GIRNE AMERICAN UNIVERSITYGRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

NEGATIVE PROPAGANDA OF FOREIGN MEDIAAGAINST PAKISTAN

By

MAJID ALI SHAH

Submitted to theGraduate School of social science

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree

InMedia Studies

Supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Remziye Terken

GirneJune 2013

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JURY AND INSTITUTE APPROVAL

This project has been accepted as

--------------------------------------------in the main

field of ---------------------------------------------by

our jury.

Name / surname Signature

Member (Chairman): Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neriman SAYGILI …………………

Member (Supervisor): Assist. Prof. Dr. Remziye

TERKAN…………………

Member: Assist. Prof. Dr. Tutku AKTER …………………

This …………… Thesis/ Ph.D. dissertation/ Thesis of competency

in Art………….

Entitled……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Prepared by …………………………………………………………….,student number………………, complies with the rules andregulations set in the thesis and dissertation manual ofthe institute of the social and applied sciences of GirneAmerican University.Date:

---------------------------

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-------------------------

Director of Institute of

Social and appliedsciences

Girne AmericanUniversity.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

İ would like to show my appreciation and to acknowledge

those who helped me in this research dirctly or indirectly.

My unreserved appreciation is goes to my supervisor

assistent Prof. Dr. Remziye Terkan for her guidance and

encouraging behavior, you brought the best in me. Thank you

very much.

Many thank to my advisor prof. Dr. Nerman Saygili, Dr.

Sermin Tekinlap, many thanks to my friends and class

fellows Samuel, Inna, Olek, Azady and my senior Phd Student

Yelmaz and Abdul Razzaq.

Special thanks to Nikki Froud and Bob Froud and all those

who give me information and advise me time by time prof.

Dr. Nabi Hassan, prof. Dr. Ammir Zaman and especially to

Sheryl Khan who encourages me in all difficult time.

Many thanks to all Pakistani people in TRNC specially

Muhammad Ibrar Afridi, Babar Zaman, Junaid Khan, Babar ali

Kashmire, Sakhawath Iqbal, Gul Nazeer Khan, Jawad Khan,

Imad Khan, Mazhar Ali shah, Hassan Zia, Adnan Turi, Arif

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Khan, Shawali Khan, Abdul Aziz Khan, Mushtaq Ahmmad,

Muhammad Tayyeb, Tayyeb (Papa), Ijaz Khan, samad khan,

Allahdad Khan, Nadeem Khan and Weqas Khan.

In last I would like to thank my parents for their

sacrifices, prayers, support and courage in me.

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DEDICATION

This research project is dedicated to my mother and loving

sisters specially to Sakoon and Nida. Also to my father

Shams ul Tamriz and brother Sajid Ali for their unshrinking

suport.

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ABSTRACT

NEGATIVE PROPAGANDA OF FOREIGN MEDIA AGAINST PAKISTAN

MAJID ALI SHAH

MA Thesis, 2013

Supervisor Assıstant Prof. Dr. Remzay TERKAN

Foreign media is playing a vital role in any country to

portray one country’s picture to all over the world, while

for the destruction of any country the propaganda of

foreign media is worst than any military warfare.

Therefore, the purpose of my research thesis is to

investigate about foreign media’s role in Pakistan and to

attract government attention towards foreign media’s

negative propaganda against Pakistan. This research study

indicates that foreign media is not good for Islam and

Muslims and trying to tell the world that Pakistan is a

haven for militants from all over the world and trying to

link terrorists from other countries to Pakistan. Majority

of the respondents of this research is thinking that

foreign media is doing propaganda against Pakistan and its

highlighting negative things and events rather than

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positive things and events like education, tourism,

technology and developments. It will also make reference to

literatures in order to shed more light on the evaluation

and concept of propaganda, propaganda types, propaganda

techniques, mechanics of propaganda and foreign media’s

propaganda method used for Pakistan.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………….………………. i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PAGE ………………………...……..…………….……. ii

DEDICATION ………………………………………………….………….……….. iii

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………...…… ………..…….. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………….………….…………v

1. Introduction ……..……..……………………………………….…….………….....1

1.1. Subject Of The Study …. ……..………………………………….…........3

1.2. Purpose of the study ………... …….……………..………………………51.3. Significance of the study …………………….....…………………..

…….6

2. Theoretical Framework …………………………….....…………………...….…..7

2.1. Propaganda …………….………..……………………..……..…..7

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2.2. Definition of propaganda ………….….……………………….....7

2.3. History of propaganda ……………………..……….……….……82.4. First world war propaganda …………………………..……...

…112.5. Second world war propaganda ………………..….…….…….

…132.6. Propaganda today ………………………….…..….……..……...152.7. Propaganda instruments …….…………..……..………….……

152.8. Mechanics of propaganda…………………….….………….…..162.9. Types of propaganda ……………………….…….……...…..…

172.9.1. General propaganda …………………….……..…..…

172.9.2. Cultural propaganda ……………………..

…………....17 2.9.3. Black propaganda ……………...…..……..……….

…. 182.9.4. Gray Propaganda …………………….……..………...

202.9.5. White propaganda …………………………....……….21

2.10. Negative propaganda ……………………..………………..…...……. 212.11. Effects of propaganda …………………………...………….....….

…..22 2.12. Foreign media’s propaganda method

used for Pakistan…………………………..……….……...….……. 232.12.1. Assertion …………………………..….…..…...……232.12.2. Lesser of two evils ………………..…….…..

…..…. 242.12.3. Repetition ………….……….………….……..…..…24 2.12.4. Half truth & white lies ………..…...

………….….…25 2.12.5. Card-stacking ………………………....………….… 262.12.6. Bandwagon ……………………….….………...……27

3. Methodology …………………………………..……….……………….……..….28

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3.1.Hypothesis ……….…………………………………..………………..…293.2. Assumptions …….…………………………………...…….……………303.3. Sample size ………………………………………………..……..…..…30 3.4. Procedure for data collection…………………….…..……………...

…..303.5. Procedure for data analysis………………………………..…..………..

313.6. Limitations of the study ….……………………………..…………...

….31

4. Findings and Discussion…………………………....……………………..…..….32

4.1. Brief History of Pakistan………….………………..…..………….……32

4.2. Pakistan map………………………………..… …………………...….. 334.3. Pakistan socio-political

background…………....................................… 334.4. Democracy and military regime: ……………..…………………....

….. 344.5. Print media ……………………………….……….…………………… 354.6. Electronic media …………………………….….…….………….….… 434.7. Television (TV) ……………………………….……....……………..... 434.8. Radio:………………………………………..….…………...…..…….. 444.9 Foreign media:………………………………...……………………...… 44

4.9.1. British broadcasting company (BBC) ………..…………….... 45 4.9.2. Voice of America (VOA)

……………………............……… 46 4.9.3. Reuters …………………………………………....………… 47

4.10. Data analysis……….………………..……………….………...………48 4.11. Testing of hypothesis ……………………………………………….... 584.12. Summary of the chapter……………………………….……………… 594.13.Summary of the findings……………………………………………......59

5. Conclusion and recommendations …………………………,…………,,,.……...

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5.1. Conclusion……………………………………..………….…,,,….….…62 5.2. Recommendations……………………………………………..….…..…63

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………..……..…...64 APPENDIX I…………………………………………………………...…….. …... 69

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LIST OF FIGURES

1. Taliban’s leader ……………………………………..……… …………… 04

2. WWI propaganda poster ………………………………...… ………….… 12

3. Propaganda poster ………………………………………… … ……………14

4. Reuters ’s photographer………………………………………..….… … …19

5. An Anti-German poster ………………………………….…………… …..20

6. BBC news picture ………………………………………….… ……… … 24

7. Taliban ……………………………………………… …...…………… … 25

8. Taliban ……………………………………………………….…..…… ……25

9. Shahid afridi is assaulting his fan ……………………………...………

….26

10. Pakistan map ………………………………………….…….…...…… ……33

11. VOA news picture ………………………………………….……… …….47

12. Reuters news picture …………………… …………………..…….… ……61

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1. Chapter One: Introduction

Propaganda is one of the most troublesome word in the

English language to define clearly. Whenever the word

“propaganda” is used everybody starts thinking negatively

and mostly people have the opinion that propaganda is an

instrument of the evil, while some have the opinion that

propaganda is to misguide people. According to Bernays

(1928, p.153) “Propaganda will never die out”. Intelligent

men must realize that propaganda is the modern instrument

by which they can fight for productive ends and help to

bring order out of chaos. In the evolution of any country

foreign media is playing a very important role, While for

the destruction of any country the propaganda of foreign

media is worst than any military warfare. Propaganda is the

art and act of spreading information to a large number of

people to fulfill the needs of one’s country, person or

group legally or illegally. During war time propaganda is

playing a very vital role and more reliable weapon than any

military warfare. The source of propaganda is likely to be

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an institution, an organization, a group, or individual.

Sometimes there is a complete openness about the source of

the propaganda while on other occasions it is necessary to

conceal the source’s identity in order to achieve certain

objectives.

Propaganda does exist on all sides of us, and it does

change our mental pictures of the world. Even if this

be unduly pessimistic and that remains to be proved

the opinion reflects a tendency that is undoubtedly

real. In fact, its use is growing as its efficiency in

gaining public support is recognized. (Bernays, 1928,

p. 19)

All foreign media is busy like a bee in propaganda against

other’s countries to fulfill his benefits. For example

United State of America (USA) is conducting propaganda

against all the Middle East countries and nowadays

specially against Pakistan. According to Center for

international Media Assistance (CIMA) December 1, 2011)

That the cable operators had warned foreign news

stations that they would be blocked if they broadcast

"negative propaganda" about Pakistan and its armed

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forces and said BBC World News would be taken off the

air the following day. The action followed the

broadcast by BBC World News of a documentary on the

double game played in Afghanistan by Pakistan, which

on the one hand is taking part in the reconstruction

of the country and on the other is supporting the

Taliban insurgency. (http://cima.ned.org/pakistan-bbc-

world-news-taken-air-pakistani-cable-operators)

On Wednesday July 13, 2011, US drone attacks kill 61 in 24

hours a news story covered by Malik Mumtaz & Irfan Burki

from “TheHardCoreNews” but no international media is ready

to show that innocent children and civilians who are killed

in these US drone attacks.

(http://szaboservices.blogspot.com/2011/07/pakistan-us-

drone-attacks-kill-61-in-24.html) This is the best example

of negative propaganda that according to the DAWN newspaper

(21st April, 2011) that Pakistan army accuses US of

‘negative propaganda,

The army chief “strongly rejected negative propaganda

of Pakistan not doing enough and Pakistan army’s lack

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of clarity on the way forward,” the military said in a

statement, a day after Mullen met top generals in

Islamabad. Kayani said that the “army’s ongoing

operations are a testimony of our national resolve to

defeat terrorism”, according to the statement. In an

interview with private TV channel Geo, Mullen – the

highest ranking officer in the US armed forces – said:

“ISI has a long standing relationship with the Haqqani

network, that does not mean everybody in ISI but it is

there. (http://www.dawn.com/2011/04/21/pakistan-army-

chief-defends-anti-militant-struggle.html)

1.1. Subject of the Study

Negative propaganda of foreign media against Pakistan is

the topic of this study. Foreign media outlets based in

Pakistan spares no effort to demoralize the Pakistani

nation passing through hard times inflicted by global war

on terror. Now a day’s foreign media is spinning news which

is a negative propaganda against Pakistan. From all over

the world foreign media is linking Pakistan with militant

groups to demoralize Pakistan. This work has not been

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researched before. According to foreign media’s negative

propaganda the image of Pakistan is going downward.

Especially foreign media is trying to label Pakistani

Muslims as terrorists which is harmful for other Muslim

countries as well.

USA is militaristic against terrorism and foreign media is

linking Pakistan with these militant groups and terrorist.

For example Reuters a European news agency working in

Pakistan said that “Leader of Taliban Mullah Omer is killed

in Pakistan but there is no reality that he is killed in

Pakistan”, (http://centralasiaonline.com April, 2012).

Reuters didn’t show his dead body and place where he died.

This news agency (Reuters) just copied Mullah’s Picture

from somewhere and makes a news story. This is a good anti

Pakistani propaganda instead of news about the death of

Taliban’s leader.

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Figure 1

http://centralasiaonline.com April, 2012

Mostly foreign media channels are portraying the darkest

picture of Pakistan and are trying to link the entire

militant movement to Pakistan. According to BBC news

Saturday, 22 November 2008,

A fugitive British militant linked to an alleged UK

plot to use liquid bombs to blow up transatlantic

airliners has been killed in Pakistan, reports say.

Rashid Rauf, born in Birmingham, was killed in a US

air strike in North Waziristan, a haven for militants

and the Taliban. (BBC, Jan 13, 2012)

In this news story BBC is blaming Pakistan and implying to

the world that Pakistan is a haven for militants from all

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over the world. According to “The National” Jan 13, 2010,

which is another foreign media channel working in Pakistan

said that Jordanian militant dies in Pakistan's tribal

region. This is completely negative or black propaganda

against Pakistan and this is very strange that people from

all over the world are coming to Pakistan to die. The other

best example of negative propaganda by BBC is that on

Monday, 16 March 2009 BBC reported that “Pakistan's

political instability” BBC claimed that there is fears that

Pakistan could return to the instability of the 1990s.

Islamabad March 20:British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC)

Urdu News Service manipulated the interview content related

to women working in media to damage the image of Pakistan

says Farah Hussain, a leading TV anchor of Pakistan’s

popular TV channel ATV.

Farah Hussain in her Morning Show claimed that BBC

Urdu manipulated her recorded point of view (SOT-Sound

on Tape) by skillfully using editing techniques to

achieve the objective of propaganda against Pakistan.

“BBC presented what i did not say in my interview

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given to BBC reporter Mr.Haroon ”says Farah. She said

it is violation of media ethics and the said

organization be held accountable. She said such steps

are taken to accomplish anti-Pakistan agenda aimed at

creating depression and frustration. Anti-Pakistan

agenda is being accomplished through the effective use

of foreign media based in Pakistan, says women’s

popular Female TV anchor. Due to broadcasting anti-

Pakistan content, BBC Urdu had already faced banning

by PEMRA, an electronic media regulatory body of

Pakistan. Some foreign media outlets based in Pakistan

spares no effort to demoralize the Pakistani nation

passing through hard times inflicted by global war on

terror. (http://broadkast.pk/?p=1283)

1.2. Purpose of the study

The purpose of this research thesis is to investigate the

foreign media’s role in Pakistan and to attract government

attention towards foreign media’s negative propaganda in

Pakistan. Foreign media playing a vital role in any country

to portray one country’s picture to all over the world, to

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scrutinize the role of foreign media that how foreign media

are exposing Pakistan to all over the world. The other

purpose of this research is to analysis that recently in

Pakistan 41 foreign media channels are working in deferent

places and all of them are completely free but instead of

the freedom of foreign media the morale of Pakistan is

going down and down day by day.

1.3. Significance of the study

This research “Negative propaganda of foreign media against

Pakistan” is a new idea to investigate the role of foreign

media. The main significance of this study is to scrutinize

that how foreign media is telling half truth and white lie.

Pakistan is one the most important country in the world

because of his geographic position and natural resources.

But because of foreign intermission nobody can utilize

these natural resources. This research will be a guideline

for new students in the field of journalism and Mass

Communication. After this work a lot of communication

student and other intellectuals can improve on this topic

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and investigate that how foreign media is labeling

Pakistan.

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2. Chapter Two: Theoretical Framework

2.1. What is Propaganda?

A review of the concept of propaganda, propaganda

techniques and effects of propaganda will discuss in this

chapter. In an attempt to meet the objectives of this

study, this chapter will give an in-depth review of topics

related to the study so as to expose critical areas that

will meet not only the objectives but also the study

problems. According to Tomaselli (1992, p.4) “any attempt

at persuasion is propaganda. Because propaganda has both

positive and negative connotations, as used in conventional

media studies it is too general for useful application”.

(Anthony (2010, p.29)

The primary purpose of propaganda is to get you to

like the communicator and to agree with the message.

So, if you find yourself readily liking and agreeing

with a communicator, this could be a sign that the

message was not the truth you thought it was, but just

some very effective propaganda.

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According to Cherkaoui (2010, p.9) “the flourishing of

propaganda analysis in America during 1920s and 1930s

derived from growing concern about the power of the

communication industry and the widespread disillusionment

with American institutions followed by the great

depression”.

2.2. Definition of propaganda

(Welch, 2003, cited Lasswell 1927, p.41) that propaganda is

a weapon used to psychologically weaken the morale of an

opponent to further a military effort. It is also used to

create and maintain allies and to persuade neutrals to

support the war effort or remain passive.

“Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape

perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to

achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the

propagandist” (Garth S, 2006, p.7)

According to Cultural Dictionary propaganda is an official

government communications to the public that are designed

to influence opinion. The information may be true or false,

but it is always carefully selected for its political

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effect. According to Jeff Harley (2006, p.16) “Any form of

communications in support of national objectives designed

to influence the opinions, emotions, attitudes or behavior

of any group in order to benefit the sponsor, either

directly or indirectly.” In his book, Propaganda and

Psychological Warfare, T.H. Qualter defines propaganda as

the deliberate attempt by some individual or group to form,

control, or alters the attitudes of other groups by the use

of instruments of communication, with the intention that in

any given situation the reaction of those influenced will

be that desired by the propagandist.

Agner Fog (2004) cited Herman and Chomsky (1988) “The

dissemination of news may occasionally be so selective and

biased that you may accuse the media of manipulation and

propaganda, for example in connection with war”.

2.3. History of propaganda

The word 'propaganda' has deeply entrenched negative

connotations yet its original meaning did not. Pope Gregory

XIII formed a committee, the Congregation de Propaganda

Fide, 1572-85 with the aim of combating the reformation.

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(Wright, 2003, p.2) Of course, propaganda is as old as

people, politics and religion. People with ideas will

always want to persuade others about them and, if they have

the power, they will pull every string they have to

persuade everyone. Propaganda is reasonable in itself but,

because Lenin and Goebbels were happy to use the word to

describe their own public opinion, and now the modern use

of the term propaganda implies lying and dishonesty.

(Wright, 2003, p.2) Some scholars have the opinion that

Propaganda is one sided communication designed to influence

people's thinking and actions. (Curnalia, 2005, p.9) cited

Lee that different communication mediums served different

purposes in the process of propaganda. He contended that

there are formal and informal channels and direct and

indirect channels that were influenced differently by

propagandists and influenced individuals differently.

Propaganda is the art and act of spreading information to a

large number of people. (Philip, n.d., p.5) explain that

the information might be true or false depending upon the

nature of propaganda, but our interest here is in the false

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variety of it. (Chomsky, 1997, p. 44) “In a well-

functioning propaganda system, nobody would know what I’m

talking about when I list that range of examples”.

According to (Wright, 2003, p.2)“This is reasonable in

itself but, because Lenin and Goebbels were happy to use

the word to describe their own public opinion molding

activities where there was no access to a free press and

the alternative point of view, the modern use of the term

propaganda implies lying and dishonesty”.

According to Bernays (1928, p.144) the important point to

the propagandist is that the relative value of the various

instruments of propaganda, and their relation to the

masses, are constantly changing. If he is to get full reach

for his message he must take advantage of these shifts of

value the instant they occur. Taylor (2001, p.1) explains

that “between the wars, several famous dictators used

propaganda to help them achieve power”.

Peter R. Mitchell and John Schoeffel (2001, p.7) cited

Chomsky

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that it is a real tribute to the propaganda system

that the press can still refer to a "human rights

campaign" during the Carter administration, a

Presidency which sponsored and supported the Somoza

family in Nicaragua, the Shah of Iran, Marcos in the

Philippines, Park in South Korea, Pinochet in Chile,

Suharto in Indonesia, Mobutu in Zaire, the Brazilian

generals, and their many confederates in repression

and violence. (p. 7)

In 1922, Benito Mussolini established a Fascist

dictatorship in Italy. Fascist propaganda promised to

restore Italy to the glory of ancient Rome. Joseph Stalin,

who became dictator of the Soviet Union by the late 1920's,

used propaganda and terrorism to crush all opposition. The

Soviet Union had been formed under Russia's leadership in

1922. In 1933, Adolf Hitler set up his Nazi dictatorship in

Germany. The Nazis' effective use of education, motion

pictures, press, and radio to shape opinion and behavior

remains one of the most famous examples of propaganda.

This committee had the purpose of advocating a

particular view on an important issue of church

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doctrine. This is reasonable in itself but, because

Lenin and Goebbels were happy to use the word to

describe their own public opinion molding activities

where there was no access to a free press and the

alternative point of view, the modern use of the term

propaganda implies lying and dishonesty.( Wright,2003,

p. 2)

Propaganda is one-sided communication designed to influence

people's thinking and actions. A television commercial or a

poster urging people to vote for a political candidate

might be propaganda, depending on its method of persuasion.

(Printed from the World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia) The

media by which special pleaders transmit their messages to

the public through propaganda include all the means by

which people to-day transmit their ideas to one another.

“It is only natural that the modern institutions of thought

control frankly called propaganda” (Noam Chomsky, 2003)

“There is no means of human communication which may not

also be a means of deliberate propaganda, because

propaganda is simply the establishing of reciprocal

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understanding between an individual and a group”. (Bernays,

1928, p .150)

Propaganda is thus defined as the deliberate attempt

by some individual or group to form, control, or alter

the attitudes of other groups by the use of the

instruments of communication, with the intention that

in any given situation the reaction of those so

influenced will be that desired by the propagandist.

The propagandist is the individual or group who makes

any such attempt. (Terrence, 1965, p. 27)

According to Chomsky (1988, p.7) In countries where the

levers of power are in the hands of a state bureaucracy,

the monopolistic control over the media, often supplemented

by official censorship, makes it clear that the media serve

the ends of a dominant elite. It is much more difficult to

see a propaganda system at work where the media are private

and formal censorship is absent. The point that we want to

stress here, however, is that the propaganda model

describes forces that shape what the media does; it does

not imply that any propaganda emanating from the media is

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always effective, Herman and Chomsky (1988). Joseph Obe

(2008) cited Lasswell “that the worldwide economic

depression and political strife had made people

particularly vulnerable to propaganda conveyed by the mass

media”. (p. 60)

2.4. First World War Propaganda

Propaganda played a very vital role during war time and

First World War was apparently accompanied with many

stories of violence that were false. Things have not

changed and more recent wars have also had more than their

fair share of propaganda and false excuses. World War I

introduced a new definition as well as new levels of

propaganda to warfare. The war was fought by two evenly

matched alliances the Entente Powers or Allies (chiefly

Great Britain, France, Italy [after 1915), Russia (until

1917), and the United States (as an “Associated Power”

thereafter) versus the Central Powers (chiefly Germany,

Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. (Nicholas, 2003, p.

141) “British activity in World War I. Prewar planning

proved chaotic, and the “dress rehearsal” in the form of

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the Munich Pact of 1938 Showed that Britain had much to do

to prepare for a full-scale war”.

(Nicholas, 2003) further said that despite an acceleration

of planning in 1939,

The British began the war with an inefficient

propaganda apparatus both at home and abroad,

specifically the neutral nations. Britain adopted the

strategy of conducting propaganda with fact, basing

key campaigns, including its approach to the neutral

United States, on facilitating commercial news

coverage of the war. (p.141)

The following poster is used in world war first by the U.S,

which is an important propaganda against Germany.

Figure 2

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

File:'Destroy_this_mad_brute'_WWI_propaganda_poster_(US_ver

sion).jpg

A gorilla standing on America with a burning torch in his

hand fierce looking, open mouth with sharp teeth, spiked

German helmet, bloodshot eyes, aggressive posture Gorilla

holding a half naked blond woman in a blue dress in his

arm. In this poster U.S show female figure for innocence,

which is stands for America, who is being raped and she

needs help. The brute stands for Germany (Pickelhaube) and

for all its brutality.

U.S showed that Germany is an uncivilized, inhuman and

aggressive, which needs to be control. This poster appeals

to kill the beast destroy the Germans who are mad and

aggressive. The propagandist used name calling technique,

for German they use the word “Mad Brute” and for fear

appeal they use female figure for innocence to create fear

in the heart of people from Germans.

2.5. Second World War Propaganda

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“Prior to the outbreak of World War II, propaganda debates

that can be tied to emerging ideological conflicts in

Europe had already developed in Mexico. Between 1934 and

1940 the country entered an era of implementing

revolutionary reforms and defining the nation during the

administration of President Lázaro Cárdenas” (Rankin,

2009). Propaganda is important in war as like weapons,

without propaganda war is impossible. In Second World War

Britain, Germany, Russia, Italy, Japan and United Stat of

America used propaganda more than military hardware. The

following poster is used in Second World War, in which

British are doing propaganda against Germans that the sign

of Nazi is evil and the sign of Christian is good.

Figure 3

Good Over Evil.

http://djbarney.wordpress.com/category/anti-war/

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“Second, colonial war propaganda was underscored by the

notion that Britain and the colonies were equal partners

within the British Empire and that the war would somehow

strengthen the partnership and hasten the process of

economic and social development in the colonies”

(ibhawoh,2007).

According to (Nicholas, 2003, p. 437) despite an

acceleration of planning in 1939, the British began the war

with an inefficient propaganda apparatus both at home and

abroad, specifically the neutral nations. Britain adopted

the strategy of conducting “propaganda with fact,” basing

key campaigns, including its approach to the neutral United

States, on facilitating commercial news coverage of the

war. After 1970, several Communist and non-Communist

nations at times enjoyed friendlier relations and altered

their propaganda operations against one another. The United

States and the Soviet Union enjoyed such relations in the

early 1970's and beginning again in the late 1980's. In

1989 and the early 1990's, Communists lost control of the

36

governments of many Eastern European countries and the

Soviet Union, and in 1991 the Soviet Union broke up into a

number of independent states.

2.6. Propaganda today

As like past propaganda is playing a very essential role in

our day to day life and those countries that have a good

and advance media they are doing a vital propaganda to

achieve their benefits legally or illegally. For example

U.S is using deferent propaganda techniques in Middle East

countries to occupy their natural resources oil and gas

etc. U.S is trying to blame Pakistan about terrorism. “On

1 February 2012 Last updated at 09:55 GMT, BBC reported

that “Pakistan helping Afghan Taliban – Nato” The Taliban in

Afghanistan are being directly assisted by Pakistani

security services, according to a secret Nato report seen

by the BBC. BBC quoted senior al-Qaeda detainee that “The

Taliban are not Islam - the Taliban are Islamabad”. On one

hand the BBC is linking Al-Qaeda and Taliban with Pakistan

while on another hand the BBC is quoting that senior al-

37

Qaeda detainee have the opinion that are Islamabad mean

capital of Pakistan”.

2.7. Propaganda instruments

Researchers show that Radio, TV, Books, Posters,

Newspapers, Cinema and internet is using for propaganda.

All foreign media’s channels in Pakistan are using these

instruments for negative propaganda. For example internet

is one of the most vital instruments for foreign media’s

propaganda. Nowadays the role of cinema is on peak

regarding negative propaganda in Pakistan. For example

after the creation of Pakistan, Prithvi Raaj Kapoor

produced a drama, Divaar, in his theater, which continued

for many years. This drama educated not only the Indian

public but also the anti-Pakistan minds of the Film

Industry of Bombay and V. Shanta Raam, Manoj Kumaar and

many other film producers of Madras presented Pakistan-

Enmity as a movement in their films. Pukaar is an Indian

movie which is completely negative propaganda against

Pakistan. In "Pukaar" a character has been used to deliver

some very evil dialogues. In this film, very immoral

38

language has been used. These films are used to produce the

emotions of hatred in Indian public for Pakistan. For

instance, when the film viewers came out of cinema after

watching "Border", they raised slogans against Pakistan and

Pakistani public. The other best example of foreign media

propaganda against Pakistan is that RTV is interviewing an

intellectual who is dividing Pakistan into three parts. He

said that Pashtoonistan and Balochistan is not ready to

accept Pakistani government but in reality Balochistan is a

province of Pakistan and there is no Pashtoonistan.

Pashtoon is a nation living in north Pakistan and there in

no name like Pashtoonisatn.

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=shhFoc87230&feature=related)

2.8. Mechanics of propaganda

According to Samuel (2012, p. 32) “each medium is

particularly suited to a certain type of propaganda. The

movies and human contacts are the best media for

sociological propaganda in terms of social climate, slow

39

infiltration, progressive inroads, and over-all

integration”.

Public meetings and posters are more suitable tools for

providing shock propaganda, intense but temporary, leading

to immediate action. The press tends more to shape general

views; radio is like to be an instrument of international

action and psychological warfare, whereas the press is used

domestically. The very fact that the effectiveness of each

medium is limited to one particularly area clearly shows

the necessity of complementing it with other media. A word

spoken on radio is not the same, does not produce the same

effect, and does not have the same impact as the identical

word spoken in private conversation or in public speech

before a large crowd. To draw the individual into the net

of propaganda, each technique must be utilize in its own

specific way, directed toward producing the effect it can

best produce, and fused with all other media, each of them

reaching the individual in a specific fashion and making

react anew to the same theme, in the same direction, but

differently. Alongside the mass media of communication

40

propaganda employs censorship, legal text, proposed

legislation, international conferences, and so forth thus

introducing elements seemingly alien to propaganda.

2.9. Types of propaganda

2.9.1. General propaganda: its target audience is whole

community. For example the target audience of foreign media

is whole country and they are trying to portray the bad

picture of Pakistan to all over the world.

2.9.2. Cultural propaganda: The propaganda executed by the

country regarding its national interests for exporting its

culture or demolishing the cultures of the other countries.

BBC is the best example of this type of propaganda that

Ms Malik is seeking $2m in damages from FHM India,

alleging that they "morphed" the images to make her

appear naked. The magazine denies the claims. Ms Malik

told the BBC that she did not get paid for the

photographs, which have caused controversy in

Pakistan. She said she had refused another offer from

an agency for a nude photo shoot.

(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16093480)

41

On one hand BBC is protecting her but while another side

the BBC is showing her nude picture as well.

2.9.3. Black propaganda:

The source of propaganda is likely to be an institution,

organization, group, or individual. Sometimes there is

complete openness about the source of the propaganda, while

on other occasions it is necessary to conceal the source’s

identity in order to achieve certain objectives. “Black”

propaganda (sometimes referred to as “covert” propaganda)

tries to conceal its own identity by purporting to emanate

from someone or somewhere other than the true source”.

(Welch, 2003, p. 41) In black propaganda not only is there

deliberate deformation but the identity of the source is

usually concealed or inaccurate. When the identity is

concealed, the task of the analyst is a demanding one. It

is quite difficult to detect black propaganda until after

all the facts are known. Black propaganda, by definition,

seeks to deceive and encompasses all types of deception

42

from leaflets, posters, and postage stamps to radio and

television stations and now even the Internet.

This type of propaganda consequently receives the

most attention when it is revealed. The success or

failure of such propaganda largely depends on the

receiver’s willingness to accept the authenticity

of the source and the content of the message. For

black propaganda to achieve its aims, great care

has to be taken to place the message and the manner

in which it is disseminated within the social,

political, and cultural experiences of the target

audience (Welch,2003, P. 41)

The U.S. implemented something called “Black Propaganda” by

creating false radio personalities that would disseminate

pro-American information but supposedly run by the

supporters of Saddam Hussein. One radio station used was

Radio Tikrit. Another example of America’s attempt with

Black Propaganda is that the U.S. paid Iraqis to publish

articles written by American troops in their newspapers

under the idea that they are unbiased and real accounts;

this was brought forth by the New York Times in 2005.

43

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda, 13th March 2012)

This is the best example of black propaganda by the foreign

media in Pakistan that this picture taken by a local

Reuters’s photographer.

Figure 04

http://

leegrantphotography.wordpress.com/2007/07/04/the-wars-

withinand-without/

U.S is the best example of black propaganda in Pakistan on

Wednesday, July 13, 2011, U.S drone attacks kill 61 in 24

hours a news story covered by Malik Mumtaz & Irfan Burki

from “TheHardCoreNews” but no international media is ready

to show that innocent children who are killed in these

drone attacks.

44

(http://szaboservices.blogspot.com/2011/07/pakistan-us-

drone-attacks-kill-61-in-24.html)

According to Jowett (5th Edition n.d.) An anti-German poster

showing a supposed atrocity. Note that the Kaiser is

depicted as approving of the nurse’s actions, thus linking

him directly with such German atrocities.

Figure 05

2.9.4. Gray Propaganda

The origins of gray and black propaganda extend back to Sun

Tzu around 500 BC postulating rumor as a weapon of war. 

45

But just before the age of radio, there’s one possibly

significant series of events worth noting:   by 1918, Lord

Northcliff’s Crewe House in London had become a factory for

all kinds of propaganda aimed at Germans on the Western

Front. (Rowen, 2003)

Grey propaganda is nearly black propaganda through which a

country group or individual can fulfill their needs legally

or illegally and U.S is a best example of this type of

propaganda which is killing innocent people for his aim in

all Middle East countries including Pakistan and

Afghanistan. The most funny thing in today propaganda is

that U.S is killing and destroying people in underdeveloped

countries but no body can dare to call him killer and when

the innocents are trying to save their life’s is called

terrorist.

Gray propaganda falls somewhere between white and black

propaganda. The source may or may not be identified, and

the accuracy of the information is uncertain.

In World War II Britain’s Political Warfare Executive

(PWE) produced gray propaganda as well as black. An

46

example was the highly praised newspaper for German

troops entitled Nachrichten für die Truppen, which was

delivered by air. The contents of the paper could not

possibly be reconciled with official German

authorship, but the failure to disclose its true

origin permitted the newspaper to express views that

might have been embarrassing if attributed to an

official British source. (Welch, 2003, P: 152)

2.9.5. White propaganda

White propaganda is using for education and 100% true and

clear information but unfortunately foreign media did not

use white propaganda for Pakistan.

2.10. Negative propaganda

The negative connotations of propaganda in the English

speaking world are particularly related to its use in

wartime and to the dawning of the age of the masses and of

mass media. During the First World War black propaganda

techniques were used to spread false atrocity stories as a

deliberate and systematic policy. Following is the best

example of negative propaganda by foreign media in

47

Pakistan. According to BBC News channel “Pakistan has been

accused of playing a double game, acting as America's ally

in public while secretly training and arming its enemy in

Afghanistan according to US intelligence”. This news story

is completely negative propaganda by the foreign media.

This news story is preparing ground for attack on Pakistan.

(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15445047).

According to Reuters news agency on Sunday Apr 15, 2012

12:54pm that “Dozens of Islamist militants stormed a prison

in Pakistan in the dead of night early on Sunday and freed

nearly 400 inmates, including one on death row for trying

to assassinate former President Pervez Musharraf, police

officials said. Pakistan's Taliban movement, which is close

to al Qaeda, said it was behind the brazen assault by

militants armed with rocket-propelled grenades and AK-47

assault rifles. A police official said most of the escapees

from the jail in the northwestern town of Bannu were

militants”. This news story is negative propaganda by the

foreign media because in this news story they are trying to

show that the government of Pakistan is losing control and

48

400 people are escaped for jail. On another side the news

agency is giving a name to these criminals which are

“Islamist militants”.

2.11. Effects of propaganda:

According to Macdonlad (2000) the most effective propaganda

combines entertainment, education and persuasion.

The entertainment elements attract the audience, while

the educational aspect decreases the perception that

the message is propaganda, even as it persuades.

Unlike education, which seeks to present an objective

view, propaganda is biased through the selective use

of facts, although the bias is usually subtle.

Sometimes the difference between propaganda and

education is just post hoc rationalization: if a

persuasion attempt fails, it is called propaganda; if

it succeeds, it is called education. (p. 32)

Foreign media news channels and commentators are knowingly

repeating lies which are anti-Pakistan propaganda.

Propaganda is a form of communication that attempts to

achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the

propagandist. To study propaganda as history is to examine

49

the practices of propagandists as events and the subsequent

events as possible effects of propaganda. To consider

propaganda as journalism is to understand how news

management or “spin” shapes information, emphasizing

positive features and downplaying negative ones, casting

institutions in a favorable light. The effect of propaganda

strips the individual robs him of himself, and makes him

live an alien and artificial life, to such an extent that

he becomes another person and obeys impulses foreign to

him. He obeys someone else. Once again, to produce this

effect, propaganda restricts itself to utilizing,

increasing, and reinforcing the individual's inclination to

lose him in something bigger than he is, to dissipate his

individuality, to free his ego of all doubt, conflict, and

suffering - through fusion with others; to devote himself

to a great leader and a great cause. In large groups, man

feels united with others and he therefore tries to free

himself by blending with a large group. Indeed, propaganda

offers him that possibility in an exceptionally easy and

50

satisfying fashion. But it pushes the individual into the

mass until he disappears entirely.

2.12. Foreign media’s propaganda method used for Pakistan

For blaming and linking Pakistan with militant groups and

terrorism foreign media usually apply following propaganda

method.

2.12.1. Assertion

A statement presented in an enthusiastic or energetic

manner, making the audience believe is a fact, is called

assertion. Even if the statement does sound true, more

often than not, it's false. Assertions sometimes entail

that the statement doesn't need any explanations or valid

back up. Mostly news from foreign media is propaganda

against Pakistan, for example in the following picture BBC

claimed that on Tuesday, 27 May 2008 “Meeting Pakistan's

most feared militant”. This news story is a good

propaganda, which have no valid back up.

51

Figure 06

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7420606.stm

2.12.2. Lesser of two evils

This technique is meant to convince people that an

idea/information/concept is the least offensive option to

choose, it also puts blame on an enemy country, political

group, or cause. For example U.S is trying to blame

Pakistan because of terrorist activities.

2.12.3. Repetition

For this propaganda technique, the repetition uses jingles

or catch phrases that fit into the audiences' minds. Now a

day this propaganda technique is using by the foreign

media, they are repeating Pakistan’s darkest picture one

52

way or other. Following two pictures is the best example of

repetition.

Figure 7

http://

www.hawaiireporter.com/taliban-claims-responsibility-for-

pakistan-attacks/123

Figure 8

http://trendsupdates.com/talibans-sharia-law-now-

officially-implemented-in-malakand-pakistan/

53

2.12.4. Half truth & white lies

In this technique, true and authentic statements are

coupled with false implications. The true statement is

usually so appealing, authentic or striking that most

persons get buried and lost under their weight. They do not

realize that the publicized implication does not usually

follow from the original statement. (Philip, No date, p. 5)

Following is a very good example of this type of propaganda

in which the Geo News channel showed half truth that the ex

captain of Pakistan cricket team Shahid Afridi is

assaulting his fan, which is clearly shown in small picture

but they did not cover all the event that why Shahid Afridi

is doing this.

54

Figure 9

2.12.5. Card-stacking

Card stacking, or selective omission, is one of the seven

techniques identified by the IPA, or Institute for

Propaganda Analysis. It involves only presenting

information that is positive to an idea or proposal and

omitting information contrary to it. Card stacking is used

in almost all forms of propaganda, and is extremely

effective in convincing the public. Although the majority

of information presented by the card stacking approach is

true, it is dangerous because it omits important

55

information. The best way to deal with card stacking is to

get more information.

2.12.6. Bandwagon

The band-wagon technique is used to induce people into

buying things they do not need, talking about things that

are not appropriate, and doing things that are

questionable. (Philip, no date, p.5) This propaganda

technique is nothing short of it. The idea is placed

forward that everybody is doing a particular thing. So we

all should support and follow it. The catch phrase is "you

don't want to be left out".

56

3. Chapter Three: Methodology

This chapter contains the methodology adopted for the

study. It presented the research design and methodology

adopted for the study, the population of the study, sample

and sampling techniques and the research instruments used

for data collection. It also presented procedures for data

collection and analysis. The survey research method was

adopted for this study. Survey research according to

Wikipedia, is a research method involving the use of

questionnaires and/or statistical surveys to gather data

about people and their thought and behavior. The survey

research method was adopted for this study. Survey research

according to Wikipedia, is a research method involving the

use of questionnaires and/or statistical surveys to gather

data about people and their thought and behavior. The data

according to Louis and Lawrence (1980) are with the

intention of (a) describing the nature of existing

conditions (b) identify standards against which existing

conditions can be compared (c) determining the

relationships that exist between specific events. Survey

57

method is the most frequent used mode of observation in the

social sciences. It was therefore, adopted because of the

descriptive nature of the research.

This is to allow for statistical and numeric analysis of

the data collected. The questionnaires were randomly

distributed to respondents. Both primary and secondary

methods of data collection were used. The primary source

dwelt on the use of questionnaires, which was issued to

respondents; secondary source of data collection was also

used to collect data for this study. (Ijeoma, 1992) “that

questionnaires, as research instruments used in descriptive

research are more economical in terms of time, effort and

money, and their ability to provide a uniform manner of

responses from all respondents” cited by (Sadiku , 2005,

p.61).

The questionnaire for the study was both structural and

instructed. The questions were structured so as to offer

the respondent a closed set of responses from which to

choose. The instructed question were open-ended questions,

which there was no list of answer choice to choose form.

58

Respondent were simply asked to write their response to a

question. This will allow for the collection of concise and

free responses. It also makes data collection and analysis

much easier and they take less time to answer. Hundreds of

Pakistanis are living in North Cyprus and five hundred

questionnaires were distributed to respondents. Three

foreign media channels are chosen from most watched foreign

media’s channels. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

from Britain, Voice of America (VOA) from America and

Reuters news agency from Europe.

3.1. Hypothesis

The research hypothesis will capture two variables one is:

Negative propaganda of foreign media. It will spell the

relationship between these variables and news about

Pakistan. The dependent variable will represent the outcome

or effects while the independent variable stand for the

factor explaining the dependent variable.

59

For the purpose of this research study the following

hypothesis formulated: The null hypotheses are donated by

Ho and alternative hypotheses are donated by H1.

Ho: Foreign media is not trying to illustrate a

dark picture of Pakistan.

H1: Foreign media is trying to illustrate a dark

picture of Pakistan.

3.2. Assumptions

The following assumptions are made to be tested along side

the hypothesis. Therefore it is assumed that:

1. Instead of informing, educating and entertaining

people, the foreign media is completely propagating a

dark picture of Pakistan on tiny events.

2. Because of foreign media Pakistan is completely

portrayed as terrorist.

3. Foreign media is deteriorating Pakistan’s image around

the world.

60

4. Because of foreign media’s propaganda the moral of

Pakistan is going downward.

5. Because of foreign media negative propaganda Islam and

Muslims are devaluing.

3.3. Sampling Size:

For this research thesis five hundred questionnaires were

distributed among Pakistanis people living in T.R.N.C.

Sampling area for this research study is BBC Internet news

coverage, Voice of America internet news coverage and

Reuters News agency’s internet news coverage of Pakistani

news were the sampling area of this research.

3.4. Procedure for Data Collection

Questionnaire was developed and administered to the sampled

respondents (Pakistani people in TRNC). The researcher

administered and collected the filled questionnaire by

himself with the assistance of an assistant. A period of

one week was given to the respondents to complete the

filling of the questionnaires.

61

3.5. Procedure for data analysis

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to

analyze the data collected guided by the research questions

and hypotheses generated for the study. The means and

standard deviation was found out using descriptive

statistics.

3.6. Limitations of the study

Some of the major limitations to this research are that the

information about negative propaganda in Pakistan is very

limited because this topic is not researched before.

Propaganda is a very complicated and foreign media is

disseminating information very broadly and it is not easy

for lay man to differentiate between news and propaganda.

According to Carlsson (2007) Media and communication

researchers face some real challenges today. In the world

of multilevel governance with private and public sectors

media landscapes and media cultures are undergoing

fundamental and far-reaching metamorphoses.

62

63

4. Chapter Four: Findings and Discussions

This chapter analysis data collected from the field to test

hypothesis formulated for the study it involves and

examination of responses given by the different respondent

with the view to finding out the role of foreign media and

how foreign media is doing propaganda against Pakistan.

4.1. Brief History about Pakistan

Pakistan is an Ideological state and the ideology of

Pakistan is an Islamic ideology. Its basic principle being:

"The only sovereign is Allah". Islam acted as a nation

building force before the establishment of

Pakistan .Ideology of Pakistan basically means that

Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an

opportunity to live according to the faith and creed based

on the Islamic principles. They should have all the

resources at the disposal to enhance Islamic culture and

civilization. Quid-e-Azam once said: "Pakistan was created

the day the first Indian national entered the field of

Islam". From the above statement, it is clear that Ideology

of Pakistan is an Islamic one.

64

The Pakistan Flag was designed by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali

Jinnah R.A, the founder of Pakistan. The national flag of

Pakistan is dark green in colour with a white bar, a white

crescent in the centre and a five pointed star. The

significance of the colour and symbols used in the Pakistan

Flag is as follows:

*The white and dark green field represents minorities &

Muslim majority, respectively. *The crescent on the flag

represents progress. *The five-rayed star represents light

and knowledge. (http://information-center/90030-pakistani-

national-flag-detailed-information.html)

4.2. Pakistan map

65

Figure 10

4.3. Pakistan socio-political background

According to Haider (2010, p.1) from its inception in 1947,

the idea of Pakistan was a contested ideological matter.

Having lost their privileged status when the British

supplanted India’s Mughal rulers, Indian Muslims divided in

response to a deepening cultural and political insecurity

under colonial rule.

The birth of Pakistan is the story of the birth of an idea.

An idea that the Muslim minority of the Indian subcontinent

66

should have a separate state as otherwise the Hindu

majority in a united independent India would dominate. The

idea became a reality when the British plan to partition

the Indian subcontinent led to the creation of the Republic

of Pakistan on 14 August 1947. The founding father,

Muhammed Ali Jinnah’s original vision was for a secular

state for Indian Muslims, modeled on the European concept

of the nation-state. On the other hand, Pakistan’s national

poet, Allama Iqbal, championed a different concept. He

envisioned Pakistan as an instrument with the purpose of

establishing the Law of the God. This vision prescribed

Pakistan as an Islamic state. (IMS, July 2009, p.11)

After 1971 when civil war, with Indian interference, led to

the partition of East (Bangladesh) and West Pakistan,

national identity shifted. The Constitution of the Islamic

Republic of Pakistan is the supreme law of Pakistan. Known

as the Constitution of 1973, it was drafted by the

government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and, following additions

by the opposition parties, was approved by the legislative

assembly on April 10, 1973. It was Pakistan's first ever

67

constitution by consensus unlike two earlier constitutions,

the Constitution of 1956 and the Constitution of 1962.

Pakistan's constitution provides for a parliamentary

system of government with the President of Pakistan as head

of state and a popularly elected Prime Minister as head of

government. Pakistan has a bicameral legislature that

consists of the Senate (upper house) and the National

Assembly (lower house). Together with the President, the

Senate and National Assembly make up a body called

the Majlis-e-Shoora (Council of Advisors) or Parliament.

(Amir Khan Goraya, 2010, p.4).

4.4. Democracy and military regime:

(Stephen Philip Cohen, 2005 )“Pakistan's population is

growing by 2.9 per cent annually, which is the highest in

the world and, if this trend continues, by 2015, Pakistan's

population will be 219 million, 225 million by 2025 and 295

million by 2050”.

Democracy has not had time to fully take root in the

population. State institutions such as the judiciary system

remain weak and democratic discourse has not emerged. The

68

civil political leadership of the country is tied to the

traditional feudal power structure and the less privileged

are not able to rise to political power. The constitutional

development of Pakistan has been entangled by an unstable

political system. Pakistan has had three periods of

military rule from 1958–71, 1977–88 and 1999–2008. Periods

alternating between military regimes and democracy rule

seem to substitute each other with intervals of

approximately ten years.

4.5. Print media

Pakistan’s market for print media has undergone significant

changes in the past decade. In 1997 the total number of

daily, monthly, and minor publications was 4,455 but by

2003, six years later, only 945 remained. Circulation

however has increased in the same period. In 2003 daily

distribution was 6.2 million. This figure includes a wide

specter of publications.

According to wikipedia.org In 1947 only four major Muslim

owned newspapers existed in the area now called

69

Pakistan: Pakistan Times, Zamindar, Nawa-i-Waqt, andCivil

and Military Gazette. A number of Muslim papers moved to

Pakistan, including Dawn, which began publishing daily

in Karachi in 1947, the Morning News, and the Urdu-language

dailies Jang and Anjam. By the early 2000s, 1,500

newspapers and journals existed in Pakistan.

(wikipedia.org)

According to Zaffar Abbas, editor of the English newspaper,

Dawn, the overall circulation of newspapers today is around

four million. The print media is the oldest media in

Pakistan, dating back to before independence. For many

years newspapers were the only privately owned media that

took an independent and critical stand towards the state

authorities. Print media publish in 11 languages with Urdu

and Sindhi as largest language groups. English-language

publications are not as numerous. (IMS, 2009)

According to Wikipedia the following newspapers are

publishing in Pakistan from different places in different

languages.

70

Newspaper Language

Location Founded

Notes

South Asia News English

India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh,Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives

2011 Current/Political/Cultural Affairs

Tabsra English

  2012  

Zarb-e-Jamhoor English

Worldwide 2011 History/Cultural/Current/Political Affairs

Daily Nai Baat English

Lahore, Karachi

2011 Current/Political

NewsLink.pk English

National, International

2011 Current/Political

Daily Raaj Pakistan

English

Lahore 2011  

Pakistan News English

Islamabad 2010  

Raaj Pakistan International

English

Lahore, UK and Canada

2011 Monthly magazine, Urduand English

Business Recorder English

Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore

1965 Pakistan's first financial daily

Daily Nine O' Clock

English

Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore

2008 Tomorrow's News Today

71

Daily News English

Karachi 1962 Jang Group's evening daily

News Time Pakistan

English

Lahore and Los Angeles, California

2011  

Pakistani Im English

Lahore, London (Worldwide)and Islamabad

2012 Pakistani Im - Proud to be. Site has News -Forum - Blog - Classifieds

Daily Times English

Lahore, Karachi andIslamabad

2002  

Dawn English

Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore

1947  

The Financial Daily

English

Karachi    

The Friday Times English

Lahore 1989 Weekly newspaper

The Frontier Post English

Peshawar, Quetta and Lahore

1985  

The Nation English

Lahore, Karachi andIslamabad

1986  

National Herald Tribune

English

Rawalpindi and Lahore

2005  

The News International

English

Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad

1991  

72

and LondonThe Pak Banker Englis

hKarachi, Lahore, Islamabad

2009  

Pakistan Observer English

Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Muzaffarabad and Quetta

1988  

The Post' English

Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi

2005 Closed Permanently

The Regional Times of Sindh

English

Karachi, Hyderabad

   

The Star English

Karachi 1951 Dawn Group's evening newspaper

The Statesman English

Peshawar 2002  

Pakistan Today English

Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad

2010  

The Lahore Times English

Lahore 2011  

The Lahore Today English

Lahore 2010  

Daily Billy Times English

Worldwide 1999-Present

 

Jinnahlife English

Pakistan, London

2004  

Mahasib Urdu Muzaffaraba 2007  

73

d, Abbottabad,Mirpur, Gilgit

Tarjuman-e-mashriqUrdu language Karachi

Urdu Lahore 2012  

Daily Pakistan Urdu Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar

1997  

Daily Takmel-e-Pakistan

Urdu Lahore 2011  

Metro News Line (Urdu)

Urdu Karachi 2006  

Naba Karachi Urdu Karachi 2006  

Jinnahlife Urdu Pakistan, London

2004  

Daily Tahir Sherazi

Urdu Karachi 1939  

Shane Gujrat Urdu Gujrat 2009  

The Ideal Pakistan

Urdu Multan    

Al Akhbar Urdu      Ausaaf Urdu Lahore,

Islamabad, Multan, Frankfurt, London

   

Azkaar Urdu Islamabad, Rawalpindi,Lahore, Karachi

2005  

74

Daily Mashriq Urdu      

Daily Dunya Urdu Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Faisalabad,Multan, Quetta, Gujranwala

2012  

Daily Halaat Urdu Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi

2000  

Daily Etemaad Urdu Lahore 2012  

Daily Express Urdu      

Daily Tahir Sherazi Lahore

Urdu Lahore 2011  

Daily Final News Urdu Lahore, Karachi, Bahawal Nagar

[48]  

Daily Safshikan Urdu Karachi 2010  

Urdu Newspaper Urdu Karachi    

Daily Dunya Urdu      

Daily Dunya Urdu      

Daily Pakistan Urdu      

Daily Takmel-e-Pakistan

Urdu      

Daily Mahasib Urdu Galgit / Baltistan, Abbottabad,Azad Kashmir

1997  

75

Daily Awami Jaiza Urdu Hyderabad, Karachi

2011  

Daily Etemaad Urdu Lahore, 2012  

Millat (Gujarati:

મમમમમ)

Gujarati

Karachi 1946  

Vatan (Gujarati:

મમમ)

Gujarati

Karachi 1942[2]

 

Wahdat (Pashto: 

(وح�دت�Pashto Peshawar 1983  

Khabraan (Punjabi

ب�راں : (خPunjabi

Lahore 2004  

Chitral Vision (Khowar:

ں� ب�رال وژ� :Urdu) (خ�ں� ب�رال وژ� (خ�

Khowar Karachi, Chitral, Peshawar

1996  

Jhok (Saraiki:

ھوک�� (ج��Saraiki

Multan, Khanpur, Dera Ismail Khan, Karachi

   

Al-Manzoor Saraiki

Taunsa Sharif

   

Daily Raaj Pakistan

Sindhi Lahore 2011  

Alakh (Sindhi:  ک�ُ َال�َ)

Sindhi Hyderabad    

dailyEonline (Sin

dhi: واژ �(عوامي� اSindhi Karachi 1989  

76

Hilal-e-Pakistan(Sindhi: 

اں� اમست� (ه�لال پ��Sindhi Karachi 1946  

Ibrat (Sindhi: 

(عب�رت�Sindhi Hyderabad 1958  

Kawish (Sindhi: 

(મاوش�

Sindhi Hyderabad 1990  

Koshish (Sindhi: 

ش� (મوش��

Sindhi Hyderabad 1998  

Mehran (Sindhi: 

(م�هراں0Sindhi Hyderabad 1957  

Sach (Sindhi:  (س�چ4 Sindhi Karachi    

Safeer (Sindhi: 

ب�ر (س�فSindhi Hyderabad    

Shaam (Sindhi: ام ش��)

Sindhi Hyderabad 1999  

Daily

Sindh (Sindhi:  د; س�ن)

Sindhi Hyderabad 1995  

Daily

Sindhu (Sindhi:و د; س�ن)

Sindhi Hyderabad 1989  

Sobh (Sindhi:  س�وت<)

Sindhi Karachi    

Aaino (Sindhi: و ن ي� BCئ �ا)

Sindhi Karachi    

77

Takmel-e-pakistan(Sindhi: 

د; ِر س�ن عمب� (ت��Sindhi Lahore    

Daily Awami Jaiza Sindhi Hyderabad, Karachi

2011  

4.6. Electronic media

In Pakistan the electronic media is providing information

at a very large scale. It is being recognized as

contributing significantly in important national issues.

The electronic media in Pakistan has recorded tremendous

growth in a limited time period. In terms of audience both

television and radio has significant reach.

4.7. Television (TV)

TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than

other elements of electronic media has become the strongest

form of media to perform all four functions, i.e.

information, education, influence and entertainment.

Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) broadcasts began in

1964. Today, PTV has six channels, one of which, PTV

Global, broadcasts in Europe, Asia and the US. PTV News is

78

a dedicated news channel and PTV National sends programs in

the many different languages of Pakistan. According to Dr.

Ijaz Shafi Gilani Pakistan has 49 TV channels of which 15 are

news channels, 32 primarily entertainment and two

religious. Geo News, Aaj News, ARY News, Channel 5, Dawn

News, Dunya News, Express News, Samaa TV, Indus News and

Din News are news channels. Following are the entertainment

Channels ARY Digital, ATV, Geo TV, Hum TV and Indus Vision.

Aag TV, ARY Music, Indus Music, Play TV and Oxygene are

Music Channels. Business Plus is one of the well known

Business Channel. Style 360 and Vibe TV is especially for

Life Style & Fashion. ARY Qtv, HadiTV and Haq TV are

religious channels while Geo Super TV Channel is sport

channel.

4.8. Radio:

Radio Pakistan began its broadcast on 14th August 1947 as

a government department. Radio Pakistan through 25 stations

located at as many places in the country is on air for 24

79

hours daily both on Medium Wave and Short Wave. In the home

service using 20 languages and dialects it reaches 75 per

cent of the area and 95 per cent population of the country.

On a national level, television is the dominant

communication medium in Pakistan. But radio remains a

crucial conduit for communicating with Pakistanis in

certain areas of the country. This is particularly the case

in rural areas and less economically developed provinces. A

wide range of radio stations are popular in Pakistan. 

According to the “The News Tribe”

after the liberalization of electronic media more than

120 licenses had been issued for private FM radio

stations. Pakistan's media regulator estimated that

the country could support more than 800 private radio

stations. Private stations are only allowed to

broadcast music and entertainment.

(thenewstribe.com/2012/06/01/)

The following private radio channels are working City FM

89, Radio one FM 91, Nine six International Radio Network,

80

FM 96 Sargodha Pakistan, Chiltan FM 88, FM100, Hum FM and

Power 99 FM.

4.9. Foreign media:

there are 41 foreign media channels are working in Pakistan

in which mostly news channels are busy in anti Pakistani

propaganda which have the following names Abu Dhabi Tv

(Arab world and Africa), al-Jazeera tv-(Arab world and

Africa), Egyptian radio/Tv union (Arab world and Africa),

middle east news agency (middle east), al-Arabia tv

mbc(Arab), Kuwait news agency(Arab world), Dubai TV (Arab

world and Africa), Al-Akhbariya news channel (Arab world),

media intl montreal new York (American), associated

press(American), aptn (American), Bloomberg tv(American),

New York times(American), voice of America(American), nbc

news(American), agence france presse(French), British

broadcasting corporation(British), times London (England),

sky news , deutsche press agency(German), deutsche Welle

(German), European press photo agency, Reuters (Europe),

financial times (Europe), le monde (French), itar tass

(Russian), Novosti (Russian), Islamic republic of Iran

81

broadcasting (Iran, turkey and Afghanistan), Islamic

republic news Agency of Iran (Iran, turkey and

Afghanistan), NTV (Turkish tv), Kyodo (far east), china

radio international, economic daily china, Nippon Hoso

Kyokai (Japanese), ABC news Australia, the Hindu (India),

peoples daily of china, press trust of India and daily

Protham Alo(South Asia).

the three foreign media channels are randomly selected for

this research which is british broadcasting corporation

(BBC) from Britain, voice of America (VOA) from America and

Reuters news agency from Europe.

4.9.1. British Broadcasting Company (BBC)

The British Broadcasting Company Ltd was

a British commercial company formed on 18 October 1922 by

British and American electrical companies doing business in

the United Kingdom and licensed by the British General Post

Office. Its original office was located on the second floor

of Magnet House, the GEC buildings in London and consisted

of a room and a small antechamber. On 14 December

1922, John Reith was hired to become the Managing Director

82

of the company at that address. The company later moved its

offices to the premises of the Marconi Company. The BBC as

a commercial broadcasting company did not sell air time but

it did carry a number of sponsored programmes paid for by

British newspapers. On 31 December 1926, the company was

dissolved and its assets were transferred to the non-

commercial and Crown Chartered British Broadcasting

Corporation.

BBC news channels is one of most influential and popular

channel in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and other middle

east countries in their own native languages. In July 2000

BBC launch “bbcurdu.com” which is one of the biggest news

website in Asia.

The following news story is the example of BBC’s negative

propaganda in Pakistan. In this news story BBC is linking

militant from all over the world to Pakistan and giving a

special name haven for militants to Waziristan which is a

big city in north Pakistan. “A fugitive British militant

linked to an alleged UK plot to use liquid bombs to blow up

transatlantic airliners has been killed in Pakistan,

83

Pakistani media said Rashid Rauf, born in Birmingham, was

killed in a US air strike in North Waziristan, a haven for

militants and the Taliban”.

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7743334.stm)

4.9.2. Voice of America (VOA)

The Voice of America (VOA) is a dynamic international

multimedia broadcaster with service in 43 languages.

Serving an estimated weekly global audience of 141 million,

VOA provides news, information, and cultural programming

through the Internet, mobile and social media, radio, and

television.  VOA is funded by the U.S. Government through

the Broadcasting Board of Governors. It started in 1942 as

a radio news service for people living in closed and war

torn societies. It has grown into a multimedia broadcast

service. VOA now reaches people on mobile devices and Face

book, through Twitter feeds and call in programs using the

medium that works best for specific audiences. On Monday,

April 16, 2012 VOA covered a news story of protest while

the following photo is showing something else in Pakistan

Quetta.

84

Figure 11

http://www.voanews.com/urdu/news/Pakistan-Quetta-Strike-

15Apr12.

4.9.3. Reuters

The agency was established by Paul Reuter, a former bank

clerk who in 1847 became a partner in Reuter and Stargardt,

a Berlin book publishing firm. The firm distributed radical

pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions of 1848,

which may have brought official scrutiny on Reuter. Later

that year he left for Paris, where he worked for a short

time as a translator. In 1849 he initiated a prototype news

service, using electric telegraphy as well as carrier

pigeons in his network. Upon moving to England, he launched

Reuter’s Telegram Company two years later. The company was

concerned with commercial news service at its inception and

had headquarters in London serving banks, brokerage houses,

85

and leading business firms. The agency expanded steadily,

and in 1858 its first newspaper client, the London Morning

Advertiser, subscribed. Newspapers bulked ever larger in

the Reuters clientele thereafter. Reuter's agency built a

reputation in Europe for being the first to report

news scoops from abroad, such as Abraham Lincoln’s

assassination. Almost every major news outlet in the world

now subscribes to Reuters' services, which operates in over

200 cities in 94 countries in about 20 languages. Negative

propaganda is equal to war which is called black propaganda

as well and the following news story from Reuters is a good

example which is “The United States has posted a $10

million reward for help in the arrest of a Pakistani

Islamist leader, Hafiz Mohammad Saeed, suspected of

masterminding attacks on India's financial capital and its

parliament. The reward comes at a time of heightened

tension between the United States and Pakistan and is

likely to increases pressure on Pakistan to take action

against the former Arabic scholar, who has recently

addressed rallies in Pakistan despite an Interpol warrant

86

for him. Released from house arrest in 2009, Saeed is a

free man in Pakistan. India has long called for Saeed's

capture and said the bounty - one of the highest on offer -

was a sign the United States understood its security

concerns. Last week, Saeed evaded police to address an

anti-U.S. rally in the Pakistani capital. India welcomes

this new initiative of the government of the United

States”. (http://www.reuters.com)

4.10. Data Analysis

Research is applied to survey participants the data

obtained form the SPSS 17 Statistical Package for Social

Sciences. Program with the data packet has been made into a

PC. As earlier mentioned that {500} respondents were

selected for this research from North Cyprus. Simple

percentage was used to analyze responses in a tabular from

more so, chi- square was used to test the hypothesis

earlier formulated. This is because of chi-square applies

to discrete data, counted rather than measured. It shows

some level independence because it initials showing wither

87

one variable is related to another or not related /

effected by another variable. SPSS17 and Chi-square was

used to compare the differences between observed and

expected frequencies. In order to calculate the chi-square

of this study, the following formula was used for this

study.

4.10.1. Sex of the respondents?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Male 430 86%

Female 70 14%

Total 500 100%

Looking at table 4.10.1, 430 respondents (86%) are men.

This implies that more men are watching foreign media for

Pakistani news in TRNC. However 70 respondents (14%) were

women. According to this research men are more than women

88

in TRNC and they are more interested in watching news than

women.

4.10.2. Occupation of the respondents?

Responses No. of

respondents

Percentage %

Workers 100 20%

Students 380 76%

TRNC Residents 20 4%

Total 500 100%

Table 4.10.2, shows that 100 respondents (20%) are working

class, 380 respondents (76%) is studying while the

remaining is permanent resident of TRNC.

4.10.3. Which foreign media used for news?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

BBC 280 56%

ARY 20 4%

Reuters 40 8%

VOA 60 12%

89

Total 500 100%

According to table 4.10..3, 280 respondents (56%) are

watching BBC news, 20 respondents 4% are using ARY news, 40

respondents 4% are watching Reuters news, while the

remaining 60 respondents 20% are using VOA news agency for

Pakistani news. It shows that BBC and VOA news agencies are

more watched news channels.

4.10.4. Access to media for Pakistani news?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Tv. Cabal 20 4%

Int. Newspaper 50 10%

Internet 430 86%

Total 500 100%

Table 4.10.4, illustrate that 20 respondents (4%) are

watching Tv cabal for international news in TRNC, 50

respondents 10% are reading international newspaper for

90

Pakistani news, while the remaining 430 respondents 86% are

internet news.

4.10.5. Access to the media?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Always 300 60%

Sometime 160 32%

Never 40 8%

Total 500 100%

From table 4.10.5, 300 respondents (60%) have always access

to one media or another media for watching Pakistani news.

160 respondents 32% have access to media sometime, while

the remaining 40 respondents 8 % says that don’t have

access to the media.

4.10.6. News broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters is favorable

for Pakistan?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Favorable 50 10%

91

UN_ Favorable 340 68%

Neutral 110 22%

Total 500 100%

Table 4.10.6, indicates that 50 respondents (10%) have the

opinion that news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news

agencies is favorable for Pakistan, while 340 respondents

having the opinion that news from the said news agencies

are unfavorable for Pakistan. The remaining 110 respondents

22% said that news broadcast by BBC,VOA and Reuters is

neutral and impartial news.

4.10.7. News broadcast by BBC, VOA, and Reuters is

favorable for democracy in Pakistan?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Favorable 100 20%

Un- Favorable 360 72%

Neutral 40 8%

Total 500 100%

92

Table 4.10.7, shows that 100 respondents (20%) says that

news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news agencies is

favorable for democracy in Pakistan. 360 respondents 72%

having the opinion that news from the said news agencies

are unfavorable for the democracy in Pakistan, while the

remaining 40 respondents 8% says that news broadcast by

BBC, VOA and Reuters news agency is neutral and impartial

news.

4.10.8. News broadcast by BBC, VOA, and Reuters is

favorable for the sovereignty of Pakistan?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Favorable 120 24%

UN- Favorable 290 58%

Neutral 90 18%

Total 500 100%

Table 4.10.8, denotes that 120 respondents (24%) declare

that news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news agencies

is favorable for the sovereignty of Pakistan. 290

respondents 58% having the opinion that news from the BBC,

93

VOA and Reuters news agency is unfavorable for the

sovereignty of Pakistan, while the remaining 90 respondents

18% says that news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news

agency is neutral and impartial news. According to table

foreign media is not neutral and trying to destabilize

Pakistan.

4.10.9. News broadcast by BBC, VOA, and Reuters is

favorable for united state of America?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Favorable 400 80%

UN- Favorable 20 4%

Neutral 80 16%

Total 500 100%

Table 4.10.9, shows that 400 respondents (80%) says that

news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news agencies is

favorable for USA. 20 respondents 4% having the opinion

that news from the said news agencies are unfavorable for

USA, while the remaining 80 respondents 16% says that news

94

broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news agency is neutral

and impartial news.

4.10.10. News broadcast by BBC, VOA, and Reuters is

favorable for Pakistani society?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Favorable 150 30%

UN- Favorable 270 54%

Neutral 80 16%

Total 500 100%

According to Table 4.20, 150 respondents (30%) says that

news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news agencies is

favorable for Pakistani society. 270 respondents 54% having

the opinion that news from the said news agencies are

unfavorable for Pakistani society, while the remaining 80

respondents 16% says that news broadcast by BBC, VOA and

Reuters news agency is neutral and impartial news.

4.10.11. News broadcast by BBC, VOA, and Reuters is

favorable for Pakistani military?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

95

Favorable 100 20%

UN- Favorable 260 52%

Neutral 140 28%

Total 500 100%

Table 4.10.11, shows that 100 respondents (20%) says that

news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news agencies is

favorable for Pakistani military. 260 respondents 52%

having the opinion that news from the said news agencies

are unfavorable for the military of Pakistan, while the

remaining 140 respondents 28% says that news broadcast by

BBC, VOA and Reuters news agency is neutral and have no

effect on Pakistani military.

4.10.12. Do you think that foreign media is highlighting

Pakistani culture and society in positive way?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

No 400 80%

Yes 50 10%

Neutral 30 6%

Don’t Know 20 4%

96

Total 500 100%

Table 4.10.12, represents that 400 respondents (80%) having

the opinion that news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters

news agencies is highlighting Pakistani culture and society

in a negative way and mostly says that because of these

foreign media people are not liking Pakistani culture and

their societies. 50 respondents 10% having the opinion that

news from the said news agencies are good for Pakistani

culture. 30 respondents says that news from the above news

agencies is neutral and they are disseminating information

in a neutral way, while the remaining 20 respondents 4%

don’t know that foreign media is effecting Pakistani

culture and society.

4.10.13. Do you think that foreign media is presenting the

darkest picture of Pakistan?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Yes 402 80%

NO 98 20%

Total 500 100%

97

402 respondents (80%) answer that foreign media is

presenting the darkest picture of Pakistan. 98 respondents

20% having the opinion that news broadcast by BBC, VOA and

Reuters news agencies is not presenting the darkest picture

of Pakistan. The chi square value is less than 0.05 thus is

significant at the level of 5% showing that responses of

showing darkest picture by foreign media is significantly

in positive mood. Thus, I accept the alternate Hi and

reject null hypothesis Ho. From the above test this is

concluded that foreign media is illustrating the darkest

picture of Pakistan.

4.10.14. Do you think for foreign media news is propaganda

news against Pakistan?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Yes 420 84%

No 80 16%

Total 500 100%

98

Table 4.10.14, shows that 420 respondents (84%) are

thinking that foreign media news is propaganda news against

Pakistan, while the remaining 80 respondent 16% having the

opinion that news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news

agencies is not propaganda news. The chi square value is

less than 0.05 thus is significant at the level of 5%

showing that a response of news as propaganda in favour of

forieng media is significantly in positive mood. Thus, I

accept the alternate Hi and reject null hypothesis Ho. In

conclusion, the test shows that foreign media news is

propaganda against Pakistan.

4.10.15. Is foreign media news is good for Islam?

Responses No. of respondents Percentage %

Yes 50 10%

No 410 82%

Neutral 30 6%

Don’t Know 10 2%

Total 500 100%

99

Table 4.10.15, claims that 50 respondents (10%) are

thinking that foreign media news is good for Islam, while

410 respondent 82% having the opinion that news broadcast

by BBC, VOA and Reuters news agencies is not good news for

Islam and Muslims. 30 respondents 6% says that foreign

media news is neutral news its informing and educating

people and its not effecting any religion, while the

remaining 10 respondents 2% don’t know or may not

interested to answer this question.

4.11. Testing Of Hypothesis

1. Ho: Foreign media is not trying to illustrate the dark

picture of Pakistan.

Hi: Foreign media is trying to illustrate the dark picture

of Pakistan.

Table 4.10.13 was used to test the above hypothetical

claim.

OF EF OF - EF (OF - EF)2

408 92 316 99856

100

Total 408 92 316

X2=316/99856=0.003

Total

0100200300400500

408 92 316 99856

OF EF OF - EF (OF - EF)2

Total

The chi square value is less than 0.05 thus is significant

at the level of 5% showing that responses of showing

darkest picture by foreign media is significantly in

positive mood. Thus, I accept the alternate Hi and reject

null hypothesis Ho. From the above test this is concluded

that foreign media is illustrating the darkest picture of

Pakistan.

4.12. Summary of the Chapter

101

Data is analyzed in this chapter which prove that foreign

media is portraying the darkest picture of Pakistan. It is

very interesting to mention that foreign media is

disseminating information in the shape of negative

propaganda against Pakistan. It is obvious that foreign

media is not interested in news from Pakistan but trying to

link and blame Pakistan as a terrorist’s place.

4.13. Summary of Findings

As it is obvious clear that foreign media playing a vital

role in this competitive environment and in a few seconds a

tiny message can spread in all over the world. Everywhere

foreign media is busy like a bee in propaganda against

other’s countries to fulfill their own benefits.

According to this research Pakistan has always been

portrayed in the media as a failed or dangerous country. In

reality, this is totally absurd and false.  Table 13 shows

that in 500 respondents 402 respondents (80%) have the

opinion that foreign media is presenting the darkest

picture of Pakistan, while only 80 respondents 16% said

102

that news broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters news agencies

is not presenting the darkest picture of Pakistan.

Further more the findings revealed that foreign media is

playing double role and not neutral in disseminating

information. In Pakistan foreign media is interested to

exaggerate the bomb blasts but not ready for the following

news story On Wednesday July 13, 2011, US drone attacks

kill 61 in 24 hours a news story covered by Malik Mumtaz &

Irfan Burki from “TheHardCoreNews”.

The research study shows that foreign media is playing a

very important role for those countries who are looking

their interests in Pakistan. The news broadcast by BBC, VOA

and Reuters news agencies is favorable for USA and these

news stories is destabilizing Pakistan and Pakistanis in

all over the world.

This research study indicates that foreign media is not

good for Islam and Muslims and trying to tell the world

that Pakistan is a haven for militants from all over the

world and trying to link terrorists from other countries to

Pakistan. Majority of the respondents of this research is

103

thinking that foreign media is doing negative propaganda

against Pakistan and its highlighting negative things and

events rather than positive things and events like

education, tourism, technology and developments.

In the light of this research study foreign media is

blaming Pakistan as a terrorist’s place and labeling

Pakistani or Muslim as a terrorist. Because of foreign

media Pakistanis are devaluing and people from other

countries are not treating Pakistanis in good way,

especially those who having beard people are calling them

terrorist or Osama.

There is no single story covered by BBC, VOA and Reuters

news agency from January 1, 2012 to June 1, 2012 which is

favorable for Pakistan or Muslims. Foreign media is giving

money to people to play a drama for doing black propaganda

news like Reuters news agency did in the following picture,

in which Reuters news agency photographer is taking a

picture of Taliban or terrorist.

104

Figure 15

http://leegrantphotography.wo

rdpress.com/2007/07/04/the-wars-withinand-without/

105

5. Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations

Data collected from the field was presented and analyzed in

chapter four. This chapter however, summaries the research

findings and makes recommendations based on these findings.

5.1. Conclusion

The following conclusion was drawn in the light of

hypothesis. Hypothesis “foreign media is presenting the

darkest picture of Pakistan”. Based on the test of

hypothesis, the image of Pakistan is going downward because

of the negative propaganda of foreign media. According to

this research study foreign media is not neutral with

Pakistan and blaming Pakistan as a terrorists place.

Foreign media is highlighting and exaggerating suicides and

bomb blasts but not ready to cover news from north Pakistan

and drone attacks. This research shows that there is not a

single news story broadcast by BBC, VOA and Reuters from

January 2012 to June 2012, which was good for Islam or in

favor of Muslims. Because of foreign media Pakistani people

are devaluing and people from other countries especially

106

from Europe and USA are not treating them good, especially

bearded Pakistanis are calling terrorist or OSAMA. Majority

of the respondents of this research is thinking that

foreign media is doing propaganda against Pakistan and its

highlighting negative things and events rather than

positive things and events like education, tourism,

technology and developments.

5.2. Recommendations for Further Work (Research)

In the light of this research study the following

recommendations are made: This research has thrown up many

questions in need of further investigation. Further work

needs to be done to investigate whether foreign media is

only propagating Pakistan or all the Muslim countries. More

broadly, research is also needed to determine that foreign

media will be partial and how the government of Pakistan

will take action against foreign media’s negative

propaganda.

107

Further investigation and experimentation is strongly

recommended for this research study. A number of possible

future studies using the same experimental set up are

apparent.  It would be interesting to assess the effects of

foreign media in other countries that how Pakistani people

are treating and how people from other countries are

thinking about Pakistanis.

More information on “negative propaganda of foreign media

against Pakistan” would help us to establish a greater

degree of accuracy on this matter. 

These findings provide the following insights for future

research: Considerably more work will need to be done to

determine and investigate the other aspects of foreign

media. It would be interesting to compare experiences of

individuals within the same group.

108

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114

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115

APPENDIX I

Questionnaire

Deer respondents my name is Majid Ali Shah. I am a student

of journalism and broadcasting from the Girne American

University, north Cyprus. I am conducting a research on the

topic “Negative propaganda of foreign media against

Pakistan” as a part of my MA thesis. The questionnaire is

designed to collect data in order to help carryout the

research. please answer the questions below. The answers

will be treated as confidential and will only be used for

the purpose of this research.

1. Sex:

(a) Male ( ) (b) Female

( )

2. Occupation?

(a) Worker ( ) (b)Student

( )

(c) TRNC resident ( ).

116

3. Which foreign media you used for news?

(a)BBC ( ) (b) ARY ( )

(c)REUTERS ( ) (d)VOA

( )

4. What media do you have access for Pakistani news?

(a) TV cable ( ) (b)International

news paper ( ) (c) websites/Internet ( )

5. How often do you have access to the media?

(a)Always ( ) (b)Sometimes

( )

(c)Never ( )

6. News broadcast by BBC, Reuters and VOA is Favourable

for Pakistan?

(a) Favourable ( ) (b) Unfavourable

( )

(c) Neutral ( )

7. News broadcast by BBC, Reuters and VOA is Favourable

for democracy in Pakistan?

117

(a) Favourable ( ) (b) Unfavourable

( )

(c) Neutral ( )

8. News broadcast by BBC, Reuters and VOA is Favourable

for the sovereingty of Pakistan?

(a) Favourable ( ) (b) Unfavourable

( )

(c) Neutral ( )

9. News broadcast by BBC, Reuters and VOA is Favourable

for United State of America USA?

(a) Favourable ( ) (b) Unfavourable

( )

(c) Neutral ( )

10. News broadcast by BBC, Reuters and VOA is

Favourable for Pakistani society?

(a) Favourable ( ) (b) Unfavourable

( )

(c) Neutral ( )

11. News broadcast by BBC, Reuters and VOA is

Favourable for Pakistani military?

118

(a) Favourable ( ) (b) Unfavourable

( )

(c) Neutral ( )

12. Do you think that foriegn media is highlighting

Pakistani culture and society in positive way?

---------------------------------------------------------

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---------------------------------------------

13. Do you think that forign media is presenting the

darkest picture of Pakistan

---------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------

14. Do you think that foreign media news is propaganda?

---------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------

119

15. Is foreign media news is good for Islam?

---------------------------------------------------------

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Thank you vey much for your assistance.

Majid Ali Shah

Student

No.103020001

Journalism &

Broadcasting

Girne American

University

North Cyprus.

120