

20.5.2

Whathavetheylearnedtogether?

AndréCasault,CarmenRock

Twohomosapiens(1):afemale,vice-directorofthehousingsectorandmemberoftheInnubandofUashatmakMali-Utenam,North-EastofCanada,anda“white”male,architectandprofessorattheUniversitéLavalSchoolofArchitectureinQuebecCity,Canada.Bothareintheir60s.Shea"recently"settlednomad,heanoldsedentary,havebeencollaboratingondiversehousingprojectsforthelastfifteenyears.Thispaperpresentstheirexperiencesthroughthedifferenthousingprojectstheyhavebeeninvolvedin.Whathavetheybuilttogetherfortheirrespective“communities”?Whathavetheylearned?Whatarethedifficultiestheyhaveencounteredworkingtogether?Their“realities”aredistantfromoneanother(r=S/P)(2)andthetrajectoryoftheiradventureonEarthhasfolloweddifferentpaths.Havetheytriedtodefendaconceptofculturalidentity,orinstead,havetheyworkedonaresistancetothestandardizationengenderedbyourglobalizedworld?(3)Notes:(1)Iamreferringhere,amongotherthings,totheworksofJaredDIAMOND,Guns,GermsandSteel–TheFaithofHumanSocieties(1998)andTheWorlduntilYesterday–WhatcanwelearnfromtraditionalSocieties?(2013)andofYuvalNoahHARARI,Sapiens–AbriefHistoryofHumankind(2014).(2)Reality=SUBJECT/PREDICATE,seeAugustinBERQUE,Histoiredelamaisonidéale-Del’Orientversl’Occident,LeFélin,2010.(3)SeeFrançoisJULLIEN,Del’universel,del’uniforme,ducommunetdudialogueentrelescultures,Fayard,2008.

20.5.3

FromDecolonizationtoIndigenizationofArchitectureintheInuitNunangatTerritoriesofCanada

AlainFournier

Sustainablebuildingdesignshouldnotbejustaboutenergyefficiency.Protectingandpromotingculturaldiversityisasimportantasprotectingtheenvironment.WhenworkingwithCanadianInuit,sustainablebuildingdesignbearstheaddedresponsibilityofsupportingtheirquestforempowermentthroughculturalre-appropriation.Thisisnecessarytoreversethedestructivetidesofcolonizationandplannedacculturation.ArchitecturecanandmusthelptheInuitmendandreclaimtheirlives.DecolonizingtheoldEurocentricarchitecturaldesignapproachisamultifacetedprocessthatneedstogobeyondtheboundariesoftraditionalarchitecture.Basedon35yearsoffieldexperienceworkingalongsidetheCanadianInuit,theprocesswehavedevelopedallowstomoveintoatrulycollaborativedesignmode.Designconsultationsthatleadtodialoguedelivermeaningfulresults.Inuitoralknowledge(stories,legends,etc.)language,materialculture,sacredplacesandspiritualitymustbebroughttointoplay,notjusttraditionalshelterarchitecture.Howisthisinformationtobeembodiedintoabuilding?Theresultingbuildingnarratives,whethertheybeforhousingorothertypesofbuildings,createaverypowerfulandnecessaryconnectiontoInuitculture.

20.5.4

DecolonizingthehousingprocessinCanada’snorth:Inuithomes,settlercolonialismandtheUN’sRighttoAdequateHousing

BettinaKoschade

Mypaperexploressettlercolonialtheorytore-narratethehousingcrisisinNunavik,Canada.Ittriestoseewhetherthiskindofcriticallensprovidesuswithusefultoolswithwhichtosupportaprocessofdecolonization.Withafocusonwomen,racism,paternalism,andexclusionaswellasparticipation,thepaperwillbeframedbyprinciplesinUNinternationalhumanrightslaw:TheRighttoAdequateHousing,whichspecifiestherighttoliveinsecurity,peaceanddignity.Internationallawincludestherighttoparticipateinhousing-relateddecision-makingprocessesanddemands“culturaladequacy”inrelationtothoseprocesses.CurrentCanadianstatepracticeshaveconsistentlyfailedtounderstand,muchlessengage,theculturalandpoliticalneedsofInuitcommunities.Thispaperwillprovideahistorical-politicalcontextforthesessiononnorthernhousing,drawingespeciallyonthetheoreticalframeworkofsettlercolonialisminordertobetterthinkabout“themanywaysthatdecolonizationcanbecomeanintegralpartoftheprocessofbuildinghomesinnortherncommunities.”

20.5.5

RepresentationsofterritoryandidentitymarkersinInnucamps:Towardsculturallyadaptedindigenouscommunities

GaëlleAndré-Lescop

AtatimewhentheInnus,aFirstNationinQuebec(Canada),spendthemajorityoftheyearinurbansettings–environmentsthatgreatlydifferfromlifeonancestralterritories–wecanaskhowindigenouscommunitiescanbettertheirqualityoflifebyrestoringbasicculturalreferenceswithinthoselivingenvironments.Asthesymbolofan“ideal”formany,theterritoryisstillintimatelylinkedtogamehuntingandfishing.InInnucamps,bothtraditionalandcontemporary,evenifthetransitionfromthetenttothecabinismorefrequent,manyidentitytraitsormarkerspersistinthewaythelandisoccupiedandlived.ThispresentationattemptstounderstandhowdifferentwaysofsettlingontheterritorymayrevealgenuineInnuwaysoflifeandhelp‘giveform’toculturallyadaptedresidentialenvironments.

20.5.6

FamilyhousesinNunavik:anewqilak(vault)forInuitfamiliesCarolineHervé

CarolineHervé

InNunavik,afewprojectsaimingatestablishingfamilyhouseshaveemergedduringthelastyears.TheRegionalPartnershipCommittee,composedofregionalstakeholders,andtheregionalHealthBoardseeinthedevelopmentofsuchcentresasteptowardrebuildingsocialandfamilyrelationshipsinNunavikcommunities.BasedonobservationsdoneintheframeofmyworkforSaturviitInuitWomen’sAssociationofNunavikandnurturedbydiscussionsconductedwithfamilyhousesboardmembers,thispresentationproposestoexplorethedifferentmodelsoffamilyhousesinNunavikanddiscusstheirchallengesforfindingandfittingoutanappropriateplacethatreflectsculturalandlocalrealities.ThispresentationwillfinallyanalyzehowInuitfamilyrelationshipsarereshapedinthesenewinstitutions.

20.7 SustainabilityintheNordicCountries

Chairs:AuðurHIngólfsdóttir&LauBlaxekjær

10June-1:30p.m.

N450

20.7.1

TheNordicCountriesandSustainability

TorstenGraap

TheNordicstatesembodythevisionofsustainabilityatbestforalotofpeopleoutsidetheNorth.ButwhatisthissustainabilityaboutandwhatarethedifferentapproacheswithintheNordics?Thispresentationtriestodevelopatheoreticalframeofthepossibilitieshowtoconstructsustainabilityinacomplexworld.Thiscomplexitychallengessustainability.Sointhiscaseamultiplesystemicanalysiswillbepresentedasaframebyintegratingtheconceptoftransformationandmetamorphosis.Thiswillbe(accordingtotheauthor)thesuitableenvironmentsustainabilityonlycanberegarded.Forthiscasethecontinuummodelofsustainability(veryweaktoverystrongsustainability)willbedevelopedmoreindetailbyexistingindicator-systemstoofferachancetocharacterizeeachNordiccountryconcretely.TobediscussedisalsotheinfluenceofNordicsscholarsindevelopingathinkingofsustainabilityitselfintheNordics.

20.7.2

SustainabilityIssuesinDenmark

UrsSteinarBrandt

TheaimofthispresentationistoidentifymainchokepointinmovingtowardsamoresustainablesocietyinDenmark,withfocusonfoodwaste.Foodwastehasbeenattributedasbeingamanifestationofconsumerismandthethrowawayculture.Anotherstandintheliterature,however,claimsfoodwasteisrelatedtoordinary,domesticandeverydaysocialpractices.Publicopinionsurveysandownstudiesbyusingquestionnairesandinterviewingareemployedtounderstandthemaindeterminantsoffoodwaste.Moreover,asoftsystemmethodology(SSM)isappliedtoanalysethiscomplexissue.Thisframeworkispeopleandbehaviouraloriented,andprovidesacharacterisationofthemainfactorsthatdeterminesustainabilitybehaviourinabottom-upway.Theframeworkgivesanunderstandingofthedrivingforcestowardsandobstaclesagainstmovementstowardsamorebottom-upsustainableawarenessandsustainablechoicesattheindividuallevel.Policiesdirectedtowardcircumventingthesechokepointsarealsoproposed.

20.7.3

Greenland–PresenceandFutureofSustainability

ChristianOpitz,TobiasEtzold

ClimatechangeputsGreenlandonthecuspofafundamentaltransformation.Itisalreadydeeplyaffectingthelivingconditionsrequiringconsiderablehumanadaption.SustainabledevelopmentisthusakeypriorityforGreenlandicpolicy-makers.However,theirtraditionalunderstandingofsustainabilityischallengedbynewdevelopmentslikeforeigndemandsforresources.Inaddition,ecologicalsustainabilityonGreenlandmustbeembeddedinacomplexnexusofdesiredeconomicdevelopmentandwidely-sharedpoliticalaspirations,especiallycompleteindependencefromDenmark.ThepresentationdealswithcurrentandfutureissuesofsustainabilityinGreenland.Itwillfocusonitseconomicdimension,highlightingthepotentials–andchallenges–ofthefishing,mining,tourism,andrenewableenergiessectors.Yet,wealsoarguethataneconomicdevelopmentmustincludeasocialdimensiontobuildupdomestichumancapacities.Thisisakeyprerequisitewherebytherichnativeexpertiseofsustainabilitycanactasanecessaryguidingforceinthewayahead.

20.7.4

SustainabilityNarrativesinTheFaroeIslands

LauBlaxekjær,Hayfield,Hovgaard

Thepresentationasksthefollowingresearchquestions:HowcanweunderstandandexplainsustainabilityintheFaroeIslandsinamoreholisticview,andwhatdoesthattellusaboutthefutureofsustainabilityintheFaroeIslands?KnowingthatthereisnodominantnarrativeofsustainabilityintheFaroeIslands,toanswertheresearchquestion,weanalysespecificsustainabilitynarrativesinthesefourareas-fishing,salmonfarming,energy,andconsumption(groceries)–wheresustainabilityisanimportantpartasadriverofchange.Theanalysisfocusesonhowdifferentactorspresentandtalkaboutsustainabilityinrelationtoproblems,theircausesandpossiblesolutionsinagivenarea.Throughthenarrativeanalysis,weexplainsustainabilityandchangeinrelationtohighlighteddynamicsandactors.Somewhatsimplified,thedynamicsweseektoidentifyinthenarrativesrelateto1)decision-makingandchangehappeningthroughtop-downand/orbottom-upprocessesaswellas2)politicalchangeandinfluencefromaninsideand/oroutsideperspective.DuetotherelativelackofsourcesandliteraturecomparedwithotherNordiccountries,thischaptermostlyreliesonownobservations,interviewswithkeyactors,andsomestatisticsprovidedbyspecificactorsaswellaspubliclyavailablesources.

20.7.5

Iceland–RoleModelorFreeRider?

AuðurHIngólfsdóttir

TheNordicstateshavetheimageinternationallyofbeingfrontrunnersinsustainabledevelopment.ThispresentationwillcriticallyexaminethisideaforIceland–oneofthefiveNordicstates.Beingasmallpopulationinaresourcerichcountryoffersuniqueopportunitiesbutalsoprovideschallengeswithrespecttosustainability.Ontheopportunisticside,afewhundredthousandinhabitantsobviouslyresultinalighterecologicalfootprintthanifthepopulationcouldbecountedinmillions.Theabundanceofrenewableresources–intheenergysectorandinfisheries–givesthecountryacertainadvantage.Thechallenges,however,arealsonumerous.InthepresentationIwillarguethatalthoughIcelandhasthepotentialofbeingarolemodelwhenitcomestosustainabilitythereisatensionindomesticpoliticsbetweenthevisiontoleadbypositiveexampleandthetemptationtousethesmallnessasanexcusetoactasafreerider.

20.8 EcosystemandsocioeconomicaspectsofArcticresearch

Chair:TerryBidleman

9June-10:30a.m.

N410

20.8.1 ProjectedfutureclimatechangeandBalticSeaecosystemManagement

AgnetaAndersson

ClimatechangeislikelytohavelargeeffectsontheBalticSeaecosystem.Simulationsindicate2–4oCwarmingand50–80%decreaseinicecoverby2100.Precipitationmayincrease~30%inthenorth,causingincreasedlandrunoffofallochthonousorganicmatter(AOM)andorganicpollutantsanddecreasedsalinity.Coupledphysical–biogeochemicalmodelsindicatethat,inthesouth,bottom-wateranoxiamayspread,reducingcodrecruitmentandincreasingsedimentphosphorusrelease,thuspromotingcyanobacterialblooms.Inthenorth,heterotrophicbacteriawillbefavoredbyAOM,whilephytoplanktonproductionmaybereduced.Extratrophiclevelsinthefoodwebmayincreaseenergylossesandconsequentlyreducefishproduction.FuturemanagementoftheBalticSeamustconsidertheeffectsofclimatechangeontheecosystemdynamicsandfunctions,aswellastheeffectsofanthropogenicnutrientandpollutantload.Monitoringshouldhaveaholisticapproach,encompassingbothautotrophic(phytoplankton)andheterotrophic(e.g.,bacterial)processes.

20.8.2 NaturalBromine-ContainingCompoundsintheArctic:WhyAreTheyThere?WhyShouldWeCare?

TerryBidleman

Bromine-containingcompoundsareproducedinoceansandseasbyphytoplankton,seaweeds,worms,spongesandotherorganisms.Theecologicalfunctionsofthesecompoundsarestillunclear,buttheyarethoughttoprovidechemicaldefencefrompredatorsandhaveantibacterialproperties.Productioninvolvesenzyme-catalyzedreactionsofseawaterbromide,hydrogenperoxide(H2O2,aby-productofphotosynthesis)andnaturalorganiccompounds.ThesereactionsmaypreventH2O2fromreachinglevelsthataretoxictoalgae.Lightcompoundssuchasbromoform(CHBr3)anddibromomethane(CH2Br2)evaporatefromtheseaandaremixedtothestratosphere,wheretheyhaveimportantfunctionsinregulatingozonelevels.Brominatedphenols(BPs)releasedfromalgaearetransformedtobrominatedanisoles(BAs),whichalsoescapetotheatmosphere.CouplingoftwoBPsyieldsheaviercompoundsthatareanalogoustoanthropogenicbrominatedflameretardantsandchlorinateddioxins,andhavesimilartoxicproperties.BPsandtheirderivativesarecommonlyfoundinfish,seabirdsandmarinemammalsoftheBalticSeaandArcticOcean.WemeasuredairconcentrationsofBAsintheFinnishandCanadianArcticthatareabout5XlowerthanoverthenorthernBalticand10XlowerthanontheSwedishwestcoast,whereairpassesoverbiologicallyproductiveSkagerakandKattegat.MeasurementsatPallas(arcticFinland)andKrycklanCatchment(Vindeln,Sweden)arethefirstforinlandsitesandsuggestapathwayforthesecompoundstoreachlakesandterrestrialecosystems.Littleis

knownaboutnaturalbrominatedcompoundscomparedtoindustrialandagriculturalcontaminants.Dotheyaddtotoxicstresses?Howwilltheirlevelsrespondtoclimate-inducedchangesintemperatureandriverinerunoffofnaturalorganicmatter?“HalogenatedNaturalProducts”areamongthe“ChemicalsofEmergingArcticConcern”inaforthcomingreportoftheArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgram(AMAP).

20.8.3 Theroleofthebiospherereserveinsupportofsocio-economicbalanceofindigenouspeoplesoftheArcticzoneoftheKrasnoyarskTerritory

PavelKochkarev

ThereportpresentsthematerialsoftheresearchintheBiosphereReserve,forthestudyofmigration,populationdynamicsofwildreindeertundraandforestforms.Basedonthefindings,developedandprovidedrecommendationsontherationaluseofwildreindeerincludingtomaintainthetraditionalnatureofIndigenousPeoplesoftheNorthandSiberia.

21 Tourism

Themeleader:DorisCarson([email protected])

21.1a ArcticTourism-TourismintheArctic

Chairs:DieterK.Müller,PatMaher,andBrooksKaiser

8June-2:30p.m.

UB334

21.1a.1

“ProtectingbyConsuming”:theDesignInterpretationofSacredSpaceswithReferencetotheTourismIndustry

MariaGostyaeva,SvetlanaUsenyuk

Duringrecentdecades,therehasbeenaconsiderablegrowthinthedevelopmentofArctictourism,especiallypracticesoftouringgeographicallyandculturallyassociatedwithindigenouscommunitieswhomanagedtocreateapaletteofuniqueculturalidentitiesinsymbiosiswithseverenaturalconditions.AndthisisthemainwealthoftheNorthasitsresourcescaleismuchmorepromisingandvaluablethanwhatisstoredintheground.Touncoverthiswealthwesuggesttoapproachitthroughtheopportunityofadirectdialogueprovidedbythespecificfieldofpractice,i.e.thatofArctictourism.Thistaskprovestobechallengingwithrespecttotheextremeenvironment:wecannotallowourselvestorepeatmistakesoftherecenteraofmassiveindustrializationoftheFarNorth,whichhaveledtocontradictionsintheecologyofbothnatureandculture(Garin,1991).Fromthisperspective,tourismservesasaspecificformof"communication"betweennewcomers(tourists),i.e.representativesofvariouscultures,environments,withdiverse,sometimescontradictory,worldviews,andindigenousinhabitants.Thisformofcommunicationcanpotentiallyfacilitatetheso-called"dialogueofcultures,"i.e.gainingmutualinsightintothevaluesystemofanotherculture,overcomingstereotypesand,finally,stimulatingtheexchangeofideasandexperience.Thisstudypresentstheideaof‘protectingthesacred’bythemeansoftourismindustrycoupledwithdesignexpertise.Thepaperconsistsoftwoparts:first,itprovidesanoverviewoftheconceptsof‘sacredspace'fromthedesignperspective.Thenitintroducestheideaof‘protectingbyconsuming’viatwocasestudies.Finally,someconclusionsaredrawnwiththeaimofoutliningthedesignapproachtoprotectingsacredareasphysicallyandspirituallyintermsofgrowingtouristinterest.

21.1a.2

Morethanajob:Sámitouristentrepreneursasculturalambassadors

TraianLeu

PolicymakersfrequentlyseetourismdevelopmentasaviablesolutionamongindigenouspeoplelivinginstrugglingperipheralareasoftheArctic.Besidestheeconomicgains,indigenoustourismentrepreneurshipprovidestheopportunitytodisseminateknowledgeoftheindigenoustoabroaderaudience.Itiswidelyacceptedthatindigenouspeopleareunderstoodbythepopulationatlargethroughsimplisticandstereotypicalimages.Thereforebythemselvesdisseminatingknowledgeaboutindigenouscultureandlifestyles,touristentrepreneursengageinaformofculturalambassadorship.SuchopportunitiestobecomeactiveagentsinbringingawarenessofissuestothepubliccouldbesoughtafterinnorthernSwedenaswellwhereknowledgeofmodernreindeerherding(anindigenousoccupationinSweden)islackingoutsidethereindeerherdingcommunity.Giventherelativesimilarityinsocio-economicaspectsamongindigenousandnon-indigenouspeopleinSwedenoneoftheprimarybenefitsofengagingintourismcouldberelatedtobeingculturalambassadors.Consequently,thepurposeofthispaperistofindouttheextentSámitouristentrepreneursfeeltheyengageinsuchambassadorshipactivityandhowimportantitistothem.Throughsemi-structuredinterviewswithSámitouristentrepreneursconductedinnorthernSwedenthispaperaimtoanswer:What

meaningsareassignedtoworkingintourism?Andtowhatextentculturalambassadorshipisconsideredandtakenonasaresponsibility?Resultsshowthatsomeoftherespondentsgetinvolvedintourismoutofnecessitytosupportreindeerherdingwhileothersduetoapreferenceforit.Mostrespondentsemphasizeeducatingtouristsaboutaspectsoftheindigenousasanimportantcomponentofwhattheydo.

21.1a.3

Dealingwithindigenousspaceintourism:examplesfromtheRussianEuropeanArctic

AlbinaPashkevich

TheproductionofindigenoustourismexperiencesthroughrepresentationsoftourismpracticesandadvertisementmaterialsintheNenetsAutonomousOkrug(NAO)innorthernRussia.Thesepracticesandviewsarethenconfrontedwithanevaluationoftheconstructedrepresentationalnarrativesinrelevanttourismmarketingmaterials.Theanalysisofparticipantobservationandadvertisingmaterialsillustratesthevarietyinpracticalandconstructedrepresentationsofeverydaypracticesincomparisonwithtouristicrepresentations,relatingtotherecent,limiteddevelopmentoftourismintheNAO.ThedisparitiesbetweentheseviewsarebelievedtohaveseriousenvironmentalconsequencesandincreasedsocialpressuresontotheNenetsascarriersofindigenouscultureduetotheproposedexpansionoftourismdevelopmentinthisarea.Thepropermonitoringoftheimpacts,codesofconductforthetourismoperationsontheterritoryoftheArcticregionsandpossiblewaystomitigatethenegativeimpactsontheindigenouspopulationarenotinplace.

21.1a.4

Arctictourism-blessingoracurse?

AgnieszkaLegutko

TheaimofthefollowingarticleistodiscussrapiddevelopmentofArctictourismitscauses,possibleoutcomesandchallenges.Articleanalysesbroadspectrumoffactorsstartingwitheconomicones,discussingsocialsphereaswellaspossiblepoliticaloutcomesfollowinggrowthintheArctictourism.AuthorposesresearchquestionhowdoestheArctictourisminfluencechangesintheHighNorth.ShecomparesIcelandicscenarioofsuddenincreaseintourismindustryanditseffectswithcurrentsituationintheHighNorthtourismusingspecificexampleofSvalbard.ArticleproposedhypothesisthatthegrowthofArctictohelpswirhdevelopmentoftheregion.

21.1b ArcticTourism-TourismintheArctic


9June-10:30a.m.

UB334

21.1b.1

Arctictourismdevelopment:Limitstogrowthinnature-basedtourism-caseIcelandandSvalbard

AlixVarnajot,JarkkoSaarinen

Arcticregionhasattractedincreasingeconomicandpoliticalinterestsinrecentyears.Thisincludesthetourismindustrywhichisseenashavingagoodcapacitytocontributetosocio-economicdevelopmentintheregion.Especiallynature-basedtourismisgrowingfastinplaceslikeIcelandandSvalbardwithrelativelygoodinternationalaccessibility.Asaresult,localandregionalauthoritiesandstakeholdersaretakingadvantageofthisevolvingtrendwithanattempttoestablishhightargetstrategiesfortourismdevelopmentandtouristnumbers.InearlySeptember2016,politiciansandSvalbardprofessionalsconcludedtoaimtodoublethenumberofemployeesintheSvalbardtourismindustryby2025,whichmayrequireatriplingofthenumberoftouristsvisitingtheislands.Similarly,theIcelandicgovernmentsignedatourismstrategyin2011thatwas

designedtocreateamajorincreasetothevisitornumbersandtheprofitabilityoftheindustry.However,thegrowthintheindustryisalsoregardedaspotentiallydamagingtotheArcticenvironment.ThepurposeofthispaperistodiscussthedefinitionsandtrendsoftourismintheArcticwithspecificfocusonSvalbardandIcelandcases.Theyprovidefruitfulcasesandcomparisonsbecausetheybotharebasedonnature-basedtourismproductsinfragileenvironmentsandemploystrongpoliticalwillanddecision-makingprocessestodevelopthetourismindustry.Increasingvisitornumbershavealsorevealedsome'unexpected'challengeswhichhascreatedaneedtothinkthelimitstogrowthofnature-basedtourismactivitiesinwildernessenvironments.AlthoughSvalbardhassofarreceivedlesstouriststhanIceland,theareamaysoonfacethesamechallengesduetosimilartourismdevelopmentpoliciesandaims.

21.1b.2

ClimateChangeandSustainabilityinTourism

JosephChen

Thisresearchstrivestogleantourismprofessionals’perceptiononclimatechangeandstrategiestocopewiththechallengesaseffectsofclimatechangeintheArctic.Itconductsin-depthinterviewsontourismpractitionersinfourArcticdestinationslocatedinNorway,Finland,IcelandandDenmark(i.e.Greenland)respectively.Thisresearchfindsthatthestudysubjectsacknowledgethephenomenonofclimatechangetranspiringinthepastdecadeandarehighlyconcernedaboutthispressingissue.Meanwhile,thestudysubjectsrevealtheirviewsonsustainableoperationsinthecontextofArctictourism.Basedontheaboveresultantdata,thisresearchfurnishestheoreticalandmanagerialimplicationsandsuggestsdirectionsforfuturestudy.

21.1b.3

ImpactsofClimateChangeonSnowReliabilityofSkiResortsinSweden

DemirogluO.Cenk,M.T.Turp,K.Collu,M.L.Kurnaz

Swedenrepresentsoneofthemostwell-knownskitourismdestinationsintheworldwithmorethan200downhillskiareasdispersedthroughoutthecountry.However,asisthecasewithrestoftheskiareasworldwide,thesebusinessesaretobecomeeitherlosersorwinnerswithinthe21stcenturythroughtheimpactsofongoingclimatechangephenomenon,aswarmingtrendswillbejeopardisingthereliablesnowcoverthatprovidesviabilityforskiareasurvival.Whenchangingsnowreliabilitygetscoupledwiththeadaptivecapacitiesofthesuppliersandthesubstitutiontendenciesofthevisitors,thefuturepicturewillbecomemoreprominent.Thisstudylooksintothephysicalsideoftheissuebyrevealingthenaturalandthetechnicalsnowreliabilityofleadingskiresortsinthecountry.ThisisdonebydynamicallydownscalingtheglobalcirculationmodelsviatheregionalclimatemodelRegCMandprojectingrelevantclimaticoutputstobeconvertedintothepastandthefuturenaturalsnowdepthsandsnowmakingcapacitiesandfurtherintothesnowreliabilityindicators.TheresultsleadustofurtherimplicateonthefutureperformancesoftheseskiresortsaswellashowfactorssuchasArcticlatitudes,higheraltitudes,andcontinentalterritorieswouldmatterindistinguishingthemostclimatechangeresilientskiresortsofthefuture.Suggestionsonhowtocouplethesephysicalresultswiththesocioeconomicsideoftheproblemthroughstate-of-the-artmethodologiessuchasagentbasedmodelsisalsoprovided.

21.1b.4

Theroleoftechnologywhenmanagingcommonpoolresourcesintourism:lessonsfromArcticArchipelagoofSvalbard

MartaBystrowska,KarinWigger

Nature-basedtourism,suchasexpeditioncruisesintheArctic,dependonnaturalresources.Thesenaturalresourcesoftenbelongtoacommonpoolandattractinterestsofvariousactors.Accessibilityforallactorsandgrowingtourismactivitieschallengethequalityofthoseresourcesandmaycausesustainabilityissuesreferredtoas‘thetragedyofthecommons’.Priorstudiesoncollectiveactionstresstheroleofformalandinformalorganizationsinmanagingcommonpoolresources.Atthesametime,socialsciencescholarsincreasinglystarttorecognizetheroleoftechnologyinshapingsocialprocesses.Wecontributetotheemergingliteraturebydiscussingtherolethattechnologyplaysincollectiveendeavorsaimedatmanagingvulnerabletourismresources.Buildinguponacasestudyofthetourismnetwork‘AssociationofArcticExpeditionCruiseOperators’[AECO],thispresentationdiscusseshowthenetworkusestechnologyinmanagingnaturalresources.Theanalysisfocusesonnetworkactivitieswhendealingwithchallengesofnaturalresourcesuseandontheinterplaysbetweencollectiveaction,technologyandsocialcapital.Theevaluationwasconductedusingvariousqualitativemethods,includingobservation,documentanalysisandsemi-structuredinterviews.Theresultsindicatethat:1)technologyuseenablestoovercomecommonpoolresourceissuesbyimprovingcommunicationandmonitoring2)effectivecollectiveactionisresultantofhighlevelsocialcapitaltogetherwithtechnologyuse3)technologyleadstochangesinnetwork’snormativesystembutseemnottoinfluencetrustrelations.Thisstudyisofexplorativecharacterandprovidepropositionsforbetterunderstandingoftherolethatthetechnologyplaysinsustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesintourism.

21.1c ArcticTourism-TourismintheArctic


9June-1:30p.m.

UB334

21.1c.1

PossibilitiesofEcohistory

JaniKarhu

Ecotourismisacontroversialconceptandadiscussionaroundthephenomenahasswelledsince1970`s.“Cantourismbeecological”,“isthererealbenefitsforthelocalpeople”or“bywhichprinciplesecotourismcanbedefined”,havebeenoneofthemainquestionsconcerningthephenomena.MypresentationdiscussesthepossibilitiesofecotourismandecohistoryinthenortherncircumstancesoftheFinnishborderregionandisapartoftheGreenZoneProjectwhichisageo-historicalresearchprojectfocusedonthehistoricalsitesandconservationareasbetweentheFinnish-Russian-Norwegianborderregion.GreenZoneProjectstartedJanuary2017andmypartofthestudyistofindoutpossiblechallengesandpossibilitiesconcerningtheecotourismandhistoricalperspectivesofit.Mypresentationopenstheconceptualsettingoftheresearchfieldandthemaingoalsofourstudy.Moreinformation:http://www.greenzoneproject.com/

21.1c.2

TourismandcultureheritagemanagementinSvalbard

AlmaElizabethThuestad,ElinRoseMyrvoll,StineBarlindhaug

ExplorationandexploitationofnaturalresourceshavelefttangiblehumanimprintsontheSvalbardlandscape.Remnantsthattodayaresignificantnotonlyasaphysicalrepresentationofmorethan400yearsofhumanendeavourinaHighArcticenvironment,butalsoasarepresentationofthedecidedlyinternationalcharacterofthearchipelago’shistory.Arcticculturalheritagesitesarenotstaticandunchanging;theyaresubjecttoanumberofenvironmentalandanthropogenicsitetransformationprocessescontributingtoanongoingdeteriorationofculturalheritage.CulturalheritagesitesareamongstthemainattractionsforvisitorstoSvalbard.Inconjunctionwitharapidlydevelopingtouristindustry,on-sitehumanactivityandconsequentlyhumanimpactonculturalheritagehasincreasedinrecentdecades.Arcticculturalheritagemanagementisnowadaysachallengingendeavourasmanagementauthoritiesmustconsidernotonlymultipleimpactfactorsandachangingenvironment,butalsothepoliticalandsocialconsiderations.Fromtheperspectivesofboth

nationalandlocalauthorities,tourismisincreasinglyimportantingeneratingincomeandsecuringsettlementinSvalbard;tourismhasbecometheexpectedmainsourceofincomeinthefaceofreducedminingactivities.BasedonrecentdevelopmentsinArctictourismaswellasSvalbard’stradeandindustryandthegoalsexpressedbypoliticalactorsandmanagement,weexplorethechallengesofincreasedhumanactivityandimpactonculturalheritageassetsinSvalbard.Usingpopulartouristdestinationsencompassingheritagerepresentativeofvariousaspectsofthearchipelago’shistorysuchasthe17thand18thcenturywhalingstationsandaffiliatedgraveyardsaswellastheexpeditionbasesremnantofNorthPoleexpeditionsintheearly1800s,ourfocuswillbeontourismandthechallengesfacedbySvalbard’sculturalheritagemanagement.

21.1c.3

CentreforSustainableArcticTourism

Young-SookLee

SustainableArcticTourismWhatisArticTourism?Howuniqueandgeneralisitinthecontextofglobaltourism?Arctictourismhasbeenstudiedaspartofpolartourismtodate.GivencertaindifferentcharacteristicsofArctictourismincomparisontoAntarctictourism,however,afocusedinvestmentonArctictourismistimely.Ofcourse,therearemanysharedtraitsoftourismbetweenArcticandAntarctic,suchassevereweatherconditions,remotenessanduniqueenvironmentalandculturalelements.Atthesametime,certaindifferencesinthelevelofremoteness,degreesofsevereweatherconditions,speciesofuniquefloraandfauna,andhistoryofhumaninhabitantsareobserved.RecognisingtheneedforafocusedresearchandpracticaleffortsonArctictourism,CentreforSustainableArcticTourismhasbeenestablishedatUiTTheArcticUniversityofNorway.ThispresentationintroducesthenewlyestablishedCentre,whichwillserveasahubforcommunities,businesses,researchers,stakeholders,andanyonewhoareinterestedinArctictourismmatters.TheCentrepromotesandincorporatesmultidisciplinaryandinternationalwork.ThefirstArctictourismbook-ArcticTourismExperiences:Production,ConsumptionandSustainabilitybyCABIin2017-isalsopresentedastheinitialworkfromtheCentre.Thepresentationaimstoseekfuturecollaborationswithinterestedpartiesbothnationallyandinternationally.

21.1d

ArcticTourism-TourismintheArctic


9June-3:30p.m.

UB334

Panelwithall21.1-sessionchairs

21.2 Undertheauroraloval:aurora/spaceresearchandtourism

Chair:UrbanBrändström

10June-10:30a.m.

UB336

21.2.1

Aurorasandspaceweather

KirstiKauristie

Spaceweatheristhephysicalandphenomenologicalstateoftheupperpartsofouratmosphere(ionosphere)andthenear-Earthspacecoupledwithit.Aurorasareaharmless,fascinatingfeatureofspaceweatherthathasduringrecentyearsgainedwithimprovingphotographingtechnologymoreandmoreattentionasan

interestingassetinthebusinessofnaturetourism.Inthiscontextthereisademandtogetauroralforecastswithlongleadtimes-hours,daysorevenweeks.InthepresentationwegivesomestatisticalinformationonauroraloccurrenceratesbasedonsystematicauroralrecordingsconductedbytheFinnishMeteorologicalInstitutesince1970’s.Inaddition,wewilldescribethemosttypicalspaceweatherphenomena,someofwhichcaninextremecasesbeharmfulforsomeground-andspace-basedtechnologies.Finally,wewilldiscussthebiggestchallengesinforecastingaurorasandreviewsomerecentactivitiesinspaceresearchandininternationalcollaborationthataimimprovingourfutureforecastingcapabilities.

21.2.2

TheArcticDimensionofSpaceResearch

AstaPellinen-Wannberg

Spaceresearchstartedasasub-fieldwithintheastronomyofthesolarsystem.TheobjectsthatGalileocouldstudywiththefirsttelescopeshavebecometargetsforthespaceexplorationoftoday-ourclosestplanetsMars,VenusandMercuryandthemoonsofthegiantgasplanetsSaturnandJupiter.SoonaftertheveryfirstspacemissionsitwasrealizedthatthereexistverydangerousareasclosetotheEarth.Thesewerefullofenergeticparticles.TheywerecalledtheradiationbeltsortheVanAllenBeltsafterthescientistwhoidentifiedthem,contrarytothetheoreticalpredictionofveryemptyzonesinthearea.TheradiationbeltsfollowthegeomagneticfieldlinesoftheEarthfromthesoutherntothenorthernhemisphereatadistanceofafewEarthradiianddipdowntowardstheEarthclosetothepoles.Theremanyoftheenergeticparticlesareejectedoutfromthebeltscausingauroraldisplaysvisiblefromground.Systematicexplorationoftheaurorastartedover100yearsagoatseverallocationsaroundtheArcticwheremanygeophysicalobservatorieswereestablished.ThishasattractedscientistsandaconcentrationofadvancedinfrastructureincludingsensitiveimagersandpowerfulradarstotheArctic(andalsotoAntarctic).Thepresenceoftheseinstrumentshascontributedtonewresearchtopics.ThepolaratmospheresarefullofphenomenanotexistingelsewherearoundtheEarthsuchasthepolarvortex,theozonehole,themidwintermother-of-pearlclouds,thepolarmesosphericsummerechoesandtherelatedphenomenonofvisiblenoctilucentcloudsinmidsummerskies.ThevariationsbetweensummerandwinterareduetothetiltangleoftheEarthinrelationtotheplanetaryplane.ItalsoaffectsthepolarionosphereandtheextraterrestrialmeteoroidinfluxcausingthestrongestannualchangesintheArcticregions.

21.2.3

Lookingupundertheauroraloval---theviewofanauroralscientist

UrbanBrändström,AstaPellinen-Wannberg,JohanKero

Theauroraisnotjustaremarkablebeautifulphenomena,italsotellsusaboutphysicsofmatterintheplasmastate.Ititsometimessaidthattheauroraisvisiblespaceweather.Severesuchspace-weathereventsisadirectthreattoourtechnologicalcivilisation.Thistalkwillprovideapopularscientificpresentationofthephysicsbehindtheauroraaswellasregardingcurrentresearchinthefield.Traditionallyonlypeoplelivingundertheauroralovalsandvisitingscientistshadthepossibilitytoobservethesefascinatinglightsinthesky.Forthisreasonthehistoryofaurorahas,withafewexceptions,beentoldbyspacescientists.Overthelastdecadetherehasbeenatremendousincreaseintheinterestintheaurorafromthegeneralpublicandtouristindustry.But,whilespacephysicsisbasicsciencewithlongtraditions,theexpectationsfromthegeneralpublic,photographers,mediaandtouristindustrymightbequitedifferentfromthefocusofauroralscientists.DuringtheyearstheauthorshaveparticipatedinseveraleffortstoeducatetouristguidesaswellastopopulariseSpacePhysics.Someexperiencesfromtheseeffortswillbediscussed.Whatimplicationscanspacephysicshavetootherfieldsofresearch?Isthereaneedforinterdisciplinaryresearchregardingtheaurora?Whotellsthehistoryabouttheaurora?

22 Migration&Mobilities

Themeleader:GertrudeSaxinger([email protected])

22.1 ForcedMigrationsandTransnationalMobilityintheArticNations

Chair:NicoleDubus&MariaLähteenmäki

11June-3:30p.m.

UB335

22.1.1

Germancross-bordermobilityinNorthernFinlandandNorthernNorway1941–1945

AnnePitkänen

DuringtheSecondWorldWar,GermantroopsmovedbetweennorthernFinlandandnorthernNorway.Thiscross-bordermovementbetweentwocountrieswasanexceptionalphaseinthehistoryoftheArctic.Movementsacrossthebordersarecurrentlyrelevantinthemodernworld–forexample,intheongoingUkrainiancrisis.ThispresentationwillconcentrateonGermanmovementsduringthecontinuationwarfrom1941to1945innorthernFinlandandnorthernNorway.Themovementbetweentwocountries–occupiedNorwayandcobelligerentFinland–isaninterestingaspectofthisphaseinFinnish-Norwegianhistory.Ofparticularinterestarethesupplylinesinthenorth,troopmovementsduringthewar,andtheGermanretreatphasefromautumn1944to1945.TheGermanuseofroadsinthenorthashighwayspaintsapictureofwhereandwhentroopsmovedbetweenFinlandandNorway.TheArcticprovidedachallengetotheGermantroops.Therewereproblemsonthesupplylines,whichoftenstretchedallthewayfromGermanytotheharboursofKirkenesandLiinahamari.SnowblizzardsandfrostmadeitdifficulttosupplytheMountainCorpsNorway,andenemyactivityonlyaddedtotheseproblems.Cross-bordermovementsinthehighnorthwerecommonduringtheGermantroopmovements.TheaimtogetfreshtroopstotheLizafrontmeantthatwholedivisionsmovedthroughtheKirkenes-Petsamoregion.Thebiggestmovementwasinautumn1941whenthe6.mountaindivisionwastransferredfromGreecetonorthernFinland.Laterinthewar,divisionsrotatedintheLizafrontresultinginmovementonbothsidesoftheborder.TheFinnishpeacetreatywiththeSovietUnioninSeptember1944wastheturningpointfortheGermantroopsinnorthernFinlandandnorthernNorway.Usingthescorchedearthpolicy,GermansretreatedusingtheroadsalongwhichtheyhadonceFinnishterritory.Inthisfinalcross-bordermovement,GermanforcesabandonedtheArcticregionswhichtheyhadcontrolledsince1941

22.1.2

ThebordermobilityintheTornioRiverVally.

HelenaRuotsala

Thechangesintheworldhistoryarealsoseenintheeverydaylifeofinhabitants.TornioRiverVally,whichisamulti-culturalborderregionbetweenFinlandandSwedenisagoodexampleofthat.Inthisareapeoplehavepaidahightpriceforthepoliticalchanges.TheTornioRiverValleyplayedanimportantroleinthesecondworldwar,bothduringtheContinuationWarandtheLaplandWar.InthispaperIwilldiscussTornioRiverValleyanditsroleduringthewar.WholepopulationinLaplandhadtobeevacuatedinashortperiodbeforetheLappishwarbegan.AbouthalfofthepeopletooktheirwaytoNorthernSweden.EspeciallypeoplelivinginthewesternpartsofLapland,e.g.intheTornioRiverValley,foundtheirlivingplacesinnorthernSweden,someofthemattheirrelativesandfriends.SomeofthemspenttheirevacuationtimealsoontheriverTornio,butontheSwedishsoilandtheretheyhadthesadpossibilitytoseetheirhomesvanishinginflamesbyGermantroops.Theevacuationtime,relativesandfriendsinSwedenwereinadecisiverolehowburnedanddestroyedLaplandcouldagainturnintoamodernlivingplace.ThedestructionofLaplandwasacatastrophe,butthetimeafterevacuationwasaturningpointtotheenvironmentalhistoryinLapland.Howtheevacuationtimeand

smugglingperiodaftertheIIWWchangedtheemotionallandscapeinLapland,especiallyinthewesternparts.Iwillfocusespeciallyonthebordermobilityduringthewartime.ThispaperisbasedmostlyonmyethnographicfieldworkintheareaofTornioRiverValley.

22.1.3

Evaluatingrefugeesettlement

NicoleDubus

therearemanyfactorsinvolvedinsuccessfulresettlementofforcedmigrantsandrefugees.Duringourcurrentrefugeecrisis,theArcticNationshavefaceduniquechallengeswhichareinformativeforfutureclimigrations(forcedmigrationsduetoclimatechanges).Thispresentationwilldiscussthesechallengesandlessonslearned.

22.1.4

ExperienceofRefugeenessthroughtheLenseofCommunityCohesion:AcaseoftheAsylumseekersfromRovaniemi,Lapland

AfrojaKhanam

Inthepresentrefugeecrisescontext,somerefugeesalsofoundshelterinasmalltowncalledRovaniemiinLapland,Finland.Inthenewdestination,theyaresecuredbutstilltheyhavedifferentproblemswhichalsoincludesissueslikecommunitycohesion.Byanalyzingthemainindicatorsofcommunitycohesionsuchassenseofbelonging,solidarity,perceivedsocialsupport,employment,rootedness,socialtiesandalienation,thispaperassessesthestateof‘CommunityCohesion’amongsttheasylumseekersfromdifferentcountriesinRovaniemi.Basedonsomesemi-structuredinterviews,meetingsandfocus-groupdiscussion,thispapertendstounderstandtheirideaofcommunitycohesionwiththelocalsandwhataretheexistinggapsinthatregard.Resultsindicatethattheideaofcommunitycohesionismuchloweraccordingtotheasylumseekersinmanyaspectsbuttheyalsothinkthatitcouldbringsomethingbetterforthecommunitiesbyvaluingthediversitybythelocals.

22.2a ArcticDwellersontheMove:studyingsocialdynamicsbeyondtheethnicitylens

Chair:DmitriyFunk&VladislavaVladimirova

8June-11:30a.m.

UB337

22.2a.1

Featuresofmigrationinthepermafrostregion(basedinthecitiesofYakutia,Russia)

VinokurovaDekabrina

Toidentifythefeaturesofmigrationinthepermafrostregion,differentiatedbygender,familyandmaritalrelationships,factorsandlengthofstayintheplacesofsettlementofthemigrantsinterviewed.TheanalysisusedtheideaofsystemicfunctionaltheoryofLuhmann.Theauthorstudiedsociologicalthemesof"Migrationwithindustrializationandmigrantcommunicativemedium"and"Migrantandlong-termresidentethniccommunities:theprocessesofinclusionandsocialnetworks"conductedunderPriorities9.6.andH.100,SiberianBranchoftheRussianAcademyofSciences(2010-2016.)..Qualitativeandquantitativemethodsusedwerebyquotasampling(?±5%).AquestionnairesurveywasconductedinthecitiesofMirny(2010)Yakutsk(2011);Lensk(2012).TheobtaineddatawereprocessedwithSPSS24.0statisticsprogram.MigrantstoYakutskfromArmenia,Kyrgyzstan,TajikistanandUzbekistanwereinterviewed(inyearsof2012-2016).Historically,thebulkofpopulationtomigrateenmassetothesecitieswereinthelatetwentiethcentury.MorethanhalfofrespondentsinthesamplearrivedinYakutiainthepost-Sovietperiod.Localwomenmigratemore

thanmenwithintheregion.MostofsinglepeoplecamefromRussiancitiesratherthanruralareas.QuarterofrespondentsfromvillagesandcitiesofRussiaweredivorcedand10.5%nevermarried.Therefore,almostone-thirdoftheinterviewedmigrantshavematrimonialpotential.SinglerespondentsmostlycomefrommoreurbanratherthanruralareasforsubjectsofotherregionsoftheRussianFederation.Forourlocalmigrantstheoppositeisthecase.Morefamiliesareformedintheurbanenvironmentbyourlocalrespondents,evenifthesemarriagesastheynoted,oftenaredefactoandnotregistered.So,familyandmaritalrelationscanbeconsideredasanotherchannelofmigrantcommunication.

22.2a.2

WhenForcedandLaborMigrantsMeet

DmitriyFunk

Thestudyrevealsmaindifferencesandsimilaritiesindealingwithsocio-economicandculturalproblemsofadaptationamonglocalforcedmigrants,mostlyrepresentativesofnorthernindigenousgroups,andnewcomers,mostlylabormigrants,fromotherregions.Itshowshowdifferentculturalinterpretationsandsocialpracticesareusedinordertobetteradapttoanewsociallandscape,andhowthesestrategiesinteract–insomecasesleadingtocompetition,tensionsandhostilityandalways-entailingtransformationofexistinghierarchiesandconfigurationsofrelations–underseeminglyequalinitialsocialandeconomicconditions.TheresearchisbasedoncontemporaryethnographicdatagatheredinKemerovoregionandonSakhalin.

22.2a.3

"Local"and"Newcomers"inYamalregion,Russia.Socialboundariesandvariabilityofthemigrationexperience

DmitriyOparin

WesternSiberiaandtheentirecircumpolarregionhavebecomeanobviousmigrantdestinationfornewcomersfromtheEuropeanpartofthecountry,thenationalrepublics,andSouthernSiberia.UnliketherestofSiberia,theoil-andgas-richNorthisstillamigrationmagnetforthewholeoftheformerSovietUnion.ThepaperisdedicatedtoresearchintothecontemporarysocialenvironmentofthevillageYar-SaleinYamal.Theresearchisfocusedonthemigrationexperienceoftherecentnewcomersandtheirrelationswiththeaboriginalinhabitants.Specialattentionispaidtosuchnotionsas“local”/”newlyarrived”,“kin”/”stranger”.Iassumethattheseboundariesareflexible.Anewcomercouldbecomealocal,andoutsiderscouldbecomekin.Ethnicbackgroundanddurationofstayintheregionarenotalwayscrucialforthistransition.

22.2a.4

ResourceCurseWiththeAnthraciteGlow:theSocialTransformationsinContextofIndigenousResistancetoCoalMiningCompanies’OperationinKuznetskCoalBasin,Russia

VladimirPuddubikov

Thispapercontributestotheanthropologicalreviewandfact-basedunderstandingofnewestsocialtransformationsinlocalcommunitiesofindigenouspeoplesfromovertheworldwhichareinthesituationofpermanentresistancetoextractivecompaniesoperatinginindigenouslands.Authorpresentshisfindingswhichwereobtainedbydoingacasestudyonindigenousresistancetocoal-miningcompaniesinKemerovoregion(Russia).TherearelocalcommunitiesofShorpeoplesufferingnowfromcoal-pitsoperatingintheterritoriesofindigenouspeoplesresidenceandtraditionalwild-lifeuse.Theoperationofminestherehasnotbeennegotiatedwithindigenouscommunitiesasitshouldbeandasiscommoninworld-widepracticeofextractivecompaniesandlocalsinteraction.AsaresultsomeofShorcommunitiesnowtryingtoresisttominesoperationandtocontestthecoal-miningcompanies’righttoextractresourcesbyliterallydestroyingthe

naturalandculturalenvironmentintheplacesofsmall-numerousethnicgrouplocation.InfacttheseattemptsofShorpeoplecommunitiestoresisttocoal-miningcompaniesarequiteintensiveandresonant.Butinmanycasestheyareunsuccessful.AnywaythissituationisaccompaniedbywidesocialchangesinlocalindigenouscommunitieswhichcanbeclearlyillustratedbytheexampleofKazasvillagewhosepopulationhasbeenforciblyresettledinconnectionwiththesettlementliquidationasitwasinzoneofsupposedcoal-pitoperating.Authortryingtointerprettheconsequencesofthissituationandsomesimilaronesasthecomplexanddramaticsocialshiftforcedbyextractiveindustryaffectingthevulnerableindigenouscommunities.

22.2b ArcticDwellersontheMove:studyingsocialdynamicsbeyondtheethnicitylens

Chair:DmitriyFunk&VladislavaVladimirova

8June-2:30p.m.

UB337

22.2b.1

DwellingsforTraditionalandNewNomads:WhenHousesservea“Fantasyoftheoffshore”intheOil-RichNenetsAutonomousDistrict

RemyRouillard

DwellingshavelongbeenassociatedwiththenomadicwaysoflifetraditionallyledbymostindigenouspeoplesoftheArctic.Inthispaper,IexaminehowhousesintheNenetsAutonomousOkrugserveasagentsofchangeamongtheNenetsherdersandvillagers,Soviet-daysettlersandcurrentmobileoilworkerspresentintheNAO.First,Ishowhowhousesareinvolvedinthepressuresgeneratedbyboththestateandtheoilindustrytoeitherincreaseorreducethescaleofeachgroup’slevelofmobilityandtoreshapetheirconnectiontomoreorlessdistantplacesandpeople.Second,inspiredbyH.Appel’s(2012)conceptofthe“fantasyoftheoffshore”,Ishowhowthereconfigurationofhousingarrangementsservetofulfilladesireamongoilcompaniesandtheirworkerstoturnthetundraintosomethingresemblinganoffshoreproductionsite.

22.2b.2

GlobalizingHistoriesofIndigenousResettlementintheEuropeanArctic

VladislavaVladimirova,ValentinaSovkina

ThispapersuggeststhatitisimportanttorevisitnarrativesabouttheresettlementofindigenouspeoplesintheEuropeanpartoftheSovietArctic,i.e.theKolaPeninsula.Sovietmodernistdevelopmentprovidedtheideologybehindtheforcedrelocationofthepopulationfromanumberofvillagesintobiggerurbancentersinthemiddleofthe20thc.Suchtransformationincludedthedismantlingofpreviouslyestablishedagriculturallifestyles,basedinreindeerherding,huntingandfishing,andthedisturbanceofwebsofrelationsofkinship,sociality,andwithnature.Whyarehistoriesofforcedindigenousrelocationsstillpersistentnotonlyamongthegrandchildrenoftheirvictims,butinsmallercommunitiesandevenreproducedinpublicinstitutionssuchaslibraries,newspapers,andeducationalvenues?Whyarethesitesofsuchvillagesstillvisitedbypilgrims,andinafewcasespeoplehaveevenattemptedtore-settlethere?Wesuggestherethatapartfromofficialhistoriesoftheprocessofenforcedrelocation,engagingwithlocalcommunities’narrativesofthemcanprovideinsightsintowhatwecall‘aglobalexperienceofindigenousresettlement’.ByanalyzingnarrativesofresettlementfromvillagesintheKolaPeninsula,suchasPonoi,ChalmniVarre,andothers,weaimtoexplorethelong-termeffectsofgeographicallyandtemporarilylocalizedinstancesoftheglobalprocessofforcedindigenousresettlement.

22.2b.3

RecentTrendsinInuitMigrationtoSouthernRegionsofCanada:AfocusonMontreal.

NobuhiroKishigami

TheCanadianInuitlivechieflyintundraareasnorthof55°N.However,thelatestpopulationestimateshowsthatalmost37%oftheInuithavelefttheirArctichomelandandmigratedtourbanareas.Further,40%,ofthemigrantsisestimatedtoliveinlargecities.In1996,Ibegancultural-anthropologicalstudyoftheurbanInuitlivinginMontreal.Followingtwointensiveinterviewstudies,in1997and2004,IconductedathirdsuchstudyinMontrealinAugust,2012.TheprimarypurposeofthispaperistodiscusswhytheInuitmovedtoMontreal,togetherwithseveralcharacteristicsoftheirmigrationpatterns.

22.2b.4 BrainDrain-currentmigrationpatternsfromandtoGreenland

VerenaHuppert

BraindrainpresentsacurrentchallengeformanyArcticregions,includingGreenland,whichstrugglestoretainhigh-skilledlabour.ThispaperinvestigatesintothebraindraininNuuk,itsextent,causesandconsequences,anddiscussessomeofthemeasuresthatarecurrentlyestablished.ItshowsthatanArctictownlikeNuuk,Greenland,canbenefitfromknowledgeandexperiencefromasimilartownoutsidetheArctic,inregardstotheirapproachtoturnthedevelopmentofbraindrain.Inacomparativecasestudy,NuukiscomparedtoCharlottetowninCanada,showinghowNuukcouldbenefitfromtheknowledgeandexperiencewithbraindraininothertownsoutsidetheArctic.Itisfoundthatespeciallyintheareasofyouthbraindrain,thelinkbetweenyounghigh-skilledandthelabourmarket,andcommunicationbetweenlocalactorsthatNuukcouldlearnfromtheexperienceandsolutionsinCharlottetown.

22.3a MobileWorkingArrangementsintheArcticandelsewhere:socialandregionalcumulativeeffects

Chairs:GertrudeSaxinger,SharonHarwood,DorisA.Carson,andHannaK.Snellman

8June-11:30a.m.

UB335

22.3a.1

Recognisingopportunities?RuralplacemarketingandlifestylemoversinnorthernSweden

MarcoEimermann,AnnieWoube,PaulAgnidakis,UlrikaÅkerlund

Similartoothernorthernperipheries,remoteandsparselypopulatedareas(SPAs)inSweden’sfarnortharedealingwithdecreasingpopulationsandeconomicstagnation.ThishasbecomeevenmoreprominentsincethenationalgovernmentabandonedtheSwedishwelfaremodelinthe1970sandforcedlocalgovernmentstomoreactivelyengageinstrategiesofattractingandretainingpopulations.Thisresearchnoteconsidersaminorcommunitycasestudyonruralplace-marketingeffortsintheÅseleandStorumanmunicipalitiesasawhole,withparticularattentionfordifferinglocaldevelopmentsinamenity-poorandamenity-richareas.Theaim,toidentifyresearchavenuesfortimelystudiesofruralplace-marketingstrategies,isaddressedthroughthreeresearchquestions:1)towhatextent,andhow,dothesemunicipalitiesengageinruralplace-marketingefforts,2)whattargetgroupsdotheyenvisage,and3)howdothemunicipalitiesmeasureandvaluetheresults?Ourstudyrevealsthatthemunicipalofficials’viewsonruralplace-marketingstrategiesdifferconsiderably,sinceÅseleparticipatesinEurope’slargestemigrationexpowhileStorumandrawsonitstourismareaanddevelopsstrategiestoattractreturningyoungadultsinthefamily-buildingstageofthelifecourse.Productionandperformanceaspectsareessentialwhenstudyingeverydaysustainabilitiesasaninterplaybetweenstructureandagencyatdifferentgeographicalplacesandlevels.

22.3a.2 NewcomerstotheNorth:InternationalMigrationintotheArctic

TimothyHeleniak

With“globalization”,therehasbeenincreasedinternationalmigrationintotheArctic,thoughtherehasnotbeenalotofsystematicdataandstudyoftheseflows.Lackofknowledgeofthese“newcomers”andtheirimpactwascitedasoneareainneedoffurtherresearchintherecentArcticHumanDevelopmentReport.Thispaperquantifiesthenumberofinternationalmigrantsandseveralkeycharacteristicsofthese“newcomers”suchastheirroleinlabormarketsandsocieties.Datawillbeanalyzedonthetotalnumberofinternationalmigrants,countriesoforigin,gender,age,levelofeducation,andoccupationorsector.ThepaperbeginswithadiscussionofmigrationtheoryandtheArcticeconomy.ThisisfollowedbyadiscussionofdataavailableforanalyzinginternationalmigrationintheArctic.Analysisofbothstocksandflowsininternationalmigrationmakeupthebulkofthepaper.

22.3a.3

GenderequalityandimmigrantsinIceland

MarkusMeckl

GenderequalityisakeyvalueforthemodernIcelandicsocietyandIcelandhasrankedhighonvariousgenderequalityindexes.InrecentyearsIceland’sforeignpopulationhasgrownfrom5700intheyear1996to30000intheyear2014.Manyoftheimmigrantsarefromcountriesrankinglowonthegenderequalityindex.Forexample,thebiggestimmigrantcommunityinIceland,accountingforover30%,isfromPoland,whichranks35thontheGenderInequalityIndexprovidedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.ThispaperexaminesthewaysimmigrantsadaptingtothiscorevalueoftheIcelandicsociety.WeassumegrowingupandbeingsocializedinacountryrankinglowontheGenderInequalityIndexhasanimpactontheindividual’sperceptionandunderstandingofgenderroles.BymovingtoIcelandmanyimmigrantsexperiencenewunderstandingofgenderrelationsandtheirunderstandingsofgenderrolesmaybechallenged.Theresearchisbasedonasurveyamong1200responsesfromIcelandersand350fromimmigrantsfromdifferenttownsintheNorthofIceland:Akureyri,DalvíkandHúsavík.

22.3a.4

LabourandleisuremobilitiesofyoungadultsinKainuu

LauriTurpeinen

YoungpeopleinremoteArcticandSub-Arcticregionsall,soonerorlaterinlife,facethedecisionofeithermigratingorstayingintheregion.Labourandeducationdoplaykeyrolesintheirdecision-makingprocessesandalackofpossibilitiesintheserealmsmotivatesmanytoleave.Conceptslikethemobilityimperative(Farrugia2015,Kiilakoski2016)orculturesofmigration(Kandel/Massey2002,Ali2007,Eriksson2015:3)havebeendrawnupontoexplaintherelateddevelopmentofsocialclimates,inwhichout-migrationcanalmostappearasanunavoidablefactoflifeformanyoftheyoung.Yet,notallofthemdoleave.Thispaperengageswiththeexperiencesofyoungadults,whohavedecidedtostayinaremoteSub-Arcticregionwithstrongout-migrationandwhohenceareunderstoodtobeimmobileincomparisontotheirmigratingpeers.Contrarytothisassumption,though,youngadultsinruralregionscanleadhighlymobilelives.ThispaperwilldepictthelabourandleisuremobilitiesofyoungadultsinaremoteSub-Arcticregionandwillredrawtheirmultilocaleverydaylives.Specialattentionwillbepaidtotheimpactofsixfactorsontheireverydaymobilities:(1)Labour(bothemploymentandunemployment),(2)accesstoservices,(3)socialcontacts,(4)meaningfullocalities,(5)leisurepursuits,and(6)everydayliferhythms.ThebasisforthispaperwillbedatagatheredforaPhDprojectduringfieldworkinruralKainuuinNorth-EasternFinland.Fieldworkwilllastforsixmonths,fromJanuaryuntilJuly2017.Therefore,ithastobenotedthatthisisaworkinprogressandthatthepossibilityforsurprisesduringfieldworkandforslightshiftsinfocusexist.Nonetheless,thepaperwillbesheddinglightonthe

contemporaryexperiencesandmobilitiesofyoungadultslivinginaremoteSub-ArcticregionontheedgeofEurope.

22.3b MobileWorkingArrangementsintheArcticandelsewhere:socialandregionalcumulativeeffects

Chairs:GertrudeSaxinger,SharonHarwood,DorisA.Carson,andHannaK.Snellman

8June-2:30p.m.

UB335

22.3b.1

Symbolicboundariesintheborderlessspace:mobilityandtelecommunicationinSvalbard

AndrianVlakhov

TheArcticarchipelagoofSvalbardisaterritorywithuniquenaturalsetting,historyandlegalstatus,beingasiteofcohabitationforNorwegianandRussiancommunities.Thesecommunities,thoughhavingnoadministrativeboundariesbetweenthemselves,areseparatedbynature,cultureandpolitics;inthispaper,suchseparationisdescribedthroughtheconceptofremoteness.ThepaperexplorestwomainfeaturesofSvalbardremoteness,specificallymobilityandtelecommunication;themainemphasisismadeonthedifferencesbetweenapproachesusedbyRussianandNorwegiancommunities.Usingthedatafromtherecentfieldworkinthearchipelago,anattempttodescribethegeneralmobilityandtelecommunicationpatternsforSvalbardismade.Acomparativeapproachtosuchdescriptionisused,withmainfocusontheRussiancommunityandsupportingdatafromtheNorwegianone.ThemainfindingofthestudyisthatmobilityandtelecommunicationinSvalbardareinextricablylinkedtooneanother,andthatphysicalandsocialdimensionsofthesetwoconceptsalsohaveadeepconnection.AuniformconceptofcommunicationissuggestedfordescribingtheseaspectsofSvalbardlife.Anotherfindingofthestudyisthattheuseofcommunicationhashighimportanceforhistoricalandpoliticaldiscourseaboutthearchipelago.

22.3b.2

ResourcecommunitiesandFIFOworkforce:ExtractingbenefitsfromresourcedevelopmentsinQueensland

SharonHarwood

LongDistanceCommutingorFlyinFlyOut(FIFO)asitiscolloquiallyknowninAustraliaisnotconsideredtobeasustainableformofdevelopmentparticularlyforremoteregions(seeforinstanceCommonwealthofAustralia2011andStateofQueensland2015).In2011thefederalgovernmentofAustraliainitiatedthe‘HouseofRepresentativesStandingCommitteeonRegionalInquiryintotheuseofFIFOworkpracticesinRegionalAustralia’.MorerecentlyinthestateofQueenslandtherehasbeenaParliamentaryInquiryintoFIFOworkpracticesthathassinceresultedinthereleaseofthe‘StrongandSustainableResourceCommunitiesBill2016’.ThisBillprohibitstheemploymentof100%FIFOworkersintheoperationalphaseoffutureresourcedevelopmentprojects.TheseInquiriesfailtoaddresstheimpactsoftheresourcecycleuponemploymentinhighlyspecialisedeconomiesandtheassociatedhousingmarket.Movingtoandworkinginresourcedependentcommunities’entailshighsocialandeconomicrisktotheemployee.

ThispresentationprovidesanoverviewoftheresultsofalongitudinalstudyundertakeninCloncurryShireinNorthWestQueensland.Thisparticularlocalgovernmentareahasapermanentresidentialpopulationof3,351personsandanestimatedequivalentFIFOworkforce.In2012thelocalwantedtoknowwhattheycoulddotoconverttheFIFOtoapermanentresidentialworkforce.RemotesettlementsinQueenslandarefundedaccordingtotheirpermanentresidentialpopulation(asopposedtothesourceofminingroyalties)andthismeansthattheirschools,hospitals,emergencyservices,agedcare,recreationfacilitiesandroadconstructionarefundedaccordingtohowmanypeoplelivetherepermanently.HavingnearlythesamepopulationasFIFO

meansthattheymissoutonthemuchneededinfrastructuretosupporttheongoingsustainabilityoftheircommunity.Thepresentationreportsonsomeoftheresultsofthe2012studythatdescribestheFIFOworkersperceptionsofCloncurryasaplacetolivebycomparisontotheirhometown.TheresultsofthisstudyhighlightsthefundamentalchallengeforlocalgovernmentsofresourcecommunitiesisnotnecessarilyconvertingahighlyurbanisedFIFOworkforcetopermanentresidents,buthowtoextractbenefitsfromthesedevelopmentstosustainandsupporttheexistingpermanentresidentialpopulation.

22.3b.3

TheFIFOandMobileWorkersGuide–introducingearlycareerminersintothesector

GertrudeSaxinger,SusannaGartler

Intoday´sminingindustrymenandwomentravelbackandforthbetweentheirhomesandthecampsnearbytheirworkplaces.Thiswayoflifeisessentialtothecontemporarysystemoflabourforceprovisionintheextractiveindustriesthathasleftthemodelofmono-industrialtownslargelybehindandhasshiftedtolong-distancecommuting(LDC)andfly-in/fly-out(FIFO)models.Understandingthiswayoflifeisrelevantforboth,theindigenousandnon-indigenouspeoplealikewhoareinvolvedintothisindustry.Besidesexistinghardshipssuchasseparationfromthefamilyandtheconfinementtoalifeintheworkers´camp,themajorityofpeopleleadameaningfullifebeyondstereotypeassumptionsofdeviancesuchasdrugs,prostitutesandalcohol–asitisshowninTVseriesandasitisprevailinginthepublicopinion.ThispaperdrawsonexamplesfromtheYukongoldandsilverminingindustrywherelocalindigenouspeopleaswellasFIFOworkersfromalloverCanadaareemployed.Whileemployinganthropologicalmethod,theauthorshavecompiledasocalledMobileWorkersGuide–FIFOandrotationalshiftworkinmining.Thisbookletandwebsitetellstoriesofexperiencedworkerstothenewcomersandtrytosupportasustainableworklifeunderconditionsofmobility.ItalsolooksonhowwageworkinminingandsubsistenceactivitiesofFirstNationscanbenegotiated.

22.3b.4

PsychologicalsafetyofspecialistsofdifferentprofessionalgroupsintheshiftworkintheArctic

NataliaSimanova,TamaraTyulyubaeva,YanaKorneeva

ThestudywassponsoredbytheRussianPresident'sgrantforstatesupportofyoungRussianscientists-PhD(MK-7500.2016.6).ThestudyseekstosubstantiatethemodelofpsychologicalsafetyofworkersofoilandgasproductionattheshiftworkintheArcticconditions.Safetyinindustrialactivityinthefirstplacedependsontheemployee,atthesametimenotonlybyhisrelationtotheobservanceofoccupationalsafetyandhealth,butalsoonthecharacteristicsoftheindividualspecialist,hissubjectiveexperienceandtheeffectivenessofhispsychologicalself.ThestudywasconductedontheoilandgasindustrywithashiftlabourorganizationintheNenetsAutonomousOkrugofRussia(shiftdurationis30days).Thestudyinvolved70peoplebetweentheagesof24to60years(meanage38,7±1,3).Methodsare:thestudyofdocumentation,monitoringtheworkprocess,questionnaires,psycho-physiologicalandpsychologicaltesting,statisticalmethodsofdataanalysis.Thestudyclarifiedtheconceptofpsychologicalsafetyasamentalstateaccountabilitysubjectcomplexinternalandexternalfactorsergaticsystemensuresupdatingofinternalresourcesoftheindividualtotheeffectivenessofprofessionalactivitiesonthepsycho-physiologicalandpsychologicallevel.Introducedandempiricallygroundedmodelofpsychologicalsafety,whichisrepresentedbythefollowingcomponents:psycho-physiologicalleveloffunctionalstatus(reduced/optimal);psychologicalleveloffunctionalstate(avralny/economical);theimageoftheobjectoflabor(lowhazardassessmentundifferentiated/highdifferentiatedriskassessment);theimageofthesubject(undifferentiatedhigh/moderatelydifferentiatedhighself-assessment);theimageofthesubject-objectandsubject-subjectrelations(neutral/negative/positive).

22.4a TheSocialLifeofTransportationInfrastructuresintheCircumpolarNorthandOtherRemoteAreas

Chairs:PeterSchweitzer&OlgaPovoroznyuk

9June-10:30a.m.

UB336

22.4a.1

Thesociallifeofmountainroads:melodramasoffærðinIceland

ArnarArnason

ThispaperdiscussesthesociallifeofmountainroadsinIceland.Focusingonthemelodramasoffærð,primarilyroadconditionsinrelationtoweather,thepaperbringstogetheranumberofkeyconcernsaboutthesociallifeoftransportationinfrastructures,weatherandmobilityinthecountry.Drawingonfieldworkresearchwherefærðhasbeenafrequenttopicofeverydayconversations,thepaperevokesthenotionsofmelodramaandmelancholytoanalysetheethnographicmaterial.NotinghowlivinginaharshenvironmenthaslongbeenanimportantaspectofthearticulationofnationalidentityinIceland,whilemobilityisunderstoodaskeytoeconomicprogressandprosperity,thepaperrelateshowfærðworksasanexampleofthesociallifeofmountainroadswhilebetrayinganxietiesoverthefateoftheIcelandic‘thing’.

22.4a.2

Off-the-gridlifeofArcticnomads:generatingelectricityinNorthernYamal

DmitryArzyutov

Thispaperdealswiththeethnographyofelectricity.BasedonfieldworkamongNenetsinNorthernYamalandarchivalresearch,theauthortracesthesociallifeofpetrolandhowpetrolbecomeselectricityviaelectricgeneratorsinoff-the-gridsettingsinthetundra.Analyzingtundradiplomacyandeconomyaswellasnegotiationswithshort-termmigrantworkersatdrilltowerstheauthorstatesthatkinshipandfriendshiprelationsdeterminetheaccesstoinfrastructureandpetrol,andwhetherornotonecangenerateelectricity.Theauthorshowstheinventionsinmaterialcultureandinthedesignofdwellingspaceingeneralappearedthankstothesociallifeofelectricityandelectricgeneratorsassymbolofmodernitybothinsideandoutsidethetundra.Suchananthropologicalapproachtoelectricityallowsreframingtheideaofenergyinthetundraassocialandvibrantmatter.

22.4a.3

Whoistravellingfromwheretowhere,andwhy?Resultsfromaquestionnaire-basedmobilitystudyinthegreaterareaoftheBaykal-AmurMainline

ChristophFink

TheBaykal-AmurMainline(BAM)isoneofthegrandprojectsoftheSoviet“MastertheNorth”programmes.Outofacolonialistperspective,itsucceeded:therailwaybroughtsettlementsandindustry,developmentandmodestwealthtoaregion,whichformerlyhadbeencharacterisedbyapredominantlysemi-nomadicsubsistenceeconomy.Theconstructionoftherailwaylineandthesubsequentlyestablishedextractiveindustryrequiredanenormousworkforceandcausedaninfluxofanewpopulation.Passengertransportgainedinimportance,butalsosawseverehits:thefalloftheSovietUnionandtheeconomiccrisesofthe1990iesputanendtomanytravelsubsidyprogrammes;therecentboomoftheextractiveindustriescausesanevenstrongerfocusoncargotransport;publictransportsupplyisonasteadydecline.Inaneraofincreasingmobility,peopletravelnevertheless.Thisisareportonaquestionnaire-basedstudycarriedoutalongsideanethnographicfieldresearchcarriedoutinthegreaterBAMregion,onandofftherailway.Thesurveyinquiredabouttravelpatterns,seasonality,thesatisfactionwithtransport(opportunities)andpastdevelopments,expectationsfora

futuredevelopmentofinfrastructureandpublictransport,andadetailedaccountofanexemplarytrip,includingmodeoftransport,tripdurationanddistance,expensesandothers.Weseektoprovideanswerstoquestionssuchas:–HowfrequentlyandhowfardopeopleinremoteareassuchastheBAMregiontravel?–Howmuchdotheyspendontravelling?–Whichmodesoftransportareused?–Dotheseasonsgovernthemobilityofpeople,ordotheyratheronlyinfluencetheparametersoftheirtrips?–Howmuchinfluencedotravelsubsidieshaveonthechoiceofmodeoftransport?–Inaregioncharacterisedbylargedistancesandscarcepublictransport,dopeoplefeelsatisfiedwiththeirmobilityoptions?Doesthelevelofremotenessoftheirplaceofresidenceplayasignificantrole?

22.4a.5

Travelpracticesaroundtheremotedarea:thecaseofNorilskRegion

ElenaGuk

In20thcentury,manynewindustrialareashadbeendevelopedintheArctic.ConstructionofoneofthelargestSovietminingplantswasinterconnectedwithplanningofNorilsk,andnowit’sthesecondmostpopulatedcityintheArctic,estimatedasoneofthemostpollutedsettlementsintheworld.TheresearchhasshowedthatremotenessoftheareaincombinationwithhazardousclimateandindustrycausedemergenceanddevelopmentofspecifictravelpracticesinNorilskRegion.Theworkanalysesvariousformsoftravelinsideandoutsidetheregion.Forthepurposeoftheresearch,NorilskRegionhasbeendefinedasareaofaccessibilitybylocaltransportfromNorilsk.IthasbeenfoundthattheregionincludesneighborhoodsofNorilsk,seaporttownDudinkaandlakesofwesternPutoranaPlateau(roughly100-200kmfromthecity).Accordingtotheresearch,remotenessofNorilskRegioncanbedivided,ontheonehand,intooutgoing,incomingandlocal,andontheotherhand,intoeconomical,geographical,informationalandsocial.ThiscasereaffirmsanddevelopsHuskey's(2005)definitionof“remoteness”ofnorthernregionsasamultidimensionalconcept:itcanbemeasuredingeographical,culturalandinstitutionalterms.References:Huskey,L.(2005).Challengestoeconomicdevelopment:dimensionsof“remoteness”inthenorth.PolarGeography,29:2,119-125.

22.4b TheSocialLifeofTransportationInfrastructuresintheCircumpolarNorthandOtherRemoteAreas


9June-1:30p.m.

UB336

22.4b.1

LocaladaptivecapacityforavalancheriskandinfrastructuredisruptioninTroms,NorthernNorway

GreteKHovelsrud,JuliaOlsen,MarianneKarlsson

ThesteeptopographyandweatherconditionsinTromsCountycreateconditionsforavalancherisks.Thisleadstoroadclosures,disruptionintransportationofpeople,goodsandservicesandthepotentialisolationofcommunities.Climatechangeisalteringthetiming,frequencyandspatialrangeofavalancherisks.Theimportanceofreliableinfrastructureforruralcommunitieshasincreasedasbothbusinessesandsociallifearehighlyinterconnectedwithothersettlementsintheregion.Basedonqualitativeinterviewswithlocalresidents,thepaperpresentsfindingsontheadaptivecapacitywithintwocommunities,yearlyaffectedbyavalancheriskandroadclosure.Thepaperdiscussesthatkeycomponentsofadaptivecapacityrelatetolocalpreparedness,localknowledge,andcloselyknitsocialnetworks.Currentadaptivecapacitiesmightbechallengedunderclimatechangeandincreasingsocietaldemandsrelatedtosafetyandconnectivity.

22.4b.2

BetweentheNorthandtheland:roadfromWestSiberiatoDagestanasanelementofsocialspaceoftranslocalmigrants

EkaterinaKapustina

ThecitiesofoilandgasregionofWestSiberiahavebeenthecentersofattractionformigrantsfromtheformerSovietUnionforthepast60years.OneofthemostimportantmigratoryflowsintheregionsincethelateSoviettimecomesfromtheRussianCaucasusandmigrantsfromtheRepublicofDagestanmakeupanoticeablepercentageofit.Analysisofthedatafromthefieldwork(2011,2014-2015),allowstocharacterizeDagestanianmigrationtoKhanty-MansiyskDistrictastranslocal,whenmigrantsdevelopandmaintainmultipleeconomicandsocialrelationssimultaneouslyinthesendingandreceivingsocietiesandthusbelongstomultiplegeographiclocalities.Iofferinsightintopracticesofmigrantsthroughthelensoftheideaoftranslocalsocialspace.ToexplainthenatureofthistranslocalcaseitisnecessarytoshowthespecificofruralcommunitiesofDagestanasoneofthemostrelevantsocialstructureintherepublic.InthearticleIdescribethemovementswhichtakepartthereasarelevantsocialpracticesmakingthistypeofmigrationtranslocal–tradeactivity,packages,peopleanddeadbodiestransportation.Migrantscreatedemandfortheregionalproductsofhomelandaswellasprovideaproposal.Whentransportinggoodsnotonlyeconomicbenefitsbecomeimportant,butalsoregionalpreferencesofthedonorregion.Solvingtheproblemsoftransportingthedeadbodiesaddressestheissueofconsolidationofcompatriots.BesidesIpayattentiontothespecificityofmigrantinfrastructureofroadsbetweenanortherncityandaDagestanianvillageasapartoftranslocalsocialspace.

22.4b.3

TherhythmsoftrainsandworkalongtheBaikal-AmurMainline

VeraKuklina,PovorozniukOlga,SaxingerGertrude

Rhythmsdefinepresenceandco-presenceofcertainactantsincertainplaceatacertaintime,regulatedbothbyphysicalandbiologicalforcesandsocialorders.Thesecondaspect,i.e.schedulesandtimetables,isimportantfortherailroadindustry,wherefewminutedelayscauseseriousconsequences.Whenarailroadisthemainmeansofgroundtransportation,asinthecaseoftheBaikal-AmurMainline(BAM),theimpactsoftherhythmsoftrainsonpeople’severydaylifeactivitiesbecomescrucial.TheconstructionoftheBAM,abiggestsocialistindustrialproject,hasleadtotheemergenceofthewholecommunitiesservicingtherailroad.Whileinotherpartsoftheworldtherailroadshaveservicingfunctionsinordertomeetthetransportationdemandsofcommunitieslocatedalongtherailroads,inthepaperwewilldiscussdifferentrelationsofpower,wherethemaintransportationdemandsarelocatedelsewhere.Thepowerofrailroadrhythmsisevidentintherailwaystationshopsandcafeterias,aswellasinbusinesshoursofpettytraders.Lessnoticeablebutnolesspowerfulistheimpactonotherrepresentativesoflocalcommunities,includingtherailroadersfamiliesaswellassmallbusinessestiedtotrainschedulesintermsoftheirworkinghoursandsupplyofgood.ThepaperisbasedonthefielddatagatheredinUst’-Kut,SeverobaikalskandTyndain2016.

22.4b.4

«Thefrostisnotaproblem,buttheroads...»

ElenaLiarskaya

DuringmyfieldworkonYamal(project“Childrenofthe1990s”inContemporaryRussianArctic:AssessingthePresentandAspirationsfortheFuture),IaskedmyinformantsaboutdifficultiesconnectedwithlivingontheNorth.AfteratimeIhadnoticed,younggenerationofmyinformantsveryrarelyspokeaboutpolarnight,hardfrost,endlesssnowandsoon,thesetopicsweremoretypicalforeldergeneration.But,asoftenasnot,youngerpeoplespokeaboutdifficultywithatransport,theydreamaboutsaferoads,reliabletimetableandsoon.The

difficultyofaccesstotheirplaceoflivingwasoneofthemainchallengesfacedthem.Frommypointofview,thisshiftissmall,butinterestinganditmightbesignificantforourbetterunderstandingcurrentsituationonYamalandinotherpartsoftheNorth.MypresentationwillfocusonthisshiftandtheroleofthetransportsysteminsenseoftheNorthforcontemporaryinhabitantsofthisregion.

22.4c TheSocialLifeofTransportationInfrastructuresintheCircumpolarNorthandOtherRemoteAreas


9June-3:30p.m.

UB336

22.4c.1

Transportationinfrastructureinhistoricalperspective:settlementandmobilityintheBAMRegion

OlgaPovoroznyuk,PeterSchweitzer

TheBaikal-AmurMainline(BAM),thelongestrailroadintheRussianNorthandagrandioseindustrialprojectoflatesocialism,hasreceivedalotofscholarlyattentionregardingitsconstructionhistoryandsubsequentsocialandeconomicimpacts.Whathasremainedunder-researched,though,isthelargerhistoricalcontextofsettlementandmobilityintheregion.Fromthelate19thcenturyonwards,theTranssiberianrailroad(Transsib)impactedtraditionaltransportationandfacilitatedRussiancolonizationandcommerceintheregion.WhiletheSovietperiodwasatimeforanumberofsocialengineeringexperiments,theBAMprojectdrasticallychangedmobilityanddemographyoftheregioncausingdiversepopulationmovementsbetweenthe1970sandthe1990s.Asaresult,therailroad,designedforresourceextractionpurposes,hasbecomeanimportantsocialagentandameansofcargo(and,toalesserdegree,passenger)transportation.ThispaperisbasedonlocallycollectedarchivalandstatisticalrecordsandfieldworkconductedinthreedistrictsofthecentralBAMRegion,EasternSiberia,in2013and2016.Bycomparingdataregardingtransportation,mobility,demographyandinfrastructurefromthelate19thcenturytothepresentday,webelievethatwecanarriveatasobererevaluationofthe“after-effects”oftheBAMthanaperspectivethatstartsonlyinthe1970s.Ourpaperisintendedtoanswerthefollowingquestions:-HowdidthesettlementstructureoftheBAMregionchangeoverthelasttwocenturiesandwhichroledidtherailroadsplayinit?-Howdothedramaticpopulationchangesofthelast40+yearslookwithinalargertemporalperspective?-Wherehavethecentersofpopulation,politicalpowerandcommercebeenlocatedinrelationtotheBAMandtheTranssibsincethelate19thcentury?-WhatarethecurrentfunctionsoftheBAMwithintheregionaltransportationsystem?

22.4c.2

Hubs,Corridors,andtheSpaceBetween:TransportationandInformationNetworksinRemoteAreas

PeterSchweitzer,OlgaPovoroznyuk

Thelogicoftransportationandinformationtechnologiesislinearandfocusedonaccesspoints.Thelivesofpeoplehaveneverbeenfreefromthesepointsandlines,butalsowereneverfullydeterminedbythem.Whilewehavealimitedunderstandingofthesocialagencyofexistinginfrastructures,weknowevenlessabouttheimpactsoftheirabsence.Thus,thequestionarises:howcanweacquireacomprehensiveunderstandingoftransportationandinformationscapes,embracingthespacebeyondandbetweencommunicationhubsandcorridors?Thelogicoftransportationandinformationtechnologyandengineeringistomaketheworld“un-remote”.Thereisnodoubtthatmanypeopleindistinctpartsoftheworldenjoyorwanttoenjoyaccesstotransportationandinformation.Atthesametime,peopleshouldalsohavea“righttoremoteness”.Knowingthattransportationinfrastructureismostoftenbuilttoenablethetransportofrawmaterialsandgoods,andthatinformationinfrastructureistheretomaketheconductofbusinesseasier,thequestionwhatthehumancostsandbenefitsofremotenessandun-remotenessareseemsoverdue.ThispresentationbuildsonsomeethnographicexamplesfromremoteareasintheCircumpolarNorthandbeyond,aswellasontheoreticalinsightsfromtheanthropologyofinfrastructureandtechnology,writingsaboutthebuiltenvironment,andscienceandtechnologystudies.Thegoalistoexplorethetheoreticalaffordancesofthetopicandtoengageaudiencemembersinidentifyingethnographicgaps.

22.4c.3

OfcollapsedbridgesandmeltingpermafrostinNortheastSiberia

OlgaUlturgasheva

ThepresentationwillexaminetheimpactofthelatestenvironmentaltransformationsonhumanlivelihoodsandtransportationinfrastructuresinNortheastSiberia.Thedramaticchangesimplicatedbymeltingpermafrostarecontributingtofurthercollapseofanalreadyfragileandgraduallyfailinglocaltransportandcommunicationsystem.Thediscussionwillexaminehowlocalpopulationrespondedtoacalamitythatoccurredinthesummerof2016.Oneofthemostimportantbridgesoverawaywardandstonyriverthathelpedtomaintaintravelandcommunicationwithanoutsideworldsuddenlycollapsed.Asaresult,themainlifelineofthevillage,especiallyforthedeliveryoffoodsupplies,medicalcare,fuelforvillagetransportandelectricstation,wasentirelycut.IshalldiscusshowthecollapsedbridgewithitshighlyexpensivehardwirethatintherecentpaststoodasanassertivearticulationoftheSovietmodernistideologynowsignifiesintrinsicfragilityandvulnerabilityoflocalinfrastructuralsystemandamajorconstraintforhumanmobility.ThediscussionwillalsopayspecialattentiontoemergingcommunaltechniquesofsurvivalandadaptationamongEvenyreindeerherdersandhunters.

22.4c.4

AdaptationtoremotenessandtransportdisruptionsinOkinskydistrict,Buryatia

AnnaVarfolomeeva

ThispresentationfocusesonthecasestudyofOkinskydistrictinBuryatia.Itisoneoftheremoteareasintheregion(approximately700kilometersfromUlan-Ude),anduntil1991itcouldonlybeaccessedbyplane.TheconstructionoftheroadOrlik–Mondy,whichconnectedthedistrictwiththerestofBuryatia,broughtsignificantchangesinitsresidents’life.However,theroadisperiodicallyflooded,andthentransportationintheregionstopsforanumberofdays.ThepresentationdiscussesvariousadaptivestrategiesofOkinskydistrict’sresidentsandthewaystheycopewithtransportationproblems.

22.4c.5

"Invisible"infrastructures:winterroadsandsnowmobiletransportationinTaimyrregion

ValeriaVasilyeva

UnderdevelopmentoftransportinfrastructureintheRussianArcticisacommonknowledge.However,thisisonlytrueforthosewhoarrivetoanorthernregionforthefirsttimeanddonotknowthelocal“rulesofthegame”–thatis,howthelocalresidentsovercomethelackofroads,theshortageofgoods,andinfrequencyofregularflights.Indifferentregionsthesituationwithtransportandtheinformalrulesisofcoursedifferent.Eachregionhasitsownspecificfeaturesrootedinitshistory,remotenessfromthe"center",andtheactivitiesofresourceextractionindustry.Nevertheless,thepresenceofinformalpracticesandtheirimportanceforthemobilityofthepopulationisauniversalcharacteristicofallremotenorthernregionsinRussia.Inthepresentpaper,IdealwithsuchpracticesinTaimyrPeninsula,andIrefertothemas“invisible”infrastructure.Taimyrtransportisnotseenherefromthestandpointoftheofficialschedulesandlogisticschemes,butalsoasaninfrastructureonthe“grassroots”level,somethingthatrarelycomesintotheresearchfocus.“Invisible”infrastructuresarepartoftheinformaleconomyintheregion,specificallyinformalnaturalresourceuse.InthispresentationIwillfirstdiscusstheoreticalgroundsoftheproposedterm,andthenconsiderseveralcasesfromTaimyr.First,IwilldescribethesnowmobiletransportationoftheindigenouspeoplefromvillagesinEasternTaimyr,wheresnowmobileinfrastructurenotonlycompensatesforthelackofhelicopters,butalsobindstwoindependentbranchesoftheRussiantransportnetworktogether.Secondly,Iwilltalkaboutan'unofficial'winterroadwhichislaidyearafteryearbytheeffortsofprivatetruckerswhodelivergoodsforsettlementshopsandexportfishingandhuntingproductstotheneighboringcity.

22.5 SustainabilityinArcticCities

Chair:RobertOrttung

12June-1:00p.m.

N430

22.5.1

ArcticcitiesofRussia:fluctuatnecmergitur

AlexanderPelyasov

JustasthestudyofSiliconValleygivesusanideaaboutthewaysoftheterritorialandinstitutionalorganizationofthemodernpost-industrialeconomyinitsmostadvancedforms,itisasmuchastudyofArcticcitiesgivesusanideaoftheplasticityofthesocialformofmatterinitsmostextremeform.Arcticcitiesareextremeinthesensethatthereareinthestateofcontinuous(ratherthantemporary),naturalstress.Morerecently,justinthelastfivetosevenyears,therewasadecisivestepfromrecognizingtheexistenceofcertainfeaturesinthedevelopmentoftheArcticcitiestotheradicalseparationofthewholephenomenonofArcticcitiesandurbanizationastotallydifferentfromthetemperatezone(andclosertothemostsun-scorcheddesertzone).OurresearchofthelargeArcticcity-centers,single-industrytowns,cities-portshadconvincedusthattheyhavesystematicdifferencesfromalltheothersintheirchronostructure,theinternalspatialorganization,inbehavioralmodelsofthelocalcommunity,intherelationshipwiththesurroundingareasandurbanagglomerationsetal.EssentialdifferencescanbefoundintheArcticcitiesevenincomparisonwiththe“neighboring”northerncities:wemeandifferent(polarversusnorthern)behaviorofcommunitiesinthesecitiesintermsofsavingbehavior,differentmodelsofdeliveryofsocialservices(healthandeducation,culturalservices)etc.

22.5.2

RemotenessanditsresultsasfactorsofArcticcitiesdevelopmentandmobilityprocess

ZamyatinaNadezda

Remotenessisamain"non-natural"conditionofArcticcitiesdevelopment.Onthetheoreticallevelitwasinvestigatedinthreegroupsofconcepts.Firstistheconceptofremotenessdevelopedbothintheregionalscience(Husky,Berman,etc.)andsocialanthropology(Ardener,Humphreyetc.).Anthropologicalpointofviewsignificantlyenrichesthedepthofunderstandingofthephenomenonofremoteness.Thesecondfieldisjustdeeplydevelopedconceptofcenterandperiphery(includingmodernaspectsofactor-networkanalysisof

peripheralityandmarginalityaswellastheanalysisofnetworksofcities).ThethirdtheoreticalpillowofourworkisalongtraditionofexploringremoteterritoriesoftheSovietandRussianauthors(Slavin,Kosmachev,Pelyasovetc.).TheempiricalstudyofArcticcitiesdevelopmentintermsofremotenessshowsus,thatremoteness,inturn,promotesthediscretecharacterofmanyprocessesintimeandspace.Discreteprocessesintimearerepresentedfirstofallinthethechangingannualvolumesofinboundandoutboundmigrations,inlong-termchangesinthebalanceoftheirpopulation,inthepracticeofseasonalwork(resultinginturnincreasesthestructureofthefixedassetsafeconomicagents).Anotherdirectionofin-timefluctuationintheArcticcitydevelopmentistheseasonalfluctuationofinteresttotheArcticcitiesinmediaandInternet.Thelastgroupofparametersassociatedwithdiscreteprocessesintimeisthedynamicsoftheurbanspaceandthethediscretenessofcityspaceitself.WecanputforwardthreemaindirectionsofovercomingremotenessasthemainandpermanentdesireforofArcticcitiesdevelopment:1)mobility(especiallytemporalmobilitywhichprovidestemporalproximity),2)flexibleandmulti-toolsstrategiesand3)creativity(or«mobilityofmind»).ThethreeareasshouldformthebasisofstrategiesforsustainabledevelopmentofArcticcities.

22.5.3

MobilityandSustainabilityinArcticCities

RobertOrttung

ThispresentationwilldiscusstheconstructionofanIndexforArcticUrbanSustainability.Theprimarycomponentsareeconomic,social,environmental,governance,andplanningvariables.Apreliminarysetofindicatorsanddatawillbediscussedaswillthemethodologyforconstructingtheindexandtheissuesinvolved.Tobeusefulindexesmustbeshortandsimpleenoughtobeappliedbypolicymakers.However,toproviderealinsight,theymustbeheavilydetailed.Thepointhereistofindtherightbalanceandthekeyindicatorsthatprovidebothinsightstopolicy-makersandusefulinformationtoresearchers.Whileitisofteneasytofindeconomicstatistics,anotherproblemishowtomeasurelesstangiblethingslikegovernanceandplanningprocessesintheArctic.Thispaperwilldevelopstrategiesalongtheselinesmorefully.

22.5.4

TundratoTable:VerticalFarmingandFoodSecurityintheArctic

LuisSuter

ThevastArcticterritoryisrichinresourcesincludingminerals,hydrocarbons,andwildlife.However,highlatitudinalregionsreceivelittlesunlightforseveralmonthseachyear,whichseverelylimitstheregion’sabilitytogrowfreshproduce.ManyArcticurbancentersrelyonlong,complexsupplychainstoreceiveshipmentsoffreshfruitsandvegetablesfromtheirsoutherlyneighbors.Forexample,Alaskaimportsabout95%ofitsfreshproduce,movingabout$2billionperyearofgroceryspendingout-of-state.Moreover,freshproducedestinedfortheArcticmustbepickedearlyandripenedin-transittominimizerotduringthelongjourneyfromfarmtotable.Suchpracticesaffectthequalityofproducepolarconsumerscanbuyanddriveupprices.Arcticresidentsoftenpayexorbitantpricesforitemsassimpleasaheadoflettuce.TheseproblemshavespurredinterestinalternativefarmingmethodsintheArctic,suchasindoorfarmingusinghydroponicsandartificiallightingsystems,sometimescalledverticalfarmsor‘plantfactorieswithartificiallight’(PFAL).ThispaperwilldiscussthegrowinguseofPFALstomeetlocalfooddemandintheArcticregion.Thepaperwillusecase-studiestodiscussseveralbusinessesinthecircumpolarregionwhoareinnovatinginthissector.Thisindustryhasundergonesignificantgrowthinrecentyears.Howeverthissectoralsofacesseverechallenges,includinghighinitialinvestmentcosts,whichthispaperwillhighlight.Theauthorconcludesthatifthecurrenttrajectoryoftechnologicaldevelopmentandrisesinfoodproductionandtransportcost

continue,PFALscouldhaveasignificanteffectonincreasingthefoodsecurityandqualityofproduceinArcticcommunities.

22 Poster–theme22

Labourmobilityandcommunityparticipationintheextractiveindustries:casestudiesintheCanadiannorth(LACE)

GertrudeSaxinger,SusannaGartler

Thisposterpresentresultsoftheproject‘Labourmobilityandcommunityparticipationintheextractiveindustries:casestudiesintheCanadiannorth(LACE)’includingtheapplied'MobileWorkersGuide'–alow-thresholdhandbookfornewcomerstotheindustry,dealingwithdiversetopicssuchaswomeninmining,FirstNationlabourandlivingofftheland,copingwithamobileFly-in/Fly-out(FIFO)orDrive-in/Drive-outlifestyle,lifeincamps,incomemanagement,trainingandcareerdevelopment,familylife,FIFOandlocalcommunitiesetc.

ICASS IX - Full Session Programme

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