Extension Communication

LECTURE SIX (6)Extension Communication

THURSDAY 13/04/20142:00PM to 4:00PM At the Auditorium

ARG 102: Introduction to Agricultural extension

LecturerHudu ZakariaDepartment of Agric. Ext., Rural Development and Gender StudiesFaculty of Agribusiness and Communication Science UDS, Nyankpala Campus Post Office TL 1882, TamalePhone No: 0242980581 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Office Location: FACS Administration Block Thursday, October 13,

20221

mailto:[email protected]

Objectives The Meaning of CommunicationElements of the Communication ProcessBarriers to communicationFacilitating Effective Communication

Thursday, October 13, 2022

2

Overview of Extension Communication The goals of communicationReceiving the messagePaying attention to the messageUnderstanding the messageBelieving the messageRemembering the messageActing on the message


3

IntroductionWhat is communication?In simple words we can say that ““just to convey the message”If we go in more detail we can say that “ communication is the process of transmitting (A B) & Receiving (B A) Messages.


4

Elements of Communication


5

Communication ProcessLasswell describe the Communication Process as:

WHO? (a sender)

SAYS WHAT? (a message)

IN WHICH CHANNEL? (a medium/ channel)

TO WHOM? (a receiver)

WITH WHAT EFFECT? (feedback)Thursday, October 13, 2022

6

Elements of Communication Sender

Conceive an idea/message Encode the message Decide on channel/medium Receive feedback


7

Elements of Communication cont. Message: Information/idea to be transmitted

It should be clear unambiguous You should be clear in your mind what you want to communicate


8

Elements of Communication cont.

Channel or Medium


The sender's message travels to the receiver through one or more channels The channels may be verbal or non-verbal. They may involve only one of the senses, hearing for example, or they may involve all the five senses:hearing, sight, touch, smell, and taste. Non-verbal communication, popularly referred to as body language, relies primarily on seeing rather than hearing. 9

Elements of Communication cont.

Receiver; – also referred to as the destination, respondent or decoder. Where understanding takes place. Is an active participant in the communication process; and provide feedbackDecode messageInterpreted Give feedback


10

Case Study Scenario of information sharing


Let us compare these two scenarios:1.I have a coin in my hand and I want to give it to someone else. I do this simply by putting it in the other person’s hand. Note that the coin does not change, that the other person’s hand was empty before I gave him the coin, and that my hand is empty after I have given it to him.

11

Scenario two


1.I have an idea that I wish to pass on to someone else. Is this any different from passing a coin?

12

Discussion of case studies


13

Types & Levels of CommunicationBecause we do not have direct access to the thoughts and feelings of other people, we must rely on communication to convey messages to one another.

There is more to communication than simply using language to speak to one another.

Communication exists on a number of levels and in a variety of forms.


14

Forms of Communication Verbal Communication Verbal communication refers to the use of symbols in the form of spoken words to transmit messages.

Verbal communication is complicated by the fact that language is:

Arbitrary: meaning that words change over time;

Ambiguous: meaning that many words lack clear-cut meanings; and

Abstract: meaning that words are not the phenomena to which they refer.


15

Forms of Communication Cont.Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication refers to the use of symbols other than words to transmit messages.

It includes gestures, body language, how we utter words,

Aspects of our environment that influence meaning and

Objects such as jewelry, furniture and clothing that send people messages about ourselves


16

Levels of Communication Intrapersonal CommunicationIntrapersonal communication is also known as self-talk or thinking, and refers to the ways we communicate with ourselves.

We use intrapersonal communication to plan our lives, rehearse scenarios before we act them out, and tell ourselves what to do or not do.

The way we communicate with ourselves greatly affects our self-esteem. A person who tells himself, "I'm so stupid" when he fails an exam will likely have poorer self-esteem than

someone who thinks, "I did really well on the previous four exams. I must have just been having an off day, and I'll do better next time."

Read more: http://www.ehow.com/info_8064650_types-levels-communication.html#ixzz2wLFm9KYfThursday, October 13, 2

02217

http://www.ehow.com/info_8064650_types-levels-communication.html#ixzz2wLFm9KYf

http://www.ehow.com/info_8064650_types-levels-communication.html#ixzz2wLFm9KYf

Levels of Communication Cont.Interpersonal CommunicationInterpersonal communication is the communication we have with other people.

This type of communication varies from highly impersonal to extremely personal.

The degree to which we communicate, or fail to communicate, with others influences how our relationships with them develop, continue or come to an end


18

Ways of Interpersonal Communication One-Way Communication Action Interaction


Sender

Receiver

SenderReceiver

One-Way Communication with feedback

19

Ways of Interpersonal Communication Two ways communication (Transactional )

When communication is viewed as a two-way process, the understanding of meaning and interpretations of messages is crucial to positive communication.

In order for positive communication to occur, individuals need to be responsible in both speaker and listener roles so that they share a clear and accurate understanding of their messagesThursday, October 13, 2022

Sender

Receiver

Two-Way Communication

Transaction 20

Levels of Communication Cont. Public CommunicationPublic communication refers to public speeches that we deliver in front of audiences.

Public communication serves three main purposes: to entertain, to persuade and/or to inform.

It is different from other forms of interaction in that it requires greater levels of planning and preparation on the part of the speaker and involves less direct interaction.

Audience members still interact with the speaker via mostly nonverbal symbols, but there is a lesser degree of give and take than there is in one-on-one conversations.


21

Communication Skills Effective communication skills are fundamental to success in many aspects of life.

Many jobs require strong communication skills and socially people with improved communication skills usually have better interpersonal relationships.

Effective communication is a key interpersonal skill and by learning how we can improve our communication has many benefits.


22

Communication Skills Effective communication skills Require>Sending Effective Message

Developing Effective listening skills

Using Feedbacks

Managing communication process


23

Communication Skills Sending Effective Message You must be able to send messages effectively as well as receive the information that is sent to you.

There are eight basic skills in making sure your ideas and feelings are effectively communicated:1. Clearly “own” your message by using personal pronouns such as I and my.

2. Make your messages complete and specific.3.


24

Communication Skills Sending Effective Message

3. Make your verbal and nonverbal messages congruent with one another.

4. Avoid redundancy5. Ask for feedback concerning the way your messages are being received.

6. Make the message appropriate to the receiver and frame of reference

7. Describe your feelings, by name, action or figure of speech.8. Describe other member’s behaviour without evaluating or interpreting.


25

Communication Skills Effective ListeningA. Listening can have a very big effect on how people relate to one another

Listening is often separated into three levels:1. Hearing - this is the lowest level of listening

2. Listening - this is the second level of listening and it is characterized by the listener becoming more aware of the meaning of the sounds they hear


26

Communication Skills Effective Listening3. Perceiving - this is the highest level of listening.

This level involves being attentive to the sender and processing the message thoroughly by relating it to experiences, ideas and feelings.

Perceiving is critical, appreciative, and creative listening.


27

Communication Skills Use of FeedbackFeedback is reporting to an individual the kind of impressions he/she is making on you or reporting your reactions to him/her.

Feedback is useful when:1. It is descriptive rather than evaluative.2. It is specific rather than general.3. It takes into account the needs of both the receiver and the giver of feedback.

4. It is directed toward behavior which the receiver can do something about.

5. It is solicited, rather than imposed.


28

Communication Skills Be Aware of Others' EmotionsBe sympathetic to other people's misfortunes and congratulate their positive landmarks.

Consider the emotional effect of what you are saying and communicate within the norms of behaviour acceptable to the other persons.

EmpathiseEmpathy is trying to see things from the point-of-view of others. When communicating with others, try not to be judgmental or biased by preconceived ideas or beliefs - instead view situations and responses from the other person’s perspective. Stay in tune with your own emotions to help enable you to understand the emotions of others.


29

http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/empathy.html

Communication Skills EncourageOffer words and actions of encouragement, as well as praise, to others. Make other people feel welcome, wanted, valued and appreciated in your communications.

Listen to yourself First Do not say the first thing that comes into your head but instead take a moment and pay close attention to what you say and how you say it.

Focus on the meaning of what you want to communicate.


30

Communication Skills Use Humour

Laughing releases endorphins that can help relieve stress and anxiety; most people like to laugh and will feel drawn to somebody who can make them laugh.

Treat People EquallyAlways aim to communicate on an equal basis and avoid patronizing people.

Attempt to Resolve ConflictLearn to troubleshoot and resolve problems and conflicts as they arise.

Maintain a Positive Attitude and Smile Few people want to be around someone who is frequently miserable. Do your best to be friendly, upbeat and positive with other people


31

Communication Skills Use Humour

Laughing releases endorphins that can help relieve stress and anxiety; most people like to laugh and will feel drawn to somebody who can make them laugh.

Treat People EquallyAlways aim to communicate on an equal basis and avoid patronizing people.

Attempt to Resolve ConflictLearn to troubleshoot and resolve problems and conflicts as they arise.

Maintain a Positive Attitude and Smile Few people want to be around someone who is frequently miserable. Do your best to be friendly, upbeat and positive with other people


32

Barriers to CommunicationProblems with any one of the components of the communication model can become a barrier to communication.

These barriers suggest opportunities for improving communication


33

Identifying barriers Communication is about overcoming barriers.

State all the barriers that you can think of that impact on your day-to-day communication.


34

Common Barriers to Communication

1. Physiological barriers;2. Social barriers;3. Cultural barriers;4. Ethical barriers;5. Physical Barriers6. Technological Barriers .


35

Physiological BarriersPhysiological barriers to communication are those that result from the performance characteristics and limitations of the human body and the human mind.


36

Optical illusion (1)


37

Human memory processes


38

Social, cultural and ethical barriersSocial barriers to communication include the social psychological phenomenon of conformity; a process in which the norms, values and behaviours of an individual begin to follow those of the wider group.

Cultural barriers to communication, which often arise where individuals in one social group have developed different norms, values, or behaviours to individuals associated with another group.

Ethical barriers to communication; these occur when individuals working in an organisation find it difficult to voice dissent, even though their organisation is acting in ways they consider to be unethical.


39

Social, cultural and ethical barriersStereotyping (Prejudice)- Stereotyping causes us to typify a person, a group, an event or a thing on oversimplified conceptions, beliefs, or opinions.

Stereotyping is a barrier to communication when it causes people to act as if they already know the message that is coming from the sender or worse, as if no message is necessary because "everybody already knows.

" Both senders and listeners should continuously look for and address thinking, conclusions and actions based on stereotypes.


40

Cultural barriersCultures shape the way we think and behave.

They can be seen as both shaping and being shaped by our established patterns of communication.

Nations, occupations, organisations, teams and other social groupings, all share a tendency to develop distinctive cultures.


41

Cultural barriersSocialization shapes our culture shape which in turns shape the way we think, behave and see our environment.


42

The iceberg metaphor for culture


43

Barriers to ethical behaviourThree communication-related barriers to ethical behaviour in business organisations are:

‘moral silence’, failing to speak up about issues that are known to be wrong;

‘moral deafness’, failure to hear or attend to moral concerns raised by others;

‘moral blindness’, failure to recognise the moral implications of actions.

(Bird 2002)


44

Physical BarriersPhysical distractions - Physical distractions are the physical things that get in the way of communicationPhysical distractions, noise, interruption and choice of wrong channel Wrong channel - Variation of channels helps the receiver understand the nature and importance of a message

Other barriers are poor listening skills, lack of feedback , wrong use of language and selection of words and muddled messages


45

Facilitating Communication In addition to removal of specific barriers to communication, the following general guidelines may also facilitate communication.1. Have a positive attitude about communication.

2. Work at improving communication skills 3. Include communication as a skill to be evaluated along with all the other skills in each person's job description

4. Make communication goal oriented 5. Approach communication as a creative process rather than simply part of the chore of working with people

6. Accept the reality of miscommunicationThursday, October 13, 2022

46

Overcoming the barriers

Taking the receiver more seriously

Thinking more clearly about the message

Delivering messages skilfullyFocusing on the receiverUsing multiple channels and encoding

Securing appropriate feedback


47


End of

Lecture

48

Extension Communication

Documents

Transcript of Extension Communication