How We See Each Other 我们在彼此眼中的模样

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How We See Each Other我们在彼此眼中的模样采访丨杨超马誉庭（香港实习生）

文丨杨超 Yang Chao （北京）

做这个采访很有趣！受访者看后的反应几乎全是会心一笑，然后“对号入座”分享自

己的看法与感受，进而畅谈东西方文化之间的异同。更为有趣的是，很多情境下受访

者会好奇地探讨与之相对的行为模式与思维习惯，结合文化、民族、生活方式来设身

处地的进行“文化解码”，最终实现和谐的求同存异。

What an interesting interview survey! Our participants, after a first look at the pictures, would invariably respond with an understanding smile. They would readily share their thoughts and feelings, and talk about cultural similarities and differences between East and West. More interestingly, they would even curiously engage in discussion on respective behavior patterns and habitual ways of thinking. By taking into account cultural, racial and lifestyle influences, our participants became empathetic "cultural decoder" and finally achieved the harmony of setting aside differences and finding strength on common ground.

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人际关系Interpersonal Relationship

definitely have solutions. I recalled that when I did a translation from Chinese into Korean, I racked my brains to interpret the concept of Guanxi. It turned out that the vocabulary Guanxi itself has been understood and accepted by the west. As a matter of fact, Koreans attach equal importance to connections but in a very different way from that of China. They prefer to connect all dots via school or community.

东方：关系社会，讲究人脉East: Guanxi society

西方：相对简单，不错综复杂West: Relatively simple

受访者：北京办公室公司并购部资深律师朴文香（中国）Interviewee: Piao Wenxiang is an senior associate in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (China)

我不是特别了解西方的人际关系是不是一定如图

表现的这样相对简单，但我想象是这样的，基本

上是公事公办，不是完全倚靠人际关系来打通事

情。而东方人的人际关系就相对很复杂，有所谓

的“关系社会”，人和人之间的联系错综复杂，

你认识我，我认识他，他认识她这样……很多事

情都是通过这种“人脉链”获得最终解决。记得

以前我做韩文翻译时拿不准怎么传神译出“关

系”这个概念，后来直接用拼音“Guan Xi”这

个渐为西方了解与接受的说法。其实韩国人也注

重人脉的搭建，但跟中国维系关系的纽带不太

一样，中国人可能通过各种渠道直接间接地走关

系，而韩国人一般通过学校、社团等“线”上下

串联起所有关系。

I ’m not sure whether the interpersonal relationship in the west is that simple as the diagram shows but it fits my imagination: westerns basically rely on themselves in figuring out solutions. Business is business. On the contrary, Chinese society emphasizes Guanxi. With networking, al l problems

排队Queue

东方：一窝蜂East: No queues at all

西方：秩序井然West: Well-ordered and quiet

受访者：北京办公室公司并购部短期实践Seungbum Ji（韩国）Interviewee: Seungbum Ji works as a short-time practitioner in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (South Korea)

在守秩序方面，日本人做得令人钦佩，韩国人秩

序意识也还好，中国人就相对弱些。以前我住东

四环一个高档小区，没有专门的出租车等候区，

在早上高峰时间，小区里的西方人都自觉先来后

到、排队等候，而中国人则不知从哪突然冒出来

拦手就打。但自北京奥运会后，无序排队的现象

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his way out but no one succeed. As a matter of fact, jumping the queue means cost saving: if they return home earlier, they can diminish time cost; if they cross the road faster, they can spare more time. Westerners with high overall quality will abide by rules in public places and will not satisfy their own interests by offending others’. Nobody’s interests will be met in a society where everyone hastens to prioritize their own interests. Disorder is the very micro scene of China’s rapid developments.

慢慢改观了。我觉得奥运会真的是帮一个国家把

各种内在文化弊端慢慢剔除的过程，在此过程中

我们更注重国际形象与言谈举止，而以前是没有

这种概念的，人类只有解决温饱后才会去关注精

神层面的东西，通过电影、阅读等媒介，完成一

个自我教育的过程。

Japanese did an admirable job in abiding orders. Korean behaved wel l , but the manners of Chinese in this regard were less than recommendable. I used to reside in a high-end community near the east 4th ring road, where there was no taxi waiting area. At the peak time in the morning, the westerns in this community made a queue for taxi while Chinese didn’t. After the Beijing Olympics, there was a huge difference, because Olympics mean a lot to a city and help ameliorate everything from the inside out. People begin to pay more attention to how they behave, their global image and their aspirations only when they care no more to clothe and eat. It’s a process of self-education through films, reading, etc.

受访者：北京办公室国内诉讼部实习生刘理浩（中国香港）Interviewee: Liu Lihao is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ Securities Group, Beijing Office. (Hong Kong, China)

我对地铁里的排队感触较深，无论在北京还是香

港，表面看大家都在排队，但总有些“不速之

客”在门开的刹那会跨过队形捷足先登，随即队

伍慢慢失形，最后一堆人堵在那，谁也不让谁。

其实，中国人爱插队的毛病正是他们所有东西都

很看重成本的一个体现：早一步回家，就能减少

路上的时间成本；早一步过马路，就能用更多的

时间成本来做其他事。而西方人综合素质较高，

公共场所的秩序观念根深蒂固，不会在损失别人

利益的基础上满足私利，因为如果人人都以满足

私利至上，那谁的私利都得不到满足。中国人在

排队上的失序，也正是当下中国发展一味求快的

一个微观映像。

That resonates with me. Either in Hong Kong or in Beijing, people appear to be queuing for subway. When the gate opens, someone unexpected will dash to the very front then the queues are melted. Everyone wants to thrust

想象中的对方Impression on Each Other

东方：香肠加啤酒East: Sausage and beer

西方：茶、米饭少不了West: Tea and rice are indispensible

受访者：北京办公室国际诉讼部实习生Siena Caruso（美国）Interviewee: Siena Caruso is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ International Litigation Group, Beijing Office. (USA)

没来中国前，我印象中最能代表中国的元素就是

大熊猫了，所以来中国后先在武汉教了段时间英

语，马上就迫不及待飞成都亲自去抱大熊猫了！

但对于从未到过中国的美国人来说，他们对中国

文化知之甚少，多是重复媒体上的所见所闻，同


时对很多未知的东西比较畏惧。而我认识中国文

化的方式是来到中国，感受、发现、体悟，而且

我觉得独自置身在陌生环境中，虽会遇到文化、

生活习惯上的种种不适，但却是磨练心灵的宝贵

经历。美国移民最初也面临对未知、不确定性畏

惧的问题，他们在文化上多半没有归属感、身份

认同上也缺乏“根”的感觉，而化解内心不安、

畏惧的方式只能通过彼此以开放的心态积极融

合、加深了解，到头来就会发现世界没有想象中

那么大、那么不同。

Before I came to China, the first thing that occurred to my mind is panda, because I’m so obsessed with it. To the point where I spent a year in teaching in Wuhan then fly to Chengdu just want to hold the panda! People in my hometown who never been to China before don’t understand Chinese culture, and just repeat everything they saw on TV. There’re lots of fears for the unknown but I think it’s very important to put yourself in an uncomfortable atmosphere. My way of knowing China is by coming here and immersing myself in it, turning culture-shock into an opportunity of self-growing. Especially in the U.S., there’re too many immigrants, so many people feel like it’s not their home. For people who feel like rootless, we should sympathize with them and strengthen mutual understandings. Remember that the world is a small place and there’re also many things in common among cultures.

接受新事物的态度How They Treat New Things

东方：乐意尝试East: Willing to embrace anything new

西方：谨慎观望West: Keep a distance at first

受访者：北京办公室公司并购部访问律师Edward Tudor（澳大利亚）Interviewee: Edward Tudor is an visiting lawyer in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (Australia)

在新事物面前，西方人通常持谨慎观望态度，东

方人则愿意接触和了解尚不明确的新生事物。体

现在工作中也是如此：中国律师涉足的领域比我

们宽泛许多，愿意接触不同领域的业务内容，不

断将“未知”变为“已知”，这也是他们实现成

就感的一种方式。澳大利亚律师则会在一个很窄

的法律领域里钻研很深，拓展“已知”的深度和

广度是其更感兴趣的内容。这其实也折射出东西

方看待新事物的不同角度：东方人看到的多是新

事物未知的一面，西方人看到的多是未知事物潜

在风险的一面，但正是东方人对待新事物的热

情、敢于接近新事物，才能很快了解新事物并为

其所用，比如中国经济取得的跨越式发展就浓缩

了西方上百年的发展道路。但一味求快、低估风

险也是有代价的，中国已意识到这个问题。但西

方的谨慎保守就一定提倡吗？其实很多时候也束

缚了脚步，错失了发展良机。最好的方式应是两

种态度中和，既不冒进也不过于谨慎。

If you encounter something new, foreigners are more cautious of it and probably avoid it; whereas in China, they will get very close to understand it. Same thing happens in their working attitude: Chinese lawyers prefer doing work that is much broader than that in Australia and are happy to be involved in different areas of law, constantly turning unknown to known. That comes from the feeling that they are more comfortable with conquering new things. Australian lawyers focus on a small area of law and they’re more interested in deepening and broadening what they specialize in. That reflects how they treat new things: Chinese are more concerned to understand it; Foreigners are more concerned with the recognition of potential risks. Growth in China today is due to a greater focus on the desire to approach new things then adapt them to needs. Only if one gets up close to

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something you’re unfamiliar with, you can get to know it much quicker but it also poses certain potential risks. China has realized the problem of getting things done too quickly, but being too cautious and spending long time to work with the risks in the western way are recommendable? Both bring positives and negatives. Best policy is to combine the two.

管到底，致使现在年轻人中“啃老”现象普遍。所

以，西方教育方式下成长起来的孩子独立性很强，

在工作中有担当意识，而被宠爱长大起来的孩子较

少有责任心，可能也不会很努力，因为从小到大他

们习惯的模式就是接受“免费的午餐”。

The one-child problem cannot be ignored in China. In Chinese family, the only child will be the apple of the eye. Parents and grand-parents pamper the child so much that all demands from the ‘little emperor’ or ‘little princess’ are met. On the one hand, Chinese heavily rely on the descent. On the other hand, there’re generally no ego boundaries among Chinese, especially upon the arrival of the only child in the family. The child soon becomes the center of all attentions and other family members’ demands are put on the back burner. This problem is more prominent since the commencement of one-child policy in China. While in the West, children are viewed as an equal part with other family members. They’re financially independent at 18 years old. By contrast, Chinese parents go to great pains in taking care of everything for child, so there’re more and more young people joining the NEET ("Not in Education, Employment or Training")group who are old enough but still live off their parents. Children brought up by western way of education are more independent and more willing to take responsibility. On the contrary, Children raised in spoil often lack sense of responsibility and due diligence, because they’re accustomed to get ‘free lunch’.

旅游Travelling

孩子的位置Child in a Family

东方：全家人的“掌上明珠”East: Spoiled as the apple of the eye

西方：从小培养独立、平等意识East: Independent and equal with other family members

受访者：北京办公室公司并购部资深律师朴文香（中国）Interviewee: Piao Wenxiang is a senior associate in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (China)

独生子女问题在中国挺严重的，父母、老人集众

宠爱于孩子身上，是家里的“小公主”、“小皇

上”，一方面说明了中国人对血统特别依赖，另

一方面也是一种没有自我的表现：孩子一出现，

全家围着孩子转，大人的需求全被列置次等行

列。自中国“独生子女政策”实施后，以孩子为

中心的现象和问题更明显了。而西方人把孩子看

成是独立、平等的一部分，到了18岁就要经济独

立、生活自立，反观中国的父母都太操心了、一管


胃疼时的饮品What Do They Drink When They Have a Stomachache

东方：相机代替眼睛East: Camera is the eyes

西方：眼睛告诉灵魂West: Eyes are camera

受访者：北京办公室税务部实习生 Arnaud Gossart（法国）Interviewee: Arnaud Gossart is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ Taxation Group, Beijing Office. (France)

西方人旅游时喜欢将整个人全身心地浸入到当地

环境中，重视感性的观察、体会一切当下的经

历。正是这个原因，他们置身自然美景和人文景

观中时，一定会用眼捕捉、用心感受。而中国人

喜欢用相机记录经历，这恰好说明了中国人喜欢

随时随地与别人分享。相较记忆，中国人更信赖

相机拍下的一张张旅行足迹，他们更愿意边看照

片中拍下的景、人、物，边向亲朋好友讲述旅行

中的乐趣与见闻。

In traveling, western people believe that their own sense and experience are more important. By this opinion, they would like to lose themselves in the nature and remember the beautiful images by their eyes and hearts. Otherwise, Chinese people think more of share. They don’t believe memory but photos taken by camera which can clearly show where they have been before. People may point at the pictures to friends and relatives to share joys and what they have seen and heard.

东方：一壶好茶East: Tea

西方：可口可乐West: Coke

受访者：北京办公室国际诉讼部实习生 Siena Caruso（美国）Interviewee: Siena Caruso is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ International Litigation Group, Beijing Office. (USA)

据我所知，可口可乐在西方不仅是止渴饮料，也

作药用，可乐中含可卡因能提神醒脑、让人感觉

不错，但现在大家没这种习惯了。至于可乐是否

能真的缓解胃痛，没有医学根据，我也只是听身

边的人这么说而已。记得第一次去上海，身体不

舒服，中国朋友建议我多喝热水，我纳闷只喝热

水、里面不放其他东西吗？中国朋友便告诉我，

白水是最好的去火良方，能帮身体排毒。回国

后，我仍尝试此法，令美国朋友吃惊不小，我向

她们解释说中国人讲究多喝白水对付感冒这样的

小病痛，让身体自然恢复免疫力。

Actually, historically, for this is what I learned, coco cola was made for this purpose to act as a medicine, like they used to have cocaine or some kind of drug in it that would make you feel better and give you more energy or something. Yeah, people don’t do that anymore, and I don’t know whether it’s true or not. I remembered when I first came to Shanghai, I got sick and my friends said that I should drink more warm water. I thought that was so weird, and I asked what they put inside of it and they said “none”. When I got back to U.S., I started to do that too and people thought that is too weird. I explained that Chinese prefer not to take pills against ailment but to drink more warm water helping the immune system self-repair.

受访者：北京办公室公司并购部实习生 Abigail West（美国）Interviewee: Abigail West is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (USA)

我很爱喝可口可乐，在美国胃一不舒服就会喝，

但在中国胃疼求助可口可乐时，别人的第一反应

是不可思议，都劝我喝热的生姜茶，说“生姜治

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东方：独乐乐不如众乐乐East: Share with others

西方：更独立、享受独处West: Enjoy being alone

受访者：北京办公室国际诉讼部实习生Siena Caruso（美国）Interviewee:Siena Caruso is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ International Litigation Group, Beijing Office. (USA)

百病”，胃炎及胃十二指肠溃疡所发生的疼痛、呕

吐、反酸等用生姜50克煎水喝，可使症状迅速消

除。但我实在不喜欢姜的味道，尽管我父亲是名医

生，也告诉我姜的药效如何好，但多数美国医生针

对胃疼呕吐开的偏方是喝可乐或雪碧！医学依据

是：碳酸饮料含糖量高，能有效抑制呕吐感。

I always drink Coke. I drink Coke when I had stomachache in America but people here think it’s weird and try to make me drink ginger tea. According to Chinese, ginger cures all. 50 grams of ginger tea are the best recipe for pain, vomit and acid reflux induced by gastritis. But I hate the smell of ginger though my dad’s a doctor and he prefers ginger as well. Most American doctors will recommend you to try Coke or Sprite as an effective folk remedy, simply because carbonated drinks have lots of sugar then you won’t throw it back up.

生活方式Lifestyle

西方确实讲求个人主义多些，这点我感同身受。我

找工作、来中国、旅游什么的，都愿意自己一个人

搞定。当然我不是提倡单身至上，我也向往成家、

有小孩，但未来这十年没有此打算，我更愿意通过

自己的奋斗独立生活。我常常想，如果急于进入

一段婚姻，却不开心，倒不如一个人来得踏实、

幸福。东方人这种“众乐乐”的生活方式，有乐趣

却也有负担，因为与别人在一起，我们就要时刻顾

忌别人的情绪感受，这其实很牵扯精力的，我宁愿

一个人独处思考些东西，放松自己。当然，我也喜

欢和闺蜜一起，我们经常去各自家里在不同房间看

书，彼此互不干扰又相互陪伴。

Westerns value individualism, you can do it yourself, yeah, I feel this way, especially when I get a job and things like that. I want to have a family, I want to have kids but I don’t want to do that in the next 10 years. I’d rather be about myself, live by myself, and make my own money. If I marry someone and it doesn’t work out, I just want to live by myself. Chinese seem to enjoy most from get-together. It’s fun but also energy-consuming. If I always spend time with people, I would fell too overwhelming and need time to do sort of like be about by myself and relax, think about my own doubts and not to constantly reacting to other people’s emotions. I just like spend a lot of time by myself, even with my friends in high school growing up, sometimes we would spend time together or by ourselves, like we would go to each other’s houses and read books, maybe in different rooms.

受访者：北京办公室公司并购部短期实践Seungbum Ji（韩国）Interviewee: Seungbum Ji works as a short-time practitioner in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (South Korea)

东方人很重义气和忠诚，西方人则个人主义多

些、强调独立性，比如18岁开始就要独立，这

在韩国是难以想象的：如果没成家就一直住父母

家，现在80%的韩国年轻人都是如此，主要是韩

国人也希望孩子能留在身旁。而重义气在做事上

的体现就是：在韩国，如果老板没下班离开，雇

员是不能先走的，尽管没什么事可做也要坐那里

等着，这可能被视为低效但在韩国被视为礼貌，

因为担心老板需要帮忙时找不到人。


初始没怎么考虑步行者需求，只留驾驶车道且建

了很多停车场，甚至来往于两个购物中心之间也要

驱车前往，因为没设步行道；另一方面，因为人人

都有私家车，公共交通使用率很低，像我居住的堪

萨斯州，公交车间隔时间通常是1小时。

I came here as early as 2002, probably a lot more bikes in China then. Now the situation has changed. In recent years, riding bike is getting more popular in U.S. due to environmental concern. In big cities and cities in East coast, public transportation is well developed and people are less dependent on cars. But in small cities and towns, cars are necessary: at the beginning, people didn’t build things for walk, instead they built everything for driving and parking lots are everywhere. Going to one store to the next, you still have to drive because there’s no sidewalk. Moreover, few people use public transportation in my hometown Kansas because buses don’t come frequently and everyone has a car.


来到北京后发现私家车数量惊人，且名车好车处

处可见，北京的交通问题又严重，有时看着那些

堵在那纹丝不动的车又觉得好笑，应了中国那句

古话“鱼与熊掌不可得兼”吧，想开好车就得忍

受北京交通。但我并不会因为谁开了好车就对谁

刮目相看，或因为谁没有好车就低看谁，这只是

价值观不同、选择不同而已。如果是乘快捷地

铁，就可以把买车的钱用在帮助别人、投资其他

东西上，这样就不会制造更多交通堵塞和环境污

染。也许在当下中国，很多人还把拥有豪车视为

一种身份象征，这不足为怪，美国也曾这样，像

我住的那个洲，公共交通很不方便，家家都有私

家车但有不少人开炫丽的豪车接送孩子上下学，

我觉得很好笑。反倒是在旧金山等美国大城市，

越是富人越行事低调，用豪车来彰显显赫身份完

全没必要。

Actually in Beijing, the number of cars is crazy. I often find it very interesting when I walk to the subway I see people in the super

The Orientals prize loyalty to community and being together. Westerns emphasize more on individualism and independence. Hardly imagine in South Korea that an 18-year-old person should assume independence. Nowadays, 80% young people in South Korea stay with their parents before get married. In the working place, being together is also appreciated. Employees wouldn’t get off work unless their bosses leave first. It may seem inefficiency but in South Korea it’s considered polite and loyal, just in case their bosses would need some hands.

交通方式Ways of Transportation

东方：骑车越来越少，开车越来越多East: More cars, less bikes

西方：开车越来越少，骑车越来越多West: More bikes, less cars

受访者：北京办公室公司并购部实习生Abigail West（美国）Interviewee: Abigail West is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (USA)

我最早在2002年到过中国，当时还是“自行车的

王国”，而现在今非昔比。美国最近几年正“自

行车回潮”，人们希望节能减排、保护环境。特

别是美国大中型城市，公共交通体系很发达，人

们对私家车的依赖性并不大，但在美国小城市或

小镇，人们只能去哪都开车：一方面市政建设在

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表达愤怒的方式Expressing Anger

expensive foreign cars and sitting in the traffic. I look at them and sort of make me laugh because it’s sort of like you want to have it, so now you do its awful. It doesn’t make me think better if you have a really nice car or make me think negative if you choose to use subway like anyone else or use your money in other way. You could use it to help other people or not to create traffic or pollution. In present China, car is mostly seen as a status symbol. There’s same thing in the U.S., definitely in where I live. You have to have a car because there’s no public transportation. People generally have more money, so you see many very nice cars sending kids to school. It’s ridiculous. But in real big cities, like San Francisco, even people who have a lot of money would not buy a car because it isn’t convenient. So they don’t feel the need to have a car just to tell people they have a car. I think it’s general and out of practicality.

日本人不愿意把心里真实想法讲出来，担心会让别

人不好受，但这样隔着一层的交流方式很容易引起

误解。特别是在金杜这样有多元文化背景的事务

所，有很多西方人，如果不如实沟通想法与感受，

会给团队合作造成不必要的麻烦，所以在中国我愿

意在顾忌别人感受的前提下尽量“喜怒形于色”、

入乡随俗，等将来回国后再“变”回去，否则太直

接的为人处事在日本社会伤人不利己。

Japanese feel reluctant to speak out the truth in fear of hurting others, but this indirect way of communication is easily causing misunderstandings. In particular in the multi-cultural ambience of KWM, where there’re many western faces, frank and honest communications are really needed among team members. In China, I’ll try to show how I feel and communicate in a manner of directness on the condition that no one’s feeling would be hurt. When back to Japan, I’ll change back because too direct way of doing things do nobody’s good in Japan.

东方：用笑容掩饰East: Hide anger

西方：怒形于色West: Show anger

受访者：北京办公室日本业务部实习生Noriko Kinoshita（日本）Interviewee: Noriko Kinoshita is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ Japan Group, Beijing Office. (Japan)

表达方式Express an Opinion

东方：委婉间接表达是上策East: Indirect

西方：直来直去开门见山West: Direct

受访者：北京办公室公司并购部实习生Nathaniel Reisenburg（加拿大）Interviewee: Nathaniel Reisenburg is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (Canada)


在律所中，确实存在这样的沟通障碍，东方人会

对一个问题事无巨细地说明，以期对方理解所谓

的弦外之音，但外国人往往一头雾水，更倾向直

来直去的直观表达。我的应对之道是，针对东方

人这种全面、成体系的说话方式，我会主动提出

问题，通过他们的回答进一步加深理解。在此过

程中难免引发不快，但毕竟是工作上的分歧、就

事论事，之后大家还是朋友。其实，无论是亚洲

文化、美洲文化、非洲文化，很多东西是相通

的，直接简洁准确的表达始终是被认同的，在此

基础上还要融入文化各自的背景，所以不同文明

之间的对话本身暗含误解可能性，如果一味兜圈

子，就离有效沟通渐行渐远了。

That’s a big problem the firm has. When Chinese are trying to get their point across, they would more likely focus on details and expect others to understand the overtones, while baffling westerners prefer to be more direct. In this case, you have to take the initiative by asking what they really mean. You can be sure or you can offend them by asking directly, but business is business, later on we will show each other smile faces. Remember that not all cultures are going to be western or Asian. There’re also Latin American thinking and African thinking. Simple and direct expressions are appreciated by all culture. It’s also important to get a cultural understanding on what people say. If you’re conscious of what you did is culturally wrong, you may significantly avoid misunderstandings. Beating around the bush serves no good at all.


记得来所第一天，帮润色一份文件的英文，内容

是客户询问合同在中国是否有效或是否跟中国

法律相抵触，文件中的回答是“这份合同很好、

没有问题，只存在三个事项需要商榷……”，结

果读到最后，结论是“这份合同在中国会视为无

效”。我当时的感觉很讶异：如果结局是合同无

效，为什么一开头铺垫很多让人舒心的话？好像

在描绘一幅乐观的前景，但结局却是否定的。相

反在美国，面对客户同样的问询，我们会直接说

“文件已阅，但尚存三个问题需要解决”，我们

会列出问题1、2、3，并提供解决方案。后来我

在该文档后附了说明，注明该客户如果是欧美客

户，会被这样的阐述方式弄晕，最好换个直接些

的方式阐述。给我的感觉是，如阐明一个问题的

时常为10分钟，西方人通常花3分钟辩明问题、

用剩下7分钟找解决方案；东方人则花7分钟围绕

问题本身转悠，用剩下3分钟找解决方案。

I remember that on my first day in KWM, I was helping somebody improve the English of a document, which is basically a client asking whether or not a contract they had would work in China or if it is against Chinese law or something. At the beginning the response was like, yeah, a great contract…will totally work…no problems…However there’re three issues…And there’re like HUGH issues! By the end of the thing it turned out like: no, your contract doesn’t work. While in USA, it’ll be like, okay, we’ve reviewed the document and there’re three issues: issue one, issue two, issue three…and here’s the ways we can deal with it. Later I even wrote a note to the person who wrote this document, saying that if the person reading the document was an American, the American would be extremely confused by the way he had laid out the email. It seems to me that if the entire length of conversation lasts 10 minutes, the American would spend 3 minutes going around the issue then spending 7 minutes figuring out the solution. While in China, people may spend much time going around it, not very sure, and take longer to get the answer.

淋浴的“时差”Shower Time

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东方：习惯晚上洗East: Prefer taking shower before bed

西方：习惯早上洗West: Prefer taking shower in the morning

受访者：北京办公室税务部实习生 A r n a u d Gossart（法国）Interviewee: Arnaud Gossart is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ Taxation Group, Beijing Office. (France)

确实存在这样有趣的文化现象：西方人习惯早晨

淋浴，东方人习惯睡前淋浴。作为西方人，我觉

得早上淋浴完不仅精神焕发、全身活力地迎接一

天的工作和生活，打理好自己的外在、让自己看

上去“好极了”也是对他人的礼貌。而中国人习

惯晚上淋浴，主要是借淋浴减压、睡前更好地放

松。另外，中国人可能觉得早上淋浴很占时间，

因为要赶着出门，而晚上临睡前淋浴下既有清洁

的必要，又舒缓身心。

I t may be noticed that western people would like to take a shower in the day time especially in the morning; however, Chinese people usually take a shower at night, before bed time. Maybe western people feel like having a new start in the morning after taking bath, and then they meet everyone with fresh appearances. Chinese people, from another perspective, they may be think that a shower will help them to sleep well. What’s more, Chinese people may be think that it’s a waste of time to take a shower in the morning since they have to go out, then at the end of a day, before going to bed, shower is necessary.

东方：三餐都要热食East: Warm dishes is necessary

西方：早晚冷，中餐热West: Cold food is ok

受访者：北京办公室税务部实习生 A r n a u d Gossart（法国）Interviewee: Arnaud Gossart is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ Taxation Group, Beijing Office. (France)

西方人早餐、晚餐，甚或午餐都可以接受吃冷餐或

凉的食物，比如一大早就喝刚从冰箱里拿出来的牛

奶，比如晚餐喝些冰镇可乐，就着快餐或简餐。这

种吃冷餐的习惯并没有对西方人的体质造成伤害，

据我观察，中国人的养生观念不太提倡吃冷食，中

国人对待日常饮食很谨慎，因为他们认为饮食习惯

直接决定着身体素质与生活品质。也许东方人与西

方人体质上存在些许差异，东方人更愿意一日三餐

以热食为主，既暖胃又保持热量。

I know western people have a habit to eat cold food in the morning, at the dinner and even in the noon. They may just drink cold milk which is taken out from the refrigerator at the beginning of the day. And at the dinner, they prefer to drink cold coke with fast and easy meals. But this habit has no bad effect on their health compared with Chinese people. In China, people take a seriously attitude towards diets which they think have an important interconnection with the quality of life. Maybe also because of the difference of the physique, Chinese people would like to eat hot or warm food during the day to help them protect the stomach and keep energetic.

受访者：北京办公室公司并购部资深律师朴文香（中国）Interviewee: Piao Wenxiang is a senior associate in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (China)

我觉得东方人习惯的三餐热食也是家庭文化的一

种象征，喜欢一家人其乐融融吃热乎乎的饭菜。

虽然现在年轻人早餐用一个面包、三明治就打发

掉了，但多是父母不在身边、自己准备传统的早

餐又很花时间。有家庭的话，大家心里还是觉得

在家吃顿热乎乎、营养可口的早餐是最好的，所

以在传统东方饮食习惯里没有冷餐，这可能是东

西方饮食习惯上的一个差异。

三餐冷热Three Meals


I think that it’s part of their family culture to eat three meals warm. They enjoy the ambience of getting together. Many young people today take a bread or sandwich as breakfast because they themselves have no time to prepare the traditional nutritious breakfast. After having their own family, they will retain the tradition. Generally speaking, our eating habits don’t include much cold food. That made a difference.

culture has moved indoors and we’re working in the office. If you get tanned, now means you have time to not be working. So that’s why people like it. I sort of wonder if that would ever happen in China when getting healthy skin color is a trend and a signal of luxury wealth one can retain.

东方：一白遮三丑

East: White complexion hides other faults

西方：健康自然美 West: Get tanned looks natural & healthy

受访者：北京办公室国际诉讼部实习生Siena Caruso（美国）Interviewee: Siena Caruso is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’International Litigation Group, Beijing Office. (USA)

100多年前，美国也以皮肤白皙为审美标准之

一。后来随着大多数文化活动搬到室内，人们在

封闭的办公环境里上班，如果你的皮肤晒得健康

有光泽，别人就会认为你能享受到度假的悠闲时

光，所以深得人们青睐。我不确定将来中国人是

否也会改变观念，视拥有健康的小麦肤色为一种

潮流，为一种生活品质的象征。

In America, we used to really like light skin a hundred years ago. But then most of the

领导形象Boss in the Eyes of Employee

东方：领导在上East: Above others

西方：大家平等West: An equal part with others

受访者：北京办公室公司购并部实习生Nathaniel Reisenburg（加拿大）Interviewee: Nathaniel Reisenburg is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ M&A Group, Beijing Office. (Canada)

在中国领导独大的现象较普遍，我觉得将来发展

趋势是每个员工因竞争越来越强、价值提升，而

非静止不变、等领导变小。从生物基因上看，所

有种族归根结底的差异是非常小的，彼此的思考

方式也是近似的，所有文化在本质上最后都殊途

同归，人类的目标在尽头都是一致的。在此过程

中，我们有竞争、有压力、有求突破的动力，从

而形成一种良性循环，无论是自然界还是人类社

会也一直遵循物竞天择的法则，优胜劣汰。

This is a problem in China and I think that this will change and will be more balanced in the future. That doesn’t necessarily mean that

美丽的标准Standard on Beauty

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boss would be smaller but other people might be bigger, because with competition people’s value goes up. The biological diversity between all species is extremely small. How we think actually is very similar. All cultures are the different process of getting the final destination. What we are doing are always for the same reason. Amid these, there’re completion, pressure and action that responds to pressure. Virtuous circle is formed. It’s simple the survival of the fittest in nature and in human society.

面对养家糊口的生存压力，每个人的梦想、抱负、兴

趣被无限期延后，每个人的幸福感无从谈起，对自己

的真正需求考虑得越来越少，直到失去真实的自我。

而西方人通常放大自我的存在，我的解读是他们通常

不被非我以外的东西束缚，他们强调人格的独立性与

平等性并深信不疑，能在这个层面上看待世间万物，

故称得上是真正的自信、强大的自我。

I in tend to exp la in th is f rom a h is tor ica l perspective. Since 19th century, China began to lag behind the west. We’re still a developing country. With regard to science and technology and cultural creativity, China has been following the paths of developed countries. Inevitably, our confidence in ourselves is not that important and we sometimes tend to belittle our own existence. Under great pressures from both outside and inside, we have to postpone our dreams and ambitions for a while but to work hard, hard, hard. You couldn’t call this a real happiness because you don’t hear your inner voice. While westerners like to emphasize their well-being and I interpret this into their freedom of desires and conventional standards. They have faith in independence and equality, based on which they perceive all the world affairs. That exudes confidence and proper ego on a real sense.

【采访后记】

每段采访后，都会问采访对象一个问题：“你最欣赏本

国文化中哪些地方 ?”答案五彩纷呈，哪怕是来自同

一国度的受访者都会给出角度不同且深具启发性的文

化表述。很是幸运，这次采访囊括了在金杜做资深律

师、访问律师、实习生、短期实践的来自法国、美国、

加拿大、日本、韩国、澳大利亚等国家和地区的朋友们，

感谢大家妙趣横生的回答与真知灼见！

At the end of each interview, all the interviewee would be asked the same question: "which part of your culture is most appealing to you?" Answers vary, and even interviewees from the same country might expound on the idea from different perspectives. Participants in this interview survey includes associates, visiting lawyers, interns and short-term practitioners from France, USA, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada and China. Thanks to all participants for sharing such interesting answers and delightful insights!

东方：自我渺小East: Minor ego

西方：自我高大West: Big ego

受访者：北京办公室证券部实习生刘理浩（中国香港）Interviewee: Liu Lihao is an intern in King & Wood Mallesons’ Securities Group, Beijing Office. (Hong Kong, China)

我想借助一些历史背景来解释这幅图的存在。近

代以来，中国的发展滞后于西方，中国现在仍属

发展中国家范畴，我们在科学技术、文化创意等

方面追英赶美，致使我们的自信心比较小、我们

的存在感无足轻重：面对国家经济的宏观发展，

自我Ego

配图取自旅德华裔做的24张表达中德差异的图


韩国 South Korea

民族很团结。1997年亚洲金融危机时，韩国经济急转直下，货币也跌得很厉害。IMF评估了韩国的债务偿还能力，结果甚不乐观。后来民众纷纷把家里的黄金拿出来，帮助国家度过了危机，一时传为美谈。

Solidarity. When Asian financial crisis broke out in 1997, the economy of South Korea had nose-dived with serious devaluation. IMF assessed our ability of repaying debt and the result was not optimistic. People donated their gold from home to help our nation to survive the crisis.

男女平等，不大男子主义，我们现在的总统朴槿惠就是位女性。

All men are equal. No male chauvinism. Our President Park Geun-hye is a prominent female.

善于推广传统文化，比如对韩餐做些改变来迎合不同国家需求，同时也请不同国家厨师学习韩餐并带到世界各地发扬光大。

Good at promoting tradition culture, e.g. do some minor changes to Korean food to meet different needs of nations. Meanwhile, we’re willing to invite chefs the world over to study Korea food and Korea culinary culture, thus spreading these to all over the world.

加拿大 Canada

兼容并蓄。无论来自哪个种族，来到加拿大这片土地上，就会受到真诚至上的欢迎。

Inclusiveness of other people regardless of their race. Everyone is welcome no matter what they may look like.

安全，繁荣，环境洁净优美。

Safe, prosperous and environmentally clean.

法国 France

无论外界怎样变化，法兰西人民心底总有柔软、梦想、美的位置。

French always reserve a soft space for dream and beauty amid the vicissitudes of the world.

“认真”二字是很多法国人为人处世的准则，就像他们对待讲究精确的法语一样。

French people are very serious in conducting life or dealing with other people. They treat everything in real earnest, as they do with their accurate French.

美国 USA

在美国，一切皆有可能；你是你梦想的实践者。

Idea that anything is possible and you can just make it happen.

美国人骨子里的那股韧劲。美国国内近几年形势不是太好，但人们仍脚踏实地努力奋斗，坚信未来一定会美好。

Resilience that Americans have. The last few years have been really tough, people are still working hard and thinking that there’s a positive future.

不遗余力地关注如何用我们的行动来影响世界，比如环保。

Constantly looking at how our actions affect the world, e.g. environmental protection.

输出很多包括音乐、电影在内的文化产品，比如叫座的《功夫熊猫》，诠释了中国文化元素又制作新颖、富于创造力。

Produce a lot of cultural things, e.g. music, movies, etc.. Kung Fu Panda is very successful because it’s very creative and grasps the essence of local characteristics.

澳大利亚 Australia

多元文化。澳洲是个文化的大熔炉，我们受英国影响深远，现今又很受美国文化影响。

Multiculturalism. Our culture is essentially a combination of different cultures of the world, particularly strongly influenced by Britain, and very influenced today by America.

澳洲物产丰富，且拥有独特的动植物和自然景观。

Good food to eat due to such influence. Australia boasts of unique flora and fauna and beautiful natural scenery.

日本 Japan

重视别人感受，在公共场所尤其考虑会否给别人造成不便或带来困扰，比如地铁上听耳机一定不能音量太大。

Be considerate to others. Pay more attention not to disturb others in public places, e.g. controlled your volume of earphone on subway.

日本四季分明，所以珍惜自然之缘，日本人的惜物情怀由来已久。

Four seasons are distinct in Japan. And we have a long tradition to cherish what we have been endowed.

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The ConfoundingChinese Characteristics让老外一头雾水的“中国特色”

编者按

前不久所里进行了一次有关“中西文化差异”的讲座，提

到了日常工作和生活情境下一些我们盲目的习以为常，却

常把老外搞得一头雾水，冠之以“中国特色”。

Recently, a lecture on “Differences between Eastern and Western Culture” delivered in KWM. The so called "Chinese Characteristics", which we Chinese blindly take for granted, were described as "baffling" by foreigners.(or were regarded as “baffling” to foreigners)

无力的握手

A Mild Handshake

中国人握手是有性别区分的，跟女士握手通常“点到为

止”。但在西方人看来，一个稳实的握手代表诚恳与尊

重，且要眼神相视，这一点不分男女。

Chinese deal with each case on its merits when comes to handshaking. It’s no more than a symbol gesture when shake hands with ladies. But in the eyes of westerners, a firm handshake with eye contact represents sincerity and respect. There’s no difference in male or female.

比约定时间早太多

Too Early for the Meeting

中国人如表示非常重视对方，会比约定时间早很多就到，

这常让西方人措手不及，因为西方人通常时间日程安排得

一板一眼，不会因你的提前到来就打乱安排，所以早到就

要坐会儿“冷板凳”，自己和对方都尴尬，实在没必要。

早到是好的，一般提前5分钟即可。

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杨超 Yang Chao （北京）


Chinese show their respect to others by arriving too early for the meeting. It made both themselves and westerners embarrassed a lot because the full schedule of westerners usually allow no disturbance so Chinese had to cool their heels alongside. Generally speaking, 5 minutes earlier is appropriate.

上班时间睡午觉

Take a Nap

睡午觉在西方人看来很奇怪，他们会认为你是在偷懒，觉

得在所里就要有个充分工作的状态，如不舒服或没精神

头，不如回家。而中国人有“养精蓄锐”一说，讲究午睡

养生，特别是加班成习的律师群体，午睡半小时是给身体

“充电”的有效方式。

It seems weird to westerners to take a nap in work place. They thought slackening inappropriate. At work, it should always be on form, or else better take a rest at home. According to Chinese, taking a nap is a good way of building up strength and storing up energy, especially for lawyers who take extra hours as a common occurrence.

手机无处不在

Mobile Phone is Ubiquitous

拿中国律师来说，无论吃饭、会客、工作、休息，生怕错

过重要的电话，所以在与他人面对面相处过程中，难免给

人造成“三心二意”的错觉，且在西方人眼中这样做很不

礼貌，或许当我们的文化中形成“电话留言”的习惯后会

好一些。

Chinese lawyers are afraid to miss any calls during mealtime, meeting, working, even at rest. It makes a bad impression on others and being considered very impolite in the eyes of westerners. The presence of mobile phone would not be ubiquitous when leaving a message becomes an established practice in China.

周末消遣是补觉

Sleep away the weekend

西方人问起东方人周末会做点什么时，中国人通常“休息/

补觉”的回答常令西方人大跌眼镜，因为在他们看来，野

餐、运动、电影等本身就是休息方式，且东方人这样的回

答也不利对话进行下去，无法让别人知道律师本人工作之

外的真实性情。

Westerners often start a conversation by asking Chinese what they will do on weekend, but the responses coming from Chinese never miss to

confuse westerners. According to Chinese, weekends are reserved for having a good rest or for catching up on sleep. While in the eyes of westerners, diversions take forms of picnic, sport or film. These are recommendable ways of having a good rest. So avoid responses like “having a good rest” or “catching up on sleep” and go on with the conversation. That will let others get to know you more beyond what you do as a professional.

重要人士先入席

VIP first, not Lady

中国人很讲究座位次序，要领导、长辈先入座且坐好位子，

但西方人对此不解，西方人在任何场合都讲究女士优先。

Chinese stress seating order. Seniors and superiors sit first and sit of choice. On the contrary, westerners carry out Lady First on all occasions.

一上来就递名片

Name cards presented immediately

中国很讲求人脉的搭建，无论是MBA还是各种要人出席

的场合，交换名片是最直接且最便利的积攒人脉方式，但

没有感情交流和深入了解前提下的递名片动作本身，往往

是“空中楼阁”、随着见面结束，陌生人依旧回归为陌生

人。西方人通常在聊得还行且需进一步了解时才会交换名

片，但不少西方人称在中国愿意“入乡随俗”，打招呼的

同时即递上名片。

Chinese are very particular about networking. They exchange name cards on all important occasions, like MBA gathering or major events, one of the efficient way of reinforcing connections. But cards-exchanging is a transient way of getting know others, when meetings end, cards become meaningless as cards-exchanging itself lacks emotions at first place. Westerns would like to exchange name cards when they had a nice talk and expected a further communication. Now, not a few westerners said that they would do as the Romans do by presenting the cards with greetings.

你真的很关心我回来了吗

You do really care my return Do you really care about my return?

中国人会热情地问候“回来啦？/吃了吗？”西方人又是一头

雾水，“我回来了，又怎样了呢？……&*%￥#……&*”

One of the common and favorite ways of greeting by Chinese is to ask “You’re back? / Had lunch?”, which confounded westerners a lot. They tend to think that “Sure! I’m back. Then what? ……&*%￥#……&*”

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Ireland: From “Saints and Scholars” to Programmers and Pharmaceuticals——The role of Ireland in Europe, past and present

Diyu Wu (Dublin)

爱尔兰：从“圣徒与学者天堂”到“编程与药企之地”的华丽转身

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Ireland is a country with a population of 4 million people, on a small island roughly twice the size of Taiwan and located on the fringes of Europe. Nevertheless, it is a country, traditionally and currently, rooted at the heart of European affairs and has influenced the world far more than its size would seem to indicate possible. In this article I hope to give you a brief introduction into the country that has been my home for almost two decades.

爱尔兰是个只有400万人口的国家，国土面积约两个台

湾省大小，位于欧洲大陆的边缘。尽管如此，这个国家

从未游离于欧洲事务之外，无论在历史上还是在今天，

都对世界产生了远比其自身要大很多的影响。我在爱尔

兰安家近20年，我希望通过本文会让读者对爱尔兰有个

大致的了解。

Ireland, despite its remote location, was once at the literary, intellectual and cultural heartland of the continent. From the 4th until the 10th century, while much of medieval Europe post the fall of Rome was undergoing a period of regression known as the Dark Ages, medieval Ireland was reaching its zenith, crafting religious artefacts and creating works of literary art that shone a beacon of light onto the continent. The title of “the land of Saints and scholars” was bestowed upon the island as its scholars travelled across Europe bringing with them knowledge that had been lost during years of darkness on the mainland.

尽管地处偏远，爱尔兰却曾是欧洲文学、智识与文化上

的中心地带。从4世纪到10世纪，大多数欧洲中世纪国

家在罗马帝国坍塌后经历了文化上的倒退，即中世纪的

黑暗时期，而中世纪的爱尔兰却在文化上登峰造极，制

作宗教主题的手工艺品和文学作品，为当时的欧洲大陆

照亮了启蒙之光。当时爱尔兰的学者们远行欧洲大陆传

播在中世纪黑暗时期久已失传的知识。


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Irish monks carefully preserved theological works in Latin, their reputation as centres of knowledge also led to an influx of scholars from across Europe eager to relearn what had been lost. Two of the most famous examples of the sophistication of Irish works are found below. The Book of Kells was an illustrative manuscript of the bible written in Latin and carefully copied onto vellum by monks in one of the many monasteries dotted around Ireland. Each page is richly illustrated with traditional Celtic style motifs and is a perfect example of how continental influences (the spread of Christianity) was integrated and blended with native Irish culture. The Ardagh chalice is a distinctively Irish example of Celtic metalwork with the religious artefact infused with the traditional style of weaving and interlocking lines.

The Irish countryside — its wet climate results in an abundance of greenery leading to Ireland being referred to as the “Emerald Isle”.爱尔兰乡村气候湿润，绿意盎然，因此得有美名“翡翠岛”。

爱尔兰的修道士妥善保存了用拉丁语写就的神学

著作，他们享誉“知识中心”的盛名，也因此吸

引众多欧洲学者纷纷来到爱尔兰，渴望重拾丢失

的智识。以下两个极为精细的爱尔兰作品就是当

时反映爱尔兰文化造诣的最好例证。《凯尔经》

是用拉丁文撰写的圣经手稿，图文并茂，并由散

布在爱尔兰全国各地的一家修道院的修道士们小

心翼翼地抄录在牛皮纸上。每页都有凯尔特民族

浓郁特色的传统图饰，很好地诠释了欧洲文明如

何影响爱尔兰本土文化，又如何与其交织、相互

促进。阿德圣餐杯是彰显爱尔兰风格凯尔特金属

工艺的最好例证，将金属工艺融合宗教主题，处

处充满线条交错的传统图案。

Diyu Wu为北京办公室证券部访问律师

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The Ardagh chalice was thought to have been crafted in and around 900 CE and is one of the best examples of Celtic metalwork.

阿德圣餐杯传说是在公元 900 年左右制作而成，是现今代表凯尔特金属工艺的上等佳作。

The Book of Kells is an illustrative manuscript of the bible written around 800 CE and can today be seen in Trinity College, Dublin.

《凯尔经》是在公元 800 年左右写就完成的圣经手稿，图文并茂，今被都柏林的三一学院收藏。

Our modern scho la rs have no t forgotten their distinguished ancestors. Down through the ages Ireland has also been home to a variety of world class writers, poets and scientists. At present Ireland has 7 Nobel laureates including five in literature and one in physics - Ernest Walton for his role in splitting the atom. Other notable Irish figures include:

我们的现当代学者从未忘记祖先的杰出贡

献。几个世纪以来，爱尔兰都是世界顶级

作家、诗人和科学家的摇篮。迄今为止，

爱尔兰共有7位诺贝尔奖得主，其中5位摘

取诺贝尔文学奖，1位摘取诺贝尔物理学

奖——欧内斯特•瓦尔顿完成了原子核嬗

变。其他享有盛誉的爱尔兰人还有：

James Joyce, writer of the novel Ulysses;

詹姆斯 • 乔伊斯，小说《尤利西斯》的

作者；

Oscar Wilde, writer and playwright;

奥斯卡 • 王尔德，作家和剧作家；

Jonathan Swift, writer of Gulliver’s Travels;

乔纳森 • 斯威夫特，《格利佛游记》的

作者；

Bram Stoker, wri ter of the novel Dracula;

布莱姆 • 斯托克，《德库拉》的作者；

Robert Boyle, the father of modern chemistry and of whom Boyle’s law is named after;

罗伯特 • 波义耳，现代化学之父，波义尔

定律即因其命名；

Lord Kelvin, of whom the Kelvin scale is named after; and

开尔文勋爵，开氏温标因其命名；以及

Sir Francis Beaufort, who invented the Beaufort Scale.

弗朗西斯 • 蒲福爵士，蒲福风级的发明者。

Of course, that is not to forget the contribution that Ireland has made to the musical world. From the traditional Irish dancing found in Riverdance, to the rock of U2 and the pop of Westlife and Boyzone, Irish culture has spread far beyond its shores and into the consciousness of the whole world. This love of literature and music stems far back into the past when the position of poets and singers occupied a highly respected role in Irish society. They were the people who would pass down folklore and the history of their ancestors and today Irish artists of all types pay homage to their ancestors through their modern works.

当然，一定不能忽略爱尔兰名族对世界音

乐发展的贡献。从传统的爱尔兰舞蹈《大

河之舞》，到现代摇滚乐队U2、“西城男

孩”组合或者“男孩地带”组合，爱尔兰

音乐文化的传播无远弗届，成为了人们意

识的一部分。爱尔兰民族对文学与音乐的

热爱由来已久，很久以前爱尔兰社会就赋

予诗人和歌唱家较高的社会地位。因为正

是这些人会将民俗与祖先的遗产一代代传

承，而今天爱尔兰各领域艺术家仍通过他

们的现代作品向祖先致敬。

This transfer of people, culture and knowledge has flowed from Ireland to mainland Europe and back across from time immemorial and so it is no surprise that today the link is as strong as ever. Where does Ireland sit in Europe nowadays? Ireland joined the European Union (then known as the European Economic Community) along with the UK in 1973 on the back of a referendum where over 80% of the population voted in favour of accession.

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European Union support was instrumental in creating an environment conducive for an open, FDI oriented, export based economy to thrive and Ireland proved it was ready to be an example. The effect of the EU’s funding (€41 billion net recipient since 1973) is clear, from the 1990’s onwards this “Celtic Tiger” was a jewel in the EU’s crown, serving as a poster child of the European project, demonstrating how the EU could help bring prosperity to a country nurtured with European solidarity and containing a population willing to work hard to achieve success.

爱尔兰与欧洲大陆之间人员、文化、知识上的往

来交流自古有之，所以今天仍保持文化间的坚实

连结并不足为奇。那么，今天的爱尔兰在欧洲处

于什么位置？爱尔兰与英国在1973年同加入欧

盟（当时称为欧洲经济共同体），通过全民公投

有超80%的选票赞成加入。加入欧盟对爱尔兰建

立更为开放、面向外商直接投资的出口型经济环

境，无疑起了推动作用，爱尔兰同时也证明自己

做好了准备。欧盟资金带来的影响（1973年以来

净入410亿欧元）是显而易见的，自20世纪90年

代初起，爱尔兰这只“凯尔特小虎”就成为欧盟

皇冠上一颗亮眼的宝石，也成为欧盟项目的成功范例，很好地证

明了加入欧盟会为有欧洲团结传统、特别是国民勤勉奋斗的国家

在走向繁荣的道路上助一臂之力。

Likewise, Ireland has proved itself to be a valued and constructive member of the EU. In 1990, under the Irish Presidency of the EU undertook to develop a common reunification approach for Germany post the fall of the Berlin Wall. In 2004, the Irish Presidency oversaw the largest enlargement of the EU as 10 mainly former Soviet Block nations became new members. As a small, militarily neutral nation Ireland has developed a reputation for impartiality and this in turn has allowed Irish peacekeepers to operate with enormous success across Africa and within conflict regions such as the Lebanon, Bosnia or Kosovo. Giving back is something the Irish people are well known for, and Ireland was ranked as the third most charitable country in the world in 2010.

Trinity College, University of Dublin, established in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth and partnered to its sister colleges in Oxford and Cambridge on whom it was modelled after, educated many of Ireland’s notable figures including Oscar Wilde, Samuel Beckett (Nobel laureate), Ernest Walton, Jonathan Swift, Bram Stoker and three Presidents of Ireland.

都柏林大学的三一学院，1592 年由伊丽莎白女王创建，使用牛津与剑桥姐妹学院的模型。该学院为爱尔兰培育了众多显赫人物，包括奥斯卡 • 王尔德、塞缪尔 • 贝克特（诺贝尔奖获得者）、欧内斯特 • 瓦尔顿、乔纳森 • 斯威夫特、布莱姆 •

斯托克，以及爱尔兰历史上三位总统。


with a developed legal, financial and regulatory system and so was well placed to benefit from the influx of foreign direct investment looking to sell to the common trade area. Its peripheral location suddenly started looking like a perfect platform on which US companies could base their operations from. I realise it has taken a long time (around 17 centuries!) to get to the second part of my article’s title but here is a glimpse of the state of Irish business today:

那么，爱尔兰的发展到底源于什么？在欧元区，爱尔

兰是唯一两个以英语为母语的国家之一（另一个是马

耳他）。在爱尔兰，年轻人受到良好的教育，社会拥

有健全的法律、金融和监管系统。当外国直接投资大

量涌入爱尔兰时，对爱尔兰来说是水到渠成的利好，

而投资者们看重的是欧洲共同贸易区这块“蛋糕”。

忽然间，爱尔兰处在欧洲边缘的位置看起来倒像一个

绝佳平台，美国很多公司正好在此设立分部。忽然意

识到本文进展了好久（大概有17世纪那么长！）却还

未切入到第二部分要涉及的内容，那现在我们看一下

当今爱尔兰的商业情况：

1. Ireland hosts nine of the top ten global pharmaceutical companies, with seven of the ten pharmaceutical blockbusters produced there. In all, Ireland has over 100 companies engaged in pharmaceutical and related chemical activities;

1、全球10大制药企业，有9家在爱尔兰设置分支机

构，且全球10大药品种类中，由爱尔兰制造的就占到

了7种。总的来说，逾100多家企业在爱尔兰从事制药

和相关的化学工作；

2. ICT is a major contributor to the Irish economy – with companies like Microsoft, Intel, Google, Facebook, E-bay, Apple and many others having a significant presence (or European headquarters) operating out of Ireland.

2、信息通讯技术是爱尔兰的支柱产业，微软、英特

尔、谷歌、脸书、易趣、苹果等多家公司在爱尔兰都

有重要营运机构（或将欧洲总部设于此）；

3. Some of the lesser known Irish areas of world leading services and products include: aircraft leasing and financing (over 50% of the world’s aircraft managed from Ireland); milk powder production (more than 1 in 5 babies are fed on Irish produced infant formula); and construction materials (CRH plc is the largest Irish company

同样，爱尔兰也向欧盟证明了自身价值，且是一名极具建

设性的欧盟成员。1990年在爱尔兰成为欧盟轮值主席国

期间，承诺制定德国柏林墙倒塌后重新统一的共同决策。

2004年，爱尔兰任欧盟轮值主席国期间负责监管了欧盟

最大的一次扩容，吸收了10名新成员，其中绝大部分是前

苏联国家。爱尔兰虽小，却奉行军事中立，因此赢得公正

美名，这也反过来使得爱尔兰维和人士在非洲大陆、黎巴

嫩、波斯尼亚、科索沃等战乱是非之地，能更为顺畅且更

出成效地工作。“回馈”是爱尔兰民族众所周知的品质，

2010年爱尔兰更是被评为世界上前三最慈善的国家。

So where did this development come from? Ireland is one of only two countries within the eurozone with a native English-speaking population (the other being Malta). It has a well-educated, young population

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with revenue exceeding €18.5 billion in 2012).

3、世界顶尖服务商和产品的一些相对不那么为人

所知的领域包括：飞机租赁与融资（全球50%以

上的航空公司在爱尔兰运营）；奶制品（平均世

界上每5个婴孩中就有1个多，食用爱尔兰产的婴

儿配方）；以及建材（CRH公开股份有限公司是

爱尔兰最大的公司，仅2012年的收益就超过185

亿欧元）。

When looking for reasons as to why the country attracts foreign direct investment and has nurtured countless home grown companies one should also consider the Irish tax system which is structured to be as business friendly as possible – a corporation tax headline rate of 12.5% coupled with various additional reliefs. It also has strong double taxation treaties with over 65 countries, and taken together has made Ireland a prime location to do business. The land of saints and scholars, then at the forefront of medieval European learning, has honoured that legacy by developing into a country that is at the forefront of many cutting edge industrial sectors in modern Europe - our land of “programmers and pharmaceuticals”.

如果要弄清为什么外商直接投资都愿意来爱尔

兰，为什么爱尔兰能孕育出很多本土企业，就要

看看爱尔兰对商业特惠的税收体制——企业主要

税率仅为12.5%，还附加各种额外的税收减免，

此外爱尔兰还与65多个国家设有双重税收协定，

这一切令爱尔兰成为商业投资的“香饽饽”。爱

尔兰曾是圣徒与学者的故土，也是欧洲中世纪学

识的前沿地，如今依然固守卓越的传统，今又变

成“编程与制药”的国度，在当代欧洲许多尖端

工业领域占据优势地位。

The Celtic Tiger did not last indefinitely though, and it seems that our Celtic Tiger turned into somewhat of a Celtic Kitten in the early 21st century. Partially as a result of a property bubble collapsing, Ireland made international news a few years ago as one of the PIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain) which required financial assistance from a troika consisting of the European

Commission, European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund. But as the first country scheduled to exit its bailout programme (currently planned for later this year) one sees that the harsh medicine has been swallowed and its people and government are working hard to restore Ireland’s financial independence.

“凯尔特小虎”的传说并未持续很久，21世纪早

期，“凯尔特小虎”不幸沦为“凯尔特小猫”，

部分原因要归咎为房地产泡沫的崩溃。几年前，

爱尔兰作为“四猪”（英文中葡萄牙、爱尔兰、

希腊、西班牙的首字母合并构成“猪”的拼写）

之一被国内外媒体广泛报道，他们要接受来自欧

盟委员会、欧洲央行、国际货币基金组织的财务


援助。但作为第一个被安排退出紧急援助

计划的国家（现在定为今年晚些时候），

我们已经吞下了苦果，我们的人民和政府

正努力重建爱尔兰的财政独立。

One might assume that domest ic economic woes wou ld lead to a gloomy outlook amongst its people. In fact, Ireland still ranks consistently high amongst the happiest nations of the world (a UN report published in 2010, during the worst of our financial problems, placed Ireland as the 10th happiest nation on earth). Culturally we Irish are regarded and regard ourselves as a friendly, lively and fun-loving group of people. A common greeting “what’s the craic?” incorporates the native Irish language, Gaeilge, into English and

literally translates into “what is the fun?”. Another, “céad míle fáilte”, greets all passengers as they enter into Ireland and reminds them that they’ve entered the land of “a hundred thousand welcomes”.

人们或许猜测，国内经济乱成一团

糟，定会令其国民忧心忡忡、怨声载

道。但实际上，爱尔兰仍平稳列居世

界上幸福感最高的国家之列（据联

合国2010年发布的一项报告称，即

使爱尔兰财政出现问题最困难的那段

时间，爱尔兰仍居世界上最幸福国家

排名的第十位）。文化层面上讲，我

们爱尔兰人被认为、同时我们也视自

己为一个友好、充满活力、热爱欢乐

的民族。我们常见的招呼语“what's

the craic?”就混合了爱尔兰本土语言

盖尔语和英语，字面意思就是“有什

么好玩的吗？”另外一个“céad míle

fáilte”，就是欢迎所有踏上爱尔兰土地

的人们，提醒他们已来到了“十万个欢

迎”的国度。

While I re land may have been regarded by the Romans as too far from central Europe and too cold to conquer, looking through its past we see that it has played an important role in the development of the continent and is eager to remain at the heart of European and global affairs. As for the cold, I believe that is more than made up for by the genuine warmth of the people who are eager to welcome you to their island.

或许在罗马人眼中，爱尔兰游离于欧

洲中部之外、自然环境恶劣寒冷不值

得出征，但回顾爱尔兰历史，我们会

发现爱尔兰在欧洲大陆发展过程中发

挥了不容小觑的作用，并期望在欧洲

与全球事务中仍能担任重要角色。至

于气候寒冷，我想爱尔兰好客之情的

热度足以抵消这里的寒意。

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Time-honored

Handicraft

岁月深处的老手艺


杨

超 Yang C

hao

︵北京︶

文

杨

超 Yang C

hao

︵北京︶

采访

摄影

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口述者：第五代传人林泓魁Interviewee: Lin Hongkui, fifth generation craftsman

泥塑脸谱出现在清光绪年间。住在北京西城的一位姓桂的旗人，此人能诗善画，也是一位酷爱京戏的票友。

靠吃俸禄为生，闲玩之际看到庙会上有捏制的泥人，突发奇想就用胶泥做了一个脸型模子，晒干后再仿照舞台上

的脸谱给泥坯勾画上色，做成后拿给朋友观赏并赠送。一来二去，在京城小有名气。由于他画的以花脸为主，所

以人们称他为“花脸桂子”。

清末民初唐仲元先生制作绘画的京剧脸谱已热销京城，解放后其子唐景昆先生被市政府授予“十大老艺人”

称号，享受国家特殊津贴，并以唐家为基础组建了北京彩塑厂。改革开放后，其弟唐景耀先生在金属工艺品厂传

授脸谱绘画技艺，收我的母亲佟秀芬女士为唯一入室弟子，我则成为泥塑彩绘脸谱第五代传人。

京剧脸谱由秦腔和周围剧种演变而来，色彩细致程度较高。秦腔脸谱看起来狰狞些，受皇城文化影响，京剧

脸谱则更漂亮。谱式构成也有一定道理：窦尔敦的武器会显示在脸上，孟良则用“火葫芦”表现，因该人物比较

喜庆所以眼眉画成喜鹊眼。而一个脸谱有很多画法，经几代传承，我们现留存几十个数十年前制作的脸谱坯子，

传统京剧脸谱谱式达400多种。

这些脸谱不仅惟妙惟肖刻画名家谱式，还代表各个流派，因此极具收藏价值，也是中国传统文化的载体。当

下我们的传统文化比较缺失，而京剧讲究“忠孝节义”，多看看戏也是回归传统文化的一种方式。同时，脸谱文

化也在与时俱进，我们还推出了卡通脸谱，按照“大头、小身子”的卡通形象设计，动作取自于演员在舞台上的

经典亮相，比如关公亮相的经典动作就是捋髯、背刀，很多年轻人看到此后就产生了听戏的兴趣。

泥塑彩绘脸谱Painted Clay Mask of Peking Opera

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Clay masks first appeared during the reign of Emperor Guang Xu in the Qing dynasty. At that time, there lived a Manchurian with a family name Gui residing in the Xicheng District of Beijing, who practiced painting, poetry and was also an amateur performer of Peking Opera. He lived off the patronage of the imperial court. With lots of time at his disposal, he went to a temple fair where he saw stands selling clay figures. This inspired him to making a mask mold in clay and painted them after the pattern of a Peking Opera mask when the clay dried. He gave these painted clay masks to friends as gifts or as signs of appreciation. His popularity grew little by little and got a nickname of Colored Face Gui as he painted mainly those colored clay masks.

During the late Qing dynasty and the early Republican period, Mr. Tang Zhongyuan’s painted Peking Opera clay masks enjoyed a high amount of popularity. After the Liberation, Mr. Tang Jingkun, Tang Zhongyuan’s son, the municipal government bestowed upon him the title of “Top 10 Craftsman”

Time-honored

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and was awarded a special allowance from the State. He then established a painted sculpture factory in Beijing. After China’s reform and opening-up, Tang Jingyao, Tang Jingkun’s brother, taught the skills of clay mask painting and accepted my mother Tong Xiufen as his unique pupil. I therefore became the fifth generation craftsman of this time-honored handicraft.

Evolved from Shaanxi Opera Qin Qiang and surrounding opera styles, the painted clay mask of Peking Opera features an intensity of colors. Influenced by imperial culture, the painted clay mask of Peking Opera looks more beautiful while the mask of Qin Qiang looks more aggressive. The pattern follows certain rules, that is, each pattern is a symbolic representation of a character’s features. For example, warrior Dou Erdun has a weapon pattern on his face; warrior Meng Liang has powder pattern in the form of gourd Meng Liang’s joyous personality is rendered by the eyebrows resembling those of magpies. A pattern can be painted in a variety of ways. After several generations, we’ve conserved dozens of mask molds, which were fabricated many years ago, retaining the traditional mask patterns as many as over 400.

These masks are the embodiment of traditional Chinese culture, thus having a high collector’s value. They give a vivid depiction of the pattern’s famous role in Peking Opera and also other genres of opera. At present, traditional Chinese culture has been given less emphasis, while these four moral principles are enshrined in Peking Opera, that is, loyalty, filial piety, chastity and righteousness. One of the ways to experience this traditional culture is by frequenting the Peking Opera house. Meanwhile, our mask handicraft develops with time by launching cartoon styles with large heads and small bodies. Our design draws inspiration from actors’ classic gestures on stage, for example, stroking beards and wielding sword are Guan Gong’s typical gestures. Many of our younger generations develop a passion for Peking Opera upon seeing these fascinating cartoons.

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内画鼻烟壶Snuff-bottle with Inside Painting

口述者：第四代传承人杨志刚Interviewee: Yang Zhigang, fourth generation craftsman

说到鼻烟壶，要先谈鼻烟。鼻烟是舶来品，万历年间来到中国，当时鼻烟作为贡品，量很少，清

朝以后才真正流行。当时进口鼻烟作为药品在药铺销售，但用的是大瓶装，销售上存在一定困难，药

铺老板便想到用古时的小瓷瓶分装销售。久而久之，小瓷瓶演变成专门盛放鼻烟的盛具，形成了最初

的鼻烟瓶。传说康熙爷称它为“鼻烟壶”，皇上金口玉言，这个叫法便流传至今。

鼻烟主要成分是烟草，直接加工烟的粉末再配上中草药，某种程度上对疾病有一定疗效，平时

则为通窍、提神之用。有记载《红楼梦》第52回，晴雯感冒发烧，宝玉去看她，晴雯鼻塞不通就取

些鼻烟，晴雯挑了两挑、嗅了两嗅，顿觉一股酸辣之气直通，鼻涕眼泪瞬即下流，直呼“好爽！好

爽！”。当时整个中国上下，可以“一日无米面，不可一日无鼻烟”。只是到了清中后期随着吸水

烟、旱烟的进入，鼻烟及鼻烟壶才慢慢淡出历史舞台。

但鼻烟壶的作用远远超出其实用价值，它可代表一个人的身价、地位、仪表、礼节，甚至可用作

疏通关系或者贿赂升官的敲门砖。在人为需求的驱使下，能工巧匠们用各种材质和工艺做了大量小巧

玲珑、极富艺术价值的鼻烟壶。在那个年代，鼻烟壶被视为中国工艺品的集大成者，因为在其身上没

有不能用的工艺与材料——金银铜铁锡竹木压胶玉，包括核桃葫芦，甚至大的树的果实都能作为制作

素材。内画工艺只是鼻烟壶的一个品种，制作方法是用一根细长的笔，笔的前端带钩，缠上一点狼

毫，蘸上墨或颜色，伸到口径很小的鼻烟壶内壁里作画，利用镂、嵌、镶、凿、雕等各种技术手段，

题材以历史典故、文学故事及民间传说为主，图案则装饰性居多。

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画的时候，十之七八靠感觉，笔到哪是有感觉的。我画了31年，

前期学时基本是临摹前人画片、构图及笔法，这个过程逐渐积累，脑中

的画片多了，剩下就是发挥主观能动性的小改小革。随着阅历的增加、

艺术修养的提升，开始潜意识地按照自己的心境去描绘东西，这个层面

就叫创作了。翻到有意思的古诗词时，画面即浮现在眼前，若恰符合当

时心境，就会把画面体现出来，最后再把诗词落上面。构图时以人为

主、还是以景为主，稍加变换即可实现：后景虚掉形成景深，或者后景

拉清晰点分出层次感，这样在表现《望庐山瀑布》时，一个人在垭口远

望飞流直下三千尺的壮观场面就“跃然瓶上”了。中国审美不讲求满，

很多东西并不是完完整整表现出来就是美：瀑布完整画下来就是一小水

流，若用云在中间断掉，小水流即刻变身大瀑布，且与人的比例关系也

出来了——国画讲究的“寸人、尺树、仗山”是很朴实的比例关系。总

之，小小鼻烟壶既可展示细微场景，又可诠释环景山水等磅礴题材，可

谓“小中见大”、“方寸之间见乾坤”。

When talking about snuff-bottles, let’s talk about snuff first. It was first imported into China during Wanli Years in the Ming dynasty. Snuff was then served as tribute, so only a small portion of it circulated on market. It became more widespread in the Qing dynasty. The large containers of imported snuff was then offered for sale in herbal medicine shops, but few people were interested in buying it. Shop owners devised a method of selling snuff in small separate porcelain containers. Little by little, the small porcelain container evolved into the snuff-container. It is rumored that Emperor Kangxi called this gadget snuff-bottle. The Emperor’s word was law, and thus from then on snuff-bottle has been its official name.

Snuff is mainly made up of tobacco, using its powder to mix with traditional Chinese medicine. It can be used in curing disease or alleviating other ailments, like unblocking orifice of sense organ or freshening up. Its medicinal use was mentioned in the 52th chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, one of the four classical novels in China. Qing Wen, Jia Baoyu’s servant girl, had a high fever one day when Jia Baoyu went to see her. She took a pinch of snuff and soon after her nose was unblocked and tears came running out – she felt much better, exclaiming “fantastic!” Throughout China at that time the saying went: “could make do a day without rice and flour, but couldn’t do without snuff.” Snuff and snuff-bottle’s popularity didn’t begin to fade until the introductions of hookah and pipe in the middle and late period of the Qing dynasty.

Snuff had implications apart from its practical purpose. It represented one’s social status and good manners. People also used it as a way to improve connections or to gain a promotion. With increasing demand, skilled craftsmen used various materials and techniques producing large amounts of exquisite

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Time-honored

Handicraft


snuff-bottles with high artistic value. In that era, snuff-bottle was an amalgamation of all types of craftwork. Every possible material and techniques could be used in making snuff-bottles. Gold, silver, bronze, iron, tin, bamboo, wood, foil, jade, or walnut and gourds, or even large fruits on the tree, all can be used as production materials. Inside painting was just one of the crafts used in creating a snuff-bottle. They painted using a slender craft pen with a tip made of weasel’s hair on one end, dipped in ink or paint, which could reach inside the bottle through a narrow bottleneck. Techniques varied from carving, embedding, inserting, chipping, to inscribing. Decorative themes often painted include scenes from classical stories and folktales.

In most cases, your pen seems to express the sentiments in your heart. I’ve been in this business for 31 years. At the beginning, I mainly imitated the examples of predecessors, learning their composition and techniques of painting. Over time, I accumulated enough materials to do some creative work. With experiences and artistic cultivation, I began to paint what my heart told me. I called this true creative work. When I happen upon an interesting classical poem, a corresponding vision appears before my eyes. Depending on my mood, I might incorporate it in a painting accompanied by the poem that inspired me. There is a choice between emphasising people or landscape, that is, if emphasis is placed on people, landscape should be faded out or should emerge itself layer by layer. With such a background, people at the foreground watching waterfalls are shown vividly. Aesthetically, Chinese don’t need a full representation of the scenery. Painting by numbers does not always lead to beauty: if one paints waterfalls truthfully, they’re no more than a little stream appearing on snuff-bottle; if waterfalls are interposed by adding a mist cloud, a spectacular waterfall then unfolds before our eyes. The proportion of people to landscape is formed naturally. In traditional Chinese painting, proportions are strictly defined by painting people, trees, and mountains all on a progressive magnifying scale. In brief, snuff-bottle, small as it is, can not only show great details but also spectacular scenes. “Much in little”, isn’t it?


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雕漆Carved Lacquerware

口述者：传承人石小华Interviewee: Shi Xiaohua, craftsman

北京雕漆从唐代中期就有了，距今有1400多年的历史。最辉煌的时候是明清，乾隆时期工艺达到鼎盛，追求

精致与精细，晚清慈禧那会儿，国力日渐衰退，召集做雕漆，全国也找不到几个人，因为雕漆的投资成本很大，

做一个起码1、2年，在这两年内师傅就全得靠朝廷养着。且雕漆这门工艺很复杂，需经十几道工序，刷一百遍

漆，而漆一天只能刷一遍，第二天要在似干非干情况下刷第二遍，这样算来，刷够一百遍至少需三个月。且漆必

须刷得很薄，一遍漆在0.2毫米，一百道大概在6-7毫米厚，且用的是纯天然的漆，无污染又防辐射，用上千年都不

带坏的。

漆器是中国特有的，雕漆原来只在南方，后跟着永乐皇帝从南京搬到北京，但北方其实不太适合做这个，因

为刷漆需要专门的印房，对湿度和温度有较高要求，否则漆不干。且漆并不是一种颜色刷到底，这也正是雕漆艺

术的精美所在：刷一层红再落一层黑，如此反复，横断面便会如实记录层叠之美，名曰“剔犀”——取自犀牛的

“犀”，形象来自犀牛肚皮上的褶皱。此外，还有剔红和剔绿。待漆干后，下一步即雕刻，上手师傅负责雕刻

山、树、房子和人物，下手师傅负责雕刻天、地、水等“锦地儿”。这样就完成了百分之七十，之后再修，跟重

新刻一样麻烦与精细，直至最后打磨。

我做这个差不多7年了，跟我母亲学的，我姥爷也是做雕漆的。不止是家庭原因，到了一定年龄，我对这些传

统的东西越来越感兴趣。雕漆工艺不仅可作茶壶，还可以做家具、大花瓶、屏风、香炉、捧盒等等，既装饰又实

用。同时雕漆这种作坊式作业对一个人的性格也是很好的磨练，要一遍又一遍重复细致入微的步骤，没有定力是

无法完成好的。另外，雕刻本身也是可以“化刻板为神奇”的，虽然刻之前已有设计稿印在上面，但刻的过程中

一定要融进自己的理解，这样效果才会传神、才会显个性。感觉雕漆是干一辈子都学不完的手艺，每个年龄段对

雕漆文化的体会都不一样。

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In the middle of the Tang dynasty, carved lacquerware was developed as a craft in Beijing, a history that spans over 1,400 years. It reached the peak in the Ming and Qing dynasty, with the epitome of skills and techniques reached in the Qianlong Years. During the Years of Empress Cixi in the late Qing dynasty, the nation’s strength fell into decline. It became much more difficult to find carved lacquerware craftsmen nationwide, because the overall cost of making it was high, especially labor cost. Making one piece of carved lacquerware required at least 1 or 2 years, during which imperial court had to provide accommodation for all the carved lacquerware craftsmen. The techniques involved are complicated and the whole process requires dozens of separate steps. The lacquer has to be brushed 100 times, once a day, then rebrushed the next day. It takes at least 3 months to complete this step. Bear it in mind that lacquer brushing has to be as thin as a cicada’s wings, approximately 0.2 mm per layer, 6 to 7 mm altogether. We use natural lacquer for its environment-friendly and non-radioactive characteristics. This ensures that the lacquer will last down through the generations.

Lacquerware is a Chinese specialty. Carved lacquerware used to exist in southern China and later moved to Beijing with Emperor Yongle in the Ming dynasty. Though in actual fact the natural conditions are not ideal for making carved lacquerware in northern China, due to the fact that a

Time-honored

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special room has to be reserved to guarantee standard humidity and temperature, or else lacquer will not dry easily. It is a mistake to think that one single color dominates, but rather a layer of red is deposited on another layer of black and so on. Seen from the cross section, its overlapping beauty is revealed and therein lies the charm. We called it “Tixi”, which is taken from the pronunciation of rhinoceros in Chinese and the image of wrinkles on the belly of rhinoceros. There are “Tihong” (red) and “Tilv” (green) variants also. When lacquer dries, the carving follows. Craftsmen are divided into two groups, one for carving mountains, trees, houses and people, the other for carving sky, earth, river and background items. When this step is complete, 70% of the work has been done. After this step, reexamination and mending work follows, which is no less than demanding and time consuming than the initial carving, until we reach the burnishing and polishing stage at last.

I’ve been in this business for almost 7 years. My mother taught me. My grandfather was also a lacquer craftsman. I entered into this trade not purely for family reasons. I grew more interested in these traditional things when as I got older. Carved lacquerware can take the form of teapots, furniture, vases, screens, incense burners, box, etc., which are both decorative and practical. What’s more, this style of working helps refining one’s disposition. Incrementally adding each layer, which leaves no room for mistakes or accidents, is work that could not have been finished without self-composure and concentration. Last but not least, carving is not at all a mechanical work. Though we have marked reference lines before carving, we still have to integrate our own understanding. That is the only way of making an expressive and vivid production. It seems to me that this trade requires lifelong learning. Each stage in life builds a different understanding towards it.

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金漆镶嵌Golden Inlaid Lacquerware

口述者：第五代传人武国芬Interviewee: Wu Guofen, fifth generation craftsman

“燕京八绝”包括景泰蓝、玉雕、牙雕、雕漆、金漆镶嵌、花丝镶嵌、宫毯、京绣八大工艺门

类，充分汲取各地民间工艺精华，在清代开创了中华传统工艺的高峰。金漆镶嵌作为八绝之一，历史

绵长悠久，至今有考证最早的漆器是从河姆渡出土的朱漆碗。

另据史料证明，金漆镶嵌在元代已颇为成熟，当时设有油漆局，属工部，配备副使一员掌管髹漆

之工，并开创了软螺钿新工艺。到了清代，内务府造办处下设42作中专门有“漆作”，产品主要有

车、小船、轿、仪仗及皇室、贵族所用的日用家具器具及各种装饰摆件。

苏明堂是清末宫中漆画匠首领，辛亥革命后流落民间，开办了“英明斋”授徒传业，北京金漆

镶嵌厂的刘锡恒先生是苏明堂的第四代传人，后来我有幸拜刘锡恒为师，坚持使用天然大漆和传统

工艺技法进行创作。做了这么多年，有时会感叹金漆技法与杂技有异曲同工之妙：动作稳、准，容

不得有丝毫闪失。漆是很神秘的东西，同时也很忠实，一遍没刷到位就会爆起来，后面再多补救也

是无济于事。

如今，中国美协已承认金漆成为一个画种，漆画的艺术价值由此可见。而最初从唐代传入日本的

金漆镶嵌工艺，日本现在后来者居上，他们的漆器比我们先进。也许近些年中国的现代化进程过快，

对传统造成一定冲击，且艺术也不是一个劲地往前走，总有高高低低、起起落落。那么从历史上看，

现在正处于漆器的最低谷，也正有我们坚持的必要，传承这门古朴典雅的传统老手艺。

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The Eight Great Things in Beijing include cloisonné, jade carving, ivory carving, carved lacquerware, golden inlaid lacquerware, filigree inlaying, imperial carpet weaving, and Peking embroidery, which express the essence of folk arts throughout China. They represent the start of the golden era of crafting in the Qing dynasty. As one of the Eight Great Things, golden inlaid lacquerware boasts of a long history, which can be traced back as far as the Hemudu period (about 7,000 years ago), when a bowl with red lacquer was excavated and is considered the earliest specimen of lacquerware, according to historical research.

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It is recorded historically that golden inlaid lacquerware’s sophistication reached maturity in the Yuan dynasty. At that time, the Imperial Court set up the Bureau of Lacquer under the Ministry of Works. A commissioner was designated to take charge of the lacquer work. A new technique called mother-of-pearl lacquer was initiated. In the Qing dynasty, the Bureau of Internal Affairs set up 42 departments, one of which was lacquer department. Products ranged from cars, boats, bridges, a guard of honor, to all types of utensils and decorative pieces used by the royal family and aristocrats.

Su Mingtang was a master in lacquer painting at the royal palace in the late Qing dynasty. After the 1911 revolution, he was expelled from the royal palace and opened Ying Ming Zhai shop to pass on his skills to his disciples. Mr. Liu Xiheng worked at Peking Golden Inlaid Lacquerware Factory and was the fourth generation craftsman of Su Mingtang. Later, I was fortunate to formally acknowledge Liu Xiheng as my master. I continued to use natural lacquer and traditional techniques from the very beginning. After many years in this trade, I often thought to myself that golden inlaid lacquer techniques and acrobatics seem to achieve the same goal via different methods, that is, you have to do both with accuracy and stability. There is no room for any accidents. Lacquer is a mysterious material and also very faithful to the craftperson’s skill. Any defects that appear cannot be remedied retrospectively no matter how much one tries.

Today, the China Artists Association has already recognized golden inlaid lacquerware as a genre of painting, which speaks volumes of its artistic value. Japan excels in this field now, it is thought Japan learnt the technique from us originally in the Tang dynasty. Perhaps in recent years, China has aimed to achieve modernization even at the cost of preserving tradition. Though of course art has not followed a straight path, it’s natural that there are ups and downs throughout history. From a historical perspective, we’re at the lowest point of art’s development curve. This fact provides the motivation for us to continue and to pass on this time-honored elegant handicraft.


How We See Each Other 我们在彼此眼中的模样

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Transcript of How We See Each Other 我们在彼此眼中的模样