FUNDAMENTALS OF MULTIMEDIA - Omega College

PGDCA

SEMESTER-I

FUNDAMENTALS

OF

MULTIMEDIA

Unit 1

Introduction to Multimedia

Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, video, and

animation in addition to traditional media (i.e., text, graphics drawings, and images).

Multimedia is an interactive media and provides multiple ways to represent information to

the user in a powerful manner. It provides an interaction between users and digital

information. It is a medium of communication. Some of the sectors where multimedia’s is

used extensively are education, training, reference material, business presentations,

advertising and documentaries.

Definition of Multimedia

By definition Multimedia is a representation of information in an attractive and interactive

manner with the use of a combination of text, audio, video, graphics and animation. In

other words we can say that Multimedia is a computerized method of presenting

information combining textual data, audio, visuals (video), graphics and animations. For

examples: E-Mail, Yahoo Messenger, Video Conferencing, and Multimedia Message

Service (MMS).

Multimedia as name suggests is the combination of Multi and Media that is many types of

media (hardware/software) used for communication of information.

Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text,

graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other

media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and

processed digitally.

A Multimedia Application is an Application which uses a collection of multiple media

sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video.

O m e g a I n s t i t u t e Page | 1

Need and uses of Multimedia –

Multimedia has found extensive applications in various fields. Following are some of the

main areas where this technology is applied:

1. Home Entertainment –

It includes computer based games for kids, interactive encyclopedia, story-telling and

cartoons, Audio and video on demand (interactive television), special effects in films.

2. Multimedia in Education -

Many computer games with focus on education are now available. Consider an example of

an educational game which plays various rhymes for kids. The child can paint the pictures,

increase reduce size of various objects etc apart from just playing the rhymes. Several other

multimedia packages are available in the market which provides a lot of detailed

information and playing capabilities to kids.

3. Multimedia in Business-

Multimedia can be used in many applications in a business. The multimedia technology

along with communication technology has opened the door for information of global wok

groups. Today the team members may be working anywhere and can work for various

companies. Thus the work place will become global. The multimedia network should

support the following facilities:

Voice Mail

Electronic Mail

Multimedia based FAX

Office Needs

Employee Training

Sales and Other types of Group Presentation

Records Management

4. Multimedia in Marketing and Advertising-

By using multimedia marketing of new products can be greatly enhanced. Multimedia

boost communication on an affordable cost opened the way for the marketing and

advertising personnel. Presentation that have flying banners, video transitions, animations,

and sound effects are some of the elements used in composing a multimedia based

advertisement to appeal to the consumer in a way never used before and promote the sale

of the products.


5. Multimedia in Bank-

Bank is another public place where multimedia is finding more and more application in

recent times. People go to bank to open saving/current accounts, deposit funds, withdraw

money, know various financial schemes of the bank, obtain loans etc. Every bank has a lot

of information which it wants to impart to in customers. For this purpose, it can use

multimedia in many ways. Bank also displays information about its various schemes on a

PC monitor placed in the rest area for customers. Today on-line and internet banking have

become very popular. These use multimedia extensively. Multimedia is thus helping banks

give service to their customers and also in educating them about banks attractive finance

schemes.

6. Multimedia in Hospital-

Multimedia best use in hospitals is for real time monitoring of conditions of patients in

critical illness or accident. The conditions are displayed continuously on a computer

screen and can alert the doctor/nurse on duty if any changes are observed on the screen.

Multimedia makes it possible to consult a surgeon or an expert who can watch an ongoing

surgery line on his PC monitor and give online advice at any crucial juncture.

In hospitals multimedia can also be used to diagnose an illness with CD-ROMs/ Cassettes/

DVDs full of multimedia based information about various diseases and their treatment.

Some hospitals extensively use multimedia presentations in training their junior staff of

doctors and nurses. Multimedia displays are now extensively used during critical

surgeries.

7. Communication Technology and Multimedia Services-

The advancement of high computing abilities, communication ways and relevant standards

has started the beginning of an era where you will be provided with multimedia facilities

at home. These services may include:

Basic Television Services

Interactive entertainment

Digital Audio

Video on demand

Home shopping

Financial Transactions

Interactive multiplayer or single player games

Digital multimedia libraries

E-Newspapers, e-magazines


8. Virtual reality-

Virtual reality is considered as important technology, giving scope for a great leap for

adverse fields. Virtual reality is an environment that can simulate physical presence in

places in the real world or imagined worlds.

9. Mass media –

It is used in the field of mass media i.e. journalism, in various magazines and newspapers

that are published periodically. The use of multimedia plays a vital role in a publishing

house as there are many works of newspaper designing and other stuff also. Nowadays it's

not only the text that we can see in the newspaper, but we can also see photographs in

newspaper, this not only makes newspaper a perfect example but will also explain the

worthiness of hypermedia.

10. Science and Technology –

Multimedia had a wide application in the field of science and technology. It is capable of

transferring audio, sending message and formatted multimedia documents. At the same

time, it also helps in live interaction through audio messages and it is only possible with the

hypermedia. It reduces the time and cost can be arranged at any moment even in

emergencies.

At the same time, it is useful for surgeons as they can use images created from imaging

scans of human body to practice complicated procedures such as brain removal and

reconstructive surgery. The plans can be made in a better way to reduce the costs and

complications.

11. Research –

In the area of mathematical and scientific research, multimedia is primarily used for

modeling and simulation. For example, looking at a molecular model by a scientist of a

particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance.

Development Platforms for Multimedia –

When evaluating a platform for multimedia delivery, one must take into account how well

that particular computing environment implements and supports the technologies that make

multimedia computing possible. Hardware support, however, is not necessarily the most

important criterion. Other factors, including the availability of authoring software and the

installed base of computing equipment within the user's environment

1. MS DOS

2. WINDOWS

3. LINUX


1. MS DOS –

MS-DOS, in full Microsoft Disk Operating System, the dominant operating system for

the personal computer (PC) throughout the 1980’s. It is a command-line-based system,

where all commands are entered in text form and there is no graphical user interface.MS-

DOS was the most commonly used member of the family of disk operating systems. It was

the main choice as an operating system for IBM PC-compatible computer systems during

the 1980s to mid-1990s. MS-DOS was gradually replaced by systems with graphical user

interfaces, particularly Microsoft Windows.

2. WINDOWS –

A window is a graphical interface element used to display the contents of an application for

the user to view and interact with. A window is usually a rectangular area that can be

resized and is generally editable according to the capabilities and limitations imposed on it

by the application providing it. The window is essential in facilitating multitasking in a

modern operating system, as it allows users to visually and manually switch between

running applications and make general interactions with the operating system.

Editions of Windows –

Starting with Windows XP, Microsoft has published various editions of Windows. Each of

these Windows editions has the same core operating system, but some editions have

additional features, at an additional cost. The two most common editions of Windows for

home computers are Windows Home and Windows Professional.

Windows Home

Windows Home (also called Win Home) is the basic edition of Windows. It provides all

the fundamental functions of Windows, such as connecting to the Internet, browsing the

web, watching videos, using office software, and playing video games. It is the least

expensive edition of Windows, and it comes preinstalled on many new computers.

Windows Pro

Windows Professional (also called Windows Pro, or Win Pro) is an enhanced Windows

edition, for power users, and small to medium sized businesses.

3. Linux -

Linux is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. As an operating

system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer,

receiving request. Linux is an open source and community-developed operating system for

computers. The Linux open source operating system, or Linux OS, is a freely distributable,

cross-platform operating system based on Unix that can be installed on PCs, laptops,

notebooks, mobile and tablet devices, video game consoles, servers, supercomputers and

more


As an Operating System, some of Linux features are:

Portable(Multiplatform)

Multitasking

Multi User

Multiprocessor (SMP) Support

Multithreading Support

Virtual Memory

Hierarchical File System

Graphical User Interface (X Window System, Wayland)

Wide Hardware Support

Dynamically Linked Shared Libraries as well as Static Libraries

POSIX Compliant (Almost)

Multiple Virtual Consoles

Multiple File system Support

Multiple Networking Protocols (TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, Appletalk, AX.25)

Shell

Strong Security Model

Open Source

Identifying Multimedia Elements –

If we break the word multimedia into its component parts ,we get multi -meaning more

than one ,and media-meaning form of communication. Those types of media include:

1. Text

2. Graphics

3. Audio

4. Video

5. Animation

Text- All multimedia productions contain some amount of text. The text can have

various types of fonts and sizes to suit the profession presentation of the

multimedia software.

Graphics- Graphics make the multimedia application attractive. In many cases

people do not like reading large amount of textual matter on the screen. Therefore,

graphics are used more often than text to explain a concept, present background

information etc. There are two types of Graphics:

Bitmap images- Bitmap images are real images that can be captured from devices

such as digital cameras or scanners. Generally bitmap images are not editable.

Bitmap images require a large amount of memory.

Vector Graphics- Vector graphics are drawn on the computer and only require a

small amount of memory. These graphics are editable.

Audio- A multimedia application may require the use of speech, music and sound

effects. These are called audio or sound element of multimedia.Speech is also a

perfect way for teaching. Audio are of analog and digital types. Analog audio or


sound refers to the original sound signal. Computer stores the sound in digital form.

Therefore, the sound used in multimedia application is digital audio.

Video- The term video refers to the moving picture, accompanied by sound such as

a picture in television. Video element of multimedia application gives a lot of

information in small duration of time. Digital video is useful in multimedia

application for showing real life objects. Video have highest performance demand

on the computer memory and on the bandwidth if placed on the internet. Digital

video files can be stored like any other files in the computer and the quality of the

video can still be maintained. The digital video files can be transferred within a

computer network. The digital video clips can be edited easily.

Animation- Animation is a process of making a static image look like it is moving.

An animation is just a continuous series of still images that are displayed in a

sequence. The animation can be used effectively for attracting attention. Animation

also makes a presentation light and attractive. Animation is very popular in

multimedia application

Multimedia Hardware and Software requirement -

MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

CPU

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an essential part in any computer. It is considered as the

brain of computer, where processing and synchronization of all activities takes place. The

efficiency of a computer is judged by the speed of the CPU in processing of data. For a

multimedia computer a Pentium processor is preferred because of higher efficiency.

Monitor

The monitor is used to see the computer output. Generally, it displays 25 rows and 80

columns of text. The text or graphics in a monitor is created as a result of an arrangement of

tiny dots, called pixels. Resolution is the amount of details the monitor can render.

Resolution is defined in terms of horizontal and vertical pixel (picture elements) displayed

on the screen.

Video Grabbing Card

We need to convert the analog video signal to digital signal for processing in a computer.

Normal computer will not be able to do it alone. It requires special equipment called video

grabbing card and software to this conversion process. This card translates the analog

signal it receives from conventional sources such as a VCR or a video camera, and converts

them into digital format.


Sound Card

Today’s computers are capable of creating the professional multimedia needs. Not only you

can use computer to compose your own music, but it can also be used for recognition of

speech and synthesis. It can even read back the entire document for you. But before all this

happens, we need to convert the conventional sound signal to computer understandable

digital signals. This is done using a special component added to the system called sound

card.

CD-Rom

CD-ROM is a magnetic disk of 4.7 inches diameter and it can contain data up to 680

Megabytes. It has become a standard by itself basically for its massive storage capacity,

faster data transfer rate. To access CD-ROM a very special d1rive is required and it is

known as CD-ROM drive.

MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS –

For the creation of multimedia on the PC there are hundreds of software packages that are

available from manufacturers all over the world

These software packages can cost anything from being absolutely free (normally this

software is called freeware or shareware)

Here is a summary of just a few of these programs.

1. Adobe CS4 -

Adobe CS4 is a collection of graphic design, video editing, and web development

applications made by Adobe Systems many of which are the industry standard that

includes

2. Adobe Dreamweaver

Although a hybrid WYSIWYG and code-based web design and development

application, Dreamweaver’s WYSIWYG mode can hide the HTML code details of

pages from the user, making it possible for non-coders to create web pages and

sites.WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) web development software that

allows users to create websites without using Html, everything can be done visually.

3. Adobe Fireworks

A graphics package that allows users to create bitmap and vector graphics editor with

features such as: slices, the ability to add hotspots etc.) for rapidly creating website

prototypes and application interfaces.

4. Gimp

Is an alternative to Photoshop and cheaper but not quite as good.


5. Google Sketch up

Sketch Up is a 3D modeling program designed for architects, civil engineers,

filmmakers, game developers, and related professions.

6. Microsoft FrontPage

As a WYSIWYG editor, FrontPage is designed to hide the details of pages’ HTML

code from the user, making it possible for novices to easily create web pages and sites.

7. Microsoft PowerPoint

PowerPoint Presentations are generally made up of slides may contain text, graphics,

movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely on the slide.

8. Adobe Flash Player

Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash) is a multimedia platform that is popular for

adding animation and interactivity to web pages. Originally acquired by Macromedia,

Flash was introduced in 1996, and is currently developed and distributed by Adobe

Systems.

Flash is commonly used to create animation, advertisements, and various web

page Flash components, to integrate video into web pages, and more recently, to

develop rich Internet applications.

10. Apple QuickTime

QuickTime is an extensible proprietary multimedia framework developed by Apple,

capable of handling various formats of digital video, 3D models, sound, text, animation,

music, panoramic images, and interactivity.

Making simple presentation with PowerPoint –

What is PowerPoint -

A PowerPoint presentation is a presentation created using Microsoft PowerPoint software.

The presentation is a collection of individual slides that contain information on a

topic. PowerPoint presentations are commonly used in business meetings and for training

and educational purposes.


Step 1: Launch the PowerPoint Program –

When you launch the PowerPoint program, you may be prompted to pick what kind of

document you want to create. Choose to create a blank presentation. If it does not ask you

this, a blank presentation will automatically launch.

Step 2: Choosing a Design

To use a template, either click the "Design" tab or go to "File" again and click "New from

Template".The next thing you want to do is decide what design you want for the

presentation. To do this, go to the 'Design' tab at the top of the page. Scroll through all the

options and decide which one looks best for the presentation you want. To get a preview of

what the design will look like before applying it to the presentation, hover over the design

you want to preview. This design will be automatically continued throughout the rest of

your presentation. Once you have more than one slide, you can add a different design for

just one slide. To do this, select the slide you want to change the design on by clicking on

it. It will pop-up as the big slide in the screen. Then you can right-click the design you want

for this slide and select 'Apply to Selected Slide'. It will appear on that slide, but will not

change the design of the other slides.


Step 3: Create Title Page

Click the first box that says 'Click to add title' and add the title of your presentation. Click

the bottom box to add your name, or any other subtitle that you choose. Once you have

your text in the boxes, you can change their font, size, color, etc. with the toolbar options at

the top. You can change the size of the text box by selecting it, and then dragging the

corners of the box. To move the text boxes, select the box, and move your arrow over the

border of the box. A four-arrow icon will appear, and clicking with this icon will allow you

to move the text boxes wherever you choose.

Step 4: Add More Slides

Chances are, you are going to need more than one slide. There are a few ways you can add

more slides. Notice that there is a separate area to the left of the screen where your first

slide is located. The first way to add a slide is to right-click the area under where your first

slide is located and selects 'New Slide'. A new slide will appear. The second way to add

another slide it to click 'New Slide' in the toolbar above the slides.


Step 5: Add Charts, Pictures, Graphs, Etc.

If you want to insert a chart, picture, graph, or any other graphic, click on the 'Insert' tab at

the top of the window. Here you will see buttons of all the options of what you can insert

into your slide. Click the designated box and insert what it is you want to have on that

slide.

Once you have your chart or picture, you can add a border or edit it however you

want in the 'Format' tab.

Step 6: Add Transitions

To add transitions in between your slides, click the 'Transition’ tab at the top of the

page. Here you can scroll through all the options of transitions, and hover over them to see

a preview. Select the slide you want the transition applied to, and then click the transition

you chose. You can do this for every slide, selecting the same or different transitions


Step 7-

Save your presentation by clicking "File" and "Save", making sure to specify which folder

or destination you want your PowerPoint to be.

Step 8: Play the Presentation

Once you have all your slides completed and in the order you want, view your

slideshow. Click the 'Slide Show' tab at the top of the page and select 'From

Beginning'. You can go through your entire slideshow, and change slides by clicking or

pressing the right arrow. A shortcut to this is pressing F5.


Text as a component of Multimedia -

Text is the most common medium of representing the information. In multimedia, text is

mostly use for titles, headlines, menu etc. It contains alphanumeric and some other special

characters. Keyboard is usually used for input of text.

Text is the graphic representation of speech. Unlike speech, however, text is silent, easily

stored, and easily manipulated. Text in multimedia presentations makes it possible to

convey large amounts of information using very little storage space. Computers

customarily represent text using the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange) system. The ASCII system assigns a number for each of the characters found

on a typical typewriter. Each character is represent as a binary number which can be

understood by the computer

Text technology-

1. Based on creating letters, numbers and special characters.

2. May also include special icon or drawing symbols, mathematical symbol, Greek

letter etc[©™≈ƒ]

Text elements can be categories into:

1. Alphabet characters: A-Z

2. Numbers: 0-9

3. special characters: Punctuation [. , ; ‘ …..] , Sign or symbols [*&^%$#@!…..]

4. Also known Character Sets.

Obtaining text –

Text can be captured in following ways

1. Keyboard

2. Mouse

3. Scanner

Font –

1. A ‘font’ is a collection of characters of a particular size and style belonging to a

particular typeface family.

2. Usually vary by type sizes and styles.

3. The sizes are measure in points

4. This includes the letter set, the number set, and all of the special character and

diacritical marks you get by pressing the shift, option, or command /control keys.

Typeface

A ‘typeface’ is a family of graphic characters that usually includes many type sizes and

styles.

A typeface contains a series of fonts. For instance, Arial, Arial Black, Arial Narrow and

Arial Unicode MS are actually 4 fonts under the same family.


1. Arial

2. Arial Black

3. Arial Narrow

4. Arial Unicode MS

FONT EFFECTS

The technology of font effects in bringing viewer’s attention to content

1. Case : UPPER and lower cased letter

2. Bold, Italic, Underline, Superscript and Subscript

3. Embossed or Shadow

4. colors

5. Strikethrough

Font Size –

The font size or text size is how large the characters displayed on a screen or printed on a

page are.

How is the font size measured? –

A font is often measured in pt (points). Points dictate the height of the lettering. There are

approximately 72 (72.272) points in one inch or 2.54 cm. For example, the font size 72

would be about one inch tall, and 36 would be about a half of an inch.

Dimensions of Font –

Baseline - The line on which the bases of character arrenged , the baseline is the

imaginary line upon which a line of text rests.

X height - The distance between the baseline and the top of the lowercase.

Cap height - Cap height stands for capital height. It is simply the height of capital

letters.

Ascented -The recommended distance above the baseline for singled spaced text.

Descender –Descender is the part that appears below the base line of a font


Font Types –

Fonts are divided in proportional and monospaced

categories depending on how each font deals with

the space between characters. Although both

categories of fonts can be used for any type of text,

both on the computer and in print, each category has

pros and cons and works best for specific usages.

1. Mono Spaced Fonts

2. Prorpotionally Spaced fonts

1. Mono Spaced Font –

A mono spaced font, also called a fixed-pitch, fixed-width, or non-proportional font, is

a font whose letters and characters each occupy the same amount of horizontal space.

Monospaced fonts were widely used in early computers and computer terminals, which

often had extremely limited graphical capabilities As can be seen in the picture, with

proportional spacing the letter 'w' takes up much more spacing than the other letters.

Monospace fonts can be reminiscent of pages typed on manual typewriters. Some basic text

editors such as Notepad for Windows use a monospace font to set text, as do some

specialized editors used for programming in various languages. Examples of commonly-

used monospace fonts are Courier New, Fixedsys, Monaco, Lucida Console and Andale

Mono. Monospaced are designed to make characters easy to read and find in hundreds of

lines of code

Benefits of Monospace Fonts

Setting text in a monospace font makes it easier to identify characters by themselves.

Because of this, tasks that rely on the easy identification of specific characters, such as

programming, benefit from the use of a monospace font.

Disadvantages of Monospace Fonts-

Because of the fixed width of all the characters, a block of text set in a monospace font will

typically take up more space than the same text set in a proportional font. Additionally,

long stretches of monospaced text can blend together visually and, as a result, become

harder to read.

2. Prorpotionally Spaced fonts –

A font in which different characters have different pitches

(widths). Proportional fonts are also called proportional-

pitch fonts. Most books, magazines and other printed

materials are set in proportional fonts; similarly, the

graphical user interface of many programs uses a

proportional font for titles, menus and other text.

Examples of commonly-used proportional fonts are Times

New Roman, Verdana, Arial, Georgia and Comic Sans.


Benefits Proportional Fonts

Text set in a proportional font is more visually appealing and often easier to read. Because

of the variable spacing between characters, it can be easier to focus on each word as a

whole rather than on individual characters.

Disadvantages of Proportional Fonts

Proportional fonts present a disadvantage in some situations. If you want to be able to

easily calculate the amount of characters present in a line of text, or identifying individual

characters is of the foremost importance, using a proportional font will make your task

harder. Additionally, in some proportional fonts some characters can be easily mistaken for

others: for example, a lowercase "l" and a capital "I" or the number "0" and the capital

letter "O" may look almost identical.

Other type of font

Ornamental Fonts -

A special font (or variant type style) with pictorial rather than text characters. Such

characters are used to embellish/decorate the text, as their name suggests, decorative

typefaces should be used for decorative or ornamental purposes. They are not suitable for

using in body text. You would have some pretty cross-eyed and sick readers if you forced

people to read too much in one of these fonts.


Dingbat Font –

Dingbat is a term used to describe certain fonts that have shapes and symbols in place of

what would normally be letters and numbers. A dingbat is a decorative element available in

font format. Dingbats can be graphic elements such as squares, triangles, hearts,

checkmarks, pinwheels, lightning bolts, arrows or stars. They can also be small illustrations

of anything you can imagine: a pointing finger, a pencil, a pair of scissors

Dingbats are appropriate for both print and web applications and can enhance visual

communication in many ways. Use them as

bullets (try squares, inverted triangles, or checkmarks)

paragraph separators

article endings

borders (when strung together)

checkboxes on forms or surveys

Eye-catching symbols to highlight e-mail addresses, telephone and fax numbers, etc.

logos (when combined with type)

purely decorative elements

Font Scalling –

Font Scalling means to Change the size of font Horizontally or Vertically

Font Spacing -

1. Tracking Font

2. Leading Font

3. kerning

1. Tracking Font –

Tracking refers to uniformly increasing or decreasing the

horizontal spacing between ranges of characters. Most

often used to adjust and fine-tune overall letter

spacing, tracking can create more readable, pleasing color

and texture. Tracking is another effective method of spatial

adjustment. In simple words, it uniformly manages the

space between all letters in terms of text. With more tracking space you can make the

overall density of typeface lower while with less tracking space you can make the character

density appear higher. Adjusting tracking space can have the significant impact on

readability. Through tracking, you can easily eliminate orphan lines and make them appear

neatly organized.


Leading Font –

Leading is the vertical spacing between lines of type. Leading is a typographical term

referring to the vertical space from the same point on one line to the same point on the next,

within the same paragraph.

Kerning –

kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing

between characters in a proportional font,

Kerning adjusts the space between individual letter

forms. Kerning focuses on the space between two

specific characters. Although characters have

various widths, it’s important to proportionally

distance them.

Kerning is useful because it allows more text to be placed within a given amount of space.

This allows longer articles to be placed in newspapers and magazines with limited space. It

also looks more natural because when writing by hand, people often make characters

overlap. Many text editing programs, as well as image editors such as Adobe Photoshop,

allow the user to kern characters. These programs often include a kerning setting that

enables the user to determine how tightly the characters fit together.

Concept of plaintext and Formatted text –

Plain Text

Plaintext is any text, text file, or document that contains only text. Unlike a rich-text

document, a plain text file cannot have bold text, fonts, larger font sizes, or any other

special text formatting. Plain text, as you might have guessed, is rather plain. It supports

standard ASCII characters, including numbers, symbols, and spaces, but does not support

any type of text formatting. Therefore you cannot apply bold, italic, or underlined styles,

and you cannot use different fonts or font sizes in a plain text document.

Because plain text does not contain information about text sizes or styles, it is the most

efficient way to store text. Plain text documents often take up less than half the size of rich

text documents containing the same number of characters. This is why log files, which

contain a "log" of data generated by a program, are typically stored in a plain text format.

https://techterms.com/definition/ascii

https://techterms.com/definition/font

https://techterms.com/definition/logfile


You can use a basic text editor such as Notepad or WordPad (for Windows) or TextEdit

(for Mac) to create a plain text document. Plain text is the most portable format because it

is supported by nearly every application on every machine. It is quite limited, however,

because it cannot contain any formatting commands.

Formatted text –

Formatted text is any text that contains special formatting such as font size, font color,

bold, italic. Formatted text is text that is displayed in a special, specified style. In computer

applications, formatting data may be associated with text data to create formatted text. How

formatted text is created and displayed is dependent on the operating system and

application software used on the computer. The purpose of formatted text is to enhance the

presentation of information. The goal is to help the reader to obtain, understand, and retain

the information.

RTF and HTML texts

RTF –

Short for rich text format, RTF is a mix between rich text files and plaintext files. Unlike

text files, RTF files offer some formatting features like bold, italic, underline, bullets,

different fonts, and text justification. However, it does not provide all of the features found

in a full word processor.

An example of an RTF editor is Microsoft WordPad. However, any text or word processor

program is capable of creating documents with any of the formatting features mentioned

above is capable of creating an RTF document.

Rich text format (RTF) is a specific type of word processing document format evolved by

Microsoft. This universal format helps provide compatibility between different word

processing applications and operating systems, which is important for a diversified system


where text document files move from one user's desktop to another. Rich text format is also

known simply as rich text.

The rich text format allows for encoding basic elements of the file, such as the size, color

and font of text. This format may not support more nuanced visual features in specific word

processing applications like a modern version of Microsoft Word, but it does preserve a lot

of the core design of the document file as it has been rendered in a particular word

processor. For example, proprietary formats such as .docx, .doc or .wp may not translate as

well between different systems as an .rtf version. For that reason, rich text format is often

used when emailing documents to a wide set of recipients or otherwise transporting them

between different parties that may be using radically different word processing setups.

How to convert a plaintext to an RTF file –

1. Open the file plaintext file in an RTF editor, such as WordPad or Microsoft Word.

2. Once open, choose the option to Save As and make sure that the Save as type is

*.rtf, *.docx, *.odt, or another RTF file format.

Html text –

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It's the way web pages and email

templates are coded so that text is formatted and images are added. Plain Text is

regular text, with no formatting options such as bold, italics, underlines, or special layout

options.

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

HTML describes the structure of a Web page

HTML consists of a series of elements

HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content

HTML elements are represented by tags

HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading", "paragraph", "table", and so

on

Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the

page

Object Linking and Embedding –

Object linking and embedding (OLE) is a Microsoft technology that facilitates the sharing

of application data and objects written in different formats from multiple sources. Linking

establishes a connection between two objects, and embedding facilitates application data

insertion.


OLE is used for compound document management, as well as application data transfer via

drag-and-drop and clipboard operations.

An OLE object may display as an icon. Double clicking the icon opens the associated

object application or asks the user to select an application for object editing.

Alternatively, an OLE object may display as actual contents, such as a graph or chart. For

example, an external application chart, such as an Excel spreadsheet, may be inserted into a

Word application. When the chart is activated in the Word document, the chart's user

interface loads, and the user is able to manipulate the external chart's data inside the Word

document.

OLE-supported software applications include:

Microsoft Windows applications, such as Excel, Word and PowerPoint

Corel WordPerfect

Adobe Acrobat

AutoCAD

Multimedia applications, like photos, audio/video clips and PowerPoint

presentations.

OLE has certain disadvantages, as follows:

Embedded objects increase the host document file size, resulting in potential storage

or loading difficulties.

Linked objects can break when a host document is moved to a location that does not

have the original object application.

Interoperability is limited. If the embedded or linked object application is

unavailable, the object cannot be manipulated or edited.


Unit II

Sound in Multimedia -

Sound is one of the most important elements of multimedia. It is meaningful “speech” in

any language, from a whisper to a scream. It can provide the listening pleasure of music,

the startling accent of special effects or the ambience of a mood setting background

Sound comprises spoken word, voice, music and even noise. It is a complex relationship

involving

1. a vibrating object(sound source)

2. a transmission medium(air)

3. a receiver(ear)

4. a preceptor (brain)

Sound pressure is measured in db (decibel)

Sound waves are known as waveforms.

Sound and it Attributes-

Tone

Intensity

Frequency

Wavelength

Pitch

1. Tone -

'Tone' is related to the frequency composition of the sound. Tone in acoustics, sound that

can be recognized by its regularity of vibration Tone are of two types

Simple tone –

Simple tone has only one frequency, although its intensity may vary

Complex tone -

Complex tone consists of two or more simple tones,

2. Intensity -

Sound intensity, also known as acoustic intensity, is defined as the power carried by sound

waves per unit area in a direction perpendicular to that area


3. Frequency -

Frequency is the speed of the vibration, and this determines the pitch of the sound. It is only

useful or meaningful for musical sounds, where there is a strongly regular waveform.

Frequency is measured as the number of wave cycles that occur in one second. The unit of

frequency measurement is Hertz (Hz for short).

4. Wavelength -

Wavelength can be defined as the distance between two successive crests or troughs of a

wave. It is measured in the direction of the wave. Wavelength is the distance from one crest

to another, or from one trough to another, of a wave (which may be an electromagnetic

wave, a sound wave, or any other wave). Crest is the highest point of the wave whereas the

trough is the lowest. Since wavelength is distance/length, it is measured in units of lengths

such as meters, centimeters, millimeters, nanometers, etc.

5. Pitch -

Pitch can be taken as the measure of sound frequency expressed in terms of Hertz. Higher

the frequency, higher the pitch.. All kinds of sound produces some waves that are measured

with respect to the frequency it carries. Pitch can also be expressed as the position of a

musical note in musical scale.


Pitches are of two types

a. High pitch

b. Low pitch

What is Mono sound?

Mono means “one” or “single” - in the case of sound, it means that you are hearing the

same thing in both ears. You cannot judge the direction a sound came from. It sounds flat,

because it is not stereo.Mono or monophonic describes a system where all the audio signals

are mixed together and routed through a single audio channel.

What is Stereo sound?

Stereophonic sound systems have two independent audio signal channels, and the signals

that are reproduced have a specific level and phase relationship to each other. Stereo (or

Stereophonic sound) is the reproduction of sound using two or more

independent audio channels in a way that creates the impression of sound heard from

various directions, as in natural hearing.

Mono V/s Stereo Sound-

Mono Stereo

Introduction Monaural or monophonic sound

reproduction is intended to be

heard as if it were a single

channel of sound perceived as

coming from one position.

Stereophonic sound or, more

commonly, stereo, is a method of

sound reproduction that creates

an illusion of multi-directional

audible perspective.

Cost

Less expensive for recording and

reproduction

more expensive for recording

and reproduction

Recording Easy to record, requires only

basic equipment

Requires technical knowledge

and skill to record, apart from

equipment. It's important to

know the relative position of the

objects and events.

Key feature

Audio signals are routed through

a single channel

Audio signals are routed through

2 or more channels to simulate

depth/direction perception, like

in the real world.


Usage Public address system, radio talk

shows, hearing aid, telephone and

mobile communication, some

AM radio stations

Movies, Television, Music

players, FM radio stations

Channels

1 2

Sound Channels-

Sound channel refers to the independent audio signal which is collected when the sound is

recording in different position.

1. One –Mic channel

2. Stage channel

3. Location channel

4. Video mic channel

Effect in sound

1. Amplitude effects

2. Delay effects

3. Time/pitch effect

4. Reverse effect

5. Invert effect


Analog Sound –

Sound itself is a continuous wave, it is an analog

signal, this means that one cannot detect the precise

moment the pitch changes. In analog technology, a

wave is recorded or used in its original form. An

analog recording is one where a property or

characteristic of a physical recording medium is made

to vary in a manner analogous to the variations in air pressure of the original sound. Analog

audio splits sound into “Left” and s“Right” components which are called stereo sound.

Therefore, if you only have 3 speakers connected to your sound system (left, right, and

center) then you can use this RCA connection and get great sound

Digital Sound

Digital sound is not a recording of the actual sound,

but rather a combination of binary code, representing

the sound's intensity and pitch at precise intervals

with relative accuracy Digital audio is a technology

that is used to record, store, manipulate, generate and

reproduce sound using audio signals that have been

encoded in digital form.

It also refers to the sequence of discreet samples that are taken from an analog audio

waveform. Instead of a continuous sinusoidal wave, digital audio is composed of discreet

points which represent the amplitude of the waveform approximately.

The more samples taken, the better the representation, and hence impacts the quality of the

digital audio. Most modern multimedia devices can only process digital audio, and in the

case of cell phones requiring analog audio input, they still convert it to digital before

transmission.

Analog V/s Digital Sound –


Digitization of Sound –

Digitization is a process of converting the analog signals to a digital signal. There are three

steps of digitization of sound.

Sampling -

Sampling is a process of measuring air pressure amplitude at equally spaced moments in

time, where each measurement constitutes a sample. A sampling rate is the number of

times the analog sound is taken per second. A higher sampling rate implies that more

samples are taken during the given time interval and ultimately, the quality of

reconstruction is better. The sampling rate is measured in terms of Hertz, Hz in short,

which is the term for Cycle per second. A sampling rate of 5000 Hz(or 5kHz,which is more

common usage) implies sampling rates most often used in multimedia are 44.1kHz(CD-

quality), 22.05kHz and 11.025kHz.

Quantization -

Quantization is a process of representing the amplitude of each sample as integers or

numbers. How many numbers are used to represent the value of each sample known as

sample size or bit depth or resolution. Commonly used sample sizes are either 8 bits or 16

bits. The larger the sample size, the more accurately the data will describe the recorded

sound. An 8-bit sample size provides 256 equal measurement units to describe the level

and frequency of the sound in that slice of time. A 16-bit sample size provides 65,536

equal units to describe the sound in that sample slice of time. The value of each sample is

rounded off to the nearest integer (quantization) and if the amplitude is greater than the

intervals available, clipping of the top and bottom of the wave occurs.

Encoding -

Encoding converts the integer base-10 number to a base-2 that is a binary number. The

output is a binary expression in which each bit is either a 1(pulse) or a 0(no pulse).


Concept of MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) –

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a protocol developed in the 1980's which

allows electronic instruments and other digital musical tools to communicate with each

other. MIDI is the modern musician’s best friend. MIDI itself does not make sound, it is

just a series of messages like "note on," "note off," "note/pitch," "pitchbend," and many

more. These messages are interpreted by a MIDI instrument to produce sound. A MIDI

instrument can be a piece of hardware (electronic keyboard, synthesizer) or part of a

software environment (ableton, garageband, digital performer, logic...).

In short, MIDI is a way of sending data to easily make music.In short, MIDI is a way of

sending data to easily make music.It may be best to think of MIDI as a language. One that

allows computers and digital devices to communicate with each other. These digital devices

are called MIDI controllers. They allow you to “control” your music via the language of

MIDI. They come in all forms, from MIDI keyboards to MIDI drum pads. The advantages

of MIDI include.

compact -

An entire song can be stored within a few hundred MIDI messages (compared to audio data

which is sampled thousands of times a second)

easy to modify/manipulate notes -

Change pitch, duration, and other parameters without having to rerecord

change instruments -

remember, MIDI only describes which notes to play, you can send these notes to any

instrument to change the overall sound of the composition.

MIDI COMPONENTS –

Synthesizer:

It is a sound generator (various pitch, loudness, tone colour).

A good (musician's) synthesizer often has a microprocessor, keyboard, control

panels, memory, etc.

Sequencer:

It can be a stand-alone unit or a software program for a personal computer. (It used

to be a storage server for MIDI data. Nowadays it is more a software music

editor on the computer.

It has one or more MIDI INs and MIDI OUTs.

Track:

Track in sequencer is used to organize the recordings.

Tracks can be turned on or off on recording or playing back.

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Channel:

MIDI channels are used to separate information in a MIDI system.

There are 16 MIDI channels in one cable.

Channel numbers are coded into each MIDI message.

Timbre:

The quality of the sound, e.g., flute sound, cello sound, etc.

Multitimbral - capable of playing many different sounds at the same time (e.g.,

piano, brass, drums, etc.)

Pitch:

musical note that the instrument plays

Voice:

Voice is the portion of the synthesizer that produces sound.

Synthesizers can have many (12, 20, 24, 36, etc.) voices.

Each voice works independently and simultaneously to produce sounds of

different timbre and pitch.

MIDI Requirements

MIDI keyboard –

A MIDI keyboard typically a piano-style electronic musical keyboard.

1. Sequencer Software-

MIDI Sequencer software is used to record and edit data like a word processor.

i.Cut and paste

ii.insert/delete


2. Sound synthesizer (built-in in to sound card)

MIDI facts

Since they are small, MIDI files embedded in web pages load and play.

Length of a MIDI files can be changed without affecting the audio quality.

Midi requires knowledge of music theory.

Overview of Various sound file formats

Audio format defines the quality and loss of audio data. Based on application different type

of audio format is used. The Audio Files category includes compressed and uncompressed

audio formats, which contain waveform data that can be played with audio playback

software. This category also includes MIDI files, musical scores, and audio project files,

which typically do not contain audio data.Audio formats are broadly divided into three

parts:

Uncompressed Format

Lossy Compressed format

Lossless Compressed Format

1. Uncompressed Format –

Uncompressed audio is audio without any compression applied to it The best way to store

data for high quality playback, as it requires very little processing in order to retrieve the

audio data. More compressed formats (below) can cause audio glitches on some systems. It

include

PCM –

It stands for Pulse-Code Modulation. It represents raw analog audio signals in digital

form. To convert analog signal into digital signal it has to be recorded at a particular

interval. Hence it has sampling rate and bit rate (bits used to represent each sample). It


a exact representation of the analog sound and do not involve compression. It is the

most common audio format used in CDs and DVDs

WAV –

It stands for Waveform Audio File Format, it was developed by Microsoft and IBM in

1991. It is just a Windows container for audio formats. That means that a WAV file

can contain compressed audio. Most WAV files contain uncompressed audio in PCM

format. It is just a wrapper. It is compatible with both Windows and Mac.

AIFF –

It stands for Audio Interchange File Format. It was developed by Apple for Mac

systems in 1988. Like WAV files, AIFF files can contain multiple kinds of audio. It

contain uncompressed audio in PCM format. It is just a wrapper for the PCM

encoding. It is compatible with both Windows and Mac.

2. Lossy Compressed Format:

It is a form of compression that loses data during the compression process. But difference

in quality no noticeable to hear.

MP3

It stands for MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3. It was released in 1993 and became popular. It

is most popular audio format for music files. Main aim of MP3 is to remove all those

sounds which not hearable or less noticeable by humans ears. Hence making size of

music file small. MP3 is like universal format which is compatible almost every

device.

AAC

It stands for Advanced Audio Coding. It was developed in 1997 after MP3.The

compression algorithm used by AAC is much more complex and advanced than MP3,

so when compared a particular audio file in MP3 and AAC formats at the same

bitrate, the AAC one will generally have better sound quality. It is the standard audio

compression method used by YouTube, Android, iOS, iTunes, and PlayStations.

WMA

It stands for Windows Media Audio. It was released in 1999.It was designed to

remove some of the flaws of MP3 compression method. In terms of quality it is better

than MP3. But is not widely used.

3. Lossless Compreson:

This method reduces file size without any loss in quality. But is not as good as lossy

compression as the size of file compressed to lossy compression is 2 and 3 times more.


FLAC

It stands for Free Lossless Audio Codec. It can compress a source file by up to 50%

without losing data. It is most popular in its category and is open-source.

ALAC

It stands for Apple Lossless Audio Codec. It was launched in 2004 and became free

after 2011. It was developed by Apple.

WMA

It stands for Windows Media Audio. But it is least efficient in term of compression

and is not open-source. It has limited hardware support.

Software for Sound editing and mixing –

AVS is feature-rich audio production software that combines advanced audio editing

features with an easy-to-use ribbon-based interface, which makes it suitable for both

professionals and amateurs.

Using AVS Audio Editor –

Record audio.

Mix several audio tracks in one.

Apply effects and filters.

Generate sounds.

convert created audio to a wide range of modern audio formats;

Customize AVS Audio Editor Settings to meet your specific needs.

How to use audio effects in an audio file with AVS Audio Editor?

Step 1 - Download and install AVS Audio Editor


Step 2 -Open an audio file To open an audio file for editing click the Open button on the Home tab of the Ribbon

Command Bar

Step 3: Set the effect application area


Step -4 Select an audio effect and adjust its properties

Step 5: Save the resulting audio


AVS Software Features:

Functions

Save Audio in All Key Formats

Edit and save audio files in MP3, ALAC, FLAC, WAV, M4A, WMA, AAC, MP2, AMR,

OGG, etc. with AVS Audio Editor. See a full list of audio formats.

Edit Audio

Cut, join, trim, mix, delete parts, split with AVS Audio Editor. Use Timeline for maximum

precision. Use specially designed filters to remove irritating sounds like roaring, hissing,

crackling, etc.

Apply Audio Effects

Select between 20 built-in effects and filters including delay, flanger, chorus, reverb, and

more. Mix audio and blend several audio tracks. AVS Audio Editor saves output files in

any popular format.

Record Audio from Any Input

Record audio data from various inputs like microphone, vinyl records, and other input lines

on a sound card. Edit recorded audio files, apply effects, save them in any key audio

format.

Text-to-speech

Turn written text into a natural sounding voice with a single click, save it in a popular audio

format that can be played on any device. Speed up or slow the speech rate down, change

pitch if necessary.

Export Audio from Video

Extract and edit audio from your video files with AVS Audio Editor. Save them on PC or

external hardware. See a full list of supported video formats

Create Ringtone for iPhone

Edit an audio file and save it to M4R format for iPhone. Get a unique ringtone ready

with AVS Audio Editor

Multilingual Support

AVS Audio Editor interface is available in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian,

Japanese, Dutch, Polish and Russian.

https://downloads.avs4you.com/distributives/AVSAudioEditor.exe

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3D Sound-

As for 3D sound, what is it, exactly? Well, to put it simply, it's what you're hearing this

very moment. 3D sound, also known as spatial sound, is sound as we hear it naturally, and

the technology behind recreating it is quite amazing. Sounds come from all directions and

distances, and we're able to distinguish them by their pitch, tone, loudness, and location.

Let’s say a flock of geese are flying over your house. You can hear them passing by, even

though they're up in the air and outside your house. You know this just from the sounds

they make. A car door was shut across the street, but you don't need to stand up and look

down from your apartment window to know that. If someone is coughing behind you in the

elevator, you know which direction the sound is coming from without turning your head.

Taking 3D sound and using it to, say,

enhance a user's experience in a

video game, is what has it rivaling

one of surround sound's many uses.

Playing a video game with

headphones on is where sound in

entertainment can have a realistic 3D

effect. With headphones on, sound

seems to come from the outside

world, not from inside the

headphones. Because sounds are

transferred directly into your auditory

canal, without reaching your body,

head, and outer ear, it's possible to

replicate true 3D.

With surround sound speakers, the

sound is sent to both ears, instead of either the left of the right ear, and the speakers

interfere with the clear signal each ear should have. So, based on a player's whereabouts in

a video game, 3D sound can be realistically produced from any direction and can reproduce

the sound effects while traveling around obstacles, as long as the listener's headphones are

on.

Here's a case-in-point example: If your character in a video game is being approached by

an enemy from the right side, he or she is able to hear the character coming from that

direction. Though surround sound is also capable of producing sounds from different

directions, it doesn't change according to what the listener is doing in a video game.

Feeling like you're actually in the middle of the action in a completely virtual world and

having sound come at you from every which way, is what makes 3D sound more realistic.


Unit III

VECTOR AND RASTER

RASTER

Raster images, also known as bitmaps, are comprised of individual pixels of color. Each

color pixel contributes to the overall image. Raster images are created with pixel-based

programs or captured with a camera or scanner. They are more common in general such as

jpg, gif, png, and are widely used on the web.

Most images you see on your computer screen are raster graphics. Pictures found on the

Web and photos you import from your digital camera are raster graphics. They are made up

of grid of pixels, commonly referred to as a bitmap. The larger the image, the more disk

space the image file will take up. For example, a 640 x 480 image requires information to

be stored for 307,200 pixels, while a 3072 x 2048 image (from a 6.3 Megapixel digital

camera) needs to store information for a whopping 6,291,456 pixels.

Since raster graphics need to store so much information, large bitmaps require large file

sizes. Fortunately, there are several image compression algorithms that have been

developed to help reduce these file sizes. JPEG and GIF are the most common compressed

image formats on the Web, but several other types of image compression are available.

Raster graphics can typically be scaled down with no loss of quality, but enlarging a bitmap

image causes it to look blocky and "pixelated.

VECTOR –

Vector graphics is the creation of digital images through a sequence of commands or

mathematical statements that place lines and shapes in a given two-dimensional or three-

dimensional space. So vector graphics are used for drawing vector art, which is ideal for

printing.

Vector graphics are used for line art, and for logos, and for creating fonts. They are

infinitely rescalable, without degradation in quality. Because of that, they are perfect for

reproduction in print at any size, large or small.

Unlike JPEGs, GIFs, and BMP images, vector graphics are not made up of a grid of pixels.

Instead, vector graphics are comprised of paths, which are defined by a start and end point,

along with other points, curves, and angles along the way. A path can be a line, a square, a

triangle, or a curvy shape. These paths can be used to create simple drawings or complex

diagrams. Paths are even used to define the characters of specific typefaces.

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Because vector-based images are not made up

of a specific number of dots, they can be

scaled to a larger size and not lose any image

quality. If you blow up a raster graphic, it will

look blocky, or "pixilated". When you blow

up a vector graphic, the edges of each object

within the graphic stay smooth and clean. This

makes vector graphics ideal for logos, which

can be small enough to appear on a business card, but can also be scaled to fill a billboard.

Common types of vector graphics include Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia Freehand, and

EPS files. Many Flash animations also use vector graphics, since they scale better and

typically take up less space than bitmap images.

Vector V/s Raster

Vector Raster

Definition Composed by various shapes Composed of pixels

Scalability Scalable Loses quality when scaled

Conversion Can convert to raster Can’t convert to vector

File size /Space File size is less File size is more

File extension .SVG,EPS,XML .Bmp, .Jpg, .Png ,.Gif

Cost Cost is more Cost is less

Uses Logo,Icon,Clipart Photographs

Image editing Possible to edit image without

reducing quality

Possible to edit image to

some extent

Software Adobe Illustrator.

Sketch. CorelDraw. Inscape.

Adobe Photoshop, GIMP,

Corel Photo-Paint

Attributes of Image

Size:

The digital size of an image, measured in kilobytes (K), megabytes (MB), or gigabytes

(GB). File size is proportional to the pixel dimensions of the image. Images with more

pixels may produce more detail at a given printed size, but they need more disk space to

store and may be slower to edit and print.

For instance, a l-by-1-inch, 200 dpi image contains four times as many pixels as a l-by-1-

inch, l00-dpi image and so has four times the file size. Image resolution thus becomes a

compromise between image quality (capturing all the data you need) and file size. Another

factor that affects file size is file format--due to varying compression methods used by GIF,

JPEG, and PNG file formats, file sizes can vary considerably for the same pixel

dimensions. In the same way, color bit-depth and the number of layers and channels in an

image affect file size.


Color:

Think of a channel as analogous a plate in the printing process, with a plate applying each

layer of color. In addition to these default color channels, channel called alpha channels,

can be added to an image for storing and editing selections as masks, and spot color

channels can be added to add spot color plates for printing.

An image can have up to 24 channels. By default, Bitmap-mode, grayscale, duotone, and

indexed-color images have one channel; RGB and Lab images have three; CMYK images

have four. You can add color channels to all image types except Bitmap mode images.

Depth:

Bit depth--also called pixel depth or color depth or only depth-measures how much color

information is available to display or print each pixel in an image. Greater bit depth (more

bits of information per pixel) means more available colors and more accurate color

representation in the digital image.

For example, a pixel with a bit depth of 1 has two possible values: black and white. A pixel

with a bit depth of 8 has 28, or 256, possible values. And a pixel with a bit depth of 24 has

224, or roughly 16 million, possible values. Common values for bit depth range from 1 to 64

bits per pixel.

Image resolution:

The number of pixels displayed per unit of printed length in an image, usually measured in

pixels per inch (ppi). In Photoshop, you can change the resolution of an image; In

Photoshop, image resolution and pixel dimensions are interdependent. The amount of detail

in an image depends on its pixel dimensions, while the image resolution controls how much

space the pixels are printed over. Now let us see an example, you can modify an image's

resolution without changing the actual pixel data in the image--all you change is the printed

size of the image. On the other hand, if you want to maintain the same output dimensions,

changing the image’s resolution requires change in the total no. of pixels. Increasing the

resolution of lower resolution image only spreads the original pixel information across a

greater no. of pixels; it rarely improves image quality.

Relationship with Image size, color depth and file size

Image size- is size of image in pixel or in inch (72 pixels is normally 1”)

Color depth- is range of colors available for pixel.

File size in bytes= (Image size in pixel X color depth in bit)/8

Image size in

pixel

Screen size Color depth in

bits

Number of

available

colors

File size in

bytes

(Approx.)

640x480 Full screen 8 256 300,000

320x240 Quarter screen 8 256 77,000

1024x768 Full screen 24 16.7 million 2,400,000


Various Image File Formats –

In a computer, a file format is the layout of a file in terms of how the data within the file is

organized. A particular file format is often indicated as part of a file's name by a file

name extension (suffix). Conventionally, the extension is separated by a period from the

name and contains three or four letters that identify the format.

GIF -

The graphics interchange format (GIF) was invented in 1987 by CompuServe to allow

images to be displayed. This format allows for 256 colors, compressions, interlacing and

animation. This is very powerful form, suitable for various types of images. GIF uses LZW

(Lampel Zev Welch) compression algorithm. There are two GIF standards are available

GIF87a and GIF89B. The GIF89a allow multiple images to be included in a single file.

Advantage/Feature:

1. Very powerful format

2. It provides the option to specify how many number of colors will be saved, which

to decrease the size of an image.

3. Convey Messages Better

4. It allows interlacing and animation.

5. Uses a non-lossy compression technique.

6. They are supported by all web browsers.

7. Suitable for on-line transmission and interchange of graphics data.

8. GIF file format is independent on computer hardware and operating system.

Disadvantage/Limits:

1. It uses only palette colors and has no provision for 24-bit RGB color files.

2. It has no provision for 4 or 8 bit gray scale and no grayscale or color correction

data.

3. They can slow a webpage down

4. Editing Is Not Possible

BMP Format –

The BMP file format, also known as bitmap image file or device independent bitmap (DIB)

file format or simply a bitmap, is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap

digital images. BMP images are generally uncompressed or compressed with a lossless

compression method. The files can store two-dimensional digital images with both

monochrome and color BMP is a meanwhile outdated image file format for computers

running the Windows operating system. The format was developed by Microsoft for storing

bitmap files in a device-independent bitmap format that would allow Windows to display

the bitmap on any type of display device. The term ‘device independent’ means that the

bitmap specifies pixel color in a form independent of the method used by a display to

represent color.

Advantage –

https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/file

https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/extension

https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/suffix


Produce real quality image.

Capable of storing a large amount of information

The BMP file format supports various color depths, alpha channels, color profiles,

and optional data compression, thus making it relatively versatile.

The files can be uncompressed or compressed with lossless compression. Hence,

when compared to the JPEG standard, the BMP can be edited, manipulated, and

moved without losing image quality.

Disadvantage –

Depend on resolution

Enlargement of image size will produce a blurred images

DIB –

The DIB (Device Independent Bitmap) file format was developed to allow free image

transfer regardless of display device (hence the name of the format) or operating system.

DIB files were first used with Microsoft Windows and IBM's OS/2.

DIB files are similar to bitmap files, the only thing differentiating them being the lack of a

file header and the fact that they're not device dependent. The DIB file format contains all

the information required for displaying a bitmap including color palette and metric

resolution.

DIB files can store 2D images of various resolutions, widths or heights and with color

depths of 1, 4, 8, 16, 24 or 32 bits per pixel. The DIB file format can also be compressed

with various algorithms without affecting the quality of the image

EPS -

An EPS file is a graphics file saved in the Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file format. It

may contain 2D vector graphics, bitmap images, and text. EPS files also include an

embedded preview image in bitmap format. EPS files are often used to save artwork, such

as logos and drawings.

EPS files are often used to save artwork, such as logos and drawings. They are a common

format used for transferring image data between different operating systems. The files are

supported by several different drawing programs and vector graphic editing applications.

You can convert EPS files to standard bitmap formats such as .PDF, .JPG, .PNG,

and .TIFF using programs such as Illustrator, Photoshop, and CorelDraw.

Advantage/Feature:

Importing - EPS files are considered an ideal format for importing into

computer graphics applications.

Cross- platform Compatibility- Cross-platform compatibility enables sharing

of EPS files between Mac and PC computers. Any file saved as an EPS in Adobe

Illustrator on a Mac, for example, can be opened in the same program on a PC

When an EPS file is sent to a printer, designers do not have to worry about file

compatibility–related problems.

https://fileinfo.com/extension/pdf

https://fileinfo.com/extension/jpg

https://fileinfo.com/extension/png

https://fileinfo.com/extension/tiff


Disadvantage –

Custom Settings - Initially saving work in the EPS format for the sake of

importing or sharing with a printer requires taking the time to specify a few

settings within a dialog box. This extra step can be a disadvantage if you're in a

situation where you must work quickly.

Page layout limitation - Although EPS files are supported by most graphic

design programs, page layout applications don't usually support modification of an

EPS file's text, lines or coloration, which is another potential disadvantage of using

an EPS file during production work.

PIC -

PIC is an image file format developed by John Bridges, the principal author of PCPaint, the

first Paintbrush program for the PC. It was also the native file format for Pictor Paint and

Graphics Animation System for Professionals and became the first widely accepted DOS

imaging standard. The PICtor format is a device-independent raster image format; the

file header stores information about the display hardware (screen resolution, color depth

and palette information, bit planes and so on) separately from the actual image information,

allowing the image to be properly transferred and displayed on ...The .pic file extension is

most commonly used by the Lotus 1-2-3 software. The PIC files contain Lotus picture files

that are used to represent graphics generated by the software.The .pic file extension is also

used for Autodesk Animator PIC/CEL files, Bio-Rad image files, General picture extension

files, Handy Scanner Cameron image files, IBM Storyboard bitmap files, Macintosh

Quickdraw/PICT drawing files, Micrografx drawing files, Movie BYU files, MTV &

Rayshade image files, PC Paint bitmap files, PICtor image format files, Pixar PIC files,

Psion Series 3 image format files, Apple QuickTime picture files, Radiance image files,

Rayshade image files and CADdy++ mechanical 2D picture data files.

TIF OR TIFF –

TIF is an image format file for high-quality graphics. TIF files are also called TIFF,

which stands for “Tagged Image Format File.” TIF files were created in the 1986 as a

file format for scanned images in an attempt to get all companies to use one standard

file format instead of multiple. Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) is a standard file format

that is largely used in the publishing and printing industry. The extensible feature of this

format allows storage of multiple bitmap images having different pixel depths, which

makes it advantageous for image storage needs. Since it introduces no compression

artifacts, the file format is preferred over others for archiving intermediate files.TIFF does

not use compression much compared to other image file formats, it supports different types

of data compression. In the case of photographic images. A TIFF file uses the file extension

".tif" or ".tiff". TIFF is also known for its flexibility and has more features and capabilities

than other image file formats.


Advantages: –

.tiff format isn’t compressed and it means that no data is lost.

The images are accurate and high

Flexibility

TIFF is largely used in imaging and 3D applications, medical imaging and desktop

publishing. Most image editing software or applications are capable of working

with TIFF files.

Disadvantages: –

It’s still not supported everywhere.

The size of the images is incompatible with web usage.

Due to the bigger size there are some other negative consequences: it’s harder to

email a tiff image and the digital cameras can’t store many images

PNG –

Portable Network Graphics is a raster-graphics file-format that supports lossless data

compression. PNG was developed as an improved, non-patented replacement for Graphics

Interchange Format. PNG supports palette-based images, grayscale images, and full-color

non-palette-based RGB or RGBA images

PNG stands for “Portable Graphics Format”. It is the most frequently used uncompressed

raster image format on the internet. This lossless data compression format was created to

replace the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF). PNG file format is an open format with no

copyright limitations. Like GIF images, PNG also have the ability to display transparent

backgrounds. In addition to that, PNG files are capable of containing 24bit RGB color

palettes and grayscale images. Basically, this image format was designed to transfer images

on the internet but with Paints hop Pro, PNG files can be applied with lots of editing

effects.

Advantages:

Using a lossless method of compression, png. images don’t discard any containing

information

Compared to gifs, the transparency is better realized

It allows animations

24bit color / 8bit color(256 colors)

suitable for flat areas of colors, logos, transparent or semitransparent images

suitable for icons

Disadvantage

Not widely supported, but there are efforts for better sustainability.

For larger images is better to save them as JPEG because of the big size


JPEG –

JPEG stands for “Joint Photographic Experts Group”. It’s a standard image format for

containing Lossy and compressed image data. Despite the huge reduction in file size JPEG

images maintain reasonable image quality. This unique compression feature allows JPEG

files to be used widely on the Internet, Computers, and Mobile Devices. The sharing of

JPEG images is quick and efficient. Also, a large number of JPEG image files can be stored

in minimum storage space. JPEG files can also contain high-quality image data with a

lossless compression. In Paint Shop Pro JPEG is a commonly used format for storing the

edited images

Advantages: –

It’s supported by all operating systems

A very good solution when you need to take a special care of the color details

The most common extension, it’s supported by all cameras, photo printers or editing

software

The size/quality ratio is satisfactory.

Disadvantages: –

It’s not suitable for logos, iconic graphics or everything similar due to the

compression algorithm

it doesn’t render the sharp contrasts well

It doesn’t support animation

It’s not recommended to save a JPEG image multiple times; each new save means

the information discard.

IMG (Image file formats) –

IMG, in computing, refers to binary files with the .img filename extension that store raw

disk images of floppy disks, hard drives, and optical discs .

WPG (WordPerfect Graphic File)-

Graphic created by WordPerfect, a word processing program; can contain both vector and

bitmap image data and may include up to 256 colors

EXIF –

"Exchangeable Image File Format" EXIF is a standard means of tagging image files

with metadata, or additional information about the image. It is supported by both the TIFF

and JPEG formats, but is most commonly seen in JPEG images captured with digital

cameras


PS –

Adobe PostScript (.PS) file format was developed by Adobe in 1982. This postscript file

format is widely used by publishers primarily for printing purposes. PS files contain text

and images on the same page. The image format is actually a programming language within

graphic contents. Different objects of PS files can be modified and placed anywhere by

proper editing applications like CorelDraw


Unit IV

Basics of Video –

Visual multimedia source that combines a sequence of images to form a moving picture.

The video transmits a signal to a screen and processes the order in which the screen

captures should be shown. Videos usually have audio components that correspond with the

pictures being shown on the screen.

The term video refers to the moving picture, accompanied by sound such as a picture in

television. Video element of multimedia application gives a lot of information in small

duration of time. Digital video is useful in multimedia application for showing real life

objects. Video have highest performance demand on the computer memory and on the

bandwidth if placed on the internet. Digital video files can be stored like any other files in

the computer and the quality of the video can still be maintained. The digital video files can

be transferred within a computer network. The digital video clips can be edited easily.

Characteristics of Video:

1. Analog- A non-digital representation of information in a continuous flow, rather

than as individual pieces of data ,

2. Digital- A representation of information as individual pieces of data

3. Aspect Ratio - Dimension of width to height

4. Frame- Rate Speed at which video frames appear, Measured in frames per second

(fps)

5. Streaming - process of transmitting audio/video files over the Internet that begin

playing as the remaining data is temporarily transferring to your computer. User

friendly because video can be viewed as the file is loading without having to wait

for the completed file to load.

Types of video Signal –

1. Component Video

2. Composite Video

3. S – Video

Component Video-

Component video is a video signal that has been split into two or more component

channels. In popular use, it refers to a type of component analog

video (CAV) information that is transmitted or stored as three

separate signals.

Higher-end video systems make use of three separate video wires

for the Red, Green, Blue channel. Each color channel is sent as a

separate video signal. Most computer systems use Component


Video, with separate signals for R, G, and B signals. For any color separation scheme,

Component Video gives the best color reproduction since there is no crosstalk between the

three channels. Component video requires more bandwidth and good synchronization of the

three components.

Composite Video-

• Component video is a video signal that has

been split into two or more components.

In popular use, it refers to a type of analog

video information that is transmitted or

stored as three separate signals.

• Component analog video signals do not

use R, G, and B components but rather a

colorless component, termed luma, which provides brightness information (as in

black-and-white video).

• This combines with one or more color-carrying components, termed chroma, that

give only color information.

• Component video is used in professional video production and provides the best

quality and the most accurate reproduction of colors.

• Component Video gives the best color reproduction since there is no crosstalk

between the three channels. Component video requires more bandwidth and good

synchronization of the three components.

• Component video cables come in three-wire sets

S-Video Signal:

• S-video is a technology for transmitting video

signals over a cable by dividing the video

information into two separate signals: one for color

(chrominance), and the other for brightness

(luminance).

• S-video is a technology for transmitting video

signals over a cable by dividing the video

information into two separate signals: one for color

(chrominance), and the other for brightness (luminance).

• To use S-Video, the device sending the signals must support S-Video output and the

device receiving the signals must have an S-Video input jack. Then you need an S-

Video cable to connect the two devices.

• S-Video cable doesn't always come standard with a TV, and usually must be

purchased separately.


• Like composite video, S-video connectors are widely used on VCRs, DVD players

and receivers. The audio for both composite video and S-video uses common

left/right stereo connections.

• As a result, there is less crosstalk between the color information and the crucial

gray-scale information.

• S-Video cables are used for computer-to-TV output for business or home us

Types of Video –

1. Analog video

2. Digital video

Analog Video –

Analog video is a video signal transferred by an analog signal. When combined in to one

channel, it is called composite video Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as

in two channel S - Video (YC) and multi - channel component video formats. Analog video

is used in both consumer and professional television production applications.

Analog Video Connections

Composite, S-Video and component video are the three types of analog video connections

found on A/V equipment. For more details, see composite video, S-Video and component

vid.

Digital video

Digital video is an electronic representation of moving visual images in the form of

encoded digital data. This is in contrast to analog video, which represents moving visual

images with analog signals. Digital video comprises a series of digital images displayed in

rapid succession

Digital video offers a number of advantages over analog video, including:

Ease of sharing and storage.

No degradation of data quality when copied.

Easy and inexpensive copying.

The capacity for multicasting.


Various video Standards –

• PAL

• NTSC

• SECAM

PAL: Phase Alteration Line

Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a color encoding system for analog television, and was

created in 1961 in the United Kingdom. It features 624 horizontal lines per frame with a

rate of 25 frames per second. PAL is used in broadcast television systems in many

countries and is one of the three major broadcast standards, along with the NTSC and

SECAM systems. PAL scans the cathode ray tube 625 times horizontally to form the video

image. This is similar to the SECAM system. PAL makes use of a screen resolution of 720

× 576 pixels.PAL has a more detailed picture due to the higher number of scan lines.

Higher levels of contrast and better color reproduction are also present in PAL. Automated

color correction is possible in the PAL system, In fact, PAL is considered to have better

picture quality than NTSC. PAL has a slower frame rate, resulting in motion not being as

smooth, and saturation varies at times between frames. The picture itself can appear to

flicker at times. NTSC holds an edge over PAL when it comes to smoother pictures,

especially with high-speed footage, due to its higher frame rate. It's Parameters are as

follows:

Lines: 525

Frame rate: 25 Hz

Picture resolution: 720 x 576; 704 x 576; 352 x 576; 352 x 288

The countries that support PAL are as follows:

Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, China,

Denmark, Finland, Germany, , Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, and many

more

NTSC: NATIONAL TELEVISION STANDARDS COMMITTEE

The NTSC is responsible for setting television and video standards in the United States

(in Europe and the rest of the world, the dominant television standards are PAL and

SECAM). The NTSC standard for television defines a composite video signal with a

refresh rate of 60 half-frames (interlaced) per second.

The NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) was responsible for developing, in

1953, a set of standard protocol for television (TV) broadcast transmission and reception in

the United States. Two other standards - Phase Alternation Line (PAL) and Sequential

colour with Memoire (SECAM) - are used in other parts of the world. The NTSC standards

have not changed significantly since their inception, except for the addition of new


parameters for color signals. NTSC signals are not directly compatible with computer

systems. An NTSC TV image has 525 horizontal lines per frame (complete screen image).

These lines are scanned from left to right, and from top to bottom. Every other line is

skipped. Thus it takes two screen scans to complete a frame: one scan for the odd-

numbered horizontal lines, and another scan for the even-numbered lines. Each half-frame

screen scan takes approximately 1/60 of a second; a complete frame is scanned every 1/30

second.

NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) is the oldest existing standard,

developed in the USA and first used in 1954. Its parameters are as follows:

Lines: 625

Frame rate: 29.97 Hz

Picture resolutions: 720 x 480; 704 x 480; 352 x 480; 352 x 240

The Countries that support NTSC video are as follows:

Antilles, Netherlands, Bahamas, , Canada, , Cuba, , Mexico, Panama, Peru, South Korea,

Taiwan, United States of America and many more

SECAM –

SECAM, also written SÉCAM ("Sequential colour with memory"), is an analog color

television system first used in France. It was one of three major color television standards, a

SECAM picture is also made up of 625 interlaced lines and is displayed at a rate of 25

frames per second. However, the way SECAM processes the color information; it is not

compatible with the PAL video format standard.

SECAM (Sequential colour with memory) was developed in France in 1967. SECAM uses

the same bandwidth and resolution (720x576) as PAL but transmits the color information

sequentially. Take note that only a handful of products support SECAM.

The countries that support SECAM are as follows:

Afghanistan, Central African Republic, , France, , Iran, Iraq, Libya, Madagascar, Mali,

Martinique, Mauritius, Mauritania, Monaco, Morocco, Niger, North Korea, Poland, Russia,

Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Syria .

Video File Formats -

A video file format is a type of file format for storing digital video data on a computer

system. Videos come in different types of formats which pose an issue of compatibility

with your video player can be it on your Smartphone, laptop or even smart TV. Also not

having the right format can get you video rejected when trying to upload due to an

incompatible format. All of these might make it tiring at times figuring out which is which

or what it entails. Whenever a video file is saved it contains two file in it. One is the

container and other is codecs. Container defines the structure of the video file and which

codecs will be used. Codecs is used to compress and decompress video file.


AVI format (.avi):

Audio Video Interleave basically contains both audios as well as video data. It was

basically developed by Microsoft. It basically uses less compression and contains almost

any type of codec’s. It is commonly used by internet user due to multiple codec’s support.

It basically means that even if AVI files may look same from outside but they are different

from one another on the inside basically all windows OS support this type of format

including another player for other platform exist.

AVI is the oldest among the ones here and supports almost all types of codec’s under the

sun. It is also very common and can be used almost in any form for any purpose. Videos in

this format can be played by most media players especially the old ones.

MPEG –

The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is the family of standards and file formats

which are used in digital video.

MPEG was developed by the working group formed by IEC and ISO, which is also known

as moving picture experts group. Because of the various sophisticated compression

techniques used, MPEGs, when compared to most audio and video formats, are smaller in

size and more or less of same quality.

MPEG is a popular file format for audio and video.For broadcasting applications with

limited resources, MPEG is one of the best options as it allows streaming high quality

video on platforms like the Internet. The file format is supported by most electronic

products and can be played using software like Windows Media Player, Cyberlink Power

DVD, Apple Quick Time Player, etc.

MPEG Features:

Compared to most formats, are smaller in size.

Sophisticated compression techniques.

Compared to most formats, superior audio and video quality.

Major standards are: MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG3, MPEG4, and MPEG7 MPEG21.

Many simple, cheap decoders.

Supported by all popular browsers.

Both a non-commercial and cross-bros

High image resolution and multi-channel sound technique.

Uses asymmetric compression methodology.

MPEG -1 –

MPEG-1 is initial video and audio compression standard. The video quality of this standard

is almost as good as a VHS tape. It is a Audio/video standards designed for digital storage

media (such as an MP3 file) Video data for MPEG-1 is normally 30 fps (frames per

second), with a resolution of about 352×240.


MPEG -2–

MPEG-2 was designed to compress video and audio for higher-quality videos and being

chosen as the compression scheme for over-the-air digital television, satellite TV services,

digital TV, and DVD Video. it has better quality of coding, multi-channel sound and higher

image resolution. Due to all this MPEG-2 became standard in digital television and DVD

industry.

MP4 (MPEG -4)

MPEG-4 was created to stream DVD quality video at lower data rates and smaller file

sizes. MPEG-4 supports video/audio "objects", 3D content, sprites, text and other media

types. MPEG-4 has become extremely popular due to the ability to fit a two-hour movie to

a CD file retaining comparatively high quality. It is a Multimedia standard for the

computers, mobile devices, and the web

MPEG-7 –

Formally called the Multimedia Content Description Interface, MPEG-7 provides a tool set

for completely describing multimedia content. MPEG-7 is designed to be generic and not

targeted to a specific application.

MPEG-21 -

Includes a Rights Expression Language (REL) and a Rights Data Dictionary. Unlike other

MPEG standards that describe compression coding methods, MPEG-21 describes a

standard that defines the description of content and also processes for accessing, searching,

storing and protecting the copyrights of content

MJPEG –

Video file compressed using the Motion JPEG (M-JPEG or MJPEG) format commonly

created by digital cameras, webcams, and other mobile devices; consists of a sequence

of .JPEG images. The M-JPEG format is easily editable, but takes up a sizable amount of

disk space. The format is used by media players, web browsers, digital cameras, consoles,

video cameras, and streaming servers.

3GP (.3gp)-

This is both audio and video file format which was designed to transmit data between 3G

phones and the internet. It is most commonly used to capture video from the phone and

upload it online. Both Windows and Mac support the format.

Windows Media Video –

This format was developed by Microsoft. It was designed for web streaming applications.

WMV files are the very small in size over the Web, as their file size decreases after


compression, due to which results in poor video quality.

But this makes it only file format which can be send through e-mail.

QuickTime Format (.mov)-

This format was developed by Apple. It can store multiple tracks(for different language),

text file(subtitle) and effects. MOV files are of high quality and are usually big in file size.

It is supported both by Windows and Apple.

Video editing Software –

Video editing software includes tools to convert file formats, cut segments (trimming), join

clips, re-sequence clips, adjust brightness/contrast, rotate or crop footage, add sound or add

transitions and other special effects.

Various video editing software are-

1. Adobe premiere

2. Adobe after effects

3. Final cut pro

1. Adobe Premiere –

Adobe Premiere is a video editing software package suitable for both amateur enthusiasts

and professionals. It can be purchased and used alone, or alongside other applications such

as Adobe Photoshop, After Effects, etc. Premiere Pro is used to edit videos, including

movies, and is quickly becoming the go-to program for filmmakers all over the world, both

amateur and pro.

How Does Premiere Work? –

Like most editing software, Premiere works by importing video from a source such as a

video tape onto your hard drive, then allowing you to create new edited versions which you

can export back to tape, disc or other medium.

How Good Is Premiere? –

Premiere is a powerful editing tool, capable of producing broadcast-quality and high-

definition video. It is a very popular package amongst video enthusiasts and professionals,

although other packages are usually preferred for the very top level of television

production. Premiere has a nice clean interface which is relatively easy to use for people of

all skill levels.

What Can Premiere Do? –

Import video, audio and graphics in a wide variety of formats.

Edit, manipulate and arrange these elements in a visual timeline.

Add effects, filters, titles, etc.


Export your edited video in a variety of formats, including video tape recordings,

DV, DVD, and common Internet video formats.

Premiere is a mid-range application. If budget is your main concern, you can probably find

something cheaper to suit your needs. Conversely, if budget is not an issue and

performance is paramount, you can pay many times the price of Premiere for the very best

systems. Adobe Premiere has been around for a long time and enjoys a very stable user

base. It is a solid, professional-level application which will be more than adequate for most

editing situations.

2. Adobe after effects –

Adobe after Effects is a video and animation-based tool that’s used to add elements to

moving pictures and animations. Most designers use it to create titles, intros, and transition

between clips for more seamless video production.

After Effects is a digital motion graphics, visual effects and compositing software.

For titles, shapes, 2D animations, adding special effects, After Effects is your tool.

While you can create motion in text, images, and any other layer in Adobe Premiere

Pro – it is a lot easier to do in After Effects.

What can Adobe After Effects do?

By moving and transforming layers, you are able to bring artwork to life. After Effects

offers digital tools that help you manipulate and edit various properties. There are a lot of

ways to create animations inside of After Effects!

Different types of animations you can create in After Effects:

2D Vector Animation

Basic 3D Animation

Character Animation

Kinetic Typography

UI/UX mock-up animations

Visual Effects

With Adobe After Effects you can create, composite, and stylize 2D footage layers in 3D

space. Adobe After Effects serves a different role depending on the users needs.. A video

editor might use After Effects more for title design, and an animator might use it for

creating 2D cartoon characters. The reason why so many people have trouble defining

what After Effects does is simply due to the fact that it does so many things and does them

well. It should be noted that while After Effects is an incredible software, it isn’t ideal for

editing footage. This is mainly due to the fact that it doesn’t have the same playback

capabilities or layout as a video editing application. In an editing

context, Adobe After Effects is usually used to apply effects after your footage has been

roughly edited.


3. Final cut pro –

Final Cut Pro is video editing software developed by Macromedia Inc. and later by Apple

Inc. to help enthusiasts and independent filmmakers to edit, process and convert videos in a

number of formats. Users can edit and process video stored on their hard drives and exports

the resulting video in a number of formats. It has multi-camera editing for combining and

processing videos from multiple sources at the same time. Final Cut Pro includes

professional features like standard ripple, roll, slip, slide, scrub, razor blade and time

remapping edit functions.

Basic of Animation –

Animation is the process of designing, drawing, making layouts and preparation of

photographic sequences which are integrated in the multimedia and gaming products.

Animation involves the exploitation and management of still images to generate the illusion

of movement. A person who creates animations is called animator. He / she use various

computer technologies to capture the still images and then to animate these in desired

sequence.

A simulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames. Cartoons

on television is one example of animation. Animation on computers is one of the chief

ingredients of multimedia presentations. There are many software applications that enable

you to create animations that you can display on a computer monitor.

Multimedia is the term used to represent combination of visual and audio materials

gathered from various resources and then added into one single combination. A multimedia

product can be sets of texts, graphic arts, sounds, animations and videos. Precisely, term

multimedia is used to refer visual and audio materials into a single common presentation

which can be played in a computer including CD ROM or digital video, internet or web

technology, streaming audio or video and data projection system etc.

Modern entertainment industry i.e. film and television has gained new heights because of

advances in animation, graphics and multimedia. Television advertisements, cartoons

serials, presentation and model designs - all use animation and multimedia techniques.

Types of Animation –

Traditional animation (cel animation) –

This was the traditional method used to create 2D animations before the introduction of

computers. Traditional animation usually refers to animation hand-drawn on paper. It was

the process used for most of the productions throughout the 20th century. Traditional

animation sometimes referred to as cel animation -cel is short for celluloid which is a

transparent sheet on which objects are drawn-, traditional animation is a technique where

each frame is drawn by hand. It’s also called classical or hand-drawn

animation.Fantasmagorie is the first animated film in history created using traditional

animation by The French caricaturist Émile Cohl in 1908.


Working –

An animator draws the characters, layout and backgrounds on paper. Each drawing in the

animation would be slightly different than the one before it and the one following it,

creating the illusion of movement when everything is put onto film. Once all the animation

has been drawn on paper, it is then photocopied or retraced onto transparent acetate sheets,

called cels. After the line art is transferred onto the cels, paint is applied to the images,

using a color chart that is pre-determined for each character or element of the movie. Cels

were essential to drawn animation since it freed up the animator from having to draw every

element in the film on one single layer of paper. Instead, by using cels, each element had its

own layer and could be animated separately.

This method is mostly obsolete since it is far more time-consuming and costly to produce.

Computer Animation –

Computer animation, the branch of computer-generated imagery (CGI) dealing with

generating moving digital images, is more in-demand than ever. Special effects are an

everyday part of modern entertainment, including television shows, movies, and video

games. These media images require the specialized skills of computer animators.

Generally, Computer animation is a visual digital display technology that processes the

moving images on screen. In simple words, it can be put or defined as the art or power of

giving life, energy and emotions etc. to any non-living or inanimate object via computers.

It can be presented in form of any video or movie. Computer animation has the ability to

make any dead image alive. The key/main concept behind computer animation is to play

the defined images at a faster rate to fool the viewer so that the viewer should interpret

those images as a continuous motion of images.

Computer Animation is a sub-part or say small part of computer graphics and animation.

Nowadays, animation can be seen in many area around us. It is used in a lot of movies,

films and games, education, e-commerce, computer art, training etc. It is a big part of

entertainment area as most of the sets and background is all build up through VFX and

animation. There are two basic kinds of computer animation: computer-assisted and

computer-generated. Computer-assisted animation is typically two-dimensional (2-D), like

cartoons. The animator draws objects and characters either by hand or with a computer.

Then he positions his creations in key frames, which form an outline of the most important

movements. Next, the computer uses mathematical algorithms to fill in the "in-between"

frames. This process is called twining. Key framing and tweeting are traditional animation

techniques that can be done by hand, but are accomplished much faster with a computer.


2D animation –

The term "2D" refers to animation that is created using two dimensional drawings. Classic

hand drawn animation is the main example for this type.2D animation is the art of creating

movement in a two-dimensional space. This includes characters, creatures, FX and

backgrounds. Today, artists use computer software to create everything in a 2D animation,

including environments, characters, visual effects, and more. For most of the 20th century,

the animation was done by taking photographs of drawings on paper and then placing them

on transparent acetate sheets called cels. This process was abandoned with the introduction

of computers, which allows artists to create digital animations and then use techniques to

manipulate the image. Compared to drawing multiple images, using computers is far less

time-consuming and effective.

Although drawing skills are still required to be a 2D animator today, most of the work is

done with the use of computer software. These programs often have a huge toolbox of

features that help the artists manipulate the animation in a number of ways, including

making it look smoother by fine-tuning important elements such as timing.

Other advantages of 2D animation over the traditional way include being able to save and

load work. Being able to do so proves very handy if something didn’t work and you need to

revert back to an earlier version of the animation. Being skilled in a particular 2D

animation program also allows you to make good use of a vast library of visual effects. Of

course, every 2D animation software comes with its own learning curves, which only get

steeper the better the program is.

Knowing what each tool does and how to use it effectively is essential if you want to be a

good 2D animator that isn’t limited to a few techniques.

Notable 2D Animation Programs

Toon Boom Studio

Autodesk’s SketchBook Pro

Anime Studio Debut

DrawPlus

FlipBook Lite

Adobe Photoshop

The TAB Pro

CrazyTalk Animator

MotionArtist

Flip Boom Cartoon

Where is 2D animation used?

2D animation is widely used in a number of creative industries and is still widely used

despite the rise of 3D animation. Everything from cartoon series and Japanese anime to

video games and full feature films are done in 2D. The fact that 2D animation is flexible

enough to be done on a wide range of platforms it what makes it such a popular form for


anything from entertainment and multimedia to broadcast video.Television is where 2D

animation is still used the most.

The number of shows that have been made with 2D animation is near-endless, with some of

the more well-known ones being The Simpsons, SpongeBob Squarepants, South Park, and

Avatar: The Last Airbender.Anime, a style of Japanese animation inspired by their manga

comics, also makes use of 2D animation.

3D animation –

3D animation is the manipulation of three dimensional objects and virtual environments

with the use of a computer program.

1. Animators first create a 3D polygon mesh with various connected vertices to give it

form.

2. The mesh is then rigged by giving it an armature, a skeletal structure that can be

manipulated to make the object appear in specific poses.

3. After making other objects and environments, the artist then uses the software to

create scenes that are much more lifelike than 2D animation.

This form, which is also called computer-generated imagery (CGI), is a fairly recent

technique that only came into use during the 1990s.Before that, the closest thing to 3D

animation was stop-motion and Claymation, which involved using real-life objects and

taking pictures to give the illusion of motion. Now it is arguably the most popular form of

animation and is used in anything from TV shows, video games, and feature films.

"3D" refers to Computer Generated Images (CGI) that create the illusion of three

dimensional space with great accuracy. Films like Toy Story and Up are 3D - CGI

animation. Computer special effects also fall within this category. All the magical creatures

and powerful spells in Harry Potter are done this way. We should bear in mind though, that

in the end, 3D animation is also just a sequence of flat, two dimensional images projected

on the screen.

A computer and 3D software program is required to create 3D animations, which usually

comes with a ton of features that let you do anything from modeling and simulation to

rendering.Tools for adding lighting, visual effects, physics, and other elements are also

normally included.

The reason 3D animation has become popular is that it can be used to create realistic

objects and scenes.Live-action films like Transformers, Avatar, and The Avengers would

not be as impressive if you removed all the 3D elements, which often include entire

characters and settings. 3D has also become the standard visual style for video games

because it lets players do much more than a 2D game.

But like other forms of animation, 3D has its own learning curve that involves gaining a

firm understanding of 3D software programs.These programs also tend to be pretty

expensive, which means they can be hard to learn as a student who doesn’t have a few

hundred bucks to spend on one.

Notable 3D Animation Program

Autodesk Maya

Autodesk 3ds Max


Unity

CINEMA 4D

Houdini

Autodesk Softimage

LightWave

Modo

TurboCAD Deluxe

SketchUp Pro

Where is 3D animation used?

Today, 3D animation is used in more industries than ever before.Common examples

include:

games

movies

television shows

interior designing

business

architecture

medicine

many other multimedia fields

Without 3D animation, beloved movies like Toy Story, Frozen, How To Train Your

Dragon, and Big Hero 6 would not have been possible. When it comes to games, 3D

animation is everywhere. Some of today’s most successful titles are in 3D, including Super

Mario 3D World, Bloodborne, Halo, Call of Duty, and many more. Television has also

finally started seeing a number of well-received 3D shows such as Star Wars Rebels, Kung

Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness, and the latest Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series.

Computer animation

Morphing –

Morphing is a familiar technology to produce special effects in image or videos. Morphing

is common in entertainment industry. Morphing is widely used in movies, animation games

etc. In addition to the usage of entertainment industry, morphing can be used in computer


based trainings, electronic book illustrations, presentations, education purposes etc.

morphing software is widely available in internet.

Animation industry looking for advanced technology to produce special effects on their

movies. Increasing customers of animation industry does not satisfy with the movies with

simple animation. Here comes the significance of morphing.

The Word "Morphing" comes from the word "metamorphosis" which means change shape,

appearance or form. Morphing is done by coupling image warping with color interpolation.

Morphing is the process in which the source image is gradually distorted and vanished

while producing the target image. So earlier images in the sequence are similar to source

image and last images are similar to target image. Middle image of the sequence is the

average of the source image and the target image.

Morphing Techniques -

Morphing techniques may be classified into two based on the ways to specify their features.

They are mesh based methods and feature based methods. In mesh based methods, features

of the image specified by a non uniform mesh. Feature based methods, features of the

image specifies as line segment or a set of points. Feature based methods are popular.

Tips to remember for Morphing process -

1. Choose pictures or images to morph carefully. For example, if you wish to morph

two animals, it should have same size and outline.

2. Selection of Background. For best results you should use same background for both

pictures.

Types of Morphing –

1-Two dimensional morphing -

Morphing techniques that have been developed to progressively transform one two-

dimensional image to another are usually pixel based and morph a source to a target by

interpolating pixel values based on constraints specified by the user.

2-Three dimensional morphing

Three dimensional morphing has been done using more or less the same technique. Instead

of dealing with pixels in a two-dimensional image though, the people who did this used

pixels in a three dimensional structure.

Morphing


Software for Creating animations –

1. Autodesk motion builder-

Motion Builder 3D character animation software for virtual production helps you to more

efficiently manipulate and refine data with greater reliability. Capture, edit, and play back

complex character animation in a highly responsive, interactive environment, and work

with a display optimized for both animators and directors.

MotionBuilder is a 3D character animation software produced by Autodesk. It is used for

virtual cinematography, motion capture, and traditional keyframe animation. It was

originally named Filmbox when it was first created by Canadian company Kaydara, later

acquired by Alias and renamed to MotionBuilder. Alias in turn was acquired by Autodesk.

It is primarily used in film, games, television production, as well as other multimedia

projects.

2. Blender

Blender is a powerful 3D computer graphics suite that's totally free for all users. In Blender

you can model objects, create textures, and animate models all under one roof. Because it's

open source Blender leans towards flexibility and customization more than many other 3D

programs. It supports the entirety of the 3D pipeline—modeling, rigging, animation,

simulation, rendering, compositing and motion tracking, video editing and 2D animation

pipeline.

3. Go animate -

Go Animate is a cloud-based animation platform that is easy to use. Users do not need to

have any prior design or animation skills to make use of this software product and, as it is a

web-based platform, people are able to make use of GoAnimate on their computer

anywhere as long as there is an internet connection.

Go Animate provides a range of cloud-based drag-and-drop tools to make HQ animated

video creation easy for everyone."

Go Animate understands the value of video, but the time-consuming and costly nature of

high-quality content creation was enough to put most people off. GoAnimate was inspired

to come up with a quick, simple and cost-effective tool for producing creative, high quality

and professional videos.

4. Adobe after effects –

Adobe after Effects is a video and animation-based tool that’s used to add elements to

moving pictures and animations. Most designers use it to create titles, intros, and transition

between clips for more seamless video production.


After Effects is a digital motion graphics, visual effects and compositing software.

For titles, shapes, 2D animations, adding special effects, After Effects is your tool.

While you can create motion in text, images, and any other layer in Adobe Premiere

Pro – it is a lot easier to do in After Effects.

What can Adobe after Effects do?

By moving and transforming layers, you are able to bring artwork to life. After Effects

offers digital tools that help you manipulate and edit various properties. There are a lot of

ways to create animations inside of After Effects!

Different types of animations you can create in After Effects:

2D Vector Animation

Basic 3D Animation

Character Animation

Kinetic Typography

UI/UX mock-up animations

Visual Effects


Unit V

Multimedia Applications-

A Multimedia Application is an application which uses a multiple media sources e.g. text,

graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video. Multimedia conference covers the

selected tools applied in multimedia systems and key multimedia applications. It comprises

of Audio, video processing, Virtual reality and 3-D imaging, Virtual reality and 3-D

imaging, Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence. Multimedia Applications is the creation of

exciting and innovative multimedia systems that communicate information customized to

the user in a non-linear interactive format. Multimedia conference discusses the basic and

novel characteristics of multimedia document handling, programming, security, human

computer interfaces, and multimedia application services.

Application of multimedia in different Industries-

In Education

In entertainment

In journalism

In business

In Marketing and Advertising

in Bank

in Hospital

In Communication Technology and Multimedia Services

Multimedia in Education –

In education, multimedia is used to produce Computer Based Training and providing

reference books like Encyclopedia and Alma’s. Computer based training leads the users go

through the CD of the presentation text about particular and associated information in

various formats. The combination of education and entertainment gives us edutainment.

Many computer games with focus on education are now available. Consider an example of

an educational game which plays various rhymes for kids. The child can paint the pictures,

increase reduce size of various objects etc apart from just playing the rhymes. Several other

multimedia packages are available in the market which provides a lot of detailed

information and playing capabilities to kids.

Multimedia Elements in Education -

Multimedia elements can be use for many things. With the help of computer software such

as Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Flash you can create and combine

various multimedia elements to create a great project. But, you must know each and every

function of those multimedia elements so that you can applied it in your learning.


Text -

Texts are the most basic element in multimedia and it is very easy to use. But, you must

not underestimate it because text can give the most impact on the quality of the

multimedia interaction compared to the other elements. This is because texts contain a

lot of font. A font is a collection of characters of a single size and style belonging to a

particular typeface family as shown in Figure 1.In general, text is used in order to

provide important information. This is because text are more direct and easy to

understand rather than the other multimedia elements. In learning, text are the most

commonly used element. But, by using multimedia text, the word can be much more

interesting rather that plain text thus increasing the learning effectiveness.

Graphic –

Graphic are two-dimensional figure or illustration. It is the most creative ways of

learning approach. It can be either a photograph, drawing or picture. There are many

types of picture format such as GIF, JPEG and PNG. Using graphic in education will

increase the students understanding. It will also enhance their memory skill because

picture are easy to remember. This is because image use a massive amount of cortical

skills such as color, form, line, dimension and imagination. This will help the students

to get a clear picture of what they are learning.

Audio-

Audio has been use in education for many decade. Because everything that we learn can

be recorded, it is an effective tool for the students because they use it to interact with

the course content provided by their teacher at any times and any location that they

want. Audio also ease the students by conducting live online discussion via audio tools

and platform. There are a few widely use software that can be use for this such as

Wechat, Whatapps, Line and Skype. This will not only save some time rather than

meeting face-to-face it also frequently used for long distance learning. Sound can also

be use by teacher to present a lot of information at once. This will help teacher to

explain the content of the topic in a much interesting ways which will help the students

to understand the topic. Learning by using audio also can help disable people such as

blind people to learn. This is one of the few ways for them to learn because they cannot

see and read. This shows that the use of sound in education can benefit a lot of people if

used in the correct way.

Video-

Video is widely used multimedia element. It also has the highest performance on your

computer or device among the five elements. There are a few standard video format for

educational use such as MPEG2 that is used for Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) playback

or MPEG4 for home video. Sometimes, using text or other multimedia elements to

convey information are hard and complex This type of multimedia element are used

because it can provide visual stimulation for students so that they can have a better


understanding in learning. This prove to be helpful in surgical training where students

cannot just understand the producer for surgery just by reading. So, a video of a surgery

in action is needed so that the students can understand. Teacher can also ask their

students to make a video project. This is because it can help them getting in touch with

the real element of what they are learning and show it to their other classmate. It also

can help to enhance their practical skill. This is because, by doing a video they are

expose to the outside element rather than just sitting in the classroom. So, they can gain

more experience and improve their skills. This shows that video can help to improve

our educational system.

Animation -

Animation are created using continuous motion and shape change combined together to

produce an animation. This happened because of a biological phenomenon called

persistent of vision and psychological phenomenon called phi. This enables us to see

animation the way it is. Animation are different than video. This is because video is

taken from real life event while animation are usually taken from drawing. There are a

few animation software that are used in educational field such as Adobe Flash,

Authoware and Director. By using this software, students can use their own creativity

and idea to present a project that they like. this help to improve their creativity while

bringing fun in learning. Animation also can help students to learn faster and easier.

This is because they can help teacher to explain a difficult topic. For example, the flow

of blood throughout the body cannot be seen. The flow of blood in and out of the heart

are difficult for students to understand in the beginning. By providing a structural

animation of our blood circulatory system and the heart, students can see clearly how it

works. This can help provide a better understanding about the topic to students. With

the help of computer animation, learning and teaching can be much more easier faster

and amusing.

Multimedia in Entertainment-





advertisement to appeal to the consumer in a way never used before and promote the sale of

the products. Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to

develop special effects in movies and animations (VFX, 3D animation, etc.). Multimedia

games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or

online. Some video games also use multimedia features.

Multimedia in Journalism-

Multimedia journalists often work for newspapers, radio or television stations or use

computers in social media areas. They sample animations, data, video, graphics and audio

in multimedia. Sometimes multimedia journalists specialize in one area, for example local

news, world news, sports or weather.


Multimedia journalists are storytellers who work across many dimensions. They embrace

the traditional tenets of journalism: objectivity, accuracy, credible sourcing and strong

writing. But they tell their stories through some combination of text, images, sound, video

and graphics.Multimedia journalism provides almost infinite ways to tell a story. On the

other hand, journalists also have so many more choices to make about how, when and

where to tell that story.

You could use animation, embed tweets, add music or create an interactive graphic. Even

deciding on a platform can complicate things—the options range from websites to podcasts,

TV, social networks, radio, newspapers and magazines. More than likely you’ll need to

adapt the content to a combination of those.

Multimedia in Business-

Multimedia can be used in many applications in a business. The multimedia technology

along with communication technology has opened the door for information of global wok

groups. Today the team members may be working anywhere and can work for various

companies. Thus the work place will become global. The multimedia network should

support the following facilities:

Voice Mail

Electronic Mail

Multimedia based FAX

Office Needs

Employee Training

Sales and Other types of Group Presentation

Records Management

Multimedia in Marketing and Advertising-





advertisement to appeal to the consumer in a way never used before and promote the sale

of the products.

Multimedia in Bank-

Bank is another public place where multimedia is finding more and more application in

recent times. People go to bank to open saving/current accounts, deposit funds, withdraw

money, know various financial schemes of the bank, obtain loans etc. Every bank has a lot

of information which it wants to impart to in customers. For this purpose, it can use

multimedia in many ways. Bank also displays information about its various schemes on a

PC monitor placed in the rest area for customers. Today on-line and internet banking have

become very popular. These use multimedia extensively. Multimedia is thus helping banks

give service to their customers and also in educating them about banks attractive finance

schemes.


Multimedia in Hospital-

Multimedia best use in hospitals is for real time monitoring of conditions of patients in

critical illness or accident. The conditions are displayed continuously on a computer screen

and can alert the doctor/nurse on duty if any changes are observed on the screen.

Multimedia makes it possible to consult a surgeon or an expert who can watch an ongoing

surgery line on his PC monitor and give online advice at any crucial juncture.

In hospitals multimedia can also be used to diagnose an illness with CD-ROMs/ Cassettes/

DVDs full of multimedia based information about various diseases and their treatment.

Some hospitals extensively use multimedia presentations in training their junior staff of

doctors and nurses. Multimedia displays are now extensively used during critical surgeries.

Communication Technology and Multimedia Services-

The advancement of high computing abilities, communication ways and relevant standards

has started the beginning of an era where you will be provided with multimedia facilities at

home. These services may include:

Basic Television Services

Interactive entertainment

Digital Audio

Video on demand

Home shopping

Financial Transactions

Interactive multiplayer or single player games

Digital multimedia libraries

E-Newspapers, e-magazines

Future of Multimedia –

‘Multimedia’ is a media which combine the text, audio, images, animation, video, and

interactivity content forms. First of all, the multimedia tools are evolved gradually which

start from text, audio, telecommunication devices, video, animation, etc. Due to innovation

and creativity of scientists and the development of software, with the computer support,

more hi-tech devices and tools of multimedia is created and delivered to users

Talking about the future of multimedia, it is very important to the many fields especially

marketing, education, communication, business, entertainment, medicine, etc. Nowadays,

many multimedia tools and application are involved when organizing the events or

activities such as workshop, talk, open ceremony, functions, etc. Flash animation

presentation is used to smooth the talk; multimedia light is used to make people in concert

have high spirit, graphic illustration is used to help students more understanding about one

particular subject, etc. Therefore, multimedia definitely has significant impact in the future.

Multimedia can improve the lives of users in its applications. The most significant one is

improving the lifestyle today. Users can know the latest news that happening around the

world without travelling. Moreover, it brings more entertainment to the user. Let take an

example of mobile phone. In the past, users only use it to call other people. Currently,

mobile phone is like ‘PAT’, Personal Assistant Tool. Many multimedia applications are


invented as part of functions of mobile phone. Users can play online games, listening songs

or RTM, watching movie or MTV, surfing internet, 3G call, capture photos, read image

catalogues, record something, etc. Besides that, some hi-tech mobile phones even provide

GPRS MAP (GM) that help users not get lost when travelling or driving at new places.

Users can know the location through the graphic simulation on the GM.

Nevertheless, multimedia might influence users in negative ways. Since it is very

convenient and easy to use, people may use the multimedia invention and technology in

the wrong ways. The most significant is the privacy of the user may be violated. Some

users like to use mobile phone or digital camera to record the incident and publish it to

‘you tube’ which actually is violating human being right. In addition, some users may use

the advanced multimedia software to edit the picture in order to create the story which can

push the sale of magazine especially paparazzi.

Moreover, talking about its shortcomings, multimedia invention might always be misuse

by some unmoral organizations when competes to get something. False news was made

and spread by someone based on ‘edited picture’ through Multimedia Messaging Service

(MMS) or other web resources.

In a nutshell, multimedia has contributed a lot to people life today. Thus, users should not

misuse it and should appreciate the multimedia application by being a morally good user.

Career in Multimedia Production –

Degree in multimedia will offer you ocean of job opportunities in web designing, computer

games designing, advertising graphics, animation and new media

Multimedia professionals are also recruited in schools, publishing houses, films and

video conferencing.

Multimedia developers can also work as flash developers, network engineers,

publishers, graphic artists, sound experts, animators, authors/content providers,

project managers and picture researchers.

One can work as freelancer.

What do Multimedia Specialists Work On?

Creating digital images for the purpose of animation

Transferring audio/video files to be edited and manipulated digitally

Creating artwork to be used in video games

Creating animated sequences using computer software

Designing and developing digital animations, imaging, presentations, games, audio

and video clips, and Internet applications using multimedia software, tools and

utilities, interactive graphics and programming languages

Common Job Areas (Designations):-

1. Web Designer/Developer Multimedia

2. Multimedia Designer


3. Software Developer/Programmer

4. IT Support/Helpdesk

5. On-line publishing (editorial/design)

Multimedia Marketing

1. Advertising manager

2. Creative director

3. Media director

4. Marketing or promotions manager

5. Product development manager

6. Market research manager

7. Public relations manager

8. Media analyst or strategist

9. Multimedia Careers in the Entertainment Industry

Digital Camera Operator

Sound engineering technician

Multimedia artist

Film and video editor

Sound effects editor

Audio recording engineer

Game designer

Animator

Game Programmer

Game Tester

Multimedia Fine Arts Careers

Photographer

Graphic designer

Multimedia Designer

Virtual Reality –

Virtual means ‘Near or Implied’ & Reality means the state of things as they actually exist,

thus virtual reality is nothing but ‘Near Reality’. Virtual Reality is a simulation of a

physical entity into a virtual or imaginary environment that is created using software’s or

programs that defy beliefs of a user compelling him/her to accept it as actual reality.

“In simple terms, Virtual Reality is a fully immersive computer simulated environment that

gives the users the feeling of being in that environment instead of the one they are actually

in”

Virtual reality simulation requires two main components: a source of content and a user

device. Software and hardware, in other words. Currently, such systems include headsets,

all-directions treadmills, special gloves, goggles. VR tools should be providing realistic,


natural, high-quality images and interaction possibilities. For this, devices rely on

measurements like:

Image resolution,

field of view,

refresh rate,

motion delay,

pixel persistence,

Audio/video synchronization.

A believable, interactive 3D computer-created world that you can explore so you

feel you really are there, both mentally and physically.

Types of virtual reality –

Fully-immersive simulations

Chances are when you think of VR, you’re picturing a fully-immersive experience –

complete with head-mounted displays, headphones, gloves, and maybe a treadmill

or some kind of suspension apparatus.

This type of VR is commonly used for gaming and other entertainment purposes in

VR arcades or even in your home (empty, non-fragile room advised.)

Fully-immersive simulations give users the most realistic experience possible,

complete with sight and sound. The VR headsets provide high-resolution content

with a wide field of view. Whether you’re flying or fighting the bad you’ll feel like

you’re really there.

Semi-immersive simulations

Semi-immersive experiences provide users with a partially virtual environment to

interact with. This type of VR is mainly used for educational and training purposes

and the experience is made possible with graphical computing and large projector

systems

It’s important to keep in mind that semi-immersive VR simulations still give users

the perception of being in a different reality. This type of virtual reality is not

always possible to experience wherever. Instead, physical environments are created

to supplement the virtual reality.

Non-immersive simulations

Non-immersive simulations are often forgotten as an actual type of VR, honestly

because it’s very common in our everyday lives. The average video game is

technically considered a non-immersive virtual reality experience.


Applications of Virtual Reality (VR) –

With the advancement in display, sensing and computer technology, it gives the user

a new VR experiences which are more realistic and immersive for different VR

applications. VR can lead to new and exciting discoveries in different fields. There

are wide range of applications for VR which includes:

Virtual Reality in education –

Education is another area which has adopted virtual reality for teaching and learning

situations. The advantage of this is that it enables large groups of students to interact with

each other as well as within a three dimensional environment. It is able to present complex

data in an accessible way to students which is both fun and easy to learn. Plus these

students can interact with the objects in that environment in order to discover more about

them.

Virtual Reality in Military –

Virtual reality has been adopted by the military – this includes all three services (army,

navy and air force) – where it is used for training purposes. This is particularly useful for

training soldiers for combat situations or other dangerous settings where they have to learn

how to react in an appropriate manner.A virtual reality simulation enables them to do so but

without the risk of death or a serious injury. They can re-enact a particular scenario, for

example engagement with an enemy in an environment in which they experience this but

without the real world risks. This has proven to be safer and less costly than traditional

training methods.

Military uses of virtual reality

Flight simulation

Battlefield simulation

Medic training (battlefield)

Vehicle simulation

Virtual boot camp

Virtual Reality in Healthcare –

Healthcare is one of the biggest adopters of virtual reality which encompasses surgery

simulation, phobia treatment, robotic surgery and skills training.

Virtual Reality in entertainment –

The entertainment industry is one of the most enthusiastic advocates of virtual reality, most

noticeably in games and virtual worlds. But other equally popular areas include:

Virtual Museums, e.g. interactive exhibitions

Galleries

Theatre, e.g. interactive performances


Virtual theme parks

Discovery centers

Many of these areas fall into the category ‘edutainment’ in which the aim is to educate as

well as entertain.

Virtual Reality in Fashion –

Fashion is not something that immediately springs to mind when thinking about virtual

reality but nevertheless, it is used by the fashion industry in a variety of ways.

These include:

VR software for building virtual fashion stores

3D avatars (virtual humans) to help with clothes design

Fashion show in Second Life

3D fashion portfolio

Virtual Reality in Business –

Virtual reality is being used in a number of ways by the business community which

includes:

Virtual tours of a business environment

Training of new employees

A 360 view of a product

Many businesses have embraced virtual reality as a cost effective way of developing a

product or service. For example it enables them to test a prototype without having to

develop several versions of this which can be time consuming and expensive. It is a good

way of detecting design problems at an early stage which can then be dealt with sooner

rather than later.

Virtual Reality in Sports –

Virtual reality is used as a training aid in many sports such as golf, athletics, skiing, cycling

etc. It is used as an aid to measuring athletic performance as well as analysing technique

and is designed to help with both of these. It also used in clothing/equipment design and as

part of the drive to improve the audience’s experience. Another popular use is sports

manufacture: virtual reality is used in the design of sporting clothes and equipment, e.g.

running shoe design. Innovation is a key factor in this industry as the bar is raised higher

and higher in terms of sporting achievement.

Virtual Reality in Engineering –

Virtual reality engineering includes the use of 3D modelling tools and visualisation

techniques as part of the design process. This technology enables engineers to view their

project in 3D and gain a greater understanding of how it works. Plus they can spot any

flaws or potential risks before implementation.

This also allows the design team to observe their project within a safe environment and

make changes as and where necessary.


Virtual Reality in Cinema–

A lot of cinemas have adopted VR technology now. They distribute head mounted display

units to all viewers for each movie. When the effect of this unit is combined with powerful

speakers that have been scattered all over the hall or theatre, it gives serious immersion.

You will be engaged and fully immersed in the movie. In fact, you will feel like you are a

part of the movie.

Virtual Reality in Real Estate –

VR is used to view the plan of a building. This gives a 3 dimensional image. What

architects and developers do is to upload all the virtual versions of the proposed buildings

on their virtual reality database and their prospective clients can view the structures from

there. It is just like viewing structures that are yet to be built. This is why there are two

main categories of architects now – the ones that have adopted virtual reality and the ones

that being run out of business.

Virtual Reality in Scientific Visualization –

Virtual reality is being increasingly used in the field of scientific visualization. This field is

based upon using computer graphics to express complex ideas and scientific concepts, for

example molecular models or statistical results.

Introduction to HMD (Head-Mounted Display) –

A head-mounted display (HMD) is a type of computer display device or monitor that, as

the name implies, is worn on the head or is built in as part of a helmet. This type of display

is meant for a total immersion of the user in whatever experience the display is meant for,

as it ensures that no matter where the user’s head may turn, the display is positioned right

in front of the user's eyes.

In most cases, this is a virtual reality or multimedia device meant for entertainment.

However, some models have real-world applications such as part of the heads-up display

used in special weapon systems such as in airplanes and helicopters.

The monitors in an HMD are most often Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD), though you might

come across older models that use Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays. LCD monitors are

more compact, lightweight, efficient and inexpensive than CRT displays. The two major

advantages CRT displays have over LCDs are screen resolution and brightness.

Unfortunately, CRT displays are usually bulky and heavy. Almost every HMD using them

is either uncomfortable to wear or requires a suspension mechanism to help offset the

weight. Suspension mechanisms limit a user's movement, which in turn can impact his

sense of immersion.


A few HMD models use other display technologies, though they are very rare. Other

display technologies include:

Fiber-Optics Displays

Field Emission Displays (FED)

Light Emitting Diode (LED) Displays

Plasma Displays

Vacuum Fluorescent Displays (VFD)

Virtual Retinal Displays (VRD)

There are many reasons engineers rarely use these display technologies in HMDs. Most of

these technologies have limited resolution and brightness. Several are unable to produce

anything other than a monochromatic image. Some, like the VRD and plasma display

technologies, might work very well in an HMD but are prohibitively expensive.

Many head-mounted displays include speakers or headphones so that it can provide both

video and audio output. Almost all sophisticated HMDs are tethered to the VR system's

CPU by one or more cables -- wireless systems lack the response time necessary to avoid

lag or latency issues. HMDs almost always include a tracking device so that the point of

view displayed in the monitors changes as the user moves his head.

Head mounted Display

Boom cave –

The BOOM (Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor) from Fake space is a head-coupled

stereoscopic display device. Screens and optical system are housed in a box that is attached

to a multi-link arm over. A head-coupled stereoscopic display device. Screens and optical

system are housed in a box that is attached to a multi-link arm. The user looks into the box

through two holes, sees the virtual world, and can guide the box to any position within the

operational volume of the device. Head tracking is accomplished via sensors in the links of

the arm that holds the box. BOOM was created by Fakespace Systems Inc.


History of cave –

The first CAVE was developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago where Thomas A.

DeFanti, Carolina Cruz-Neira and Daniel J. Sandin demonstrated the first CAVE during the

SIGGRAPH conference in 1992. CAVE today finds applications in an array of industries

including geology, engineering, biology, art, architecture, physics and others.

CAVE is a recursive acronym for cave automatic virtual environment. It is an environment

created virtually and consists of a cube-shaped room. The walls of this cube-shaped room

behave as rear-projection screens.

A CAVE is a virtual reality environment with projectors directed at three to six walls of the

cube-shaped room. This is basically a video theater, and the walls are made up of rear-

projection screens. In order to see the 3-D graphics thus generated by the CAVE, users

need to wear 3-D glasses. Users in the CAVE can see objects floating in the air, walk

around them and can get a full, 360° view. Projectors inside the CAVE are used to display

lifelike visuals. An array of software is designed specifically for the CAVE. These include

OpenGL Performer, OpenSG and OpenSceneGraph.

Multimedia authoring Tools-

Multimedia authoring is a process of assembling different types of media contents like text,

audio, image, animations and video as a single stream of information with the help of

various software tools available in the market. Multimedia authoring tools give an

integrated environment for joining together the different elements of a multimedia

production. It gives the framework for organizing and editing the components of a

multimedia project. It enables the developer to create interactive presentation by combining

text, audio, video, graphics and animation.

1. A program that helps you write hypertext or multimedia applications.

2. Authoring tools usually enable you to create a final application merely by linking

together objects, such as a paragraph of text, an illustration, or a song.

3. Authoring tools require less technical knowledge to master and are used exclusively for

applications that present a mixture of textual, graphical, and audio data.

Two basic features: –

Ability to create and edit a product

Presentation scheme for delivering product


Four main perspectives in multimedia authoring tools : –

Tool (any software package that could authors multimedia product)

Product (the result of combining all multimedia components)

Developer (designers, programmers, and multimedia authors)

End user (customer or viewer)

There are three types of authoring tools, which are divided by the style in which the

multimedia presentation is created –

Card-based

Time-based

Icon-based

Card-based –

Card‐ and page‐based authoring systems provide a simple and easily understood

metaphor for organizing multimedia elements.

It contains media objects such as buttons, text fields, and graphic objects.

It provides a facility for linking objects to pages or cards.

Example of Authoring Tools

• HyperCard (Mac)

• Tool Book (Mac / Windows)

Icon Based –

Icon‐based, event‐driven tools provide a visual programming approach to organize and

present multimedia.

Examples of authoring tools

• Author ware(Mac/Windows)

• Icon Author (Windows)

Time Based authoring Tool –

• Time‐based tools are best suited for messages with a beginning and an end.

• Some time‐based tools facilitate navigation and interactive control

Example: -

• Macromedia Director

• Flash (Mac/Windows)

Professional Development Tools:

In addition to all hardware equipments described earlier, developers also need software

tools for building multimedia applications.


Text Editing Tools:

These tools are used to write a letter, invoice, user manual for a project and other

documents. These tools are most often tools for any multimedia project.

Ex - Word pad, MS Word, Open Office Word.

Common features: –

• Cut, copy and paste

• Text formatting

• Undo and redo

• Data transformation

Examples: –

• Windows Notepad

• Emacs

Image Editor –

A graphics program that provides a variety of special features for editing bitmap images.

Common features:

• Selection

• Layers

• Image size alteration

• Crop

• Enhancing images

• Change color depth

Examples of Image Editor:

• Adobe Photoshop

• GIMP (freeware)

• Microsoft Office Picture

• Fotografix (freeware)

Drawing Program: -

Drawing program is a computer program that allows users to compose and edit vector

graphics images interactively on the computer screen.

Drawing programs are better for –

• Graphic design

• Page layout

• typography

• Logos


• sharp-edged artistic illustrations (e.g. cartoons, clip art, complex geometric patterns)

• technical illustrations, etc

Drawing Program Examples –

• Inkscape (freeware)

• Adobe Illustrator

• CorelDraw

Computer Animation -

• Computer animation can be created with animation software.

• Some impressive animation can be achieved even with basic programs; however,

the rendering can take a lot of time on an ordinary home computer

Computer Animation Software-

• Adobe Flash

• Adobe Image Ready

• XARA 3D

• Ulead GIF Animator

Video Editing Program –

Video editing program is application software which handles the editing of video sequences

on a computer.

Common features:

• Splitting

• Add background sound

• Transition

• Crop

• Add title

• Add special effect

Examples of Video Editing Program

• Adobe Premiere

• Pinnacle Studio

• Video Studio

• Windows Movie Maker

FUNDAMENTALS OF MULTIMEDIA - Omega College

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