Enduring challenges faced in Eternal City - Recycling ...

June/July 2012, No.5

Electronics Recycling Services obtains stunning results’ from

e-waste

OECD demands fair and free international scrap trade

BIR Convention in Rome Enduring challenges faced in Eternal City

01 o 1 12-06-12 1 :11

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V I E W P O I N T

Manfred BeckEditor

My friends and I often spend an evening play-

ing bridge at our favourite watering hole,

the Paranoid Parrot. And in the past, an old man

sitting at the bar would take an interest in our game.

As he was quite short in stature, everybody natu-

rally called him Long John.

On one occasion, when he saw me butcher a too-

high four spade contract my partner had put me in,

he shook his head and said: ‘If you don’t have a good

partner, you better have a good hand.’

One evening, André the barman informed us

the old man had passed away. We all felt downcast

and so found ourselves at the bar, discussing death

and dying.

‘Did you know,’ said my friend Gerald, who is fond

of trivia, ‘that more people - 150 per year - are killed

by coconuts than sharks?’ We said we didn’t know.

‘Also, you are more likely to be killed by a cham-

pagne cork than by a poisonous spider,’ he contin-

ued. ‘But be glad you’re not a praying mantis; the

female initiates sex by ripping the male’s head off.’

We shuddered at the idea of headless sex and

ordered more drinks with which to toast Long John.

After a contemplative silence, Jacques said: ‘That

reminds me of a joke about death I heard the other

day. An old man goes into the local newspaper office

and asks to place an obituary notice in the Births,

Marriages and Deaths column for his deceased wife.

The receptionist says it will cost him US$ 5 per

word. He spends a moment or two filling in the

form and hands it over to her, along with US$ 15.

The message says simply: ‘Doris is dead.’ ‘Oh, that’s

awful,’ she says. ‘But why only the three words?’

‘That’s all I can afford,’ he replies.

She looks quite upset and says: ‘Just let me have a

word with the editor to see what I can do.’ After a

moment or two, she comes back and tells him the

editor says he can have another three words free of

charge. So he takes the form and scribbles down

something else, before passing it back to her. She

picks up the form and reads: ‘Doris is dead. Car for

sale.’ A round of laughter followed, and we toasted

Long John once more.

Cesar, another of my friends, was not to be outdone.

‘Lying in a hospital bed, a dying man began to flail

about and make motions as if he would like to speak.

The priest, keeping watch at his side, leans over and

asks: “Do you have something you would like to

say?” The man nods and so the priest hands him a

pad and pen. “I know you can’t speak, but use this

to write a note and I will give it to your wife. She’s

waiting just outside.” Gathering his last ounce of

strength, the man scrawls his message on a piece of

paper which he then stuffs into the priest’s hand.

Then, moments later, he dies. After administering

the last rites, the priest goes to console the wife. He

hands her the note and says: “Just before passing on,

he wrote this message to you.” The wife tearfully

opens it up and reads: “Get off my oxygen hose!”’

After more toasts, I couldn’t resist a contribution

of my own. ‘An elderly man lies dying in his bed,’ I

began, ‘when he suddenly smells the aroma of his

favourite chocolate

chip cookies wafting

up the stairs. He gath-

ers his remaining

strength, lifts himself

from the bed and

crawls downstairs

gripping the handrail.

With laboured breaths, he leans against the door-

frame of the kitchen and sees literally hundreds of

his favourite chocolate chip cookies laid out on the

table. Is this heaven, he wonders, or a final, heroic

act of love by his devoted wife of 60 years to ensure

he leaves this world a happy man? He struggles

across to the table and is about to take his first bite

when his wife suddenly smacks the back of his

hand with a spatula. “Back off!” she says. “They’re

for the funeral.”’

Now my closest friends and

I are in our early sixties,

we often consider our own

mortality. But just before

the conversation becomes too

maudlin, the alcohol

kicks in...

Death at the Paranoid Parrot

‘If you don’t have a good partner, you better have a good hand.’

03 o 3 12-06-12 15:36

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T H I S I S S U ECoverstory

BIR meets in Rome

Enduring challenges faced in Eternal City / 20

Given all the pressures bearing down on the recycling industry, it

was certainly no Roman holiday for delegates at the latest Spring

Convention of the Bureau of

International Recycling (BIR)

where even some of the sector’s

most committed bulls were

succumbing to bearish

sentiment. But the well-attended

event in the so-called ‘Eternal City’

also highlighted the resilience of the

industry in the face of major economic

turbulence in Europe and slowing

momentum in the key Chinese market.

International Recycling (BIR)

where even some of the sector’s

most committed bulls were

succumbing to bearish

sentiment. But the well-attended




turbulence in Europe and slowing






Sections

3 Viewpoint6 Events Calendar8 News15 Product news50 Next issue

Markets Analysis

36 Ferrous scrap40 Stainless steel scrap42 Non-fer rous scrap46 Recovered paper47 Textiles

BIR

29 BIR Nickel & StainlessDifficult present - but a ‘bright’ future

30 BIR Non-Ferrous MetalsNew study to aid protectionism battle

33 BIR PaperFirm prospects for fibre exporters

34 BIR TextilesThe return of negative sentiment

35 BIR PlasticsItalian decree repealed - but concerns remain

International e-waste authority Electronics

Recycling Services has unveiled a series of

construction and decorative materials with

potentially industry-redefining qualities.

ERS obtains ‘stunning results’ from e-waste

17

The UK’s FibreCycle project has showcased the

fact that high-end products based on recovered

carbon fibres do possess notable commercial

potential.

According to the early findings of an OECD

inventory, some 19% of the world’s iron and steel

scrap exports in value terms could be said to be

subject to restriction of some sort.

From carbon fi bre waste to tailored technical fabric

International trade ‘far from free’, says OECD

4926

Leading UK car recycling network CarTakeBack

has recently expanded its activities to Australia

and New Zealand.

CarTakeBack goes ‘Down Under’

19

05 o 5 12-06-12 1 :13

6 June/July 2012

E V E N T S

12-14 September Amsterdam

(the Netherlands)

ICBR 2012International congress for battery

recycling - ICM

Phone: +41 627 851 000

Fax: +41 627 851 005

E-mail: [email protected]

www.icm.ch

11-13 September São Paulo

(Brazil)

ExposucataReciclagem Moderna

Phone: +55 115 535 6695

E-mail: exposucata@

exposucata.com

www.exposucata.com

11-13 September Birmingham (UK)RWM Exhibition

EMAPPhone: +44 207 728 3724Fax: +44 207 728 4200www.rwmexhibition.com

12-13 September Istanbul (Turkey)2nd Steel Scrap Conference

Metal Bulletin EventsPhone: +44 207 779 7222Fax: + 44 207 779 8294E-mail: [email protected]/events/scrap

12-14 September Stockholm (Sweden)11th Stainless and Special Steel Summit

SMR/Metal BulletinPhone: +43 567 272 737Fax: +43 567 272 737 99E-mail: [email protected]

17-19 September Florence (Italy)ISWA 2012

The world solid waste congressISWAPhone: +39 064 740 589Fax: +39 064 875 508www.iswa.com

18-20 September Gorinchem (The Netherlands)Recycling 2012

Trade fair for the recycling industryEvenementenhal GorinchemPhone: +31 183 680 680Fax: +31 183 680 600E-mail: [email protected]

Over the years, Exposucata has become

the barometer of the recycling industry

in Brazil and Latin America. This will

be the seventh edition of the interna-

tional expo and congress for the recy-

cling industry, which is the largest event

of its type in Latin America. It offers an

opportunity to learn about new tech-

nologies, and to discuss the current

situation and prospects for the recycling

industry in Brazil as well as in Latin and

Central America generally.

Alongside the exhibition, there will be

an extensive side programme of work-

shops and congresses.

For more information, contact:

Exposucata,

Phone: +55 115 535 6695,


www.exposucata.com

The 17th International Congress for

Battery Recycling (ICBR) is expected

to attract a wide range of delegates -

including recyclers, legislators, sci-

entists and other experts - intent on

gaining an update of latest develop-

ments affecting conventional batter-

ies or new hi-tech alternatives.

A number of high-profile speakers

will cover a broad spectrum of topics,

including: battery legislation world-

wide; safety issues & transportation

regulations; the great future for LEV,

EHV, PEHV and EV battery systems;

and recycling efficiency. The con-

gress is also offering plant tours to:

DELA in Dorsten (Germany); Umi-

core Battery Recycling in Hoboken

(Belgium); and Van Peperzeel in

Lelystad (the Netherlands).

An exhibition area will be integrated

into the conference facility where

vendors will be able to meet their

existing and potential clients. A

cocktail reception and networking

dinner are also on the itinerary.

For more information, contact: ICM,

Phone: +41 627 851 000,

Fax: +41 627 851 005,


www.icm.ch

11-13 September São Paulo (Brazil)Exposucata

12-14 September Amsterdam (The Netherlands)ICBR

19-20 September Dallas (USA)E-Scrap Conference

Resource RecyclingPhone: +1 503 233 1305Fax: +1 503 233 1356E-mail: [email protected]

19-21 September Shanghai (China)World Scrap Metal Congress 2012

TerrapinnPhone: +65 622 283 08Fax: +65 622 632 64E-mail: [email protected]

25-26 September Chicago (USA)26th Stainless & its Alloys Conference

SMR/American Metal Market Phone: +43 567 272 737 Fax: +43 567 272 737 99 E-mail: [email protected]

9-11 October Düsseldorf (Germany)Aluminium 2012

Reed Exhibitions Germany Phone: +49 211 901 913 07Fax: +49 211 901 911 22E-mail: [email protected]

28-30 October Barcelona (Spain)BIR Autumn Convention

Bureau of International RecyclingPhone: +32 262 757 70Fax: +32 262 757 73E-mail: [email protected] www.bir.org

6-7 November Warsaw (Poland)Identiplast 2012

Plastics EuropePhone: +32 267 532 97Fax: +32 267 539 35E-mail: [email protected]

7-10 November Rimini (Italy)Ecomondo

16th international trade fair of mate-rial & energy recovery and sustaina-ble development - Rimini Fiera Phone: +39 054 174 4492 Fax: +39 054 174 4475 E-mail: a.astolfi @riminifi era.it www.ecomondo.com

13-16 November Guangzhou (China)Electronics Recycling Asia

International conference & exhibition on electronicsICMPhone: +41 627 851 000Fax: +41 627 851 005E-mail: [email protected]

21-22 November Sydney (Australia)Australasian Waste & Recycling Expo

Trade show and conference for the waste and recycling industryPhone: +61 392 614 605E-mail: [email protected]

27-30 November Lyon (France)Pollutec 2012

Reed ExhibitionsPhone: +33 147 562 113Fax: +33 147 562 120E-mail: [email protected]

7 December Delhi (India)Metal and Steel Scrap Summit 2012

Global Business ConnectPhone: +91 124 404 8993 Fax: +91 124 404 8994 offi [email protected]

06 s 6 12-06-12 16:2

Naamloos- 1 01-05-12 14:26

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Increased production of electric vehicles (EV), projected to expand more than 80% by 2017 across Europe and Northern America, will result in a ‘tremen-dous rise’ in applications for plastics, according to new analysis from Frost & Sullivan. The US research consultancy says the need to improve EV mile range, paired with the inherent capabilities of plastics, will be the key driving force behind this development, with lightweight materials especially soaring in popularity. ‘EVs are typically characterised by huge batteries which add to the overall weight of the vehicle and affect the mile range. To compensate for the battery weight, metals are increasingly being substi-tuted by plastic,’ explained Frost & Sul-livan analyst Shree Vidhyaa Karunanidhi. She added that minor non-moving components, such as energy recovery devices, cooling pipes, pumps and

fans, represented ‘huge potential’. The report, covering plastics components used in a wide range of applications from power trains and battery casings to thermal management systems, says there will be a high degree of technical challenge involved in serving this mar-ket. It is predicted that 25 000 tonnes of technical plastics will be required by 2017, compared with just 200 tonnes in 2010, and the market will increase from US$ 500 000 to US$ 73 million. Mrs Karunanidhi cautioned, however, that the low current usage of plastics in some of these advanced applications in EVs in comparison with conventional, petrol-fuelled vehicles ‘poses a major restraint to market prospects. And EU end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling legisla-tion, which entails the use of recyclable materials, poses another challenge to market participants.’ www.frost.com

Electric vehicles ‘tremendous’ market for plastics

After years o f debate, a historic step has been taken in Aus-tralia with the opening of the first recycling facilities specifi cally for the treatment of end-of-life televisions, PC hard-ware and other elec-tronics equipment. The two new opera-tions, which also func-tion as e-waste collec-tion points, are located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). ACT’s Chief Minister Katy Gallagher believes this initiative ‘will help play a signifi cant role in improving the recy-cling rates of televisions and computers not only in the ACT but across the nation’, fuelling hopes that it might ‘alle-viate persistent issues regarding illegal dumping’.However, it is not the Australia and New Zealand Recycling Platform (ANZRP) which will be responsible for the han-dling of unwanted technology. Instead this role will be taken on by German

logistics authority DHL, which has revealed that its only recycling partner to date is Sony. The company’s South Pacifi c CEO Terry Ryan notes that the new recycling ven-tures are part of a ‘free scheme’, provid-ing an ‘on-going service’ so that resi-dents are able to dispose of items ‘at a time that suits them best’. He adds: ‘We are pleased to launch this service in con-junction with the ACT government and are looking forward to further expanding this service to over 100 collection sites across Australia.’ www.anzrp.com.au

The Supreme Arbitration Court of Russia has deemed former prime minis-ter Vladimir Putin’s ban on ferrous and non-ferrous scrap export to Far Eastern ports as unlawful. It has ordered the government of the Russian Federation to pay 2000 roubles (US$ 67) to the plaintiff, Primorsky Metallo Export.Mr Putin signed the export ban on 13 February this year, before returning to Russia’s presidency in May. His objective was to help the only steel producer in the far east of the country, Amurmetal, to acquire more scrap by prohibiting exports of ferrous and non-ferrous metal except from Magadan, the largest sea port in northern Russia. Extreme weath-er conditions in the Sea of Okhotsk and the fact that the voyage is several times

longer than alternative export routes make Magadan ineffi cient and unat-tractive to traders, so the decree effec-tively shut down Russian exports.Primorsky Metallo Export holds the exclusive licence for Primorsk on the opposite side of the country, west of St Petersburg. Since the decree made Pri-morsk a prohibited port, the metals trader was unable to do business. The industry hailed the court decision as good news for those exporting scrap via this more practical route. Despite some concern as to whether the government will uphold the verdict, there is an encouraging precedent. In a similar case three years ago, a ban on scrap exports was fully lifted.

Russian court lifts ‘unlawful’ scrap export ban

fans, represented ‘huge potential’. The report, covering plastics components used in a wide range of applications from power trains and battery casings to thermal management systems, says there will be a high degree of technical challenge involved in serving this mar-

tonnes of technical plastics will be required by After years o f

the fact that the voyage is several times

Ground-breaking e-waste facilities in Australia

0 N 12-06-12 15:0

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N E W SN E W S

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For more daily free global recycling news, visitwww.recyclinginternational.com

The city authorities in Beijing have initiated a special ‘scrapping bonus’ for old vehicles and those fuelled by heavy diesel, with the aim of improving air quality. China’s offi cial press agency, Xinhua, reports that Beijing residents will receive from US$ 397 to 2300 (Euro 319-1848) under the new subsidy for each eligible car they hand over.According to Yanwei Zang, head of the

vehicle management department at the Beijing Municipal Environmental Protec-tion Bureau, on top of the initial bonus, any resident purchasing a new and cleaner vehicle on the so-called ‘ageing car transaction platform’, will be award-ed an additional sum of between US$ 315 and US$ 1575 depending on the make of car. www.ebeijing.gov.cn

The opportunity to use recycled polymers as substitutes for virgin mate-rial remains ‘very much limited by cur-rent end-use application’, according to the latest publication by the EU Joint Research Centre (JRC).In a newly published draft end-of-waste criteria for plastics meant for conversion, the JRC has updated its initial working document released last November. There is now more detail on the potential envi-ronmental and economic impact of the upcoming plastics criteria. The JRC acknowledges the benefi ts of plastics recycling in terms of emissions, reduced fi re risk and improvements to health, along with the possibility of cut-ting the cost of handling and shipping waste material. However, it also recog-nises that the extra sorting effort required will increase costs.

The in-depth analysis further points out that REACH obligations on safety infor-mation may form an ‘administrative burden’ for some parties, but adds that most recyclers do not consider this a major issue. The future of end-of-waste seems quite promising; the JRC is preparing to pub-lish a feasibility study for aggregates and waste-derived fuels over the summer. Technical recommendations for copper, paper and glass are likely to be accepted during a regulatory committee meeting in Brussels at the start of July. It is expected that fi nal recommendations will be introduced by the end of the year.To read the entire document, visit: http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

activities/waste/documents/

Plastics1stworkingdocumentfor

22nov2011.pdf

Beijing combats pollution with scrappage scheme

Draft end-of-wastecriteria for plastics issued

Dr Kent D. PeasleeDr Kent D. Peaslee, the F. Kenneth Iverson Chair of Steelmaking Technology, has been made President of the Association for Iron & Steel Technology from 2012 through to 2013. He succeeds R. Joseph Stratman, Executive Vice President at Nucor Corp. www.aist.org

Dr Peter RemDelft University of Technology in the Netherlands has added Dutch recycling specialist Dr Peter Rem to its staff as Professor of Resources and Recycling in order to sharpen its focus on transforming waste into valuable materials. www.tudelft.nl/en

Juho MalmbergRobotic recycling specialist ZenRobotics has placed Juho Malmberg, its former Executive Vice President, at the helm of its operations. The new CEO is also a Mem-ber of the Executive Board at KONE Corporation. www.zenrobotics.com

Missed opportunities

An elderly lady decided to give herself a big treat for her signifi cant birthday by staying overnight in one of New York’s most expensive hotels. When she checked out next morning, the desk clerk handed her a bill for US$ 250. She exploded and demanded to know why the charge was so high. ‘It’s a nice hotel but the rooms certainly aren’t worth US$ 250 for just an overnight stop without even breakfast.’The clerk told her that US$ 250 was the ‘standard rate’ so she insisted on speaking to the manager. The manager appeared and forewarned by the desk clerk announced: ‘The hotel has an Olympic-sized pool and a huge conference centre which are available for use.’ ‘But I didn’t use them,’ she said. ‘Well, they are here, and you could have,’ explained the manager. He went on to explain that she could also have seen one of the in-hotel shows for which the hotel is famous. ‘We have the best entertainers from all over the world performing here,’ the manager said. ‘But I didn’t go to any of those shows,’ she said. ‘Well, we have them, and you could have,’ the manager replied. No matter what amenity the manager mentioned, she replied: ‘But I didn’t use it!’ The manager was unmoved, so she decided to pay, wrote a check and gave it to the manager. He was surprised when he looked at the check. ‘But madam, this check is only made out for US$ 50.’ ‘That’s correct. I charged you US$ 200 for sleeping with me,’ she replied. ‘But I didn’t!’ exclaimed the very surprised manager. ‘Well, too bad, I was here, and you could have.

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HP US multi-national Hewlett-Packard has announced plans to launch a technol-ogy renewal centre in Scotland to counter the climbing volume of electronic waste. The 8500 square feet facility will become a recycling hub serving cus-tomers throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa. It will offer asset man-agement and recovery services, encompassing reverse logistics, re-marketing and recycling of IT equipment. A key objective for the centre will be to reduce e-waste by ‘rigorously renewing’ older equipment - through reconditioning and certifying the products back to their original standards, states Jim O’Grady, Director of Global Asset Management at HP Financial Services. www.hp.com

Ground-breaking e-waste facilities in Australia

0 N 12-06-12 15:0

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Glass recycling in the European Union flat-lined at 68% in 2010, according to data just published by the European Container Glass Federation (FEVE). The organisation points out that some 25 billion glass bottles and jars were collected across the EU during the year. Around 80% of all the bottles and jars col-lected were reprocessed in closed-loop recycling sys-tems. However, the success rate differs significantly by country. Belgium leads the way with a 96% recycling rate, followed by Luxembourg and Sweden with 92% and 91% respectively. Germany is also doing reason-ably well, maintaining a total of 81%.Finland’s 45% recycling rate appears to set the mark for eastern Europe, and is roughly matched by neigh-bouring markets such as Estonia, Latvia and Poland. FEVE reports that Turkey is performing worst of all, boasting only a 20% recycling rate, while Greece is doing little better at 24%. www.feve.org

In the wake of a series of prosecutions of Authorised Treatment Facilities (ATF) operators, the Chairman of the UK Motor Vehicle Dismantlers Association (MVDA), Dr Chas Ambrose, is urging the British government to make a more determined effort to root out non-com-pliant end-of-life sites.Since late 2011, seven scrap vehicle firms were charged with failing to meet the ELV standards, resulting in fines of between US$ 1357 and US$ 6795 (Euro 1090-5462). They either did not achieve the minimum 85% reuse, recycle and recovery rate stipulated in the 2006 End-of-Life Directive, or failed to report their annual performance to the government. The UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) has issued several guidance notes to the ATFs and sent warning letters to non-compliant facilities as it attempts to clamp down, but so far to no avail. It notes that requests for facilities to submit the required per-formance data have met with ‘widespread and repeat-ed failure’. Dr Ambrose believes it is time for tougher action, but warned that with potentially more than 1000 non-com-pliant sites to deal with, this problem would not be resolved overnight. www.mvda.org.uk

or www.bis.gov.uk

FEVE: European glass recycling rates stuck at 68%

UK urged to pull plug on sub-standard ELV sites

India has ‘huge potential for organised and efficient management and recycling of e-waste,’ according to India Infrastructure Research (IIR). In a comprehensive new report, the company seeks to identify the market drivers and the challenges the sector is facing across the country. Generation of e-waste has increased five-fold over the last seven years in India and is still grow-ing at 4% year on year, in line with the rapid escalation

in demand for electronic and electrical equipment. If this trajectory continues, 2012 will see a total of 800 000 tonnes of e-waste on the Indian market.Despite pressure brought on by technological obsoles-cence, and increased awareness of environmental haz-ards, ‘barely 1%’ of existing electronic and electrical material is recycled. IIR says it is time to step up the game. Its report recognises government and NGO initiatives, but concludes that more advanced e-waste legislation is necessary. However, a number of issues are seen as ham-pering an improved recycling performance, principally the challenges of e-waste collection and transportation, a ‘lack of interest among consumers’ and the disorganised way in which facilities currently handle the material. By assessing the entire e-waste chain – from generation by source to collection and disposal trends, treatment meth-ods and revenues achieved by recycling – IIR claims to be ‘throwing a spotlight on the future capacity requirements and prospects of reuse and recycling of e-waste’. As well as mapping out the key domestic factors, the report also seeks to position India’s generation and disposal activity in a global context. www.indiainfrastructure.com

India throws spotlight on e-waste issue

Even though the number of containerships sent for scrapping has witnessed a surge this year, with 69 ves-sels of 124 000 TEU broken up by May compared to 85 000 TEU in all of 2011, the on-going growth of the global box ship fleet remains extensive due to the con-siderable number of new vessel deliveries, independent liner industry consultant Alphaliner has pointed out. The company expects well over 200 000 TEU to be scrapped during 2012 as a whole - a figure that would

render this year the second highest in terms of ship dismantling behind the 379 000 TEU of 2009. But even this figure pales alongside total deliveries of new ships which have already reached 621 000 TEU this year. The average age of scrapped vessels - put at 28 years in the last decade - has dropped to 26 years because many younger ships are being broken up. According to Alpha-liner, an obvious motivation to dispose of these younger units is tempting scrap prices. www.alphaliner.com

Ship scrapping fails to offset capacity growth

0 N 10 12-06-12 15:0

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N E W SN E W S

11June/July 2012


Coca-Cola/ECO PlasticsHaving established a state-of-the-art, US$ 24 million (Euro 18.7 million) recycling facility in the UK dedicated to processing plastic bottles and polymers simultane-ously, Coca-Cola and ECO Plastics state they have tackled the enduring issue of recycling mixed plastics. Considering the North Lincolnshire plant is one the world’s few sites equipped with the technology to integrate the handling of various types of plastic, it is hailed as a ‘recycling breakthrough’ by the UK government as it. The companies were received funding of US$ 1.8 million (Euro 1.4 million) from the Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) advisory body and predict the new the plan will be able to process over 15 000 tonnes per annum of rigid plastic packaging - such as trays and containers. www.coca-cola.com and www.ecoplasticsltd.com

Puma A recycling initiative by sport and lifestyle apparel manufacturer Puma will see special collection bins installed at its stores throughout Germany. The ‘Bring Me Back’ programme is aimed at establishing a simple, attractive way for consum-ers to return used clothes and shoes. Supported by international textile recycler I:Collect AG, the initiative will accept all brands of unwanted items. Those judged to be in ‘suitable condition’ will be sent off for reuse, with the rest diverted to produce entirely new raw material. www.puma.com

Ecore European scrap recycler Ecore Group has arranged the fi rst shipment from its recently-built bulk terminal at Ghent in Belgium, from where it plans to load one or two 30 000- to 40 000-tonne cargoes each month. This fi rst order was booked by a Turkish mill and covered the delivery of 35 000 tonnes. ‘Tonnage from the recently-acquired recycler Recylux will be used for the shipments, as well as sourcing from Ecore’s own yards in east France,’ notes General Secretary Bruno Le Sech. www.ecore.com

HarscoGlobal industrial services and engineered products company Harsco Corporation is celebrating three signifi cant multi-year service contract renewals in the USA which are slated to yield combined revenues of more than US$ 120 million over their duration. The contracts include Harsco continuing its long-standing on-site service roles at two leading US steelmaking locations as well as its remediation of the former steelmaking site Geneva Steel. The company states: ‘The recovery of valuable resources from slag left behind by former steelmaking operations has become a growing Harsco service specialty.’ www.harsco.com

JAERA Over the last few months, the Japanese End-of-life-vehicle Recyclers Association (JAERA) has lost a signifi cant number of members owing to the decreasing generation of ELVs in the domestic market. Originally made up of over 1000 fi rms spread across the country, it has been reported that JAERA’s membership numbers have dwindled to nearer 700 over a six-month period. The scarcity of vehicle supply in the ELV sector, paired with ever-rising purchasing costs, are feared to trigger even more departures this year. Meanwhile, it is noted that more powerful brands like Nissan and Honda are making strides to take greater control of the recycling of their vehicles – putting both dismantlers and sub-contractors under additional strain to meet the demands of car makers. www.npo-jara.org

A recent study conducted by US research firm RTI International has brought to light that plastics conversion technologies like gasification and pyrolysis are ‘expected to begin break-ing through to commercial viability with a short horizon - in 5 to 10 years’. Plas-tics-to-oil ventures in particular are hailed as being on the verge of ‘full scale’ economic profi tability owing to their consistent feedstock composition and material supply.Funded by the American Chemistry Council (ACC), the study was initiated to examine the potency of the two recy-cling technologies, both of which use non-recycled plastics as their key feed-stock. According to ACC’s Managing Director of Plastics Markets Keith Christman, intelligence indicates ‘emerging technologies designed to recover energy from waste can harness a significant and largely untapped source of alternative energy’.When combined with ‘strong recycling programmes’, the conversion tech-

niques might even provide enough power to serve homes, cars and busi-ness all across America, suggests Mr Christman. ‘This could help communi-ties increase landfi ll diversion and cost savings over traditional waste manage-ment methods.’However, the researchers point out that ‘signifi cant barriers exist’ along the road to this potential reality - not least the many regulatory limitations currently in play. ‘The permitting process is a com-plex one,’ they warn, as solid waste handling, water and air permits must first be obtained through the local health department. Bureaucratic diffi cul-ties like these frequently lead to ‘sub-stantial delays in construction’, making recyclers lose time as well as interest.To read the entire study, visit:www.plastics.americanchemis-

try.com/ Sustainability-Recycling/

Energy-Recovery/Environmental-

a n d - E c o n o m i c - A n a l y s i s - o f -

Emerging-Plastics-Conversion-

Technologies.pdf

Plastics technologies near to commercialisation

Plastics-to-oil ventures are gaining economic profi tability.

For a weekly update on markets, new products, events and much more. You can sign up at: www.recyclinginternational.com/newsletter/subscribe

Subscribe to Recycling International’sFree Weekly Newsletter

0 N 11 12-06-12 15:0

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N E W SN E W S

Quote ~ Unquote

‘About the time we can make the ends meet, somebody moves the ends.’

13June/July 2012


The Chinese government has announced that a long-delayed invoicing system designed to monitor the rare earths market entered full operation from 1 June. The authorities hope the system will eliminate illegal activity such as smuggling, though the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and industry specialists warn the development could lead to lead to tightening supplies and further increases in prices that are already at record levels.The system was conceived to monitor production and sale of rare earths more closely and keep better track of the material fl ow, rendering ‘off-grid’ operations more diffi cult. According to the government, such precautions were necessary, as 30 000 tonnes of rare earths are shipped illegally every year via Vietnam and Hong Kong – roughly the same amount as China’s total export quota. Meanwhile, there are growing reports in the Chinese media that the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology plans to create a strategic stockpile in order to ‘help stabilise prices’. Since China possesses 90% of the world’s known rare earth reserves and some consum-ers are thought to have kept in the market only thanks to the smuggling of material, critics believe these appar-ent steps forward may turn out to have the opposite of the intended effect by pressurising current prices and fuelling tension at industrial and political level. Justin

Pugsley at UK-based market specialist Metal Pages com-ments: ‘The more successful the Chinese government is in curbing rare earths smuggling and illegal production, the tighter supplies are likely to become in the rest of the world – particularly for critical heavier rare earth elements such as dysprosium, terbium and europium.’He predicts that if the invoicing system and other measures to control the market ‘even manage to halve illegal rare earth exports out of China’, heavier rare earths would increase in price, benefi ting smaller players such as Cana-da and Australia. However, producers of lighter materials, such as cerium and lanthanum, are seen as ‘unlikely to recover’ from a potential growing shortfall of already scarce elements. In an effort to avert a supply crisis, the US, European Union and Japan have taken the matter to the WTO. They complain that a dominant supplier’s implemen-tation of legislation that looks to favour its own domestic industry over foreign competitors represents ‘unfair prac-tice’ in the trade in rare earths and other critical elements.Mr Pugsley believes that in any case it would prove very challenging for China to stamp out illegal activity alto-gether, as its export quota and tariff system made smug-gling so lucrative. ‘Smugglers will always try and fi nd a way. In the end, there’s no guarantee the government will succeed,’ he notes.

China’s monitoring system to have critical impact on rare earths?

The Canadian arm of TerraCycle, which specialises in processing diffi cult-to-recycle consumer packaging, is inviting smokers to send in their cigarette butts for conversion into pallets.Under a new initiative called ‘The Cigarette Waste Bri-gade’, the company is asking consumers to send every-thing from fi lters, stubs, and rolling paper to the outer plastic packaging to its recycling facility. TerraCycle says it can handle ‘everything but the cardboard box itself’.TerraCycle’s founder, Tom Szaky, is aware the idea may sound surreal, but said it was true to the company’s principles. ‘As a company committed to recycling waste streams that others deem worthless or unsavoury, cigarette waste will help to promote our belief that everything can and should be recycled,’ he said. He added that contracts have already been signed with leading tobacco companies in the USA and Canada.Cigarette consumption is estimated at one trillion per year. Mr Szaky reasons: ‘Regardless of what we think of tobacco, we can all agree that the litter caused by cigarette butts is a major issue.’ The scheme takes care of shipping costs via a special label that can be downloaded from the TerraCycle web-site. But there is another incentive to join in: ‘We’re also going to offer a US$ 1 donation to your favourite char-ity for every thousand butts collected,’ added Mr Szaky. www.terracycle.net/en-US

TerraCycle asks smokers to think green

Nearly 90 containers each containing more than 30 tonnes of scrap metal were returned to the UK port of Felixstowe over the last two weeks. Shipped to Indonesia as ‘recyclable’ material, the cargo, with a total value of US$ 603 112 (or Euro 488 370), was identifi ed as high-ly hazardous by the Jakarta authorities.After teams wearing specialist breathing apparatus began testing the containers using special probes to detect gases such as ammonia, four UK metals com-panies are now being investigated by the Environment Agency (EA). It described the incident as potentially part of a ‘global epidemic of cross-border dumping’ through which millions of tonnes of material are fl ow-ing from the developed world to Asian and African markets, and plans a fi rm response.The agency set up a national crime team in 2008 to

track down and deal with lawbreakers. It said illegal shipments carried out under the guise of legitimate trade in recyclable commodities - mainly paper and plastic - has become a major market worth more than US$ 245 billion (Euro 197 billion) per year.Working under the name ‘Operation Anvil’, EA inves-tigators are picking through the entire shipment returned from Indonesia to determine whether the waste metal in question was legitimately exportable or dangerous. www.environment-agency.gov.uk

‘Operation Anvil’ clamps down on UK toxic waste

0 N 13 12-06-12 16:26

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14 14 12-06-12 15:3

15June/July 2012

P R O D U C T S BEST Sorting launches hyperspectral sorter

New configuration for Caterpillar’s M318D MH Vertical shredder from bomatic

Euromec’s sizzling shear

With the recent release of the BEST Slidex sorter, Belgian manu-facturer BEST Sorting has created a new generation of technologi-cally-advanced sorting machines which are said to ‘inspect prod-ucts in free fall’.Only 1000 mm wide and able to process over 4 tonnes per hour, the Slidex’s hyperspectral imaging function allows it to identify a unique fingerprint for each type of material, thus forming the basis of the sorting process. It recognises a wide array of different types of material, size and colour, making it suitable for treating waste streams such as plastics, waste electrical and electronic equip-ment (WEEE) and automotive shredder residue. The sorter incorporates highly-

sensitive light sources and state-of-the-art fast ejec-tors, as well as a patented chute and free-fall detection system. The equipment creates a spectrum for every product fed through it and loads this into a task-specific database, enabling an easy set-up and limited configuration time.

BEST Sorting, Leuven, Belgium, Phone: +32 163 963 96, Fax: +32 163 963 90, E-mail: [email protected] www.bestsorting.com

In expanding its product portfo-lio with the Rotacrex R 1200, German grinding and disposal equipment specialist bomatic has come up with a machine fea-turing eight durable steel ham-mers that, it is claimed, ‘shatter any material within seconds’. With dimensions of 2.1 by 3.3 metres and averaging approximately 600-1000 rounds per minute, the Rotacrex shred-der is characterised by its robustness and its trademark vertical processing ability, as well as by impact plates which are ‘very tough’ and are said to sustain little wear.Months of extensive testing have con-firmed that the shredder is capable of crushing industrial materials like elec-tronic scrap, wire, scrap metal and cartridges as well as more unusual inputs such as bones, catalysts and packaged foods. These results are deliv-ered by the set of eight hammers ensur-ing a process of beating instead of cutting - an innovation for bomatic - which is advantageous for recycling since a ‘breaking’ kind of grinding is

necessary for the proper separation of certain products. Grain size is regulated by the corre-sponding size of the outlet opening, with the final output leaving the machine via a slide installed on the side.

bomatic, Ellerau, Germany, Phone: +49 (0)410 676 720, Fax: +49 (0)410 676 7250, E-mail: [email protected]

Caterpillar has devised a new waste handler configuration for its M318D MH, designed to achieve good productivity in work areas with limited space, whether overhead or adjacent to the machine. The proven features of the company’s conventional M318D MH counterpart remain in place, such as: a fuel-efficient CatC6.6 ACERT engine; load-sensing hydraulics; a dedicated swing pump; heavy-duty axles; stabiliser configura-tions; and a spacious cab with optional joystick steering. The new model has a purpose-built undercarriage that retains the strength of the conventional undercarriage, but adapts the structure to the machine’s specialised application. The heavy-duty swing-bearing tower is now centred on the undercarriage, placing it equidistant

from axles and stabilisers for symmetry and optimum balance, whether working over the front or rear. In addition, the tower is larger to accommodate the hydraulic cab-riser swing bearing, the company explains. The boom of the material handler has been significantly modified: it has a short-er pin-to-pin length of 5.35 metres (17.55 feet) compared with the 6.4 metres (21 feet) of the conventional M318D MH handler. This compact boom, designed for use with the 4200-mm or 13.78-foot stick, features a welded, box-section design with thick, multi-plate fabrications in high-stress areas for superior durability. As with all Cat wheeled material han-dlers, the M318D MH can be equipped with a quick coupler and a range of spe-cialised work tools. The new configura-tion’s overall design retains ground-level access to routine maintenance

points, including remote grease points.

Caterpillar, Illinois, USA, Phone: +1 309 675 1000 www.cat.com

Expanding its portfolio of heavy industrial tools, Italian recycling equipment supplier Euromec has launched an all-new shear on to the market - the KNA 1600. Enhanced features make it suit-able for use with ‘lighter than usual’ excavators, according to the company.Bold and black, with the special show-case prototype seen at the recent IFAT Entsorga exhibition sporting a sizzling

flames design by airbrush artist Nicola Dalla Bona, the powerful device weighs 3800 kg and averages a pressure of up to 350 bar while supplying roughly 1200 tons of force. The shear is capable of handling sheet metal of 20 mm in size and thick materials of 90 mm in diam-eter, and has been engineered to com-plete nine cycles every 10 minutes. Furthermore, the KNA 1600 has a ½-inch rotator connection and can be used either for assembly on its first arm for an excavator ranging from 20 to 24 tons, with assembly on its second arm matching a machine of maximum 34 tons.

Euromec, Isorella, Italy, Phone: +39 030 995 8151, Fax: +39 030 995 2223, E-mail: [email protected]

15 o N 15 11-06-12 15:25

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17June/July 2012

Building on its desire to ‘embrace innovation’ and simultaneously provide a stage for responsible recycling, leading international e-waste authority Electronics Recycling Services has unveiled a series of construction and decorative materials with potentially industry-redefining qualities. Its advanced type of plastic wood, for instance, is said to be ‘ten times stronger’ than conventional lumber, while its marble-like substance ‘can be recycled until the end of time’.

With recycling ventures spreading from America to Mexico and

Asia, it is safe to say both of the new compounds created by Canada-based Electronics Recycling Services (ERS) carry quite an international fi ngerprint. The range of its feedstock is equally diverse, explains Global Marketing Director Alfea Principe. ‘The plastic wood originates from many different e-waste products, while unleaded glass from CRT monitors is used to make the marble-like material.’ She adds that the latter is an entirely new compound for which a patent was recently acquired, and orders have been simply ‘fl ooding in’ during its short time on the market.

Fine dimensionsAn important ingredient in manufac-turing the series of materials is the new ‘top-of-the-line equipment’ produced by Recycletronics, which is part of the ERS family and enabled the Research and Development team to process dis-carded electronics like never before; shredding them to such fi ne dimen-

sions that the result is akin to sand. Combined with over a year’s worth of testing and brainstorming conducted in the on-site laboratory, the scientists managed to make both materials as light and solid as possible. ‘The plastic wood, for instance, was made to endure forever and will never rot,’ states Ms Principe. The Canadian recycler adds that what might really tip the scale in favour of the new CRT-containing compound is the clear fi nancial benefi t. ‘Since there are reduced production costs involved – after all, we make use of materials that already exists – its price can be based on transportation costs. This makes the new compound signifi cantly less costly than actual marble,’ explains the Global Marketing Director. The same goes for the plastic wood, which is expected to significantly reduce the need to harvest lumber.

Perfecting the formulaAlthough the team behind the break-through is both proud and excited

about the successful launch of both new variations, Ms Principe admits it was quite a nerve-racking journey to get the formulas exactly right. ‘After all, it takes time to perfect it - to interlock all aspects involved, from weight, pro-portions and colour to the product’s eventual design,’ she says. And the ERS scientists realised, of course, that the material had to look authentic - especially the marble. Based on the public’s reaction so far, this goal has more than been achieved. ‘It was a challenge to get the shiny appearance and a similar texture to that people associate with marble, but we managed to pull it off,’ she adds. ‘It’s a very convincing alternative. You can hardly tell them apart.’ She attributes this purely to ‘people and minds coming together’ - a com-bination of seeking a creative solution and also a green one. ‘We are always looking to boost the relationship between recycling and the environ-ment,’ states Ms Principe. Regretting that a huge amount of elec-tronic waste still goes straight to land-fi ll, this is the area where ERS really hopes to make a difference. She says: ‘Through this initiative, we don’t mere-ly want to create a new product. We want to make people aware of the enormous potential of the things they put out on the side of the curb; to tell them that it doesn’t have to end there and that we can keep the cycle going.’ To stimulate this kind of mindset, the company is donating the plastic wood to various charities and companies.

‘Doing things properly’Working in tandem with downstream vendors, the Canadian recycler consid-ers it a long-term aspiration to fi nd novel and interesting approaches for reuse. ‘Giving material another life, another purpose, is so important and shouldn’t come at the cost of quality,’ urges Ms Principe. ‘Instead, we advo-cate doing things properly; with upcy-cling as the only viable option.’ Now that the reinvented marble mate-rial has fi nally left the laboratory and she has seen fi rst-hand just how they are being used, for example, to decorate bathrooms, kitchens and the like with ‘stunning results’, she feels the recycling project has more than made up for the large-scale investment. ‘This kind of innovation is the way of the future, I am sure,’ she says. ‘And what better way than to give people something they love to look at and enjoy?’

E - S C R A P By Kirstin Linnenkoper

Unleaded glass from CRT monitors is used to make marble-like material.

There are already many plastic wood products in the market, such as this outdoor furniture set.

1 o s om a 1 12-06-12 1 :02

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19June/July 2012

Kop

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What is CarTakeBack?‘CarTakeBack is the UK’s leading car recy-cling network. Currently, we have issued nearly 50% of all the DVLA (Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency) Certificates of Destruction issued so far in the UK from our 300 Environment Agency certified recycling centres. Building on our still-growing success in the UK, we are now in the process of replicating our business plan in Australia and New Zealand.’

Why ‘Down Under’?‘You may be thinking, with strong EU business links and the same recycling targets, Europe would have been a more sensible progressive step for CarTake-Back. Granted, New Zealand and Austra-lia certainly aren’t the obvious markets for a UK business. However, hundreds of thousands of cars and light vans are scrapped in New Zealand and Australia every year, and until now there has been no simple place for the public to go to ensure they get a competitive deal for their scrap car, and the reassurance of responsible recycling. It also appealed to us to work in two countries that value their natural environment, and would be on the same page in this aspect of our

business, even if the governments’ guide-lines are nowhere near as strict as the regulations we follow in the UK.’

A cynic might say: ‘You’re just avoiding strict regulations.’ How would you respond?‘When we were considering expansion, we were not looking to set up where we could avoid the strict regulations that now govern car recycling in the EU. We con-sider it essential for us to maintain those standards as we consider them intrinsic to our business ethos. It is true that the 85% recycling targets that are required in the UK are not necessary in New Zealand or Australia for us to run a profitable, legal business. However, we wouldn’t have even considered setting up without simi-lar high standards being part of our agree-ments with each new recycling centre joining our Southern Hemisphere net-works. We believe it is a major benefit of dealing in recycling, that there is an inher-ent “green” nature to our business.’

How have your plans been received Down Under?‘All recycling centres that have signed up to our new networks are enthusias-

tic about our desire to offer a reliable, good-value and environmentally-friendly scrap car recycling service to the public under the name Scrap Car Recycling. They join our 300 recycling centres in the UK, which we refer to as our Authorised Treatment Facilities (ATFs), which are all certified by the re levant Env ironment Agenc y and are dedicated to upholding our high standards of de-pollution and recycling.’

What difficulties did you have to overcome?‘There are many cultural and geo-graphical differences which have meant significant changes to the way our business works. In Australia, for instance, we have had to overcome hurdles that would never have even entered our consciousness in the UK - customer services dealing with dif-ferent time-zones, huge distances to travel that could completely negate any profit, and if you’ve seen the land-scape, you’ll appreciate we’ve come to understand a whole new meaning to the description “inaccessi-ble vehicles”. Apart from the essential g r o u n d w o r k w i t h potential recycling cen-tres, some useful links have been made with other organisations, including the New Zea-

land Scrap Association, which has been a huge support. Based Down Under, Jon Norgrove is now our Man-ager for Australia and New Zealand.’

Are you still focused on your home market?‘Absolutely. While these fledgling branches take shape, we are still con-centrating on progress in the UK. Our “Trade Your Transport” scheme has been created to give the opportunity for commercial partners to offer more value to the public for their scrap cars. We have also started Charity Car, which enables the public to donate their old car to a charity of their choice. This part of the business is growing from strength to strength with an influx of high-profile charities that have recently joined our ranks, includ-ing BBC Children in Need, War Child, The Rainforest foundation and Comic Relief. For the moment, however, in Australia and New Zealand, we are getting our core business established which will be key to long-term success.

As for any stricter regu-lations in recycling over-seas, rather than make life more difficult, they will actually be wel-comed by us as we are already prepared here in the UK to meet the 95% recycling targets due to come into play by 2015.’

E L V S By Manfred Beck

CarTakeBack’s Environment Manager Peter Stokes.

CarTakeBack goes ‘Down Under’Leading UK car recycling network CarTakeBack has recently expanded its activities to Australia and New Zealand. ‘There is an inherent “green” nature to our business,’ states the organisation’s Environment Manager Peter Stokes.

1 a a a a a 1 11-06-12 1 :02

20 June/July 2012

Enduring challenges faced in Eternal City

B I R R O M E By Ian Martin & Manfred Beck

BIR meets in Rome

The Trevi fountain is one of Rome’s most famous landmarks.

20 o 20 12-06-12 11:51

21June/July 2012

Given all the pressures bearing down on the recycling industry, it was

certainly no Roman holiday for delegates at the latest Spring

Convention of the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) where even

some of the sector’s most committed bulls were succumbing to bearish

sentiment. But the well-attended event in the so-called ‘Eternal City’

also highlighted the resilience of the industry in the face of major

economic turbulence in Europe and slowing momentum in the key

Chinese market. At the same time, it was reported that BIR itself goes

from strength to strength.

More than 1300 delegates and a further

300 accompanying persons from more

than 60 countries attended BIR’s latest Spring

Convention. Of this total, more than 200 were

under the age of 35 - a sure sign of the con-

tinuing vitality of the world recycling organisa-

tion, it was suggested in Rome.

‘The industry is growing worldwide and we will

grow with it,’ stated BIR World President Björn

Grufman of Sweden-based Metallvärden AB to

a gathering of the international recycling press.

He added that this growth would be reflected

by changes within BIR; to this end, the world

body recently created a Latin America commit-

tee to help develop links and membership in

Central and South America. BIR is also working

with contacts in the region in a bid to boost

Latin American participation in the world

organisation’s Convention to be held in Miami,

USA, in June 2014.

A busy recent few months for the BIR has also

seen the finalisation of the body’s revamped arbi-

tration rules as well as a survey of members to gain

a better understanding of the depth and nature

of fraud and theft issues currently afflicting met-

als recyclers. These same issues were discussed in

greater detail at an eye-opening BIR Internation-

al Trade Council meeting in Rome (see box).Mr Grufman also told the media that defence

of free and fair trade remains ‘at the top of the

list’ of BIR priorities. The trade restrictions

favoured by some of the recycling industry’s

customers are ‘very negative’, he stated. ‘Nobody

in the world will gain from trade barriers - even

if they think they will in the short term.’

‘Great success’Speaking subsequently at the BIR General

Assembly in Rome, Mr Grufman highlighted

‘a great success’ for the recycling industry in his

review of the events of 2011. ‘After decades of

lobbying by the European BIR daughter asso-

ciations EFR and Eurometrec, we were finally

given the possibility within Europe of extract-

ing our end products from the waste regime,’

he said. ‘End-of-waste criteria have already been

introduced for iron, steel and aluminium scrap,

and the industry’s efforts to secure a similar

result for copper and recovered paper are well

under way.’ In the future, ‘we might see similar

legislative developments in other BIR member

countries and regions of the world’, he added.

A video shown during the General Assembly

highlighted some of the other BIR milestones

in 2011. These included the launch of ‘Tools for

Quality Management’ and the second edition

of ‘World Markets for Recovered and Recycled

Commodities’, as well as the first-ever ‘Young

Traders Gazette’ which has been introduced by

the BIR Young Traders Committee in a bid to

convince recycling companies’ decision-makers

to increasingly involve younger employees in

their activities within BIR and to send them

along to the world body’s Conventions.

Membership boostMr Grufman also drew attention in his address

to the on-going success of BIR in attracting new

members. A further 93 companies had joined

the organisation in the 12 months since its 2011

Spring Convention held in Singapore, as well as

two national associations: the China National

Resources Recycling Association (CRRA) and

the Japan Recovered Paper Association (JRPA).

‘BIR has many important member organisations

in many countries throughout the world that are

actively contributing to making BIR the voice of

the global recycling industry,’ said Mr Grufman.

‘We need to increase our membership; we need

to expand that membership to other parts of the

world; and we need to ensure BIR’s leadership

ranks contain representatives from as many dif-

ferent regions of the world as possible.’

He added: ‘The global recycling industry must

be allowed the scope to develop - and with a

healthy measure of profitability - in order to

continue to make its important contribution

to the sustainable society of the future.’

Spain ‘pivotal’An innovation in Rome was a Keynote Session

addressed on this occasion by John Authers,

Senior Investment Analyst at the ‘Financial

Times’ and the newspaper’s main commentator

on international markets.

Inevitably, his focus was the Euro-zone crisis

which, he said, would put ‘a definitive lid on

growth for a number of years to come’. China had

taken the global lead following the 2008 crisis and

now the US economy was leading the world; both

of these countries were continuing to experience

growth whereas ‘Europe is not’, the guest speaker

said. The Euro-zone could be ‘extremely boring’

in growth terms ‘for some considerable time’.

The ‘Adams family’ enjoys BIR’s welcome reception. From left to right: Dolores and George Adams Sr, Kalvin Adams and his father George.

Ahmad Sharif (left) and Salam Sharif of Sharif Metals in the United Arab Emirates.

Bob Emery of SCRAP magazine and his wife Chris.

20 o 21 12-06-12 11:51

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22 22 12-06-12 15:3

23June/July 2012

B I R R O M E

Changes at BIR

At the Rome Conven-

tion, Ranjit Baxi of UK-

based J&H Sales Inter-

national was formally

approved as Treasurer

of the BIR; he had been

appointed to the role

on an interim basis in

2011 following the

elevation of his prede-

cessor, Björn Grufman,

to the position of World President. Mr Baxi went

on to confi rm at the General Assembly in Rome

that a fi nancial surplus had been achieved by the

world organisation last year and that sums were

being set aside in the 2011 and 2012 budgets to

cover the search for the individual who will ulti-

mately succeed Francis Veys as BIR’s Director Gen-

eral. Mr Baxi subsequently announced that, in

order to devote the necessary time to his role as

Treasurer, he would be stepping down as President

of the BIR Paper Division. The divisional meeting

in Barcelona later this year is likely to be his last at

the helm, he confi rmed.

Mr Authers identified Spain as a ‘pivotal coun-

try’ in the Euro-zone crisis. ‘It is too big to be

allowed to leave the Euro and too big for current

rescue funds,’ he said. ‘It cannot be allowed to

crash. It is the single most important risk.’ He

also suggested that the odds favour a Greek exit

from the Euro-zone at some point, although he

did not expect this to happen in the current year.

‘Contagion’ riskMr Authers underlined the importance of ensur-

ing that Greece’s likely departure from the Euro-

zone is effectively managed; failure so to do would

increase the risk of a ‘contagion’ effect and of a

more general Euro-zone collapse which would

potentially lead, he believed, to double-digit per-

centage declines in annual GDP across the region.

‘This is not alarmist,’ he insisted to delegates.

Having noted that a ‘drastic imbalance’ has

developed between the US dollar and the Euro,

Mr Authers argued that a necessary correction

would adversely affect the USA and emerging

markets but that the alternative - a disorderly

collapse of the Euro - would hit them even

harder. He remained ‘tentatively optimistic’

about prospects for the USA so long as the

Euro-zone works through its problems and

China achieves a ‘soft landing’ for its own econ-

omy, going on to describe China’s more bal-

anced approach to growth as ‘significant news’

for the rest of the world.

IEC looks at EPRExtended producer responsibility (EPR)

schemes must not be allowed to exceed their

use-by date, it was suggested at the Interna-

tional Environment Council meeting in Rome.

Robin Wiener, President of the US Institute of

Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI) argued that

EPR programmes have a ‘limited’ role to play

where markets are not yet established; how-

ever, ‘sunset’ provisions should be agreed to

ensure these initiatives are ended as markets

approach maturity.

Adopted in July last year, an ISRI policy on pro-

ducer responsibility states that the existing

recycling infrastructure must be given an equal

opportunity to participate in any producer

responsibility programme and that these

‘should not include recyclables that are cur-

rently manufactured into commodity-grade

products and sold into viable markets’.

Future BIR Conventions

2012October 29-30

Barcelona (Spain)

Princesa Sofi a Hotel

2013May 27-29

Shanghai (China)

Shangri-La Hotel

October 28-29

Warsaw (Poland)

Marriott Hotel

2014June 2-4

Miami (USA)

Fontainebleau Hotel

October 27-28

Paris (France)

Hotel Pullman

Paris Montparnasse

BIR World President Björn Gruf-man of Sweden-based Metallvärden.

Robin Wiener, President of the US Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI).

Former BIR President Heinz de Fries is in his eighties but still visits the BIR conventions.

An innovation in Rome was a Keynote Session addressed on this occasion by John Authers, Senior Investment Analyst at the ‘Financial Times’.

‘Frightening’ revelations at ITC meeting

In Rome, Ranjit Baxi of UK- based J&H Sales International was formally approved as Treasurer of the BIR.

The eagerly-

awaited meet-

ing of the BIR’s

International

Trade Council

(ITC) did not

disappoint as a

succession of

guest speakers

in Rome illus-

trated the recy-

cling industry’s vulnerability to theft and

fraud. Indeed, the presentations were

described as both ‘frightening’ and ‘eye-

opening’ by ITC Chairman Robert Voss of

UK-based Voss International.

There has been plenty of anecdotal evidence

of thieves breaking into containers and

stealing all or part of the contents without

disturbing the seal. At the ITC meeting, a

video showing exactly how this can be done

was shown by Bashar Ehsan, Director

(Operations) for the Ala Metals LLC interna-

tional scrap trading company based in the

United Arab Emirates. His advice was to ‘fi x

the seal on the bottom of the container

called the Cam keeper whenever possible’

and to avoid fi xing it on the hub bolts.

According to fellow guest speaker Pottengal

Mukundan, there are at least fi ve techniques

to opening a container without breaking the

seal. The Senior Director of the International

Maritime Bureau (IMB), a department of the

International Chamber of Commerce which

specialises in fighting crime relating to

maritime trade and transportation, also

alleged that every document used in the

shipping process can be forged ‘with ease’,

adding that ‘there is no exception to this’. It

was confi rmed by Mr Voss in Rome that BIR

has become ‘an active member’ of the IMB.

A more detailed review of the ITC meeting

- which also featured presentations from

Marc Beerlandt, CEO of privately-owned

container shipping line MSC Belgium, and

former Deputy Editor of Recycling Interna-

tional Gert-Jan van der Have - will be carried

in the August issue of the magazine.

Pottengal Mukundan, Senior Director of the International Maritime Bureau (IMB).

20 o 23 12-06-12 16:12

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‘Balanced’ codeThe draft ‘Code of Conduct on the Trans-

boundary Movement of Scrap Metal and Semi-

finished Products of the Metal Recycling and

Production Industries that may inadvertently

contain radioactive material’, developed under

the auspices of the International Atomic Ener-

gy Agency (IAEA), is a ‘well-considered’ docu-

ment that takes into account many of the con-

cerns and arguments put forward by the

recycling industry over many years, BIR’s Envi-

ronmental & Technical Director Ross Bartley

told the IEC gathering.

For example, the draft code recognises that, in

most cases, radioactive material found at a met-

als recycling facility has been delivered by a

third party ‘without the consent or approval’

of the affected facility. It also notes that ‘the

absence or loss of proper control has led to the

inadvertent incorporation of radioactive mate-

rial into scrap metal’.

Mr Bartley went on to describe as ‘balanced’ the

acknowledgement that it is technically impos-

sible to guarantee no radiation is present in a

consignment of scrap given shielding and types

of radiation being detected.

The Code of Conduct encourages the develop-

ment of radiation safety awareness and appro-

priate training programmes for operators of

metal recycling facilities among others; in this

context, noted Mr Bartley, the BIR has produced

posters in a number of languages to help with

the identification of possible radiation sources.

The code is voluntary for IAEA member coun-

tries although elements could be adopted into

national law, he added.

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B I R R O M E

Kamiel van Wijk of Dutch lead smelter Uzimet and Chairman of BIR’s Communication Committee.

Harmeet S. Baxi is running J & H International’s metals and plas-tics operations.

BIR’s Environmental & Technical Director Ross Bartley.

BIR’s General Director Francis Veys.

Flag waving during BIR’s welcome reception in the gardens of the Villa Miani.

20 o 25 12-06-12 16:13

26 June/July 2012

The proliferation of scrap export restrictions has become ‘alarming’, according to BIR Ferrous Division President Christian Rubach. Thanks to a valuable contribution from an OECD expert, the issue shared centre stage at the divisional meeting in Rome alongside a detailed analysis of market trends and developments around the world.

At BIR’s 2011 Autumn Convention in

Munich, Ferrous Division President

Christian Rubach of TSR Recycling reported

2009 figures from the Organisation for Eco-

nomic Co-operation and Development

(OECD) indicating more than 1700 instances

of export control measures in the metals and

minerals sectors. Fast forward to the 2012

Spring Convention in Rome and an OECD

spokesperson provided statistics focused even

more sharply on scrap.

Headlining one of her slides with the words ‘Inter-

national trade far from free’, Barbara Fliess - Sen-

ior Economist in the OECD’s Trade and Agricul-

ture Directorate - suggested that some 19% of the

world’s iron and steel scrap exports in value terms

could be said to be subject to restriction of some

sort. This figure compares to 14% for copper

scrap and 4% for aluminium scrap.

Although the data-gathering process remains

on-going, OECD researchers have already iden-

tified 30 countries which impose restrictions

of some description - be they bans, taxes, licens-

ing requirements or others - on exports of iron

and steel scrap. ‘If governments try to control

exports of scrap, they tend to use heavy meas-

ures - mostly either to safeguard domestic sup-

ply or to control illegal exports,’ she told dele-

gates. ‘The ideal situation would be free trade

in most circumstances.’

Information on restrictions is ‘quite fragment-

ed’, she added, and so the OECD is attempting

to record what is being implemented and the

reasons why; the organisation also wants to

examine possible alternatives to the restrictions

as well as their effects on trade.

Ban overturnedOn a positive note regarding such restrictions,

Andrey Moiseenko of Ukrmet Ltd in the Ukraine

reported that Russia’s Supreme Arbitrage Court

has revoked a controversial government ban

introduced in February this year on scrap

exports from any of the country’s Far East ports

other than Magadan. A number of companies

had challenged the ban through the courts.

In the Ukraine, meanwhile, on-going and pro-

jected mill investments will create a demand

for around 4 million tonnes of steel scrap per

year but ‘this quantity is simply not available’,

the speaker maintained.

Reporting on market conditions in India, Zain

Nathani of the Nathani Group of Companies

predicted ‘flat’ scrap imports going forward,

partly because of increased domestic ship-

breaking activity. He also underlined the mas-

sive impact of the

rupee’s 18% devalua-

tion against the US

dollar since BIR’s

Munich Convention

last October. ‘It has

b e e n h a r d f o r

importers to take,’ he

said.

Hisatoshi Kojo of

Metz Corporation

indicated that Japa-

B I R R O M E By Ian Martin

Andrey Moiseenko of Ukrmet Ltd in the Ukraine.

Blake Kelley of Sims Metal Management.

Ferrous Division President Chris-tian Rubach.

Guest speaker Barbara Fliess, Senior Economist in the OECD’s Trade and Agriculture Directo-rate.

Tom Bird, President of the Euro-pean Ferrous Recovery and Recy-cling Federation (EFR).

OECD: international trade ‘far from free’

Ferrous

26 o s 26 12-06-12 11:50

27June/July 2012

nese H-2 grade scrap prices are likely to remain

range-bound between Yen 29 000 and 30 000

per tonne (US$ 362.50-375) on a fob basis for

the next couple of months ‘unless there is a big

movement in the exchange rate of the US dol-

lar versus the Japanese yen and Greece with-

draws from the Euro’.

Sentiment ‘so important’In his report on the Pacific Rim market, Blake

Kelley of Sims Metal Management said that dis-

ruptions to normal scrap flows to Indonesia have

led to a sharp increase in domestic scrap prices.

And based on latest World Steel Association stats,

the speaker noted that the world was on course

to produce 21 million tonnes more steel and 26

million tonnes more iron this year compared to

2011, whereas apparent consumption of pur-

chased scrap is in line to fall by 5 million tonnes.

Although the early months of 2012 have been

‘challenging’, there are still positives to be drawn

from the market - including ‘strong’ demand

for scrap out of Europe and capacity expan-

sions to come on stream in the key consuming

market of Turkey, pointed out Tom Bird of UK-

based Van Dalen Recycling in his assessment of

conditions in Europe. But he added: ‘Sentiment

is so important and the on-going Euro crisis

and its resolution will play an important part.’

In his role as President of the European Ferrous

Recovery and Recycling Federation (EFR), Mr

Bird welcomed the publication of criteria to

exclude some scrap products from the waste

stream, although he also acknowledged ‘admin-

istrative obstacles’ surrounding end-of-waste

and differing implementation of the regula-

tions in different countries. ‘This needs to be

addressed,’ he insisted.

‘Ample scrap’Mr Bird was also prominent during a Ferrous

Division panel discussion in Rome, describing

efforts to limit scrap exports as ‘very dangerous’

and unnecessary. There is ‘a lot of misinformation

out there’ about exports, he insisted. ‘There is

ample scrap in Europe for domestic steelmakers.’

He anticipated ‘difficult’ market conditions in the

coming months - but ‘the long-term prognosis

is better’, he said. According to William

Schmiedel, President of Sims Global Trade at

Sims Metal Management Ltd in the USA, the

scrap market is enduring a ‘slow’ period and sen-

timent is ‘down’; however, he also foresaw that

‘Turkey will have to have a flurry of buying’.

2011 - a record year for scrap use

As part of its on-going bid to collate reliable statistics relating to its sector, the BIR Ferrous Division used its meeting in Rome to launch the third edi-tion of ‘World Steel Recycling in Figures’. And divisional Statistics Advisor Rolf Willeke drew particular attention to two records achieved in 2011: global steel scrap use as a raw material for steelmaking increased to around 570 million tonnes (+7.6% compared to 2010); and steel scrap purchases by steelworks worldwide climbed to 370 million tonnes (+8.8%). Other highlights of the document include the fact that scrap contributed 90.3% of the material used in Turkish steel production last year compared to a world average of 37.7%. The 11.8% increase in Turkey’s overseas purchases of scrap to 21.46 million tonnes enabled the country to reinforce its position as the world’s leading importer. After recording a drop in 2010, America’s scrap exports jumped 18.6% to 24.373 million tonnes in 2011: the biggest buyers were Turkey (+29.2% to 5.624 million tonnes), China (+31.5% to 4.226 million tonnes), Taiwan (+25.6% to 3.54 million tonnes) and the Republic of Korea (+4.8% to 2.964 million tonnes). The USA maintained its position as the world’s leading exporter of steel scrap with support from exchange rate movements, the document notes. Appropriately for a meeting held in Rome, Mr Willeke identifi ed Italy as Europe’s largest con-sumer of steel scrap. The Ferrous Division’s Statistics Advisor closed his presentation by saying: ‘Market developments in 2011 highlight the important role of high-quality recycled scrap to the raw materials supply of the iron and steel industry worldwide and underline the need for a free raw materials market.’

Move towards enclosed shredders?

At a BIR Shredder Committee meeting devoted to emission abatement, a gradual trend towards enclosed shredders was predicted by US-based Jim Schwartz of Metso Lindemann because of the particulate/noise emission and safety benefi ts. In terms of latest installations, Tim Christian of Danieli Lynxs in the UK spoke of a new customer installation - scheduled for this summer - involving total housing of the operation inside a building with only a single point of discharge to atmosphere for all process air. And Herbert Zimmermann of Keller Lufttechnik in Germany spoke about emission reduction systems sched-uled to be retrofi tted to shredders in the coming months that will be capable, he claimed, of reducing fi ne dust to below 0.5 mg/m3 and of cutting emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls by up to 99%. At the same meeting, industry veteran Scott Newell of The Shredder Company in the USA told delegates: ‘Modern shredding plants are not operating as effi ciently as they can if they do not have a computer control system. The use of a Smart Water System will minimise problems with explosion and will provide the most advanced emission controls at this time with minimum investment that will do the job.’

Rolf Willeke, statistical advisor to the BIR Ferrous Division presented the third edition of ‘World Steel Recycling in Figures’.

Zain Nathani of the Nathani Group of Companies (left) and Greg Schnitzer of US-based Schnitzer Steel Industries.

Hisatoshi Kojo of Metz Corporation in Japan (left) and William Schmiedel, President of Sims Global Trade at Sims Metal Management in the USA.

26 o s 2 12-06-12 11:50

oo 8 1 0 11 11 1 :4

29June/July 2012

Difficult present - but a ‘bright’ futureOver-capacity and volatile nickel prices are just two of the problems confronting the stainless steel industry at present. However, the meeting of the BIR Stainless Steel & Special Alloys Committee in Rome also offered grounds for longer-term optimism. As regards scrap, one of the main issues is availability.

Recent months have brought gen-erally ‘good’ global demand for

stainless steel scrap - but business has continued to be conducted largely ‘on a short-term supply and demand basis’, according to Michael Wright of ELG Haniel in the UK. Speaking in Rome, he also reported signs of ‘a slight tail-off’ in demand for June but insisted that any decline in scrap orders has been ‘more than compensated’ by a lack of availability. Re-elected Chairman of the BIR Stainless Steel & Special Alloys Committee during the world body’s latest Spring Conven-tion, Mr Wright argued that these condi-tions are unlikely to change in the third quarter given the relatively low price of nickel and the lack of production. With LME nickel values heading southwards towards US$ 16 500 per tonne at the time of the meeting, the speaker con-

fi rmed that investment funds ‘are not interested’ in the metal at present.

Production recoveryMr Wright alluded to continuing nickel price fl uctuations in his summary of recent market developments whereas guest speaker Pascal Payet-Gaspard, Secretary General of the International Stainless Steel Forum and formerly Chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal Stainless International, suggested that the increasingly important role of nickel pig iron ‘will help the industry to have less volatile nickel prices’.In a largely bullish presentation in which he described the future of the stainless steel industry as ‘bright’, Mr Payet-Gaspard said that this metal had enjoyed faster growth than most metallic materials over the past three decades and that its potential in

emerging countries is ‘enormous’. Despite a sharp drop in stainless production in the after-math of the world fi nan-cial and economic crunch of 2008, output leapt approaching 25% in 2010 and by a further 3.3% in 2011 to reach an all-time high of 32.11 million tonnes, he said.World crude stainless

production growth had reached an average of 6% per annum for the period from 2001 to 2011. However, the speaker went on to stress that China has accounted for, in effect, all of the growth achieved since the start of the Millennium. Mr Payet-Gaspard also identifi ed stainless mill expansion pro-grammes in China as one of the major factors underlying the ‘signifi cant over-capacity expected going forward’. He acknowledged efforts already being made in various parts of the world to tackle overcapacity through restructur-ing measures which he hoped would be followed by others. However, sig-nificant expansion plans in China - notably at Baosteel and Shanxi TISCO - will mean that overcapacity remains an issue, he also observed.

‘Heavy-handed’ policyIn the established round of country and regional market reports, Barry Hunter of Hunter Alloys LLC in the USA said that scrap fl ows into domestic wholesalers continue to be ‘slow’. The trend in US stainless scrap exports is clearly down-wards, he added, with Asia accounting for most of the volumes shipped out. Summarising conditions in Asia itself, Mark Sellier of OneSteel Recycling spoke of generally ‘tight’ scrap availability. The report from Anand Gupta of Ambi-ca Steels in India suggested that

domestic stainless mills are operating at around 70% capacity utilisation and have been buying scrap ‘on a hand-to-mouth basis’. Meanwhile, Ahmad Sharif of Sharif Metals Est. confi rmed stainless steel was being traded in Jor-dan at low levels ‘due to a heavy-handed government policy of imposing US$ 70 per tonne export fees, which is obviously having an impact on stain-less steel exports’.

‘Less optimistic’Reviewing conditions and develop-ments in Europe based on reports from committee board members, Mr Wright indicated that recent market restructur-ing - notably the Outokumpu/Thyssen Krupp link-up - should lead to AST in Terni, Italy, becoming ‘the most impor-tant stainless steel scrap purchaser in Europe’. And speaking of his own UK market, Mr Wright revised an earlier prediction that stainless steel produc-tion in 2012 would repeat the 310 000 tonnes of last year. ‘We are less opti-mistic now,’ he said in downgrading the forecast to around 280 000 tonnes. In his superalloys report, Phil Rosen-berg of Keywell LLC in the USA noted the recent announcement by Airbus of a 10% cut in its mid-range aircraft. However, he still expected titanium prices to be ‘soft’ in the short term but ‘good’ in the long term.


Steel & Special Alloys

BIR Stainless Steel & Special Alloys Committee Chairman Michael Wright of ELG Haniel in the UK.

Barry Hunter of Hunter Alloys LLC in the USA.

2 a l ss 2 11-06-12 15:23

30 June/July 2012

New study to aid protectionism battleIn common with the BIR Ferrous Division, the threat posed by protectionism in relation to secondary raw materials was the major preoccupation at the world recycling body’s Non-Ferrous Metals Division meeting in Rome. The impact on the aluminium market of car production developments - notably in reference to Asia - was also addressed at the gathering

As a further weapon in its fight against pro-

tectionism, the BIR Non-Ferrous Metals

Division is asking leading metals market research-

er CRU to conduct ‘a detailed worldwide study

on non-ferrous scrap, its consumption in the dif-

ferent countries, areas and regions of the world,

and the scrap flows around the world’, it was con-

firmed at its meeting in Rome. The initial focus

will be on aluminium and copper, and the aim is

to present findings to the divisional Round-Table

meeting in Barcelona this October. The Division’s

Senior Vice President Peter Dahmen of Germany-

based Metallhandelsgesellschaft Schoof &

Haslacher mbH & Co., warned of ‘a growing pro-

tectionist approach from governments as they

want to secure the raw material availability for

their industries’, adding that ‘environmental con-

cerns are used more frequently to complicate

exports of non-ferrous scrap’. Protectionism is

tarnishing a generally positive outlook for the

non-ferrous scrap business, according to Mr Dah-

men. ‘We need free and fair trade,’ he declared.

‘Chronic uncertainty’Loretta Forelli, one of the owners of the family-

based Forelli Group in Italy which specialises

in brass ingot production, insisted that ‘protec-

tionism will not work’ because it inevitably

provokes counter measures; rather than erect-

ing barriers, there is a need for ‘co-ordinated,

regulated and balanced’ free trade, she said. Mrs

Forelli also expressed regret at the delay in the

emergence of an effective anti-crisis policy in

Europe and of the ‘chronic uncertainty’ cur-

rently gripping the Euro-zone as manufactur-

ing activity slowed and unemployment

increased.

Her comments provided the ideal platform for

the presentation from Marco Valli, Chief Euro-

zone Economist for the Italian-based pan-

European banking organisation UniCredit. He

argued that the developed world would suffer

the most ‘if things turn sour’ for the European

monetary union.

However, he also pointed out that rising leading

indicators in emerging

markets have been

helping metals prices.

He predicted that the

copper market ‘will

remain well supported

at least this year’ where-

as increased supply

could push prices lower

during the course of

2013. UniCredit is fore-

casting an average cop-

per price of US$ 8400


Non-Ferrous

The Non-Ferrous Division mee-ting was chaired by Senior Vice President Peter Dahmen of Ger-many-based Metallhandelsge-sellschaft Schoof & Haslacher.

Anton van Genuchten of Reu-kema Blocq & Maneschijn in the Netherlands.

Shigenori Hayashi, Director of Materials Management at Japan’s largest secondary alumi-nium smelter Daiki Aluminium Industry Co. Ltd.

30 No - o s 30 11-06-12 14:3

31June/July 2012

per tonne for 2012 and of US$ 8200 for 2013,

and aluminium values for the same years of,

respectively, US$ 2275 and US$ 2450.

‘Biggest growth potential’Asia was hailed in Rome as ‘the fastest-growing

secondary aluminium market in the world’

with ‘the biggest growth potential’ regarding

car demand. But Shigenori Hayashi, Director

of Materials Management at Japan’s largest

secondary aluminium smelter Daiki Alumini-

um Industry Co. Ltd, began a detailed presen-

tation on this subject by noting that car

demand in his home country ‘has been below

10 million units since 2009’ and ‘is shrinking at

a rate of around 4-5% per year’, partly because

owners are looking to keep their vehicles for

longer and because of a decline in car owner-

ship among the younger generation.

‘In these circumstances, the aluminium alloy

market in Japan may well shrink further, and

certainly no expansion is foreseeable,’ he told

delegates. ‘Aluminium alloy manufacturers, and

customers including the automobile industry,

both have excess capacity, and the key question

for the future will be how they manage the

downsizing process.’

China overtook the USA in 2009 as the world’s

leading producer of cars, with the former

churning out 18.4 million units for a 23% share

of global production last year. So when viewed

solely from the demand side, China’s secondary

aluminium alloy industry appears to be the best

positioned, according to Mr Hayashi. But it also

faces problems, including plans to rationalise

small and medium-sized manufacturers ‘which

do not have sufficient capital to develop envi-

ronmentally-friendly facilities’. In practice, he

said, this step ‘will target alloy manufacturers

with annual output below 50 000 tons which

are not moving to install bag filters’.

Rising salariesSince the early 1990s, the majority of alloy manu-

facturers in China have used Zorba as their main

raw material, adding value by hand-sorting and

thereby sustaining the price competitiveness of

aluminium alloys. ‘However, this approach has

become less feasible in the light of rising hand-

sorter salaries and personnel shortages,’ explained

Mr Hayashi. In South China, for example, salaries

have leapt around 60% over the last six years. As

a result, some major aluminium alloy producers

‘have looked into the possibility of replacing

hand-sorting with mechanical sorting using

heavy media’. In line with the growth in demand,

Chinese secondary aluminium alloy manufactur-

ers have been ‘actively investing’, according to the

guest speaker. ‘If the production increases planned

by these companies are achieved within the next

few years, annual supply capacity will be raised by

more than 1 million tons over the current figure.’

Less competitiveDescribing Thailand as the largest secondary

aluminium alloy producer among the Associa-

tion of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Mr

Hayashi noted that the country has earned the

nickname ‘Detroit of the East’ because it has

attracted many car and component manufactur-

ers from Japan, North America and Europe, and

has established a supply chain centred on the

capital Bangkok. ‘It is anticipated that the sec-

ondary aluminium alloy industry will recover

from the damage caused by the recent flooding

and once again move to a growth trend,’ he told

delegates. In contrast, the speaker said it is ‘dif-

ficult to be optimistic about the future prospects

for the secondary aluminium alloy industry in

Malaysia’ because IT industry players have been

moving to other countries such as China and the

Philippines while domestically-made vehicles

have become ‘less competitive internationally’.

Earlier, Mr Dahmen described high-end vehicle

production in Germany as ‘booming’ whereas

producers of smaller vehicles in Southern

Europe are ‘suffering’. He added: ‘The alumin-

ium consumption of the automotive industry

will continuously rise and the scrap availabil-

ity for our market will grow as well. Copper

consumption as well will rise considerably due

to the growth in demand for electric cars.’

Supply scarceIn a summary of the world non-ferrous metals

markets based on reports to the latest BIR Non-

Ferrous Metals World Mirror, Anton van

Genuchten of Reukema Blocq & Maneschijn

BV in the Netherlands suggested that ‘scarce

supply’ in Europe is limiting downward pressure

on scrap prices. ‘Production plants in most of

Europe have up to 40% less scrap,’ he said. ‘Many

suppliers are currently trying to hold on to their

stocks a bit longer as most material in this scarce

supply market is bought too expensively.’

The Euro has lost significant ground to the US

dollar, thus ‘dampening somewhat’ the fall in

LME prices for Europe. But Mr Van Genuchten

also offered the following nightmare scenario:

‘If there were a return to the recent levels above

1.32 combined with the already-subdued quan-

tities and narrow margins, the carnage in the

European scrap industry could be considerable.’

Theft contagionIn promoting the BIR International Trade

Council (ITC) meeting taking place the fol-

lowing day in Rome, its Chairman Robert Voss

of Voss International in the UK warned the

Non-Ferrous Metals Division that theft from

containers is becoming ‘contagious’. In addi-

tion to the loss of valuable material, other

downsides include rocketing insurance pre-

miums, disgruntled customers left feeling

‘short-changed’, and shippers reluctant to

handle the scrap industry’s materials. Further-

more, press coverage rarely ref lects the fact

that the scrap industry itself is ‘often the vic-

tim’ of metals theft, he said.

‘It’s a problem that’s not going to go away,’ insist-

ed Mr Voss. ‘We need to confront it as an industry.’

Similarly, the impact of scrap-related fraud ‘is

getting worse and worse’, according to the ITC’s

Chairman, who went on to urge BIR members to

report any instances of theft or fraud to help the

world body to fight this twin menace and to

improve the industry’s image as a result.

Guest speakers Loretta Forelli of the Forelli Group in Italy which spe-cialises in brass ingot production and Marco Valli, Chief Eurozone Economist for the Italian-based pan-European banking organisation UniCredit.

The majority of alloy manufacturers in China have tended to us Zorba as their main raw material.

30 No - o s 31 12-06-12 1 :14

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32 32 12-06-12 15:3

33June/July 2012

Firm prospects for fibre exportersAlthough the recovered paper import spotlight falls more often than not on China, a number of other countries are developing their appetite for fibre supplies from overseas, it was underlined at the latest BIR Paper Division meeting. The event in Rome also featured warnings about growth in the protectionist lobby.

Exporters of recovered paper do not have their problems to seek at pres-

ent. As highlighted by BIR Paper Division President Ranjit Baxi of UK-based J&H Sales International Ltd, current chal-lenges include: a ‘seriously threatening’ Euro-zone crisis; much higher sea freight rates; diffi culties in obtaining shipping space; currency volatility; and customer quality concerns ‘coming more and more to centre stage’. However, many of the fi bre exporters attending the latest divisional gathering would have carried a number of posi-tive messages from the main meeting room of the Rome Cavalieri Hotel. Chief among them would have been the con-sensus that China will remain a growth market for the world’s exporters for the foreseeable future: fi gures provided by Mr Baxi revealed that the Asian giant imported 7.24 million tonnes in the fi rst quarter of this year compared to 6.57 million tonnes and 6.37 million tonnes in the corresponding periods

of, respectively, 2011 and 2010. US shipments of recovered fibre to China have soared 18% over the last three years whereas the increase for Europe has been 15%, Mr Baxi pointed out. But sounding a note of caution, the Paper Division President warned that shipments to China would suffer ‘ups and downs’ along its long-term growth path and that exporters should appreciate their Chinese customers’ requirements regarding quality.

India and the GCCBut as was emphasised in Rome, China does not have a monopoly on oppor-tunities for international suppliers of recovered fibre. According to guest speaker Jogarao Bhamidipati, India already imports approaching 4 million tonnes of recovered fi bre each year and the fi gure could climb beyond 10 mil-lion tonnes by 2025 even if there is a signifi cant improvement in domestic recovery levels. The Senior Vice Presi-

dent of ITC Ltd based his assumptions on the pro-jected doubling in size of the nation’s paper indus-try by 2025 to an annual capacity of around 30 mi l l i on tonnes ; i f achieved, this would cre-ate a requirement for

around 16 million tonnes of recovered paper each year compared to between 7.5 million and 8 million tonnes at present.There are currently 750 paper mills in India while annual domestic paper con-sumption is 11.2 million tonnes - ‘and growing’, Mr Bhamidipati told delegates. Fellow guest speaker Atul Kaul, COO of Arab Paper Manufacturing Co. of Saudi Arabia, added that recovered fibre imports into the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) region would grow in response to new capacities coming on stream. If the ‘key challenge’ of improv-ing domestic collections was not met, acquisitions in Europe and the USA could be considered in order to supple-ment fi bre volumes and quality, he said.

Baseless groundsDuring the main body of the meeting as well as a subsequent panel discus-sion moderated by Recycling Interna-tional’s Publisher and Editor Manfred Beck, the issue of protectionist mea-sures - so dominant at this year’s BIR Spring Convention - once again sprang to prominence. For example, Ekrem Demircioglu of Tüdam in Turkey con-fi rmed a drop in his country’s exports of recovered fi bre because these ship-ments are allowed only with the prior approval of domestic paper mills. Meanwhile, Spanish mills have made efforts over recent months to halt recovered paper exports on baseless carbon dioxide emission grounds, according to Francisco Donoso of Recic-lajes Dolaf SL. Attempts at protection-ism are ‘dangerous’ and, if implement-ed, such measures would lead to ‘lower prices in different parts of Europe’.


PaperPoignant Papyrus prize

Celebration and sadness became intermingled in Rome as BIR Paper Division President Ranjit Baxi announced the latest winner of the Papyrus prize. The award went to Lamacart SPA of Villafranca di Verona, a busi-ness currently handling around 1 million tonnes of recovered paper per annum. The company was formed in 1934 by Francesco Nicolis, and his son Luciano con-tinued its rapid development. Sadly, this ‘inspirational’ fi gure died only a few weeks prior to the BIR Convention in Rome, Mr Baxi was sad to report.

The Papyrus prize was collected by his son Thomas Nicolis from BIR World President Björn Grufman. Lamacart’s current Managing Director confirmed that his aim is to double the busi-ness over the next fi ve years.The Papyrus prize is awarded twice a year at the BIR’s Spring and Autumn Conventions, hon-ouring individuals, companies and organisations making a sub-stantial contribution to paper recycling.

Guest speaker Jogarao Bhamidi-pati, Senior Vice President of India-based ITC Ltd.

BIR Paper Division President Ranjit Baxi (left) and BIR President Björn Grufman (right) pre-sent this year’s Papyrus prize to Thomas Nicolis of Italian recovered paper business Lamacart.

Francisco Donoso of Reciclajes Dolaf SL in Spain.

ments are allowed only with the prior approval of domestic paper mills. Meanwhile, Spanish mills have made efforts over recent months to halt recovered paper exports on baseless carbon dioxide emission grounds, according to Francisco Donoso of Recic-lajes Dolaf SL. Attempts at protection-ism are ‘dangerous’ and, if implement-ed, such measures would lead to ‘lower prices in different parts of Europe’.

recycling.

33 a 33 11-06-12 14:41

34 June/July 2012

The return of negative sentimentApart from guest presentations, the BIR Textiles Division meeting in Rome was devoted almost entirely to a debate of the many factors contributing to a worsening of business conditions. Indeed, its President found himself in the unusual position of expressing a downbeat opinion on the sector’s immediate prospects.

A number of factors have collided to spread disquiet in textiles

recycling circles.For Europe’s sorters, prices of originals have spiralled to such high levels that it is proving almost impossible to run prof-itable operations in high-wage coun-tries. And the financial pressure has been compounded by higher petrol costs, elevated wage bills and container rental costs soaring to ‘dizzying heights’, the President of the BIR Textiles Division, Olaf Rintsch of Germany-based Textil Recycling K&A Wenkhaus GmbH,

lamented at the meeting in Rome. For the fi rst in his years as divisional head, he described himself as ‘very pes-simistic’ about the business outlook. And Mr Rintsch was not alone in his more gloomy assessment of market conditions. For example, the Textiles Division’s Honorary President Klaus Löwer of Germany-based Hans Löwer Recycling GmbH confi rmed in his US market report: ‘Prices of originals have been so high that sorters have faced shortages and have had to reduce their capacities. Some sorters have had to

leave the business alto-gether.’ The wiper mar-ket in Japan is weak and ‘no recovery is immi-nent’, he also said.

Increase in theftTheft of containers or of their contents is another factor undermining the industry’s well-being, with divisional Vice President Mehdi Zerroug

of Framimex in France suggesting that such instances ‘have increased sub-stantially in their frequency, and legal measures to fi ght this have been insuf-fi cient to date’. He also reported that, in his own coun-try, the volumes coming from each container have been typically 15-20% lower on average in the fi rst half of this year when compared to the same months in 2011. ‘This drop-off can be attributed to the combination of an unfavourable climate, the economic crisis, an increase in competition and fi nally an upturn in the number of col-lection containers,’ he told delegates. Across in Belgium, reported Pol T’Jollyn of NV Recutex, diffi culties have also been encountered in obtaining good-quality originals at reasonable prices. And the Italian market report from Sauro Ballerini noted that the econom-ic crisis in Europe has made the public more reluctant to discard their old clothes; he also said that demand from Egypt has increased slightly owing to a reduction in customs charges. In a guest overview of recycling in Cen-tral America, Sandra Chinchilla - Gen-eral Manager of Fibertex in El Salvador - pointed out that around 60% of the region’s population tends to buy used clothing, before adding: ‘There is much work to be done by governmental authorities to encourage industry and to educate the public with regard to recycling in general.’


Textiles Tyres

Tyres Committee: Europe leads the wayEurope has established itself as a world tyre recycling leader, with figures for 2010 showing that around 95% of EU-27 arisings in that year were destined for recovery rather than for landfi ll compared to 75% as recently as 2004. Around 80% of tyres going down the material recovery route in the EU were converted into rubber granulate while more than 90% of tyres heading into energy recovery were used by the cement industry - an outlet which is ‘growing more and more’, explained BIR Tyres Committee Chairman Barend Ten Bruggencate of Netherlands-based VACO in his Rome presentation.And while high ELT recovery rates have also been achieved in North America and Japan for some time, there are now clear signs of the development of a used tyre recy-cling infrastructure within Russia - although this remains ‘decades behind Western Europe’, according to Mr Ten Bruggencate.

‘Our future’The advantages of developing end-of-waste criteria for used tyres within the EU was explored by Tyres Committee guest speaker Kees van Oostenrijk, a board member of the RecyBEM organisation in the Neth-erlands which is responsible for the implementation of the Dutch Decree on Car Tyre Management on behalf of the tyre sector. He described end-of-waste criteria as ‘our future’ for used tyres and suggested their for-mulation would ultimately lead to a reduction in costs. Mr Van Oosten-rijk also talked about research and development work into devulcanisa-tion and pyrolysis, going on to sug-gest that these techniques could have a substantially increased impact

on tyre recycling in the future.

BIR Tyres Committee Chairman Barend Ten Bruggencate (left) and guest speaker Kees van Oostenrijk, both from the Netherlands.

President of the BIR Textiles Division, Olaf Rintsch of Germany-based Textil Recycling K&A Wenk-haus.

Textiles Division Honorary President Klaus Löwer.

34 l s s 34 11-06-12 14:40

advertisement

Italian decree repealed - but concerns remain

Deep and persistent concerns over uneven interpretation of regulations among the different EU member states formed the centerpiece of discussions at the BIR Plastics Committee meeting in Rome.

The BIR, along with other associa-tions and interested parties,

deserve praise for their contribution to the quick-fi re withdrawal of an Italian decree which had seriously under-mined exports of plastics and other

world in Italy, also highlighted frequent changes to regulation as one of the fea-tures of the domestic market. ‘They are very diffi cult for us to follow,’ he complained.

Sharp rather than sustainableMr Borad went on to contend that, to some extent, the sharp rather than sustainable increases in sea freight rates of late had undermined the cred-ibility of shipping companies among traders in recyclables. In the same con-text, the report on the Dutch and Ger-man markets from Peter Daalder of Daly Plastics in the Netherlands stated

that calculation of ship-ping prices in US dollars made the impact of recent rate increases even more dramatic. According to Gregory Cardot of Veolia Pro-preté, lower collection volumes in France could lead to increased ‘ten-sions’ on the market.

Register now to secure your place. Call us at +65 6332 2700 to

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Trade opportunities for scrap metal buyers and sellers19 – 21 September 2012, Shanghai China

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Jacky Chun, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, China Metal Recycling, China

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Salam Al Sharif, President and Chief Executive Officer, Sharif Group, UAE

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Kensuke Kitani, President and Senior Representative Director, SHIMABUN Corporation, Japan

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Plastics

forms of scrap during the several weeks following its introduction in early April this year, according to Plastics Commit-tee Chairman Surendra Borad of Bel-gium-based Gemini Corporation NV.The law stipulated that, at the point of

customs clearance, there must be a declaration from the destination coun-try that it possessed a recycling system with standards similar to those of Europe. As a result, ‘it became diffi cult if not impossible to export any kind of scrap out of Italy’, said Mr Borad.According to guest speaker Stefano Fiore, Sales Executive at Italian com-pany Logistics Group Srl, current EU legislation on transboundary move-ments of waste ‘is interpreted and applied in Italy differently from the other member countries’. And he added: ‘Until the difference between waste for disposal and waste for recovery is clarifi ed within the Ital-ian mindset, there is very little possibility that this sector will come into line with the operations of other member countries.’Fellow guest speaker Ales-sandro Danesi, Managing Director of Stena Techno-

Plastics Committee Chairman Surendra Borad of Belgium-based Gemini Corporation.

35 las s 35 12-06-12 15:3

36 June/July 2012

M A R K E T A N A L Y S I S

Ferrous

‘Panic selling’ as ferrous falls

There has been widespread surprise at the scale of the correction with ferrous scrap prices heading ever lower in recent weeks. At the time of writing, latest cfr indications for shipments from Europe to Turkey are as follows: US$ 380-385 per tonne for standard quality HMS I/II 80/20 scrap; US$ 385-390 per tonne for shredded; and US$ 350-355 per tonne for the HMS I/II 70/30 mix. US prices are typically US$ 10 per tonne higher.

Closed: June 8 2012

The ferrous scrap market often saves some of its most dramatic gyrations

for the period around the BIR Conven-tions - but few could have forecast the scale of the price upheaval that has torn through the sector in recent weeks. With some in the market already alleg-ing ‘panic selling’, one expert tells Recycling International: ‘Yes, it is defi-nitely panic. You think a person would

be crazy to sell at a certain level - and then he sells. Liquidity is the big prob-lem, and it will be an even bigger prob-lem in the second half of the year.’Trading with Turkey in early May was characterised by a higher proportion of business for European suppliers as the weakness of the Euro against the dollar resulted in many US sellers being unable to compete with their counterparts

across the Atlantic. However, there was a steady decline in prices from the levels of US$ 440-445 per tonne for standard quality HMS I/II 80/20 scrap and US$ 445-450 for shredded witnessed at the time of our previous report.

Accelerated downtrendBuying activity tended to diminish in the lead-up to the BIR Spring Conven-tion in Rome, at which stage shippers from the USA were still understood to be obtaining around US$ 420 per tonne cfr for HMS I/II 80/20 and typi-cally US$ 5 more for shredded. How-ever, the early days of June brought an acceleration of the downtrend - to the extent that hopes of maintaining pric-es above the US$ 400 threshold quick-ly disappeared. For Turkey, the most recent sales prices heard by Recycling International for US-origin scrap have been US$ 390 per tonne for HMS I/II 80/20 and US$ 395 for shredded scrap. And at the time of writing, A3 scrap appears to be selling into Turkey at around US$ 380 per tonne cfr versus nearer US$ 420 only some two weeks earlier; this is around the same level as HMS I/II 80/20 scrap from Europe. One trader tells Recycling

International: ‘I have heard of Euro-pean HMS I/II 70/30 at US$ 350-360 (per tonne), but nobody wants to buy.’

Scrap import growth Turkey’s scrap imports exceeded 2 mil-lion tonnes in April - of which almost a third came from the USA, according to latest data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). The total of 2.06 mil-lion tonnes in April represented an increase of 41% over that for the cor-responding month in 2011 and con-tributed to a January-April tally of 7.4 million tonnes - up 19% on the first four months of last year. Turkish scrap import growth continues to outpace the upturn in domestic crude steel production, output of which climbed 11.4% in the first four months of this year to 11.91 million tonnes from 10.7 million tonnes in the same period last year. Veysel Yayan, General Secretary of the Turkish Iron and Steel Producers Association (DCUD), pre-dicted at the recent Aliaga Iron and Steel Summit in Izmir that production would maintain the level of increase at around 11% throughout the rest of 2012 to give a total of 38 million tonnes for the year as a whole.

36 al s s o s 36 12-06-12 13:53

37June/July 2012

Ferrous

Sums don’t add upOf course, recent trading developments in the bellwether Turkish market tend to be reflected quickly around the rest of the world. As recently as mid-May, HMS I/II 80/20 was selling into South East Asia at prices approaching US$ 460 per tonne cfr but sellers in the USA and Europe are currently struggling to obtain much above US$ 415 for contai-nerised shipments of the same grade. The sums are certainly not adding up for India’s importers given the depre-ciation of the rupee and so more emphasis will fall on deriving scrap from increased domestic shipbreaking activ-ity. At the time of our previous report, overseas suppliers were still offering shredded scrap at above US$ 480 per tonne cfr Nhava Sheva, but by early June a full US$ 50 had been shaved off price expectations. Trading activity with India has been further dampened by elevated freight costs.

Irresistible slideIn Japan, it is Tokyo Steel Manufacturing that tends to set the scrap price trends - and here too, the downward slide in prices has been irresistible. The com-pany cut its scrap buying prices twice in

the final three days of May, but this was just a taste of what was to come: three quick-fire scrap price reductions fol-lowed in early June to leave Tokyo Steel’s H2 purchasing prices at between Yen 25 500 and Yen 28 000 per tonne. In the second half of May, some of China’s leading steel producers - includ-ing Shagang, the country’s largest scrap consumer and importer - suspended scrap imports after international prices climbed beyond what mills were pre-pared to pay in a weakening domestic market. Scrap values have continued to soften throughout the country.US exporters managed to compensate for reduced Chinese buying in March, according to latest figures. Ferrous scrap shipments from the USA were more than 15% above the levels of the previous month and almost 14% higher year on year at a shade below 2.15 million tonnes. This improvement was achieved despite lower Chinese purchases of 303 483 tonnes - equiva-lent to a drop of 16.5% over the same month last year - and a reduction in Turkish purchases when compared to February this year, from more than 600 000 tonnes to 562 000 tonnes with a value of US$ 237 million.

Order revokedRussia’s Supreme Arbitrage Court has revoked a controversial government order introduced in February this year which effectively banned scrap exports from any of the country’s Far Eastern ports other than Magadan. A number of companies had challenged the order through the courts while concern over the implications of the measure was also voiced by the BIR world recycling organisation among others.But as one door appears to open, another could be closing. Andrey Moi-seenko of Ukrmet Ltd in the Ukraine reported to the BIR Ferrous Division meeting in Rome that his country’s scrap exporters are encountering grow-ing problems in obtaining export quo-tas. Previously a ‘formality’, the process is becoming increasingly complicated and seems to signal the intention of the Ukrainian government ‘to limit steel scrap exports from the country’ at a time when major mill developments are set to lead to a massive increase in domestic requirements, he said.Meanwhile, ferrous scrap buyers in Indo-nesia could be swapping imported scrap for billet because of customs clearance delays. In late May, reports put the vol-umes of ferrous scrap held up in the country’s ports at anything between

120 000 tonnes and 150 000 tonnes. An Indonesian steelmaker source told Metal Bulletin at that time that cargoes arriving in March had not been released, thus entailing warehousing costs of US$ 50 per container. Billet imports therefore became more of a viable option, he added. Indonesia normally imports around 100 000 tonnes per month of billet but, as a result of the scrap shortfall, this figure could have doubled for March and April, according to the same report.

Competing commoditiesFollowing several weeks of almost complete inertia at around US$ 150 per tonne cfr China for 63.5% Fe con-tent Indian fines, iron ore began to shed value from the second half of April. Prices dipped below the US$ 140 per tonne threshold just past mid-May and stood at around US$ 137 immedi-ately prior to the BIR Spring Conven-tion in Rome - the lowest point the market had seen since around the time of the previous BIR Convention in Munich last October. Reasons given for this recent downtrend include declining steel billet prices and China’s increased reliance on domestic ore sources as a route to minimising its costs. At the time of writing, prices

36 al s s o s 3 12-06-12 13:53


June/July 201238

remain around US$ 137 per tonne. Prices for 62% Fe content iron ore are likely to fluctuate within a band between US$ 120 and US$ 140 per tonne for the remainder of this year, CLSA Commodities Strategist Ian Roper predicted at the recent SBB Steel Raw Materials Asia Conference in Singa-pore. A major increase in iron ore sup-ply from the second half of next year leads him to be pessimistic about price developments in the longer term.According to TUIK, Turkey’s pig iron imports soared almost 110% year on year in March to 122 516 tonnes while the first quarter total of 365 502 tonnes represented an increase of a shade under 40% when compared with January-March 2011. The Ukraine was easily the largest supplier in the first three months of this year on 222 685 tonnes, with Russia contribut-ing 116 165 tonnes.

SteelIn April this year, China once again pro-duced more than 60 million tonnes of crude steel while output climbed almost 10% year on year in the USA and well over 7% in Japan. Across the 62 coun-tries reporting to the World Steel Asso-ciation (WSA), however, production was only 1.2% higher than in the same month last year at 128.376 million tonnes - not least because of events in the embattled EU-27 where output slid 5.2% to 14.884 million tonnes. Compared with April 2011, production also fell in the Ukraine (by 17.7% to an estimated 2.52 million tonnes), Brazil (by 1.2% to 3.029 million tonnes), Africa/Middle East (by 2.7% to 2.819 million tonnes) and Oceania (by 22.5% to 550,000 tonnes). On the upside, and as indicated above, US output jumped 9.3% to 7.705 mil-lion tonnes, Japan witnessed an increase of 7.6% to 9.072 million tonnes and Chinese production increased 2.6% to 60.575 million tonnes. Meanwhile, Turkish production advanced 4.7% year on year to 2.885 million tonnes in April while increases were also recorded by Russia (+3.6%

to an estimated 5.9 million tonnes), India (+3.5% to an estimated 6 million tonnes) and South Korea (+2.1% to 6.011 million tonnes). For Asia as a whole, crude steel production in April this year was 3% above that registered in the corresponding month of 2011 at 83.459 million tonnes.Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has predicted that, in the April-June period, domestic steel pro-duction will enjoy its strongest quarter since the fi nal three months of 2010. Crude steel production could outstrip this year’s opening quarter by 3.7% and the same period in 2011 by 4.4%, it is contended. Sales into the domestic market are expected to fall less than previously anticipated while export business is said to be growing more healthily than forecast.

Turkey leads the packAfter four months of 2012, crude steel production among the countries reporting to the WSA amounted to 503.958 million tonnes for an increase over January-April 2011 of 0.7%. Among the major producers, Turkey led the pack in percentage terms with an increase of 11.4% to 11.91 million tonnes, followed by the USA with a 9.2% jump to 30.916 million tonnes from 28.299 million tonnes in the opening four months of last year. The year-on-year increase for China was 1.9% to 233.993 million tonnes while South Korean output climbed almost 4% to 23.321 million tonnes; these fi gures contributed to Asian crude steel output of 324.012 million tonnes for January-April this year, which eclipsed last year’s running total by 1.3%.Unsurprisingly in the current economic context, the EU-27’s crude steel produc-tion declined 4.2% in the first four months of this year to 58.831 million tonnes. The Ukraine fared even worse in steelmaking terms with an 11.4% drop-off to 10.502 million tonnes while Japan also saw its production fall short of the 2011 cumulative total - by 1.4% to 35.638 million tonnes - despite the afore-mentioned stronger performance in April.

Eurofer: stronger 2013 in prospect

The downward trend in EU steel demand is predicted to reverse into a gradual strengthening during the second half of this year - with total appar-ent consumption expected to fall 2.7% across 2012 as a whole, according to the latest economic and steel market review from European steel asso-ciation Eurofer, which was issued in early May. ‘We are confi dent that in 2013 a further improvement in the business cycle will result in a modest rebound in real consumption and trigger some restock-ing,’ adds the organisation’s Director-General Gordon Moffat. Eurofer is forecasting that apparent steel consumption will rise by 2.5% next year.Activity across the EU’s manufacturing sector ‘has been holding up rela-tively well’, says Mr Moffat. Eurofer expects total output in the region’s steel-using sectors to fall by less than 1% in 2012 ‘thanks to rather healthy order backlogs and low stocks in the value chain’. Growth will then increase during 2013, it maintains. Ulrich Becker, Chief Operating Offi cer of Klockner

& Co. and President of the European steel, tubes and metal distribution body Eurometal, has meanwhile suggested that massive overcapacity in the conti-nent’s steel sector will help to dampen prospects in the latter half of 2012. ‘The mar-ket will be guided by more short-term contracts in the second half of the year,’ he says. ‘Consolidation is one of the only ways forward for European steel.’ www.eurofer.org

‘World Steel in Figures’

The World Steel Association (WSA) has published the 2012 edition of ‘World Steel in Figures’. The document - which is available in PDF format and in print from the Brussels-based organisation’s bookshop - contains facts and fi gures about the global steel industry, including crude steel production, apparent steel use, pig iron production, steel trade, iron ore production and trade, as well as scrap trade. ‘World Steel in Figures’ lists major steel-pro-ducing countries, top steel-producing companies and top steel-consuming countries. www.worldsteel.org

EU apparent steel consumption(million tonnes)

2004 178

2005 168

2006 192

2007 201

2008 185

2009 121

2010 148

2011 157

2012 (f) 153

2013 (f) 157

Source: Eurofer; f = forecast.

36 al s s o s 3 12-06-12 13:53

39June/July 2012

Ferrous

Ferrous Scrap Prices Reference date: June 8, 2012

J J A S O N D J F M A M M J J A S O N D J F M A M M


HMS 1 heavy steel scrap (1/4 Inch) composite price delivered at mills

USA Domestic Scrap Prices (US$/GRT)

HMS 80/20 heavy steel scrap

Fob Rotterdam Export Prices (US$/t)

400

450

500

550

350

350

400

450

500

300

HMS 1, heavy steel scrap (1/4 Inch)

USA Export Prices (US$/GRT)

400

450

500

550

350

S2 / E2, steel scrap (3 mm) Delivered at mills

Average German Scrap Prices (e/t)

300

350

400

450

250

350

344

370

384

335

335

317

342 345

324314

310

345

449

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465455 455

460470

440

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395405

420400 410

425

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425

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435

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420430

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445460

440455

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420415

425410 405

425410

430

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425415

– Fob East Coast price– Fob West Coast price

– Highest price– Lowest price

Crude steel capacity utilisation across the WSA’s 62 reporting countries in April 2012 was effectively unchanged from the previous month at 81.1% but was 1.7 percentage points lower than in April 2011.

Above average More recent figures reveal that US raw steel output exceeded 2 million net tons in the first full week of May, with the total of 2.005 million net tons rep-resenting a capacity utilisation rate of 81.1% - significantly above the aver-age rate of 78.5% in the year prior to that week and well ahead of

the 74.1% of January-March 2011. However, the rates recorded more recently have been lower. In the week ending June 2, for example, domestic raw steel production amounted to 1.92 million net tons for a utilisation rate of 77.7%. Year-to-date production there-fore yields a utilisation rate of 78.6% compared to 74.1% for the same period last year.Meanwhile, Chinese customs figures suggest that the country’s steel exports fell from just over 5 million tonnes in March this year to 4.67 million tonnes in April - equivalent to a year-on-year decline of more than 2%.

OutlookThere is evidence of consumers holding off from buying as they look to gauge just how low the market will go. As a result, those exporters with a need to sell have been forced to ‘sharpen their pencils’. Given the current market conditions, it seems likely that mills will aim to keep not a tonne of scrap more than neces-sary in their inventories. However, there is also a belief that prices cannot fall much further. ‘The trend is down and there has already been a huge correc-tion, but an even bigger correction would be too difficult to contemplate or perhaps allow,’ one expert observes.

36 al s s o s 3 12-06-12 13:53

40 June/July 2012


Nickel & Stainless

2009 2010 2011 2012

– LME stocks (x 1000 metric tonnes)– LME prices (in U.S. dollars/MT)

Nickel (global)

60

90

120

180

150

30

16000

20000

24000

32000

28000

12000

Closed: June 7, 2012

Approaching the Bottom!Fundamentals for Ni have got worse with a weak stainless production outlook in Europe, stagnation in America and only slow growth in Asia. But the closure of a part of the Chinese NPI production base (estimated 150 out of 300 producers) will form a powerful price fl oor at 7,5 $/lb.

©copyright SMR GmbH 2012www.smr.at

Closed: June 7 2012

Lethargy rules stainless steel market

There has been a steep slide in stainless steel scrap prices since our previous report. The 304 grade is now attracting only US$ 1720-1770 per tonne as against US$ 1950-2000 in early May while 316 material is fetching US$ 2420-2470 rather than the earlier US$ 2750-2800. Price ranges for 430 and 409 chrome scrap have dropped to, respectively, US$ 560-600 and US$ 460-500 per tonne.

When compared to early May, market conditions for stain-

less steel scrap have worsened dra-matically. The decline in the value of the Euro as a result of the Euro-zone crisis, the end of the re-stocking phase at service centres in Europe, the expected surplus in nickel production and the drop-off in incoming orders have combined to create a mood of uncertainty and cau-tion among stainless steel producers. As a result of weak demand, scrap prices have fallen to US$ 1720-1770 per tonne for the 304 quality and to US$ 2420-2470 for the 316 grade. Chrome scrap prices have also declined, with the 430 quality now yielding US$ 560-600 per tonne and the 409 grade US$ 460-500 as a con-sequence of recent moves in the exchange rate which stands at US$ 1.243 to the Euro in early June. According to market participants, the fl ow of material is unusually slow at this time even though the summer season, with its traditionally small turnover of material, normally covers only July and August. Scrap availabil-ity is very poor as medium-sized trad-ers are unwilling to sell their stocks at the current low price levels. And expectations are not high for the fourth quarter either.

The EU’s crude stainless steel produc-tion dipped in the good fi rst quarter of 2012 by 0.6% year on year to almost 2.2 million tonnes and a further decline for the rest of the year should be expected.

Weak nickel Nickel is likely to remain weak amid the on-going turmoil within the Euro-zone. Uncertainty has been undermining demand in the traditionally-stronger second quarter but lower prices should also prompt market talk of further pro-ducer cutbacks to address oversupply. Breaking through the fl oor-level resis-tance line of US$ 8 per lb or approxi-mately US$ 17 600 per tonne is symp-

tomatic of the situation for nickel which, by early June, is trading at US$ 16 100 per tonne. According to latest information from the International Nickel Study Group (INSG), consumption of the metal climbed in the fi rst quarter of 2012 to 408 900 tonnes, up from 401 500 tonnes in the same period of 2011. However, nickel production surpassed consumption by 22 100 tonnes to 431 000 tonnes - up from the 384 500 tonnes in January-March 2011.

Ferro-chromeSouth Africa’s ferro-chrome producers are asking for the implementation of

an export tax on unbeneficiated chrome ore exports as China, the world’s largest market, covers an increasing proportion of its ferro-chrome requirements from domestic converters who obtain at least half of their chromite requirements from South African ore supplies. Power supply restrictions are handi-capping South Africa’s integrated ferro-chrome producers in their bid to maintain their leading market position. Supplies remain under threat given the six-month delay in new power produc-tion stations coming on line just as the winter season is about to start. Meanwhile, activities in the ferro-

By Gerhard Teborg et al

40 al s s N l a l ss 40 11-06-12 15:2

41June/July 2012

Nickel & Stainless

Minor metalsFerro-molybdenum prices have suffered from lacklustre demand from stainless steel producers, while molybdenum producers have expanded their output. The large molybdenum producers report a substantial drop in exports to China in the first quarter of 2012 when com-pared with the same period last year. LME prices plummeted to US$ 29 200-29 800 per tonne and turnover has been very poor. Cobalt prices are ranging lower at between US$ 29 000 and US$ 30 000 per tonne. Even though forecasts for tungsten should show a down-trend, ferro-tungsten availability is quite tight, according to market observers. As a consequence, prices have remained firm at US$ 54.25-55.50 per kg W. Ferro-vanadium is at US$ 25.80-26.20 per kg V while the ferro-titanium price has fallen back to US$ 7.55 per kg Ti (maximum 4.5% Al).

chrome market have been subdued. In Southern Europe, high-carbon ferro-chrome has been priced at US$ 1.11 per lb while charge chrome broke the US$ 1 per lb barrier on an ex ware-house basis. Some analysts are predict-ing that the Rand/US dollar exchange rate could fall to 10:1 from the current 8.40:1 over the next 12 months, which should provide a major boost to South Africa’s ferro-chrome producers.

EuropeThere are currently hardly any positive forecasts for the European nickel mar-ket and most traders are worried about the continuing fall in the metal’s value. Short-term predictions for the European stainless steel market are also rather pessimistic. Alloyed scrap prices have also dropped considerably. The many traders who, in recent months, have purchased material at high prices are now suffering as a result of these declines. At the start of 2012, many analysts expected the nickel price to average around US$ 20 000 per tonne for the year, but in early June LME three-month nickel has dipped to around US$ 16 450 per tonne. Scrap demand remains weak and the market appears becalmed.In Germany, nickel cathode prices have been yielding up to US$ 17 157 per tonne. Nickel scrap prices have fallen

on average by some US$ 100 per tonne, with V2A (304) commanding US$ 1803 per tonne and V4A (316) trading at nearer US$ 2486. Prices also plummeted in the Netherlands, with INOX 18/8 nickel scrap attracting US$ 1878 per tonne and INOX 316 nearer US$ 2567.

China and elsewhere in AsiaAccording to China’s Customs Office, the country’s imports of refined nickel and alloys tumbled 49% to 9000 tonnes in April when compared with the same month last year; total imports for the first four months of 2012 slumped 27% to 48 720 tonnes. Chinese exports declined 15% to 3383 tonnes in April, and 7.3% across the January-April period to 12 658 tonnes. Trading of nickel with other countries has remained subdued because of flat demand from the downstream stain-less steel sector.During May, the nickel price witnessed sharp falls in China - from Yuan 130 500 per tonne (US$ 20 538) at the beginning of the month to Yuan 121 500 (US$ 19 164) at its close. Although these price falls made trad-ers hesitate over whether to sell or to cling on to their stocks, most are still not overly pessimistic about market prospects and would prefer to wait

and see. The slow consumption season is due to start in July, thus adding to traders’ uncertainty over how to man-age their positions. Based on data from China’s National Bureau of Statistics, the country’s refined nickel and alloys production jumped 33% to 217 000 tonnes in April to give a running total for 2012 of 794 730 tonnes (+28% compared to January-April 2011). The increase applies even more pressure to an already lifeless nickel market in China.

North AmericaUS mills lowered their stainless sur-charges for June and scrap prices have been further dented by the combina-tion of a drop in nickel values and

weaker demand from consumers, thereby convincing many dealers to continue to hold on to their stock. Scrap flows have been generally slow.Domestic stainless steel consumption climbed 7% to 201 672 short tons in February when compared to the same month last year, according to the Spe-cialty Steel Industry of North America. This broadly mirrored the percentage hike in consumption across the first two months of the year. The fas value of US nickel scrap exports lost momentum during the first quarter: overseas shipments hauled in around US$ 10.9 million in January, followed by US$ 8.6 million and US$ 8.9 million in, respectively, February and March.

40 al s s N l a l ss 41 11-06-12 15:2

42 June/July 2012


Non-Ferrous

Euro-zone crisis turns screw on metal marketsThe economic crisis in Europe is continuing to undermine the metal markets. As a result, key players are proceeding only with great caution, not least because exports have been weaker than expected in recent weeks. Regarding scrap, delegates at the late-May BIR Non-Ferrous Metals Division meeting in Rome were told: ‘Our markets are characterised by low volumes and lacklustre economies.’ As per June 8, LME cash prices were at the following per-tonne levels: aluminium US$; copper US$; lead US$; zinc US$; and tin US$.

Closed: June 8 2012

AluminiumAcross most of Europe, the aluminium market is suffering from the twin prob-lems of huge supply and lethargic order volumes. Although demand in Europe is on a slight growth curve, conditions for light metal producers are worsening thanks to high energy costs and weak LME prices. In Germany, scrap prices followed pri-mary metal lower: aluminium wire scrap (Achse) prices, for example, have fallen

some US$ 120 per tonne to reach US$ 1916 in early June; and aluminium turnings (Autor) are fetching US$ 1252 per tonne - considerably below the late-April price of US$ 1310. In the UK, how-ever, aluminium prices fell less sharply than on mainland Europe: at the time of writing, commercial pure cuttings are standing at between US$ 1548 and US$ 1595 per tonne, mixed alloy/old rolled cuttings at US$ 1263-1311, and commercial turnings at US$ 1058-1105.

Latest price ranges for secondary alu-minium in the USA include old sheet at 69-71 cents per lb, old cast at 70 cents or just above, siding at 71-73 cents and MLC at 74-76 cents. Latest figures from the Aluminum Association reveal that North America’s total light metal demand climbed 7.5% year on year in the first quarter of 2012 while appar-ent domestic consumption jumped almost 10%.The value of US aluminium scrap exports leapt 11% to US$ 337 million in March this year to give a first quarter total of US$ 908 million - equivalent to a year-on-year decline of some 6% despite an increase in volumes shipped to 526 000 tonnes. As regards alu-minium used beverage cans (UBCs), reclamation volumes in the USA amounted to 107.9 million pounds in April - thus contributing to a cumula-tive total of 465.2 million pounds for the first four months of the year, the same association confirms. The Janu-ary-April figure is 1.7% lower than that for the same period in 2011.Based on data from China’s Customs Office, the country’s primary aluminium imports actually increased during the

first four months of this year - in marked contrast to poor performances among the other base metals. How-ever, there is a widespread belief that the negative sentiment encircling those other metals will ultimately exert a drag on China’s overseas purchases of the light metal. China’s National Bureau of Statistics, meanwhile, has revealed that domestic primary aluminium production experi-enced an increase of almost 7% year on year in April, although the total of 1.537 million tonnes was approaching 2% lower than that for the previous month. Total Chinese output in the first four months of 2012 was approximately 11% higher at around 6 million tonnes.On the Shanghai Yangtze spot market, aluminium prices bucked the general trend on the foreign exchanges and actually improved to reach Yuan 16 425 per tonne (US$ 2590) - but then limited downstream demand prompted a correction to Yuan 15 890 (US$ 2506).

CopperThe weakening of the copper market in May came as a surprise to many in

42 al s s No - o s 42 12-06-12 14:16

43June/July 2012

Non-Ferrous

Europe. Demand remained generally sluggish despite some reports of a slight increase in the volume of orders from Asia. But Europe’s biggest copper producer Aurubis is still adopting a positive stance on the market, stating that it expects red metal prices to rise again in the medium term - mainly on the back of renewed demand from China.Copper scrap demand has been in the doldrums and few large volumes have been bought in recent weeks. Prices followed the LME downwards: in Ger-many, for example, bright wire scrap (Kabul) has been fetching around US$ 7407 per tonne; some US$ 7495 has been secured for copper granules 1a (Kasus); and non-alloyed bright wire scrap (Kader) has been traded at US$ 7220.Reports from the USA confirm rela-tively tight copper scrap market condi-tions. According to Census Bureau figures, meanwhile, China accounted for almost exactly two thirds of US cop-per and copper alloy scrap exports in March, valued at US$ 278 million. In the first quarter of 2012, US overseas shipments of copper scrap climbed some 10% in volume terms to around 307 000 tonnes and 5% in value to approaching US$ 1.197 billion.Statistics from China’s Customs Office show that the country’s copper scrap imports edged 2% lower to 370 919 tonnes in April while the four-month total was some 4% higher than that of last year at around 1.4 million tonnes. It was generally claimed that there was no margin for Chinese scrap traders to purchase from overseas. Meanwhile, the country’s refined copper imports fell 21% in April from a month earlier but were 70% higher than last year at 272 903 tonnes. Total imports for the January-April period reached 1.3 mil-lion tonnes for a year-on-year increase of 76%. In May, Chinese copper production sustained a drop of 19% from the pre-vious month’s level but a 9.3% improvement when compared with corresponding month in 2011. Owing

to a shortage of raw materials supply, approximately 25% of China’s copper-producing capacities are said to remain idle. Expectations are that China’s red metal production will continue to drop. During the first half of May, the copper price on the Shanghai Yangtze spot market tended to go lower under strong pressure from foreign exchang-es. Values plummeted to Yuan 56 000 per tonne (US$ 8832) in mid-May and closed the month at around Yuan 55 000 (US$ 8675). The general prefer-ence of traders is to hold on to their stocks because they believe there is no room for a further decline. At the same time, no major recovery in the copper price is envisaged in the short term owing to the lack of strong stimulus measures by the Chinese government.The world recorded a refined copper market deficit of 81 000 tonnes in Febru-ary to give a shortfall for the first two months of the year of 110 000 tonnes. This compares with a deficit of 46 000 tonnes for January-February 2011, according to the latest data from the International Copper Study Group (ICSG).During the first two months of 2012, world apparent copper usage climbed 6% above that for the same period last year ‘principally owing to strong growth in Chinese apparent usage’ as consumption in the remaining regions ‘declined by an aggregated 6.5%’. China’s apparent usage soared 29% owing to a 95% increase in Chinese net imports of refined copper, states the ICSG, whereas consumption in the EU and Japan slid, respectively, 12% and 9%. Usage in the USA, by contrast, climbed 3.6%.World refined production increased by 4% in the first two months of 2012 when making the comparison with the same period last year. ‘Primary produc-tion was up by 5% mainly due to an increase of 12% in electrowon produc-tion and secondary production from scrap was down by 1%,’ the ICSG notes. The main contributors to growth were China (+9%) and Africa (+13%) although the other regions also recorded refined production increases as follows:

the Americas (+4.7%), Asia (+3.7%), Europe (+1.7%) and Oceania (+6%). The average world refinery capacity utilisation rate for the first two months of 2012 remained pract ical ly unchanged from that for the corre-sponding period last year at around 78.5%.

Lead LME lead fell in line with the other base metals thanks largely to an oversupply in the market. During the latter weeks of May, demand for both primary and secondary lead remained sluggish, with only a few buyers taking advantage of the low price levels to build up their stocks. In Germany, spot prices of new soft lead kept pace with the decline in LME values and, by early June, these stood at US$ 2154 per tonne. Soft lead scrap (Paket) prices have dropped almost US$ 200 per tonne to US$ 1584. According to data from China’s Customs Office, imports of refined lead were 18% lower in April versus the same month last year but 41% higher than in the previous month. Incoming volumes across the first four months of 2012 tumbled 21% year on year to 1902 tonnes. Exports in the January-April period plummeted 88% year on year to just 518 tonnes. The figures indicate that lead smelting capacities and demand have been slowly recovering in China

during the second quarter of this year.In recent weeks, the lead price on the Shanghai Yangtze spot market fell from a high of Yuan 15 850 per tonne (US$ 2500) to a low of Yuan 15 000 (US$ 2366). The steep decline is attrib-uted less to weak market demand than to a general lack of confidence trig-gered by the Euro-zone crisis. The lead market is currently characterised by a supply surplus and downstream demand appears unlikely to recover in the short term. In the first quarter of 2012, global sup-ply of refined lead outstripped demand by 37 000 tonnes while total reported inventories climbed 27 000 tonnes, indicates the International Lead & Zinc Study Group. ‘A decrease in world refined lead metal usage of 6.3% was primarily influenced by falls in Euro-pean usage of 6.3% and in Chinese apparent demand of 15.4%,’ the organisation points out. Meanwhile, global output fell 5.4% as a drop in Chinese production more than offset gains in India, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Mexico.China’s refined lead production totalled 1.259 million tonnes in the first four months of this year - down almost 9% year on year.

ZincGlobal output of refined zinc exceeded usage by 97 000 tonnes in the first

42 al s s No - o s 43 12-06-12 14:16

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44 1 12-06-12 15:3

45June/July 2012

Non-Ferrous

Contributing to the Non-Ferrous Metals Market Analysis:• Ralf Schmitz, German

non-ferrous trade association VDM, Europe

• Lili Shi, journalist and consultant, China





Aluminium Copper

Lead Zinc



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Non-Ferrous LME Prices + Stocks Reference date: June 8, 2012

quarter of this year, according to the International Lead & Zinc Study Group (ILZSG). Output was broadly unchanged when compared to the corresponding period in 2011 as declines in Belgium, China and South Africa were balanced by increases in India, Japan and the Republic of Korea. World demand edged 2% higher in the January-March period under scrutiny - ‘principally driven by increased usage in China, India, Japan and the Republic of Korea,’ states the ILZSG. Demand declined by 6.5% in Europe and by 1.3% in the USA, it adds.

Brazil’s ICZ non-ferrous metals institute has predicted that domestic consump-tion of zinc will jump 6% next year. The forecast is based in part on the need for zinc in infrastructure projects and developments relating to the 2016 Olympic Games.Zinc prices mirrored the general LME trend in heading lower during the course of May. In Germany, special high-grade zinc prices fell by more than US$ 100 to US$ 2066 per tonne while old zinc scrap (Zebra) traded at around US$ 1300. In April, China’s refined zinc imports slipped 2% lower when compared with

the corresponding month of last year to 29 106 tonnes whereas the total for the first four months of 2012 was some 37% higher at 160 093 tonnes. Exports of refined zinc, meanwhile, fell almost 90% to 1904 tonnes in April, while overseas shipments across the January-April period slumped 82% year on year to 4792 tonnes. In April, China’s refined zinc production was 10% lower than in the same month last year and 5% behind the March 2012 tally at 385 000 tonnes. Domestic production in the first four months of this year fell 7% year on year to 1.5 million tonnes.

Without doubt, zinc prices on the Chi-nese market have been adversely affected by the worrying economic news that continues to emanate from Europe. Although most traders in China have been trying to remain active, downstream smelters have been slow to buy in material.

42 al s s No - o s 45 12-06-12 1 :15


June/July 201246

PaperClosed: June 8 2012

Good news in short supply

Negative sentiment generally dominates the short-term outlook for the recovered paper sector as demand is sluggish even ahead of the traditionally slower summer period in many parts of the world. Many mills are carrying high stocks of both finished product and recovered paper, while rising shipping rates, disrupted container availability and exchange rate fluctuations are making life difficult for exporters.

EuropeSubstantial cutsFor June, the European mills have intro-duced substantial cuts to prices for the lower grades of recovered fibre. Despite reasonably stable pricing in May, when higher shipping rates were partially compensated by the favour-able dollar exchange rate, the Asian market is also tending to drop again on the back of the reductions in Europe. Demand is reasonable - but no better - for Europe as well as for Asia. Within Europe, the volumes of the lower grades entering merchant pro-cessors’ facilities are still not very high. Availability of OCC and mixed papers remains under pressure within Europe,

and stocks are not very high. Deinking demand is reasonable to slow in Europe and Asia; prices fell during the second half of May and into June, with India placing hardly any orders. Demand in Europe is reasonable at stable prices for most of the middle grades but orders from India and other Asian destinations appear to be slowing down. Volumes entering yards in Europe are on the low side - a fact attributed to sluggish economic activity across the continent. As for the higher grades of recovered fibre, there is not much mate-rial around but prices have been head-ing lower in response to poor demand. Freight rates for shipments into Asia are still on the increase and booking

containers on export vessels is continu-ing to prove very difficult. Figures revealed at the BIR Paper Division meeting in Rome confirm strong ship-ment activity between Europe and China in the first quarter of this year, followed by a slow-down in April. A comparison of first-quarter sales into China in 2011 and 2012 shows sub-stantial increases for Italy (168 204 tonnes up to 286 418 tonnes), France (119 398 tonnes up to 164 654 tonnes) and Germany (115 401 tonnes up to 183 406 tonnes). However, the UK remained easily China’s largest sup-plier in Europe, raising its shipment volumes from 735 719 tonnes in the first quarter of 2011 to 778 323 tonnes in January-March 2012.

North AmericaMixed signalsThe OCC market is giving off mixed sig-nals in the USA: some regions of the country are reporting high inventories of recovered paper and yet mills in other parts are asking for extra tonnage. Prices have fallen slightly in some regions but appear to be holding for now in others. Meanwhile, overseas orders for OCC are not very strong, and demand from

China is noticeably slower. Ocean freight rates are holding and fewer con-tainer problems appear to have arisen at the ports of late. The woodfree deink grades are fairly stable and the same can be said for pulp substitutes.Overall, the recovered paper markets are generally expected to remain fairly quiet over the next couple of months. Recent financial reports indicate that US manufacturing activity is showing signs of slowing down - a development which, in turn, could well affect the paper indus-try over the main summer period. According to its Census Bureau, US exports of recovered paper climbed in volume terms but fell from the value perspective in the first quarter of 2012. Quantities shipped abroad advanced 3% to 5.8 million short tons but recouped only US$ 924 million for a decline of 1.4% over last year. From the point of view of money paid out, lead-ing overseas buyers of US material in January-March this year were: China on US$ 603 million (+10% year on year); India on US$ 77 million (+5%); and Mexico on US$ 61 million (-31%).As noted by the US Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries from Commerce Department statistics, China ‘is playing

46 al s s a l s 46 12-06-12 11:4

47June/July

Paper

Textiles

Contributing to the Recovered Paper Market Analysis:• Melvin de Groot (Van Gelder

Recycling, the Netherlands)• Mariëlle Gommans

(Bel Fibres, Belgium)• Steve Vento (Vipa Lausanne

SA, Switzerland)

Closed: June 8 2012

an increasingly important role in the global market, taking in 71% of US recovered paper exports by volume in the fi rst quarter of this year, up from 66% in the fi rst quarter of 2011’.

AsiaToo expensiveIn April and May, there was a distinct downturn in the volumes of material exported to Asia, mainly due to disap-pearing container availability. At the same time, there were tremendous increases in the cost of booking the few containers that were available, thus making it too expensive for many mills in Asia to import from Europe. Container availability has improved slightly for June but consumers in Asia are still not pre-pared to buy substantial volumes.Over the same two-month period, mills in Europe became overstocked and started to drop their prices. The lack of purchasing activity in Asia has applied further downward pressure on prices in Europe where order fi les for fi nished product are not strong.All of these factors have created a dif-fi cult market ahead of the main sum-mer period when demand and collec-tions are traditionally slower.

CEPI: paper a recycling leader in EU

The EU has achieved a paper recycling rate of 78% - thus easily outstripping the 60% target enshrined in the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive, notes the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) on the basis of Eurostat data from 2010. ‘Through high recycling rates, the European paper industry is a leading example on how sustainability and competitiveness can go hand in hand,’ comments CEPI’s Director General Teresa Presas.In the context of the forthcoming revision of the European packaging direc-tive, she points out that the different packaging materials have different recycling target rates. ‘It will be important to consider the level playing fi eld,’ she says. ‘In addition, it is time to consider the essential role smart packaging plays in a resource-effi cient Europe. Packaging can prevent waste of goods and spillage of food in particular.’

By Günther Krippendorf, FWS Alta-West, Germany

Originals prices bordering on ‘absurd’As reported previously, sorting compa-nies are being forced to make great efforts to acquire suffi cient material to maintain their production. As a result, prices of originals have increased again, climbing to what has been described as ‘an absurd peak’ that challenges the boundaries of economic reason. Mean-while, the market for unsorted used clothing has also reached an alarming new high and is now balanced on the edge of overheating. According to reports, various smaller sorting companies have been adjusting their activities to focus specifi cally on collecting textiles as this has become a more viable enterprise. This shift in busi-ness approach has triggered a series of illegal practices relating to a lack of nec-essary permits and licences.African demand for used apparel remains stable although it is still unclear as to how the aforementioned increases in procurement prices will infl uence con-sumers in that region. Should the result be a cooling-off in demand, the reper-cussions would be considerable.Eastern Europe is displaying excellent demand for properly-sorted summer-time textiles. Owing to significantly increased quality requirements from consumers, however, the uptrend might be brought to a premature end.Prospects for wiping cloths are espe-cially positive given that demand is con-sistently high. Here too, prices have moved higher. Overall demand for recy-cling products and bed feathers is also said to be reasonably high.

46 al s s a l s 4 12-06-12 11:4

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3022 oo o a a a 11 1 0 -06-12 16:51

I N T H E L A B O R A T O R Y . . .

vation will ‘undoubtedly offer the end user a sustainable product with the minimum knock-down on some mate-rial properties’. Mr McHugh goes on to say that the prospects for the niche market covered by FibreCycle - previ-ously considered dismal at best - have now greatly improved. Furthermore, with an ever-increasing demand for carbon fi bre products, ‘the conversion of waste into a viable product line is very attractive’. This year’s JEC Innovation Awards, held in Paris on March 27, certainly inspired even greater confi dence given that one of the consortium partners - Sigmatex - secured fi rst place in the ‘Materials’ category. This recognised the method it invented to separate waste from weaving and multi-axial processes into waste tailored for conversion to silver and yarn, which was initially introduced when FibreCycle was launched.

As applications featuring carbon fi bre reinforced polymer (CFRP)

continue to gain in popularity, the sub-sequent volume of waste - commonly condemned to landfi ll - has slowly but surely grown from being an inconve-nient side-effect to a widespread con-cern. Umeco brought the matter to the attention of the UK’s Technology Strat-egy Board which offered to invest funds amounting to US$ 2.4 million (or Euro 1.5 million) to advance recycling in this particular area. Enlisting the help of industry-savvy partners Tilsatec, Sigmatex, Exel Com-posites, NetComposites and the Univer-sity of Leeds, the newly-formed consor-tium aimed to transform carbon fi bres recovered from waste streams into spe-cialised technical fabric. The project focused mainly on manufacturing ther-moplastic and thermoset solutions for the composites industry, which resulted in a line of inexpensive and co-mingled non-crimp fabrics, yarns, silver and tape. What drives the project is a thorough technological process, divided into three distinct steps: pyrolysis; fl uidised

leisure, medical and energy sectors. As the project makes use of resources that are readily available, this is not the only benefi t to have emerged. ‘Because it prevents masses of CFRP from being relinquished altogether, it does not need to consume the energy needed to pro-duce new fi bres,’ remarks Dr Cozien-Cazuc. Therefore, the products devised by the FibreCycle team come at a much lower environmental cost than virgin carbon fi bre, thus creating a ‘new gen-eration of high-performance products’ with excellent scores in terms of effi -ciency and safety. ‘We are keen to pro-mote the application of recycled com-posites and sustainable bio-composites, so accordingly we actively seek to develop cost-effective solutions aimed at reclaiming raw materials from our prepregs,’ she adds. (A prepreg is a strong, fl exible composite material, usu-ally a resin impregnated with fibres, formed into lightweight sheets or strips.)

‘Minimum knock-down’According to Chris McHugh, Technical Manager at Sigmatex, this recent inno-

bed treatment; and Solvolysis. This involves a batch process wherein the resin is burned off with limited oxygen, leaving only a milled, chopped or pel-letised output, as well as placement of the fabrics in a combustion chamber and passing through both a heating cycle (with temperatures ranging from 450 to 550 °C) and a custom cooling cycle. The last and most critical stage benefi ts from fl uids such as regular water, propanol and methanol.

Modern-day applicationsIt is through this extensive process that the recovered carbon fi bres retain many of the properties of their original counterparts - boasting a total rigidity of nearly 100% and up to 50% of their usual strength. ‘The properties achieved mean that they are suitable for many different applications, espe-cially in modern-day sectors like the automotive and aerospace industries,’ explains Umeco’s Project Manager Dr Sophie Cozien-Cazuc. In addition, the multi-partner initiative has also seen contributions to the sports/

After a successful trial period lasting four years, the FibreCycle project is drawing to a close. With composite specialist Umeco at its core, the British initiative has showcased the fact that high-end products based on recovered carbon fibres do possess notable commercial potential after all.

By Kirstin Linnenkoper

RESEARCH

LED BY

SUPPORT

carbon fi bre recycling

Umeco

SUPPORT the UK Technology Strategy Board

Every month, Recycling International highlights a promising recycling-related research project with a global technical, economic or social impact. If you know of an interesting project which meets these criteria, contact our editorial team at [email protected]

From carbon fibre waste to tailored technical fabric

For more information about this technology, contact: Dr Sophie Cozien-Cazuc at: [email protected]

Carbon fi bre is considered a valuable material in various infl uential sectors, such as the automotive and aerospace industries.

4 la 4 11-06-12 15:31

N E X T I S S U E

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51June/July 2012

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