TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

BO RD 0]

OF

HISTORICAL

o ·F TITE:

STATE OF lOW A,

TO T:E-IE GOVERNOl~.

NOVK WER 15, 1875 .

DES 1\lOINEB: n . P . CLAHKSON, STAT :& PRIN T:Ert.

1875.

RE O RT'"

I owA JT¥, NO\'lt~rnrm 15, 1 7o .

To llrs Ex ELLE~OY, C. C. CAnPXNTEI~ :

m:-The ten th bienninl report of tl1e trnstecs of the, tato TliRtori r n.l Society b eing now due, the Boar d of C urators ap1•·oa h t.ho ta k ot making it, seized of Jiverse and oppo~ itc frclings.

Con sidering the immA1ci nt me:tns a fl'orcl a th m fo1· carrying out th work intmstecl to th ir b:tn cl , they mu. t cong ratuht them. lv ~ on h aving m:tintain cd the Society in :t poRit.ion, :tt kaflt, not rctrogrC'R~iv e,

and r rtdy for :tc1 \' ::tncemout wh n opportun ity 1 reRcnts. If they n JVl'rt to the dea.fnes. n.nd silen ·c with whicl1 th last scverallogiAlatm ·A h :wo

met their u rgent appeals for increased m :tns to proRccut.c th ir l:thorl4,

their rcgr ts must, perf01·ce, be colored Ly ~ elin crs of ind i,..,.n:tLion. If t hey contemplate the attitude of com petition and contrast with Hi t'r histori cal organi:r.a tions in which they fiud our ocioty t\Lout to bo pub­licly forced by the stati tical publ ications soon to bo issued from V{as li· ington, for exhibition at the approaching Centen ui:ll Exposition, y ur r espon len ts are affected by altcmating emotion-pride, rcg•·ct and shame.

Th e collection and preservation fo1· tra nsmiss ion to posteri ty of the record of past or passing events-the e71itasis of b nman tranRactiou A

wl1ich we call hi t01·y-has in all ages b oon oo nsid or d as Rceo.t~<l in i111 · portanco on ly to tho porfo rm an o f th o tr:m actions thonu; lv s. 'J'IlltM

the statu , tho pain ting, tho po m, is accou n tecl t r rL ns' ·u ~. ntl y g rc[LL, 01ily

in proportion a. it delineates h i ~to ry or d picts th u great n,<}(,Ol 'fl tl1 r iu. What were antiqnity to us n o·w, w itbo ut its momnnont!-1 , to w >r·s, vyrrL·

micls, motmd and columns, it statues, pioturcs, hi • roglyphi m~ , iL~

m edals an l coin , many of wiJi.c.; h, hy fortu itous art.h ![llflkc or fr i url ly volcano., have been p resct·v d by burial tlHotwh m cd i.cvrd agoH, W he unearthed by moclcrn hands a.nd interpr tocl 'IJy mod •m tongu s, in r cp­

ara.t ion of the b rok en cl1 ain of history wllicl1 slr tchcs a ·ross and l H;­

yond the medieval ag s ?

4 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [No. 24.

Even astronomy, the g randest study that can engage men's thoughts, is, after all, but the sacred history of the celestial bodies w itbiu the r each of our vi. ion . Gali leo, Kepler, N ewton, and L aplace, b y tl1e force of th eir intellects, laid the foundation for portraying the history, past and future, of a section of the material uniYerse. From ' their achievements have f:lo wed tbc greatest benefit s to)uankind by tbe pr ac:

ti cal application of their b eautiful discoveries to the usc· of commerce, sc ience, and, even , religion, for, th anl>s to th em, the ship is no longer afrai.d of losing he1· path at sea, and superstition can no longer intl-ench itself behind the train of a comet.

A s astronomy is but a bistory of the prog ression of the Solar syBtenll so may geology- that science to which men look for: reconcilenHlht of con fli cti11 g relig ious creeds and a confirmation of the divine word- be d efined as a hi story in detail of the construction of the earth.

To pass from pbysical nature to the products of human intellect as crystal i~ed in the sciences, ,ye may say that modern jurisprudence is the compendium of the history of arbitrary laws, imposed at fir E>t by barbaro us conquerors for their own vantage, now blended through codes, commentaries, and digests, into a benign system of equities. Medicine, as we have it, is a history of discovery and invention of means fo .r the relief of physical pain, th e restoration of health, and the protraction of life. A history which, followed back by its devious course tbr'ough the miudle and dark ages, loads us to its source, a slender streamlet, traced .into the wilds of an tiquity b eyond the Christ ian Era, and pol luted by the :foul waters of sorcery, superstition a nd astrology. .And, fitt a lly, our theolog y consists chiefly in the history of man's transactiotrs in obedience t o or· in con1tict with God's commands, and in the detai ls of the life on earth of the Savior of man.

It thus U.Jlpcmrs tbn.t religion, law and science, ancl indeed oveq k nowl edge useful to rn an , depend for their illustration and preservation on the uses of history, whose promotion must therefore be of great'

moment to th e State. In the work of collecting and preserving matel"ial s for t he early as

well a.s present a nd future history of Iowa, we, the executive officers of yotu· Historical Society, have b een long and diligently engaged, without much encouragement from the State itself. A s we have at­tempted brief:Ly to direct attention to the importance of er.1couraging tltis kind of labor, whi ch , in a young community like ours, (where individual wealth and leisure are exceptional,) can only be canied on through assistance from the commonwealth, we respectfully ask the

l 75 .] STATE HI"TORIGAL ~OCIE'IY. 5

general a. sembly, th rough you, to m.ake mor lib ral pnwtston than now pr Y:til· fo r tbe ad\lau ement and n~efuln 'S' of th t:io ·iety.

h uld the ixt<' nlh Gcnet·al ~ ;.-em hl )r reje t onr p 'lition, om· Society archiYes 11 l :\Y soon shar the fate of some of the R on1:m :tnd P om­peian relics. The ancient cEfi e we occnp_r is rickety nnd crumbling and no first ch -. earth qu::~,ke or \7 suvian eruption would b e necoo:s:wy to entornb it . ,' honld such a cabmit be fall ns tho fut,ur antiqnnrinn who shoulfl nncn rth them mio-bt mistake our thon ·:tnds of unbonn c1 news­p apers for Eg_ ,ptian papy rn ', and onr brazen Tl{exi nu armor for :t r >lio

of the age of hr:lSS. To I nt this society on a footin g of a rerage resp t.'lhili ty :w om.­

pared with similar societies of the W estern t,ates, say \\Tis 'Oil . in r Minnesota, an im mediate appropriation of el even thou an cl d ll:tr is

necessary, to be expended as fo llows: The sum of at least fi ve th ousand doll ars t.o provide :1 building a.s :l

p ermanent place of deposit and exhibition of tho •olloctions and

arch ives of the Society. 'fvto thousa.nd doll ars for the binding of th e large ac nml tb lioll of

Iowa uc\vs.papers, some of them dating lmok eigh to n yean~ or longer. Two t,b ou ·and dollars for the purchn,se of historic}Ll w rks, necoHRa.ry

for the u efulness and completeness of such a library, bnt wbioh oltn­

not h e procured without money. And two thousand dollars for two years' salary of librarian, to catn­

loguo and put in order these documents and ta ke general supenrision

of the same. The val ue of the fi les of nowshapers mentioned above cannot be

overestimated , and it is .a duty the State owes to those w ho deposited them for safe keeping in the Library, for the b enefit of th e ' tate, to put them by binding in durable form fo1· p reservation, and in aoec:4siblo

shape for r efe rence. . . On the '20th of .June, 187 ,~, ou th e o ·ca.Rion of t lt ' seventeenth btrtlt-

day of th e , "ociety, Henry Clay Dean, th e di~;ti.ngu is h ocl or:llu.r ~ml publicist, by invi.tati.on , delivered t he annual orattOll bcforo t.lt e o ·,I ~ty in the chapel of the State University. '1'his able a •larcsf' , 0 .11 "_lito Philosophy of the History of the Louit~i::ma Purcb a.!lc,_" was :reo ·l~tll:l. with appl aud ing satisfaction by a la rge :lss_eml~Jaae of th o lJ~aLt i..y. ,md intellect of Iowa, then gathered at Iowa Crty h om all. OOlUltiCf-1 or_ t ho State irt attendance 011 the Commencement cCt"tJIIlOili eA of tlt e U 111 vor-

' I t was shortly afterwards published in tlJ e Anna.l s of low ~~,. an cl sity. · 1 is hereto appendou as a part of this rcpoit, as worthy, for ltl:! va uc U.H

6 STATE HISTORICAL SOC1ETY. [Ko. 24.

a hi. tori cal compo ·ition and the i nte rest of tbe subject treated of, es­p ecially to Iowa readers, of a wider lifl'u sion than it has yet received.

For want of m ·:ws to contin ue it, :1t the end of last yea r the Board were ohlidcu to suspend the publ ication of the Annals of Iowa. This quarterl y had become a faNoritc with mauy, especially among the old settlers, who looked upon it in a manner as their peculia,r organ, and i t was wi th the g reatest reluctance, and on ly by the compulsion of cir· cum ta nces, that its su pen ·ion, wh ic h the Board hope the legi latnre will not a llow to be more than temporary; was permitted, after its con­tin 10u · an cl regular issue as a qu:crterly serial for a period of twelve y ears. Besi l os its gene ral .u sefuln ess as a historical periodical, and particul arly as a permanent depository of the record of early pioneer l ife in Iowa, it served as a valuable m eans of exchan ge with the press of our State, aml with Ilil:ltorical Societies in all par ts of the country. At th · Lime of its suspension, some va luab le bi. toricalmanuscripts were in process of serial appearance in its pages, and its suspension has in· vol vcd a n abrupt interruption to theit· publication, di sc uragiog and provoking to the authors, annoying to the Board, and discreditable to the State. As a n i.ndication of the interes t taken in the work it may be mentioned that the contributions of money advanced by individuals t o enhance if·.s attractivene. s amount to a sum, since the beginning of 18 70, C< III :tl to the entire cost of its publication for two years. The B oar<l therefore hope the means will be afl:"orded them of speedily re· suming its p11 blit;ation.

In pu.rsuancc of law an election of officers of the Society was held at the last Annual llfecting, ,Tune \/.8, 1875. The Board of curators and other chief ofli ce rs of the Society, a s at present constituted are as follo ws:

l'RESWJ~NT OF TUE SOOIE'I.' Y AND OF Tf:IE BOARD OF CURATORS .

lion. Wm. G . Hammond .

JIODfllERS OJ.' TUll: BOARD BY APPOINTMENT OF TilE GOVERNOR .

l st Congressional District- Han. C. vV. Slagle, Fai.rfield . 2n d Co nrfl" e··sional D istr-ict- Ron . John 1tfcKean, Anamosa. :'JJ·d Oo ng1·essional District-lion. Austin Adams, Duhuque. 4th O tl,,r;~· ess ionc~l D ist1·ic t- Col. Archer T . Reeve, Hampton. 5th Oonr;r e.~sional D ist1·ict- Hon . J . W. H end erson, Ceclat· R apids. 6th Oonf!ressional lJist1·ict- A . K . Ca mpbell, N ewton. 7th Oon.yr essional Dist1·ict-Hon. P . JYL Casady, Des .Moinel:!. 8th Oong1·ess ional D ist1·1:ct-Hon. L ewis W. Hoss, Council B luffs. 9th Oong1· essional D istrict-Hon . John F. D uncombe, .Ft. Dodge.

1 n-.s.] T \. TE HI T RIC.:\..L 0 IETY. 7

nnnmn F THE n ARD llY RL'E TIO , OF Til R , C'IXTY.

Capt. Tho . M. B:1.nbury, M. \\. D avi5, E~q . H e,r. \Ym. Emontls , Hon. \Ym. :.. Hammond, lion. Th m:1:s Hug hes, R hcrt. lTn tvhinson, E. q., R eY . .... . .d:. Osmoud, H n. ~ . l£. 1':1-in · and vl. ' . C. T o\\·brit\i>· ,

all of I owa City. Trea .~ILr 1·-Prof. U . . \\ elton, I O\n1. ity. A lill f/ Librari mt- . T wbri lrrc I owa ity .

orre~>po ncling and R ecord ing cretary - l;. Lloyd. A li t of the IJames of the a. tiv , COlT • l nding, a,nd hon r:1:ry m<'m­

bers of the . ociety, arran n-o l in :1lph:1beti al ord r, ' ith their rcsiol ' nc ,

is h ereto appende l as a I ar t of th i · I eport. \I s , tho names <)f th offi er . for :1.ch year from the organi ~.ation of the Soei ty to the I rc.·­eut time, of those who b:w c contribntctl lll:l.nHsrr iJ t;; wl1i ·h hlw • bu n

published in the Annal!'~ of Iowa, of those who h:wo don:tLC<l h ok ·, pa.mr hl et;;, ma.ps, ch art -, fhgs, 1·cli ·:-;, a.nd min ralo"i ·al a.nd otllllr ,.;peo­i mens t o the Librar y or <..h binet, ~1. ucl of tho. ' wh k tv d ' liv ·red his­

torical aJ.Llresscs before th ociet.y. Th e report of the trea urer for the bien nia.l. pcriou. n l iw-r with th

date hereof, together with his voucher , is al so appcnuoLl a a )J :ut of

th is I eport. I n conclusion, the Board would suggest that some prov ision b m~tde

for representing this Society like those of sister tates at the 'enLon·

nial . All of which is respectfully submitted by order of t.b o Board of C u·

rators. FREDERI IC LLOYD .

Oo1·re:;pon<ling 'ec1·eta9·y .

8 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

REPORT OF TIIE TREA, URER.

To 11.- Curaum of Iowa SWt< IFllimi<al Society :

GKiiTJ,KMKN': The following is an exhibit of the receipts and di.sburse­ment.a or the Hiat.orital ociety for the last two years, which shows for what gcncml object money baa been expended :

RBCK IPTS.

From bnlanre or No,•ember 14lb, 1873 ................ .. ...... ..................... $ 25.40 From StaLo npproprintiou of two years ... .. .. ........... ................ .. ........ 1,000.00 From all other sources.. ............. ..... ....... ....... .... ... .. ... ... ........ .... ...... . 40.00

Total ...... ...... .......... ...... ........ ... ..................... .. .. .. ..... ..... .... ....... $1,065.40

DJB BUBSF.MBNTS.

For rent of building, per four wnrrn.nt.s ... .... ........... .. ................ ...... $ 400.00 For Cllre of building nnd library, per four warr1wts... ...... .. ... .. . .... ..... 231.00 ~'or po6lago, rroigbt and drayage, per ten warrants.... .... ................... 64.65 ];>or serv it•ee of corresponding secretary, per one warrant..... .... .. ....... 125.00 }~o r printing nnd address, llCr five warrants.. ... ....... . . ... ... ... .............. . 87.35 For UinJiug and lllfili ncry, per one warrant .. ................ .... .. ........ .. . 44.80 For reJ)ft.irs, per tbroo warrants. .. .. . ....... .. ... ........... . ...... . ........ . .. ...... 24.50 For fuol, per four \Varrnnts . .. ... .. .. ................... .... ............ .. . . .. ....... .. ~.35 ~'or other contingent espelllles, per oix wnrrnnLo...... .... .................... 2.Ui5

~:::~~~·i;;··~~~·;;:::::::::::::::.-.-.-.-:::.-:.-.-:::::.-.......................................... :.-.-:.-.-:.-: :::::!·0::~ All or whic-h, with thirty-eight vouchers, covering the entire disbursements

of lho two years, is most respectfully submitted.

Iom OiJy, ;\'o""'b<r 13, 1Si6. H. S. WELTON, 7re.uurer.

1875.] ST.HE Hl ' TORICAL IETY.

LIST OF :llE:llBER .

ACTIVE ME)LBERS.

.Adam•, Auotin, Dubuque. Alder, Ira J., Iowa ""'it.y. Allin, Richord, Iowa City. Alli•on, Wm. B., Dubuque.

Anderson, D., Albin. A mold, Delos, Mar"@halltowo. Atkin~:~, J. '1'., \'\rinueshiek county Ayers, "quir , Bonnpnrw.

Bailey, :Morrison. Hl~ck, JamC' , PittAburg,"Pn. Baker, ChtlrleR. HIB.ckwl~ ll, ,J. Y ., ow JorRcy. Bnkcr, Charlt!8 13., Iowa City. Bloom, Moses, l own ity. Baldwin, H. W., Chicago, llls. Boo I, G 'Orge J., Iowa City. Ballard, F. W., ew York. Holtorf, lorri•on. Banbury, Tbos. M, Iowa ity. Bowen, Tb s. M. Barker, H. G., cot county. Bowmnn, James. Barris, ,V. 11 ., Davenport.. Brntlley, P. B., Jnrkson county. Bell, John, Davenport. Hrain erd, N. fl., low" ity. Benton, 'l'hos. U.,J r., dar Rapids. Brigham, D. 1'. Bigelow, T ... afayette, "layton o. llrowo, 1\ n.ron, Ji'ayctt.o. Bixby, A. "'., \ Viscoosin Bryson, James, Allamakco county. Bixby, Rufus, M., Iowa City. Bunker, David, Htohmond.

asndy, P . M., D es Moine . Campbell, A. K., Newton. Cnrtcr, llcnry B., "layton county.

arson, T. ., Iown 'ity. Cattell, J . ,V., Des Moine•. Cavanaugh, Mathew, Iowa ity. ()hnse, Il. s., Sl. J...ouis, Mo.

hoatc, Greene, Mic.~hignn. lark, C. F., Iowa ity. lark, Ezekiel, I owa ity. lark, Green 'l'., Pel ln. lark, J ohn T ., Decorah. lnrk, Rufus L. 13., Mt.. Pie not. lnrk, Rush, l ows ity.

Clark, J. orwood, Iowa ity. Iarke, \V. Peon, Dtl\'enport.. Ieaver, II. '1'., Keokuk.

Close, . D ., Iowa , ity. Clooe, b!. '1'., Town ity.

loud, D. 0., Muocatine. 2

Coast, Wm. P., Iowa ity. obbnn, John, ' Viscousin.

\.:ocbran, M. B., I ave nporl. .oldren, J ohn M., I owa ity. oldren, Solomon, Iuwa City. otlinK, (1. \V., rowa ~ity. onn.rU, \\7iJiis ,J ,, nlifurnia.

,ook, Lyman, Burlington . o<~llmu~h, Wm. 1•'., Chi • go, Tllo.

<'opelnnd, W. II., J ctror~un county. Cornell, A. ll, Iown ity. ~ornd l, Georgl' 0 ., Jowa iLy.

Cornell, S. H., Iowa ity. ,orlett., J. K., Iowa ity.

Cowden, J . G., Bell vue. ()art, Dnulel, Dubuc1ue county.

olton, A. H., Lyous. 10XC:, T .. J., Iown ,ity.

Cruru, William, I owa Uity.

10 STATE HISTORICAL OCIETY. [No. ~t

DBle, Snmue1, Davenport, Geo. L' ~!'venport. Davi•, ,\I. W., Iowa City. Davis, Theodore ~I., New York. Day, Timothy, Wmch~ster. Dey, Pewr A., Iowa C1ty.

EMtman, K W., Eldora. . Emonda, William, Iowa C1ty.

Dodder, George W., Iowa City Donnldson,. 0. C., "T ehster con~ty. Doud, Dand, Va~t Bure!l county. Duncan, L.A., N1les, hl1chignn Duncombe, J . F., Fort Dodge. ·

Edward•, John, Arkansas. Ells, G. W., D avenport.

Fairall, 8. H., Iowa City, Fracker, E . G., I owa City. ]>airbault, G. B., Quebec, Canad>. l<' racke!, George, Iowa Uity. Fellows N Iowa City. Frank h n, Uyrus, Wapello conuly Pink!Jin~, it S., Iowa City. J?rost, J,. P ., Cass county. ' J<'oswr,SilllS,ColoradoSprings,Col. Fry, Joh n IT., Mahn..•ka county. l •'ostcr, ucl, Muscatine. F ulton , A. R ., D es Moin es.

lbraith, .Tame , Appanooec Co. Unntcr, R. I.J., Akron, 0. Hearkee, Henry, Iowa City.

ibson, H. D ., Knoxville. ilbcrt, F. A. W., Iowa City.

Uillct, K B. Good rich, llcrrnon, Davenport. Gossage, amuel, Des Moines Co. G raham, liarvey, Iowa City.

Haa•, F . J., ! own City. H amill n, Wm. F'.,Ncbraska. Jlnmmond, W m. G., Iow:L City. J IBrri fl, Amos, Centerville. H ardy, W., Van Buren county. H !lrt., Am~on , Iowa ity. llortso k, J . H., Iowa City. ll tLw ley, G. A., D ecatur county. Jl cald, ·. II'. 1 Lcndcraon, J . W., edar Rapi<ls. llcpbnru, w·. P ., 'lnrinda. ll crshb rger, J acob, J ackson Co. llorohire, A. J ., Iowa City.

Jnskip, l binc•s, J ones county. I rish, '. W., ! own ity.

.J :,ck~on, Lewis IT., Iowa ity. J cnk1us, J. W., Jackson county. Jerome, oorge U., Nile , Mich. JohnsLon, ~dwnrd, }'ort 1\fndison.

f~!mh II, Ge,orge E., I owa City. h.trkwood, . J., Iown lty.

Gray, llosea, Marion . Gray, H. \ V., L inn coun ty. Greeley, D . P., F ort Scott, Kan.

ri fti n, E. ll'!., I owa City. Grittitb, J obu ll ., Iowa ity. Grillith, J oseph E., Iowa Uity. Grilti tbs, David, Indianapolis, Ind. Grinnell , J . B., Grinnell .

H ess, S. J., Iowa City. Higbee, D. W., Chjcago, Til. llobart, C. W ., I owa City. llogan, J. J •. , K eok uk county. lloll ingsworth, J eremiah , Rich·

moud . llohnes, W. II., J ones county. 1 lowe, tiamuel titorrs, I o wa Uity. llu bbard, W. ][,Iowa City. llull', Sanford W., igourney. H ughes, Thomas, I owa City. llutchinson, H ober t, Iowa City.

Iri b, J ohn P ., I owa City.

J ones, C. B . Jordan, J ames. J ordan, J\Iiles, Pleasantvill e, M ..

rion county .

Koontz, George W ., I owa City. K urtz, J. E ., Linn county.

I i5.] STATE HISTORICAL OCIETY. 11

Larimer, A. \., Pottswsu.amie Co. Lloyd, F., Iowa ity. Lathrop, H. W., Iowa C.:ity. Lodge, Jo"'pb :3., !own City. Lee, J<'.IL, Iowa City. Logsn, J. W., \\'nterloo. Lee, Jame., Jo,.·a City. nl, \\'.Blair, Baltimore, Md. Leonartl, ,. . H., lo\\-a ity. Lsthian, D., Linn CC"unty. Lcwi•, Charle , Iowa ity. Loughridge, W w., skaloos:L Le"~L'l, George, Iowa Cily. Lo,·elace '. F., Iowa ity. Lewie., \Ym. H., \\""asbington Co. Lucc, Z. ., Iowa City.

Mahan, Thoml\8 , Iowa ity. M&rquardt, Geo. \\'., Iowa City. Mar hall, \\' m., Iowa ity. l\latthcws, J. J ., Lyons. lllan in, A. ll., Monticello.

[erritt., W. \Y., Red Oak. 1\.lills, J. A., i\luscatioe. Mordan, Wm. Mor•wan, M. J., Iowa City.

Neal, James E., J\la.rion county. Negus, Charles, Fairfield.

Osmond, S.M., Iowa ity.

Paddock, R. B., Decatur, IlL Paine, S. E., Iowa City. Palmer, D. P., Bloomtield. Palmer, G. W ., W inters.-. Parks, W. ll. P arvin, John A., Muscatine. Parvin, Theodore :S., Iowa ity. Patter on, L. B., Iowa City.

Rand, E. D., D es Moines county. H.nusom, bas. ·r., Iowa City. Reed, \\' m. !{ceder, Lcwi•, .Jelfcrson county. Rcmloy, Jlo\\·a rd, Iowa C.:ity. H.ee,•c, A. '1'., llampt.on.

aid, ' Vm., Valley, 'Vasbington county.

ale, IV rn., Iowa ity. auxay, Theodore, Iowa ity. ounders, T. J, Washington,O.C. awyer, 'l'hos., Lee county. coLt Alphen•, 'trnwberry Point. edgwick, ll. ll., I owa ity. ecley, 'rhos., Guthrie Center. kif!', llarvey J., .~.; ewt.on. Iagle, 0. W., J;'airtield. m•tb, Dexter P., I owa City.

Morsman, \\..,., W., larinda. Murray, Henry, Iowa it.y. l\lc he•ney, ){.A., Iowa City. McCoy, ;eorge. l\lc rsry, A. II., O•kaloo a. Me ullooh, E. T., Primrose. lllcDow, R ll. McKay, U. D., Kansas. Mc Kean, Jobu, Anu.mosa.

Noble, James ~ ., Delaware county.

Patterson, Joh n A. P atterson, \V m., Keokuk. P au l, George, Johnson county. PellSe, J . ll., Big Mound , Van Bu.

reo coun ty. P erkins, U. ' ., Chicago, Il l. P erry, G. J. R, Des Moin s county. P otors, J ohn ll., D el hi.

Rico, A. ., Keokuk conoty. HiobtLrdson, Hobt.. A., Fayette Co. Robinson, L vi, Iowa it.y. Hobinsou, M. W., Des Moines. H.utlmn.n, li'rnncie, Mi~KOuri. 1 , L. W., 'ouucilll!ulr,.

mith, Julius A., Iowt\ ity. rnith, ., Hsllinga, Iowa Uity.

~ olomon, Daniel H., 01 uwood. perry, J . G., 1 wa City. pringer, )i~ranci~o~, Columbus ity .

'tau ton, Vhn . ., ,J ·fl'erson oount.y. btn.rt.smno, 0., Iowa 'ity.

terling, J. \ ., Iowa iLy. 'to wart, W . G., Dubuqu . tewart, David, North Liberty. ylvester, Itichard ll., 't. Louie.

12 SUTE RIBTORICAL SOCIETY. [No. 2t.

Talbot, Benjnmin, Conncil Bluffs. Thompson, W. G., Marion. ,.l'hurswn, ~Vm. A., Keokuk. 'fodhuntcr, I.ewi,., Indiauola. Toll, Cbas. II., Clinton.

Van Valkenburg,Jobn,FL Madison.

Walker, A. B., ouncil Bluffs. Walker, T. 0., Bloomfield. Walker, A. Wnrren, Wm. A., Bellevue. Welton, 11. S., Iowa ity. White, C. A., Wnsbiogton, D. C. Wilde, John, Iowa ity. Wilkinson, G. \V., Muscatine. Willinms, J. Wilson, Des Moines. William•, .f. Madison, lllinois. Wilson, James, Buckingham.

Young, E. K., Cedar Rapids.

Traer, J. C., Vinton. Trowbridge, S. C., I owa City. Tulloss, N. H., Iowa ity. Turner, J. T., Iowa Chy.

'Vil•on, James F., Fairfield. 'Vilson, 'Vaher C., 'Vebster City. Wil•on, ,V. Duane, D s Moines. 'Vil son, R. M., Mahaska county. Wilson, Thos. W., J ohnson county. Winchester, S. G., Eldora. \Ving, E. ., Scott county. " ·oodin, George D., 'igourney. 'V right, Ed, Des Moines. 'V right, George G., Des Moines. Wyau.,N. G.

Younkin, Archibald C., Iown City.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Brayton, J . M., Delhi. Briggs, Ansel, Andrew.

all, A. ., Algona. ooley, E. E., Docornb.

Cowles, Giles, idney.

Bryan, P. Gad, Des Moines. Burns, L. D., Adel.

ripp n, H. C., Corning. rosby, J ames 0., Garnavillo.

Davis, . 'I'., ioux 'ity. D illon, J. F., Davenport. Dnws n,flonrr B.,Morrisnnia,N.Y.Dosb, J. R., Stuart. D011n, Nntbamel, Glenwood.

Follows, L. E., Lnnsing.

Horner, I I. L., Toledo.

Jones, . . D., Dubuque.

Kilburn, . F., Forll.anello. ]< r tohmcr, E., Red ak.

L ugblin, ' . T., Mt.. Ayer.

brietta, J. A., ·Kr:irn. Morgnn, J. ., Winterset. McClanahan, J ohn ' ., hariton.

French, Lucius, Davenport.

Hawke, Edwin, Bedford.

Kridelbaugh, S. H., Clarinda.

Loomis, John Q., Independence.

1\IcOiintock, Frank, West Union. MeKinley,:L. D., 1lllasouri Valley. McNutt, amuel, Mu catine.

; ;.] TATE ffiSTORICAL OCIETY.

Osmond, M., Oseeol

Palmer, 0. L., Chariton.

ale•, L. II., Leon. ~eelcy, Trn, Afton. ~ b•s, John •· New 1ork.

13

argent., Tbolllll.•, Fort Dodge. co bey, L. D., Fayette. mith, W. R., Mineral Point, Wis.

Thomp~on , 0. B., Atlantic. Tidrick, R. L., D• Moine .

W eymontb, Albert, Boston, Mass.

Turn r, 0., Buffalo, ow York.

IIONORARY MEMBERS.

Baker, John W. IT., Davenport.

Dcan,llenry Clay, Rebel's Cove, Mo.

Fremont, John C., New York.

Grant, James, Davenport.

Hawks, Francis, New York. lloward, J oseph Jackson, London, Hays, Isaac, Philadolphia, Pa. Englnud. Hecker, Frederick, Illinois. Howe, Orlando ., cwton. llenry, Joseph, >Vasblngton, D. C. llugbos, J. ., Keokuk.

Love, James Madison, Keokuk.

Mason, Timothy, Dubuque.

Robbins, A. B., Muscatine.

alter, Wm., Burlington. 'arg nt, Epes, Boston, Mass.

Watson, Wm., Dubuque. Wilson, Marcus, Canandaigua,

New York.

Smith, J . jl'enr, Baltimore, [d. Stone, J . ., Burlington.

Wiltse, ll. A., Dubuque.

14 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIE'fY. Dio.21,•

OFF!CF.RS OF TilE OCIETY FROM ITS ORGANIZATIO:Y, FEBRUARY 7, 1857.

PRB:SIDENTB.

1867. - J amea W. Grimea, Dee l\£oiuea county. 1857-68.-J nmea 'V. Grime , Dee Moinea county. 1858-56.-R P . Lowe, Lee county. 1856-60.-S. J . J( irkwood, J ohnaon county. 1860-61.- . J . Kirkwood, J<•hnson county. 186 1-62.- . J . Ki rkwood, J ohnson county. 1862-63.- . J . Kirkwood, J oh nson county. 1863-64.- . ,f. Kirkwood , J ohnaon cou nty. 1864-65.- . J. K irkwood, J ohnson county. 1 865-66.-~'. 11. J,ee, J ohnson county. 1866-67.-Wm. P nn Clarke, J ohnson county. 1ij67-68.-Robcrt Hu biuson, Johnson county. 1868-69.-l\1. J . lorsman, J ohnson county. 1866-70.-William G. Hammond, J ohnson county. 1876-71.-William G. Ham mond, J ohnson county. 1871-72.- ~eorge G. Wright, P olk county. 1872-74.-William G. llammoud, Johnson county.

VI CE-PRBSJDENTS.

1857-58.-l L W . Gray, Linn county. Geo. G. Wright, Van Buren county.

. F . larkson, Grundy county. S. J . Kirkwood , Johnson county. ~'. II. Lee, Johnson county. E. Price, layton county.

1858-59.-James Hnrlnn, llenry county. }'. H. Lee, J ohnson, county.

. F. 'rookbnm, Mahaska county. Willard Borrows, cott county. H. W. Gray, Linn county. E. Price, layton county.

1850-60.-Chas. Mason, Des Moines county. James llarlnu, Haury county. J . M. Gritliths, P ol k county. '1'. . Wilson, Dubuque county. Orno Fa ville, Mitchell county. \ V. Barrows, aott county.

66-61.-James Harlan, llenry county. • ~·• . ~asoo,Des Moines county.

"m. ' andevcr, Dubuque county Willard Bnrrows, Scott county. · E. ells, Polk county.

1 ,5.) STATE DISTORJCAL -OCIETY.

61-62.-Kimball Porter, John on co11nty. il Toueo, John~on county.

Jame Harlan, llenry county. W m. Yande,·er, Dubuque county. 'Wiii•Td Barro..- , Scott county. E. ell•, Polk county.

1862----&3.-T. 1.,;. Par' in, Jobn!!OD county. \VillaTd Barrow•, cott county. E. ' ell•, Polk county. Jntne \ V. Grime•, De ]\{oines county.

larturin 1,~ . .Fi~ber, layton county. Kimball Porter, Jobnsoo county.

1 863-6~.-Geo. W. Me leary, Johnson county. . M. 'pcn<:t!r, Johnson eount.y.

F. If. L , J ohoaon county. \VillaTd Barrows, cott county. U. B. Horn, Dn.-i• county. \V'rn. M. tone, {arion county.

186~-65.-F. H. J.ee, Johnson county. N. H. BraioeTd, J ohnaon coomty. J. lo'. Dillon, cou county. Geo. G. \'\right, Van Buren county. ,V. Duane WilBon, Polk county. L. H. Langworthy, Dubuque county.

1865-66.-R. . Finkbine, J oh naon county. E. Price, layton county. ll. A. 'Viltse, Dubuque county. Jno. F. Dillon, ott county. L. \V. Ross, Pottawattami county .

. 1\I. 0 mood, J ohnson county. 1866-67.-Robert llutchioaon, Johnson county.

}:;, Price, ln.yt.on county . \V. E. J\lill r, J oh nson county. Z. C. Luso, Johnson county. J obn L. Dn vies, cott county. 'r. . P 1uvio, Joh nson count.y.

67-68.-'1'. N. Fellow•, Johnson county. An on llart, Johnson county . \Vm. Emonda, John11011 county.

olomon Shepperd, J ohn on county. E. Price, layton county. Jno. F. Dillon, cott county.

1866-69.-,Vm. Kmonds, Johnson county. \Vm. G. I !amm ud, J ohnson county. Richard L . ant r, J ohnson county. Gco. G. Wright, Polk connty. James Blaek, J ohnson county. E. lark, J ohnson coo nty.

1866-70.-Richard L. Ganter, Johnson county. Geo. G. Wright., P olk county. Ez kicl lark, J ohn on county. Wm. Emonda, J oh nson county. James Blaok, Johnaon county.

15

16 STATE HISTORICA L SOCIETY.

1870-'71.-William Emonds, Johnson county. William Vogt, John so n cou nty. George G. "'Wright, Polk county. J .. A . J ... Tice, J ohnson county. . Too. P. Iri Rh, .Johnson county. N . H. Brainerd, J ohnson county.

1871-72.-"'\Vm. Emonds, J'ohnsJn county. \Vm. B. Allison, Dubuque, county. "\Vrn. G. Hammond, J ohnson county. Jn o. P. Irish, J ohnson county. Levi R obinson, J ohn son county. Charles N egus, J efferson county.

LIBRARIANS.

1857. -John P attee, Johnson county. 1857-58.- --Humpl:rey, Johnson··•county. 1858-59.-D. Franklin ·wells, Johnson coun ty. 1859-60.-D. Franklin "\YeHs, Johnson cou nty. 1860-61.-Wm. R eynolds, Johnson county. 1861-152.-vYm. R eynolds, Johnson county. 1862-63 .. -N. R. Leonard, .Johnson county. 1863- 64.-T. S. Parvin, Johnson county. 1865. - Chas. E. Borland, Johnson county. 1865-66.-C. F. Clark, Johnson county. 1866-67.-C. F . Clark, John son county. 1867-68.-C. F. Cla.t·k, J ohnson county. 1868- 60.-C. F. Clark, Johnson county. 1809-70.-Sila.s Foster, Johnson county. 1870-71.--Silas Foster, Johnson connty. 1871-72.·--Silas Foster, Johnson county. l 872. -George Fracker, J oJ1nson county. 1873-75.-S. C. Trowbridge, (Acting,) J ohnson county.

CORRESPONDING SECRET.AIDES.

1857-58.-C. Billings Smith, Johnson county. 1858-GO.-M. B. Cochran, Johnson county. 1860-62.-vVm. R eynolds, Johrison county. 1862-G3.-N. R. Leonat·d, Johnson county. 1863-65.-T. S. Parvin, Johnson county. 1865-66.-F. Lloyd, Johnson county. 1866-69.-Saoford W. Huff, Johnsou county. 1869-75.-F. Lloyd, Johnson county.

RECORDING SECRETARIB:B.

185 7-58.-Tbomas Hngh es, Johnson county. 1858- 59.-C. W. Hobart, Johnson county. 1859-64.-J. W. Morrison, .Johnson county. 1864-68.-S . .E. Paine, Johnson county. 1868-72.-William Cullen Gaston, Johnson county. 1872-75.-F. Lloyd, Johnt>on county.

[No. 24. 1 75.] STATE HI TORI A.L 0 El'Y.

TRE ASURERS.

1857 to the time of his d atb, L 65-J. P. ·wood . 1 65 to 1 i &.-H. S. 'Yelton.

C "RATO RS.

1857. -John Shane, Denton coun ty. D . P. Palmer, Davis onn ty. D. , V, Pri e, Potta\\ attami county. Cha . Negus, .Jetler~< n onnty. '\<V. F. Coolbaugh, Des 1\Ioiu es coun ty. L. H. Langwot·thy, Dubuqu county. 1'. S. Parvin, Muscatin e coun ty. S. G. "'Wincheste r, Hardin county. F. W. Ballard, J ohnson county. M. B. Cochran, .Johnson county. H. D. Downey, J ohnson coun ty. J. C. Culbertson, J ohn so D ounty. Wm. P enn Clarke, J ohnson county. G. D. vVoodin, J ohnson county. G. W. 1\icHem·y, J ohnson coun ty. E. K. Rugg, J obnson county. vVm. Vogt, Johnson eounty. LeGrand Byington, J ohnson county.

1857-58.-John Shane, Benton county. D.P. Palmer, Davis county. D. W. Price, Pottawattamie county. Chas. Negus, J efteraon county. David Rorer, Des Moin es county. L. H. Lan~worthy, Dubuque county. T. S. Parvm, Muscatine county. S. G. Winchester, Harilin county. E'. W. Ballard, Johnson county. M. B. Cochran, Johnson county. D. Franklin "\oVell s, Johnson county. Prof. Humphrey, ~fohuson couuty. Prof. Stone, J ohnson county. J ohn dfiu·k, J olm son cou nty. J. \oVarren Clark, .Johnson county. Gco. W. McCleary, J ohnson county. F. A. Shearer, J ohnson county. Tbos. :Morong, Johnson co~nty.

1858-59.-James Vv. Grimes, Des Momes co~mty. 'l'hos. H. Benton, jr., Pottawattatme count;y. 'l'. S. Parvin, Muscatine county.

3

D. P. Palmer, D avis county. J. C. Traer, Booton county. C. Childs, DLtbnque c~unty. E. W. Ea tman, .Hard.m county. G. W. McCleary, .Tohnson county.

17

18 STATE HISTORICAL SOCrETY.

1858-5 9.-Morgan Reno, Johnson county. C. Billings Smith, Johnson county. W. H. Barris, Johnson county. George H. Jerome, J ohnson county. K. Porter, Johnson county. D . F. vVells, J ohnson county. S. W . Huff, Johnson county. Wm. Reynolds, Johnson county. Wm. A. Sale, J ohnson county.

185 9-60.-J. W. Grimes, D es Moines county. M. L. Fisher, Clayton county. Geo. G. "Vright, Van Buren county. Wm. Dewey, Fremont county. W. H. Tuthill, Cedar county. H. B. Horn, Davis county. W. H. Bigelow, Woodbury county. L. Summers, Scott county. G. vV. McCleary, Johnson county. R. H. Sylvester, J ohnson county. T. S. P arvin, Johnson county. C. W. Hoba1·t, Johnson county. G. H. J erome, Johnson county. Silas Totten, J obnson county. D.]'. Wells, Johnson county. S. Vv. Huff, Johnson county. N. H. Brainerd, Johnson county. K. Porter, Johnson county.

1860-61.-'l'. S. Parvin, John son county. 0. M. Spencer, Johnson county. M. L. Fisher, Clayton county. 1N. H. Tuthill, Cedar county. H. B. Horn, Davis county. H. D. Downey, Johnson county. James Grant, Scott county. John King, Dubuque county. F. H. Lee, Johnson county. G. W. McCleary, Johnson county. M. B. Cochran, Johnson county. S. Totten, Johnson county. Wm. Crum, Johnson county. D. F. Wells, Johnson county. S. vV. Huff, J ohnson county. G. H. J erome, Johnson county. R. H. Sylvester, Johnson county. N. H. Brainerd, J ohnson county.

1861-62.-T. S. Parvin, Johnson county. 0. M. Spencer, Johnson county. M. L. Fisher, Clayton county. J.P. Wood, Johnson COUIJty. F. H. Lee, Johnson county. J. R. Hartsock, Johnson county. Wm. Crum, Johnson county.

[No. 24 .. TATE HI TORI 'AL 0 I·TY.

186 1-62.- S. W. Hutl:~ J ohnson unty. R. H. yh·ester J ohnso n coun ty .. H. B. Horn , D:wis ounty.

T, W. M ()le!l.ry, Johns n county. \V . H. ~ale, J ohns u · uuty . S. T otten, .T ohn on county. James Grant cott ounty. J ohn King, Dubuqne c un ty. D. F.\\ ell , J ohnson county. G. H. J erome, J ohnson ounty. N.H. Brainerd, J ohn son county.

1 62-63.-T. S. Parvin, J ohn son coun ty. 0. 1\I. Spenc r, J ohn on ouuty. F. H. L ee, J ohn son county. J.P. Wood, J ohn on coun ty. Wm. Crum, J ohn on county. H.. H . . ' ylvester, J oh nson county. G . Vv. McC lear y, J ohn son conuty. G. II. J ero me, J ohnsou co unty. D . F. \Veil s, J ohn. on coun ty. N. H. Brainerd, J ohnson connty. J ames Lillie, J ohnson county. S .. , . Howe, ,Tobnson coun ty. vVm. R eynolds , J ohnson county. I. N. Jerome, Johnson county. C. 0. \-Vaters, Johnson coLwty. F. Springer, Johnson county. H. J. Wiltse, Dubuque county. Nicholas J. Rusch, Scott county.

1863-64.-0. M. Spencer, John son county. S.M. OsLDond, Johu son county. F. H. Lee, John son county. G. H. Jerome, Johnson county. I. N. Jerome, Johnson county. N. R. Leonard, Johnson county. J . P. vV ood, Johr.son county. G. vV. McCleary, J ohn son county. Jas. T. R obert, Johnson county. Wm. Crum, J ohn son county. S. S. Howe, John t~on county. J . 11. Hartsock, John son county. F . lVL G ray, .Johnson county. vV. II. Barri s, Des Moines county. Wm. H. 'l'utbill, Cedar county. H. A. \Viltse, Dubuque county. J. B. Grinnell, Poweshiek county. E. Price, Ch1yton county.

1864-65.-J. R . Hartsock, .Johnson county. S.M. Osmond, ,Johnson county. S. C. Trowbridge, Johnson county. G. II. J erome, Johnson county. N . H. Brainerd, Johnson county.

19

20 TA.TE H ISTOIUCAL SOCIETY.

1864- 65.-G. W. McCleary, J oh nson county. B cnj . T albo t, J ohnson county. N .H.. Leonard, J ohnson coun ty .. • J . T . R obert, J ohn son county. W m. V ogt, J ohnson county. vV. A. 'al e, .Johnson coun ty. J . B. G rinnell , Poweshiek county. J ames F. \>Vii son, J efferson county. J oh n A. K a son, P olk county. W. B. A ll ison, Du buque county. Hiram Price, Scott county. Vi!. H . H uhbard, J ohn son county.

1865- 66.- S. C. Trowbridge, J ohn son county. N . H. B ra inerd, .Johnson county. N. H . Brainerd, J ohn son coun ty. G. vV. McCleary, J ohn son co unty. B enj . T albo t, J ohn son county. N. R. L eonard, J ohnson county. T. S. Parvin, J ohn son county. H enry Murray, J ohnson county. 'V m. V ogt, J ohnson coun ty. J . T . R obert, J ohnson county. M. vV. D av is, .Johnson county. Wm. Crum, J ohnson county. C. W. Hobart, J ohnson county. D avid R orer, D es Moines county. W m. H . Tuthill, Cedar· county. Will ard B arrows, Scott county. G. G . vV rig ht, P olk coun ty. S. M. Durham, L inn coun ty. J no. H . Garrett, .Jasper county.

1866-67.- S. C. T rowbridge,Johnson county. N. H . Brainerd , J ohn son county. J.P. Irish, Joh nson county. G. W. McCleary, .Joblllw n county. N. R L eonard, John son county. H enry Murray, J ohnson county. vVm. V ogt, J ohn son county. \Vm. Crurn, Johnson county. Wm. C. Gaston, J ohnson county. Geo. W . D odder, J ohnson county. J . R. H artsock, Joh nson county. S. J . H ess, J ohnson county. R. P. Lowe, Lee county. vY. H. Tuthill, Cedar county. G eo. G. Wrig ht, P olk county. M. ,V, Davis, Johnson county. F. H. L ee, J ohnson county. F. Lloyd , John son county.

l Stl 'T -68.- G . W. :McCleary, J ohnson county. M. W . D avis, J ohnson county. Wm. Vogt, J ohnson county.

[No. 24. 15.] 'TATE HI 1' RI A..L 0 I E1'Y.

1 67-6 .-J. P . I ri sh, J ohnson county. 2\Io~ es Bloom J bnson ·onn ty. ::; . . Trowbrido-e, .Johnson county . l i'. Lloyd, J ohnson comny. S. J. }less, .John .. n ··om1ty. G.\\ . D odder, J~)hn son ountv. S. . JTo\Yell J ohnson ' uuty." \\ m. "rnm J huson county. F. H. J,cc, J ohn son • nnty. S .. J. K irkwood, J ohn on c unty. \ Vn lter H oyt, J ohn on cottn ty. E. 1\1. Gnftin J ohn l'on coun ty. C. \\ . Jlob:trt, J ohnson onnty. H .. S. F inkbin , John on county. H. Murray, J ollll on ounty.

186 - 69 .- G. \\ . M Ulea.ry, J oh nson coun ty. Wm. rum, J oh nson county. Wm. \ og t, J ohu on counLy. R obt. HntchirH;ou, J ohnson coun ty. H. ~ lurra.y , J ohn l'on, county. S. J. Kirkw ood, J'oLu··on coun t y. 1\L \ V. Davi !:', J ohnson county. \ Va ltcr H oyt, .Johnson coun ty. J r10. P. Iri h, J ohn son coun ty. F. H . Lee, J ohnson county. A . C. Younkin, Joh n on county. S. E . P aine, J ohnson coun ty. Thos. Huo-hes, J ohn son county. H arvey Gmha.m, J oh uson county. S. C. T rowbridge, J olJnson county. G. D. A. H ebard, J ohn son coun t y. G. W . Dodder, J olm son coun t y. Moses Bloom, J ohnson coun ty.

1869- 70.- M. W . D avis, J ohnson county. W m. V ogt, Johnson coun ty. F . H. Lee, J ohnson county. Jno. P. I •·ish, .J ohnson co un t y.

. E. Pain e, J ohnson county. H.ob t. Hutchinson, J ohnson eo unty .. G. vV. Doc.ld r , J ohn.;on co uu ty. A . C. Yo uukiu , Joh n t~on ·o1wty. N . H. Brainerd, J ohnson coun ty . 'J' bos. M. Uanbury, J ohm;on couu ty. Wm. C rum, J ohu ou coun ty. H. JY.[LuTrby, .John so n county. Moses Bloom, J ohnson county. 'l'boma.s Jlu , h e~ , J ohnso11 county. J ames A . Boncbcr, .Jolw son co un ty. S. C. Trowb ri.]g c, J ohnson c nn ty. G-eo. G. Cornell, .Johnson count.y. Ch arles J,ewi .· , J obn sou county.

1870_'7 1.- F . 11. L ee, J obuson county.

21

22 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

1 '70-71.-David Griffiths, Johnson county. Charl es Le wiR, Johnson county. Georg e G .. Cornell, Johnson co unty. James I.-ee, Johnson county.

1. \V . Dav is, J ohnson county. Harvey Graham, Johnson coun ty. George Vv. Dodder, John son county. Th omas {.Banbury, Johnson couJJty. Thomas Hughes, Johnson county. Robert Hutchin son , Johnson county. H. Murray, Johnson county. S. E . P aine, .Johnson county. S. C. Trowbridge, J ohn son county. A. C. Younkin, Johnson co unty. MoseR Bloom, Johnson cou nty. J. II. llout:b cr, Johnson county. William Crum, Johnson county.

1 ,_ 71-72.-vVilliam G . Hammond, J obnso n county. Will iam Emoncls, Johnson county. John P . Irisb, Johnson cou nty. Samuel S. Trowbridge, Johnson county. A. C . Younkin, Johnson county. S. E. Paine, J ohnsou county. Thomas Hughes, John son county. George E. Kimball, J oh nson county. Robert Hutchinson, J ob nson county. Ji'. II. L ee, ,To lmson county. David Gr ili:itb s, J oh n son county. Chas. Lewis, Johnson county. Geo. _E. Cornell, J ohnson county. Jarne. T.-ee , Johnson county. M. \V. Davi8, J ohnson c.;ounty.

. Harvey G raham, Johnson county.

[Xo. 24.

G . \V. Dodder, J ohn son county. [resigned . Henry M urray, to till out unexpired term of F. H. Lee,

J 872 - 73.- M. L. Davis, J ohnson county. \ Vm. Etnonds, Johnson county. ·wm. G. l.lammond, J obu . on county. T hos. llughes, Johnson county. Robt. Hutchinson , Johnson county. Henry Murray, Jo hnson county. S. i\1. Os lllond, J ohnson coun ty. S . E. Paine, Johnson county. S. C. Trowbridge, John eon county. Austin Adams, Dubuque county. P. l'ti. Casady, Polk county. (). \V. ::3 lagle, J efferson count y. James Vvi.lson , Tama connty. John 1\leKean, Jones county. ' Vm \\ . Merritt, Montgomery county. A . T. Reeve, Franklin county. A. K. Campbell, J asper county. J. F. Duncombe, '\tVebster county,

1 T .] • TATE HI>:.TORI AL ' 0 IETY. 23

Who continue to con ti tute the B oard H end erson of Linn c uuty, and L. \V. R h::1.Ye b een a1 p inted in 1 la of Mes rs. t rms xpired by limitation, Juno, 1 ' 7 -1-.

pt tlwt Me, sr;:. .J. " - . ss of Pottawatt:1mio unty, \\7' i1ROU and Merritt, "-h s •

PRESIDEKT OF THE BOARD OF URA'fOR .

1 5 7. - James "T· G1·im 1 57-5 . - F. A. Sl1 ea rcr. 1 5 9. -G. H. ,Jerome. 1860. -D. Fr:1nklin \\ ell 1 61. -T. . I arvin . 1 G2-64. - F . ll. J,ee. 1 G4-G . - George W . Me leary. 1 6 -71. - F. H. L ee. 1871-75. -\\Tm. G. Hammond.

HISTORIANS AND BIOGRA.PHERS.

Babbitt, Lysander W., Council Bluffs. Baker, D. M., Chariton. Banows, Willa rd, D avenport. B elden, E. L. Bedman, G. C. Biggs, Uriah . . _ . B loomer, D. C., Connell Blufls . Booth, Edmund, Anamosa. Boyd G. D. R.

Campbell , A. K., Newton. Campbell, I aac H,. Casady, P. M., Des 1oines. Ch ilds, C. C., Dubuque. . CummingH, H enry J .. B., 'Vm~erset. Curtis, 'a.muel P rent1 s, ' Vasluogtou, D. C. Curti s, :::!amuel H .. , K eokuk .

Darwin Mrs. C. Ben., Rudington. D ean fieo ry Ulay, Missouri. Doe, :rolm, Iowa City. D oun ell, VVm. M. Utl ey. Duncan , L. A., Niles, Michigan.

Eastman, Enocl1 W., Eldora. Evans, Samuel B., Ottumwa.

24 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Foster, uel, Moscati.ne.

Galland, l<aac. Grant, George W . Grant, J ames, Davenport. Gritlilh, J oseph E van , lowa City. Groff, R. B., i\!areogo. Hild reth , W. H. llolbrook, J . .

Horo, llose~ B. Ilowe, amucl • torrs, Iowa City. lluff, 'an ford w·., Iowa City. H unter, W. A.

Ingersoll , Lurton D unh am, ·w ashington, D. C. I rish, C. W., Iowa City. Irish, F rederick III. , Iowa ity.

Keatlef , J ohn H., Council Bluffs. Keck, rving A.

Levering , N., Los Angeles, California.

{agoun, George l!'., Grinn ell. Meade, Mary 1£. Merrill, Samuel, Des llioines.

Negus, Charl es, F airfi eld.

O'Connor, llenr·y, Washiog ton, D. C.

P arke, I . . Parrott, .James C., Keokttk. Parton, Ja.10cs. Pnrv~n , Th odore T., Iowa ity. P~l'kma , II. ., bi ago, Ulinois. rtcrson, J. ~oll nrd, Mrs. Rebecca ., Keokuk. l o.ul LO r ~, .JollieR P. ., olorado Springs, olorado. Pnee, E hphalet, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Reed, Julius A., Davenport.

niter, William, Burlin" ton anfcrd, Mrs. ettie, fursb;.lltown brook, J, Iowa it.y. · nyder, P., Maryville, Mo.

Taylor, lbwkins, 'Yashing ton D C 1'oole, W m. L., Toolesborougl; . . 'l'urrc1, 11. B. · Tuthill, Wrn. II., 'l'ipton.

[No. 2t 1 75.) STATE UlHORICAL ~ CIETY.

\amluzee, E . M. \iele, Philip, Fort :.Io<it.on.

Ws.l•b, John C!lrroll. ,, .... itc, (.'harleo: A., \\'"n'~bington, D. C. Wilkie, ~'rank B., bicago,111iuois. "'illiotu8, \\'m.

Zeller, Nichola.g, North Liberty.

DO:'<ORS.

Abbott, Mrs. Abernethy, Alon•o, Des aloioes. Alder, Ira .r., Iowa City. American Antiquarian Soriety, " '"orccster, b[ass. Ameriean .. eographirul and ~ta.tistical ociuty, New York. Andrews, New Britinu, Connucticut. Arm~trong, ~I. K., Yankton, Dakota. Aylworth, P. Iowa ity.

Bache, A. D., Washington. D. C. Bllilcy, C. W., Chicago, I llinois. Baird, Rev. \Voodbury, New York. Bnk r, N. 13., Des Moines. Baker, 0 . A ., Taunton, Ma.Rsachusett.s . B•llnrd, F. W., New Y ork. Ballou & W in:ill. B:lrrows, \ Villard, D s.venport. Beach, Abel, Iowa City. Belknap, VI. W., ' Vashington, D . Benson, C. M., Iowa City. Benton, Thomas H., .T r., Cedar R apids. Berry, Henry N., I owa City. Blair, 111. W., Kosouth . Blanchard, Rufus, Chicaf(O. Til. tJoarU of 'upcrvisors, Jobu on cou nty, Iowo.. Borluud, James, l own. City. Booton Public LilJrnry, .13oaton, llloss. lloucher, Jame& 11., Iowa. it.y. Bowen, Jesse, Iowa. City. l radloy, . D., Bo~ton, Ia s. Broom ball, Allen, Atali sa. B rother!~~·~· ,V., Philadelphia, Po. llrowu, 1 . . Brown, A. A., New York. Brown, James, O~<kaloat~n. . • Brunning, Benjtunin, Iowa. City . .13ureau of Agriculture, Washington, D. B uttrc, J . ., New York.

4

:!li

26 STATE HISTORICAL OCIETY.

Cadle, Cornelius, Jr., Selma, Ala. <Jalvi n, Verplank, N ew York. Campbell, A., Hethany, \ V . V . Campl.Jcll, J. \'V., Fort Madison. Cal vw, M . G., Indianola. Carpenter, C. U., Fort D odge. Carpen ter, G. T., Oskaloosa. Carpenter, 'rV. J., Oskaloosa. ()base, H . ., Sain t Louis, 1\io. Chicago His to ~ ·ieal: Society, Uhicago , ll1. Clncago, Publw Ltb rary, C l•i caO'o III. ~hiet: ~ ~· Eugine~rs , Wash i?gto~, b. C. Ch ~ef Stgnal Ottice r, Was h1n g ton, D. C. Ch ilds, C. , Dubuque. Chipnulll, N ewtou P., \ V" ashington, D. C. Clark, George W ., Io wa 0ity. C la rk, ,J. N orwoocl , Iowa City. Clark, J:<.ush, I owa City. C la rke , C. C. J:'., Oswego, N. Y. Clarke, l<.obert, Cin cinnati, 0. Clarke, \V. Penn, Davenport. Coast burvey- Otlice, \Vas hington D. C. Couhran , .M.. B., D avenport. ' Coffi n, J. H . C., Wa. hington, D. C. Coldren, John M., I owa Ci ty. Cook, H ermon, H.ock H.apicls. Co luurn, J eremiah, B ,)ston Mass. UommistSioucr of P atents, \ vashington, D. C. Coleman, Judge. Cooke, J ay & Co. , Philadelphia Pa. Urosby, J. 0., Garnavillo. ' C rum, \Vm., Iowa City. U ttdmore, P., Le Sueur, Minn . <J ul bertson , J. U., S pringfi eld, Mo. CutTic r, Arnos H., Iowa City. Curtts, ::ln.muel Prentis, Washington, D. C.

D::1.kota Ilistorical Sochty, Yankton, D::1.k. Dalton , J. U., New York. Daniel , vV. H., N cw York. Jhvis, D. J ., J ohnsou county. D:tvis, J . \ V ., t:lio ux City. Davis, Lt., U.S. Navy, Washington, D. C. Davis, Jvl . 'rV., Iowa Uity. Dawson, H enry B, Morri san ia, N . Y. JJn.ymude, --,Davenport. Dayton, A . L., Musca tine. Dean, H enry Clay, l~ebel's Cove Mo. ]Jetweiller, C., J obnson com•ty. ' Dext r, H. M., Bm;ton, M::1.ss. D ey, P ete•· A., Iowa City. Doc, Ed. M., I owu City.

[No. 24.. 1 i 5.] STATE H1STORIGAL

D onne! · Wm. M:., O tley. Dornba h, J. Edwin, McG•·egor. D ow Mrs. \V m. Drummond "\Yilli s \\Tnshin('l'ton, D . Dug:tn, Thos. E., I wa ity. Dunc:tn , L. A., Kil , Michigan . Dnng:tn, J. Irvine. DmTi , Dani l ~ ., Ma.di n, \\ i con in.

Ealy Jacob II. 1\fi;:.souri. Earhart, II ·nry, J ohnson count.y. Ea.wn, John, \\·a hingt n, D. ~dmun ds James B ., I owa ' iLy. Elli~, Frank, B o. ton, l\I a. s. Emoncls, R v. \\' m., Iowa ity. E ssex In, titnte, ~al em, l a s. Everett, 'amLtcl, .1\:liuhigan .

Fales, Jo .. E. l'avillc, Oran, :Mitchell oun ty. Fellows, Chas. t:lum 11er, Ch icag , Ills. Fin k, J. G., Iow:t City. F ireland" H i ·tori ca.l Society, N orwalk, Ohio. r' isb, Hamilton, New Y rk . Fitbiau, \ V m., l\H. Vernon. Ford, C. J. Foster, H. R., S t. Louis, Mis onri. Foster, ilas, Color~tdo ::Springs, Colorado. French, Mrs. Bella, St. Paul, 1\linoRota. Fry, H arriet, Iowa City.

Gardner, J ohn. Garrison, \V. P., New York. Gaston, J E. , Oskaloosa. General Lan 1 Office, W ashington, D. C. Genin , J ohn A., New Yor k . . Georgi.ft l-Ii~;to ri cal Society, Savannah, Gcorgta. Gold ing, ()harl l:ls T ., Ncwto:u. Goodm.a n, A. T., 'L ve land, O hi o. G ranrl ·L odcre (Maso nic) of I o wa. Greeley, D. P., Fort Scott, K ansas. G reeley, Frank B., H omcst<.:a L Green, '::uuucl A. , Bo ton, Massacbu ctls. G regory, D., Ohio. . Gregg, Th orn as, I rfLillllton. Griggs, Watson .. ~ D (l.y, Davenport. Grinnell, .J. B., G nnnell. G rifli.th, J oseph . K, ~-t . U. S. Engineer . G rimes, .J. Vv., Burling ton. Guilbert, W. A., Dubuque.

Hamil ton, Charles.

27

28 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

fl~milton \Vm. Frederick, Iowa City. Hammond, Wm. G., iowa City. Horlan .James, ~It Pleasnnt. Jlnrper' Jlro•., 'ew York. Harris, J. M. Jl artzel , .Jnme•, Oskaloosa. JJawkiofl, Uexter A., New York. Hartsock, Virgil, Iowa City. Jlnrtsock, J . H., Iowa City. J Ieath, I I. I L, Duburruc. Hepburn, Miss F. M., Clarinda. Jlempstearl, Dexter, Jolmson county. Jlickok, W. 0. & ~on, ll arri•bnrg, Pennsylvania. llilnnd, Hnll , --,Vermont. JiilgrLrd, J. E., 'Vashington, D. C. Hill , Alfred J., "t. Paul Min nesota. !I ill, Thomas, Iowa City. Jlistorical Society of Jndinnn. l li•torical Society of Pcnnsyh•ania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. JlolJart, (). W., I own C1ty. lloe, H. & Uo., New York. lloll"man , Mrs . .i<~noch, Iowa City. 1 loll'man, F'rnncia ., l'hilndclphin, Penuaylvn.nia. Hooper, B. Ji'. , Town City. Horn, llosen B., Bloomfield. llowarrl, .1. .J. Lond•>n, England. Jlughcs, 1'hOill!l81 l own CiLy. llumph reys, A. A., Wn.sh ington, D. Jl ubl>nrd, L. P., New York. Jlutchinson, Robert, Iowa City.

J nsti~uti on For the Deaf and Dumb, Council B!uili!. In tonor Department, Washington D. C. Iowa Institution of Science and Art, Dubu<j ue lo.wa .'~to U:nil•crsity, Iowa City. · lrtBh, l•rcdorwk M., Iowa City. l l"iob, John 1'., Iowa City.

Jenkins, Thornton . ~Vn hington, D. C. Jerome, :. eorgo II., Ntlt:s Mich igan Johnson, Syh•anus, John~on coUnty: J ones, R. ll.t ., Iowa 'ity. Jonco, 'rhom•s J., Chief of Eng. U. . s. s., Ticonderngo.

Knssoo, John A. Des Moines J~~~ll!lr, \V .. S., Milnn, lllinois.' l~!ng, Bt'llJllmin, Iowa OiLy. l~!rkwood, ' . J ., Iowa ity. l~'"•cll, . l:i., Davenport.

T,nn~;worthy, Ed., Dubuque. Lntbror>, ll. W., Iowa ity Lee, Corwin M. ·

I i5.] TA.TE HISTORICAL ~OCIETY.

Lee, F. n., Iowa ity. Lee, Jam~ , lowo. ity. L••· .fohn W. M., Baltimore, :lloryl~>ml. I~e, " ,..illism, Iowa 'ty. Lee, W illinm, HO<'k bland, Tllinois. Leflin~wt:ll, ){!"@. \Yillinm, ll.uscs.tine. Leonar,l, N. R, Iowa City. Levering, N ., Los Anqelo~;~, C'a1ifornit\. I.ind~C)\ .T. Rerrien, ~ bville, Tennessee. J.ionhardt, Karl, Iowa C'ity. Lippincott, J. B. ,1:; C<>., PhilaJelphin, Penn ylv~nia. l .ong I. land Historical 'ocicty, llrooklyn, N. Y. Loo•, C. L. Loubnt., J. F., Now York. Lucas, .Mrs., Town City. LuRe, Lsne · Co., Davenport.

Magill, amucl, Tow• City. J\Inhnna, Bmdlcy, Iowa City. Marquardt, Geo. W., Iowa ity. 1\[arohall, Abraham. 1\[nrtin, II. . }lnthew~, .1o1m, Lyons. ~rassachUf'ICtLS H istorical ociety, nosLOn, Mass. Maynard, II. 11., Tipton.

~9

Mecck, Joseph. Mercantile J,ibrary Association of Now York, Now York. lilorcnntilo JJibrary Association of an Fran cisco, Sa.o l 1'ranoiaoo. ·:Merrill, amuel , D es Moines. 1\[illand, A. G. )\[iller, \V. E., Des i\Ioin s. Minnesota IIistorical ociety, t. Paul, 1\[inn. Missouri Historical ocicty, "L Louis, Mo. Money, l\L II., Oregon. Moulton, M. M., Monticello. Morrison, W. A., low& City. l\lunn & o., New York. 1\lurray, 1 Jenry, Iowa ity. Mycr, Albert J., W •hington, D. C. McAllister, John II., l'hiladelplLia, Pa. 1\icCJenry, G. \V., Iowa ity. McConnell, Joseph, Iowa City. McLain, K. '1'., Waahiugton, b. 0.

Natural H i•tory Society or ~[ontreal, ~[ontre I, Canada. Nova) Observatory, \\'ashington, D. . Nuw England Hi storic, cnealop;ionl • ocicty, Boston, 1\:[ass. New Jersey Historical ocicty, Newark, N.J. New York Ge nlop;ioal an<l Biographical ooiety, Now York. Nicholson, W. r •. , w .. hington, D. C. Noyes, Fronk E., linton.

Ohio tato Library, Columbus, 0.

30 ST.!TE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Paine, . E., Iowa City. Park, John K,. alt Lake, Utah. Parker, L. If., Grinnell. Pattee, John, Iowa City. Patttrson, I_~. B., Iowa City. Pendleton, W. K., Bethany, ,V. V. l'icrce, B •njamin, " .,ash ington, D. C. l'ils!Jry, ~·. W., Iowa ity. Poreman, F. 11. ., Iuwa City. Porter, J. Y., Iowa City. Price, Eliphalet, Guttenberg.

Rauch, J ohn H., Chicago, Ills. l~ecLOr, Mrs. Hebe, llot Springs, Ark.

R dhead, Edward, Iowa ('ity. Hemley, George, Town City. Reynolds, B. I•'., Des .)1oines. Heynolds, Wm., Iowa ity. R ynolds, Wm., Jr., Iowa City. 1 icc, Sam uel A., O•kaloosa. Richardson, Wm. A., " rashingtoo, D. C. Richman, D. ., Muscatine. Hichm nd, Byron. ]{odmnn, '1'. J ., ){ock Island ArseouL R gors, A. K., Iowa City. l{ollin•, John It., J.awrcnce, Kansas. Roger, A. Russell, W. I[. IT., St Louis, Mo. Hynn, forti mer, Iowa City.

nbi.n, J. E. & on•, New York. nlo, \~m., Iowa ity.

,alter, \Vm., Burlington. nodors, Alfred, Davenport.

~unds, B. )?., 'Vnshington, D. . ~and for~', lre. Nettie, Marshalltown. ~nuxny, [ h odorc, 1 wn 'it.y. ~ ·nlcl!, ., Johnson county. Hbnnc, John, intou Shen, 0. · ~heldon, Blnckmnn & o., New york. ~bormBn, ~~hn, \VashingLon, D. . ' heph rd, I homns, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Sh ckoy, ~ rgc Iowa ity Small, W. K, ro;.a ity. ·

IIlith, ., Washington D C , m!th, l l ~nry A., Ulov~lno.d, Q. ~uuthsooJIIJl Institution Wa hington D C

proeoher, 1 . ' , · · ~tan ton, K .\I., Washington D C State of Iowa. ' · ·

' t:lto llilltorionl ooiety of WL!consin llladis '"" . , on, r' 18.

[~0.24, 1 ;,;.) T..!.TE l!l, TORIC..I.L ;,OCIETY.

. u~,~en.;, E. G., Iowa ity. ti11wc11, ...-\ . 1l Iowa ity. tone, f~. )I., Prll' ident.·e, R. I.

~tone, J. C., Bnrlinf.,rt.On. ... tOrl·r, ...\ . I. •. , linton. .._"'trntton, J. "" ., linton. Studor, .JS<•ob II ., Columbus, 0. ~ummcrtt, I.~., Le Claire. Sylvester, lt. ll. , "L Louis, .\Io.

Tabor, Milton, , pringdole. Talbot, Benjamin, ouncil Bluffi. Templin, James \V·., Tow~ Caty.. . Ttoney, Harriet A., I.-ansmg, .Mtchigau. Thompson, 1 f. M., A me@.. Topham, J. A .. \Vi~cousin. 'l'orrence, " "'. ~[. G. Traer, .T. B, We•t Lib rty. True, M. B. C., J)avenporL Trumbull, J. 1'., Iowa City. rrulloss, N. H., Iowa City. Tuthcy J. mith, West Ubester, Pa.

Yau Nest., P. ., Genova., Wis. Vick:, James, Rochet<tcr, N.Y. Virginiallietorical ociety, Richmond, Va.

'Veber, hnrles, Iowa ity. "r ells, D. l''rnnklin, Iowa ity. "\V c~;tern Engraving mpany, Ohicago, IUe. Wetherby, I. A., Iowa City. Weymouth, W. A., BoslOo , Mass. Wilbur, '.F., Jacksonville, llls. 'Vhisler, J. II., Bulfalo. Whittlcsy, Chas., Cleveland, 0. Williame, lmuncy K., Ttutland, Vt. William•, J. Madison, Iowa ity. '\rill i::un~, J. }•t t.cher, t. Paul, M.iun. \Vil ts<J, H. A .. Dubn<Jue. ·wittem yer, {rs. Anna, Keokuk. ·wright, Ed., Tipton. Wright, John E., Indianapolis, Ind. Wright, J.D., Des Moines .. 'Vright, George G., Des Momes. 'Vynne, Thos. Hicks, Richmond, Va.

Young, Josiah T., Des Moines, Iowa.

Zeller, icbolas, Johnson ounty.

31

32 STATE illSTORICAL SOCIETY.

ORATORS.

1857.-Tbcodore ~·.Parvin. 1800.-Fernando H . Lee. I 800.-Iliram Price. 1866.-Georgo F. Magoon. 1871.-Charles " egus. 1873.-Willinm alter. 1874.-lleury Clay Dean.

[Xo. 24, 1875.] TATE UISTORTCAL SOCIETY. 88

THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE IDSTORY OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE.

An A<ldreu delit•tr~d b~fore the tnt• Ili•toriral ociety n.f IotNJ, at I owa Cit!J, June 20t/;., 1874, on th e o (tliota of tlteir

'et:en tetntl~. Anuual .._1feeti11!J.

BY TDE UON. nBNRT OJ...A1• DlU.N.

GxNTLKM&N 011' Tnx IowA TATE 1 [rSTOR ICAL orJ&TV :-Lc "than a hnlf centuryhn passed >inr Town was one grnncllnndscnpe of flow· ers, inter~:~pcraed wtth a mere sehagc of for u., diversified with bc:Lu­tiful BLT nms of wnter, occupi d by roaming tribe" of Indin.m•, nnd tho wild beasts from which they drew their l!lustennnce. 'l'o-dny, ]own i8 the grnnnry of .America, tho very first in the rank of producers, grow· ing a larger combined amount of tho cereals tbnn any other "tat in the Union, excepting only Illinois, which wns ndmiued n a ta.to in the Union, while Iowa was yet n comparntivclyunexplor :d wildernOIH4.

History presents no parollel to the wonderful phy•iual dov lopm~nt and gr•>wth of your Stat<>-a growth whi •h i llo\'oloping and ad •·cl· opment still growing. nique in it" hi tory which 1 the romnn('U of a political philoeoplty that mn>t ultimntely go••ert> tho world, the mnr­nlous growth of Iowa is but tho natuml retl ·x of Iter lti•t~ry.

The discovery of A merion marked n n •w ern in tho ltiotory of the world's phyflicnl c:ciRteove. .But. infinite in it rnn,cte of mornl anti in· tellcctual culture and progress was tho r ult of civiliMtion nnd Lib­erty, the fairest, purcAt nod most exalted of all of the daughter• of religion. The right of provc•·ty by rliocovcry woo nbanrlourd in the higher doctrine thnt "The earth is tho Lord's and tb fullnc•s th rcor, and they that dwell Lhercin." nly the great events in which tntth and juRtice have been the arUitcNl, nr•J worthy of recorcl or remcmbrnnc•e amoug nn.tioos or men. The combinatione of ci r umetancett which gavo to your Stnte its high rank among civili1.od nations wenr& the air of r<r mnnce which is at bes~ bur. a feeble iJnitation of truth, for truth is stranger than fiction. The con•ulsions of the French governm~nt, OW'

5

34 TATE HI TORICAL SOCIETY. [Xo. 2t.

an<·ient and mo•t faithful ally, ~nve to the ycJcraiJ!nioo the Loui•!aoa 'fPrritf)ry. 'fhe grf~at ttpirit of Jeffersou, with the WH1~1om an•l fort.:t-lght of the philoHophcr ttnd tot.atetuna.n, sou[.{llt the ext~~!-'1011 of the area of frce,:rovernm~nt, clwn11ing rather to foll?w the sp!nt tha.n th<' letter of the Con~titution, to at·quirc half a <-ontmcnt. dediCated. to. ~elf g-on·.r~· menl. The French rC\'olution w:ts the o<.•on~Jon, the mizi:SJonary !opint of republican ~0\'ernrncnt was the can~e, wh1ch ma'l.e [owa. the_ ga_rdeo of America. In tho inreptiou of the French ruvolutiOn, tl~e chtef. wo~· o<·ltLkts Rcarcely dreamed of the comva~s, extent and rm~gmtml\1of the1r work of destruction i realizing stil ! _less _of th~ mngmficence of that aupcr~tru<·t.nre of liberty, which ftuhng 111 th.car own l~nd~ should bo rcnrNl in t.hc wildcrnefi!~ of n.n nnexvlore~ tea·ratory, nomtnnlly held by Jl' rnn c·e. really orcupiNI in eomm?n l~y)wtlcl be:u~ta nnd sa\·ag-es. A~hc-. ism, g-rowing weary of t.hc d01mnntaon of churc~ usurpatiOn,_ unfitly cnou~h, pnr\lOrtin~ to rep~cse t~t, _c;o\'Crn and t.rnnRmtt the~1mple,jttst nod univcr.-nl rc igion of Chrt~t, foolishly m~Ue war up?n. God, bccau~e too cowardly to nasail the wrongs of the I-laerarchy; ndtc·uled the authen· tici ty and g:cn uincnciis of Divine l{cvclation, which is the only guaran· tee of fr •e government and the cqu,nl rights of n_1nn .. This Atheism wM the fountain from wbi h the li rcoch revolution m all H..s st..'lges drew its sut~t.cnnnce.

'J'ha which wn• c!lllc<l the church was " strange compound of the ftUpCrRtition, itloi<Ltry ar~d fer?city of the ol~l llngauism, mingled ~ith the \'it~ionnry metaphyfltcs of the Paga~1 plulosoph ers, th~ ceremomous formalities and gorgeous temple _worsb 1p ?f tbo Jew~, wtth the unnntr urnlly iutcrwoveu nnd g-roJHily tutfla.pproprHl~c,d .doctnne of l\l oses n1~d the prophets1 of hriRt and the ApoMtlcs. llus. church wa~ t_he nus· tre!l" of Kings nntl Emporers, Oligarchs and J~nstocrat~, wb~ .mvokcd jt.s authority to cnsln.\'o the masses, who wor~htpped at 1ts shrmo, nnd yi~ldcd nbjcct snbmis•ion to iLli com~1nnds. VoiLnirc, though n~t the Jin~t to nsflll il wm1 Uoyontl all companson tho al> lost of ::til the nss:ulants of tho nut.ho;ity of tho chu rch. Il is mode of attack was pow rfu l and ovcrwh lmiug. Tho object o f his attack Wf1B a. mistake, and thcrc~ore not oollluriug. J lad he atLnuked the corruploons of the ohw·ch, tho Boblo nncl hristianity would have been his inv incible allies, whose COIHJUCSt would hn.vo be 1n (.mdurin1-t n.ml eternal. But Voltaire chose otherwise; ho attnchd tho Bible, ridiculed iLli teaching•, scoffed at its antbority, burletH\ucd in oynicnl fbrocity its great author and ilia simple Apos· tltl8, ''he churoh wns woundoU in its vitals, but Christianity arose fl"om tho fir~ Rlllhe purer from itll contact with the flt1mcs. Fenelon, Bour· dnlo , Mn•silon, Anurin, !3ossuoa., yet livo as the light~ of the tcmplo whoso ohoku>ah will bum in d:.zzling glory long after the tire of the Mun hM been ttucucltcd by wcnry ages. But Voltaire did his berculenn tn•k well. The ·orruptioos of the church were held up to public scorn.

Voltnir wnsthc sororcign of French literature, tho French Ben John· R n of tho clrnnm; tho amucl Johnson of her criticism, inimitable in hhuory, without compnris n in versat.ility. Tlis keen double-edged eword tipn.red neither monnrch nor bishop. The champion of neither dootrinc, sentiments, or estubliflhmcnt., he made general war upon a ll o•i•ting thio\gs. 'l'ho too·uh of his incendiary pen wns applied to man­IIi nfl, palace", librdries, and museums; 00 religion, philosophy anU his· tory, in<li oriminat ly. llut iu the train of the conflagration be left

I 7.>.) ST.!TE Hb"TOR!C.\L ~OC'!ET\". . s neither C'Ott.A1te nor tent in whi('h the weary hou:-elc~~ tl'!\\·elPr micht fintl hclte-r from the E-lorm, or re~l to hi.;; limb!'-. Ytllne\· Bntl Hn ..... t:nu eac•h .a tort·h bea.rer8 <?f the ~reat ehief, lii«i lhdr mit;or "nr~ with alarnty .anJ ~us' uy, wtthout hi~ fcrot'ity Rntl wilhnut his powt.•r.

.::,lt.a,l~e h~tf been_ the t.·•Hnp!t.nion ot' tl~t.• (;~~man infiJl'l Kin~ 1-'recJ. e!'ck. I h(' cnmpa~um nod at t~e ~ame llmt.• Ill!-\ m~ninl. ht.} !'(ltfTtllltlt·r~d. hr~ own manhood for the ~on•retQn patronag-t.'. The !<Upt.•rit'r ~:ll!St·ity nntl1~wer8 of the German monttrt'b Q:n ·e to \~oluir{l atubl'ity in his nt~ltk upon llll' Fren"'ch hiernrchy. Hut tht• 1-'r<'n«·h hillrnl't·by ·wn~ tho c~1 ne~ ~tone of the F ren.r~l monarchy. The fNHinl PJfll<'tu wR~ it~ <'it.n.­dd. 1 he churchJ the mlltt:lry nnd royalty, wt•re th~ trin ity of t\·rautot, w~o lllU,l:'t '"iL!'".d or fall togNhor. Under the ft.•rot."ious ntlrwk of· Yol· Uure a ~k~pttctsm spre~d e~-erywhere tbrou~h the }-i'rench Empirt.•. The people, who h_ d no ,·owe tu the go\ ernrn•·nt, yet by natur(' burn of Gm1. and onl:uoed to Relf·govtrnmenl, cornhiu(•f) in ~~<.,·ret ~ncit.'lit·~ for 8elf-tm~r~vemeot, fl.elf-g-~)\'er!"ruent, and the proh.'l"tion of their tiHuilies, an~ tl~e nght. to enJOY .hfeJ hbt'rty and tla• pu~uit of happint>~~. Thu!'o SOCieties to~presd, gre~· 1~ number~, knowlNlge and powt:r, until tht.•ro :~~1 ~ if~~~~rnment. ~ tthtn tho government &trongcr than the go\ t.'rn·

Th e protli~ncy of t~lC Fr nch ('Ourt, the rorruptions of tho church tho ov rbcnnug t.'xncttons of the feudsl lordP. Jtrowin~ with t.•nnrmou~ power, en~orced their n.uuHhto with nn army/ ern~) Rn~d rcmor~f..'lt>t-~R iu the ~XeC'nttoo of tho wtll of tho court, nod exhnuRtin« the resuurt'l'tl of the onduRtry of the country. '!'be lords temporal ao~l lorJ• •pi ritual wcro ahi!o lor.ds of the oil,, but were exempt from t..'\~tation. rl'he clan~ g~rous cxr~runent of !'reetnf;( any class of property or of men frmn t.'lX·

nuon was fully tested 1~ J•' ranc.e. The univerflnl ~ktpticism of Voltniro was f~llowed by ~be Uot\'eml hcense of Rouss au, "hich infused into the. mond of the F rencb people a strange contempt for personal rc•pon-8tboloty to law.

The .French people wore divided into two most dangerous and un· re.asonabl.e pnrues: the royal party, who were ndvocntes of go,·ernmcnt Without ltb~rty, upo.u the one h~nd; the revolutionary pnrty, who de. c!ared for_l1berty wrth.out- reAtrrunt or gon!rnmeut, upun the oth<·r ho.nd. 'I he ~on!hct of authortty wns fJ It in evt:ry pnrt of tho Empire. 'l'ho

tate s (.., erwrnl wns a sernbled to etl'ect a compromiB<.' and to ~et.•Url' tQ the people by lnw what tb~y declared their righ!JI by ;,ature. 'l'hu dif­feren ces were too great. to be sot tied amicably. Tho king tlnimt.•d n.U· •?lute pow~r LO rule by nuthority of God. 'J'hc people a.Mert ,, tho ~ght to flelf:gover.nmcn.t by nature, which iA but.. tho empire of Ood. rhe COilt<.'~t Wtli! iulJy lflRU_gurntcd; pr0j)08itions for 8 tt)uUit.'llt Ou)y lengt!Jened the Lime, but could not obangc tho rcHult· only an nppeal U> the Clod of battles could settle a conriiet in which 'nature and Clod were 11!!'1;. pecthely in\'Oked 11 an~hority. J ... ong con tinued power grrutpNI by the great hands of strength 18 soon tran fcrre1l to the hond!i of w 1•nk ~eo who ar.e born iu, buy or bribe their woy to plnco and power. This IS C\~e_r so 10 gover~rnents. Immediately afl.er our own revolution, ' Ya_q)ungton cor:nplnmed of the exceeding med iocre of ongrc&" ns compared with the giants who led tho von of the great struEtgl1. 'rho great men .of the second 1 erio~ of the American government dicl not appear until the second war wub Great Britan de\'elopod Clay, " 'el;.

86 AT ATE TII~TORJCAL SOCIETY. [Xo. 24.

eter nn•l Calhoon. The third ~reatA!neriean co?flict dc•·eloped D_oug­las, J~irwoln, ToomhA, Alexander and fhaUdeus • t.evenfl, Sew:tr1l, Chase anfl Sumner, with Mct\Uere:d grrnt namcf!l here and the~c; Handolph, P ickn<·y ft>H I Bluc·k. I n time• like t!•••• me~e office l>ol•lln!{ dwarfs a great part of our public. men, and otHue se~kmg dwarfb or corru}Jts the remainder; MO it wrut in the revoluuor_1, so tt wtll C\•tr be ..

W ith the .lemcn!J! of conllict all '" subdued commotion, there was no ~rent )carter in France to cryMt.'ll!ze the oppORi.tion, nor WB~ one de. mnndr~ l until the allgrC!I'-'ion o t Loms drove the nuned people to~~ther; then tho leatlcr cnlllc forth-the great. M irnbe:m, son o_f Yictor. de :i\Ii· rabeau. By lin a~e eccentric, extravagant an_U vor'":.lttlc., Uy ~urth de­forme,], th Amnll-pox rna1lo him even more l~tdeouR m Ins ch zldho?d. :M iriliJ<•rLn hR.il been Urivcn from home, mtu1e m1sorablo by tho fleparatw n of hiM pnren~, to schooL ~"' rom school _ho was arrested undrr ~ea l_ed ltctre• de caclitt by the application of hts unnatural father. Hts ltfo for y l\rfl was t~pcnt. under the arbitrary nrrests of the government by tho cunni vance of hiR ft~thor, who was font.l of calling bims~l f " thn fri end of mnn ." J\J imbcnu was th e nat.uru.l off spring of oppression. 'J'hc cnuReM of the revolution were the agKregation of his own wrongs. and hiH ntt.ack upon the g-ovcrnm. nt wns the simpl e d~f'cnae of ~ i s own rig ht•. '!'he peopl e had boon d m ·en mad by oppre•••on ; tbetr prop· ert.y ha.d hcen flquandcro<l upon th e volu ptu~nsncss, vices an d cruelty of kingK. Their children had been feel to a rm>es as lamb• of the !lock nrc fed to rR.venous wolve , to g ratify revenge and minist.er to ambit.io1_1. ~'he ch ureh W fl8 tho jackal of ki ngs and armies to hun t down thctr prey. En<lu ranco hncl was ted it.. power•. H uman nature coul d bcnr up no longer ngninsl the co mbinations o f t.h e lust of power, the ty ranny of kings, tit ~ opprc•sion of tho nobili ty, the hypocrisy of tho church and tho despoltsm of' armies.

T he cond ition o f I<' ranee was only d iOc rcot from that of an oriental <l cRpoti Hm, ns a renlity is d ifl'crcnt from fL sham whi ch conceals a. wrong inll1Clt1d only difl~cr nt in prot nse. France bad no renl represen ta tion. H er olootions wero controll ed by violence an d fraud. T here was no trinl lty j ury, no r nny fair ndmimstrn.ti n of j usti ce. Lettres da cachet tle•truycd the sccurtty of the liberty of tho person, without regard to ngc or f'CX.

'l'ho old fo nda! laws of rcmor•cle•s execution still held the tenantry n.a MI" \'C8. " T be predial serfs of Champagne were counted with the

nttlo on the estates." T ho nobil ity and clergy were· exempt f rom lJ.\.1'1\lion. pon the farm~rs and labor rs, with the untitled p ople, woro lni>l nil tho burdens of' church and state. General sllU'criog pre­vailed i tho chu rch, the <'onrt, nnd the armies absorbed the money. 'l'axt•s wore tho on ly share hnd by th o people in th e government. The government oul(ht to have boon o••erlhrown au age b efore. But to a poop to long inured to oppression, it required ed uo:u ioo to make them fr~o. T hey fi rillt I a their liberty, and endure until custom and en· <lu mnoc destroy their lor e o f liberty, then genera tions follow who bnvo lost e1 en the knowledge of lib rty.

Jlli rnheau onmo opr ortu nely. lie denounced tho k ing-, and was thorcf r en lied n r b • . Ho hurl ed annthernas at the corru ptions o f the

huroh, rmd domantleU tho couHscntions o f vast. estates, wres ted from the people, and wn therefore denounced as no iutid el and repudiswr

I 75.] ~lATE niSTORJC.\L OCTET¥.

of vt: .. ~tt."tl ri_Q"hts. \Vhen_ the ld_ng throat~netl thr per--onnl sfl·ty of tho memher-.; ot th~ coon~nuon, :'il1r.llh.~au mo\"l.J. that the vioi:Hion ,1f tho person:tl !\fcty of nny of till' memtw~ of that lxl\ly flhuuhl b(\ au~ counted worthy of Uenth, ami rntot th~ throne nt the tht'\!~holtl t1f its powt'r to 1ll'fy it, nnd hut fi.1r th~ gral·eful ubmi .. ~on of Lh~ kin~. )lim· be:1u woultl ha\ .._. hl't.'-n an outlaw. . \ rHI tlo it w!l.s :lnd b, atu.i t.l\ t•r ,..ht1ll be, that rut.>n lonK trc:ued as outlaw .. bl'l'Ome ontbw". \ rhy "-'huuhl it be othcrwi!-ie:_J )leu owe no sllt>jrianC'e to yun~rnment. \\.hic.·h utr-.•rs them _nn prot~·i:tion. ~ocl~ i-t the n~ tUn! of the ~.~untr-.u:t. Our :\llt.·gi· nncc 1:. thu .. tount.led. " \\ e lo\'e l-ru~l OeC"1'\U .. C l h.! tir,..-t lon•d u ..... ,

The fll:t!.{M~ine, t.lry and wt.oll tilled with powdt.>r, wn,o; t'arefull) \'l:u.•ed benl'ath the French throne. l.luriabenu Wl'llt forth with " ton·\ nud ~pplictl it. The explosion wa~ that of a. H)lC'n.no h~a\"iu~ up it ... burn· tng bva only to C'\.plode agntn and a~ain uutl ag-nin, unul thrcmt.~, government, churrh, ~tate anti liberty Wl.'re nliku cu,·eloped in it~ tl.muJ~. 'fhc cloqneO(·e of ~lir:tiJcau, Btra.ngc t•ompouutl of the Uivin~ atHI tut'cr· nal, ~tru~..·~ ~1own th.e fctu.lal. ~yp;t~m. The dh in~ right of kiuf,.!!-1 and Apet·.ml p~tnlt>ge:'l' of the noh1ht~' tell at the SRWl' hlow. At tlu .. ~ cuuunnud Of htto~ VOH.'e teUJ}~} parchment..-l were f-tre~·n U\ l'r tho J [OUI"l' uf till' (;Oil· eral <...:oovention .hY feudal lortl~, who ~ought ccurity for tlll'it· lin·~ in the surrender ot the c~t.ate .. U !K>O whwh t~l'rvnntK were kt:)Jl poor nntl staning. T ... ord. rmrrendcrctlth~.:ir immemorial privileges. Till' t·hurl'll gladly gnvc up its property nnd r·elinctui~hctl la~r titles in con"'ith·rutiou tOr tlwir t~a~cty. The k!ngsurrcnd_cr.cd hi~_pr('rogntivc~, nnJ till' Jtl'uplu secured thctr natural nght to rehg:wus lthcrty. All thiR witiJUUt tho shedding of oloou. W hat llli rdUC:IU \I'Ottlu hn•·u tlone ~ti th lifo pro­l o n g~ll, deaU1 hn.s lefl a mistery. Tho l o~s of -"lir:lbenu, the orator of the <...:hriKtian era, gave RbSUI"'ducc t.o the nobility, in!<Opircd thu kiug: \\ ith fresh t·our~g-e, tLnd left. the people wi thout a lendl•r gheu to couuu:md .

A fter .:\IlrabeR.u came Danton , ~Iamt, and Hol>l•spicrrc, tlw trinuo fi end8 of t..lae revolutio n. T he first, of conr e ciOI JU •noe, uout·ttu·,. nn t.l c ruelty, hurried on l>y b is own pmtt:-ious to thcguillutiue, n l rc~tdy~·I~Jllcd. w"ith thu blood of his victims, innooent an'l guilty; oiJ rucu nutl bctut~ tiful ~aiden~, nlik~ the victims ~f his s~ngninary cruelty. .l larn1, tbo cmpyrzc, who rcntltly changed Ius vocauou of murder by medi~.:iut·", to murder hy law; 11 wild Uenst let. looNu upon 1'4c.wioty, clutltt••l wilh official power, cLune to his cud by tbu welllllruot •tl daggt!r of ~httrlutto Corda.y.

Roilo•picrre, who hnd led T,tmi• t.o the blo<•k; tho learn eel ioliut, tho hypooritH•n l monfl tcr, who rnm\.l ~tl his contlcHuemling (lit;CU\t•ry 1h t God haR some litnitctl share in the government1-1 of nwu, carrit.'d uu 1his murderonK cmsndc ngaiuRL law, unler, r •ligiou" liberty, ruul hun&ao rights, until the rctrd>Uti,·c jn ... ticc of God arre~t!!d hi~ mnnluruus career, nml mingled hi~:~ bn l', wicket! IJJootl \\ ith that of thu h.:uH of th ou""ands who hnd perished by his murderous hnud. 'l 'hli Coun·J1lhm, which fir~:~t nssemhled t.o asRuro t.o tho puoplo their JHlturnl ri!(ht"' and to secure liberty, wa" uow nn &~i!ernUly of t.he reprc~""t'utnthu ..... u .. "'ins of Europe, e taiJlhJhing law for tho mtiticatiou of murder, rstpiuu uuJ. robbery.

1.,hcu came Bonaparte to diA perse tho Couventiun. lie upou whom eulogies and den unciation, JJOctry and rhl:t.ori<.•, criticism Bntl t.'tot~:tytJ, the decrees of sovet·eig u counc z l~ , the anathema., of churchc'"-, and

88 ST,lTE Il!STORICAL SOCIETY. [Ko.24.

cornUinat.ion of armit;!l', W('rC ttbowered with indiscri~~nation, came to give roliuf to tbc people from the ~orror• they bad Vl'tted Ul><>n t?em­•cl ves. A foreigner, who bad culuvated the amLtuon and love ?l. hb­crty uf lii~o~ Jtornan auc~stry; a stm.nger, wanderlllg fmm the mthtary sclloolt~ of Franco in AhabiJy cloth mg, hungry ar~U careworn, Le hH:d worked his way into the arwy, f:rom t.hc army to 'tctory. I Ie w_on hts first luurols in t.ho howe of Ius fathers; he O\'erran I taly wuh the wldiero who had been holding France in terror for n full decade, and utili~ecl in conquest the e lemontH which haU made Paris hideous with auaruhy. ., .. roro Jt..'lly to Africa his tmnburnL sold iers Lore the colors of the lnnJ of Uharhmumgc to the_ tomb of_ the Pharaohs, .and were ~n· Hpi rcd with the subl nu e sugg •~o;tl~o of the1r l~adcr tl1:1t.. forty C?nluned lvokcd down from tllo rwnuu1 t.s oJ the pyraum.ls to Witness their prow­CtHt u.nl! appr,,ve their valor.

From l!.gyvt., Napoleon rcLUrne<~ to Fr.an,cc, firs~ a s.o ldier of f<;>rtune, t!Jou lirl'lt. cumml holding the destiny of 11 ranee 111 h1s grasp, With the thrvncrt anti dyna!itics 0 1 Europe trcmUling at bis tread. Napoleon wa.s t\t. heart a frwud to civil and religious libe rty. So had he Uccn roared. Great, IJruad, detp, and pr~fuuntl, he ins~ioctiv~ly_ despiset.l t.hc n~rrow vtow ri and ahsurd thooric~oo ot tho monarchu~ts clnwung authonty ot God to govcru tho pooplo, u.nd condom ned th e mysterioui. rnuu~merie and ROII riU lt•KIJ t.mpp1ugs or tho church aud lhc co.urt. Like . .Mtrabeu.~ and J ell"cn10u, .Nu._l)(>lcon wns u. sloven who would 111 uuclress lJlg t.oss Ill S hat iu ouu curnur of tho room and his boots in another. 'l'o such a man, always oxprcssing IIi ~ UO illCznpt. for fops and daudics, the popinjays who hnng uJ·ounct courl8 would have no attractions.

Nt~pvlcuu feu red foo· tho dc• tiny of ~ho Fren ch pcop!•· Thei~ educa­tion Lind zundo tho monarchy a.nd btez·a.rchy part of t.b ear extl3tcnce. 'lllo well duiug people cou ld see no a;afcty ou~itlc of the monarchy. 'J'ho l'l'l tgiouM p •oplo coul d hope for tta lvn.tion only throug h the cstn.b­liiJhmcut. ut' the church. lJnrk flnd gloomy as wcz·o the storms pa8sing ovuz· thu land, far above t.ho HLorm, immortality and ctomal lifo glowed throug h the IJI11ck IJ 80111 of the clouds, and tb e hopes of the ir children nnd t.llu homes ot' tbc.tr frtth ors shone out clcnr as the sunlight and lJeau­LLful n." JHJI'(JOtuo.l spring, buukoning them upward atld onward to rcal1o of hght.

'Jhu ku1gltoua of F'rnncc wns no longer. The republic of li'rnnre was rcehug to und fro like a drunken mau. AH Europe dreadod the rev­oluuvntH)' lu:rt!t~ics of lhe Nlltioual Assembly far more than they d read­ed th1.\ hurriblo mat~~Etacrcs of tho ruvolulioo; fur all de~potisms are tem­pl uH n.:an!d upon huml\n slavery nntl cemouted with Ulood, v. hose richest mu~iu IU'C the groan~, ~ighs und agouies of oppression and ita couse­qut•ut r~ ull'crmg. 'apolcuu tromUled for the l1'n.m c.h colonies, French JWH~"~t.'~"'iuuH 1 tuu.l French c...l epc udcuc ies, C.Rpccially those of .America. 'l ' ll o l'!uuldlll'l in tho north hlld Uueu wrustod from France by Hngland "tth thu uid of UuJ colonies.

'un l>vmingo had never ad<led to either tbe wealth or the g lory of thu 1•'.-cn ·h pcoplu, "bu of nil oiviliz d people arc the least cosmopoli­tan Ill thdr lu11Jit. Their devotion is tlu~ir mou zJUlins, \alleys, sea lHJmo of J• rnnuu. Ji ... runco had never reproduced her own g reu.Lness in 1\.aoetlcu, as t.hc kingtlom of great 13riliau has done in her colonies. .l:luunptu te dread •t.l t.Lle uecessil.y of the transportation of armies to the

1875.] f'T.!TE Hl:ITORIC'.\L 8DcrETY. 89

fu~.:~r::,;h~r:!ao~Jt,he_.Atlsnti~.•. His experienre i.n Eeypt had bN>-n un-h ~bung, and .Bonap:trti' "·ss enuuentty n lwro of land

r:'-tl~er .t an "ea for,·e!'(. The. neees .. ity ~,.,r the defl.)ncc of th(' ... r~at :\li~­Sitlt'l:1P1 ~r1mntry~ Wlll-l. exc~dtngly_ prohtthlc, with the Ca.oaJas in tl~e ~~~u~h 3 ~~~r:;~~}J1~:st~: ~~~~~~ e~hlcu~a:~:tl.; f w?uiU. 1Rtl"on~ tl.1c were erpltl~ly deli<:a~e. En~n then tllt.'ro W:l<~~ a co~te~~~~~:d 1~utt::,: betw_l'Cn t~reat Hrmnn nutl .Spain again:,t the .Freneh ~ud ~ >rt.i '1 ld !\lex~ c?, wnh all of _~prmish .America, Cuba., and Floridtt. Th~' h~ l~e of ~~gauung the co!o!nes h~ad ~ot y~t loRt it.." hold UJkm Brithh :unblltioo. ] o hold the LouuH~nn 1 errnory 10 the cont1icLS of the apoleonic wnr then ~ully _plan,~ed 11~ the grc:'~ ambition of the firs t t:ou~nl, wn~ dc.•t.!m~J problctmlllc. l be }i TI!Dcb P<:Oplu knew of the J\J i~@iMI.Oippi couutry not more lhnn the recent generauon .know of the nnexplur...'\1 muuntnin~t of tho moon. !he ve.ry recollecuon of the ~lir:z~itisippi wa~ naturall ~uou~h s:Rocmted w1tb ~ohn L~1w 1s ati .. "'1 .... ippi bubble, which hut! bur!t ln rutn O\ cr. tho he3?~ ot tbe! reuoh jJCOpl~J but. little more thnn hnlf a. ceu~u ry before. 1 h~ Me~wnn s, AmeriCa ns, '"'pilDiard'-1;, Jiriti tlh u r l• rc.nclt had no conception oJ the extent, wealth and re!Jourcea of this wonderful country. ilut Napoleon finally concludc1t w strip for tho con test. and c!mqucsL o~ ~he most enlightened continent. of tho g-lobe, and throw o fl C \ ~~y we1ght, and placed in markot a Lorritory of r~ntc- r oxt nt. and magruticence than all the co,·eted kingdoms of J.!: g <.1" tributed among his kiudreds. uro 1~, 18-

. N o _people ever enjoyed religious liberty, wbo did not first secure cn•tl hbcrt.y,.to protect. It. 'l'be rights of con chmce, sncred in Lhern­St:lve~, are r1peued by ~ulturc, and. naturally seek their own dcfeneo. H~ \\ ho .hath no~ a cu.ltl\·ated.cons<aeucc, which comes of a cult.ivatcd mtr'~d, wtll c~re ~tttle tor the rights of conMcience. l I he c.olomza.uo.n of orth America was the re-pcopleing of another

Ec...l en With S?Cl e tJ eR well lettered ::md iudl'pemlent 111 their modes of tbo.ug!H, wluch. begnt a ke.eu cousciousnes~-conviction for which ~heir ~athers s~fle.red death 1n Europe, nod in defence of which tboy nnpcrtll.cd tbetr h''es upon tbc aiL.r of hbcrty and pour d out thei r blood hke w~ter spilled upon the grouud. The American coloui • were penni pn"ons lOr cert.:uo criminals of the parent gvrernm •ut. Jn Europe.: . Hut. Lhe criz.n~s for which th y wcro trnnsvortccl wore tho e bold, dJVIJJO VIrtues of too pure and of too rich nnd rnnk a g ro\\ th to flounsh on tho soi l of a. de potiam, untl er tho shadow of throne

'l'h~ crime of "w.or.ahipiug Uod ncourtling to tho di t UJ.tcs of: their c~us~acn~e ;" the cruu.o of "obeying Goli rawer tbau mau ;" tho c rime of rcJ CClJ~g the doct.r:m~ of tho •:c.ltvino right of King ;" t.be crim ' of desp1 lUg ·IJ~se sui.HmHst~u to unJU5L laws ;" tho crime of reM i .~;tiug tho ~Ia\ t.sh doctrine_ of "J~nBSJ\'C oU~otence ;" the crime of rofu8mg to juin tn throu~ worsh•p:-kmg worsl11p--rnau worship or hero wono~hip. . llrc3.Hllng ~he IJII~0\\8 of L.ho ~ccan nnd keepiug time to tbo mul:fic of 1ts ~t.or~l3, With thctr songs of Jt~c.rty and rt.!ltgiou, the o brave )Jt..IQple, bn01shed by gorcrnrncot, or exJhug tbc.mflelvcs to thtt prot.cotiou of hca~·en , under tb.e guarn!ny of their naLLtrul rig_hU&, como to peQplc nod cuJ'-;1\'llte n. cont!ncot. They contemplated "'1th tilith, pauen cc, nud fortttude, tbe nl~unate esta~llshruent of an enli~btened repu bli ·nu gov­ernment; a spcctal corporauoo under the govcruwent. of ntlturo aud of

40 ~TATE !llSTOR!CAL SOCIETY. [!1o. 2-1.

God under tho supreme taw of our hcin~, thn.t all men are born free and ~c 1 ual, and han~ certain inalicoahle nghllol. .

'!'hoy adopted these maximR1 cl ~ar al't the Aun_, beautiful as the firm:uncnt, anti endurinf{ as the. Detty_; an C!-1-!Cittta l cl~mtmt of the

anhoo1J of man · an unmortahty wh1eh ~:-.hall glow wtth fl)Jlendor fang a.fu•r the fire 'cJf tho sun has die? out, and "the elements hu.Yo Jllt'lU!d with fervent heat." "All the JUSt pow_ers of govcrumc!tt are dcri\·cd from the conHent of governed." 11 B.Ct1tstancc to tyrants 1s obe­dience to Gocl." "i'~qnal and e:m(.'tj uatice to all men and especial privi-Jos.ces t.o none." "All power i~ inherent in the peovl~." .

'J'hct~o people were scauer d over tl_le ocean fro~1twr of a conunent, surrounded by ft1.vagc!l, attn.ck<:cl nt the1r labor by. wtld bcas.ts, anU trea.d­ing through u. wilt.lurne8s of \"cnomous serpe~ts,, m a!l nt~os.pht!re vuts­oned with malnri.n, the riel! outgrowth of a \' trgw sot! whtclt had never been diotllrbccl by tho plow. .

\Vith whnt heroiRm the~c bol1l, brave men cast their eyes backward through n. dcmw wildcrnctu~ of thrones, prisont', nrmics, spies, 8takes, nnd gtiJb u, which haJ purified liberty, a.nd trainee~ heroes, martyr~, s.nd philutwphl•rK to educate aud lead mar~kmd tv th1s grnndcst., ulum.nte gloriout~ clcRtiny 1 'J'he graves. of thCJr persecuted nnccstry 111 forCJgu lands became ftnt•rcd as memorials of duty, and wero remembcrcrl as vc•tihulus through which they trnveled darkly into the temple of lighL '.l'hoir wild l~:•rulclS wore schoolH where the chihlren were taught that all1non of right ougl1tto bo, and of" raoral necessity would ultimately l10, fr •o and govcru thcmsclvcH.

Am ri<_•a wtlf:l, from its 1lisco\·ery, the lancl of prisoners. Christopher ,olurulnas thr •w tho light of tho world upon a new continent only to

c pinto hiM criuw of disco"·ery in n lm~tlumme pri!\On. \ Villinm 1-'cuu cn.mo with his fri •111lly, poactJful followers to secure his release from impriMollm •nt for his d votiuu to principles iniu1ical to t.yrnnts-tho tton of o.n ntlmirnl, yot. the follower of 1hrist, ancl the teacher of broth­erly lov ·, ·tuno to America tot ach savages by ~:;:x:unple, "P~;~n.ce un ('arth, llJ\(1 ~ooU will to men.11 A colony rcnretl upon Ruch n. foundn.­tiuu ntul RllmiuiMl(•ring the government upon such principlefl1 cdut·ntod her ponplo to love liberty, enjoy liberty, and cultivato its knowledge, and wt.•r ~choolm.l to the hurdy virtues of f1·eedom which were intcr­won•n in tho tmhtlo web of aot'icty.

Ht~puhlh.•IUl gov{'rnm<.'nt gr w naturally among such a. people, who wcro uncoruH,' iuu;.Jy freeing their limbs from the 1\Htcra never to be en­fila' •d ngain. Unn~u b prosorivtion from tho crucllics of Old gug­lnntl, l.lw first sculel'li of 'uw Englnnd were Uc\'oted to religion, where they lll•tl to f!njoy it; nllll however the narrow·mintled exclusivencst, of tho rolii(WII• IJigotry from which they sullilrecl f11iled to tcnah thmn tulernt.lon lO otlwrt', yet the ancestry who g:lve to the world Franklin, tho Atlnm l'!t, 8~uuuel and John llrmcock, \\·arreu Lhe gdwan)8CS., "rt.•htotl'l't~ 1 null t~,ishcr Am R, were the nucleus of ~ aelf.governnumt whit.'h inured irntllt.•n!;ely to the nltinuno indepomlencc of the colonies. . 'l:bo llu~unu~~, \lriven.in exile through .b:uropc, found a resting pln~·o 111 South arultna, und founded tho southern outpoetK of liberty in t.ho colonic~. 'J'hrou~h persecution and pain, torture and privation, these oulthnletl CJhrit!Ltan pt.•o_plc wcro driven over every country in Europe iu 8l!3rcb of safoty, until tbo wimls of tho ocean drove Lhom t.O t.be

I . ;;;.)

Carotin "· Tt•mpc .. t-lo ..... t••l in.tlw t\.'\~olutitlll' <1f Eur''fw, tht.·~ t~•Uih1 an a..--~ I urn httyon.J the n .. ·~~·h lll. the llllnhm~ uf ('tlllrt .. , tht.• i 11 , 1 ui·dtnr~ of tl_tt! dltlrch, autl th~ '"PU::, ul the ~ nny, but uc\ t·r ah:att.•J thdr ll:~~l for lliJerty.

Then <'ft!Uc th<' l~ 11tch ~o Xcw llltll:ttlll. ~\ hr:\\"t' pt•uplt•, innrt'<l to the hartl"blp' an\l n ... k.., ot tlll' <ll'C n, \\ lw h!\•l '')'t'th·•l tln·ir ~h l..t·~ ftnJ. indtL·d .the ~·:ncr: t'' t:t.kl'l"':-o~t.· .... io~ ufthl'ir l'•H;utry,mthl·r th:;ut~J ... 11 ~ rt!ufl er 1l to 1nnt.d1n~ lJra.ut... 1 n unit 'tiun t>f tht·ir D•lrtlwru t•oluui;.Ll b_rcthrcu, th e_} comm~nct:·1 tho wurk of t·ry .. t:llizirl~ ,•ivi!if.·Hiun, t·tlttc~­unn, entcrprt~"<t_), and uupnH emt.•nt., pn•p:\ring- tht.• " l\' fur tht• ultim \IO stru~.rle o_f th t.! grt!st natiuna.l hirth. In the Vt•ry ht·~lrt nf tlh• t.•nuutry J.J,,~J lhlumore cs.n1t• to pc1l1~le 'l~ryl :m•l. \\· t.·ary uf Ellr1, 1w·m P"'r'l'l'­cuuont:~, of thr ndultcrou~ umon of t•hun:h n.ud .. t:lh•, tlu .. • t:otdlit-t>ot to pt•r­pNu.atc or.chnn.g-_e dynn .. ut•>o~ s!1cl f~t.·r .. unnl ~tn·"·rnm 1 ·nt~, t'rt.':\1\•J in the 111Lt:re~t ot fnnuhc~ nn~l «'Otnbmauous t 1 • ltutdu·r tlw p~nplc in nrml"'"', and rub them by t:u.::t.t.t~n,, to fc('tl th~ 1..'\travag.'\JH'l' an•l :.upport tho voluptuou~nc5~~ of nuhilaUcR and court", Lnrd Baltuuur...• wa"l till' f,uuH1t.'r of the tir:,t o!" all tho l:olonics wh~. tlcclnr"•d .thl' dh 111(' ri~ht of the lib­erty of con~ca~nce to all men. \\ 1th tht• 'lllrit <,f tht.·ir , uuntry fn·o as tho ocean and .bold n~ the wizuls ~ht!y adtlt-tl to tht..• ~:\lht•rin~ "nrmy of frueclom, formmg the cordon of hbel't)' tdon~ the .r\tb.utio co:l~t-

Yirg-inin Wt\~ ~culed by the hat·,Jy y('otuanry of l·:nglnHl l, "hu 4..':trrit.•rl with ~hct;n th e '_lll'lllOri eR ?f th~ right of tri:ll hy jury, R111l the l'i~ht>j ,1f <·onbtltultonal liberty, whH'h for ngcs hnd TlH\tlc (; rt•:lt Bl'itnin tin• dt!~­del of just government in Kurope, the only or~anit.ed pow·cr uu c~&rth which respected the rights of n fair and impartial trial by tho pe<•rfl of tho accuqed. Yery uarly the spirit of free thought. gailtt.•d pu~~e0ol"'i•1u Of the }leOpfO, and :\ jealott~y Of COJOni!\.J prhiJegt·~ WU~ t'IICC'('t.•dtod hy tho declu..ration of nntural right1<1, which nP:sum~d tlw rig-ht of ~;elf g-o\'~ ermm~ut. Tho warlike spirit of this "gre:nt ami untcrrifietl c•olony," wlti1·h Lord Cornwallis wns wont to t·all Virgiui:t, prn 1ltt~·tnl \Vnshiltg~ t.on, 11 milit:l.ry hero, tbe most eminent for hif4 \'irtuu iu the O.TIJ11ll~ of mankind. The cuoroachmcnts of the church had prccipit.'lU.•fl n c•outlil·L between the tithe gntherer and tho wo~bipper at th~ sltri11 of a c),·uukt~n Jlriesthood and fox-hunting Ub.hopq, Pnu·ic·k Henry, bvm of the occ•l\­sion, topt·uug- into the contctlt. ami Urfcntlcd thu people og1lin,.,t. thl' ng­grea:;,iun~ of tho p~lr~Sons.

The r<•volution11ry war wa~ lh~ occa"ion lmt nut the C'I\II>~C' uf' thl• lib­erty fJf the .Americ:m people. Tin• <·ntuot• wo.~ tilt.' t.•illll'l\.tiou CJf tho people. The gl'rrn of liberty hn.d l.H!l'n tr:ut~pl:tnu•tl to n virJ.tin Moil, sntl g-rew with its uatur~11 growth ju~l M dl·"'poti!o'm hn.d J.{rown raukly under tho fo~tcring care of tbrom·~, hierarc•hu~!'l, an() :\rmil'"~· A ('r) ll· talized government, now untlt:r tho ndmiui~tnttiun of .lt·ll'"· r,.ou, juMt after the refll.'x. of Aanerh·~n lndepentlt'nt.·u nuJ libt.•rty h·ul thruwu it'l glitU:'I'in~ f.l:htu.low a<·ro~s the ocrlln, drOH! terror iiiVJ .tlw heart~ fJf ul.t de!-ivotittms enthroned. The Freuuh so~liit.•r~ \\ho M'l"\\'d undt:r f.tt. Fayet.tc, enamored of American libcrt.v, dtM·onr,.<'d fnwly uf the rit('ht.tt of man. E\'Cn umlt.•r Hooaparto tho French army, tlu·n lh • '-'ratJCit·l'lt. that cvor marC'hetl ur d.•r 111 rtinl ordena, dr~:Lmt!d thl·m~dn: tlu.· urnty of the repub1io of Frnnco •. At this j1.mctun• ~~f nfl".~irR th~·r~ \\ c~c two republicB. 'l'he ono a gloraous orgnni7.Ccl rl'\'1\'al CJt the nght.M ul 1nuu, thu other a JUcre shadow of LilJcrty, nu iynu1 ftttuu•, that. lod a grt·at

0

42 STATE IH TORICAL SOCIET>. [~o. 24.

army through the jaws of death in eothnsiastic man· worship, uniler the dc:hu;ion that this was tht! road to frcud"!tn~ . . .

The r(!pulJiican euwrprltt.C of ..\lr. J etlcraon meL the 1_mp~na.I tacuc8 of l\!)ol•on, uml ~,empted his nmlJ~tiou wt.th money, wlulst.~D f.i!ar tb~t t.h \interposition of EugltuuJ and :spa111 .mt.ght. "A:rc~:~t tl~c pni'..e I rom Ius

1 1 Jcfl'crl'lon secured t.bc w<::Lltb of a con ttncnL trom a ·onqueror _::;~~~ad. made the foundations of the dynrunies.of ages tremble at hia approach, who was casting tho dtc? o~ lJaulc tor thrones, crowns and 8COptrcs, t.O be distribut.cd al~uug h~t~ k.iru;men. . .

uoh was the ignorance ot the 1~ ror~ob _respectl_ng _the magottud~ of this great country, that. Uui~.ot, ~oug utt.t:r u.s llcltUltitLtou by tllc Umted tst.atctt, bcliev ·d 1t (XHIMihle tor ..b:ur~JH' w csttLb l.leb a balance. o_f vower in Nort.h Am~riua. .llany ycnr td tcr the t~aotdc.r ~ftb~ LO UISJ :~nu. ter­'t.o a memorial was pn.:sont.t:U LO t.hc kwg o{ 1 russ ao., n.ssuriUg t.be ~'or~~ thn.t. tho growth of Amcric~u rcpubuca.n i~m c~uld .he, readily checked by n JO:uro t1can nlliauco w1th t!IO po~erful. tniJe .ot_ ~~ero_kee lntliant~, who wouh.t prevcu_t the ex:tcosl?ll ~f our l.lll CI:I of ctv ala r..a uon.

N tlJ)Qi oou was tracwg hid cODt.fUCsts 111 ll~es o{ bl.ooJ thr? ug h ~he centuries of JtoiUan g randeur, glo1·y and hCL'OlSIU, to gtvc t.o but larmly the thrones ol tho Uu,;..inre; tumang away to the uonh. be dreamed of dominion in tho homu of tho ticytluau. ::ipa10, ~nd_ilclglum, and Naples w ro but as country scats in which LO quarter hts ~1nsruon .. !nth~ mad­ness of his dclinum he surrendered to tUe republican prc:udtmt. for less th rm ono·fourth of tiw pnvato fortunt; of OUl' IUOSt w~al_thy ~mericau aitiacn, the moKt. mugu aticcuL laud ever transmiLt.cd by whcru . .ancc or l JO Ught Wllh IUOII Uy .

'!'110 .1\l i••'"•iwi river, that reaches out he~ bands and gathers up the wn.Lurs of tho tukC14, buiJ tt up tho snow ot Li.Jc mountaaus to Lhe sun until riv •ra strca.1uH ami nvulcts g::Lt.bur fl'om the extremities of a ma.g­uitiuon t. Inn~, tho fountu.ans of a V:.Ldt iolautl sea strcn.mang forth frow tllo C(,rth tuu.J W ILLOI'Cd by tho cliJud.s of a uontineot, wit.u mouutains Jillcd witb tho notu!SL m1n c.rala, ooal to propul tho machinery of tho worl<l, unU gold t.o conduct. _llls commerce ; irou, ~cad an~ COJ.Ipe_r; forcst.s of timber, wtth a. soil ll.d rwh o.s tho vnlloy ot tho Ntlc, wluciJ needs not. its irr1gnt.iou ; ombmciug: 11. olimat.o of every varied temperature, a l.mLoing ::Ltmosphuro iu tho north, wlnub_ creaws uorves o_f steel, to.revel in purp tuu\ suow~; through "h ut. tiulds and coru t:iellh;, until tho IU.l &Up tJlooiUI!I w1th thu tol.J.1ooo plant, tutU the cotton opens it.s pulps bcno11th Lbu Mhu1l or t.hu oraug4J g rove, uud. the rico and augar lJlt!UUl­tiuutt tu·c r1vouing in th u rualll.L!:i of purvotual summer; the apflt3 null vr.l.oh •rry, wtth the hardy fmns at ouu ouU. of Lhe groat line of ra1lroo.Js, tho almond and tru1uual frutt!i nt thu other. TI.Jtti gre:l.L ri\•er, which gt\t.hors it.tJ dt.retulld l fVIU tho m~WIIJLiu ruuusscs of every part of ttl "' laud, hi lJoutul in olOdOr btHltls by nutroat.ll'l whiub Urtve t.huil· charaoLB of tire through U\·cry rwouuo of uummuroe o.ud trade, and. will make ll.3 the r~ uhl.ldt sol f ~o\ om mont, tho frot:~ t. of all oult.tvatod peovle.

'J'ho "nnut t]y Wlll or \'3.lll!ys of whtotl the Ml:t~itlt~lppl is the immense g~rU 111, wo.lloJ Uy t.ho A.llcgunuios on t.bo east und t.uo H.ocky .Mowl· UtiiM on tho wo~t., bounJ\ld uy lakes aud gulr~, and euvironed by oceans, \\ llh t.ho great. va.sturu ticltld of t.h.u vta.H.&d, aud caule ranches of' 'l'exas, mu•t ultiu>Moly l~ud Eu•·opo aud dwr.aLo lawo to tbo U uited Sr.ates­dicr.ato lawo 1u 1ho brouu, deep s~lriL of a land of •ucb pb yercal

I ;5.] T.HE HI TORI C.<L ~Ol"IETY. 4

grn.ndeur. This la!ld of ours W"!l-tlhe fir~t fruits of' the- rcal'titlnnrl intlu· encl! of our re,·oluttonary war. Thit~ ":1'- tho tin·t t;,ot of land t.-, ~r pur­ehn.se<l or peacefully ncttuired from n son.~rcign c.olviliz.P(I power in tho history of the human family for the purpo!'l' l'~f d~lic.•sthm to con~titu~ tionnl government, nod at wa.s so gua.rsnlet.•d in t.he t.rl..'aty which eon­fcrrod lL

This triumph of diplomacy over !l .. o\·emment which '""!\!! proud of tho ru,tutencss of it.s Talleyrrmd, would hn\"e securetl immort.a.lity for the memory of any other :,lt\te;.;msn. Hut Jdl't.> rr:;on bad made himt\elf immortal. Tbe Dec.l!lmlion of Iodepemlence will live as long as tho Englis.b language and ~ist to pre crve it.

T he administration of justice witbout oppr ~"'ion hall nttrncted tho fri euds of freedom of e '•ery go,•c.rnment ou earth to J~tl\.art:on, the c.•hi('f magi.Mtrate. The act of rcligi us tolerntion, written lJy the pen of .Mr. J efl'erson, and incorpornLCd in the law:t of \'"irginia, would hrw~ crowned with immurt.alit.y th e Life and memory of t~- n y 8t.nlcsmrm of antiquity. Neither so ulabors.te n Dcmoslhenes' speech on lbc cro"~o, nor m..ndo with such st.n.telincss as \\'"cbstcr's plea for the American Union, nor HO magnificent as the great ornlion of Herod to the Jews lo lny down t.be.ir arms against. Lbe H.omn.ns, it wl\8 greater tha.n any or all of lhom combined. This act was tho golden k<y th at unlocked tbo door of rho

tate to religious liberly, and at the ~~uno time Lhc bar of steel that. closed the gate of the church to religious per"'wution .

.B tween .Napoleon sud J eft'erson wn& lhe moflit remarkable ('.Onlrnst, never better drawn by human peu than by the fOllowing ovnlrllSt, writ­ten by Mr. Jefl"erson in a letterto a cardinal at Home, February 11, 1810:

* • * "Your lette.r to tbe archbishop, being from Romo, and so late in eptember, make me hope that all is well; au~ than s bo to God the tiger who reveled so long in the blood and spoils of Europe, is at' length, like another Prometheus, chained to his rock, where tbo vulture of remor e for his crimes will be preying ou bi vitalg, ant.l in Uke manner without consuming them. Uavi.ng been, like him, co­trusted with tbe happiness of my country, I feel tho bl<ssing of reRCtn· bling bim in no other poinL I have not caused the death of five or ten rnilhons of human being , t.be deva tation of other countrice, tho de­population ?f my o'!o, the ~x.J1nuR~on o~all its r '80u rcCI!, Lhc det~truc•tiou of its libcrucs, nor tt-e foretgo eubjugauon.

"All tbie baH been dono t.O render more illuslriou" tho ntro(•ilieH per­petrated for illustrating himself and bis family with plundered dintlemo and sceptre&. On the contrary, 1 hM•o the c.onsolntiou to rcllec t, Lhnt during the period of my admi.t11 tratiou uot a drop of tho blood of a singlo J'ollow·citizeu Will! shed. by tho sword of th~ I I< or. war, anu arw;r cherishing. or eight years thCIT peaeo.and vrosp~rrty II_a•d down. thor r trust. of my own accord, snd in tho mJdst ot t.he1r bl e~s1ngs tlllll 1mpor· tunities t.o continue it..

"'J'uOU:AB J.&BPBlt.SON.u

Such was tho philo ophy of the history of the acqui•ition of the mere territory upQD which wo b.ave built the great tate of Iowa.

·uob was tho character of our ancestry, t.o whose long continuetl cul­ture of jnstice and libcrLy we are indebted for a coantry scarcely lo 8 to be coveted t.bau the garden of our first paron !B. A government per-

44 STATE BU TORICAL SOCIETY. [Xo. 24.

feet in every thing except tho•e infirmities of ar~miuistrati~n by mere men Bot how like the ilaferior animals are we m our notiOns of jus. tice ~ntl ri rrht. E:1.ch devount the other inferior to himself. Our tr aty with J~, rao~e gave us .the naked :ighL of disc.overy purchased, the right of home nntl posFeR~Jon the Ind11u1s had enJoyed for age .

F or fu ll three centuries the encroachments of the white mao npon the Tn~ian had been aggrcOAi\'~ and augured of tbe extinction of the red rncc, leo.ving only here and there ft. remnant of the admixture with the Hopcrior race, 1.0 live in rom.ance and song, of tbe Poca.hontastribe of Powhattan· or in the reigni ng of John Ros•, of the Cherokees.

v ,.lley alto; va ll ey was yielded to the cupi~ity a!'d growth of the aucukian race, who first. begged a place to p1tch h1s tent, as a refuge

froltl parsec·ntion, then begged a l~ttle ground to. till and cultivate, to feed his children; then begged a. littl e more for l11s persecuted brethren, who wore flyin g from persecution und er a dominion of kings and bi.e­rarchi cs. They wanted a little more fat· the church which brought

hri~t nntl his pn:.:c ious clo trines, with salvation ofl"ered freely as tho huhbling wa-tora thn.t. m-n down from the mountains, pure as th e s nows that melted and gushed down from the mountain side. Then wanted more on which to lJUild thei r churches; thou wanted more to establish n guvcrnm nt, to rule the churches and the people ; then wanted more to tax nnll pa.y t.-iLhcs au(l atipcnds to give to the chnrcb a more certain oupport; then wtuHe\l more to keep ~n army to enforce the gospel of ponca, with a fow Holdiors, ever re11dy to cut the throats of men not willing to bolievo or rea•ly to obey the peaceful doctrine of th e gospel. In thi• small way <lid our honest fathers get their first fast foothold on t.ho co11Linent f' tho aborigines.

.llut govOI'IIOI CIILS g1·ow, power in creases nnd becomes arbitrary: this wnA Archimedes' imtJlOvnbl o ful crum ou which to plnco hi s levet· to move tho world. 'l'h Indians yielded; King Phillip gnvo wny to the

norO[\ChmcntA of t.ho New 1£ug lu.nd Engli 1h; Powhnttan yield ed to the cncroa hmeni.B of tho Virginia English. Tho Shenandoah, the m st b a.ulifu l, romfUJt.iC n.nd frniU.ul. of all the eatltern valleys, was sur­l'end or d hy tho Iuclinn tribes without a battle or o. massacre. That boa.utiful land RUtTOtmfled by mouutnin palisades, and over-hung by VMt nnd wildly clusterod vi !lag s of rocks, became the peac"fully nc· quirod posRORSion ot' tho Cm1ousia.n intruder, who beg~ed u.n entrance into tho homo of tho luditm and then robbed the Iudmn of what he uould .not get. ns a sucecssfu! mendicant f'or Lhe beggillg. Mo,•ing west­ward ttl n soltd nnd aygresslve column upon t.Ue l"irrbts n.nd ho111e of tho 1' d mnn, be a.pvrottl'hos tbo sources of the Mo~Ollt"rabela. . H ere is tho grn.udm~t mo_untnin pln.t?nu in all America; whe~e, sta.nding, you

un cn•t n stone toto \he spnngs thnt gnther the first waters tlmt swe p nwl\y tl11·ough tbc monnhLins of tho south nst into the Potomac-wbich divid e<! tho Jho fr~m the slave tMes-ond swept through its rich valleys to the Ol' 'Dil; tnrmng to the loft, noothcr stone could be ca t into the water. ol' tho Mouong•heb, which swifty gathered the wat rs which druinod tho westOI'IIsl pe ofthe Alleghanies; turning again to li1e setti.ng tiUn, n stoua. ooutd be cast. Into tho wat rs of the Kannwha aud New rh·urs, whioh nre the A:rauU uatnro.l caunl which concentrate the waters of thu ao~lthwc~t. into tho. Ohio; turning to the south, springs that burst forth as fouutllms swept 10 cascades to tho James river, and mingled

1 7ii.] STATE Bl TORIC.\L ~OCIET'l . 45

tb£' Cl)ol mountain water:- v.-ith the ocean. From thi-. hesutiful pht£'su, by a ~cntle d~~cent., the trtn der soon rem.• he:-. tht' .)l ingo I~"ls.t.8, t'tnt of which bursts the cverlastint:!; founUlins of the Tygart Y all~y. ThiR wild sublime scenery of the mount.sins;-not .:u·elle<l by :mything dr:'lWll by the hand of roman~e-wnllc..\d in Uy the ls!!t. ~rami f:\tlg'<' of the AJie~hanie~, hundre~ts of feet :\hove the 1 , c.•l of tho pl:'lc.:id strenm which flows ill rippling tlovds beneath the mount.'lin, then extemls; for nearly fift.y miles, cultivAw-r.l by a g-c.mcrons pco)JlO. On the east, ag:ain wnlled by the r_,-reat Chcat )luunwin, ou the very hight of the tuOliU· ta.iu, at. nearly two thousnuri feet aln"He the leYc\ of thtl Ty~:Tnrt. Ynlll'y, the rlnrk nnd trellcheroos Cheat ri\·er pours ilS mouuu\in tloot18 over precipices, and through ledges for miles, thou toink:'!, le~niog only ~un-mote rocks to mark the D'lLnrnl pathway of the ant·ient rh·u; nftor

subterranean passages for many milcs,likt, a. tloucl, it lJursL., tt.1rlh ng:lin to pursne itfl tortuous course 0\·cr prcdpi e an•l letlgC'. Tlli ~ 1'll1lc, b enutiful, wild and romantic ,·n.lley was the hi1·th pine of l .ognn, tliO Min go chief, whof::e plaintive appeal upon the murder of hiR family will live sille by ide with the oration of Judf\h. to .Joseph fnr Lhc re-­lease of Benjamin, and outlh'"e all of the stmlieJ nrt of clculucnoe.

From the 1\[onongo.hela to tho M m:kingum, from the Mu~kin_gmu to the r iota, from tho dota to the Mi:uni, aml finally to tho 'V nUtL.'~h, were the tribes driven, to mnkc room for tho white man, who wnntcd onty a little more land to extend his cl\rilization.

'"l'ecumseb n.nd his "-ickcd brother, t.hc Prophet-it is well to call 11im wicked, bec3.use he was not a Cn.ucnsian-wn.s not our ohnrnpi n -fought ag:tinst us-made the last bold stand that looked like nnti ou:.l war to resist lhe enoi'Oa.chments of civiliY.atioo upon the nntuml l'ights or th e Indian. 'l'he na.Lttra.1 heroism of Tecum eb, unit.ed to tho are­fully planned fanaticism of the P~ophc~ combiu,,d with tho :R1·itisl.1 in au organized war, wos a Hystemabo res tstance, such o.s had never bef?ro been made by the Indian sin ce the seLtlemoot of the nor thorn portiOn of the continent.

The prophet was another .l\Iahomet, using only the power nt his comma-nd upon the SllJ erstitious nature. of his pe pie~ another .~oe Smith, im~ro,;sing the traditions of his tr~bcs, n.!lother .!1!11 r, nrou~mg the primiltve nations to prepare for the M.111cnntum of Jus rnoe now nt, h"nJ. Tho pr phet was ~ bloody, vindi \• live dreamer. 'l' Clllll8 h dreamed not ; l1e had all of th nbiliLy of' King Philip, all of til e sub­limo independence of Logan, n.U of the porsoMl bmvory f orn>tnlk 'r l1e was more than tho superior of' any Indian chieftain who hatl liv e~ be.fi r e him · he wa. to the Indians whom he oommandetl whnt ll nnm bal was to' the Carthagenia.ns, whnl wRar wns to the Ron1n~Hbwhnt Bonn.pnrte wn" to th e I•'rench, what Oromwcll. w!\8. t.o the Englu~ ;_he failed only because he wao Lhe greateRt of t>n 10fe1'10~ rnee, .strugglwg against the superior. No m?ro. human, h?WOV"cr, gams a. vwt:ory over nature. Defc.n.t brought to lifo rts worse 'rwes-dntokonne~a, rdlenc.;>~s, degradation. AlLer tho. defeat of 'J'~cumsoh, tho ente:1 me and. 11.8 first·born chH<l-aggresoton of tllo wh1te man-brought ILB power mto immedint.e contl\cr..with the Indian.

Then came Blackhawk, the last of the hawnee•, who had foug~t side by side with 'l'eoumseh, whose people l1ad b en robborl of theJT land• by the <>upidity of U1e white man and tl1e treachery of the red

46 STATE T!ISTOR!CAL OCITTY. [No. 24.

man. No longer a proud people, with the hi•tory of their warriora prc•rr\od in th • wampum belt and repented on the battl ·field, Black. hawk, parUy in g-def for the lo~t ~lory of his race, now melting away u likl' n tmow flake on the rh'er," and partly in de~pcration, orf!nnized an J udian anny to prevent the occupation of their lands on the rich and pictur "l"e Rock river valley. Bclic,·ing that a contest here woul<l-nt lcllf!t for a gcncrntion-postpon the .ettlement of the whiteR weRt of the llli.,issippi valley, Bl:wkhnwk mad his war deter. mined and vig-orou , hut not with the usunl f'Bl'agc cruelty known and

l)rnt•ticcd by th · enrlicr tribes. llnt Blackhawk was overcome. The 1 roic frontier warrior, Henry Dodge, whose family hnd suffered from

frontier cruelty, who had heard in the cradle the war·whoop of the lndinna, in aftor year"' had wrested tho tomahawk from their stoutest braves, defeat •d Blackhawk. o must it ever be, the inferior yielding to the fiHIJH:rior rnce.

1<cokuk, ' Vap ·llo, Appnnoose, Kish·ke·ko•h, Poweshiek, with the long liRt of ·hief•, those who were heredjtary, and those who received th ir po!'ilion from their tribc11, were Aimply so mnny thild ren of uaturc, who grew up with the rosio·wce<l, nod bad wol t:dogs and ponies for their compnnics, hunted the bnfl'alo, deer, elk, with the oth r wild gnmc, nnd tho wil tl fruits, died nod left behin d a progeny to perish like the wild tlowero, with nothing to perpetuate their rcmcm­lJrBrH~e ruuong nntionfl, Jenving t.heir memories among thei r tribes as nnnws in n drc:uuy vocabulary upon which to ground a t radition or a111p1ify nn oil 1 g(.\nd. Nature is itself destructive, and produces only to dcRtroy, nnd measures its powers t.o pr due by its capacity to dcMtroy. To thisla.w Hlnn is no exception to the universal rule. Tbe .fiAh l'UUI the worm ; tho snnko ent.s the fish ; tho sw in e cats the snake · man enla tho Rw ino. l\[cn dest roy caoh other until t he fi rst victim, th~ worm, cnts tho man, nnd finnlly tho worm imitnt s the example of tho m 11 nnd (lovour nch other. I n t his fon rful c ircle o f destruction nl\­turc pr tl u •cfl, dcRtroys, reproduces, and ngnin des troys herself.

. AmeriC'Bn hist~ry hns no.moro rnournful page. than that of the gradual <l !••ppeor:tOoo of. tho [ndmns, tho fi 1·st proprietors o f tho soil. Tho lwHory of tho dumppcarnnco of tho I ndian in c ivi lized America is uniqut:,.uniform, eo~,·owful, nnd nnturnl. Tbe lnnd was po!lsessed by th I n Iron; tho bnOnlo, elk, :1nd deer were h i• h rds partaking of his llt'Lture, nnd pnrticipntin~. in h~s nornndio .habits. 'l'bo 'bear, panther, and wulf pro" lt.'d nround Ius w1gwnm unt1 l the Indinn made friends with Ll,lt' wolf, nntl. i1upartcd t him n domestication wond rf lLlly like his own. '1 ho pony, wtld as the I ndion, served him well in the ohase. The wild npplt', plum, nntl ~rapo, _with those othc1· fruits that d isappear upon tho RJIJl!"oRch. of tho plow 1<1 other implements of culture, a !forded to tho l ndum h1s plen~ant summer sweets nnd acids· tho wild mnu the w ild bon l, tho w1ld frui~sli ,•cd nu<l flo~rished together. But the n;bito man cnuw~. _nd befor lun! ,the ent·.h:mtmg drenm of perpetual dominion fled RM "'lSI n forcwr .. 1 he buflnlo heard tho strange voice of the wbjte n!au, n.n ~ tnO\ rd h1s h rde us nn nrmy st.ampctl ing from the enemy. 1 ho l11thnn w tho rotre:lling h 'rd of bufl"nlo, nod mounted upon h is pouy-t~h r ns n wtt nntnrt\1-the Indian'~ food and rniment was in tho bul!nlo nod k1ntlrec! be,.ts. Tho wolf·dog followed the I ndian , for ho "' ed upon the oftnl of the cbnse. Then came tho change. T h e

187";.] . TATE ill. TORT CAL ~O<'IF.TY.

while man, e)oj:::£1 upon the hN>I of thP lntli:Ln, <'Otnm<'ne-c-tl hi. work of improvement surl culturt:". 1-:ven thin~ <'h:tiH!PJ. 'l'ht.•rt' wa~ a dum go in sgric.•ulture: the ro~in·w~i 1!3.\ e W:\)' to th~ c.•orn-fi€'l t1; th<' nntuml grnl-!o;e. were C'hok('d out hy Timothy, Clo,·er, aml Blm1·f:tr.\."'ll· 'rht.•ro wn ... n change in bortic:ultur~: tlw <'rnh applt> ,.il•ltlt.•d to the H .. •unbo Aml Pippin; the wild plum wa~ (..'U'. a"·ay to l!iYP ·plaN.' to the ,rt"~n t~A'!O 3nd n~1.m~on; the wild sour l!nlpe, thnt <' lamht~n.~i tc) tht.' lwis:ht~ of c-n.•nt tree~, or _grew in swnmp~. wn.~ ~upplnnt("tl wilh th(" C'atnw·ha nnd Cont..•t)T'\l. There wr..s a ebsog-e in the n.nima.l t.lt.,me""ti<' : lhe l lurham. De,·on, nn t AlclE:rney took tho pint•!! of the hufl':\lo; tll(' tlcll'kR of )lerino slwep supplanted the wanrlerin~ henls of dt."<.'r; th(" ~lor,:n.n s.n1l Conne"<to"'a in the st.nll~ P:upplnnted the ~(u~lAnflA in th(" <'Orrul; tlw P:h("Jlherd Riu l SL Bernard Ptood a<;J guards to the hous. nnd ht.•r1ls., inBt("acl of tho wolf-t.log, useful only in the eba~e. There wn~ a t•hnnf.!e in tho popul:u hnbitntions: the wi~wam sod loth((", tl1P Blwlter of lea,·e~ nnd <'RH'~ in the <'Rrth, gave way to the net\tly furnished <'Olla~e antl P:pacions mnnf:ions, as the abiding home!\ of culture n1Hl inclu'-try. A chnn~e in education: the war dance nod the chl\ e ga.v(" wny to P:<·hooha, <'OIIt:'l!<\~. and uuiver~itics. A chan~e in rcli!!ion: whcrt' th(" Tndinn wom:m t\tood in dread of the medicine msn a1Hl the prophet of tho trib(', and held her child nA the om.pring of fate, aucl worP:bipped in the glonmy ritett of tho Great Spirit, the white woman henrs her chilt.l to tho temple of tho living God, and lnys him a fl.ncrifico npou the altnr of hri~t in h!lptilo"lm. There was a hange in the irumortn.lity of hope; the Indian mother followed her dead to the burying grounds with "dim, dreory hope f meetin~ on hunting grounds fnr beyond the setting sun, returniug with g-rief snd broken heart, sobbing in ace nt.s of Aorrow thBt. in<p1iry of Job, " l fn. man die, shull he live agn.in?" where now tho b riAlinn m thor, with I osom swelling witb con51olsti n as f:lhe bear her child to the tomb, repenting to herself t~ubmis!lively, T cannot bring him bnt.'k, he cannot come to me. I an go to him, "For if a m11.n die ho shnll live again, for I am tho Resurrection ancl the life." Barbarism hns given way to civilizJ.tion, nnd t.he grim shadow of idolatry has given way to hristianity, and so it will ever be.

The disco,·ery of the ontinent of America by hri•topher olum· bus was the hcginning of a n •w era. in the civilizntion of th~ worlcl. Th;ough the clim Rlnrlight of supcrt~lition nml idolatry the enrlil•r agt'M of our race had groped their way to knowlcdp;~. onfti!"ling l~gcncl had left in doubt the form of tho earth, the ong111 of mnn, qucflll nR of geol gy, questions f anthropology~,cluc~tions of my~holo~y, n.ud tl" •· tions of theology were un•ettl d. 1 he hght of th (,ospcl emllte< b~t the V.vilight of 1hril:\titm truth, itB glimmering rays sho.nc thrc ugh priS­ons inquisitions and star chambers, after tho rurcr h~ht.R had been clo;ed out by ere ds--thcocraoies and hierarchies. 'fh.o cloeo .or the R volutionary war s ured by law the freedom of .conRCIC~<'t', w1t!l the liberty of conscience ; free in(1uiry cam~ n an e~ulg nt light, flCICt! ·o awoke fro m tbe slumber of ages, and Irk an ng1lc nrroy of lrl.\\'clt!rfl, penetrated e,·cry recess of the cnrtl.' ant.l the ~I rncnlll to .discover n .w light. Freedom tore the fetters from. the hn~bs ~f. fi!Cien<'e, ftncl m grateful return science bns magnified freedom Ill ~lvtn~-t her now pc,w­ers and grander em of action: 'l'hc n.cqui itio? of Loui i.arHl wns the declaration of the new doctnno of propagnnd1sm borrowed from tho

48 HT.ITE fll,<TO!l!C.U. SOCIETY. [No. 24.

t'arly ApoJ~tlr~ r,f C'hri""ti:111ity. The AU('C()flq ?f the Jn:1epen•~cnre of tlw UniU•1I StnU•"f "::1\1 fulluw•·d l,y an n.waken~u~ tJf ~~tl1erty tn c~try part uf tlaf• ,.h·ilize•l world. The oJ,~ mouard11~.-. of _h.ur~'J!C c•!mluued ltJ uud.:l· war"~ Jtl1ro:ul to l'n•n.•nt tll(.•tr people trom IIHJlllflllg tnto the ~ fUIIJ(If, rl!JJII'f•"'lljf}JI~ !Hill rnhbt•rif·M ~f th~ g'?\"C!fJIIJl(.'Ol :tl home. '

Huuth t\ruNil~:lc·au~.:"httht•l•f>UI..1.gHJn of hherty from Nurth .\llll'rtC'n., anti nrgnui1.t•cl utulcr Hnlh·ar fur tlH.: inth:J>f·~denl'e nne! f'rc-eclorn of the Anwrican ~pauianl~. )lt•licu, WNt.ry of bct~1g ~ovt:rncd and robhNI, th<·n ng-ain rollii<·,J _nrul w,vtorutd h.y the ~_p:uuard~, nro~e frorn the ui~htmnre tJf ct·ntntu·~o~ twtl dl!t·lare41 fur the liberty of tlu· .Monu:zumas. ()hi (~ret•(•(• the land tJf IJt,mf'r,ofSocmttH and Xcnophon, the granrlc~t tc•tnpl•• c•V<•r rt•t\rPcl w kuow.lt•tltt.t•, for th.o wt.•ary centuric~ ~f the C:hris­tin.n c·rtl hrid huon HllltJidt!nn~ 111 the l1rcs of h£•r desulauon, o' t:JTun hv lmrl.aritu1M until the uwuun1CillK of her iiJu..,triouR l.'hiJ,Jrcn wure trlinulc·tl with \11.- unht.>"' n *"tum·fo' of her mountain£:.; her philosophy, ti U.'rHture sw,J flt•h·ntt· 1 tt·nnflmittcll in fi)Jrlrk!o', wero now t1a111ing in the mu~t 1-{0rg-t•fiiiH lin.•H iu ('\'Cry (•ourt in tho ch:ili~cd w~rlll. The children of' OrN·t·c Kc·ar('(!ly ku<'w t.hP tiAmcR of thctr tlltt"itrtous fathers, whoJOe glury hncl t•Juwni7.1'tl tlu:m in P1wtheon~, anrl ~·ho:-~c. JJIHI~sophy and rhuwric mnclu them ntflt'tent of t.h u worl•l. Hut 111 thJR J'C\'1\'U.I of the Rpit·it of Lihrrty, Hrl'cc·c n.wokCOl ft·om the Plum her of death, and de­clrtn·t l fhr lihcrt.y. 'l'hc ~pirit of her own .Aioibiarlc!l, in re~pom~e to the Mt•t(·mp~ycluu~i~o~ of h('r own Pythng()rn~, renvpe:trcrl in ·r.orcl Byron, who, with 1\uclnc·iou~ •ml1liwily, had 1·ivaled Alcibindcs in his contempt of tunrn.lt~, n.ud luul ~hu.mt•t l Vol wire in his I t·onoclasm, lcfl his heredi­tl&ry title in tlw olde~o;t rnunarchy of Europe to lay tlown his life for the new n·pulJiio of nn.·c·c·(•. SNln·t•ly hnt.l thu spi ri t of Dmno~thcne:s nwoke to tlrivl' nway the m:"nudin~ hcHo~t of' ruwther Philip, until his own \'nit•<• wn~o~ ru·('('lioinj! in the repnl.!io of tho Nc'' \Vorlt.l from the god­HkCl \\' ('hMWr, nml l"l'Apnndl'd to in the "' il very tongue of Olny, demand­ing: thnt the new rc pnhlio of Am erica should streLch out her helping hnnd to tho old rcj111blio of AtlwnR.

PolluHI, int~pirct by th hcroh~ f'.Xarnplo of Kofle iu~ko , like a g iant in chnimc, mnch.• CHH' moro torrihle bt rng~lo to nriRo from her bomlage. 'J1I1o Shuth Amoriu:t.n Rtntcfl, like Mcxko, scnr'loly realized a pure nod lofty lilwrty i Orf>cce WRM overpowered by numUcrs; 1-'oln.nd has Leen cru~ht!d, hut tllo Mt'C't iM tlf liberty hn'"o hl'ett sown-time will harvest tlwm. Tho ~t.t.·:u l y, ~ruwing li)1ht. of hri~tian civilizntion, melting R\\RY tho Htrt•ngth of nrbitrnry power, and at tho fl.nmo time moulding tllll 111infiK of' the oppr('!'l-.cd to rl'liO\'C themselves of opprc~sion, will triumph. Auwri ·n will l'£'pay 14..:uropt'. .Europe gave to mankinll nn outll•t for itH g-wwth, f.(TIUHll1Ur nml lihC'rty. ln n•turn, America will tmn""plnntlibcrt.y to grow lu\urinntly in 1\uropc. Liberty is the normal ounl lttion of man. 'J'hi~ immutnblt• law of a perfect go\'ernmeot ~hall he n~~l1 rh•d '-'' l'n wht'ro : "Thnt. whirh cnn not be controlled mnst be de~troy('d," nC~po ti tottn onn not be controllod nnd God will destroy it.

l rolmul, rt'~th IIIHh.!r the usurpntion of tho rights of her people, ngnin nut! nf.tllirt hl\s rnifiC'd the hnnner of liberty and sclfgovernment, nntl th~ tp·ontM tleclt\ro JrclnuU inun.pn\.Jic of sclf·goverumcnL Did sbe Hlil P ... h(l ditl _not. ~hu WI\~ ovcrpowc1·cd by th e force of numbers, tho f'Omhinnti?n of nrmi~t~ of h!rcd ns .. :l!'l~inP, amlthe overflowing lrcn~ury whooo C(oficrs w~rc blleu wtth money wre•teu frum the toil of her own

}.j".).] TaTE Fll~TOR!C.\L CICIITY. 49

people. ·"pith what amlacit~· mu"'t thnt C'ltampion of tle~poti. m ~J•C!lk ag-nan~'t hht•rtyl who r;.ay:;c lhl• l:ln•l of her,)(·~, phiJo .. ophl• T)('ll'ts. psint­ero~, :uul ~tau.•"'mt!'o, who han~ ht•en alikl• Ji ... tin!!Uii'ht.'"d in :ul111i • 111l arm"' in CH1ry ei\"ilized country untler Ill:\\ t•n, can nut. ~v<'rn ht•l"'t•lt: If Irol:uul eannot., tlu:n can w~? .\ml if we \':l1l110t ~on•m oun-l'ln•", prny, who :-hall aon•rn u .... ? Have Wt.' &n!!l'l~ to ftOYCm u". or u,, king!l go\" ern the wurlrl '-0 wt.'ll that we t•an Ill) lt'llt!l'r !!<nero onn-t'h·e ...

It iM n~tl truethnL there ha" t',ycr bcl·n a t:1ilurc hyanr pl•opl<.' of ~:urope or .Amerll':l. tn go,•crn th£1m~eh-e~. It i~ not trne tluu any ~h·~pnti~m ~n,·e to any people so ~~~o~In g-oYcrnmeut n~ they would han• l'ninn"'d hy ~elf-:.to\·erumenL In F'r.nu·e tin• people hn.\·l-1 tten•r hatl n trial t.lf Rclf·goYernmcnt .. In nil attt•mptR nt ftO'·cnllucnL hy the p4'('pll•, thC\y ha\'e hel'n a~~~uiCtl by the Flinrronnllin~ ltll\'ernm£'ntA of i':nrope, dett:rmine•l to pre~en·e ro\•nlty a~ the ha~is of j:to,~ernment. Th~ thrt)t.' RC'rofulons remnants of etft•tc familie~ of tnanL~-the RourlnJntt the ()rlt\:lni~t~, and Bonap:utc~-have prcYl•nw.i e'en tho R('mblunct•'of" ju~:~.t. free ~overnment; the hit"tory i~ beforl' you. This is trm• of the ~pnni'-lh g-t>\·('rnmenLA in Europe aml .Amerien.

In Europe repuLiicao governmcmt h:\s ncYcr been inau~urated­repuhlic.nn govcnuncnt cannot (·onquC'r; betweC'n conqueRt :Uid rC'puh­lican ~on•rnment there is an eternal conflict; yet the r(.lpuhlic>nn ~y~tcm willnltimntely prev:til in C\·ery pnrt or this c.·ontincnt. Thi~ i!i the ju.;,t foundation ur hope. One t'ull century of e>tended nnd growing cxperienre attesls its Rncce~s.

Civili>.ation, propelled by the knowledge of freedom nnd lho froedom of knowledge, is the mi•sionary angel flying through tho midst of H nven, p•·cacbing tho everlasting gospel to tho utmost pnrts of tho earth.

To Loni!l.innn has been all<led Texru , to Texns rnlif•)nlin._ to Cnliror­nia. will be ntlded tho entire western part of Mexico, ull ready, lik~ rich ripe fi'Uit, to fall into tho lap of self-government. 'l'ho <1uestio n of tho extension of self-go,•ernment is limited only by the progreso!~ of sup· pl tLnting thO CUStoms of :lll ignorant barbariOUS nation, with thO material• for knowledge.

The railroad and telegraph need on ly penolrnle tho hearl of Mexico to bring her people into near neighborhood y, ith rcpublicnu f..'tlVcrn­ment, to gi\'C <~ourn!{e, strcn~th, ami intelligence to her hC"ttor dn Mrf4-

to make r('pulilicnn go,·eroment in ~lexico, tu~ elsewhere.. A. triurupb OYer cle~pou~m.

Gentlemen, I hn>·e li ,•ed clurinl( tho perio<l of the <liscovory nnd application of tho•e wonderful civili,ing powers which ha,·o cxl.<lnded lbe possibilities of free government. among rocn.

I am not old-yet I nm ol,lcr than the rnilroa!l and magnetic Ullc~ grnph; ol<ler tlmn your stale. [ ha,•e seen but littlo, yet have I seen the triumph of the republican syst.eru in Arnoriea.-it will yet triumph in Europe. I hnvo heard evil prophecies of the governmc~l, •.nd c~ch r.•rty and statesman is restive lest tho government •!10uld dw With h1m. The revolutionary soldiers from who•e reverend hps the story of our first war fell upon my early min_d are n~ more. .

I ha.,·e Reen state~men, soldJCrfl, plnlol'lopher~:~, noel pu!>he .lcn~erH swept down like leaves in a burning forest, yet tho repuhltc etlllln-c!4, outli,•ing them all. For more than half a hundred yearo I've oeen yon

7

50 STATE HISTORICJ\.L SOClETY. [No. 24.

sun ri se over the mount.ain forests, pass throngb floating clouds, :ond bathe his gold en plumage in the mists of the ocean .

Ea.0h year ri ·ing upon lands more beautifully adorned, a people more thoroughly en lightened and more jealous of their liberty, science more carefully stuuied and more thoroughly understood , each year expand­ing the a. r ea of liberty and extending the I ines of free thought. en­turi e may be travel in his course, but he will never set upon the rig hts of man or outlive the government of God, which is pledged to justice, truth and liber ty.