Essay on Elocution - Forgotten Books

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RE COMME NDATIONS.

Tnfirst ofthe followingnotices, is fromthe penofN. B. 8 A. i t , one ofthestmasters ofBiocutiounowlidng : the secondis fromMr. anable prointh e University of

BEpper Canada.Mr . Samuel Kirkhamof timore, knowntomany ofour citiz ens as the author of

a popular E nlish G rammar , has published AnE ssay

onE locutiondesignedfor th euse of schoo s and ivate learners.

” Atter a caref perusal of thiswork, 1 emdocidedly ofo iniou, it is th e onlysuccessful attempt ofthe kind. The rules are

copiou an th e author ’s er

glanstions andillustrations a re happ ily adaptedto the

comp re ‘

on lea rners. 0 school shouldbe without th is book, andit ought tofinda place int e library of every gentlemanwhovalues th e attainment of a '

ustandforcible elocution. PittsburgMercury, Ap ril 18, lTh e E ssaynowbefore us, needsnotdependonany former work ofits author for aborrowedreputation: it has intrinsic]: merits of its own. It lays downprinciplesclear ly andconcisely . It presents th e readerwithmany newandjUdiclOll ! selectionsboth inprose andpoetry andaltogether evinces eat industry, combinedwith taste

andingenuity. Oourc'

er qf pper Canada , York, Oct. 12,

Ofth e talent andjudgmentofMr . Kirkh am, we have already hadoccasionto speakinterms ofhonest pra ise . Hiswork onE locutionraises h imstill h igher inour estimation, forwe findit(andWe have perusedit attentively, andwith th eutmostpleasure)one h igh ly calculatedtomendth emanners, andcorrect the taste, ofa certainbarbarous class of readers anddecla imcrs that, at present, infest almost every rank inao

ciety. Besides this, the book wouldbe of greatuti lity inschools—such a one as haslongbeenwanted; andwe are gladto see it forthcoming. Inh is selections, th a

aut or hasdisplayedh is usual tactandability . It abounds inbeautiful extracts , andjudicious illustrations andremarks. Ba ltimore V‘

tsiter , July, E B.

W e th inkMr . Kirkham’s E locutionworthy ofpubliclt patronage, and, h ave nodoubt

that,were it introducedinto our academies, itwouldbe founda most valuable book,both to the teacher andpupil. Th e familiar andforcible style ofMr. Kirkham, sojustly admiredinhiswork onGrammar, isM2preservedinhisworkbeforeus.

asters Shore I'Vh ig,March 18,Mr. Kirkhamhas performeda ver acceptable service to teachers, by presenting

themwith this “ E ssa The selec oneare remarkablyjudicious ; th e arrangement,good; the rules, simp e andperspicuous. Nationa l Intelligencer, July 7,No art ofeducation, equall important, is so ch orally neglectedas E locution;

andth sneglect arises princi fromth e want 0 some suitable book onthe subject.Inmy 0 inion,Mr . Kirkhama so. is a work every we calculatedto eu ly th iswant, an is far better adaptedto e use of schools an private learners, t ananyother systemwith which 1 amacquainted. S . CAVE RNO .

LewtstownAcademy, N . Y. Oct. 7, 133 .

Mr . B. F. W inch ester —Sir, I have examinedthe E ssayonE locution"by SamuelKirkham.

—1t clearly explains andillustrates th e principles of the science, and, withdiligence onthe part of the student, cannot fail to answer th e anddesigned. I could

Wis th at th e last chap ter ofpa r t first,migh t be re by so

Res ectfull our ev.) 8.

Philadelphia , July 22,p y, y s,

Mr . Kirkham: Dear Sir, Inth e scumofthirty years’e erience inteach ing Eng

lish Grammar andReading inth iscit no eventofth e kind as so h igh lggrstifiedme

as th e opportunitv youhave afi i rde me of examining your E nglish rammar antreatise onE locution. Imost h eartil acknowledge, that,upona careful andthorougherusal of them, i findthat eve stiltywhich I have so oftenneeded, but neverefiire found, is exactly fli rnishe —principles are clearly andconcisely laiddown,

andvery happily adaftedto the comprehension the lea rner . Thorough ly cou

vincedoftheir utility, shall loseno time inin sing th emboth intomy school.NATHANIE LWE BB

Ha rtford, Conn. Aug.

PRE FA C E

l utucs is te tha ,what a feaee is to a hotse, wheuit ch

ts h is progress to a fraidof sprouting herbage, which he considershimself justifiable to enter by lea ing over the barrier. The readerwades through a long reface wi t asmuch reluctance, as he would

through the o rde'

a_ofa ceremouious introductionto a large assem

age ofguests, wheninvitedtodinewith a stranger. This repugnanceto preface

- reading,doubtless, arises outofthe fact, that prefaces are generallydull , andoftenbut the prelude to a still duller book.

To the author, a preface is consideredas privilegedground. Uponthis a reas , hedeems himself at liberty to actwithout restra int—to tyraaniss over the time andpatience of his reader, by givin

ga loose rein

to h is fancy , andby pursuing a course aswaywardand oreiguto thesubject before himas either his pedantry or his vanitymay dicta te. Inthe after pages ofhiswork, he considers himselfunder obligationoccasioua lly to cast a sidelon glance at the subject he is professing todiscom, andto pay some litt e respect to the lawsofunity, andto a systemelicit arrangement of his thouhis. W e cannot, therefore, but admirethisbountiful provisionsecure to himby the wet ofcustom, by whichprovisionhe is allowed, afier having toiledt tough the tedious task ofmanufacturing a ponderous volume, here to throwoffthe shackles, andrevel over this licensedcorner ofh is field, andbecome as familiar, andegotistica l , andinane, as his conscience andcommonsensewill ermit.But itmight be well for some writers (myself included, undoutedly)to consider that customis a fickledame

,andthat reasonis not always

foundinalliance with her.Onthis subject, however, customhasnot beenso rsimonious as to

confine her libera lity exclusively to the author. Ifs e has grantedhimthe privilege of being dull and rolix in his preface , she has as

obligingly favouredthe reader wit the privilege of escaping fromhisprefa tory dullness andprolixity, by “mag over them, andby commencing at theproper beginning ofhis It. Andnow, with becomingcandour , l announce tomy very gentle reader, that ifhe begins togrowwea ry ofmy ownprosing, I shallnotdeemitunkindor uncourteous inhim, shouldhe ava il himselfofhis privilege by breaking ofi‘

at the close

ofthis sentence, andby turning over to the pageswhich followthismyprelusivedisemboguement ; for, onthe score ofprolixity, I donot holdmyselfbound, under cover ofmy privile e

,to show h imanymercy. I

have onhanda bundle ofdisorderly andincoherent ideas , which are

uite clamoreus to be releasedfrombondaie ; andbein very conscien

us,andcompassionatewithal, I seldomaVe the ha ihoodto turna

deafear to the cries ofthe distressed. It is, therefore, altogether for the

grip es offulfilling amoraldut that l give these fugitives their freem, andal lot thema place in is, themost suitable, part ofmywork.

Prefaces generally openwith a stupidapology for the sinofboring thep hlickwith another book. But a book shouldbe its ownandits onlyapologist. Ifit is well writtenandits subject is imliortant, itneedsnoapology ; b

ut ifthe reverse—i itsmanufacturer has arrogatedto himlf t e dignity andresponsibility of authorship,without considering

PRE FACE .

whether he is able tomanage his subject ina more masterlymannerthanhis predecessors havedone, or evenif he hasdeceivedhimself inhis estimate ofhis ownabilities, anapology so far fromshielding himiromrebuke for hisda ringpe trationsW i thpenandink,will tutserveas somuch deadweight to sin still lower hisdrowning cause.

Anapology is generallydeemedamark ofmodesty inanauthor ; butwhether he render inthis tokenofdifidflh e as anatonement for thetransgressionofthrustin

ghimselfbetween. hispredecessorsandthe ab

lick,or whether he bol y assert his superion over them, is of ‘

ttlemoment ; for, by the very act ofwriting andpub hing, he assumes suchsuperiority

.

Ofall t e“ laboursdoneunder the sun the l abours of the penmeet

with the poorest reward. E veninthis age ofmuch li ht andmorereading, anauthor is oftencom

pelledto live onshort a lowance, and

trudge onfoot, whilst hismore ortunate bookseller revels in luxury,androlls along inhis coach . Anignorant fellowmay easily growricby selling almanacks, tape, toys, turnips, andteakettles,where a tal entedauthor wouldstarve.

W riters ofdull books, however, ifpatronisedat all, are rewardedbeyondtheir deserts. W e are under no obligationto sympath iz e withthose authorswho have passedtheirnights without sleep, inorder toprocure it for their readers.

” Thecumbro s laboursofsuchmenproveunavailing, fromana parcntly trifling d

'

erence of o inionbetweenthemandthe worldw tch they attempt to enlighten. ith anhonestz eal theymaintain, that their productions are brilliant, but the worldperverselydenounces themas execrable andthus

,merely by being

outvoted, their ponderous tomes soonlumberdowninto the tomboffor

getfulness. As inraising ain,the quantity of soundwheat isdimin

18t by a rank growth 0 the straw,so, inthe productionof books,

the amount ofsolidinformationthey conta in, seems todecrease inproportionto the fecundi ty ofthe crop.

By reflecting uponthe pains andpenalties ofbook-making, andthedeplorable fate which awaits the vastma '

ority of those who join thecraft, onemigh tnatura lly conclude, that e experiment of authorshiphas become so ha z ardous as todeter fres h adventurers fromenteringthe field but such a conclusionis so far fi'

ombeing justifiedby facts,that itwouldseemas if the number of authors were increasedinaratio corresponding with the increase of the difliculties anddangerswhich beset their path. Indeed, inmoderntimes, authorship has be

come amania, or , perhaps I shouldsay, anepidemick which appears to

be infectious, andwhich threatens to inundate our lan andleave It encumberedwith sandandrubbish .

To the no small anno ance of the community, this alarmingmaladyhas particularly affects the honourable fraternity of teachers ; andtherebywgedman

ya thriving family into deep—mystificauonand

doubt. enone o themhappens to blunder onto the track of.

a

straggling idea that hedeemsunique, or to get holdofa fooli sh concert,or a new- fanglednotion, every intellectual current inhis craniumrunsrior, andgives himno rest, until he has it

'

writtenout and—printed.Hence

,the onerous amount ofmaudlinabortions inthe shape ofreboot

bookswhich is annuallydisgorgedfromthe press. W ithout once takinginto considerationthe enormousdifl’

crence betweenon ing at thedenciencies

,andcondemning the faults, of others, andt at of avoiding

{malts andso lying dc ies, and, losing sight, a lso , ofthe importantuism, that owlcdgederivedfromexperience, inorder to subserve

rnnraon. 1

flmwngnhnmumunulumdhudumndkbundcmfltkep—hnowk: ,punias themountainrill, abundant as thewaters of the ocean? hatbutthe want of such views andsuchmeasures, can revent this republiekfromsoonraising a literary, as well as a politi standard, that shallwave as a proudbeaconto all thenations ofthe earth ? Imust confessmyunwillingness to abandonthe hope, that tous such a day ofnationalprosperity andliterarypro- eminence is rapidly rollingen—aday inwhichour sta tesmenwill become farmore enlightenedandlibera liz ed; whentalentedauthorswill bemore substantially encour d; the professionofteaching, elevated; andbadbooks, discarded; w enour national dignity, rising inits literary greatness, wil l shedanundying halo ofgloryaroundour political horiz on; whenour publick institutions will ex tendtheir civiliz ing, andhumaniz ing, andch ristianiz ing influence over

every island, sea, andmounta in, and enetrate the remotest comers ofthe earth—a day. inwhich E urope, sin

, andAfrica , will thankfullylookup to her for light anddirection, andbe proudto imitate hernobleexample—anera of literary redemption, andthe advent of science, inwhich na tional prejudices wil l be overthrown, national animosities,trampleddown,national restrictions, rescinded, andthe sons ofscienceriseup inevery republiek, andkindam, andcountry, andholdcommunionat the fountainofApollo—in art

,a literarymillennium, inwhich

the A lpswill salute the A lleganies, the H imalayaswillmake obeisanceto the Andes, the N iger, the Volga , the Ganges, andthe Nile, willclaimkindredwith the Columbia , theMississippi, andthe Colorado,andthe waters oftheCaspianandofthe Superiour,will riseup andembrace each other .

Courteous reader, lest, by this time, youmay thinkme inclinedto begarrulous, ifnotjag/try,upontopicks quite foreignto the subjectbeforeme, I willnowput a bridle uonmy waywardthoughts, andleadthem“directly into the channelmar edoutfor preface-makers by the goodoldrules ofcriticism. Possibly thefollowing pageswill justify the conclusion

,that the author of themdoes not possess the qualificationswhich

he has prescribedas indispensable to the successful writer ; andthat,whilst hedea ls out his censures to otherswith anunsparing hand, he ishimselfguilty ofgreater faul tsthanthosehecondoms. E very one knowshowmuch easier it is to point out faults, thanto produce original excellences. Butwhatevermay be thedefects of the worknowmerginginto being, as author andcompiler of it, I have one strong consolation,which is; that itsutility will notdep

endalone onthe efforts ofmy owntalents. Ifthe pagespert/piedbymyref, present little that isnew anduseful , a redeeming virtuemay be claimed

,by presenting in those which

follow,much that has beenlong triedinthe crucible of criticism, andwhich

, like pure‘

gold, has beenfoundalways to growbrighter by theprocess ofrefining.

Itmay notbe alto ether inappropriate, inpassing, forme to expla inthe grounds onwh io is- hasedthe presumptionofmy coming forwardto enrolmy humble name uponthe list of authors onE locution. It iswell known

, that, but a few ears ago, the tide ofgrammatical science,as it pertains to the E ulis language, was at a ver lowebb incurcountry, as well as in rest Br itain. W hat the e orts of a few iadividua ls have sincedone to swell this tide, andconduct it into thehumblestwalks of life

, is equally knov‘

vn. Among those who have successfully labouredinthe ph i lological fieldMr. LindleMurray standsforth inboldrelief, undeniably at the be (ifthe list. hat thewriter’sownlabours inthe same field, have also contributed, insomedegree, to

ADNBBTIBBI E NT To runTursnnor-mm 9

Inthe selected art,he has endeavouredto present such pieces as are

calculatedto ontivate the taste, enli htentheunderstanding, improvethe judgment, andestablish themo 3 of the young, and, at the sametime, to inspire themwith a fondness for reading, anda desire to excelinthe science ofelocution.

Inconclusion,it afl

’

ords the author no smalldegree of leasure to aoknowledge the obligationhe isunder to Dr . James Rus who, with ahbera lity culiar to su riourminds, anda courtesy exercisedonl byaccompli s ed'men

,tencredto the author, inthe comilationan ar

rangement ofhiswork, such a use ofhis own, admirabe treatise onthePh i losoph ofthe HumanVoice,” as hemight thinkproper tomake.

Th e remar will sufliciently explainto the reader , the groundsofthatlicense by which the author has drawnsomany of his bestmaterialsfromthe rich depository alludedto.

‘

ADVE RTISEME NT To THE THIRD E DITION .

Muimnare more frequently swayedby pregudice than

Reasonh as a clear eye ; butprejudice Is blind, an either clings tenaciously to olddoctrines andtime-wornsystems, or gropesforwardinimminentdanger ofstumblinguponthedarkmountains, ofarrout . Hencenew systems generallymeetwith more Opposers thanadvocates ; andhence, too, badsystems andfalsedoctrines, ontheir first promulgation,gainasmany proselytes as those that are genuine anduseful . W e

neednotwonder,then

,thatphilosophers have beenimprisoned, states»menbanished, poets starved, apostles beheaded, andthat the Saviour

ofmenwas crucified, while dupes andimpostors have beencountenanccd, honoured, andevendeified. Nor needwe be astonishedthatevery successful imrovement inscience andthe arts, has gaineditspopularity only by s cwdegrees. Thatreformer , therefore,whowouldsucceed

,mustnot a ttempt, at once any great innovation. It is inao

cordance with thismaxim, that { have undertakentodo but a little in

the following E ssay.

Theywho have long gropedinthedarkness of a dungeon, cannotbea r to be suddenly usheredinto the full glare of~ a noonday

’s sun.

Howcanit be expected, then, that those who have h itherto beencontent to read, or rather, try to read,without a knowledge ofmay of theprincip les ofreading, canbe persuadedto adopt, at once, all the princiles ofthe science '

l Believing itbetter todo a little good, thanno good,h ave contentedmyself, for the present,with presenting to the publick,

only those pr inciples of elooutimthat Ideemmost important inpractice,leaving it for a future opportunity, or to those whomay succeedme,

It is the do ofthe Author to publish, inthe course ofa year or two, a Sl amto thiswork, an soonto followthat by a treatise onRum-carom. Hemay likewisedeemit advisable to publish anINTRODUCTION to this E ssay.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

24 l ess]! onsnocu'

rros .

Repeat Rule“

LHowmany elementary soundsa re employedmpronouncmg thewords

ofthe E nglish language 1By what a re these sounds represented1Do letters ever represent any other sounds thanthose which denote

their names7G ive some illustrations ofthe various sounds ofa , o, e, i , a , a ,

cit, sh,ng ,

andthe.

likG ive examples inwhich a

,cw, tea , tow, andcan, are pronounced

e a .

E XE RC ISE S.

E xplode the elementa ry soundof a ina - te, a- imb- a—a -ll ,

h - a - ll, p—aw— a -t,m- a -t, b- ar t—f- a - r; c

- a -r, a-rt; —of o in o-at,

m- a.

- te, n- o-

f n- o- t, g- o—t— o- r, n- o- r—m- o—ve, pr

- o- ve - of e inm- e—m- e- rit,m- e- t -ofi inLine, b- i-nd.

G ive the separate soundofih intit- is,wi- tIh—th in,brea- tlt

ofch inar - ch, eh- a r- ch— ar - eIt-angel — oi sit inwa - slt ofng'

,

inlo-ng -ofwk inwit-at —ofz ina - z -uzre —ofoninou- rdof oi inoi - l .

OF THE RADICAL AND VAN ISHINGMOVEME NT OF TH E.

VOICE .

Among the wonderful co’

ntrivances ofnature indirecting theoperations ofthe vocal powers inthe, productionofspeech , innoone thing has shedisplayedgrea terwisdomthaninthatwhichrelates to the simple elements calledby Dr . Rush , theR adica landVanishingmovement of the voice . To this philosophicalinquirer, theworldis indebtedfor the following analysis oftheseimportant functions.

Ifthe vowel a be pronouncedwithout intensity or emotion,andas if itwere a continua tion, andnot a close, ofutterance.two successive soundswill be heard the first, thenominal soundofthe letter a , issuing fromthe vocal organs with a certaindcgree ofabrupt fulnes s ; the last, a feebler soundofthe elemente, which gradua llydiminishesuntil it terminates insilence.

E xample : He provedthat a— is a diphthong.

’

To theunpractisedstudent, the diphtlwnga l character of awill bemore clearlydemonstrated, if its soundbe protracted;andutteredwith anemotionofisurprise, at the close ofaninterrogation: thus , Do youcall that aThe character of this Opening fulness andfeebler vanish,may be stillmore clearlymanifestedby pronouncing the element

inthe following, variousways : let the openingbe strong andfull, andthe vanish lessforcible, with a pausebetweenthe opening sounda andthe vanishing sounde, andthena shorter

pause, andthena shorter still, andso on,until both the opening

E SSAY ON BLOCUTION.

QUE STIONS.

W hat are the three general divisions ofelementary sounds, asadoptedby Dr. Rush ?Name the twelve tonick elements—E xplode them.

W hy are they so called’

l

W hereindo the subtonick elements difl'

erfromthe tonicks ?; W hat

is their number '

l—Name them.

W hat are the characteristicksofthenine atonick elements’l—E xplode‘

them.— Name them—A re they voca l sounds '

l—W hynot 1 Because, inex loding them, theymake pot a loudnoise, or voca liI/y.

bich'

ofthe tonick elements are ca lleddi hthongs, andwhich ,monothongs

'

l— Illustrate thedifference betweent em.

E XE RC I SE S.

Name andexplode the tunickelements inthe followingwords:Name, ba rk, ba ll, bat, lilach , promote, about, repeat, infer,

depend, bamboo.

Inthese examples, which arediphthongs, andwhich monothongs ? E xplainthe difference betweenthem.

Newname the~subtonick andthe atonick elements ineach

ofthe following wordsBeginto gildvice, andit begins to rust.Cheapensa tin; but blush .notwhenthoucanst not show it

uponthy daugh ters.

The pupil shouldpractise upon the subtonick anda tonickelements until he becomes perfectly familiar with all their

sounds. Inorder to gainamastery over them, let him, inex

ploding them,make a pause betweeneach of themandthe

tonicks with which they are combined: thus, be , t-o, v- ice,

a -n-d, i- t, ch—ea -

p- e -n, s—a - t- i-n, andso forth .

OF TH E FORMATION OF SYLLABLE S.

The foregoingdevelopmentofthe elementar sounds, andofthe radical andvanishingfunction, furnishes inlhrmationwhichcompletely lays Openthedoctrine ofsyllabica tion. t

Intreating this subject, Dr . Rush philosophically illustratesthe three following, important points :The peculiaroperations ofthe voice inthepro~

of syllables— The circumstantia l causes

of their length— The basis of the rule which

orda ins but one accent to a syllable.

The radica l andvanishingmovements of thevoice

,constitute the essentia l properties ofa syl

lable .

Chap. I. Antenna-tort. $1

A re the sounds ofo intheorem, doc. andofaman, Gee . ever

gerverted‘

t- r -G ive examples.

Repeat Rule —W hat is sa idof the consonants ts, st, l at, andinforth, a t the terminationofwords 1

sxnncssns.Andoft fa lse sighs sickenthe silly heart.Themanof talents struggles through

ha tes stupidity.

where the finest streams through tangledforests stray,E

'

enthere thewildestbeasts steal forth upontheir prey.

Rema rk— The h isnot alwaysdistinctlyaspiratedwhenemployedinanalliteration:

Up the high hill he heaves a huge roundstone.

If these civil anduseful gentry of the alphabet, are not somelodious in their notes as theirmore fortunate brethren theliquids, andtheirmusical sisters the vowels, they ought not,therefore, to be treatedwith neglect.

E xamples atwhich animperfect explosionofa tonick elemis capable of persertiug themeaning .

The severest stormthat lasts tillmorn:‘

The severest stormthat last stillmorn.

They weary wanderedover wastes anddeserts :They weary wanderedover waste sanddesertsShe lookeduponthe princewithout emotion:She lookeduponthe prints

E very publick speaker ought to prove such a statement:E very publick speaker ought to approve such a statement.

Whoever heardof such anocean'

2

Whoever hea rdof such a notion?

E XE RC ISE S.

as itmay appear, many persons aremore particula r inregardto the adomments ofthe body, thanto the accomplishments of themind.

Inovercoming the obstacles ofnature inorder to the atta inment ofexcellence inoratory, we sometimeswitness,with pleasure, the wonderful effects of industry andperseverance.

The Lordhas betrothedhis church ineternal covenant tohimself. His quickening spirit shall never depart fromher.A rmedwith divine virtue, his gospel, secret, silent, unobserved.enters the hearts. ofmen, andsetsup aneverlastingkingdom.

46 assay onE Locu'rrott .

covenant, servant, gentleman, secular , vigilance, andthe l ike.yet the slightest stress laiduponthem, or the least efl

'

ort to ex

plode their sounds ina verydistinctmanner in this situation,will cause the pronunciationof these terminating syllables toappear ,

afected. Care should, therefore, be takento pronouncethemina perfectly easy andnaturalmanner.

QUE STIONS.

Repeat Rule 5.—Repeat Rule 6.

Shoulda ande infa re , ,

there, a ir,doc. be pronouncedlike a inlate ?Illustrate thedifl

'

erence betweenthe two sounds.

W ha t is saidofafectationindelivery1

W hat is the standa rdofaccurac‘

i'

i'

nt euse 0 flatters andwords 1Is there any appea l fromthis standa rdauthority 2W hat is sa idofthe affectedsounds ofe in rson,mercy, &c. 1

W hat is sa idof the affectedsoundof a in cart, sma rt, &c.—ofy in

sky, i inkind,ui inguide,&.c.—ofy inmy, andofi inwind, andonin

pour'

l

W hat is saidofafl‘

ectationinthe pronunciationofthe letters t anddinduty, forti tude, andthe like 1W hatmore is saidofafl’

ectationinthe pronunciationofwords 1

E xnncrsa s.

hPrayer is anofferingup of thedesires andpetitions of theca rt.

Fromthy throne inthe sky, thoulook’st, andlaugh

’st at the

storm, andguid’st the bolt ofJove.

Kindfriends, sweet friends, let me not stir youup to anysuddenfloodofmutin andrage.

Bias usedto say, t at itwas invain to expect anentire exammionfrommisfortunes by narding against them; andthatthatmanwas unfortunate ineedwho hadnot the fortitude tobear up against those which hadbefallenhim.

A ta rt temdper nevermellows with age ; anda sharp tongue'mthe only 6 getool that grows keener by constantuse.

The hiddenoceanshoweditselfanew,

Andbarrenwastes still stol enponthe view.

The flag offreedomfloats oncemoreA roundthe lofty Parthenon;Itwaves aswavedthe lmofyore,

Indaysdepa rtedlong an gone.

Twas twilight, for the sunlessday wentdownOver the waste ofwaters, like a veil,W hich , ifwithdrawn,wouldbutdiscloseOfone who hates a s so thenightwas shown,

Andgrimlyda rkledo’er their faces pale,Andhopeless eyes, wh ich o

’er thedeep alone

ddimanddesolate : twelvedays hadfearBeenthei r familiar ; andnow mmwas here!

is seen onmeanest.

The practice of words,is a trans

gressiona ltogetherThe besetting sinofcareless readers alludedto inthis Rule,

is anabominationaltogether unendurable. Ina child, it is iaexcusable inanadult, disgraceful.The following examples are sufficient to show, that themis

calling ofwords, is not only capable ofperverting themeaningofa passage, sometimes, of giving itameaning altogether

ludicrous.

E XAMPLE S.

Cor rectReading .—Lysimachus, the govemour ofA lexander,

being anaustereman, anda nea r relative ofOlympias, inuredhis pupil to hardy habits, which invigoratedhis constitution.

Fa lse Reading .— Lysimachus, the govemour of A lexander,

being anansterman, anda nea r relative ofOlympias, &c.

Cor rect— Andthe Lordsmote Abijah - the Hittitethathedied.Fa lse— Andthe Lordsmote Abijah Hi - te- ti - te that hedied.Correct—Andthe Lordsmote Jobwith sore boils.

Fa lse— Andthe Lordshot Jobwith fear ba lls.

RULE V III .

A distinct articulationis greatly promotedbyprotracting all such vowel sounds aswill admitofi t.

A full, boldexplosion, andlengthening out ofthe tonick ele

ments, especially the long tonicks, addgreatly to expressionindelivery, andare absolutely necessary to the proper a plicationofemphatic]: force. The reader or speaker shoul '

be very

particular, therefore, to protract the vowel sounds, andmake themost ofthemhe possibly can, withoutdoing violence to the lawsof repriety . This subject is againreferredtounder the headof ime Page 129.

QUE STIONS.

Please to repeat Rule 7th , andreadthe exampleswhich followit.Re eat Rule 8th .

W at adds to e essionindelivery‘

lPlease to readt e exercises under Rule 8th , andpoint out some of

the tonick elementswh ich admit oflen hening .

Do any ofthe subtonick elements a it ofprotractlon'

l

E XE RC ISE S.

Inthe following exercises those vowels whose sounds ought to beprotracted, aredistinguishedthus : a, e, i , o, a .

30 t een onst eamer .

Words, is of vastlymore importance thanany andevery other

goodquality ofutterance, any onemay readily convinceby attentivel observing a few of our best , andof our worst,speakers an readers.

Whatwas thatmighty charmby which the late JohnRandolph boundthe senses , andseiz edthe passions, ofhis auditors2As far as hismanner ofdelivery was concerned, itmustdoubtless be obvious to every one that ever listenedto him,

that the

grandsecret of hismasterly power inoratory, lay in the distinctness ofhis ARTICULAT ION . The samema be saidofourDurbin: and, indeed, with himthis appears to he,not only thepr ima ry, but the PRINC IPAL, ingredient of that eloquence bywhich he lays holdof the sympathies, and, as it were, With a

Timotheanpower, takes the hearts ofhis hearers captive‘

at his

will , andtransports themto the havenofbliss.

Infarther confirmationofwhat I wouldenforce, Imightcitethe example of Hen Clay, ofDaniel W ebster, of W illiamW irt, ofA lexander amilton, ofFisher Ames, ofHenry Bascom, of JohnM. Duncan, of A lexanderMcClelland— of a

Summerfield, aMason, andevenaMaster Burke, together witha hundredothermaster spiritswhose glowing geniuses adorn,or have adorned, our western hemisphere. But the citationwouldbe gratuitous. No one has any thingmore todo, thanto Openthe eyes of his understanding, to look, cass a va , aniBE CONVINCE D. Let conviction, then, leadto a ttentionandPRACT ICE . To young gentlemen, es pecially, who are justlaunching their bark uponthe waves ofa professional life, thisappea l shouldbe IRRRSIB

'I‘IBLE .

W ho ever listenedwith rapture, or evendelight, to a readeror a speaker, whose articulationwas indistinct? The thing isimpossible—an absurdity—4 mockery, which tramples uponthe philosophy ofthe humanvoice, andthe elementary principles ofhumannature.

The first example cited, is,moreover, a remarkable instanceofthe wonderful effects of industry andperseverance inover

coming the obstacles ofnature inorder to the atta inment ofexcellence inoratory ; for who, unless it was Demosthenes himself, (whose voice was by no means similar ,) ever possessed,naturally, amoredisagreeable,uncouth, iping, creaking voice,thanJohnRandolph ofRoanoke ? An yet, whose voice, b

cultivation, ever became so alluring, so fascinating, as h is ? Iffell onthe ear like a soil strainofmus‘

ick, andhauntedthebea rer like the spell ofanenchantress, or the softmurmur ofadistant waterfall. Andthe secondexample is no less rema rk

Chap. II. or Torus ANDnODuLATIorI. N

GE NE RAL RULE .

The best general rule that canbe givenfor a skilfulmanagement andmodulationofthe tones ofthe voice, is to cultivateandadopt anagreeable variety, such as we knowto be pleasingto others.

The author is aware that this rule is oftoo general a character to be ofmuch utility to those whose taste inelocutionisbut a little cultivated, or whose apprehensionofwhat is elegantor excellent, andofwhat . is otherwise, isnot very quick ; but,inthe subsequent gas of this work, manydefinite principleswil l be develo which have a direct bea ring upon this

I

E XE RC ISE S.

The great variety of elevation anddepression Of tone inwhich it is proper to pronouncedifferent kinds of composition,

8mainlyonthe sentiments expressed: andthere are fewconceptionandtaste are so obtuse asnot to be regulated,

intheir enunciation, insome gooddegree, by this governingprinciple .

The following exarnple fromByron, presents a greatvarietyofelevationanddepressionoftone

But hush !hark! a dee soundstrikes like a rising knell 'Did e not hear it 'l O ;

’twas but the wind

,

Or t e ca r rattling o’er the stony street :

Ouwith the dance !let joybe unconfined;N0 sleep tillmorn,whenyouth andpleasuremeetTo chase the

Tglowing hourswith flying fee

t

But hark hat heavy soundbreaks inoncemore,A s ifthe clouds its echowouldrepeat ;Andnearer , clearer , deadlier thanbefore !

A rmA rm! it is— it is—the cannons’ Opening roar !Rema rk— No one can be at a loss to perceive that the

commencing words Ofthis passage, hush ! hark I” shouldbepronouncedina low tone approaching a wh isper ; andthe res'idne of the same line, ina deep, low tone Of earnest pathos, alittle higher thanthe preceding, butnot quite so elevatedas the'

interrogatory which follows it. The line anda halfwhichanswer the question, require a light, joyous tone, considerablyelevatedabove that inwhich the interrogationis expressed. Inthe ph rase,

“ Onwith thedance l” the voice breaks forth witha suddenabruptness, andinquite an elevatedtone ; but falls 8.

little, again, onthe two anda ha lf lines which follow. Andagain the voice falls very low at hark l” andrises verygreatly again, andsuccesswely, oneach Ofthe words nearer,

Chap. II. or Tense Annsmn. fl

E XE RC ISE S.

LowTone—Hark !heardyounot those hoofs ofdreadfirl note?»Sounds not the clang Ofconflict onthe heath ?

High—T he fires Ofdeath— the ba le- firesflash onh igh :Dea th ridesuponthe sulphury SitoekRedbattle stamps his foot, andnations feel the shock.

Low—Lochiel l Loch iel l beware OfthedayW henthe Lowlands shallmeet thee inbattle array !Mddle—For a fieldOfthedeadrushes redonAndthe clans of Cullodenare scatte

High—Fa lse wiz ard, avaunt! I havema rshalledmy clanT heir swords are a thousand, their bosoms are one ;Thoughmy perishing ranks shouldbe strewedintheir gore,Like ocean-weeds heapedonthe surf-beatenshorT hey are true to the last oftheir bloodandtheirAndlike reapersdescendto the harvest ofdeathDown!sooth less insulter ; I trustnot the ta le.

e—Come, Antony, andyoung Octavius, come,

Revenge yourselves alone onCassius ;For Cassrus IS a -weary ofthe world.

Poor ch ildofdanger ,nursling ofthe storm,Sadare thewoes tha twreck th

ymanly form!

Rocks,waves, andwinds, the s atteredbarkdelay ;Thy hea rt is sad, thy home is far away.

E rranrs inrega rdto Pitch andTones.

High Pitch— As it regards the tones of.

the voice, there isnot, perhaps, amore common or unbecoming «fault to wh lchpublick readers andspeakers are liable, than that .Ofcommeacing ina loudandvociferousmanner . This abrupt andboisterous beginning is always displeasin andnotunfrequentlydisgusting, to the auditory. Itwears t e aspect Of Immodestyina speaker, andappears, ingeneral, to proceedfrOmhis overweening confidence in his ownabilities ; and, moreover, to a'

udicious hearer it is a fair index, put out to forewa rnh im, thatemay expect, Inwhat is to follow, neither a display Ofgoodtaste nor oftalents.

A lthough the pitch andtone Ofthe v01ce at the opening ofadiscourse, are , insomemeasure, to be governedby the occasi on,or the circumstancesunder which a reader or

.

a speaker’s ora

torica l powers are calledforth , yet seldomwill circumstancesrequire h imtodepart fromthe generaldIrectlongiven hnninregardto itch , onpage 56, namely, to adopt that pltch ofvoice wh ic he generally employs In ordinary conversation.

As this piteh will be foundmost convement andea to hunseli; so will it appear themost natural andagreeabe to hi s

6

“

72 mass! onnLocu'rroa .

Whose famewill blaz e alongdowntha tNewton’s

‘

? Doctor Franklin’s‘

.

Whose fame inlexicography’

, is identifiedwith the E nglishalongwith JohnsonandW alker

’3‘

2 That ofW eb

Who rank among the American’ , classica l prose -writers andpoets of the resentday

‘

? Irving‘

, Cooper’

, Flint‘

, Paulding’

,

andW irt‘, C g‘

,Marsha ll’, Ramsay‘

, Kennedy‘

, Adams’ ,W alsh

‘

, Waldo‘

,Mason’

, andVerplanck'

, Nott’

, E verett‘

, Car

ter‘

,Madison’

, Jefi'

erson‘

, Silliman‘, Sands’ , Sprague‘

, Sparks‘

,

Neale’

,Howe

f

, Dennie‘

, G riffin’

,W illis‘

,Buckingham‘

, Le gett‘

,

Rush', andG riscom‘

, W ebster‘

, Abbott”, Gallaudet

‘

, Go rich‘

,

Bird’, Simms’ , andHofl'man‘

, Slidell‘

, Knapp’

, Hall‘

, Prentiss‘

,

Fay'

, andCrafis‘, Beck‘

, Francis‘

, Hosaclr'

, .Chapman‘, G od.

man’

, andDewees‘

,Miss Sedgwick‘

,Miss Gould‘,Mrs. W illard’ ,Mrs. Hale

'

, andMrs. Sigourney‘—Coffin

‘

, Halleck Percival

’

, andPierpont‘

, Hillhouse‘

, W ilcox’

,W aldo‘

, Wh ittier‘

,

Bryant‘

, Brooks'

, andBrainard‘

, Drake‘

,Mellen’ Dana‘

, Tap

pan‘

, Ware’

, andE astburn‘, andmany others‘

.

Thes e exercises are presentedmainly for the young tyro inelocution, as preliminary to the application of the followinrules. Let him, therefore, inthe first place, readthemsevenstimes over, observing carefully to apply the inflections of thevoice according to the prescribedmarks. But .ih order to euforce uponhismindthe great importance of a strict attentionto the upwardanddownwa rdslides of the voice, after havinglearnedto pronounce these examples cor r ectly, let himrever se

the process :‘

that is let himmake the fa lling inflection, wherethe voice ought to rise, andthe rising, where it shouldfall, andhe wi ll readily perceive, that the performance will be difficultandunnatural, and, also, that themeaning andthemelody ofthesentenceswill therebybe impaired. Thisprocedurewill qualifyhimmore readily todetect the proper inflectionswherever theyoccur , as well asmore easily tounderstandthe illustrationsandthe applicationof the rules whenhe comes to enter uponthesucceeding exercises.

Itwillnot, perhaps, bedeemedimpertinent to sugges t to theteacher of classes inreading, the importance offrequently resquiring severa lmembersof the class topronounce. successively,

The Author isnotunaware that his ownwant of informstibnonth is interestingddelicatepoint, excludesmany a worthyname fromits legitimate place inthis list.E also fears thatwhentime shall havedrawnh is correctingpencil over it, some a!0namesnowincludedin", will be blottedout.

Chap. III. wruor rons or runvotes. 16;

bar of a sentence, which embraces the wordno ornot, or the ,an: an,

is ca llednegative.

E xcnr 'rron1. W hena negative sentence is employedto

answer a question, it generally closes with the a lling inflection; W ith whomwill

you abide ? ith no

W henwill onreturn? Never Whomdidyoucall ? NoWire ou leasedwith thediscourse ? No

‘

Iwasnot a t

,

a ll pleas wit

E xcnr 'r ron2. Rule 2, is sometimes reversedby the con.

trolling power ,

of emphasis, as, Itwas once remarkedof aentlernan in the Irish Parliament', in allusionto his wellEnown gor -mandiz ing propensity', that he hadea tenup hissenses

‘

to which Henry E rskine replied'

, Fugh‘

l theywouldnot be amouth ful toRema rks— Were it proper, inthis example, to allowthe suo '

periour emphasis, inaninvertedequal wave, to fa ll onhim, insteadofmouthful, the inflectionat its close, wouldbe the rising,inaccordance with Rule 2d; thus, Pugh

‘

l they wouldnotbe amouth-fa] to

Aga in, ifa friendinentreatingme to oblige himinsame par~ticular thing, were to put tome the interrogatory, Canyoudoitforme ’

l” incase Iwishedtodecline the request ina gentle andconciliatingmanner,my reply wouldbe, No ; I can-not’

with a stress uponcan, andthe rising inflectionuponnot butwere I to reply ina harsh andmorosemanner, theandthe inflection, aswell as the intonation, wouldbethus, No ; I can-not.

‘

E xcnr 'r rort 3. Doctrinal precepts andmoralmaxims, (in

the enunciationofwhich , emotion, strong emphasis, andintenseinflection, wouldordinarilybe impro er,)though expressednegatively, generally close with the falling concrete whennotcontr a sted as, Bless

‘

, andcurse “Be fa st‘

, andfea r“ Speak evil ofno Letnocor -mat communica

tionproceedout of thyhoushalt not Thoushalt not

“ l

l

shaltnot bea r fa lsewitness against thy neigh -bour .

Butwhensuch maxims a re contrasted, or expressedwithemotion, they commonly take the r ising vanish ; as,high th ings

’

, but condescendto menof low Be notovercome of e-vil

’

, but overcome e- vil withI cannot tell what youandoth ermenThink of this life' ; but formy single self,I hadas liefnot he’

,as live to be

(noses of such a thmg as lmy self ”

Chap. III. inst ruct i ons or 1 113 votes. 71

himselfmore highly than he ought to think’. but to think

Touch not the ancient elms tha tbendtheir shadeepatriots

’

graves'

,for

’neath their b‘

oughsThere is a solemndarkness’ , evenatnoonSuitedto such as visit at th e shrineOfserious liberty

‘. No factions voice

Calledthemunto'

the fieldofgenerous fame’ ,But the pure

’

, consecratedlove ofhome‘.W hat is ambifion‘ ‘

l’T is a glorious cheat

‘.

Angels oflightwalknot sodaz z linglyThe sapphirewa lls ofheaven

‘. Theunsearchedmine

Hath not such gems‘. E arth’s constellatedthrones

Have not such pomp ofpurple andofgold‘.It hath no fea tures‘. Inits face is setAmirror‘, andthe gaz er sees his ownCa

ssia . Youwrong me cv- ery way

‘

; youwrongrutus‘ :

I sa idancl -der soldier‘ ; not a bet—ter’ .DidI say better

''

l

Brutus. Ifyoudid‘

, I carenot’ .W henCc- sar lived', hedurstnot thus havemovedma‘.Peace‘, peace

‘

; youdurstnot so haveMap -edhim‘.I durstnot' l

Car. W hat‘

tdurstnot tempt him’ 1E n. For your kfcyoudurstnot‘.

Donot resume toomuchuponmy love'.Imaydo that sha ll be sor - ry for

‘.

Em. Youha vedone thatyoushouldbe sor - ryThere isno ter - rour’ , Cassius’ , inyourmm

For I amarmedso strong inhon-esty'

,

That they pass byme as the idlewind‘,W hich I re- spectnot

‘.

Rema rks— Those negative sentences andmemberstake thefa lling slide, in the last two of the foregoingples, are inflectedaccording to E xceptions l and2. The negativemembers inthe two examples next precedin those last

mentioned, are inflectedaccording to Rule 2, andt e la stpa rt

ofE xception3.

Inuttering the same sentences ondifferent occasions, (as illustratedunder E xec ion we change the inflections of thevoice according to t e various impressionswhich we wish tomake, or the sentimentswe wish to convey ; for, under different circumstances, on account of the barrenness of language,the same words are eruplo edas the vehicle of thoughts, passions, andfeelingswidelydifi'

erent : and, inoraldiscourse, thisdiversit inthe purport ofourwords, is,

alwa indicatedby the,

particuar tones,modulations, emphases, andmfiections adopted;7'

Chap. III. mnnc'rros s ‘

or runvotes. 79

you‘ Whendidyouarrive

‘ ’

l” “Howlongwillyou rema inhere‘ ’

l” Where do youlodge‘'

l”

W h ith er are yougoing‘

E xcnr 'rron. Incolloquial style, whena

ment is not clearly understoodby the personaddressed, ifaquestion he put by him, beginning with aniritetrrogative pronounor adverb, it isgenera lly closedW ith the r tsmg inflection;as, W hatdidyousay

’ ’

I” Whose namedidyoumention’ 1”

W henwill he return’

RULE IV .

Interroga tive Sentences commencing with a

verb, (that is; a ll thatdonotbe in

or adverb,)genera lly close W it the rising inflection; as, Is hedutiful' ’l” AmI

,then

,to livebe

yondthe grave’ ’

l” A refleets andarmies useessary to a work of love andreconciliation' ’

l”

E XC E PTION Whena questionbeginning with a verb, isrepea tedwith increasedemphasis, itforms anexceptionto Rule4 ; as,

“ A re yougoing’ 2” A re you

“ Didyoufindthe letter youwere ,

in search of‘

2”

DidyoufindtheLin k s youwere insea rch of

’

l”

a ncrsns— Ra les3 and4.

Who canfathomthe depths ofmisery intoence plunges its victims‘ ’

2

W hat infidel ever passedthe bournofmortality', withoutcasting a trembling eye uponthe scene that lay before him"?A rt thounot fromeverlasting,

’

O Lordmy God',my HolyOne”! W ast thoudispleasedwith the rivers

"?was thine anger

aga inst the rivers”?was thy wrath aga inst the sea

’

, that thoudidst ride 11 onthy horses andthy cha riots of salvation

“?

Dowe select extortioners to enforce the laws ofequity“? Do

wemake choice of profligates to guardthemorals ofsociety'‘2Do wedepute atheists to preside over the rights of religion

“?

W ill the Lordcast .us off for ever

'

? andwill he be favourable nomore’ ? Is hismercycleangone for ever' Hath G odforgottento be gracious

’

? Hath he inanger shutup his tendermercies”?W ho hathmeasuredthe waters inthe hollowof his

‘

hand‘2andmetedout heavenwith the '

span‘

, andcomprehendedthe

Chap. III. INFLROT IONS or runvotes. 88

ivory‘ made it the seat of smiles andblushes‘

;li hted

andenliveneditwith the .brightness of the eyes‘

; ung it oneach side with curious organs of

'

sense‘; given it airs andg races that

;

cannot;bedescribed'

; andsurroundeditwith sucha flowing

l

sh

lade of hair as sets all

‘

its beauties in themost1g t

‘

.Many ofthe tyrants that opposedthe ch ristianreligion’ , havelong since gone to their ownplace

‘

; their names havedescendeduponthe roll of infamy‘

; their empires have ssed', likeshadows’ , over the rock

‘

; they have successively isappeared’

,

andleftnot a trace behind‘.But the that fightfor freedom’

,undertake’

Theno lest causemankindcanhave at stake‘Religion

‘virtue‘

,truth ’ , whate

’er we call’

A bless ing—freedomis the pledge of all‘.

Rema rks— Inenunciatingtheforegoing examples,fine ‘

opportunity to display his skill inmodula tion. Inthe first place, let h imenter deeply into themeaning andspiritofhis author ; and, secondly, let h imremember , that, wheneverseveral successivemembers are inflecteda like, itwouldbemenotonous andinsi idtomodula te any two of theminthe samemanner . Inrea ingsuch sentences, the voice shouldgradually increa se in energy and

"

fulness as it advances fromonemember to '

another , andcontinually va ry in its intonation, soas to produce a sort ofclimax.

A t the words minor ,” “then,

” improving, touchedit,“ init,

” “enlivenedit,” and shade of hair , a slight pause

(calleda Rhetor ica l Pause) is absolute] necessa ry to a happyandforcible elocution. The same kin of pause also occursafter thewords “ His part,

”ocean, power,

” fame,”riches,

” “ itself,” Conquerors,

“ Belief, reason,”

andOr,

”Or,

”Or , in the followin exercises. See page

1 38.

‘

For an explanation of the'

na l Pause at under-

3

take”and inthe example immediately preceding these

Remarks, see page 144.

E XC E PT ION 1 . W hena sentence consists ofonly two aflirma tivemembers, the first generally takes the fa lling inflectionifit endwith an ematickword; as His part was inventedb

yhimself andwas

"erribly unique He wouldhave en

s avedthe landtomake the oceanfree‘ ; andhe wantedonlywar

;

to enslave The idol pushes theera of yesterday out of recollection

‘

; inturn', besupplantedby his successors oftoemorrowE xcsr 'r i on2. Whenthe sense ofanymember ormembers

92 sass : ona rooor ron.

A discreet and

lif

hes employment for themostvacanthours ine

Observa tion. This last Note is animportant one ; but”

this,the substance of the one preceding it, andof several otherswhich occur under the headof the Simple Series, are comprehendedinRule 7, page 82.

SE RI E S OF SE RI E S.

The recur rence oftwo ormore simPle particulars

,combinedwith two ormore compoundpar

ticulars,anda ll unitedinforming a series of a

sentence, constitute what is termeda seams onsna res.

Non . Whenseveralmembers occur which are composedof similar or opposite particulars, andare into coupletsor triplets, theymay be enunciatedsingly according to the ap

ules ofa simple series , but, asforming a whole comagreeably to the rules applicable to the res

andvariety of compoundparticularssentence.

E XAMPLE S.For I ampersuadedthat neither death

’

, nor‘

life‘

, nor

gels‘

, nor principalities , nor powers‘

, nor things present’

,nor

to corne‘

, nor height’

,nordepth‘

, nor any other creature’

;

shal be able to separate us“

fromthe love of Godwhich is inChr ist Jesus our Lor

“ Those evil spiritswho, by long custom, have contractedinthe body habits of lust

’

andsensuality‘

,revenge

‘

,

andanaversionto every thing that isgood‘

, just‘

, andlaudable’

,

are naturally seasonedandpreparedfor painand

REMARKS.

This scheme ofMr . W alker’s for arranging

the various ser ies ofwords, andof applying to thema

matick set of rules, certainlydisplaysno little ingenuity,

cannotbut be productive ofsome utility ; but it is by nomeansa cause of regret to ascertain, on an examination of it, that

E SSAY OI BLOOWI'ION

a third; an is. tho voice will rise andfi ll thronghmAh ! is he your friend, tha t”Let this last sentencebe enunciatedas a replyding, andwith a somewhatbrisk air of surprise,long quantity anda natural emphasisupon“

yourlay the invertedequa l wave ofa thi rd.

the sentence, Yes, I saidhewasmy friend,” be reitera

tedwith a strongly itive emphasisuponmy, andwith ex

tendedquantity, it exh ibit the direct ual wave ofa

or the voice will rise andfall uponthewor through threeanda Ital tones.

he solely your friend?Ifthe utterance ofthis interrogationbe renderedmore pier

cing];with longquantityandincreasedemphasis ofsurpriseup

on ewordyour , it W ill showthe invertedwave ofa fifth .

The directunequal wavewill be shownbypronouncing thewordmy, inthe sentence, I saidhewasmy friend,” ina

strongly taunting andpositivemanner.

If, inthe sentence, Is be your friend’l” the wordyour beutteredwith a strong expressionof scorn andinterrogation, itwill exhibit the invertedunequal wave.

Pity the sorrows ofa peer OldIf suspensive

(quantityanda plaintive tone be vento the

words r”an old, ’ inthe foregoing examp e, they will

exhibit adirectwave ofthe semitone andifthe wordman”plaintive expressionandextendedquantity, andthe

voice bemade to rise onthe secondpart of the Wave, itshowthe invertedwave ofthe semitone.

E XE RCISE S.

As a commandover these elements, is of great in rtanceto a reader or a s er , a faithful exerch e onthe fo owing,vowel sounds, be founduseful to the learner . The risingandfalling slides of a second, third, filth, andoctave, and, also,thedirect andinvertedequal andunequal waves,maybe givento a ina dl, a ina -

pe, a ina - rch, omo-wn, ouinou-r, ee inae- l, ao incan, oi inj-oy, i ini - sle, etc inbeauty, new, andso forth .

For a further develoment of this subject, the reader is referredto Dr.Rush’s ilosophyoftheHumanVoice,” 210.

E XE RCISE S.

Who’s he thatwishesmoremenfromEngland1My cousinWestmoreland‘

l No,my fair cousin

Chap. 111. INFLE OTIOUI or runvows.

r ange? iall these greatquali tiesof the G recian artist”;beauty

’

, the pride of everymodel’

,

master‘. As a conqueror he wasblood‘ ; as a revolutionist

’

, he was free fromany stainofson

‘

; for aggressioncommmcedthe contest', andhis"called the

‘

command‘, Libert unsheat'hed

necessity stained’

, andvictory return it‘

.

Shall too'

,weep'1 W here'

,then’

,is fortitude‘ 1

And’ , fortitude abandoned",where isPlacemewherewinter breathes his keenest i ir';AndIwill sing

‘

, ifliberty be th é re’.

Andwhat is friendsh ip but a nama‘ ‘

lA charmthat lulls to sleep‘ 1

A shade that followswea lth or raw 1But leaves thewretch toweep

‘2

Oh’ who can save hewhose,

heart hath tried’.An

,dancedintriumph o

’er the waters

T he exulting sense‘

,-

'

the pulse’smadd

That thrills the wanderer oftha t tracklNor yetfor the ravage ofwinter Imourn‘Kindnature the embryo blossomwill save‘ ;

Butwhenshall 8 ring‘

visit themoulderinguru‘ 1Oh ’ , whensh ldaydawnonthenight ofthe grave

“!

S ee truth‘,love

‘

, andmercy’ , intriumph descending',Andnature a ll glowing inE den’s first bloom‘

Onthe coldcheck ofdeath smi les androses areAndbeauty immortal awakesfromthe tomb‘.

A t the silence oftwilight’s contempla tive hour',

I ha vemusedina sorrowfulmood'Onthe wind- shakenweeds that imbosomthebower',W here the home ofmy forefathers stood‘.

A ll ruinedandwildis their roofless abode’ ,Andlonely the

'dark raven’s sheltering treAndtravelledby few

’

, is the grass—coveredrW here the hunter‘, anddeer’ , andwarriour

Ifnature’s revolutionspeaks aloud’

,

Inher gradation’

,hear her louder still‘.

Look through nature‘

;’tisneat radationall‘.

By wha tminutedegrees her e ascends"E achmiddle nature joinedat each extreme‘To that above it joined

’

,to thatbenea th‘.

Parts into parts reci rocally shot’

,

Abhor divorce‘. hat love ofunionreigus‘ lHowbeautiful is all this visibleworld‘ !Howglotious inits actionanditself

‘l

Butwe',who name ourselves its sovereigns’, wd’,

Halfdust‘, halfdeity’ , alikeunfit

I

Chap. IV. urn-tenure r ose: onmm. 107

the“

soundor syllable, andthendiminishsoundmaybe particularlymarkedwith force at its termination,or at both ends,

”

or equa lly th roughout its whole length. To

the suddennesswith which a vowel elementmaybe exploded, tothe gradua llydiminishing volume ofvoice thatinpronouncing a vowelwith extendedquantitermination of its soundina delicate van

'

the attentionofthe reader has already beencalled. Inorder to ga ina clearunderstanding of the v arious kinds of or stress, someknowledge ofthese elements, is indispen necessary.

RADICAL STRE SS.

The termRadica l Stress, is givenbyor suddenforce that is frequently app

liedto the opening or commancing portionofstrandgivenfo inpronouncing a syllable;Please to readaga in the illustrationof radica l andspa/nich

ingmovement, andso forth , gi venonpa es 25, 56, and68.

This kindofstress ismuch employedinex ressing the an

gry passions, andall others associatedwith them; and, also,the emotions ofhope, joy, exulta tion, positiveness, andso forth.

Force, when ap ropriately andeffectively . employed, is asymbol of energetic feeling. It gives life andanimation to

discourse ; and, onmany occasions, becomes a powerful agentoforatory .

The followingwordsofEdwardtoWarwick, require a high’

degree of

Radical Stren Guards,sei z e

This tra itor,andconvey himto the tower

There let himlearnObedience.

VAN I SHING FORC E OR STRE SS.

As force is oftenappliedat the beginning ofa sound, so it issometimes givenat, or near , the termina tionofthe sliding vanish : andwhen thus applied, it is styledby Dr . Bush , a VWislting Stress.

A striking exhibitionofthis kindof stress, will be made, ifthe student pronounce a vowel, or a consonant that admits ofuantity, withmoderate force, andprotract the soundthrought e interva l of a rising th irdor fifih , by observing, just at tinterminationof the vanishingmovement, to give the sound, asit,were, a a rong andsuddenjerk.

This stress is fr uently employedtomake the concrete indterva ls of thirds an fifths ininterrogation,more conspicuous,andis expressive of impatient ardour, surprise, complaint, fret

o v

i s nea r onnnoou'r tox.

ANTITH E T IOE E I PHA I IS.

RULE 1 .

A lmost every emphatick word'may be knownby itsbeing contrasted, that is,usedantithetica lly,with some other wordor phrase, either ex

pressedor implied.

E XAI PLE B.

Many personsmistake the love, for the practice, ofvirtue.

W e ask ad-vicc, but wemeanappro- ta - tion.

Sir, youwere paidt/

ofight against Alexander, not to rail at

He that cannot bea r ajest, shouldnotmakeI thatdeniedthee gold, will givemy hea rt.

’Tiswith ourjudg-ments,asour wa tch - as none

Go just a- like

, yet each believes h is own.

Rema rks— These exmnples clearly illustrate both the utilityandthe easy applicationofthe foregoing Rule. The ita licisea

words or portions ofwords, show, that, whenboth parts of theantithesis are expressed, it requires but little discriminationtoascerta in, for a cer tainty, to which words the emphatick forceshouldbe applied. Very often; however, it happens (as willsoonbe shown thal one part of the antithesis is nndcrstoodjinwhich case it equentl

“

requires no inconsiderable exercise ofjudgment to ascertaint.

e emphatic]: word.Manymistake the emphatick wordor words of a sentenceby labouring to distinguish it or themfromothers, upontheE lse principle of laying the stress onsuch words as they conceive to be themost important inregardtomeaning. A little

examinationofthe foregoing, or,more especially, ofthe following, examfles, will convince any one, tha t any such test ofdiscriminationbetweenemphatical andunemphatica l words, willgenerally prove unavailing ; for the empha tic): words are often(apparently, or ab

‘

stractly or separately considered) the leanconsequential words inthe sentence.

E XAMPLE S.

One should‘

be careful not toapply and, insteadofor.

He hadthe 'assurance tdtellme that he coulddo it, whenIvery well knew he couldnot.

Chap. IV . surnasrs or srhcrrrcdrtort.’

l 15

Or to takeup arms againsta sea oftrash- les,

Q

And, by op-po-sing, andthem?Refia rh.

— It is not to be understood, that the emhatick“

forcefalls inequa l degrees upon every wordor syllabe hereita licised. A lthough several emphatickwords frequently succeedeach other, yet seldom, if ever, shouldany two ormorewords in succession'

, receive precise] the satire amount orweight ofpercussive force, anymore t ianthe shouldreceivethe samemodulationof tone andinflection.

“

the wordsdistinguishedas emphatical, inthe last ofthe preceding examples,doubtless the first that a re contrasted, namely, Saf-fer

”and

take up a rms” require the gr ea test stress, and“

for - tune” andtrout- les,

”the lea st— ia stress so slight, indeed, as scarcely to

raise these to thedignity ofemphatical words;‘

E xpna srs or srncrr rca 'rror

'

t.

RULE l l .

ofpa rticula rfacts, the prinare a lways emphatick:

E XAMPLE S.

True politeness is baseduponsin- cer - ity : itflows fromthehear t is equally fascinating int he cot- tags, the cour t, andthecamp andis capable ofsoft- ening evenanm y.

Imaybe re buked I may be '

per- scented; Ima be im

poached; nay, im-

pr is-oned, con-demned, andput to t e rach

yetnoth- ing shall tear frommemy firmholdonoir - tue.

Sir , we havedone every thing that couldbe done to avert

the stormwhich is now approaching. W e have pe- ti - tioned;

we have re-mon-strated we have sap-

plicated; we have prostratedourselvesbefore the throne, andimploredite interpositionto arrest the ty- ran-nica l hands of theministry andof parliament. Our petitions have been slight

-cd; our remonstrances,have pr

'

oducedad-di- tional oi-olence andin-sult; our supplications have beendisre gard-cd; andwe have been

‘

spttrnedwithcon- tempt fromthe foot ofthe '

throne.Remarks—Inthe firstofthe foregoing examples, antithetichmembersmightbe suppliedin the following, or Some other,manner : True poli

teness is baseduponsin- cer - ity, andnotupon re - tence it flows fromthe hea r t, andnot fromthe

head,’ andso forth . In the secondexample, we might say,Insteadofbeing pra ised, Imay be re -bttked insteadofbeing

Chap. IV. nxa rrrmts or conrounnh i rsute.

thetick emphasis, to pages 180, 205, 297, 298, 299, 300,817, andto a lmost any other pages inthe secondpa rt of thiiat ork.

II .,Emphasis is sometimesdividedinto Situple

andCompound.

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND EMPHA S‘

I S.

Wh enthe emphatick force fa lls on only onewordina phrase , it is sometimes ca lledSimpleEmpha sis but 'whenit fa lls onmore thanonewordinsuccession, it isdenominatedCompound

E XAMPLE S— ofSimple Emphasis.

It is asnatural to die, as to be born: to aninfant, , perhaps

the one is as pa inful as the oth -er.

Let an- oth- srmanpraise thee, andnot thy ownmouth .

0 that those lips hadlan-

guage [aswell as exp res sion}Their vines a shadow to their race shall yield,Andthe same handthat Sow’

ad, shall reap, the field.

E xant‘

PLE s—é ofCompoundEmphasis.

Napoleonwouldhave en- slaue-dthe landtomake the oceanfree andhe wantedonly pow-er to enslave both.

It is easier to forgive the weak, who have injuredus, thanthe powe rful, whomwe have injured.

Pod-autry prides herself onbeing wrong by rules whilecom-mornsense is contentedto be r ightwith - out them.

'

T he contemp la tionofdeath as the wa—ges of sin, is ho- lyandre- lig

- ious ; but thefea r of it as a tr ib-ute due to na - ture,is weak.

In proportion as the ancestors of the profiigate are distinguishedfor their vir tues, are the la tter disgracedby their

vices.

0 death !the goodman’sdearestfriend [but the badman’s greatest

ctr—emy .

I ll fares the land,to hast’ming ills a prey,

W here wea lth ao- cu-moletes,andmende- cay.

Prin- ces andlordsmayflour - ish,ormayfade

A brea th canma ke them, as a breath hasmadeBut a boldpeas- entry , their coun

’s pride,

W henoncede stroy/M, cannee - sr sup-pli’-

‘

d.

120 may onnoott'

rtos.

It has beenmentioned, that emphasis, consideredinreferto thedifferent words onwhich it falls, admits of various

deg rees Ofpercussive force, as well as ofva riousqua lities inrerdto inflectionandintonation. Th isdifference inemphatickgra

tes, wh ich , according to their meaning andrhetorical rela

tions, isdemandedbythe various, emphatick words of a sentence or discourse, has inducedsome writers to adopt anotherdivision’

ofemphasis, distinguishedby’

the terms Super iour andInferiour . Th isdivisionof the subject, however, like that ofSimple andCompound, canby nomeans be regardedas re

markable for precisionor scientifick accuracy ; but, as it'

is conredbymany who havenot leisure for scientifick res earch

andphilosophical a ccuracy, as a convenientdistinction, answering a ll ordinary, practical purposes, itmaybe proper to notice it.

SUPE RIOUR AND INFE RIOUR EMPHASI S.

The termSUPE RIOUR EMPHASIS ’ iS appliedtothat stronger percussionof the voice wh ich is

givento some emphatickwords thanto others, inorder todistinguish it fromtha t less forcible stresswh ich those others take

,andwhich is thence

ca lledthe INFE RIOUR EMPHASIS .

E XAMPLE .

I'

amtor - turedevento nan-ness,whenI THINK

Ofthe proudsic- tor.

Inreading this passage, which occurs inAddison’s Ca’

to, as

the_

lanuage inwhichMarcus exPresses h is indignationat

the co uet ofCesar, the superiour emphasis falls on think.”

which wordis contrastedwith the impliedwordhea r or discourse thus, I amtor - tunedeventoman-ness, not onl whenI hea r or dis-course of Cesar, but evenwhen I

,

TH NK of

him.

” A little attention to the passage, will also show, that

the wordmadness” requires no very slightdegree of roussive force, although a stress inferiour to that givento “ t inkand, likewise, that “

tortured,” “

proud,”and victor ,

”require

each adegree of force still slighter thanthat' laidupon mad

ness,” but stronger thanthatwhich is givento the other words

ofthe sentence.

Variousdegrees ofemphatick force are also r uisite inpronouncing the following sentences, inwhich thediE rentdegreesare irnperfectly , shownby the various siz es of type employed.

use“ anassortment.A crewis a large bla ck

'

bird‘.I sawa horseflg/through theI sawa horsefly th rough theSince the worldbegan

’

, has it not beenheard’, that amanOpenedthe eyes ofone thatwas bornMind“.Since the worldbegan

’

, has it not been heard’, that amanOpenedthe eyes ofone thatwas bornblind

’

,

~Rema rks.—B looking at the summationofthis lastpas

as it is present onpage 2 15, onewill readil percaccording to this last reading of it, that is, by ayirig the stress

onman,” it implies, that hewho hadbeenrestoredto sight,at the time hemade thisunanswerable reply to the

3 Jews, himselfconsideredChrist to bemore thanmen, andt

“

he wishedto intimate to themthis belief; whereas.he wasonly attempting to prove to themthat Christwasnot a sinner.for he didnot yet knowwho or what Jesuswas. A a

correct enunciation of this sentence requires the 311mm]:stress to fall on blind,” onaccount ofwhich , though the wordcloses a negative semantic. it takes the fall ing inflection, or,rather, the dir ect unequa l wave, but, by

laying the stress onmaa ,

’

fwe naturally take it offof blind, ’ andthereby changeits inflectionto a rising .

E xamples of this description, might be indefinitelymultiplied; but these few are doubtless sufficient to ca ll the attention

’

ofthe lea rner particula rly to this subject, and, it is hoped,to irnpressuponhimits immrtance.

The author isnot unaware thatmany will differ fromhimoncerta inpoints of elocution, particularly those intricatedelicate ones which regardsome ofthe peculiar inflections andwaves of the voice

, (es cially whenunder the influence of

emcphatick force ) as we 1 as inregardto the variousdegrees

an qualities ofemmi atick stress. It ha sbeenalready hinted,that, although most things pertaining to this subject,may beregulatedby fixedprinciplesandrules, yet, onsome points, wehave no better standardto, go by thangoodtaste—a standardso loosely , seated, that it is liable to bemuch justledabout, accordin to the judgment, andfancy,

andcaprice of the respective in

'

vidual their hans onit. But themost fruitful groundof to the author’s views, he apprehends,wi ll arise out of a misconceptionof them, or, at least, anun«

skilfii l or erroneous ap lication ofmany of his directions.Doubtlessmanya one who will take exceptions to his directions for reading particular ,

words or passages, wouldreadilycoincide with him, andapprove of his taste andmanner, were

a t w ar onsnowman.

The young are

To improve the goldenmoment ofopper - h t-nity‘

, andthe goodthat is with - ix our reach

’

, is the great art of life‘

.

Inorder to know aman', we shouldobserve how he gainshis object

‘

, rather thanhowhe lax-es.it

'

.

That anauthor’s work is themirror of hismind', is a positionthat has l edto ve sr—ro-neous

,con-clu-9ions

‘

. If Satanhim- selfwere to write 8. ok

'

, itwouldbe inpraise0because the goodwouldpurchase it for use; andthe bad

’

, for

osten- ta - tion‘

.

A ll who have beengreat andgoodwith - out christianityf.wouldhave beenmuch greater andbetter with it‘.The Opinions prevalent inone age

’

, as truths .above the reach

ofcontroversy’

, are confutedandrejectedinan- otk- er'

, andriseagain to reception in te-mo- ter times‘

. Thus', onsome sub

jects’

,the humanmindis kept inmo-tionwithout progfiress

‘

.

Thus', sometimes truth andsr - rour’

, andsometimes contra - r t

eties ofcrrour', take each other’s placeby reciproca l in

-owsron‘

.

Jesus saith unto him'

, Thom-as'

, because thouhast seenme'

,

thouhast believe-d‘ : blessedare they tha t have not seenme’

,

andyet havebelieved‘

.

Simon’

, sonofJo-nas'

, loo-est thoume"?Yea

’

, Lord‘

, thouknow-est that I love thee‘

.

It is safer to be zit- tackedbysome thanto he protect

cdby them‘

.

i

7

O’

, youModhearts‘, youcruelmenofRome‘!Knewye not Pom-pey

’ 1

Anddo younowstrawflowers inhiswaW ho comes intriumph over Pompey’s d’ ?’T is hardto say

’

, ifgreater want ofskill’

Appear inwr i - ting’

, or injudg - ing' ill

“:

But, ofthe two’

, lessdangerous is the ofi'

ence'

To ti re our pa - tience’ , thanmis—Ieaet our sense‘;Somefewintha t’ , butmam- hers err inthis‘

,To» sea - sure wrong for one whoW 8 amiss‘A foolmight once himself alone expose

‘

;Now’

,one inversemakesmanymore inprose‘.

Some place the bliss inao- tion‘, W , inease‘

Those call itph os-ure‘

,andcon- tent-ment’ , these‘

Some’ , sunk to beasts’ , findpleas—are endinpa in‘Some’ , swelledto gods', confess evenvm- tuOr tu-dolent’ , to each extreme they fall’ ,To tr iminev- ery thing

“

, orMofall“.

W ho “ define it’ , say theymore or 1688’Thu: this’ , that fiap -pih ess is hap piness 1

Chap. IV . surnames munc'

rtous.

Amie.—W el l

‘

,Slz lll

och ’ , sha ll we be beholdento you'1Shylock.

—Seignior tonio',many a time’ , andofi’

,

Inthe Ri alto youhavem- tedmeAboutmymon- eys

‘

,andmy wmes

‘f

Still have I borne itwith a patient shrug‘

;F or saf- ferance is the badge ofall our tribe

‘.

Youca llme’ . mishe- lie cut- throatndo‘,

Andspituponmy Jewish gabardine‘ ;Anda ll foruse of thatwhich ismydum‘.W ell

‘

,then‘ itnowappears

’

youneedmy l elp‘.Go to

‘

,then youcome to 'me’

,and onsay

’

,

Sh lock’

,we wouldhavemm- eys

‘. Yousay so

‘

;Youthatdidvoidyour r lwwmuponmy bea rd‘,Andfootme‘, as youspurna stranger cu-r

Over your th reshold‘: min- eye is your suit

‘.

What shouldI sa to you‘ '

l ShouldI not say’

,

Hath a nds’ . 3m ey’ 2 is itpossible’

,

A can canlendthree- thous andd/tto- ats"'l’ or’

,

Sha ll I bendh‘rw‘

, andina bond-man’s key’gVithh’

batedbreath’ , and.whispering Ambleness’ ,a t is

‘

,

a ir , sir’

, youspit onme onW ednesday last’ ;Youspuas snme such a day

’

; another timeYoucalledme’ . DOG

‘

; andfor these coarI’ll lendyouthusmuch

I conjure youby thatwhich you to—fess’

,

(Howe’er youcame to know answerme‘

Though youuntie thewinds andlet themfightAgainst the ekwok- es

‘

; though the yest wavesConfoundandswallownavi- ga- tionupThough bladedcornbe lodge-d

,andtreesblovm

Though castles topple ontheir warder’s heads‘

T hough palaces andpyramidsdo sloril

e

Their heads to their oun-m- tions‘ ; t ough the treasuresOfnature’s germins tumble a lto-

geth- ar‘

,

E ventil l de-st/mc- tionSICK - en’ ; answermeTo what I ask you

‘.

This last passage, the sublime andterrible adjurationofMacbeth to the witches, ismarkedagreeably to th edirectionofMr.

W alker , as in accordance with themanner of pronouncing itadopted-by the inimitable Garrick,

namely, to adopt thefa llinginflectionat the close of eachmember except the lastbut one,andto give the inflectiona degree ofemphatick force, ingress .

ing instrength fromthe firstmember to the sixth . By suchanenunciation, the whole climax willbemostbeautifullydiversified, andits effect greatly heightened.

Before taking leave ofthis subject, the author deems it proper to cautionthe lea rner aga inst thedanger 0

of h is attachingeither toomuch , or too little, importance to the '

rules laiddowninthis work. Of the great advantages resulting from'

a clear

180 use“ ON nocu'rtott.

Or onward’ ,where the rude’ , Corinthianboor’ ,Agains‘

t the houseless stranger shuts thedoor’ 5Or where Campania ’s plainforsakenlies ’

,

A weary waste expanding to the skies’

;W here’er I roam’ ,whatever realms to see’ ,My heart’ , untravelled’ , fondl turns to thee‘

Still tomybrotheLturns’ , wit ceaseless pa in'

,

Anddrags at each remove a lengthening chain‘.Quick—Not sowhenswift Camilla scours the plain’ ,

Flies o’er th

’ unbending corn’

,andskulls along the

Therewas a soundof revelry by night'

,

AndBelgium’s capital hadgatheredthen'Her beauty andher chivalry

‘

,andbright’

The lamps shone o’er fair womenandbravemen‘A thousandheartsbeat happily

‘

; andwhen’Musiclr arose with its voluptuous swell’ ,Soft eyes lookedlove tO

'

ey'

eswhich Spoke again‘ ;Anda ll wentmerry as amarriage bell‘But hush‘!hark‘ a deep soundstrikes like aModerate—Aurora now’

,fairdaughter ofthedawn

’

,

sprinkledwith rosy light thedewy lawn

’

,

henJove convenedthe senate ofthe skies’,W here high Olympus’ cloud t0ps arise

‘.

The sire ofgods h is awful si encebroke’

,

T he heavens attentive’

,trembledas he spoke‘

Celestial states‘

,immortal gods’ !give ear";

Hear our de- crce‘

, andrev- erencewhat youhear‘.

Asnature delights to indulge herself inva riety inall herworks, she hasbountifully bestowedthis privilege uponman;andinnothing is itmore conspicuouslydisplayedthaninthescience ofelocution. Here, this spice oflife

”

grows oneverytwig. Here, he is permittedto render evenvarie itselfmorevarious. Here, by anappropriate modulationof

'

s voice, bya happy adaptation

‘

ofits tones. andits variousdegrees offorce,stress, andmovement, to thenatur of his subject, he rises inhis art to the highest point ofexcel ence.

.The foregoing remarks ontime, are, perhaps, oftoo general

a character to please the scientifick’

reader ; but it is apprehended, that, Withmost ersons, aminute andcritica ldevelopmentofth is subject, woudbe passedby with indifference. Hence,the formermaybe ofsome service, where the latterwouldproveunavailing. A lthough themovements of the voice inreadingandspeaking, are susceptible of being as exactlymeasuredasinsinging, andmay be strictly.

regulatedby rule, yet the adoptioninpractice ofany set of rules thatmightbe laiddownforthis purpose, wouldnecessarily leadto a stifi

'

andformal exactitude indelivery, far less endurable than‘

themost recklessindifference in regardto time andmeasure. To readers in

Chap. V . I ANNBR or RE ADING roar “ . 189

W hennaughtbut the terrent is heardeuthe in“,Andnaught

'

but thenightingale’s song inthegrove.

The Spondee as,men: a Pyr rhick as, ea the— tall tree :anAmphibrach ; as, Delightful : a Tribmch as, Nu-mereble.InE nglish versification, some of these feet aremuchmore

commonthanothers ; butnotunfrequentlywemeetwith severalkindsintroducedinto the same piece ofcom '

tion. Thisdevelopment of oeticknumbers, also evinces t e copious stockofmateria ls at t e commandof the E nglish versifier : for we arenot only a llowedthe use of all the ancient, poetick feet, inputheroickmeasure, butwe haveduplicates ofeach kind, agreeininmovement, though differing insound, andwhichmaked'

ferent impressions onthe ear—nuopulence peculiar to our language, andone thatmay be the source ofaboundlessvariety.

'By looking again at the foregoing definitions, the youngreader will perceive, that the essential qualities or characteristicks ofpoetry, consistnot, as is too oftensupposed, inharmonicknumbers, or feet, or rh es, but ina peculiar kindofsentiment andconception, ca edpoetick thought. The peculiarnature of poetick thought, however, is not to be learnedfromdefinitionor description, anymore thancountenance is, but byobservation— by attention to the conceptions, thoughts, sentrments, andlanguage of the best poets. Hence, unless the

thought is poetick, all the ornaments of poetick dress —theparaphernalta ofnumbers, arrangement, andrhythm, cannotelevate it to the dignity of true poetry. W e, therefore,muchmore frequentlymeetwith verses thanwith poetry.

am, however, it isnot the author’s purpose todiscussities andmerits of poetry, butmerely tomake a fewremarksonthe MANNE R or RE ADING POE TRY.

The foregoing directions for acquiring a just'

anda happyelocution, have beenchiefly appliedto

'

the enunciationofprose :

and, a lthoughmost of themare equally applicable to the reading of poetry, yet, in the reading of verse, andparticularlyrhyming verse, some peculiarities arise out ofthe nature ofthecompositionitself, which seemto require a briefnotice.

OF POE TICAL PAUBE S.

There are three . kinds of pauses brought intorequisitioninthe elegant enunciationof poetryfirst, Sententia l or Grammatica l Pauses, or those

Chap. V. antenna o'

N a l anine. 148

Thechristian' . . doesnotpray tobedeliveredfrqnf . . glory",

-

g16ry .Menwillwrangle for religion,wri te for it"

, ft for it'

;di e for 1t‘

,any thing for it

‘

.

W e oftendespi se a th ing ,because we donot knowit ; andwe will not KNOW it’, because

’

. . we despi se it‘

.

A gr eatmaninthe coun'tnv’

, is but a smallmaninthecr'r r

‘

.

There is nothing so balefuI to ami llman'

, as the shade ofa grodt one , particularly the-

greatmanofa city‘

.

It 18 anhonour to a manto cease fromstrife‘

; but every

f66l’

. . willbe intermeddling .

Counsel 1nthe hea r t’, is likedeepwater“ but amanofmyderstanding

’

, will draw _

it 6m:Contempora ries’ appreciate the I AN

'rather thanthe

uenrr ‘

; but posterity . . will regardthe 11 111111"rather than

theMAN .MOStpeople aremore anxious to’ . . lengthenlife'

, thanto’

.

improve it‘. Hence', thediamala' . . g1ve as tenthousandrecipes to live

’. . ldng

’

, for one’

. to live’

. . wé ll‘ , andhence’

,

too’

, the use of.

the p aresent which we her e', is thrownaway

anidle schemes forpabusing the future

’

, which wemay notave .

Rejo1ce'

, O oungman, inthy yonth‘ , andlet thy heart' .

ché é r theemt edays of thy youth‘

, andwalk inthe ways ofthy heart

”

, andmthe 81ght ofthine eyes‘ but kn6wthou’ , thatfor onthose things . . G

‘vodwill bring thee into judgment

‘

.

Therefore’

, remove sorrow’. fromthy heart

’

, andput awayé oil

'

. . fromthyflesh‘ ; for childh oodandyouth ‘

. . are vani ty‘

Shylock. Three thoiisandducats‘ - wén'.Bassamio. Ay

f

, sir‘

; for threemonths‘.Shy. For threemonths‘ — well '.Box. For which ’

, as I toldyou'

, Antonio shall be bound‘.Antonio shall become bonnd‘ - well’

Bar. W ill youobligeme . Shall I knowyour answer’

Shy. Three thousandducats.

for three mom/is', andAnti)nio’

.

Bets. Your answer to that .

Shy. Antonio 18 a goodman'.Bets. Have youheardany imputationto the contra ry ?

Ho’

, no‘

. no’

, no . no‘

, mymeaning insayingthat he 18 a goodman’, is

'

, to have youunderstandme’, that heis sur srcrnN '

r : yet’

. . hismeans are in stopposition’. He

hath ana rgosy boundto’

I‘ripolis‘

another ’, to the Indies . I

Chap. VI. nm'r s 'ro

‘

rnnRE ADE R Annarmxsa .

G E NE RAL HINTS

TO THE RE ADE R AND THE SPE AKE R .

Themosteloquentmanner ofreading andofspeaking, is themost easy ofattainment, ifsought for through the proper channel ; for it is as simple as it is natural. Butman who aimat it, fail by the ve efiorts hdoptedto ga in it. hey over

reach themark. T ey shoot too high ; Insteadofbreathingforth their sentiments inthe fervidglow.ofsimple nature,whichalwayswarm, andanimates, andinterests the heater, theywork themselves up into a sort offrigidbombast; wh ich chillsandpetrifies him. One, therefore, who wouldreadwell, orwho wouldspeak well- whowouldinterest, rivet the attention,convince the understanding, andexcite the feelings ofhis hea rerH eedsnot ex ct todo it by

'

any extraordina ry exertionor

desperate effort ; ll)

; genuine eloquence isnot to be wooedandwonby any such boisterous course of courtship, but bymoregentlemeans. If one wouldbecome glowing andtruly elo

quent, h e must rise na tura lly with his subject, andW ithoutbetraying the least a rt or efort.b

As ingrammar andrhetorick, so in eloquence, defects areartificial ; original beauties arenatural. It is, therefore, a greatmistake to suppose that visible a rt cando any thing towardsmaking anorator, or ane loquent reader. Cultiva tionmaydomuch . The rules ofevery science, as far as they a re just anduseful, are foundedinnature, or ingoodusage. Hence, theiradoptionanda plication‘ tendto free usfromour a rtificia l defects, all ofw ich may be regardedas depa r tures fromthe

slinplic-ity'

ofnature. Let the studmt inelocution, then, bearinmind, that whatever is artificial, isunnatural , andwhateverisunnatural, isdirectly opposedto genuine eloquence.

The readermustnot suppose, however, that, incautioninghimagainst anartificial andfrigidvehemence of style inelocution, an

ycountenance is giventoa coldandindifferentman

ner. A s ightdegree of extravagant warmth , is farmore endurable thanlifeless dulness andtameness.

“

Notwithstandingall the recautions proper tobe observed

, therefore, the readeror spea er shouldnot fail to enter with glowing fervour intothe spirit ofthe sentimentswhich he utters. He shouldalwaysbe inna nsT ; andthen, if hismanner is simple, na tural.easy, anddignified, itcannot fa il .ofbeing eloquent.

PART II.

CHA PT E R I .

SE LE CTIONS IN PROSE AND POE TRY .

SE CTION I.

sensor Pana sna rns.

BeautifulMetaphor .— rnvms .

i . IT is interesting to notice how someminds seemalmostto create themselves‘, 8 ringing up under everydisadvantage

'

,

andworking their so itary'

, but irresistible'

, wa through a

thousandobstacles‘. Nature seems to delight in '

sappointingthe assiduities ofart', with which itwouldrea r legitimate dr"ness tomaturity'

, andto glory in the vigour andluxuriance cher chance productions

‘

. She scatters the seedS ‘

of genius t o

the winds‘, and’ , though some may perish among the stonyplaces of the world

'

, andsome he chokedby the thorns andbrambles of early adversity

’

, et’

, others wrll now andthenstrike root eveninthe do s o the , rock

‘

, struggle bravely upinto sunshine'

, andspree over their steril birthplace all the

beauties ofvegetation‘

.

REMARKS ON SE CTION I .

Articula tion— Inreading these selections, the first th ing to be attendedto

,is a clear anddistinct a rt iculationofeveryword, andever

ysylla

ble, andevery letter ofeach syllable, silent letters only excepteModula tion—The secondimportant requisi te is, to var y the intona tionwith all the differentmodulations ofthe voicewhich a just anda happyelocutionrequires. Thisdirectionrefers to all the variedmovementsof the voice consideredinregardto pitch , tone, inflection, stress, andc

ladence, andespecial ly to the prolongationof the tonick andsubtonicl:e ements.Inflection. Inreading the l st paragraph , the risin inflectiontakes

place at the words disadvantage,” maturi

zyh,”an sunshine,

” inaccordance with Rule 7, page 82 ; andthe f in ismade at themselves

”and“winds,

”agreeably to E xception l , to a le 7. The rising

inflectionoccurs at “world” and adversity, according to E xception

158 GI LE U'I‘IONBmrnosn.

SE CTION II.

Banner r anxunarns.

A lexander Hamilton—wa rmer .

1. The reports of his speeches’

, imperfect as they robablyare

’

, yet remainas lastinmonuments ofhis genius an patriot

ism‘

. He saw’

, at last’

, iris hopesfulfilled‘ he sawthe Constitutionadopted

’

, andthe governmentunder it', establishedandorganiz ed

‘

. Thediscernmg '

eye ofW ashingtonimmediate]ca lledhim- to a

pod

’

, infinitely themost important inthe ad,

ministrationof‘

t e newsystem‘

. He wasmade Secreta ry of

the Tr easury‘

; andhowbe fulfilledtheduties ofsuch a place’

,

at such a time’

, the whole country perceivedwith delight’

, andthe Whole world’ , with admiration‘

. He smote the rock ofthenational andabundant Streams of revenue gushedforth

‘

. He touchedthedeadcorpse of the publick credit'

, andit sprang upon its feet

‘

. The fabledbirth ofMinerva ’, fromthe brainof Jove

’

, was hardlymore sudden,or more perfectthanthe financial systemofthe UnitedStates which burstforthfromthe conceptions ofALE XANDE R HamrL'

ron‘

.

however, inman places inthese examles. Inreading paragraph 1st,a

‘

rl ightpause oft s sortshouldoccur or thewords way,” “nature,

”

the second some,

”others,

” “root

,

”and“birthplace .

”

Inyeading the third aragraph , a slight rhetorical pausemade after the words ‘nature,” “mounta ins,” “mysteries, andthe

phrase“whia er us.

”

Inenunciat g the 4th aragraph , this pause is proper after thewordshavock” “

peace,” “wil be and“msmanms.

”

REMARKS ON SE CTION I I.

The leading remarksa pplicable to the various paragraphsofSection2 amount to nothingmore thana repetitionofthose already appliedtoSection1 . V ery fewwill, therefore, be presented. T he young readercannotbe too particular, however , inhis attentionto a distinct articula a

tionanda correct orthoepy, inadditionto the attentionrequiredinapro

priately a lying the rules for inflection, emphasis, pause, ‘

andsoort —not ony 111 enunciatin the examples inthis section, but, also, inreading every iece hemay calledon

,to pronounce.

Inflection. nthe l st aragraph , theword T reasury”being emphat

ick, takes the falling in eetionmaccordancewith E xceptionl , toRule7, page 82. This sentence is broughtunder the rule, or E xception, byconsidering that portionof it which follows the wordfl‘feasury , onecompoundmember , answering to the simplemember which closeswith

J7? 0 0

In paragraph 2nd, the rising inflection

rhetorick,

“dcdamation,

”and inane,

” in

162 cancerous r: now.

less to the community‘ that those who areunhappywithoutguilt

’

, ought to be r elieved‘ andthe life which is overburdenedby aceidenta l calamities’ , shouldbe set

’

at ease by the care

ofthe lick‘

andthat thosewho’, bymisconduct , have forfeited eir claims tofavour ’ , ought’ , rather

’

, to bemade usefulto the society which they have injured

’

, thandrivenfromit‘.But the poet is employedina more pleasing task thanthat

ofproposing lacos’ which ’

, however just andexpédient’

, willnever be made‘ or of endeavouring to reduce to . rationalschemes of goveminent', societies which were formedbychance

’

, andwh ich are conductedby the private passions of

those who preside inthem‘

. He guides the unhappy fugitivefromwant andpersecution’ , to plenty‘, quiet’ , andsecurity‘

, andseats himself in peaceful scenes of solitude andundisturbed

‘

SE CTION IV .

Female Fortitude—mvme .

4

l . I have ofienhadoccasionto observe the fortitude withwh ich ’ wbmen’ sustain the most overwhelming reverses

offortune‘

. Those disasters which break down the spirit ofmdn’ , and rostrate himinthe dust', seemto call forth all the

energies ofthe softer sex’

, andgive such intrepidity andeleva tionto their character

’

, that’

, at times', it approaches to sublimity‘

.

AfectedGrea tness.-m.

2. W e have'

, it is our gré atmeninAmerica ‘ not acity but has anample sha re ofthem‘

. I havemingledamongphrases, or interrupters of the sense, are of very frequent recurrence,anddemandparticular attention inelocution. Like parenthetickclauses, they express ameaning not necessary to the sense of the sentences inwhich they occur , andyet, not sufficiently foreignto it to a llowthedistinctivemarks of the parenthesis to be appliedto them; and,therefore, theydo not require quite so lowa tone as pa renthetich clauses.

A happy va riety inmodulationwill be greatly promoted, by observ

ing to give all the appro riate inflections andwaves of the voice,by a

distinct articulation, an frequent protractionofthe elements ofspeech ,and, especially , by a strong andva r iedexplosionofemphatick force.

REMARKS ON SE CTION IV .

Semitona—T he sarcasnck irony of the 2nd aph , requires theadaptionof the semitone andwave, pa rticular y inpronouncing the

phrases“

greatmen,” smallman,” and“city.

”

164 snaaor rortsmvaasn.

SE CTION v.

panaca a r a s invanes.

Simila— sa a x srnsan.

Howfar the’

little candle throws itsbeams‘ l '

80 shines a gooddeedina naughtywdrld‘.

Vice.— Poea .

V ice’ is amonster ofso fi'i htfulmien’ ,As’ , to he hated’ , needs but to secn‘

Yet seentoo oft’ , familiarwith her face’ ,W3 first’ endure‘

,then’ pity

’

,then’ embraa ‘

.

Fa ll ofBabylon—MOORE .

W 6’ l wd’ l the time ofthy visitation’Is come‘, roudLand', thydoom~is cast‘ ;Andthe beak wave ofdesolation’Swee 3 over thyg

uilty headat last‘.was, war war’ , against Babylon‘ I

W hat is the endA certainport

Some’ likenitW hose su apour

‘

andheroeskill‘“midnight taper’ ,

W hat are the hopes ofman‘ 2 oldE gypt’s king

’

Cheops’

,erectedthe first pyramid’ ,

Andlargest‘

,thinking itwas just the thing’

To keep hismemory whole andmummy hid‘ ;Butsomebody or other

’rumma

ging

’

,

Burglariously broke his codia s lid‘:Letnot amomment’ give youorme s t

ipes

’

,

Since’ not a pinch ofDeer remains of heops‘.

SE CTION VI.

Thel

Family A lta r .— BURN8.

W henkucelin downto heaven’s E ternal K ing',The saint', t e father’

,the goodhusband

’

, prays’,

REMARKS ON s-E c'r rox s v AND vr.MPause— The words “visitation

,desolation,

” “ king,thing,

” insection5th, and“

praise,” “dear

,

” “

pride,” “

see,” “

adore,and,”

“ fears,

” “self

,

”and think,” insection6th, illustrate the

i pause : see page 140.

166 . snacr roxsmsona r .

Itmustbe so‘ : ’tisnotfor selj‘Thatwe so tremble onthebrink’ ;

And’ , striving to o’erleap the gulf

’

Yetcling to being’s severin lin

Oh ’ ! inthat future letus thinTo holdeach heart the heart thatshares‘,W ith them‘

the immortal watersdrink’,And’ , soul insoul’ , growdeathless theirs‘.

SE CTION VII.

Musick.

'

—sa ax spnann.

There’snaught so stockish‘

, hard‘

, andfull ofrage’,Butmusick’ , for the time’ ,doth '

change itsnature‘

Themantha t hath nomusick inhimself ,Andisnotmovedwith concordof§weet sounds’ ,Is lit for treasons‘

,stratagems’ , andspoils‘ ;

Themotions ofh is irit’

,aredull asnight

‘

,

Andhis aficctions’

,ark as E rebus‘

Letno suchmanbe trusted‘.Mercy—fin.

The quality ofmercy isnot strained’ ;Itdrop

tpeth as the gentledewfromheaven

Uppn e place beneath

‘: it is twice blessed‘ ;

It lesseth himthatgives’ , andhimthat tak’T ismightiest inthemightieet‘ : itbecomesThe th ronedmonarch better thanhis crown‘ :His sceptre shows the force oftemporal power‘,The attribute to awe andmajesty’ ,W hereindoth sit thedreadandfear ofButmercy is above this sceptredsway‘It is enthronedinthe heart ofkings

‘

;It is anattribute toGodhimself‘ ;Andearthly powerdoth showmost like to God’sW henmercy seasonsjustice‘.

A renot these woods’'MOre free fromperil thanthe envious courts"Hare feel We but the penalty ofAdam‘,

render themall as r ar iambuses—a thinnot at alldesigned the

poet—hut thiswould a grossdereliction mevery principle

rect taste, andbe apt to degenerate into a singsong, ormere ginglingREMARKS ON SE CT IONS V II . AND VIII .

F inal Pause—Ia readingthe first selectioninsection8th , thefina l1mmisdemandedat bow a

ppear,

”surve 5‘scene,

”and re

pair but inthe selectionof verse fromP0 '

ok,which follows it,

172 SE LE CTIONSmmoss .

tores’

) the cutters qf cumin‘

; if he isnot accustomedto conover xmatters’ , andca ll up one fact with which , to prove andil lustrate another

'

, let himstudy. the lawyers’

‘

cases‘

. Hence’

,

every defect of themindmay have its special receipt‘.There are three chief vanities instudies’

, by which learninghas beenmost traduced‘

; fora we deemthose things va in

are eitherfa lse or fr ivolousl— which have no truth’

, or are of

no use‘

; andthose persons are consideredvain’

, who are either

credulous or curious‘

. Judging’

, then'

, either. from"reasonor

experience, there prove to be threedistempers"oflearning‘

: the

first’

is antastica l learning‘

, the second', contentiousing

’

, andt e last'

, qfl'

ectedlearning—vainimagina tions‘, vainons

’

, andvain'

afections‘

.

SE CTION. IV .

Liberty andSlavery.s- STE RNE .

Dtsotnsnthyself as thouwilt’

, still’

, Slavery’

, still thouarta bitterdraught

‘

; and’

though thousands inall ages have beenmade to drink of thee thouart no less bitter onthat account‘

.

— It is thou’

, thrice sweet andgracious goddess'

, Liberty’

,

whomall inpublick or inprivateworship'

,whose taste is grateful', andever will be so

’

, till Na ture - herselfshall change‘. No

teint ofwords canspot thy snowy.mantle’ , or chymick powerturnthy sceptre in

‘

to iron‘

. W ith thee’

, to smile uponhim"ashe eats his crust’ , the swa inis happier thanhismona rch ’

, from°whose court thouart exiled‘. —Gracious me buthea lth

’

, thougreat Bestower of giveme but this fa irgoddess asmy"companion’

, andshower downthymitres’ , ifitseemgoodunto thydivine Providence ’

,uponthose headswhich

are aching for‘them‘

.

I satdownclose bymy table’

, and’

, leaningmy"headuponmydhand’ , beganto figure tomyself the miseries of confinement‘. I was ina rightframe for it‘; andso I gave full,scopetomya imagination‘

.

I was -

g to beginwith the millions ofmy"fellow-crea

tures', bo to no inheritance but slavery‘; but huding'

, how-5

ever affecting the picture was’

, that I couldnot bring it nearme’

, andthat themultitude of sadgroups initdidbutdistractme ’

, I took a single captive’

, and’, having first shut himup in'Fbr—not, tier, nor, f

’r. l’Up-On' him—not, ’

pnn1m.°Fr6m—not,

fi'um, nor, fi"m.“Me—but.whenemphatick,ml .

Chap. II. ensuc'

x

fnor Bonus

-

rs. 179

settle the accountwith thy conscience'

for every past benefitunrequited—e very past endearment unrega rded', of that departedbeing who cannever

’

never'

never return to be

soothedby thy contrition‘

! If thouart a child', andhast everaddeda sorrow tothe soul

’

, or a furrow to the silvetedbrow'

,

of an affectionate pa rent’— if thouart a husband‘

, andhastever causedthe fondbosomthat venturedits whole happinessinthy arms '

, todoubt onemoment ofthy kindness or thy truth ’

- ifthouart a fr iend‘

, andhast everwronged'

, in or

word’ , or deed’

, the spirit that generously confidedinthee— illthouart a lover

‘

, andhast eve r givenone unmeritedpang tothat true hea rt which now lies coldandstill beneath thy feet

’

;thenbe sure that every unkindloolc

‘

, every ungraciousword‘

,

every ungentle action’

, will come thronging back upon thymemory'

, andknocking dolefully at thy soul‘f—thenbe surethat thoukwilt lie down so rrowing andrepentant onthe grave

’

,

andutter the unhea rdgroan’

, andpour the unavailing tea r'

,more deep'

, more bitter'

, because' unhea rd’ andun

availing‘

.

Thenweave”

thy Chaplet offlowers'

, andstrew‘

the beautiesof

'

nature about the grave‘

; console thy brokenspirit'

, if thoucanst

’

,with these tender

'

, yet tributes“ ofregret‘

;— but

takewarning by the bitterness ofthis thy contrite afflictionoverthedead’

, andhenceforth be more fa ithful andaffectionate inthe discha rge of thy duties to the licing

‘

.

SE CTION‘

vm.Cha racter ofBonapa rte, wr

i

ttenafter his secondAbdica tion.PH ILLIPS.

Tm: bloody drama of E urope is concluded‘

; andthe greattragedian

'

, who'

, for twenty yearsf

, hasmade the ea rth his the

atre'

, andset the wor ldintea rs’

, has left the stage forever‘.

He liftedthe curtainwith his sword‘

, andfilledthe scenes withslaughter

‘. His part was inventedby himself, andwas ter

ribly Never was there so ambitious’ , so restless a

spirit‘—never so DARING

’

, so ortuna te a soldier ‘. His aim’

.

was universa l dominion‘

, an he gaz edat it steadfastly’

, withthe eye

'

of the e le'

, andthe appetite'

of the vulture‘.

He combinedwit himself, all the elements of terrour‘,'Stro.

t‘l‘t l. °Trlb'utes—not.trib'itc. ‘U-né ke'

SE LE O'HONS IN PROSE .

nerve‘,malice', andintellect‘;—a hea rt’

thatnevermelt l‘a hand' thatnever trembled‘ —amind’ thatnever waveredfromits purpose‘

. The gr ea tness of his plans’

, defiedspeculation

‘

; andthe rapidity of their E xncvr ron’

, outstrippedpro

phecy Civiliz ednations were the victitns of his arts’

; andthe savage couldnot withstandhis warfhre‘

. Sceptres’

crumbledinhis grasp

’

, andliberty’

witheredinhis presence‘. The

Almighty ap aredto have intrustedto himthe destinies ofthe

globe‘

, and e usedthemto destroy‘. He shroudedthe sun

with the cloudofba ttle‘

; andunveiledthe nightwith its fires‘

.

Hismarch ’

. reversedthe course ofnature ‘ —the flowers of

the Spring’

perished‘

; the fruits of Autumn’

. fell'

, for his

truckwas cold‘, andcheerless’

, anddesolate'

, like thewithering’

,

wintry blast‘. Amidall the physica l‘

, politica l’

; andmora lchanges which he produced

’

, he was still the same‘. Always

ambitious’ , always inexorable‘b—no conquests satisfied

‘

, nocompassionassuaged‘,no remorsedeterred’ , nodangers a larmedhim‘

. Like the barbarians, he coa eredItaly‘

; and, rollingback to its source the deluge that overwhelmedRome ’

, he

provedhimself the Attila of the South ‘. With Hannibal

’

, he

crossedthe Alps intriumph ‘

. Africa beheldhima secondScipio

‘

; and'

, standing onthe pyramids of E pt'

, he lookeddownonthe fame ofA lexander ‘. He fought t e Scythianinhis cave

’

; andthe unconqueredArabfledbefore him‘

. He

won‘, divided'

,andruled’ nea rly all ofmodernEurope‘

. It

became a large French province‘

, where foreign kings stillI

reignedby courtesy or mournedinchairis‘

. The RomanPontifwas his, pr isoner

‘

; andhe claimeddominionover the

altar with the GodofHosts‘. E ven his NAME ’

inspireduniver sa l terrour ‘

; andthe obscurity of hisdesigns renderedhimawfully mysterious‘. The navy of Great Britain

’

watchedhimwith the eyes ofAncus‘

; andher coastwas linedwith soldiers who slept ontheir arms‘. He made war' be

fore he decla redit‘; andpeace'

was, with him, a signal forhostilities

‘. His FRI E NDS were the firstwhomhe a ssa iled‘

;

andhis ALLI E S‘ he selectedto plunder

‘.

There was a singular oppositionbetweenhis a llegedmotivesandhis conduct‘. He wouldhaVe enslavedthe landtomakethe oceanfree

‘

, andhe wantedonly power to enslave both ‘

. Ifhe was arrogant

’

, his unparalleledsuccessesmust excuse him‘.

W ho couldendure the giddiness of such amountainelevation‘

l

Who’

, that amidthe slaughter ofmillions hadescapedunhurt',wouldnot suppose

'

, like Achilles’

,

fthat a deity hadlent him

blu- é ks’b‘ré -bl. ‘Dé -dnez ’. °Al

’ll z e.

‘A -kll’

lé l t.

Chap. II. Hummus-s etmom.

.beenproduced, by the some events ’

, onthe general interests ofmankind‘. We come’

, as Americans’

, tomark a spotwhichmust forever bedear to us andto our posterity‘. We wish that

.whosoever’

, inall coming tia re’

, shall turnhis eye hither’

,maybeholdthat the place

'

is not undistinguishedwhere the first

great battle of the Revolutionwas!fought

‘. We wish that this

structure‘may proclaimthemagnitude andimmrtance of that

event’

, to every class andevery age‘. We wish that infancymay lea rnthe purpose ofi ts erectionfrommaternal lips’; and

thatwea riedandwitheredagemay beholdit andbe solacedbythe recollections which it suggests

‘. We wish that labourma

lookup here andbe proudinthemidst of its toil‘. We wis

that’

, inthosedays ofdisaster which ’

, as they come onall nations

'

,may be expectedto come onus also’

, desponding patriotismbmay turnits

'

eyes hitherward'

, andbe assuredthat thefoundations of our national power still standstrong

‘. We

wish’

, that , this column’ , rising tos heaven among the

pointedspires ofsomany templesdedicatedto God’ ,may contribute ,

also to produce’

, inallminds ’

, a pious feeling ofdependence andgratitude

‘. We wish

’

, finally’

, that the last oh

ject on the sight of himwho leaves hisnative shore’

, andj hefirst to gladdenhis heart who revisits it

’

,may be somethingwhich shall remindhimof the liberty andthe glory of hiscountry

‘. Let it rise

’

, till itmeets the suninhis coming‘: letthe earliest light of themorning gildit’, andpartingday lingerandplay onits summit‘.

SE CTION X.

Hez ekiah , King ofJudah—Guts .

Sa turn fell, andIsrael ceasedto be anindependent stateinthe yea r 719, B. C. In themeanwhile, Aha z , the impiousking of Judah , hadbeensucceededby his sonHez ekiah, aprince inevery respectworthy to situponthe throne ofDavid.He no sooner graspedthe

'

reins of government, thanhe appliedhimself sedulously to the task of reforming themany abuses

Ahaz’s idolatrous altar he withdrewfromthe temple, andre

storedthe original, that of Solomon, to its place ; andaltercleansing thebuilding itselffromthe pollutionswhich hadbea t

m mum-mrs races .

orderedthemto sanctify themselves. according to the directions giveninthe law, andappointedthemto ofi

'

er proper sacrifices‘ih atone

ment for the sins both of king andpeople. Not satisfiedwith this, after a consultationwith the leadingmen inthe na .

tion, he determinedto renewthe solemnfestivalswhich had,unhappily, firllenintodisuse , andthe feast ofthe passoverwas,ineoconsequence, kept with a splendour unknownsince the daysof Solomon. Finally, he causedevery gravenimage, or othersymbol of idolatry, throughout hisdominions, to bedestroyed,involving inthe common ruin,Moses’ braz enserpent, whichthe people hadlatterly been inducedto worship andputtingthe priests infresh courses, he restoredto themandto the Levites the tithes andfirst fruits, which his lessworthy predecesl ors

‘ hadappropriated. Ina word, Hez ekiah exhibited, as all

his conduct, rmanextraordinary‘z eal for the true religion, and

he was rewardedby numerous andstriking interpositions of

divine power inhis favour.W hile the Assyrians were employedin the subjugationof

Sama ria , Hez ekiah ca rriedhis arms, with signal success, againstthe hereditary enemies of Judea , the Philistines. Fromthese

he not only recoveredall the conquests which they hadmadeduring the late war with Pekah andRez in, but ursuing hisconquests farther, dispossessedthemof almost 1 their ownterritories, except Gaz a andGath . Imboldenedby somuchgoodfortune, andconfident inthe assistance of Jehovah , he

next refusedto continue the tribute to the crownofAssyria ,which his father hadundertaken to pay andhe was savedfrom, at least, the immediate consequence of his courage, bythe necessity under which Shalmaneser lay of reducing certain

girovinoes ofSyria andPhtenicia ,which hadrevoltedfromhim.

or was the Assyrianmonarch ever ina condition to aecomplish his threat of hurling Hez ekiah fromthe throne, inasmuchas hediedwhile ca rrying onthe siege ofTyre, without havingbrought that project to a Succe ssful termination.

About this time, Hez ekiah was affectedwith a severe distemper , andthe prophet Isa iah came to himwith a commandfromGod“ to set his house inorder , because he wouldsurely(lie. This was a mortifying announcement to anupright

prince, who, entertaining no 00t notions of a future‘I state(i happiness, centredall his hopes andwishes inearthly pros

-

‘

stiwkrl ‘fl- zh .sh immer °E ks-tr6r

’dé -n£r- é .dFa

’tshhre

not.want .

108 same-nous rs warn.

andspreading it before the altar , besought Jehovah to vindicatehis ownhonour, by humbling the pride of himwho thusdaredto insult him. Hezekiah was notdeceivedinhis expectations.The prophet Isaiah came to himwith a declaration that Sennacheribshouldnotbe permitted, under any circumstances, toaccomplish his threats ; andthe promisewas strictly fulfilledontwo separate occasions. Inthe first instance, Sennacherib,while employedinthe siege ofLibnah , was alarmedby ammour that his owndominrons hadbeeninvadedby a bandof(Infinite Arabians, to oppose whose progress he foundit newsnrzy tomarch back with all haste ; andthough he overthrewthemin a great battle, his secondattempt upon Jerusalemp avedequally abortive, andmore disastrous inits issue. Hesrrived, indeed, inthe vicinity of the city , tookup his positionwith great parade , andoncemore defied, by his heralds, “ the

livingGod but thatverynight the blast ofthe Simoorni"cameuponhis camp, andupwards of eighty thousandof his bravestsoldiers perished. Sennacherib himselfdidnot longthisdefeat. He fledindismay to Nineveh, where he was soonafterwardmurderedinthe temple of the godNisroch , by twoof his sons, who made their escape into Armenia , andleft thesuccessionOpento Bh ar - haddon, their younger brother.

mAssyriancamedown’, like the wolf onthe foldAndhis cohortswere gleaming inpurplp andgold

‘

;

Andthe sheenof their spears’

, was like stars ontheuse’

,

Whenthe bluewave rollsnightly andeep Gslilee‘.

Like the leaves of the forest‘

, whensummer is green’,That host

'

, with their banners’

, at sunsetwere seenLike the leaves of the forest‘, whenautumnhath hlown’ ,That host

’

, onthemorrow’

, lay witheredandstrewn‘:

For the Angel ofDeath'

spreadhis wings onthe blastAndbreathed’ inthe face of the foe

’as he passed

‘:

Andthe eyes of the sleepers‘ waxeddeadly andchill’ ,

Andtheir hearts but once heaved’, andtbrever grewstill‘.

0 Thenthe angel of the Loanwent forth. andsmote. inthe camp of the Assyrh as. a turn andfour score andfive thousand: andwhent

, arose earl ini smorningf

r

b’ghold, theywere all deadcorpses—Isaiah .

he; y

Chap. H. mm: 187. mBnt threngh it thers rollednot the bresth of his prhle

';

Andcoldas thespray of the rock-beating surf‘.

Andthewidows ofAsher’ sre loudinthsir wail‘;Andthe idols are broke inthe temple os sl ‘;

Andthemight of the Gentile’, nnsrnote by the swordf,Hathmelted’, like snow’

, inthe glance of the Lord‘.

SE CTION XI.

Psa lm137.

Br the rivers ofBabylon’

, there we sat down‘: yea',

weptwhenwe rememberedZ ion‘. We hangedour harpsuponthe willows inthemidst thereof‘: for there ’

, they that carriedus away captive

’ demandedofus a song‘

; andthey thatwastedus’ , requiredofusmirth ‘

, saying’

, Singus one of the songsof

Howshal l we sing the Lord’s song ina strange land

‘l

If I forget thee’

, 0 letmy right handforget hor'

cunning‘ If Ido not remember thee’ letmy tongue cleave to

the roof ofmymonth‘, if I prefer not Jerusalem‘ abovemy

Versiong”the same—Benton

While Z ion’s fall inendremembrance rosef,

Chap. II. runscr een’smorass.

Nomare the rising sunshall gildthembru’,Nor evening Cynthia fill her silver horn

‘

;

But lost’,dissolved’

, inthy superiour rays’

,

One tide of glory’, one uncloudedblaz e

'

,

O’erflowthy courts

‘: the Light himself shall shine’

Revealed’, andGod’s eternal day be thine‘!

The seas shall waste‘, the skies insmokedecay‘

Rocks hill to dust’, andmountainsmelt awayBut findhisword’, his saving power remains‘,Thy realmforever lasts‘, thy ownMessiah reignau

SE CTION XVII.

Onreceiving hisMother ’s'

Picture.—Cowm.

0mar those lips hadlanguage‘!Life has paned’W ithme but roughly since I heard"thee last‘.Those lips are thine

‘—thy ownsweet smile I see’,The same’, that oil inchildhoodsolacedme‘Voice only fails

'

, else’

, howdistinct they say’

,

Grievenot‘,mybchild’, chase all thy fears away“

Themeek intelligence of those dear eyes',(Blast he the art that canimmortaliz e‘;The art that bafles Time‘s tyrannick claim’

O’, welcome guest', though unexpectedhere’!Who bidd’stme honour’, with anartless song

’,

Afl'

ectionate’, aMother lost so long‘.I will obey

‘

, notwillingly alone’,

Andwhilethat face renewsmy“filial grief,Fancy shall weave a charmformy“ reliefLShall steepme inE lysianrevery‘,Amomentary dream’, that thouart she‘

.

MyMother’!whenI learnedthat thouwastdeadQy

‘

, wast thouconscious of the tears I shed’

Hoveredthy spirit 0’or thy sorrowing son’,

Wretch eventhen’, kfc’sJourney just begun

”?

Perhaps thougav’stme’, though unfelt’, a kiss‘;

Perhaps a tear‘, if souls canweep inbliss

'

Ah'

, thatmaternal emild! it .Yes‘.

'Hé rd. we. °e

m sem en inremar .

IIer loud’, uncircumcised’, tsmjieduous crew’

,

(Howill-preparedtemest their God‘l)were changed’,Unchangeab - the pilot

'

at the helmWas changed

‘

, andthe rough captain‘

, while heThe huge

'

, enormous oath ‘. The 6

That inhis boat’, expectant’

, watchedhis lines’ ,Ormendedonthe shore his net’ , andsung’ ,Happy

inthoughtleesness’

, some careless air’,Hear Time depart’, andfi lt the suddenchangeInsolitary deep

'

, fiir out fromland’ ,Or steering fi

'omthe portwithmany 8. cheer’,

Or while returningfromlongvoyage', fi'

a ht

W ith lusty wealth rejoicin t’ have ease

The dangerousmain’, and offoreignclimss’Themerchant qnafl‘

edhis native air', refreshed‘,Andsawhisnative hills’, inthe sun‘s light

’

,

Serenely rise‘; andthought ofmeetings gladAndmanydays

‘

of ease andhonour ’ spentAmong his fi'

iends‘- unwarnedman‘; eventhanThe

’

knell ofTime broke onhis revery’ ,And

’

, inthe twinkling of aneye'

, his hopes’

,

All earthly’

, perishedall‘: as suddenrose’,

Fromout their watery beds’

, the Ocean’sdead’,

Renewed’, andontheunstirring billows stood'

,

Frompole to pole’

, thick covering all the sea ‘~

Of every nationblent’

, andevery age‘.

W herever slept one grainof humandust’,h asntial organof a humansoul’,Wherever tossed’ , obedient to the callOfGod‘s omnipotence’ , it hurriedonTomeet its fellowparticles’, revivedNo atomof his spoils remainedtodeath ‘.Fromhis stro arm’

, by stronger armreImmortal now nsoul andbody both’,Beyondhis reach

’

, stoodall the sons ofmen’,Andsaw’ , behind

’

, his valley lie’

, unfeared‘

.

SE CTION XXII.

Address to the Occam—a 03 .

Ol'!that thedesertweremydwdling place

fairxirit formyminister',

That Imight forget the humanuse',And’, hatingno one

'

, love but only her‘!

Ye —ih whose ennobling stir’

I feelmyself exalted‘—Canyenot’Accordme such a being? Do I an’

Indeemin such inhabitmany a spot”?

Th ough’

, wi themto converse', canrarely be our lot‘

CHAPTE R III .

PR O’MI S C U O U S PI E C E S .

SE CTION I.

Colloquial Powers ofDr . Franklin.—e .

NE VE R have I knownsuch a fireside companion‘. Greet eshewas , both as a statesman. anda phi]osepher

'

, henever shoneina lightmore winning thanwhenhe was seenina domestickcircle . It was once niy goodfortune to pass two or three

weeks with him', at the house of a private gentleman’ , intheback part ofPennsylvania , andwe were confinedto the houseduring the whole of that time' by the unintermitting constancyanddepth of the snows‘. But confinement couldnever be feltwhere Franklinwas an inmate‘

. His cheerfii lness andhiscolloquial powers spreadaroundhima perpetual spring‘

. WhenI speak

'

, however'

, of his colloquia l powers'

, Ido notmeantoawakenany notionanalogous to thatwhich Boswell has givenus whenhe so frequentlymentions the colloquial powers ofDr.Johnson. The conversationof the latter continually remindsone of the pomp andcircumstance ofgloriouswar‘. Itwas‘,indeed, a perpetua l contest for victory

‘

, or an arbitrary anddespotick exactionof homage"to his superieur talents . Itwasstrong

‘

, acute'

, prompt‘, splendid'

, andvociferous‘ as loud‘,stormy andsublime' as those winds which he represents as

shaking the Hebrides‘

, androcking the oldcastles that frowneduponthedark- rolling sea beneath ‘

. But one gets tiredofstorms ’

,

however sublime theymay be', andlongs for themore orderlycurrent ofnature‘

.—OfFranklin

'

, no one ever become tired‘.There was no ambitionof eloquence

'

, no effort to shine'

inany thing which came fromhim‘

. There was nothingwhichmade any demandeither uponyour allegiance

'

or youradmiration‘

.

Hismanner was as unaffectedas infancy‘. Itwas nature’s

self‘. He talkedlike anold andhis plainness and

simplicity put you’ at once', at your case'

, andgave youthefull andfree possessionanduse of all your faculties

‘.

His thoughts were ofa character to shine by their ownlight’

l lStates’min- mnot,MM.516n

’

tl‘mdn. °Rdmm’dje.‘m’d‘kwénse

g

—not, el’o‘kwunse. Pd’tré ‘drk.

214 summons ismost .

heart‘? If that one genius

'

, though groping inthe thickdarkness of absurdidola try

’

, wrought so glorious a transformationinthe character of his countrymen', whatmay we not look forfromthe universal dissemination of those writings onwhoseauthors was pouredthe full splendour of eterna l truth ‘

? If

unassistedhumannature '

, spell -boundby a childishmythology'

,

hasdone somuch ’

, wha tmay we not hope for fromthe supernatural efl

'

orts of pre-eminent geniuses' who spake as theyweremovedby the Holy Ghost‘l”

SE CTION V .

,

AND'

, as Jesus passedby’

, he saw a manthat hadbeenblindfromhis birth ‘

. Andhisdisciples askedhim’

, saying’

,Master ’ , who didsin‘, thisman', or his that he wasbornblind‘

? Jesus answered’ , Neither hath thismansinned'.nor his but

'

, that the works of Godshouldbemademanifest in Imust work the works of him"that sentme'

,while it isday‘

: the night cometh whennomancanwork‘.

As long as I aminthe world', I amthe light of the world‘.W hen he hadthus spoken

'

, he spit onthe ground’

, andmade clay of the spittle

’

, andanointedthe eyes of the blindmanwith the clay ‘

, andsaidunto him’

, Go'

, wash in the pool

of Siloam‘, (which is', by interpretation’

, He went hisway

'

, andwashed’ , andcame’

seeing‘.

The neighbours'

, andthey that before hadseenhim’

, andknewthat he was blind’ , said’

, Is not this he that satandbegged

’

? Some said’ , This is hé ': others said', He is likehim'

: but he said’ , I amhe‘

. Thereforedsa idthey unto him’

,

Howwere thine eyes opened‘? He answeredandsaid', Aman

that is calledJesus',made clay'

, andanointedmine eyes‘

, andsaiduntome', Go to the pool of Siloam', andwash ‘

. AndIwent andwashed’ , andI receivedmy sight

‘. Thensaidthey

unto him'

, Where is he"! He said’ , I knownot

‘.

They brought to the Pharisees himthat aforetimewasblind‘.Anditwas the Sabba th day when Jesusmade the clay

'

,and

openedhis eyes‘. Then

’

,again

'

the Pha risees a lso askedhimhowhe hadreceivedhis sight‘ He saidunto them’

He

put clay uponmine eyes‘

, andIwashed’

, anddo see. There

‘Ph'rbnts—not, pdr'unts. 5“ inhim”- not, inint. cfMaw- snot.on

aim.‘rué r'fi ro. ut -gé a

’.

Chap. III. in. some, can. ix . 215

fore“ saidsome of the Pharisees’

, Thisman is not ofGod’ ,because he keepeth not the Sobbath day

‘. Others said' How

canamanthat is a sinner' do suchmiracles‘? Andtherewas

a divisionamong them‘

They say unto the blindmanagain‘ What sayest thanofhim‘

, that he hath openedthine eyes ? He said’ , He is a

prophet‘. But the Jewsdidnot believe concerning him’

,that

he hadbeenblind'

,andreceivedhis sight , until they called

the pa rents of himthat hadreceivedhis sight‘. Andthey

askedthem‘

, saying’

, Is this your son'

who'

ye say'

was bornblind'? How thendoth° he nowsce

‘

f His parents answeredthemandsaid', We know that this is our sbn‘, andthat he wasbornblind‘

: but by whatmeans he nowseeth'

, we knownot‘

or who hath openedhis eyes’

, we knownot‘

. He is of'

age

ask him. He shall speak for himselfThese words spake his parents

’

because they fea redtheJews‘: for the Jews hadagreeda lready

'

that if anymandidconfess that he was Christ

'

he shouldbe put out of the syna

gogue‘

. Therefore“saidhis parents

'

, He is ofage‘: ask him‘

.

Thenaga in"calledthey the manthat hadbeenblind’ , and

saidunto him’

Give Godthe praise‘ we knowthat thisman

is a sinner . He answeredandsa id’ , Whether he is a sinneror not

’

, I do not knbw’

: one thing I know’

, that' whereas', I

was blind', nowI sé é'

.

Thensaidthey to himaga in‘

,W hatdidhe to thee ’

l— howopenedhe thine eyes

"! He answeredthem'

I have toldyoua lready

‘

, andye didnot hear'

: Wherefore wouldye hear itwill ye also be hisdisciples

’

?

Then they revi ledhim‘

, andsaid', Thouart his disciple‘

,

but we areMoses’ disciples‘. We knowthat Godspake untoMbses‘; as for this fellow'

, we knownotwhence he is . The

man answeredandsaidunto them'

, W hy‘

, hereinis amarvellous thing

’

, that ye knownotwhence he is’

, andyet'

, he hath

Openedmine eyes . Nowwe know that Godheareth not sinners

'

: but if anymanbe a worshipper of God’ , anddoeth hiswi ll ’ , himhe hea reth ‘

. Since the worldbeganhas itnot beenheardthat amanopenedthe eyes of one thatwas bornblind‘

.

If this manwere not of God', he coulddo nothing . Theymsweredandsaidunto him', Thouwast altogether borninsins‘

, anddost thouteach us Andthey cast himout‘.Jesus heard“ that they hadcast himout’ : andwhenhe hadfoundhim’

he saidunto him’

Dost‘ thoubelieve onthe Son

"in!r’thre. 5A . n’. °Dhth. Rovil’dhim” -not, revilsdim. Oflé rd

3i

216 snLE o'rioss INmost .

of God'? He anstveredandsaid', Who is be'

, Lord'

, that Imay believe onhim"! AndJesus saidunto him’ , Thouhastboth seenhim’

,

“

andit is he that ta lketh with thee‘

. Andhesaid', Lord

'

, I believe‘

.—Andhe worshippedhim‘

.

AndJesus said’, For judgment“ I amcome into this world’ ;that they who see not

’

,may see‘

, andthat they who see'

,maybemade blind‘

. Andsome of the Pharisees that were withhim’

, heard“ these words‘

, andsaidunto him’

, Are we blindslso

'

l Jesus saidunto them’

, Ifyewere blind’

, ye.wouldhave

no sin‘; butnowye say'

,We seé

‘

: therefore your sinrema ineth ‘

.

SE CTION VI.

bidustry necessary to the Atta inment ofE kqmmca—Wnn.

THE.

history cf the worldis full of testimony to prove howmuch depends uponindustry. Not aneminent crate r has livedbut is anexample of it. Yet, incontradictionto all this, the

almostuniversal feeling appears to be , that industry caneffect

nothing, that eminence is the result of accident; andthat everyonemust be content to remainjust what he may happento be.

Thus,multitudes, who come forwardas teachers andguides,suffer themselves to be satisfiedwith the most indifferentc attainmtants,d anda miserable mediocrity, without so much as

inquiring how theymay rise higher , much less, making anyattempt to rise. For any other art they wouldhave servedanapprenticeship, andwouldbe ashamedto practise it inpublickbefore they hadlearnedit. If any one wouldsing, he attendsamaster, andisdrilledinthe very elementary principles ; andit is only afler '

themost laborious process that hedares to exer

cise his voice inpublick. This he does,‘ though he has sca rcelyany thing to lea rnbut themechanical executionofwhat lies insensible forms before the eye. But the extempore‘ speaker,who is to invent, as well as to utter , to carry onanoperationof themind, as well as to produce sound, entersuponthe workwithout prepa ratory discipline, andthenwonders that he failsIf he were learning to play onthe flute for publick exhibition,howmany hours anddays wouldhe spendin

'

ving facility tohis fingers, andin attaining the power of e sweetest andmost expressive execution! If he were devoting himselfto theorgan, howmanymonths andyears wouldhe labour , that he

‘Jfidje’ménF not, judge'munt. liHé rd. °In-dlf’fhrlbnt. dAt- tfinfo

menus‘Dhl c ‘E kl - tém’pb- ré .

218 summons rs most .

methodical, verbose, inaccurate, feeble , trifling ! It has beensaidof the goodpreacher, that truths divine comemendedfromhis tongue.

”A las !they come ruinedandworthless from

such a manas the one here des cribed. They lose that holyby which they a re to convert the soul andpurifyman

“ ven, andsink, ininterest andemcacy, below the level of

themprincipleswhich governthe ordina ry affairs of this lowerworld.

SE CT ION VII.

OnE loquence—W 137.

Tau.me', then‘, youwho are capable ofdoing it'

, what isthisdivine eloquence

"! W hat the charmby which the orator

binds the senses of his audience ‘

;- by which he attunes‘, and

touched, andsweeps the humanlyre'

, with the resistless sway'

andmaster handof a Timotheus"! Is not the whole mysterycomprehendedinone word' SYMPATHY"! I mean'

, not'

merely that tender passionwhich quavers the lip‘, andfills theeye

'

, of the babe whenit looks on the sorrows andtears ofanother',but that stillmore delicate andsubtile qua litybywhichwe passively catch the very colours

‘

,momentum'

, andstrengthof themindto whose operations we are attending

‘

; which converts every speaker to whomwe listen', into a Promstes

‘

, andenables him'

, for themoment', to stretch or lop our faculties tofit the standardof his ownmind‘.If there is not something ofthis secret intercourse fromspirit

to spirit'

, howdoes it happenthat one speaker sha ll gradua llyinvade andbenumb all the faculties ofmy soul', as if I werehandling a torpedo

’

; while another sha ll awaken andarouseme', like the clangour of the martia l trumpet"! Howdoes ithappen

'

, that the first shall infirse hispoor spirit intomy system‘

,

lethargiz e my native intellect', andbring downmy powersexactly to the level of his aim"!or that the last sha ll descenduponme like anangel of light

‘

, brea the newenergies intomyframe‘, dilate my soul with his own intelligence

‘

, exalt meinto a new andnobler regionof thought

‘

, snatch me fromthe earth at pleasure

'

, andwrapme to the seventh heaven"!And', what is still more wonderful', howdoes it happenthatthese different effects endure so long alter the agency of the

speaker has ceased"! insomuch‘

, that if’

, a lter listening to thefirst speaker

'

, I sitdown to any intellectual exercise'

,my performance shall be unworthy evenofme‘

,andthe numb-fish

Chap. III. onmonomer .

"2 19

visible andtangible inevery sentence‘

after havingattendedto the lastmentionedorator

'

, I enter on the sameamusement', I shall be astonishedat the eleva tionandvigour ofmy ownthoughts

‘

; and'

, if I accidental lymeet with the sameproductionamonth or two whenmy ‘mindhas '

lost

the inspiration'

, I shall sca rcely be able to recognise it formyownwork"!W hence is a ll this"!Tome itwouldseem', that itmust pro

oecd' either from‘

the subtile commerce betweenthe spirits of

men',which lordVerulamnotices' andwhich enablesthe speakerthereby to identify his hearer with h imself, or else

'

, that the

mindofmanpossesses', independent ofany volitiononthe partof its proprietor

'

, a species of pupilla ry faculty ofdilating andcontracting itself inproportion to the pencil of the rays of

light which the speaker throws upon it‘

; which dilationor contraction

'

,as inthe case of the eye

'

, cannot be immediately andabruptly a ltered‘.W hatevermay be the solution', the fact

'

, I think 18 certainlyas I have statedit‘: andit is remarkable that the same effect is

produced”, though perhaps ina less degree

'

, by perusing booksinto which different degrees of spirit andgenius have beeninfused‘. I amacquaintedwith a gentlemanwho never sits

down to a composition inwhich he wishes to shine'

, without

previously reading'

,with intense application'

, halfa dozenpagesof his favourite

'

Bolingbroke‘. Having takenthe character and

pulse of that writer’smind', he declares that he feels his pen

flowwith a spirit not his andthat', if in the courseof his -work

'

, his powers begin to [anguish‘, he finds it easyto revive andcharge themafresh fromthe same never -failingsource‘

.

If these things are not visionary'

, it becomes important to aman'

, for a new reason'

,what books he reads‘, andwhat com

pany he keeps‘

, since'

, according to lordVerulam’s notion

'

, aninflux of the spirits ofothers

'

,may change the native characterof his hea rt andunderstanding

'

, before he is aware of it‘

; or'

,

according to the other suggestion'

hemay so habitually contractthe pupil of hismind', as to be disqualifiedfor the comprehensionof a great subject

'

, andfit only formicroscopick observations‘. W hereas

'

, by keeping the company', andreading the

works'

, ofmenofmagnanimity andgenius only'

, he mayreceive their qualities by subtile transmission' andeventuallyget the eye

‘

, the ardour', andthe enterprise of aneagle'

.

But whither amI wandering"! Permitme to retum‘

e—Adomitting the correctness of the principles first mentioned', it

220 sameness 1s racstz.

wouldseemto he a fair conclusion’ , thatwhenever anoratorwishes to knowwhat effect he has producedonhis audience

'

he . shouldcoolly andconscientiously propoundto himself thisHave

yImyself, throughoutmy oration

’

, felt those

cogent convictions ofj nt’ , andthat pure andexaltedfire of the soul ’, with which wishedto inspire others

For’

, hemay rely uponit’

, that he cannomore impart or (touse lordBacon’

8 word,) transmit convictions andsensationswhich he himself has not’ at the time , sincerely felt , thanhecanconvey a clear title to property inwhich he himself has no

ti

.ng'

l

l

l‘

hrs leadsme to point out a faultwhich I have oilennoticed‘.Following

.

up too closely the coldconceit ofthe Romandivisionof anoration, some speakers set aside a particular part oftheirdiscourse ’

, (mually the peroration 1a which they take it intotheir heads that they will be pathetick

‘

. Accordingly’

, whenthey reac

h this part’

, whether it be promptedby the feelings or

not’ , aamighty bustle commences‘. The speaker pricks up hisears

‘

elects his chest‘

, tosses his arms with hysterical vehemence’

, andsays everything which he supposes ought to afi’

ect

hishmhearers

’

, but it is all invain‘

for it is obvious that every

phe says is promptedby the head‘, and’ , however itmay

p ay his ingenuity andfertility‘

, however itmay appea l to the

admirationof his hearers'

it will never,strike deeper

‘

. The

hea rt: of the audience will refuse all commerce exceptwith theheart ofthe speaker

‘

; nor’

inthis commerce , is itpossible , byany disguise however artful

’

, toto impose false ware uponthemHowever the speakermay labour to seemto feel’ , howevernearhem

i

t

-

1

gapproach to the appea rance of the reality

’

, the heart’

,

neve eless’

possesses a keen’

, unerring sense which neverfails todetect the imposture‘

It wouldseemas ifthe heart ofmanstamma secretmark onall its effusions’

which alone can

give themcurrency‘

, andwhich no ingenuity , however adroit'

,

cansuccessfirlly counterfeit‘.

I have beennot a"

littledivertedinlistening to some of thesefine craters .who deal almost entirely inthis pathos ofthe head‘.They practise the start

’

, the pause‘—make animmense parade

of attitudes andgestures’

, andseemto imagine themselveswounds‘. The heart’ , all the

trick that is playedat? to ca;ole her’

,

andsitting serene andcomposed', looks onandsmiles at ‘he

Caspar’s sense of feeling, andsusceptibility ofmetallick andmagnetick excitement; wereh also very extraordina ry. When

professor Daumer, by way of experiment,‘ heldthe north poleof a magnet towards him,‘ he put his handto the pit of hisstomach , and, drawing his waistcoat inanoutwarddirection,remarkedthat themagnetdrewhimthus, andthat a current ofless powerfirlly ; andhe saidthat it appearedlike a current ofair blowinguponhim.

Inmga rdto his sensibility to the presence ofmetals, andhispower todistinguish themfromeach other merely by his feelings, one or two instancesmay sufi ce. Onentering a store

filledwith hardware,he immediately hurriedout again, being

afi'

ectedwith violent shuddering, andcomplaining that he felt adrawing sensationinevery pa rt of his body, andinall

'directions at once. Upona person

’s slipping a goldcoininto Cas

’s handwithout his seeing it, he immediately remarked, thatfelt goldinhis hand. At a time whenCaspar was absent,

professor Daumer once placeda goldring, a brass andsteelcompose, anda silver drawing penunder some paper, andinsuch amanner that itwas impossible for himto see whatwasconce aledunder it. Mr. Daumer thendirectedhimtomove hisfinger over the paper without touching it. He didso ; andbythe difference ofthe sensationandthe power ofattractionwhichthe variousmetals causedhimto feel at the points ofhis fingers,be accuratelydistinguishedanddescribedthemall, each fromthe other , according to its respectivematter andform.

With a viewto deceive him, Caspar was once required, inthe presence ofseveraldistinguishedgentlemen, to runhis hand

paper, when, as they supposed, nothing was concealedAftermoving his finger over it, he exclaimed, “ there

itdraws. But this time,” re pliedprofessor Daumer, as he

withdrewthe paper , youaremistaken, for nothing liesunderit.

” Caspar seemed, at first, to be somewhat embarrassed; butputting his finger againto the place where he thought he hadfelt thedrawing, he assuredthemmore positively thanbefore,that he there felt a drawing. The oil cloth was thenremoved;andluponmaking a stricter search, a needle was actually foundaner it.

Butnotwithstanding the interest andinstructionto bederivedof Caspar

’s physical andphysi

aspect, the contemplationof his intellectual powers andoftheirdevelopment andoperation, after having lainso longdormant,‘

‘E ks- slte’mé nt. l'Vlfé r.

eE ks-pé t’é ‘mdnt. ‘To

'

hrds him—not.toq rd'sim. Dbr'mAnt—not,munt.

pily hcentransferredto amore , where itwill benourished bustlingworld. ’

SE CTION XI.

Tra its (f Indian“ (tw o— IRVING.

Tans is something inthe character andhabits ofthe Northsavage

'

, takeninconnexionwith the scenery over

which he is accustomedto range'

, its vast lakes‘

, boundless foraests

‘

, majestick rivers'

, andtrackless . plains'

, that is'

, tomymind’ , wonderfully striking andsublime ‘

. He is formedfor“the wilderness

‘

, as the Arabis for‘the desert‘. His nature is

stern‘, simple'

, andenduring‘

; fittedto grapplewith difiiculties'

,

andto support privations‘. There seems but little soil inhis

hea rt“for “

the growth of the kindly virtues'; andyet'

, ifweWouldbut take the trouble to penetrate through that proudstoicismandhabitual taciturm'ty which lock up hifromcasual observation’

, we shouldfindhimlinkedto his fellowmanofciviliz edlife bymore ofthose sympathies anddo

fections thanare usually ascribedtoItwas the lot of the unfortunate aborigines of America '

, inthe ea rly periods of coloniz ation

'

, to be doubly wrongedby thewhitemen‘. They have beendisposses seddof their hereditarydomains bymercenary andfrequently wantonwarfare

‘

; andtheir cha racters have beentraducedby bigotedandinterestedeWriters

‘. The colonist

'

. has oftentreatedthemlike beasts of

theforest‘

; andthe author“. h‘

as endea trouredtojustify himinhis outrages

‘

. The former foundit easier to extermina te thanto aniline— the latter

'

, to vilify thanto

appellations of savage andpagan' were deemedsufficient to

a r—not, fer, nor, f’r.

binhiz heart—not, iniz art. cto himh -n'

ot, to

int. l s- pdz - z é st'. eIn’té r ‘é st- éd.

but too successful inthe accomplishment ofhis diabolica l purpose. Dra'wing sud

denly a concealeddagger , he plungedit twice into the breast ofCaspar, who, alterlingering th ree days, expiredof hiswoundsu The villa intied; and, at the date of

the latest accounts, he hadnot beenapprehended. Suspicionhadfa llenuponamerch ant ofBavaria .—It appea rs that LordStanhope hadnot takenCaspar to Eng

land; but, up to the time 0 h isdeath , hadcontributedto h is support at Anspach .

These extracts arenetdesignedto supersede the labours of theworthy translator of Caspar Hauser,

"but are presentedwith the viewofbringing these laboursinto notice—of recommending to the readin portionof the community , one of themost interesting andva luable publications 0 the presentday—a cheaplittle volumewh ich opens a new andr ich veinof instruction, notunworthy the attentionof thephysiologist, the natura list, andthe philosopher

MO tanner-toss 111most .

to livewith you’

, but fbr the injuries of oneman‘. 6 >|onelCresap

’

, last spring’

, incoldblood‘

, andunprovoked'

,murdereda ll the relatives ofLogan

‘

, not sparing evenmy“ womenandchildren‘. There runs not a dmp ofmy‘ bloodinthe veinsof any living creature‘

. This calledonme for revenge‘

. I

have sought it‘

. I have killedmany‘. I havefully gluttedmy'

vengeance‘. Formy“ country’

, I rejoice at the beams ofpcacc‘:

harbour a thought thatmine is the joy offea r’

: Loo

never felt fear‘. Hewillnot turnonhis heel'

. to save his

fo‘. Who is there tommfor Logan‘l Not

SE CT ION XIV.

Tn sachems‘, chiefs’ , andwarriours of the Seneca nation'

,

to the sachems andchiefs assembledabout the great council-fire‘

of the sta te ofNew-York.

Brothers‘—As youare oncemore assembledincouncil’ , for

the purpose ofdoing honour to yourselves andjustice to yourcountry

’

, we’

, your brothers’

, the sachems‘, chiefs’ , andwarriours of the Seneca nation

’

, request youto Openyour care’

,

andgive attentionto our voice andwishes‘.Brothers

’—Youwill recollect the late contest betweenyouandyour father

‘

, the great king of England‘

. This contestthrewthe inhabitants"of the whole islandinto a

andcommotion‘, like a raging whirlwind‘

, which tears up thetrees

'

, andtosses to andfro the leaves’

, so thatno one knowswhence they come’

, or whenthey will fall‘

.

Brothers’ —This whirlwindwas so directedby the Great

Spirit’

, as to throwinto our arms two ofyour infant‘children‘,

Jasper Parrish'

andHoratio Jones‘. We adoptedtheminto ourfamilies’, andmade themour ~We lovedthem’

, andnourishedthem‘

. They livedwith usmany years‘. At lengththe Great Spirit spoke to the whirlwind

'

anditwasA clear anduninterruptedsky appeared

‘

. The path ofpeas.was opened

’

, andthe cha inof riendship wasbught

‘

. Then these’

, our 11 optedchildren’

, left us to seek

their relatives‘. We wishedthemto rema inamong us‘, andpromised', iftheywouldreturnandlive inour country'

, to give

'l ld'. ”In- hhb'é ‘ttnts—not, tunts. °In'f5nt. d hll'drén—not,dun.

0 Godsa id.Let there Inlight ; andtherewas light.

samenessmroams.

Were“not those sweets', so humgyshed’

That haif—those weeping e

Andthe sunk heart that inly ed’,Heaven’snoblest sscrifies'l'b

Thenthat hast slept inerrour’s sleep

’

,

heh

'

fiwld't thou gyheaven

’

,

0 kneel‘ e

Love andbe forgiven.

SE CTION XVIII.

There’snothing true butHeavem—Moonn.

'rnuworldi. all

’

afleeting show’

,

Themiles ofjoy’ , the tears ofwo’,Deceitful shine’ , deceitful flow‘

There 'snothing true’but Heaven

Andfilmthe light onglory’s plume’,As fading hues of even

‘

;

Andlove', andhope’

, andbeauty’s bloom’,

Ans blossoms theredfor the tomb‘There ’

sn ing bright’

butHeaven‘.

Poor wanderers of a stormyday’,Fromwave to wave we .

’redriven‘

;

Andfancy’sflash ’

, andreason’s ray’

,

Gone but to li ht the troubledway‘

There ’s nearing ca lmbut Heaven‘.

Secret Deeotion.-In.

Asdowninthe sunless retreats of the ocean,Sweetflowers are springingnomortal canmy soul, the still prayer ofdevoti

b the world, rises silent° to Thee,My , s ilente to theePure,warm, silent° to Thee

Bo, deep inmy sea l, the still prayer ofdevotion,Unheardby the world, rises silent° to Thee.

Al still to the star of its'

worship,though clouded,

The needle points faithfully 0 or the dimsea,

80, dark as I roam, inthiswintry worldshrouded,The hope ofmy spirit turns trembling to Thee,My God, trembling to Thee ;

True, fond, trembhng to Thee30, dark as I roam, inthis wintry worldshrouded.The hope ofmy spirit turns trembling to Thee.

awk .bSl lr’re- t

'

lz e. °si’

lent —not, si’laut.

Chap. r an,soar. inmurmur.SE C

’I‘

ION XIX.

The Soul inE ternity.- Bimox.

sewraps this sufl'

erin clay’

Ah’

, whither strays the immor mind“lIt cannotdie’, it cannot staBut loamitsdarkened ust behindM, “me

gs:as

steps p t'e ve we

Orné l ’ , at once’, the realms of sp

’aoe‘;

A thing of eyes that all survey‘l

E ternal boundless’, undeeayedH

A thoughtunseen’

, but seeing allAll

'

, all inearth or‘

ehiesdispla ed’Shall it survey

’

, shall it r

E ach /fixinter tr’

ace thatmemoryholds’

80 darkly ofdepartedyears ,Inone broadglance the soul beholds’,Andall thatwas

’

, at once appears‘.

Its eyes shall roll through chaos back'

;

And’, where the fi rthest heavenhadbirth’

,

The spir it trace its rising track‘.

And’, where the future’ more ormakes’,

Its glancedilate o’er all to be

’

,

While sun’ is quenched’

, or system“ ble-i t’,

inits owneternity‘.

Aweor love‘, hope'

, hate’

, or fear

It lives all passionless andpure‘:

Anago shall fleet like earthly you";

Its cars asmoments? shall endure‘.Awa away

‘

, without a wing’,

O’er all

'

, through all’

, its thought shallA nameless andeternal thing',Forgetting what itwas todie

SE CTION .XX.

Henry the Fourth’s Soliloquy onSleep—SW

Howmany thousands ofmy"l poorest subjectsAre

'

, at this hour’, asleep

‘! O’

, gentle sleeNature’s° soil nurse ‘

: howhave Ifrighte thee’,That thounomore wiltweighmya eyelidsdown

’

.

Andsteepmydsenses intbrgetfiilness‘?Why rather

’

, sleep’

, liest theninsmokym ‘

,

Uponuneasypa llets stretching thee'

,

‘Dhth. ‘Sls’tém. °M6’ménts. ‘Mé . ‘Ni

’

tlm

Chap. III. woman’s wannmc:E venof theirmutual hideousness they died',Unknowing who he was uponwhose browFamine hadwritten’ The worldwas voidThe populous andthe powerful were a lump‘

,

Seasonless'

, herbless‘

, treeless'

,manless’, lifeless‘A lump ofdcath ‘— a chaos of ha rdclay

‘.

The rivers‘, lakes‘

, andocean’

, all stoodstill’,Andnothing stirredwithintheir silentbdepths

‘.

Ships sailorless lay rotting onthe sea’

,

Andtheirmasts fell downpiecemea l‘; as they dropped’,They slept onthe abyss without a surge

‘.

The waves weredead‘; the tides were intheir grave‘

,

Themoon’, theirmistress’, hadexpiredbefore‘

;

The winds were witheredinthe stagnant air’

;

Andthe clouds perished‘. Darkness hadno need

Of aidfromthem’—she was the universe‘.

SE CTION XXIII.

Lochiel’s Wuming .

— CAMPBE LL‘VIZ ABD.

Locum’

, Lochiel’

, beware of the day’

W henthe Lowlands shallmeet thee inbattle arrayFor a fieldof the deadrushes redonmy sight

’

,

Andthe clans ofCullodenare scatteredinfight‘.

Theyrally

’

, they bleed’

, for their kingdomandcrown‘;W 6 w6’ to the riders that trample themdown‘!

ProudCumberlandprances’, insulting the slain’ ,Andtheir hoof- beatenbosoms a re trodto the plain‘

.

But hark‘!through the first-flashing lightning ofwar ‘,Wha t steedto the desertflies frantick andfiir ‘?’Tis thine‘, oh Glenullin

‘!whose bride shall await’,

Like a love- lightedwatch -fire’

, all night at the gateA steedcomes atmorning‘

: no rider is there‘;But its br idle is redwith the signofdespair

‘.

Wé ép’, Albin’! todeath andcaptivity led

‘!

Oh ,’

but thy tears cannot number thedeadFor amerciless swordonCullodenshall wave’,Culloden’! that reekswith the bloodof the brave‘.

Go'

, preach to the coward thoudeath- telling seer‘!

Or’

, if go‘

ry Cullodenso dreadful appear’

,

Draw’

, dotard'

, aroundthy oldwavering sight’

,

Thismantle‘, to cover th e phantoms offright‘.ltl

'

é énd. ‘si'lent—not sl’lsnt.

Chap. IV. wns'rmsrnnnsann,

267

nience’ , are to be accountedsubmissions , not to the personhut to the occasion‘

SE CTION II.

Reflections onWestminster Abbey.—AnnrsoN

WHE N I amina serious humour ’ , I very oftenwalk bymyself inWestminster Abbey ‘

, where thegloominess ofthe place’andthe use to which it is applied

’

, together with the solemnityof the building

‘

, andthe conditionof the people who lie init’

,

are apt to fill themindwith a kindofmelancholy’

, or’

, rather'

,

thoughtfulness'

that is notdisagreeable‘. Yesterday I passed

a whole sitemoon in the church -yard‘

, the cloisters’

, andthechurch

’

, amusingmyselfwith the tombstones andmscnptionswhich Imetwithmthose several regions of the dead‘. Mostof themrecordnothing else of the buriedperson, but that hewas bornonone day

’

anddiedonanother ‘; two circumstancesthat are commonto allmankind‘. I couldnot but lookuponthose registers of existence

“, whether ofbrass ormarble ’

, as a

kindofsatire uponthedepartedpersons‘

, who hadleftno other

memoria l of themselves’ , than’ , that they were born’

, andthatthey died

‘.

Uponmy going into the church ’

, I entertainedmyselfwiththe digging of a grave

‘

, andsaw’

, inevery shovelful of it thatwas thrownup

’

the fragment of a bone or scull’ , intermixedwith a kindof fresh’

,mouldering earth ’

, which”

, some time or

other , hadhelda place inthe compositionof a humanbody‘.

Uponthis’

, I beganto consider withmyself ,

’ what innumerablemultitudes of people lay confusedtogether under the pavement”of that ancient° cathedral‘; howmenandwomen‘

, friends’

andenemies , priests

’

andsoldiers‘,monks’ andprebendanes’ , werecrumbledamong one another', andblendedtogethermthe samecommonmass —t- howbeauty‘

, strength’

, andyouth’

, W 1th oldage

‘

, weakness’

, anddeformity ’

, layundistinguishedmthe samepromiscuous heap ofmatter‘!After having thus surveyedthis greatmagaz ine ofmortality

’

,

as itwere’ mthe lump' I examineditmore particularly by

the accounts which I foundonseveral of themonuments‘,l E g-z ist

’énse—notmnseunse. I'Pave’ment. 'anc’tshént—not, in’ chant.

‘Wé l'. outdo-raw mu.

m SE LE CTIONS INmoan.

SE CTION IV .

OnSubscribing for Books.

[E xtract h onmur l eviewofDr. I nnolwPredonind.)

W : are sensible’

thatmanywill thinkwe havemeddledwitha theme which is wholly below the dignity of criticism‘

. W e

do not think so‘. We wouldnot’ , without object

’

, wound‘the

feelings ofMr . Emmoni , nor of anyman‘

; andit is pa infulto us to say what our notionofduty compel: us to say of this

work‘. We shouldnot have namedthe work

’

,hadit

,

notsuggestedto us,

thoughts thatwe deemequally true andimportant

‘

andremarks which we deemto be the appropriate

awardof legitimate criticism‘

.

We knownot howlarge aneditionofthisworkwas printed’

;

but there are four volumes of it’

, andthe expense must havebeenvery considerable

‘

. Just somuch patronage will be withdrawnfromsome work of rea lmer it‘. We hear

’

, andauthorshear

‘

, andeditors hear ‘, andprqieetors ofnewworks hear ‘

,

andevery litera ry man hea rs this grating anddiscordanttheme' Indeed’

, sir’

, I cannot subscribe to your work’

. I

amtormented’ , by day andby night‘

, at home andabroad', inthe house andby the way

‘

, inchurch andon’change

‘

, at ih

nerals andat theatres'

, bymbscflption-papers‘

. Here have I

beenappliedto thisday formy name for three newper iodica le',andfour newbooks

‘

. I amtaxedbeyondall endur ing ‘. Sub

scription rogues’

l I hadrather encounter a highwaymanwithhis pistols

’

, thanone of these fellows with his We

appeal to you’

,mydear book-maker', ifyouhave not heardallthis insubstance a hundredtimes‘

. Youneednot tellus’ , thatit goes straight to your commune censor ium(commonseat of

feeling) andthemedullarymarrow’

, with the causticity cf vit~riol

’

. What is the inference‘? “ Imust treat youall’ alike‘,

or subscribe',as I aminthe goodor the badfit” — andprobablypoet Emmons obta ins your name’

, anda manofgenius andta lents goes awaymortifiedandrejected‘.Because tenthousanddr ieellers andfo

'

ols are deserting theplough andthe work-bench ’

, andmerging goodlinkers inbadpoets

’

, andeditors’

, andbook-makers’ , shall the worldgo backto the ages ofbarba r ian? Shall the press be suspended?W ill youtrea t all the thousandprowlers

'

, who are dispersedover the country with subscription- papers

’

like a judgment of'Woond. "‘Im-pbr

’tdnt—not.amt.

274 snnno'norts titmoan.

willy , andhonourably employed‘. Ifmenwill mistakepowers

’

andinterpret a six years’morbidexcitement of a

weakbrain’

, for the visitings ofthemuse’

, and’

, inconsequence’

,

go onto blot andspoil such animmense amount ofcleanpape rwith the expensive characters of the press

’

, who canhelp it"!

Theymay ’

, perhaps’

, deserve pity’

; but duty .mquires’ , thattheir example be heldup as a warning to others

‘.

SECTION v.

Ir is ofgreatuse to consider the pleasures which constitutethey are disti hedinto Natura l and

Fantastical. Natural Pleasures I callthose which , notdepending onthe fashionandcaprice

‘of any particular age or nation,

are suitedto humannature ingeneral, andwere intended, byProvidence, as rewards for using our faculties agreeably to theends for which they a re givenus. Fantastica l Pleasures are

those which , having no natural fitness to delight our minds ,presuppose some pa rticular whimor taste, accidentally prevailing ina set of people, to which it is owing that they please,

Now I take it, that the tranquillity andcheerfitlness withwhich I have passedmy life , are the effects of having, eversince I came to yea rs ofdiscretion, confinedmy inclinatiomto the former sort of pleasures. But, asmy eXperience"canbea rule only to my ownactions, itmay probably be a strongermotive to induce others to the same scheme of life, if they,

wouldconsider thatwe are promptedto natural pleasures, byaninstinct impressedonourminds by the Author of our nature,

° who bestunderstands our frames, and, consequently, bestknows what those pleasures are which will give us the least

inthe pursuit, andthe greatest satisfactionintheanjoyment"of them. Hence it follows, that the objects of ournatura l desires are cheap, andeasy to be obtained; it being amaximthat holds throughout thewhole systemof createdbeings,

“ that nothing ismade invain,”much less the instinctsandappetites ofanimals, which the benevolence,° as well as thewisdom, of the Deity, is concernedto provide for. Nor is the

fruition of those objects less pleasing,easy : andthe pleasure is heightened

axapreé se’.

bE ks-pé'ré - éme-

g—not,unse. Wi t-hare. dEn-jbé

'mtnt

Chap. IV. NATURALurnruus'

rrcn. rmsuxm. 215

answeredsome natural end, andthe consciousness ofactinginconcertwith

'

the Supreme Governounof the Universe.

Under natura l pleasures, I comprehendthose which are universa lly suited, as well to the rational, as the sensual , part ofour nature . Andof the pleasures which affect our senses,those only are to bedeemednatura l; that are containedwithinthe rules ofreason, which is allowedto be as necessary anih

gradient of human‘

nature, as sense. And, indeed, excesses ofany kind, are hardly to be consideredpleasures, much lessIt is evident that a desire terminatedininoney, is fantastical.

So is the desire ofoutwa rddistinctions,which bringno delightof sense , nor recommendus as useful tomankind; and, also,the desire of thingsmerelybecause they are newor foreign.Men

.

who are indisposedto a due exertionof their higher faculties, are drivento such pursuits as these, fromthe restlessnessof the mind, andthe sensitive appetites

’being easily ,

satisfied.It is, insome sort, owing to the bounty ofProvidence, that, disdaining a cheap andvulgar happiness, they frame to themselvesimagina ry goods, inwhich there is nothing that canraise desire, but the difficulty of obta ining them. Thus,menbecomethe contrivers of their ownmisery, as a punishment to themselves, for departing fromthemeasures ofna ture. Having, bya habitual reflectiononthese truths, made themfamiliar, theeffect is, that I, among a number of persons who have debauchedtheirnatural

~

taste, see things ina peculiar light,whichI have arrivedat, not by any uncommonforce of genius, oracquiredknowledge, but only by unlearning the false notionsinstilledby customandeduca tion.

The various objects that compose theworld, were, by nature,formedto delight our senses ; and, as it is this only thatmakesthemdesirable to anuncorruptedtaste , a .manmay be saidnaturally to possess them, whenhe

'

possesses those enjoymentswhich they are fittedby nature to yield. Hence, it is usualwithme to consider myself as having a natura l property inevery object that administers pleasure‘ tome. WhenI aminthe country, all the fine seats near the place ofmy residence,andto which I have access, I regardasmine. The same I

think of the groves andfields where I walk, andmuse onthefolly of the civil landlordinLondon, who has the fantastical

pleasure“ofdrainingdry rent into his coffers, but is a stranger

to the fresh a ir andr ural enjoyments . By these principles, I

ampossessedof half a ‘

doz en.of the “finest seats inEngland,'Plé zh’nre.

976 m ore 11!moan.

which, inthe eye of the law, belong to certainofmy acquaintanws, who, being menofbusiness, choose to live nea r the

court.In some great families, where l choose to passmy time , a

stranger wouldbe apt to rankme with thedomesticks , but, inmy ownthoughts andnatural judgment, I ammaster of the

house, andhe who goes by that name, ismy steward, whoeasesme of the care of providing formyself theandpleasures of life.

W henI walk the streets, Iuse the foregoingnaturalmaxim,namely : That he rs the true possessor of a thing , who erg

'

oys

it, andnot he that owns itwithout the enjoyment of it ; andtoconvincemyself that I have a prope in the gay part of a ll

the gilt chariots that Imeet, which regardas amusements"designedto delightmy eyes, andthe imaginationof those kindpeople who sit inthem, gayly attired, only to pleaseme, I findthat I have a rea l, they only an imagina ry, pleasure,° fromtheir exterior embellishments. Uponthe same principle , I have

discoveredthat I amthe natural proprietor of all the diamondnecklaces, the crosses, stars, brocades, andembroideredclotheswhich I see at a play or a birthnight, as they givemore naturaldelight to the specta tor , thanto those that wea r them. AndI

look onthe beaus andladies as somany paroquets inanaviary,or tulips in a garden, designedpurely for my diversion. A.

gallery of pictures, a cabinet, or a library, that I have free ac

cess to, [ thinkmy own. Ina word, all that I desire, is theuse ofthings, letwho will have the keeping ofthem; bywhichmaximI amgrownone of the r ichestmeninGreat Britainwith thisdifference— that I amnot a prey tomy owncares, or

the envy of others. 7

The same principles I findofgreatuse inmy private economy.

,

As I cannot go to the price of history painting, I have

purchased, at easy rates, several beautifully designedpieces oflandscape andperspective, which aremuch more pleasing to anatural taste, thanunknownfaces ofDutch gambols, thoughdone by the bestmasters. My couches, beds, andwindow-curtains, are of Irish those of that nationwork veryfine , andwith a delightful mixture ofcolours. There 1s not a

piece ofchina inmy house but I have glasses ofall sorts, andsome tingedwith the finest colours ; which are not the less

pleasingbecause they are domestick, andcheapertoys. E very thing 13 neat, entire, andclean, andtaste of one who wouldrather be happy, thanbe thought rich.

{Jildj'rné nt—not,munt. t’Arnh ze’ménts. cPlé zhklre.

31 8 mmrons 111most .

bitter‘

, andfiesh is loath' to prove it‘: besides’ , the

of it brings terrors"; andthat exceeds the evil ‘. Ido not be

lieve that anymanfears to be ‘

dead’

. He fears on]ofdeath ‘

. I cherish the hope’

, that ifHeavenbe pleasedto

renewmy lease but for twenty-one yearsmore’ , I shall then’

,

without asking longer life’

be strong enough to acknowledge’

,

withoutmourning ’

, that I was bornamorta l ‘.Why shouldmanbe in love with his ers

’

, though of

gold‘

? Art thoudrownedinsecur ity? henthoua rt per

fectly dead‘

; for though thoumovest’ , yet thy soul isbur iedwithinthee’ , andthy goodangel eitherforsakes his gua rd

'

, or

sleeps‘. There is nothing under the heaven’

, save a truer iend’

, unto whichmy hea rt leans‘

. Reli'

ous freedomhathgottenme this peace

‘

, that Imournnot i31 that endwhichmust be'; nor do I spendone wish to have onemito the uncertaindate ofmy years‘.Were we to observe eventhe heathenmaxim’

, memento(“r emember we shouldnot become benighted

with this seeming '

, earth lyfelicity'

; but enjoy it as those pre.

paredto give itup at the b1dding of the great Donor‘

,andnot

intwine our thoughts andafi’

ections aroundso per ishing a for

Howcanany one but the vota ry ofpleasure'

, be nuready to quit the veil andfalse visage of hismortal perfecnon"!The soul

’

, whenshe has shakenoff her hesh'

, will setup'

, or’

,

rather’

, be setup’

, for herself The souls of idiots a re doubtless composedof the same materials as those of

Nowandthennature is atfault‘

, being thwa rtedinher operations‘; andthis goodly guest of ours takes lodgment’ inanimperfect body

‘

,andis thus preventedfromdisplaying her won

ders‘

: like anexcellentmusician‘, who cannot performwell ona defective instrument‘.But see how I amswerved’ , andthrownout ofmy course ’

,

by touching uponthe soul‘, which’

, of all things’

, has the leastto do with dea th ‘

. Hisp

style is the endof all the

opening to incorruption‘. This ruler ofmonuments‘ leads his

victims’ , for the most part’ , out of this worldwith their heels

orwa rd‘

, thereby giving token that his course is contrary toife

‘.Menenter headlonguponthewretchedtheatre of life',where

their first act opens inthe language ofmourning‘. I cannot

more fitly compare manto any thing thanto the Indianfigtree

‘

, which’

, having attainedits full is saidtodecline

;t h. l u’it. eFbr’tshhns. dStdtes’mé n. °L6dj

’mbnt. 'Nbu’hméats—not,munts. ‘

lmtv.

m summons rsmoon.perhaps the one is as painful as the other

‘. He thatdies inan

earnestpursuit’

, is like one that iswoundedinhot blood‘

, who‘

,

for the time’ , scarcely feels the hurt‘. Therefore a mindbenthatwhich is good

’

thereby averts the terrours ofdeath‘

.

opens the gate to goodfame‘

, andextinguishes envy‘

.

Thus spoke the Christianphi losopher‘

; but’

, onthis theme',no philosopher ever pouredforth such

,a sublime strainof tri

umphant rapture’

, as that utteredby the great apostle of the

Gentiles‘ “ I amnowready to be ofered andthe time ofmydeparture is a t hand

‘. I have fought a goodfight

‘

; I have

finishedmy course’

; I have kept the Fa rm Hencefo'

rth there

rs laidup forme a crownof r ighteousness‘

, which the Lord’ ,the righteous Judge

’

, will giveme at thatday‘

: andnot tomet ”

only’

, but’

, also’

, unto a ll themthat love his appearing

SE CTION VII.

Ugly Women— NE WMONTHLYMAGA Z INE .

Tnnancient inhabitants of Amathus, inthe islandofCy

prus, were themost celebratedsta tuaries in the‘

world, whichprofessionthey almost ’

exclusivelyj

suppliedwith gods andgoddesses. E very one

,who hadamindto be invogue, orderedhis

deity fromthese fashionable artists : evenJupiter himselfwashardly consideredorthodox and'worshi -worthy ,unless emanating fromthe establishedPantheonof t e Cypriots ; and, as to

Juno , Venus,Minerva , andDiana , itwas admittedthat the bada peculiar knack intheirmanufacture ; and, itneeds ha y beadded, theydrove a thriving trade inthese popular goddesses.Butthismonopoly provedmore favourable to the fortunes,

thanto the happiness of the parties. By constantly stra ining above

humanity, andaspirin to the representationofcelestial beauty ;—by fostering the ent usi their imaginations “

inthe pursuit of the beauidea lfi“they acquireda distaste, or, at least, anindifference,a formortal attractions, andturnedUp their nosesat their fair country‘women, for notbeing Junoes orMinervas.Not one of themequalledthemodel which hadbeenconjured

m, mac-

rims rs rmsomany attentions froma celebratedbelle of

amoment of tenderness, he couldnot refrainfromlaying his handon his heart, andexclaiming, Ah !

madam, if heavenhadonlymade youa negress, youwouldhave beenirresistible. ” Andthe same beauty, whentravellingamong the Swiss Cretins, heardseveral oft hemenejaculating,Howhandsome she is !what a pity that she wants aPlainwomenwere formerly so common, that they were

termedordina ry to signify the frequency of their occurrenceinthese happier days the phrase extraordinary

‘ wouldbemoreapplicable. However parsimonious, or evencruel, naturemayhave been inother respects, they all cling .

to admirationbysome solitary tenure that redeems themfromthe unqualifiedimputation of unattractiveness. One has an eye that, like

charity, covers amultitude of\sins ; another is a female Samp

son, whose strength consists ia her hair ; a thirdholds y ourafi

'

ections by her teeth ; a fourth is a Cindere lla , who winshearts by her pretty little foot; a fifth makes anirresistible ap

peal fromher face to her figure ,”andso onto the endof the

catalogue. Anexpressive countenancemay always be claimedinthe absence ofanydefinite charm3 and, ifeventhis be questionable, the party generally contrives to get a reputationfor

great cleverness ; and, if that be too inhumanlydisputed, envyitselfmust allow that she is excessively amiable.

”

Still, itmustbe acknowledged, that howevermenmay differas to deta ils, they agree as to results, andcrowdabout anac‘

knowledgedbeauty, influencedby some secret attraction ofwhich they a re themselves unconscious, andof which thesource has never beenduly explained. Itwouldseemimpossible that it shouldoriginate inany sexual sympathies, since wefeel the impulsionwithout carrying ourselves, eveninidea , heyondthe pleasure of ga z in andare evensensiblyaffectedbythe sight ofbeautiful chil ren: yet it cannot be anabstractadmiration, for it is incontestable that neithermennor womenare so vehemently° impressedby the contemplationofbeautyintheir own, as iri the opposite, sex.

_

This injustice towardsl o‘ur

i

ownhalf of humanity ,might beassignedto a latent envy, but that the same remark applies to

the pleasurewe derive fromstatues, ofthe proportions ofwhichwe couldhardly be jealous. Ugly statues may be left to their

'

fate without any compunctious visitings ofnature but but’

seamen‘na- re.l‘l‘l g

’nreg—not, fig’ht . ove'he‘mehue.mm.

0M n. s largoswellinguponthe throat. like a wen.

m summons l lmoan,Countenance, however, islnot within

'

.the reach of any of

these substances or combinations. It is a species ofmo r a lbeauty, as superiour to mere cha rms of surface, as 'mindis to

ma tter. It is, infact, visible spirit— legible intellect, diffusing

itself over the features, andenablingminds to commune witheach other by some secret sympathy unconnectedwith the

senses. The heart has a silent echo inthe face, which fre

quently carries tous a convictiondiametrically opposite to the

audible expressionofthemouth andwe see, through the ey es,

into the understanding of the‘man, long before it cancommu

nicatewith us by utterance.Q

This emanationof character is the light of a souldestinedtothe skies, shining through its tegument‘ ofclay, andirradia ting”the countenance, as the sunilluminates the face ofnature before it rises above the earth 'to commence its heavenly career .

Of this indefinable charm, all womenare alike susceptible. It

is to themwhat gunpowder is to warriours ; it levels all -

“

distinctions, andgives to the plainandthe pretty; to the timidandthe brave , anequal chance ofmaking conquests. It is, infine ,one among a thousandproofs of that systemofcompensation,both physical andmoral, by which a superiour Power is per

petually evincing his benignity ; affording to every humanbeinga commensurate chance ~

of happiness, andinculcatingupona ll,that when they turntheir faces towards heaven, they should

light fromabove, andbe animatedbyexpressionof love, resignation, andgratitude.

SE CTION IX.

E xtract.

Norwrmsr a itnmc the eagernesswith which almost all eduostedpersons disclaima belief in the supernatural, anddenounce, as . a Vulga r absurdity , the very notionof apparitions,yet thereare few, evenof the boldest andlea stcredulous, whoare not occasionally the victims ofthe very apprehensionswhichtheyderide ; andmany such have been ingenuous enough toconfess, that their skepticismreceives

'mme support fromtheirOccupiedwith professional toil, or engagedwith the objects

were‘méat. smash ing.

290 summits INmoss.

audits relations. Moral events address themselves still more

powerfully tomankind; andthrough the channel of the a ffec

tions, we are oftenrousedfroma lethargy thatwouldotherwise

prove fata l. Whendomestick afllictionpresses its coldh anduponthe heart, andthrows a blackness over nature,mate r ia lobjects almost cease to influence us ; theminddiscovers its trueplace inthe scheme of infinite wisdom, and, longing to followthedisembodiedspirit fromwhich it has beentorn, wouldalmostwelcome the stroke that shouldefi

'

ect its liberation. Such a re

some ofthemeans by which ordinaryminds are impressedwitha serious, though unacknowledged, awe of the unseenworld.The various phenomena of apparitionsmay be divided'

intotwo great classes z— Those which may be seenby severa l pe r

sons at the same tirno - andthose which are seenby only one

personat a time.

The first ofthesedivisions embraces two very opposite classesofphenomena . While it includes the supernatural visionswhichwere displayedduring the Jewish theocracy, andat the estab

lishment of Christianity,‘ it comprehends, also, the whole sys

tem”ofimposture°which prevailedinthe heathentemples. The

extraordinarymanner inwhich the A lmighty deignedto holdconverse with his peculiar people, andthe miracles by whichour Saviour andhis disciples overpoweredthe incredulity of

their hearers, were specia l interpositions ofProvidence, renderedfor the accomplishing ofthe high objects ofdivine government.‘1But far different fromthese beneficent‘ revelations, were the

lyingmiracles of ancient idolatry. The sciences of the times,limited'

as they were , became, in the hands ofthe priest andthe magician, the unhallowedinstrumentsf of imposture, withwhich to operate upontheminds ofthe ignorant andthe credalous : andthus, the commonpeople, unacquaintedwith the

powers ofnature, andthe r esources of art, became the willingvictims of a base superstition.

The principal apparitions of former times, seemto have beenof anOptica l nature. The properties of lenses andconcavemirrors, andespecially that of forming images inthe air whicheludedthe grasp of the observer, andpossessedall the characteristicks of anincorporea l existence, were certa inly knowntothe ancientmagicians. Hence, it was ea sy to obtainfromiavertedandhighly illuminatedstatues andpictures, aerial represcutations of their gods andheroes, or oftheir departedfriends.But though such apparitions hadthe requisite resemblance to

“Kris- tsh é l'Sis'tém—not, tum.

°Im- p69’

tshure.dGhv

’hm

ment. ‘Bé - h ef'e- sént. fln’strn‘mé nts.

Chap. IV . rutnosornv or separa tor s. 29]

their prototypes, they still wantedthe appearance of real life.

Thisdefect, however , they were able to supply. They possessedthe art of giving anerect positionto inverted

o

unages, so that itwas easy to exhibit“ erect apparitions inthe air .

Other sources of such apparitions asmay be seenby several

persons at once, have their origin inparticular functions of

visionitself; andto thedeceptions which spring fromthem, thebest andthe least informeda re equally liable. The thousandandone apparitions, which , fromage to age, have continuedtoterrify the wane , andthe ignorant, have generally presentedthemselvesduring the hours oftwilight anddarkness ; atwhichhours the imagination steps in as an auxiliary

” to physical

causes. A t such times, all objects, fromthe obscuritymwhichthey are involved, are Seenwith difficult) . This obscurity of

objects , combinedwith certain affections andsingula r changeswrought upon the organs of vision, powerfully contributes tothe productionof illusionsmthe dark. It 1s a curious circumstance , that the spectres ofthis kind, are always, as they oughtto be, white, because no other colour canbe seeninthedark ;andthey a re always created, either out of inanimate Objectswhich reflectmore light thanthose aroundthem, or which are

projectedagainst amore luminous ground, or they are formedout of humanbeings or animalswhose colour or change of

piece renders themmore visible inthe dark.

SE CTION X.

Phi losophy ofAppa r itions—Continued.— Ib.'

Ihm'r class of appa ritions which canbe seenonly by one

personat a time,may originate inthree different causes. First,theymay be the result ofmere optical illusion, presentedto a

personof the soundestmindandinthemost perfect health , or

of certainphysical affections of the eye, occasionedby sometemporary derangement“ of its functions, andexaggeratedbythe imagination.

C

Secondly , theymay have their originentirelyin the imaginationwhen. renderedmorbidby anearly- instilledanddeeply

?sea tedbeliefmapparitions, andwhenexcitedbyloca l associations. Thirdly , theymay arise , inpersons of the

soundestminds andwith the best regulatedimaginations, froma diseasedstate of the vital functions, -exhibiting

"themselvesinopenday, andeveninthemidst of the social circle.

'E gz -bib’it. I’Avrrg

°Dé ~ranje'mént—not,munt. ‘E gz -hlb

’

it-lng

Chap. IV . rnm'rurrv or run0111111011 . 995

nions arts of the concentratedstrength of empires’ ,have beenfrequently

"andperseveringly

‘applied

‘

w—The bloodof her sons andher daughters has streamedlike wa ter ‘

; the

smoke of the scaffoldandthe stake'

, where they wore the

crownofma rtyrdominthe cause of Jesus'

, has ascendedinthick volumes to the skies

‘

. The tribes of persecution havesportedover her woes

’

, anderectedmonuments’ , as theyimagined’ , of her perpetua l ruin‘. Butwhere are her tyrants

‘

,

andwhere their empires‘

? The tyrants have long since goneto their

”

ownplace‘

; their names have descendeduponthe roll

of infamy ‘

; their empire s have passed’ , like shadows', over therock

‘

; they have successively disappea red’

, andleftnot a tracebehind‘!But what became of the Church? She rose fromher ashes’

,

fresh inbeauty andmight‘; celestial glory beamedaroundher ‘;she dasheddownthemonumentalmarble ofher foes’ ; andtheywho hatedher ’ , fledbefore her

‘. She has celebratedthe funera l

of kings andkingdoms that plottedher destruction’

; and'

, withthe . inscriptions ,

of their pride’

, has transmittedto posterity therecords of their shame‘

.

How sha ll this phenomenonbe - expla ined‘

? We are’

, at the

presentmoment’ , witnesses of thefact‘

; but who canunfoldthemystery‘

? The book of truth andlife’

, hasmade our wonder cease

‘

. The Lordher Godin the midst of her'

, is

His presence° is a founta inof hea lth

‘

, andhis protection

'

, a“ wa ll of He has betrothedher’ , ineternal

covenant’

, to himself. Her living Head’

, inwhomshe breathes’

,

is above‘

, andhis quickening spirit sha ll neverdepa rt fromher‘.Armedwith divine virtue ’

, his secret‘

, unobserved', enters the hearts ofmen’ , andsetsup aneverlastingkingdom‘

. It eludes all the vigilance’

, andbaffles all the power'

,

of the adversary‘. Ba rs‘, andbolts

'

, anddungeons’

, are no oh

stacles to its approach‘

: bonds‘, andtortures’

, anddeath’

, can.

not extinguish its influence‘

. Let no man’s heart tremble’

,

then’

, because of fear‘. Letnomandespa ir ’

(inthese days ofrebuke andblasphemy ’

) of the Christiancause‘. The ark is

launched’ , indeed’

, uponthe fioods‘

; the tempest sweeps a longthedeep

‘

; the billows break over her onevery side ’

; but Jehovah - Jesus has promisedto conduct her insafety to the havenof

peace‘

. She cannot be lost'

, unless the.pilot perish

‘.

'Staws'mé n—not, mun.l>l"ré ’kwént- lé .

°Pré z’éuse—not, unsc.

d s’

pé l—not, G6s’

pl.

890 summons 11!moss.

SE CT ION XII.

Dr . Johnson’s Letter to the E a r l of Chesterfield.

Mr LORD : I have beenlately informedby the proprie tor of

the World, that two papers inwhich my Dictiona ry is recommendedto the publick, were writtenby your Lordship. T o be

sodistinguished, is anhonour, which , being very little accustomedto favours fromthe great, I knownot well how to re

ceive, or inwhat terms to acknowledge. When, upon some

slight encouragement,‘ I first visitedyour Lordship, Iwas over

powered, like the rest ofmankind, by the enchantment"ofyouraddress ; andcouldnot forbea r to wish that Imight boastmyself “ the conqueror of the conqueror of the ea — that I

might obtainthat regardforwhich I sawthe worldcontendingbut I foundmy attendance so little encouraged, that neitherpride normodesty wouldsuflé rme to continue it. WhenI hadonce addressedyour Lordship inpublick, I hadexhausteda ll

the art of pleasingwhich a retiredanduncourtly scholar can

possess. I haddone all that I could; andno manis wellpleasedto have his all neglected, be it ever so little .

Sevenyears,my Lord, have now passedsince Iwaitedinyour outwa rdrooms, or was repulsedfromyour door ; duringwhich time I have beenpushing onmy work through difliculties, ofwhich it is useless to complain, andhave brought it, atlast, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance ,one wordof encouragement, or one smile of favour. Suchtreatment Ididnot expect, for I never hada patron° before .

The ShepherdinVirgil g1ew,at last, acquaintedwith Love ,

andfoundhima native of the rocks.

Isnot a patron,°my Lord, one who looks with unconcernon

amanstruggling for life inthe water, andwhenhe has reachedground, cucumbers himwith help? The notice which youhavebeenpleasedto take ofmy labours, hadit beenea rly, hadbeenkind; but it has beendelayedtill I amindifferent, andcannotenjoy it ; till I amsolitary , andcannot impa rt it ; till I amknown, anddo not want it. I hope it is no very cynical as

parity not to confess obligations where no benefit has beenre .

calved, or to be unwilling that the publick shouldconsidermeas owing that to a patron,

° which Providence has enabledtodo formyself.Having carriedonmy work thus far ,

'

with so little obto any favoure r of learning, I shall not be disappointedthough

'Eu-kh r'rldje-méat. l'E n- trlhant’rnént. ‘Ph’trfin.

Chap. IV . srnncnor cams 111111108. 299

not be disappointedinme‘

, andthat their indirect designs‘

againstme' shall be frustra ted‘.

Frommy youth '

, I have beenfamiliar with toils andwithdangers

‘

. W henI servedyoufor no rewardbut'

that of honour ’

, I wasfa ithful to your interest‘

: andnowthat youconferreduponme a place ofprofit

'

, it is notmy design"tobetray you

‘

. You have committed to my charge the waragainst Jugurtha

‘

. At this’

, the pa tricians are qfl'

énded‘. But

where wouldbe the wisdomofgiving such a commandto oneof their honourable body

‘

l— to a person of illustrious birth ’

,

of ancient"family’

, of innumerable sta tues’ , but’

of noE XPE RI E NCE

"!c What service wouldhis long line Ofdeadancestors

'

, or his multitude ofmotionless statues’ , render hiscountry in the day of BATTLE

"l W hat couldsuch a general

do ’

, amidstdifficulties to which he himself is unequal’ , but’ , inhis trepidationand have recourse for directiontosome inferi our commander“! Thus', your pa triciangeneralwould’ , infact

'

, have a general over him‘

; so that the actingcommander wouldstill be a plebeian

‘.

d SO true is this ’

, mycountrymen', that I havemyselfknownthose whowere chosenconsuls‘

, thento beginto readthe history oftheir owncountry‘

,

ofwhich’

, until that time ’

, theywere tota lly that is

they first procuredthe qflice‘

, andthenbethought themselvesof the qua lifications necessary for the proper discha rge of its

duties‘

.

W hena comparisonismade betweenpatricianhaughtinessandplebeian

‘ I submit it to your judgment’ ,f Romans', to determine onwhich side the advantage lies‘. The

very actions ofwhich they have only r ead I have partly seen'

,

andpa rtlymyself achieved‘

. W hat they know by reading'

,

I knowby eap é rience‘

f They are pleasedto slight“mymean

amm‘

: I despi te their mean CHARACTE RS’ W ant of birth

andfortune is the objection againstme‘ want of persona lworth

'

, aga inst them‘. But’ , are not a llmenof the same spe

cies’

? What canmake a difer ence between one man andanother

'

, but the endowments of the mind‘

? For my part’ , Ishall always look uponthe bravestman’ , as the noblestman‘.Suppose it were inquiredOf the fathers of such patricians as

Albinus ‘

, andBestia whether’

,were!r they to have their choice’

,

they woulddesire sons of their character’

, or Ofmine’, whatwouldthey answer ‘, but

’

, that they wouldwish the wbr thiest tobe their sons"! If the patricians have reasonto despiseme’

, let

'Dé -slr1z e'- net, dé - z inz e. bino'tshé nt. °E ks-pé

’té ‘éuse—not, unse.

JPlé -bé’

yAu. Ig’nb‘

rhnt—not, rant. Jhdjc’mdnt—not,ment. ‘Wé r

sue summons 11 moss.

sentiments andanadoptionof the opinions andlanguage of

Inthe first sense’

, the charge is too trifling to be confutedanddeserves only to bementioned’

, that itmay bedesp ised‘.

I amat liberty’

(like every otherman’) to use my own lan

guage‘

: andthough Imay’

, perhaps’

, have some ambition’

,

yet’

, to please this gentlemen,

"I shall not laymyself unde rany restraint‘, or very solicitously copy his diction

’

, o r h is

mien‘

, however maturedby age'

, ormodelledby eaper imce ‘

.

If by chargingme with theatrica l behaviour’ , anymanmeanto insinuate that Iutter any sentiments‘ butmy own', I shal ltrea t himas a ca lumnia tor anda V ILLA IN

‘: nor shal l any p ro

tectionshelter himfromthe treatment“ which he deserves‘. Onsuch anoccasion

’

, I shall’

, without scruple’

, trample uponall

those forms with which wea lth anddignity intrench themselves

‘

; nor shall any thing but age’

, restrainmy resentment? l—age

’

, which always brings one privilege— that ofbeing inandsuperei liouswithout punishment

But’

, with regardto those whomI have of'

ended’ , I amofthat

’

, hadI acteda borrowedpart’

, I shouldhaveavoidedtheir censure‘

. The hea t that ofl’

endedthem’

, is the

a rdour of conviction‘, andthat z ea l for the service ofmycountry

’

, which neither hope’

, nor fear’

, shall influence me tosuppress

‘

. I will not sit unconcerned’

, while my LIBE RTY is

invaded'; nor look insilence’ uponpublick ROBBE BY‘. I wiu

exertmy endeavours’ , atwha tever ha z a rd'

,to a rms]. the ag

gressor‘

, anddrag the thiq’to JusTmE ‘

,—whatpower scavrn

may protect the vi llany’

, andwnonvnnmay par take of the

plunder‘.

SE CTION XVI.

Onthe Death ofGen. Hamilton— DruNOTT .

HE yieldedto the force ofanimperious custom‘

; and’

, yieldmg’

, he sacrificed‘ a life inwhich all hadaninterest‘:— andheis lost

‘

; lost to his country‘

, lost to his family ’

, andlost tous‘

.

For this act’

, because he disclaimedit’ , andwasforgive him‘

. But there are those whomI cannot forgive‘. I

meannot his antagonist’ , over whose erring steps'

, if there are .

tears inheaven’, a piousmother looksdownandweeps‘t Ifhe

-Sé n'té ‘mé nts—not,munts. bJén’ ‘mhn—not,mun.

dRé - zbnt’mé nt—not, ré - z ént‘munt. eIn’sb‘lé ntf—not, lunt.csak

'rs‘fl zd. hPén’é ‘

tént.

Chap. IV ;a snortnuemng 807

onSta tesdissevered‘, discordant’

, belligerant‘

; ona . land‘matwith civil feuds', or drenched’ , itmay be'

, infraternal blood‘?Ifi t their last feeble andlingering glance rather beholdthe gor

sign of the Republick'

, now known andhonouredth roughout the earth

’

, still full high advanced’

, its arms andtreephies streaming intheir original lustre

’

, with not a stripe erasedor po

‘

lluted', nor a single star obscured— bearing for itsmotto '

no suchmiserable interrogatory as’

What is a ll thi s worth’

.7

nor those otherwordsofdelusionandfolly’

- Libertyfirst’

, andUnionafterward

’m hut eeerywhcre'

, spreadall over inchar

noters of living light , bla z ing ona ll its ample folds as theyfloatover the sea andover the land’ , andinevery windunder thewhole heavens’ , that other sentiment’ dear to every true American hea rt’—Liberty AND Union‘

, nowandr onnvun‘

, one and

SE CTION XVIII.

The BrokenHeart—IRVING .

Emuonemust recollect the tragical story ofyoung Emtnet‘, the Ir ishpatriot

‘: itwas too touch ing to be soonforgotten

‘. During the troubles

inIreland,’

hewas tried‘, condemned’, andeXeouted’, ona charge of trea

son‘.a His fittemade a deep impressiononpublic]: sympathy'. Hewas so

yotmg‘-ao intelligent

‘—so generous—ao bravc’—soevery thing thatwe

are apt to like ina youngman‘. His conduct under trial ’, too’

, was so

lefty andintrepid‘. The noble indignationwith which he repelledthecharge of treason against his country

‘—the eloquent vindicationof his

name - andhis pathetick appeal to posterity’

, inthe hopeless hour ofcondamnation’— al l these entereddeeply into every generousbosom’, andevenhis enemies lamentedthe sternpolicy thatdictatedhis execution

‘.

But there was one heart’, whose anguish itwouldbe impossible to describe Inhappier days andfairer fortunes

’

, he hadwonthe afi'

ections ofa beautiful andinteresting girl

’

, thedaughter of a late', celebratedIrishbarrister She lovedhimwith the disinterestedfervour of a woman’sfirst andearly love

‘. Whenevery Worldlymaximarrayeditself against

him’; whenblastedinfortune’, anddisgrace anddangerdarkenedaroundhisname', she lovedhimthemore ardently for his very sufl

'

erings‘. If

'

,

then’, his fate couldawakenthe sympathy evenof his foes', wha tmust

have beenthe agony ofher whose whole soulwasoccupiedby his image‘?Let those tell who have hadthe portals of the tomb suddenly closedbetweenthemandthe being theymost lovedonearth‘ -who have sat at itsthreshold', as one shut out ina coldandlonelyworld

’fromwhence all

thatwasmost lovely andloving haddeparted‘.

In1803. 1Mr. Curran.

316 summonsmremar .

SE CTION XX.

Antony’s Orationover Cesa r ’s DeadBody.

—Smx srnm.

a uns', Romans',myuntrymen‘!Lendme

I eome to bury Cesar , not to praise him'.The coil thatmendo’, lives after them‘

,

The good'

is ofi interredwith their bones‘:So let it be with Cesar ‘! Noble BrutusHath toldyou

'

, that Cesar was ambitiomIf itwere so

’itwas a gviwous fault

'

;

And rievously hath Cesar answeredit, under leave ofBrutus andthe rest

’

,

(ForBrutus 19 anhonourableman';So are they all

’

, all h6nourablemen’Come I to speakmCesar ’sflineral ‘.Ha wasmy friend‘, faithfiflandjust tomo‘:

But Brutus says’he was ambitious‘;

AndBrutus 1s anhonourableman’.He hath broug anhtm captiocs hOme to Rome’,W hose ransomsdid general cofl

'

ers fill‘:Didthis 1nCesar seemambitious”?W henthat the bar have cried’, Cesar hath wolf .

Ambitionshoul bemade of sterner stufl".Yet Brutus says he was ambitious’,AndBrutus 1s anhonourableman’.Youall didsee’, that’, onthe Lupercal

’

,

I thrice presenwdhima kingl crown‘;Which he didthrice rcfirsc

‘: as this ambition"!

Yet Brutus says he was ambitious’;And', sure', he is anhonourableman’.I speaknot todisprove what

t

spoke';

But here I am’, to speukwha do lmdw‘.Youalldidlose himonce‘

; not without cause‘,4W hat cause withholds youthentomournfor him‘?0 judgment‘! Thouartfledto brutish beasts’,Andmenhave lost their reason —Bear withme‘:My heart 18 inthe cofinthere with CesarAndImust pause till it come back tome\But y yesterda the word', Cesar’ ,m

Have stoodagainst the world‘2 Now

i

fig

he thsrv'

,

Andnone so poor [as]todo himreverenoe‘

OMasters‘! If I were disposedto stir

Your hearts andminds tomutiny andrage’

,

I shoulddo Brutuswron ‘

, andCassius wrongWho’, youall know

’

, are bnourablemen’.I will notdo themwrong—I rather chooseTowrong thedead

‘

, to wrongmself andyou,ThanI will wrong such honours lemen’.

Chap. IV. r ansums- serfsmm. ”3

Last Parting ofthe three IndianFem—11mW henshall we threemeet againOfl; shall glewin h ope expire,Oflshall weary ove

'

retire,Ofi shalldeath andsorrowreign,E re'we three shallmeet again.

The ’ todistant lands we his,Perchedbeneath a burning sky,Tho’ thedeep betweenus rolls,Friendship still unites our soulsAnd, infancy

’swide domain,

Ofl: shall we threemeet again.

’I‘hinnedbymany a toil tday,Wh enaroundthis you pineMoss shall creep andi twine,Longmay th is loved our remain,Ofimaywe threemeet aga in.

Whenthe dreamof life isfled,Whenthosewasting lamps aredead,When, incoldoblivmn’s shade,Beauty, wit, andpower are laid,Where immortal spirits reign,77cmmay we threemeet again.

SE CTION XXIII.

The Sa ilar -Boy’s Dream—Anemone.

ofmidnight’, the sailor -boy layHis hammock swung loose at the sport of thewintl‘;

Butwatch -wornandweary’

, his cares flewaway’,

Andvisions of happiness’ dancedo’er hismind‘.

Hedreamedof his home‘, of hisdoor native bowers’,Andpleasures thatwaitedonlife

’smerrymorn‘;

Whilememory stoodsidewise halfcoveredwithw ,

Andrestoredevery race'

, but secretedits tha n‘.

Thentime hermagical pinionsAnd the oun

g‘dreamer inecstasy rise

‘:

Now’, fin", far behind imthe greenwaters glide’,Andthe ect of his forefathers . blesses his eyes

392' meo'

rross rs ron'rsr .

eternity tomanE ternity

’—Thoupleasing’

, dre adfiil thought‘!

Through what variety ofuntriedbeing‘

,

Through whatnewscenes andchangesmustwe pass"The wide’, th

’unboundedprospect lies beforeme“But clouds

’

, anddarkness rest uponit‘.

Here will I hold‘. If there ‘s a power above us’,

(Andthat there is’, all nature cries aloudThrough all her work“) hemustdelight invirtue‘;Andthatwhich 'he

' delights ia'

,must be happy‘.Butwit h “!or where‘? Thisworldwasmade forI ‘mweary .

,of canjectures

‘—thismust endthem‘.

[La ying his handonhis sword.Thus I amdoubly armed‘. My death’, andMy bane andantidote ’, are both beforeJne ‘

.

This’ inamoment’, bringsme to anend‘;But informsme I shall never die‘

The soul’, securedinher smilesAt thedrawnda r

’

, anddefies its point‘.The stars shall 0 am‘

, the sunhimselfGrowdimwith age

’

, nature sink inyears’;

But thoushaltflourish inimmortal youth ‘

,

Unhurt amidst thewar of elements ‘

,

Thewreck ofmatter’, andthe crush ofworlds

SE CTION XXVI.

The Dying Chr istianto his SeuL—Porn.

Vrru. spark ofheavenly flame’,quilt

i'

, thismortal frame111

'

ng’

oping‘

, ling’ring

’, fly

'

Oh’, the pain'

, the bliss’

, ofdying‘lr

igCease’, fondnature

’

, cease thy strife’

,

Andletme languish into life‘.Hark‘!they whisper

‘: angels say

’,

Sister spirit’

, come awayWhat is this absorbsme quite‘?Stealsmy senses‘, shutsmy sight

‘

,

Drownsmy spirit’

, drawsmbreath?

Tellme‘,my soul', canthis death'?

The worldrecedes‘: itdisappearsHeav‘nOpens onmy e es

‘!my ears’W ith sounds ad'

aphick ring‘!

Lend’, lendyour wings

‘! Imount‘! I fly‘l

0 re'!w are is thy victory

‘?

death'!where is thy sting"!

CHAPTE R. V .

P'

R OMI S C U O U S PI E CE S.SE CTION I.

The Alhambra byMoonlight—Invnie.

I HAVE givena picture ofmy apartment onmy firstpossession

‘of it

‘

: a few evenings h ave producedchange inthe scene andinmy feelings‘.thenwas invisible'

has gradually gaineduponthe nights'

andnow rolls infull splendour above the towers

’

, pouring a floodof temperedlight into every court andhall‘. The gardenbenea thmy window'

, is gently lightedup‘

; the orange andcitrontrees

'

. are tippedwith silver‘

; the fountain"

. sparkles inthemoonbeams'; andeventhe blush ofthe rose'. is faintlyvisible‘.

I have sat for hours atmy window'

, inhaling the sweetness‘

of the garden}, andmusing onthe checkeredfeatures‘ of thosewhose history isdimly shadowedout inthe elegantmemoria lsaround‘. Sometimes I have issuedforth at

'midnight’.every thing was quiet

'

, andhave Wanderedover the wholebuilding

‘

. W ho cando justice to amoonlight night insuch aclimate'

, andin such a The temperature of

lusianmidnight insummer', is perfectly etherea l‘

.

liftedup into a purer atmosphere‘; there is a serenity of soul‘,a buoyancy ofspirits

‘

, anelasticity of frame, that rendermereexistence”. enjoyment‘. The effect ofmoonlight‘, too'

, ontheAlhambra '

, has something like enchantment“ E very rent andchasmof time‘

, everymoulderingteint andweather- staid, disap rs

‘

; themarble resumes its original whiteness‘

; the longco nnades b htenin

‘

themoonbeams‘; the halls are illumin,atedwith a so enedradiance',f until the wholeedifice remindsone of the enchantedpalace ofanArabian tale“ A

time', I have ascendedto the little

toilette'

, to enjoy its variedandextensive prospect‘.

right'

, the snowy summits ofthe Sierra Nevada ’

, wouldgleam'

,

'Pdz - z é sh’dn. bFil tm'tlnm-not, tbdn’

tn. °Fé'tshhrez .n- z lst

’énse

not, unset En- tshAnt’mé nt—not,ment. ‘Ri’dé -anse—not,u

’

nse.

894 mutat ions inmass.

like silver clouds’ , against the darker firmament', andall theoutlines of themountain’

. wouldbe soltened', yet delicate lydefined‘. My delight’, however ’ , wouldbe to leanover th e

parapet oftheTocador'

, andgaz edownuponGranada spreadout like a mapbelowme‘

all buriedin, deep its

white palaces andconvents sleeping’

, as itwere‘

, inthemoon-v

shine‘.Sometirnes Iwouldhear the faint sounds of castanets from

some party ofdancers' lingering inthe Alameda ‘; at othertimes', I have heardthe dubious tones of a guita r', andthenotes of a single voice

’

rising fromsome solita ry street’

, andhave picturedtomyselfsome youthful cavalier’ , serenading hislad’

s window‘

; a gallant customof former days', but nowy onthe decline

’

, except inthe remote towns andvillagesof Spain80011 are the scenes that havedetainedme formanyanhour',

loitering about the courts andbalconies of the castle ’

, enjoyingthatmixture“ of revery andsensationwhich

'

steal away exist

once' ina southernclimate‘d -andit has beenalmostmorning

before I have retiredtomy hed’ , andbeen lulledto sleep by(Infallingwaters of the fountainofLindaraxa

‘

SE CTION II.

Reflectim61: theMoslemiDomindti’oninSpa in. -

.Ih.

OR! ofmy favourite! resorts is the balcony of the centralwindow of the Hall ofAmbassadors’, in the lolly tower of

I have just been.

seatedthere'

, enjoying the close

of a long'

, brilliant The sun’

, as he sunk behindthepurplemountains of Alhama ’

, sent a streamof efi‘ulgence up

the fall?

of theDafro 5 that spreada melancholy '

pomp overthe in y towers of the Alhambra ‘

, while the Vega’

, coveredwith a s ht

’

, sultry vapour that caught the setting ray'

,

'

seemador

out inthedistance"like a goldensea ‘

t Not a breath

of a disturbedthe Sfillness‘ ofthe hour ‘; andthough the faintsoundofmusick andmerriirient‘newandthenarose fromthegardens of the Darro

'

, it but renderedmore impressive the

monumental silence of the pile which overshadowedme‘. It

e nnui

. minutia e -metahur. °E gz - lst'énse—not,ma.M'

vur‘lt. ‘Dls’

tfinse—not,dis’tunes.

‘Stll’né s—not, nis. GMé r’ré ‘rnént.0 One or the towers belonging to the A lbumin, the lendtdfortified in. at

ih Heart-l wines that fermorly reignedinGranada.'p P0

Chap. V . onHAND - WRITING. 327

that of theMorisco Spaniards‘. Where are they‘? Ask the

shores of Barbary anditsdesert places‘

. The exiledremnantof their once powerful empire'

, disappearedamong the barbarians of Africa

’

, andceasedto be a nation‘. They have noteven left a distinct name’

. . behindthem’

, though for“ nearly

eight centur ies theywere a distinct people‘

: The home oftheiradoptionandof

‘their occupationfor

bages

’

, refii ses to acknowledge thembut as invaders andusurpers

‘

A few brokenmonuments'. . are all that remainto bear witness to their poweranddominion’ , as solitary r ocks left far inthe interiour ’ , beartestimony to the extent of"some vast inundation‘. Such 15 theA lhambra ‘

z— aMoslempilemthemidst of a Christianland‘;anomenta l palace ’

. . amidst the Gothick edifices of thewest‘;anelegantmemento of a brave

‘

, intelligent , andgraceful people

’

, who conquered‘

, ruled’

,andpassedaway

‘.

SECTION 111.

E xtract—RomBliss‘ Talisman, of 1828:WHE N one has nothingwhich 13 actually newor interesting

to say upona subject'

, it is a questionwhich very naturallysuggests

"itself to the reader ’ , why he writes about it at all"!

I’

, therefore'

, suppose this questiondirectedtomyself‘; andreply

’

, with perfect honesty’

, that'

, inmaking such remarks asoccur to me on the subject of chirography

'

I amfulfilling a

promise‘

, andalso writing a prefaced to a story which I have

to tell’.

I have hadreasons formeditatingmuch onthemystery ofhand-writings

’

, thoughmy reflections have resultedinno newdiscoveries‘; andI have neither solvedany of the paradoxes

'

nor come to a definite conclusiononany of thedouhtfii l pointswith which the subject 1s pregnant

‘

. The firstdifficulty whichwas sug ested"tomymindabout it’ , occurredinearly childhood‘. couldnot discover howthe rapping ofme over theknuckles with a long

’

round’, lignum-vitmruler’, until thosearticulations weree discolouredandlame’ was to assistmamusingmy fingers with ease andgrace , incopying the pithyscraps ofmorality which were“ set before me‘. Mymaster ’,however ’ , seemedto think itwas goodforme‘

. The poormanOW!r.

328 summons 11:moss.took a worldofpa irw

'

,andgaveme a greatmany’

, to ve rylittle purpose

‘

.

I certainlynever became a proficient in,caligraphy

’

. I have’

,

however’

, inthe Course ofmy life '

, beenconsoledformy own

imperfections onthis score', by observing scholars‘

,

andgentlemenat large’

, who pa ssedvery well in the world’

,

andobtainedprofessorships‘

, outfits’

, andsalaries'

, andthe

entré é into polite society’

,whose signsmanualwere”l1ieroglypbicks

‘

, which Champollionhimselfwouldgive up indespair ‘

.

Theirl

wholemanipulation’ , (as the learned° would with

pen‘

, ink’

, andpaper’

, produceda result so utterlyundeciphepable

’

, tha t'

, insteadof its painting thought’

, andspeaking to

the if their secreta ries or correspondents hadnot knownwhat they,

wantedto say’

, or to have saidfor them'

, the personsinterestedintheir despatches

'

,might as well have beenintheinnocent situationofJohnLump andLooneyMactwalter ’ ,whenthey hadmixedthe billyI have knownlawyers anddoctors whose autographick out

pourings the solicitor andapothecary alone understoodbyprofessional instinct‘: andyet

’

, the bills inchancery ofthe former ',fairly engrossed

’

, producedsuits that a re not yetdecided‘

; andthe prescriptions ofthe latter

’

, foundtheirway into the patient’s

system’

,

aandcauseda great efi

‘

ect‘.

There is one thing'

, however'

, onwhich I havemade upmyminddecidedly ‘

; which is’

, that one who‘writes so detestable a

handthat he cannot readit himself’ , acts inanimpropermanner", andabuses the

. giftwhich Cadmus was goodenough to

introduce into Europe‘

.

The character ofmy own‘wnting seems somewhat amendedsince time has laidhis frosty handuponmy head’, andcrampedthe joints ofmy fingers‘. It is less capricious inthe variety ofdirections inwhich the letters run', andless luxuriant ingretaitous additions to their tops andbottoms', andnatural terminations‘. They lookmore like a platoonof regularless like amilitia training‘;more like anarrangement producedby the agency of humanintellect’ , andless like the irregularscratchesmade by the brute crea tioninthe surface of the soil

‘

so that I get alongwithout anymaterial difiiculty‘

,andhave’

,

indeed’ , beensometimes complimentedonthe elegance ofmywriting

‘o

That the intellectual andmoral character of a personmaybe ascertainedfromhis hand-writing

’

, is a theory‘ whichmany

SE LE CTIONS IN PROBE .

whensigning treaties onhorseback'

to cultivate a clear runninghand’. Distinguishedas he was above othermenin his fame

his fortunes’

, I believe wemay also concede to himth e

of havingwrittenthe worst’

, possible hand'

, deciphe r able by human ingenuity‘

. Andwhenwe find’ , fromthe fa c

similes of some of his ea rly despatches’

, how abominably h eapelled

‘

, as well as wrote’

, we are ledto infer ’ , that a defectiveeducation‘

, andaneagle- eyedambitionwhich soonbegan to

gaz e too steadily a t the sun'

, to regardthe motes inthe atmohphere

’

,will sufficiently account for amatter ofso small immr tance to so great aman’

, without resorting to metaphysicaldid’to account for his badwriting

‘.

But to leave this droughty andp‘

rosing disquisition’

, I ammindedto i llustrate both the evils andthe advantages ofbadorillegible writing

’

, by incidents‘ which have occurred’ , or are

easily supposable'

, inreal life‘

. My poor oldmaster ’ , aga instcherish no malice’

, notwithstanding his frequent fustigationofmy youthful knuckles", whenhe despa iredofmy profiting’

, either by the unctionof his precepts‘

, or the

a re applicationof his ra ler’

, endeavouredtofr ightenme intoamendment by examples‘

. He composedformyuse'

, a digestedchronicle ofcasualtieswhich hadbefa llenthosewho perpetratedunseemly scrawls‘

; andalter themanner of Swift’ , entitledhistract

’

, God’s Revenge against I have longsince lost the precious gift

‘

; but I have not forgottenall the

legends it containedThe tale is oldof the E nglish gentleman”who hadprocured

for his frienda situationinthe service of the E ast India Company

'

, andwhom put to unprofitable expense bymisreadinganepistle

’

, inwhich the latter endeavouredto express his grati

tude‘. saidthe absentee’

, beenthus placedina

postwhere I amsure of a regula r salary’

, andwhere I have it

inmy power ’ , while I enjoy health’

, to lay up something every

year to provide for the future’

, I amnotunmindful ofmy benefactor

‘

, andmeansoonto sendyouan Such a

villanous handdidthis grateful Indianwrite’

, that the gentleman“ thought hemeant soonto sendhimanelephant‘. Accordingly

’

, he erecteda large out-house for the unwieldy butnever got any thing- to put into it

'

, except a little pot of sweetmeats’

, andanadditiona l bundle of compliments‘.Fewwho have readthe newspapers

’

have not seenananecdole of anamateur of queer animals who sent anorder toAfrica for twomonkeys‘

. Theword- two’

as he wrote it", so'In'sé -dé nts—not.dunts. "J‘

én’t hn—not,mun.

Chap. V . onHAND- WRITING . 33]

resembledthe figures 1 that his literal andsingle-mindedagent

‘ was somewhat perplexedinexecuting this commission‘

,

as it compelledhimtomake wa r onthe whole nation‘

Andgrea twas the naturalist

’s surprise andperplexity, whenhe re

ceiveda letter , informing him, inmercantile phraseology'

, that80monkeys hadbeenshipped

’

, as per copy ofthe bill ol‘ladingenclosed’ , andthat his correspondent hopedtobe able to executethe rest of the ordermtime for the next vessel‘.Many'

, too’

,must have reada story which appearedmthe

E nglish newspapers , a fewmonths since , of the distressfulpredicament into which a poor fisherman’s wife was thrownbythe receipt of a letter fromher husband’ , who hadbeenabsentfromhome'

with several of his brethren, beyondthe ordinarytime". The honestmanstated, inpisca torial phrase , the causesof

“

hisdetention, andwhat luck he hadmetwithmhis fishing‘.

But the conclus1onof his bulletin’

, as spelledby his loving’

,

amphibious helpmate ’

, was as follows‘ 1 AMNO The

poor womanga z edawhile onthis fatal’ , official intelligence of

her husband’sdemise’, andthenon her elevennowfatherlessinfants‘, andthenshe burst into a paroxysmof clamoroussorrow ,which drewaroundher the consorts ofseventeenother

fishermenwho haddepartedincompany with the deceasedman‘ None of themcouldread‘, but they caught fromthe

widow’s broken lamentations' the contents of the supernatural

postscript‘

, andtaking it for granted'

, that they hadall beenservedin the same manner by the treacherous element’ theyall liftedup their voices , andthe corners of their aprons , andmade anululationworthy of soman

yr forsakenmermaids‘

. Inthe words of the poet

’

, theymade igh water inthe onwhose margin they stood‘, whenone of the overseers of the

poor’

, who came to the spot’

, alarmedby the rumour tha t theparish was like to be burdenedwith eighteennewwidows

’

, anda hundredandoddparcel of orphans

’

, snatchedthe letter fromthe weeping Thetis

’

, andsilencedthe griefof the company’

,thymaking out its conclusioncorrectly

‘ which was’

, I add710more‘

There 1s amemorable passage inour annals , whichmust befamiliar to those who have readthe oldchronicles andrecordsof our early

’

, colonial history‘

I allude to the consternationinto which the General Court of theMassachusetts’ , andtheirassociatedsettlements’

, were thrown’

, whentheir clerk readtothema letter fromaworthydivine’

, purporting’

, that he addressedthem’

, not asmagistrates, but as a set of IndianDecih ‘.

332 summons 1s racer .

aswas the clerk 1nE ngland - for whose proper psalma waghadsubstituted Chevy Chase ,

- whe11 he came to the words’

,

woful hunting . He lookedat themanuscript again‘

, anda lter a thorough exammation’

, exclaimed’ , yea'

!it is IndianA burst of indignationfromthe grave Sanhedrim'

long‘

, loud’

, anddeep’

followed this declarafion‘. Theywouldall have better brookedto be calledb the name ofBaptists

‘

, Papists‘

, or any other pestilent heretic s’

, than to hebrandedas the very heathen,whomthey hadthemselves neverscrupledto compliment by ca lling themchildrenofBeelz ebub‘

.

If I remember aright’

, the venerable CottonMa ther notes’

, inhis biographies of the eminent divines of his day ’

, that the

innocent offender was ’

, inthis instance'

, roughly handledbythe secular armofjustiee

'

, for insulting the'dignitaries both of

church andstate’

, before he hadanOpportunity of convincinghisbrotherdignitaries

’

, that the offensive epithet’

, IndianDevile’

,

was a puremistake intheir manner of reading his epistle‘

; ih

asmuch as he hadmeant to employ themore harmless phrase ’

,

Individua lr ‘. The apology was accepted‘

; ,though’

, I observe’

,

that the latter wordis’ , at present’ deemedimpolite ’

, if notactionable , inKentucky

’

andis as provoking to a

that state’

as it was to dame Quickly to becalleda woman‘

,

anda thing to thank Godon’

, by Sir JohnFalstafi"

.

SE CTION IV .

TheMonk.—STE RNE .

A roomMonk of the order of St. Francrs , came into the

roomto beg something for his convent‘. The moment I ca stmy eyes uponhim, I wasdeterminednot to give hima si

me‘

, and’ , accordingly'

I putmy purse intomy pocket',toneditup

‘

, setmyselfa littlemore uponmy centre ’

, andadvancedgravely up to him‘

. There was something’

, I fea r’

forbidding inmy look‘

. I have his picture thismoment beforemy eyes , andthink there was thatmitwhich deserves better ‘.TheMonk’

, as I judgedfromthe break inh is tonsure ’

(a fewscatteredwhite hairs uponhis temples being all that remainedof it

’ might be about seventy‘

but fromh is eyes’

, andthatsort offire thatwas inthem’

, which seemedmore temperedbycourtesy thanyears

’

, couldbe nomore thansixty—Truthmight lie between‘

. He was certainly sixtyjive'

, andthe gen

884 snnncrroas 111most .

licedowncounting over andover again the days of his amiction

’

, languishes also for his share of it‘. Hadyoubeenofth e

order ofmercy'

, insteadof the order of St. Francis’

, pI’

, pointing to’my portmanteau', full cheerful ly

shouldit have beenopenedto youfor the ransomof the unfortunate ‘

. The monk -mademe a bow‘

. But’ , resumedI', theunfortunate of our owncountry

’

, surely have the first rights“

;

andI have left thousands indistress uponthe E nglish shore‘.

TheMonk gave a,

cordial wave with his head’ , as much as to

say’

, No doubt‘

; there is misery enough inevery corner ofthe world’ , aswell aswithinour Butwedistinguish

’

,

saidI’ , layingmy handuponthe sleeve ofhis tunick’

, inreturnfor his appeal

’

, wedistinguish’

, my goodfather ’ , betwixt thoseWho wish only to eat the breadof‘their ownlabour ’

, andthosewho eat the breadof other people

’s’

, andhave no other planinlife thanto get through it insloth andignorancefor the loveqfGod

‘

l'

The poor Franciscanmadeno reply‘

; a hectick ofamomentpassedacross his cheek

’

, but it couldnot ta rry‘. Natureseemedto have done with her resentments in‘

him‘. He showed

none‘; but letting his staff lh ll withinhis arm’

, he pressedbothhis hands onhis breastwith resignation

’

, andretired‘.My heart smote ‘me themoment he shut '

thedoor‘. - Pshaw‘

!

saidI‘, with an air of ca relessness’

, three scrotal times‘. Butit wouldnot do‘

: - every ungracious syllable I haduttered’

,

crowdedbackuponmy imagination‘. I reflectedthat I hadnoright over the poor Franciscanbut to deny him‘; andthat thepunishment of tha t was enough to

»the

‘

disappointed'

, withoutthe additionofunkindlanguage

‘. I consideredhis gray hairs

‘

his courteous figure seemedto re-enter’

, andgently askmewhat injury he haddoneme‘

, andwhy I coulduse himthus?I wouldhave giventwenty liores for anadvocate - I have be.

havedvery ill‘

, sa idI withinmyself’ ; but I have only just setout uponmy travels’ , andshall lea rnbettermanners as I get

SE CTION Va

h was some time inthe summer of that year inwhich Dendermo'

nd.was takenby the allies’

, whenmy uncle Toby wasevening getting his supper

’

, with Trimsitting behindhimsmall sideboard—I say’ , sitting“, for ’ , inconsiderationof

ent er taini t! ros'r‘

itr .

It is not for as to bring our minds up to thismysterious agency’ .But’ , such is the incomrehensiblefact

‘

, that the someBeing’ ,whose eyeis abroadover the who e universe’

, gives vegetationto every blade of

gem-r

‘

, andmotionto every particle ofbloodwhich circulates throughveins oftheminutest animal‘ ; that’ , though h ismindtakes into i ts

comprehensive graspimmensity andall itswonders", I amasmuch

knownto him’, as iwere the single object ofhis attention‘

; that hemark: allmy thoughts‘ that he gives birth to every feeling andever;movement withinme‘ ; andthat’ ,with anexercise of power whichcanneitherdescribe nor comprehend’ , the same Godwho sits

.

inthehighest heaven

’

, andreigns over the glories ofthe firmament’ , is atmyht hand to give every breath which I draw’, andevery comfort

w’

eh I enfoy‘.

SE CTION XI.

Pleasures of Hope—Ch i rrn‘nnn.

W ith then', sweetHepe’ , resides the heavenly light’Thatpours remotest ra

lpture onthe si ht

‘:

Thine is the charmof ife’s bewilders way’,That culls each slumbering assioninto playW aitedby thy touch

’

, I 365 t e sister band’,

Ontigtoewatchin start at th command’,

And ywhere’er t ymandate ids themsteel",

To pleasure’s path

’

, or glory’sbright career

‘

,

Primeval Hape‘l the Aonianmuses say’ ,manandnaturemournedtheir firstdecay’W henevery formofdeath‘, andeve wo’,Shot fromm ant stars to earth be ow’ ;W henmurder aredher arm’ , andrampantwar’Yokedthe reddragons ofher Ironcar’ ;W henpeace andmercy', banishedfromthe plain’,Bpr onthe viewles swinds to heaven

A l’ , l forsook thefriendless’ , guil minBut hbpe’ , the charmer', lingereds l behlnd‘.Thus’ , while E lijah

’s burning wheels prepare'

FromCarmel’s heights to swab the fields ofAir’,

The pro het’smant e’ , ere his “

ghtD ontheworld’—a sacredgift toman‘.

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