1

Elements of Oral History in the Mahābāratha Therukoothu: Folk Performances during the

Draupathi Amman Festival in Tiruttani

TANSCHE MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT for GOVT COLLEGE TEACHERS

By

Dr. T. Prabhu M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Asst. Professor in English

Sri Subramaniyaswamy Govt. Arts College Tiruttani 631 209

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The Principal Sri Subramaniyaswamy Govt. Arts College Tiruttani Tiruvallur District- 631 209

CERTIFICATE

PRINCIPAL

Tiruttani Date:16/06/2016

This is to certify that the submitted Minor Research project titled “Elements of Oral History in the Mahābāratha Therukoothu: Folk Performances during the Draupathi Amman Festival in Tiruttani” is a bonafide record of the independent research work carried out by Dr.T.Prabhu, Assistant Professor, Department of English, Sri Subramaniyaswamy Govt. Arts College, Tiruttani, with the financial assistance from Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TANSCHE).

The content of this thesis, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any degree or diploma.

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Dr.T.Prabhu Assistant Professor Department of English Sri Subramaniyaswamy Govt. Arts College Tiruttani 631 209

DECLARATION

T.PRABHU

Tiruttani Date:16/06/2016

I hereby declare that the submitted Minor Research project titled “Elements of Oral History in the Mahābāratha Therukoothu: Folk Performances during the Draupathi Amman Festival in Tiruttani” is a bonafide record of the independent research work carried out by me with the financial assistance from Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TANSCHE).

The content of this thesis, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any degree or diploma.

4 Acknowledgement

Completion of this MRP was possible with the support of several people. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of them. First I must offer my profoundest gratitude to Dr.S.S.Rathina Kumar, Principal, Sri Subramaniyaswamy Govt. Arts College, Tiruttani for his constant support and encouragement.

Next, I extend my heartfelt and sincere gratitude to TANSCHE for selecting the project for funding.

I want to give gratitude to S.Sathyapriya, Head, Dept. of English and all the other staff members of the Dept. of English of Sri Subramaniyaswamy Govt. Arts College, Tiruttani for their critical comments, valuable suggestions and words of encouragement. Special thanks to Thiru Purushothaman for his able assistance throughout the project, and Thiru Yamuna for her timely help in typing of Tamil manuscripts. I would also like to thank Thiru Lt.K.P.Hemanathan, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Economics and Thiru Saravanabhavan, Dept. of Historical Studies for their resource materials.

I thank the librarians of the University of Madras, Conneymara Library, AIRC and Anna Centenary Research Library, Chennai, University of Hyderabad and EFLU, Hyderabad and JNU and Delhi University, New Delhi for their able assistance. Special thanks to Thiru Balamurugan, Libarian, Sri Subramaniyaswamy Govt. Arts College, Tiruttani for his timely valuable suggestions.

I also thank my friends, my parents and my wife for their love and support.

5 Elements of Oral History in the Mahābāratha Therukoothu: Folk Performances

during the Draupathi Amman Festival in Tiruttani Contents

i. Certificate ii. Declaration

iii. Acknowledgement iv. Contents

Chapters Title of the Chapters P. No. Chapter I Introduction 6 Chapter II Therukoothu Tradition and/as Oral History 18 Chapter III Elements of Oral History embedded in the Folk Performances

of Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani 28

Chapter IV Bharatakatai as Performance, Narration and Text: A Study of Folk Performances of Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani

36

Chapter V Conclusion 46 Bibliography 48

Appendix

Appendix I - Images Image (i) - Pandavas during Vanavasam Image (ii) - Saguni and Thuriyodhanan before Soothu Vilayattu Image (iii) - Bhishmar waiting for his cue Image (iv) - Arjuna before Archunan Thapasu Image (v) - Preparation of Costumes and Properties Image (vi) - Musical Accompaniments Image (vii) - Kattiyankaran in conversation with Thuriyothanan Image (viii) - Kattiyankaran in conversation with the audience Images (ix) and (x) - Bhaaratha Kathai Padithal Image (xi) - Draupadi Amman Temple, Tiruttani - Festival Invite 2016

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Appendix II - Arakku Malikai Paguthi Appendix III - Rajasuya Yagam Appendix IV - Thugil Uriththal

60 76 98

6 Chapter I

Introduction

Folklore is most commonly defined as traditional art, literature, knowledge, and practice that is dispersed largely through oral communication. The word “folklore” labels a vast and deeply important aspect of culture. The term “folklore” was coined by William J. Thoms in 1846. Thoms wanted a simple term to substitute several awkward expressions that were used to discuss the same idea, such as ‘popular antiquities’, ‘the lore of the people’, and ‘manners, customs, observances, supersitions, ballads, proverbs, of the olden times’. When the concept of folklore emerged in Europe in the nineteenth century it originally referred to tradition, customs and festivals, ballads, myths, legends and fables, and tales, and proverbs especially of the common folk.

Since these stories defied in many ways common sense and experience, folklore also implied irrationality. Thus Issachar Ben-Ami and Joseph Dan notes, “from the perspective of the urbane literati, who conceived the idea of folklore, these two attributes of traditionality and irrationality could pertain only to peasant or primitive societies and hence they attributed to folklore a third quality: rurality” (26). They further note that, the triumvirate of attributes — traditionality, irrationality and rurality — was to dominate the concept of folklore for many years to come; unfortunately it still does.

However, being literature of the people, folklore has always remained a repository of culture of generations of people who had no other means of preserving it. Relying primarily on the oral mode of transmission in terms of narration and performance, folklore stands testimony to the rich cultural legacy of a community.

7 “Oral literature, also called as verbal art or expressive literature is spoken, sung and voiced forms of traditional utterances” (Jadav, Kishore 8). These oral performances of traditional utterances often have mythical stories enacted in the language of the common people. And it is through these performances the communities relive their past. Such performances provide an “alternative history that tells quite a different story” (O’Flaherty, Wendy Donige 2) of a community which is distinctly different from that of the mainstream histories. The study of folklore in all its essence therefore becomes a study of the “living antiquity” (Propp, Vladimir 4).

According to Barbro Klein, folklore has four basic meanings. First, it denotes oral narration, rituals, crafts, and other forms of vernacular expressive culture. Second, folklore, or ‘folkloristics,’ names an academic discipline devoted to the study of such phenomena. Third, (in everyday usage) folklore sometimes describes colorful ‘folkloric’ phenomena linked to the music, tourist, and fashion industries. Fourth, like myth, folklore can mean falsehood.

The study of folklore in fact touches on every dimension of human experience and artistic expression. It has grown out of the study of literature, has roots in anthropology, and contains elements of psychology and sociology. In many ways, it is the study of culture—visual and performing arts, sculpture, architecture, music, theater, literature, linguistics, and history rolled into one. (Sims, Martha and Martina Stephens 2)

A folktale is a story or legend forming part of an oral tradition. According to Americanfolklore.net, Folktales possess many or all of the characteristics listed below.

1. Are generally part of the oral tradition of a group.

8 2. Are more frequently told than read

3. Are passed down from one generation to another

4. Take on the characteristics of the time and place in which they are told

5. Sometimes take on the personality of the storyteller

6. Speak to universal and timeless themes.

7. Try to make sense of our existence, help humans cope with the world in which they live, or explain the origin of something.

8. Are often about the common person

9. May contain supernatural elements

10. Function to validate certain aspects of culture

A. Taylor an eminent American folklorist has defined folklore as ‘the material that is handed on by tradition either by word of mouth or by custom and practice. It may be folk songs, folktales riddles, proverbs or other materials preserved in words. It may be traditional tools and physical objects like fences or knots, hot, cross, buns or Easter eggs, traditional ornamentation like the Walls of troy or traditional symbols like the Swastika. It may be traditional procedure like throwing salt over one’s shoulders or knocking on wood. It may be traditional belief like the notion that elder is good for the ailments of eye. All of these are folklore’ (A. Taylor 12).

Folklorists categorise the study of folklore into four broad areas. These four areas are, Oral tradition, Performance tradition, Ritual tradition and Artefacts. D.Dharumarajan defines,

1.Oral Tradition:

9 Stories, myths, legends, songs, proverbs, puzzles and oral histories that exist in

a community that exist in the oral form belongs to the oral tradition of a community. 2.Performance Tradition:

Art forms that are to be ‘performed’ and whose essence exists in the act of performing are called Performance Tradition. Art of Villupaatu, Therukoothu, Kaniyan Koothu, Udukkaipaatu, Karakaattam, Oyilaattam, Kuravan-Kurathi AatamThevarattam, Oyilattam and etc can be categorised as Performance tradition.

3. Ritual Tradition:

Folk religion and ritual tradition is very unique and different from that of established religious sentiments of high tradition. They are regional specific in nature and has Gods and Goddesses that are region specific. Ritual tradition of Folk communities have vast resources of ritual practices and beliefs.

4. Artefacts:

Artefacts used by the Folk communities like baskets, utensils, pots, pyol etc and the knowledge of making them. This also comprises the paintings, artworks, statues and toys made by the folk communities.

Benjamin Botkin calls Folklore, “a body of traditional belief, custom, and expression, handed down largely by word of mouth and circulating chiefly outside of commercial and academic means of communication and instruction”(5). He further notes that the folk group is “bound together by common interests and purposes, whether educated or uneducated, rural or urban, possesses a body of traditions which may be called its folklore”. (5)

Characteristics of Folklore:

10 a. Setting in Folklore:

Most folktale settings remove the story from the real domain. Some settings reflect the typical landscape of our culture. Folklores in Tamil Nadu are always set in places that are found in the epics and legends. Palaces and forests are the most often found setting in these folk tales.

b. Characters in Folklore:

The characters in folklore are typically simple and candid. They are characteristically either completely good or evil and are easy to identify. Unlike the characters from epics and modern novels, they do not internalize their feelings and seldom are plagued by mental torment.

c. Plots in Folklore

Plots are generally shorter and simpler and drawn from epics. The action tends to be formulaic. A journey is common (and is usually symbolic of the protagonist’s journey to self-discovery). Repetitious patterns are found, suggesting the ritual nature of folktales and perhaps to aid the storyteller in memorization; for example, events often occur in sets of three (e.g., three pigs, three bears, three sisters, three wishes).

d. Language used in Folklore

The language used in Folklore is typically musical, with an exaggerated amount of description and a heavy reliance on formulaic patterns, e.g., conventional openings and closings. Repetitious phrases are common; they supply a rhythmical quality desirable in oral tales and perhaps aided in memorization the stories. Dialogue is frequently used; it captures the nature of the character speaking. Folktales

11 often use a technique - stylized intensification, which occurs when, with each repetition, an element is further exaggerated or intensified. This has the effect of increasing the drama. Some folktales have powerful visual images that we can readily identify, such as a glass slipper, a bean stalk, a spinning wheel, a poisoned apple, a red riding hood, a magic lamp, and a blue bird. These stark visual elements give the tales their enduring strength.

G.N.Devy draws a clear difference in characteristics of Folklore from that of Elite and Popular literature in his work After Amnesia (1992) as noted in the following table,

TYPE ELITE POPULAR FOLKLORE Text Written and

reproduced in written form.

Sometimes written but usually reproduced orally

Oral.

Themes Myths from Sanskrit literature, generally from the Ramayana or the Mahabaratha, but with the scope for erotic descriptions of shringara

Moral, philosophic and practical philosophy of life, social themes, devotion.

Magic, racial memory, LOCAL HISTORY

Forms Chandas and vrttas derived

Lyric or lyric sequences

Lavni, powada, tamasha songs. In

12

In the academic scenario, the study of folklore was introduced only before about 150 years. And that too with the publication of Allan Dundes’ International Folkloristics (1999), the study of Folklore gained prominence with the recognition as

from the Sanskrit

Tamil as songs and also as performances. Eg. Thaalatu, Oppaari, Thappaatam, Kummi, karagam etc

Orientation and Influences

Oriented towards Brahminic Traditions. Influence of Sanskrit poetry and Sanskrit metric.

Oriented towards contemporary society, progressive and revisionistic.

Local history, sub regional themes. Entertainment.

Poetics Articulated by Sanskrit poets, conventional

Not articulated. But conventions of style, form, poet-audience relation etc were consciously evolved independent of Sanskrit traditions.

No articulated poetics. Conventions not very strong.

13 a scientific study. When Grimm brothers published their folktales in Germany in the year 1812 the term ‘folktales’ were not in use at all. It was only in the year 1846, William J.Thoms coined the term ‘folklore’ and used it to refer to the lores of the common people. During the period of 1812 to 1846, the term ‘Popular Antiquities’ was used to refer to these works. However, it was Grimm brothers who played a very important role in the establishment of folkloristics due to their untiring efforts in the collection of folk materials. Their endeavour comprised of collecting,

1. Folksongs sung during different seasons and festivals in fields, stages etc. Music details, the epic and myths related to such songs, the way they were sung and the details of the accompanying musical instruments were also collected.

2. Prosaic folktales including tales for children that has characters like demons, dwarfs, witches, wizards, treasures, castles, forts, heroes and angels were also collected.

3. Puzzles and puppet stories 4. Details of rituals, folklife artefacts, and various rules and regulations related

to folklife. 5. Superstitious beliefs related to demons, ghosts, witches, omens and dreams 6. Proverbs, similes and puns.

Next to Grimm brothers, Wilhelm Mannhardt (1831-1880) led the study of folklore to the next stage in which he developed a systematic and scientific method of collection of folk materials. With the arrival of Julius Krohn and later Karle Krohn the study of folklore gained a new dimension. The study of folklore involved various theoretical inputs. The study of folklore thus existed primarily in the collection of folk materials and theoretical study. The colonization led to the collection of Indian

14 folklores. This collection of Indian folklore followed mainly European methods of collection, categorization, naming and defining.

In the case of Tamil Nadu, the interest on folklore was found only in the late nineteenth century. Such an interest existed only in the level of collection and publication of folksongs. It was in the year 1871 Charles E.Gover from England collected the folk songs of southern India and published under the title The Folksongs of the South India. This is the first book to be published on the folklores of Southern India. As for the folk tales, the first book was compiled and published by Pandit Natesa Shastri.

During the early twentieth century, the folklore and folktales revolved around the Nationalist and Patriotic sentiments. These songs were sung by folk singers whose themes involved nationalist rigour. After independence, scholars from Tamil Nadu once again involved themselves in the collection and publication of the folk tales and songs. These songs were published occasionally in the magazines like Kalaimagal, Manjari and Thamarai. Many articles were written primarily on the style, beauty, musicality, performativity and rhetoric of the collected folk materials. For a very long period of time research works on the collected folk materials remained on the level of aesthetic sensibility. The studies on its relevance on the cultural sphere and its significance in the Tamil tradition was still lacking for a long period. Institutions like University of Madras, Annamalai Univeristy and University of Kerala conducted seminars and conferences and promoted research works on Folklore. However these research works considered the collected folk materials within the spheres of literary work and focused their attention only on the literary analysis. Such studies prompted only aesthetic analysis of those collected materials.

15 It was only with contribution made by the great scholar Na. Vanamamalai folklore departments were started in various universities. His major contribution towards the study of folklore was the study of folklore with Marxist analysis. Moving away from the aesthetic analysis his contribution towards the study of folklore prompted various scholars to consider folklore as a repository of a vast tradition and culture. And in the 1990s the study of folklore became a very important field of study in Tamil Nadu in understanding common peoples’ tradition and culture.

It is with this understanding this minor project proposes to study the folk performances as a repository of culture and tradition of Tamil community. Folk performances of Tamil Nadu have vast resources of oral history of various communities. A wide range of genres including “oyil kummi, kirtanam,villupaatu, karakatam, theru Koothu and etc” (Muralidharan T.D 232-33) are performed in different parts of the state. Among these performances, Therukoothu- the dramatic performance on the streets is the most popular. Stories of folk origin, namely, Annanmar kathai, Arichandiran kathai, Soothan kathai, and ballads on mythical characters are some of the most important parts of the Therukoothu tradition of Tamil Nadu. One of the significant aspects of the Therukoothu genre is the songs that “are detachable units distinct from the main narrative” (Ramanujan A.K. 52). These songs often “deviate from the central story line” and discuss “...a local issue or political problem” (52). Apart from discussing contemporary issues, these songs also are rich resources of oral history of various communities. Among the various genres of folk performances of Tamil Nadu, Bhāratakatai performance has a distinctive space for the oral history in terms of songs, metaphors, symbols, origin stories and above all a language of historical reconstruction of the rich cultural legacy.

16 Bhāratakatai, the folk performance of Mahabaratha has a unique place in the rich cultural tradition of Therukoothu. The festivities related to the performance of Bhāratakatai are ritualistic in nature (Anandan K 327). Typical annual Bhāratakatai performance is performed for 18 days. In the Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu, the Bhāratakatai is performed in the months of June to August in various villages by different group of performers. Research works by A.Chellaperumal (2001), Richard Armando Frasca (1990) and Arivunambi K (1978) discusses in detail the performance, form, content and meaning, costumes, actors, role of vaathiyars, rehearsals, performance period and textual significance of Bhāratakatai. However, the research work on Bhāratakatai as a source of oral history is scarce in number.

It is in this context, this research project proposes to analyse the Bhāratakatai performances during the Draupadi Amman festival of Tiruttani, Tiruvallur district as sources of oral history of those communities. The project considers Bhāratakatai as a rich source of native wisdom that has to be documented and studied. Objectives of the study:

1. To document the oral narratives and performances of Bhāratakatai performed in the Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu.

2. To critically analyse the relationship between the Text, Narration and Performance of Bhāratakatai within the framework of Narrative theory, Performance studies and Intertextuality.

3. To examine the elements of oral history in the Bhāratakatai performances in the selected region.

Within the framework of Performance Studies that “examines performances in two broad categories, namely, artistic performances and cultural performances”, Narrative theory that examines the ways those narratives structures our perception of both

17 cultural artifacts and the world around us, and Intertextuality that analyses the manner in which texts gain meaning through their referencing of other texts, the project shall study the elements of oral history embedded in the Bhāratakatai performance of the Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu performed during the Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani.

18 Chapter II

Therukoothu Tradition and/as Oral History

Oral history, with its combination of approaches borrowed from history and sociology, places importance on the implication of temporal context and memory. Oral history provides a complete and more precise picture of the past by enlarging the information provided by historical materials. Oral history helps us understand how individuals and communities experienced the forces of history and thus it allows people to express the personal consequences of change.

As noted by Dorson, “History as written by historian usually has little relation to the historical traditions orally preserved by a people. Such traditions have a value of revealing what episodes of the past endure and what forms they take in popular memory…they fill in the gaps in the historical records…” (75). However, in the academic circle, the study of history based on the principle of oral history was not appreciated in the early stages. Similarly, the western agendas related to the arguments of ‘authenticity’ and ‘objectivity’ repudiate the very memory they treasure and indulge in undermining their history and thus in devalidating their historical identity.

The reason for such an attitude is discussed by Linda Shopes. She famously notes that, “Oral History is a maddeningly imprecise term”, since it is used to refer to variety of ideas, from formal, rehearsed accounts of the past presented by culturally sanctioned tradition-bearers; to informal conversations about “the old days” among family members, neighbors, or coworkers; to printed compilations of stories told about past times and present experiences; and to recorded interviews with individuals deemed to have an important story to tell. (1)

19 For Shopes, each of these uses of the term has a definite validity. First hand

accounts of the past for the record form a very important part of history but often rejected by the historians in the name of authenticity. ‘Memory’ plays an important role in oral history. A folk performer is the one who carries many of these memories through his songs and performances and communicates these memories that were transmitted to him by his ancestors. A folk art in this manner establishes itself as a repository of oral history. This form of oral history exists as stories of the common folk. Unlike the established versions of history that is found in the text books, the history that is present in the oral traditions of folklores are full of real stories of a society.

History in the eyes of Indigenous scholars like Linda Tuhiway Smith is an imperial and modernist project. Since History was mostly written and authenticated by the west, it remained as the ‘othering’ factor for the Indigenous peoples across the world. History itself was used as colonial tools of indoctrination by the dominant invading sections. Thus Linda Tuhiway Smith comments: “we have often allowed our ‘histories’ to be told and have then become outsiders as we heard them being retold” (33).

Ethnocentric versions of study of history introduced by the West insisted that it was the West that had prominent cultures that has managed to civilize the orients. In order to understand Indian history and various cultural aspects of India, the colonial regimes led the following methods,

1. Recording of events as observed through travel 2. Surveying ancient models 3. Enumerating methods

20 4. Museological methods 5. Historiographic methods 6. Investigative methods that mainly has academic interest

These methods were categorically used by the West for the writing of colonized Nation’s history during the colonial regime. Dr. Mary Battiste notes that these methods of the western systems of knowledge indulge in “cognitive imperialism” to subjugate this Indigenous way of thinking. For her, Cognitive imperialism

is a form of cognitive manipulation used to disclaim other knowledge bases and values. Validated through one’s knowledge base and empowered through public education, it has been the means by which whole groups of people have been denied existence and have had their wealth confiscated. Cognitive imperialism denies people their language and cultural integrity by maintaining the legitimacy of only one language, one culture, and one frame of reference. (9)

After independence though thinkers with Nationalistic sentiments approached the study of History with nationalist ideologies. Their approach of history of the nation had the objective of creating an alternative and glorified identity to the Nation. Such construction and reconstruction of history happened in three different spheres in terms of Politics, Social and Economics. As a result the study of History of India branched into study of Political History, Social History and Economic History of India.

While these three broad studies still existed only in the academic spheres, the rise of new field of enquiry called ‘Local History’ led to a vast unearthed arena for

21 analysis. The main foundation of local history was oral sources. These sources existed in terms of

a. transmitted stories from one generation to the next were, b. shared stories that were prominent in a particular locality and c. in the collective consciousness of the common folk.

Bakthavatsala Bharathy notes that there were many folk songs that have established new and alternative history through its oral tradition. Unlike the earlier historians who relied only on the textual references the modern historians rely especially on the oral legends for the understanding of the past. These new methods of study of history include Alternative History, New History, Grass root History, Marginal History and Subaltern Studies. These new methods of Historical enquiries changed the course of study of History over the previous century.

Traditionally the source of Indian history was studied only as available in epics, temple inscriptions, palm leaves manuscripts, archeological references and ancient text books. However, these sources were available for and studied only by the elites. Only with the introduction of Folklore as an academic branch of study did the oral stories like folklore gained the recognition as sources of history.

In earlier versions of history were elite centric that glorified only a certain section of the society, these versions are now questioned by the oral versions of history that are found in folksongs, proverbs, folk practices and rituals, oral news that are transmitted in terms of Karnaparambarai songs and etc.

Unlike the source of history like manuscripts, documents, temple inscriptions, travel testimonies that are relied on by the elitist historians, the oral history sources

22 do not have the objective of being the documentation of history. They purely exist as songs and stories of the common people and it carries the essence of their history.

The narration of these stories and performance of the folklore has a significant effect in the folk community. On a psychological level these stories are repetitively communicated to the community in terms of performances.

Among various sources of oral tradition, ballads play a very important role in the conception of alternate history. Oral songs like Kattabomman kathai padal, Thesingurajan kathai, Ponnar Sankar Kathai, Nanthan Kathai, Ramapaiyyan Ammanai, Mathurai veeran kathai, Nallathangal Kathai and Khansahibu kathai are oral documents of the history the people. And as noted by Lummis in Baumann, “the oral communication of remembered experience can be used to shed new light on evends that were distorted by contemporary social prejudices or political censorship. Giving a voice to the voiceless was a strong impulse in development of oral history” (93), these stories have time and again proved to be such voices of the silenced masses.

Therukoothu Tradition:

Therukoothu can be described as a traditional dance-drama that has its origin in Tamilnadu. It is performed in varying forms of prose, verse, music, dance and dramatization of stories for epics, myths and legends. Therukoothu is performed in the northern and southern districts of Tamilnadu. Based on the region, the Therukoothu is classified into northern and southern style. The Tamil equivalent to the term ‘Theru’ is street. Thus there is an implication that Koothu- the performative narration of myths and legends is performed in Theru i.e, street is Therukoothu. But oral historical elements popular among the performers of Therukoothu cites that it

23 was not Therukoothu but in the beginning it was ‘thiru-Koothu’ (Thiru-honorific term) which later morphed in to Thiri-Koothu (Thiri-altered) and further later became ‘Tharai-Koothu’ (tharai-floor) and now finally shaped as ‘Therukoothu’ according to Ko. Pazhani and C.Muthukandhan. This form of folk performances are typically practiced in the rural areas. Following can be noted as features of the form of Therukoothu performance,

a. It exisists in a ritualistic environment b. It is didactic c. It is aesthetically relevant to the experience of the community in which it is

performed and d. It is governed by the following principles,

1. Men play the part of women 2. Ritual behaviour is employed in performance 3. Usually performed in conjunction with temple festivals 4. Contains music, dance and poetry 5. Operates in the first and third person narrative 6. The survival of Therukoothu over several decades stemmed from an

underlying ritual instinct. (Annathurai, Sathasivan 76)

The Diction, performance and sentiments during the performances of Therukoothu suggests that the present day Therukoothu still has vestiges of the Telugu dialect and phraseologies (87). The two sources that seem to be the most exploited in the traditional Indian performing arts are the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. Their contents are appropriately utilized for dramatic presentations.

24 Richard Frasca’s doctoral work on The Terukuttu: Ritual Theatre of Tamil

Nadu (1984) (quoted in Muthukumara Swamy Ibid.:5-6) presents a detailed ethnography of Therukoothu performers along with discussions on the central structuring strategy of the form, and the tripartite ritual structure of BharataKoothu. Frasca’s central argument is that, “pattam incorporates the two major rubrics of rituals of transition, rites of ritual of reversal, the constituent pieces of the Mahabarata cycle of enactments, the Koothu episodes, are irreversible rituals of evaluation”. Further, his investigations and findings of three phases common to all sacred transitions in the modality of Therukoothu performance. In these performances, there are three movements through which the actor’s self is constituted as an object in itself as well as for others. He writes, “In the first movement Therukoothu actors stand behind the hand held curtain and invoke the blessing of gods and goddesses” (5). He interprets this is as process of separation in which the performer removes himself from reality as a prelude to entering epic reality. In the second movement, “the actor puts on the crown, wears his anklets and sings the third person narration of his own character accompanied by instrumental and vocal music” (5). He calls this a phase of liminality in which the actor has left his real self and the character is still in the third person. According to Frasca, the period of liminality extends even into the entrance after the curtain has been pulled away and actually constitutes the entrance itself (Ibid.:6). In the third movement when “the performer interacts with the kattiayankaran, the latter through his paradoxical humor at critical juncture resegregates the performer into epic reality” (Nagamalla, Jayakar J 5)

Based on the number of days of the festival new episodes will be enacted every night. Typical performance of Therukoothu will cover the whole night

25 beginning with a poosai. Some of the episodes that are enacted in the Therukoothu rendition of Mahabaratham are,

1. Krishnan Jenanam 2. Kirupankini Sarithiram 3. Draupathai Pirappu 4. Gurukula Payirchi 5. Arakku Maalikai 6. Subathirai Maalaiyeedu 7. Sundari Maalaiyeedu 8. Nagakanni Maalaiyeedu 9. Alli Maalaiyeedu 10. Rajasuyagam 11. Thuyil 12. Thapasu 13. Thevarpattam 14. Karnamotcham 15. Pathinettampor

Apart from the episodes from Mahabaratham, Therukoothu performers also enact Koothu based on other local oral stories, namely,

1. Kuravancji 2. Karkodagan 3. Mundan Moorkan 4. Anagasooran Sandai 5. Gajendra Motcham

26 6. Karuvattu Natagam 7. Annanmar Kathai Natagam 8. Mathurai Veeran 9. Nallathangal 10. Vaanasoora Natagam 11. Vedhagir Rajan Natagam 12. Ayyanarappan Kalyanam 13. Nalankini Natakam 14. Mabali Chakiravarthy Natakam 15. Chelliyamman Natakam

Chelliyamman Natakam has a very interesting feature in bringing out an alternate history. This Therukoothu is normally played by the marginalized community, in which the domain of power of the upper caste is ridiculed and thereby the performance would try to topple down the essence of hierarchy. Linda Tuhiway Smith notes that “history is mostly about power” and that “it is the story of the powerful and how they became powerful, and then how they use their power to keep them in positions in which they can continue to dominate others” (34). Referring to the detrimental effect this lust for power among the colonial versions of history on the Indigenous peoples across the world, Linda Tuhiway Smith laments: “it is because of this relationship with power that we have been excluded, marginalized and ‘Othered’. (34)

These Therukoothu performances often carry a lot of oral historical references on the lives of the people of the past that tries to question such effects of established models of History.

27 It is with this understanding that the folk performances of Therukoothu is a

cultural repertoire of the silenced past, that the current project approaches the elements of oral history that are embedded in the Bhāratakatai performance of the Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu performed during the Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani in the subsequent chapters.

28 Chapter III

Elements of Oral History embedded in the Folk Performances of Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani

Tiruttani is a temple town known for being one of the six sacred abodes of Lord Muruga. It is a place of pilgrimage and tourist importance. It is a socially backward area and it is being an agricultural taluk. Tiruttani is located at 13.18°N 79.63°E in the north-west corner of Thiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu. It is 84 km southwest of Chennai, the state capital and 15 km from the state of Andhra Pradesh. It has a population of 44,781 with higher female to male ratio of 1003 female per thousand male.

Tiruttani comes under the Thiruvallur district. Thiruvallur district is an administrative district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The town of Thiruvallur is the district headquarters. The district has a mixture of urban and rural characteristics. The Eastern part of Tiruvallur district is dominated by urban characteristics while the southern and northern part of the district has cultural

29 influence of Andhra Pradesh. The region is rural in nature due to its geographical location. The languages spoken in the district are Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and Malayalam. Hindus dominate the district while people belonging to other religions are also present.

Tiruttani was ruled by many dynasites. Tiruttani was situated in Thondai Mandalam which was in the Kingdom of Pallavas. King Aparajitha Varma released a copper plate in 879 A.D. that noted that the village Pudur was donated to Velancheri Sabha and that the Sabha was authorised to collect 1000 kadi paddy from the village and that it should be given to the Tiruttani temple. Thondai Mandalam was under the control of Cholas from 907 AD to 955 AD. The region was under the control of Rashtru Kutas later and again controlled by Cholas. There are many temple inscriptions in Murugan Temple that has reference to the donations made by the Chola kings to the temple. From 1268 to 1310, Tiruttani was under the control of Pandiyas which was later captured Vijayanagar King Kambanna in 1361 AD. After the fall of Vijayanagar empire, Tiruttani came under the control of Karvet Nagar Zamindars. The British purchased the area for an amount of Rs.1,60,000 from them in the year 1846. When the State of Madras was formed in the year 1911 Tiruttani became a part of the North Arcot District. After Independence when Andra Rashtram was separated from Madras Presidency, Tiruttani came under Chittoor district jurisdiction of Andhra. Later under the leadership of freedom fighters Ma.Po.Sivagnanam and Mr.K.Vinayagam people of the region fought to join with the state of Tamil Nadu. And as per the Pataskar Commission that was appointed by the Government of India, the region became a part of Tamil Nadu in the year 1960. And later it was attached to the Tiruvallur district.

Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani and the Therukoothu performances:

30 Alf Hiltebeitel in his The Cult of Draupadi (1991) opines that it was Mahendraverma Pallava who first promoted the celebration of eighteen days festival of Mahabaratham War stories in order to motivate his soldiers. Alf Hiltebeital notes, ‘Mahendra varman was initially inclined in promotion of peacefull art like sculpture, music, drama and poetry but when he was defeated by Pulikesin, he realised the patronage of such art will not be enough and that he sought to instil martial spirit among his warriors by sponsoring the narration of the story of eighteen days war of Mahabaratham (14). He further notes that copper plates of king Parameshvaravarman I Pallava (670-700) from Kuram, a village near Kanchipuram, records that one share of the donation to a local village assembly hall was to go to the reading and enactment of Bharatam. And it was during the reign of Nandivarman III Pallava (846-69) that a Tamil rendition of the Mahabaratham was composed by Peruntevanar. Todays practice of reciting and performance of Therukoothu at Draupadi temples certainly owes to these early developments. Peruntevanar’s text follows Villiputurar’s version of Mahabaratham. Alf Hiltebeitel notes that it was only because of this text the character Aravan, the son of Arjuan became an important character in the folk versions of Mahabaratham. The Pallava period supplies a surprising number of elements that either contribute to or provide background for the Draupadi cult.

Draupadi Amman festival is celebrated for eighteen days every year in Tiruttani on a grand scale in the month of April. The festival begins with Pandhakaal Naduthal, followed by Kodiyetram and other ritual performances of

Santhana Kaapu, Pagasuran Satham, Paanchali thotram,

31 Amman Tirumanam, Subathirai Thirumanam, Thiruvilakku Poojai, Pavani, Pushpasevai, Archunan Thapasu, Rishapavahana Katchi, Archunan Uthirathisai Pasukkal Meetchi Urchavam, Krishnan Thoothu, Garudalvar Katchi, Sakthi Alagu Niruthudhal, Singa Vaahana pavani, Tharumar Pattabishekam and Manjal Neer Pushpabishekam on the subsequent days.

During these eighteen days, three levels of performances take place. They are Prasankam (Bharatha Kathai Padithal- Oral rendition of Bharatha Kathai), Therukoothu and Ritual enactment. According to Alf Hiltebeital, both Prasankam and Koothu are framed within the festival’s overarching ritual medium. Prasankam has a classical model of recitation whereas Therukoothu has folk model of performance. Hiltebeital notes that the “Prasankam is linked to the ‘Classicist’ and antiquarian interests of its performers and the Koothu more oriented towards “popular” interests.(137)

Both however use different modes of musical instruments. In Prasankam, recitation happens from an open book and is accompanied by a harmonium. Both involve “musical narrative amalgamation of song, musical chant and exegetical

32 prose” (Frasca 143). During Draupadi Amman festival Prasankam is performed in the daytime while Therukoothu is performed at night. Frasca finds the later “Theatre of Possession”, its night time setting and many of its components- musical accompaniment, makeup, curtain entrances, song, dance contribute to its power to bring about this effect (Hiltebeital, Alf 137).

K.Anandhan of Cheyyar made the Prasankam recitation of the Bharathakathai during this year’s festival of Draupadi Amman. He scheduled the recitation in the following manner,

Day Date Episode 1. 20. 4. 2016 Santhanu Kathai 2. 21. 4. 2016 Bhismar Sabatham 3. 22. 4. 2016 Pandu Pirappu 4. 23. 4. 2016 Karnan Pirappu 5. 24. 4. 2016 Kannan Pirappu 6. 25. 4. 2016 Pandavar Pirappu 7. 26. 4. 2016 Pandavar Kalai Payiluthal 8. 27. 4. 2016 Pandavar Aranketram 9. 28. 4. 2016 Arakku Malikai 10. 29.4. 2016 Idumban Vadham 11. 29. 4. 2016 Bagasoora Vadham 12. 30. 4. 2016 Nalayini Saritham 13. 1. 5. 2016 Rajasuya Yagam 14. 2. 5. 2016 Soodhadum Paagam/Pakadai Kuril 15. 3. 5. 2016 Thapasu

33 16. 4. 5. 2016 Vanaparvam 17. 5. 5. 2016 Krishnan Thoothu 18. 6. 5. 2016 Pathinettam Naal Por Matrum Tharumar

Pattabishekam

On the other hand the Therukoothu was performed by various troupes in the following schedule,

S.No Date Natakam Therukoothu Troupe 1. 25.04.2016 Bagasooran Vadham Amarar. MKS Nataka

Mandram, Tiruttani 2. 26.04.2016 Draupadi Thirumanam

(Vil Valaippu) Amarar. MKS Nataka Mandram, Tiruttani

3. 27.04.2016 Rajasuya Yagam Nemili Nataka Manram 4. 28.04.2016 Pagadai Koothu Naatagam Amarar. MKS Nataka

Mandram, Tiruttani 5. 29.04.2016 Sundari Maalai Karthikeyapuram Nataka

Manram 6. 30.04.2016 Draupadhi Vasthra Bangam

(Thukil) Amarar. MKS Nataka Mandram, Tiruttani

7. 01.05.2016 Dhuryodhanan Karva Bangam

Periya Kadambur Nataka Manram

8. 02.05.2016 Arjunan Thapasu Amarar. MKS Nataka Mandram, Tiruttani

9. 03.05.2016 Manimalan Sandai Venkatapuram Nataka Manram

10. 04.05.2016 Kuravanji Natagam Amarar. MKS Nataka Mandram, Tiruttani

11. 05.05.2016 Krishnan Thoothu Ettikuppam Nataka Manram 12. 06.05.2016 Veera Abimanyu Sandai Anumanthapura

Natakamanram 13. 07.05.2016 Karna Motcham

(Pathinelam Por) Amarar. MKS Nataka Mandram, Tiruttani

14. 08.05.2016 Thuriyodhanan Veera Maranam (Pathinettam Por)

Amarar. MKS Nataka Mandram, Tiruttani

34 As noted by Alf Hiltebeitel, “What is most distinctive about the Draupadi cult

of Therukoothu is that it seems to provide the only case where one of the epics is dramatized specifically in relation to an epic-defined cult” (149). These dramatizations of Therukoothu tradition has significant relation with the regional folk goddesses. This connection undergoes its most intense mythologization around the figure of the epic heroine as goddess.

Another important dimension of oral history in these folk performances lies in the origin stories. There are many references regarding the origin of villages that are found in these renditions. They are,

1. Tiruttani- Originally it was ‘Seru Thanigai’. When Lord Muruga vanquished three demons, he came to this place to ‘Quench his Anger (Seru- Anger, Thanigai- Quench)’. Oral historical tradition in the folk performances constantly reminds the common folk of this origin.

2. Korukkattur- (Kurukku Aatru Oor). Another significant aspect of oral history that reminds the people about a river that once ran across the village. Kurukku- Across, Aaru- River, Oor- Village/place.

3. Murukampattu- (Mun Agapatta Oor- A village that came before) folk elements cites that this village came before Kanchipuram during the journey of the Pandavas when they wanted to visit Kanchipuram and hence the name.

4. Peranampattu- (Prayaana patta or- A village people have to cross during their journey).

Along with these references the folk performers remain repositories of their ancestral culture. They communicate this through their songs.

35 William R.Bascon refers the following as the four functions of Folklore,

1. Amusement 2. Validating culture in justifying its rituals and institutions to those who

perform and observes them 3. Imparting education and 4. Conformity to the accepted pattern of behaviour in society.

A careful analysis of the Folk performances held during the Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani, reveals the fact that these performances has all these four functions. The wonder and amusement in terms of comic characters like Kattiyankaran, his dialogues full of pun and innuendos create a sense of hilarity and enterainment. Constant reference to the oral historical references about certain ancestors (people belonging to upper castes who donated to the temple) and their noble characters and benevolence also prompts the performance as reminders to the common folk of the forgotten past. Similarly, using oral historical elements in terms of proverbs, anecdotes and songs these folk performances also educate the folk of various methods of irrigation, cultivation and the importance of rainfall during various season. Conformity to the accepted pattern of behaviour in society often occurs as moral anecdotes. These moral anecdotes occur in terms of songs on the importance of virtue, benevolence, bravery, penance and truth.

The significance of the elements of the oral history embedded in these folk performances can be understood by studying the relationship between the text, performance and narration within the framework of Performance studies, Narrative Theory and Intertextuality. Such an analysis is to be made in the next chapter.

36 Chapter IV

Bharatakatai as Performance, Narration and Text: A Study of Folk Performances of Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani

In this chapter three methods of analysis are used for the understanding of various aspects of Folk Performances of Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani. While principles of Performance studies are used for a conceptual understanding of the act of performance of the study, Narratology is used to understand the sense of ‘experience’ in being a part of the performance. In the last section, Intertextuality is used for the understanding of the world of the narration of the folk stories.

Performance Studies and the conceptualization of the ‘Act of Performance’:

Performance studies is an interdisciplinary field that inspects performance in all its extent. From theatre, dance, music, visual art, and other “framed” performances, to an individual’s actions and behaviors in everyday life; from storytelling, folklore, and blogs; to political speeches, rituals, and celebrations, performance studies analyzes “twice-behaved behavior”—that is, repeatable, embodied activities. (“The Feminist Spectator”).

Richard Schechner, the author of the Performance Studies: An Introduction (2010) states that Performance studies examine performances in two categories: Artistic and Cultural Performances.

1. Artistic Performance are marked and understood as art. Solo-performance, performance art, performance of literature, theatrical storytelling, plays, and performance poetry. This category considers performance as the art form.

37 2. Cultural Performance includes events that occur in everyday life in which a

culture values are displayed for their perpetuation: rituals such as parades, religious ceremonies, community festivals, controversial storytelling, and performances of social and professional roles, and individual performances of race, gender, sexuality and class.

The term ‘Performance Theory’ was postulated during the postmodern era by Western scholarship, and it played a vital role in the avant-garde movement of theatre history according to Jayakar. The essence of the performance theory in theatre is a phenomenon of live performances under the shades of actor - audience relationship in the theatre realm. In the postmodern and post - structuralist age, it gained maturity and was treated as intercultural and pluridisciplinary discourse. During the 1980s, it emerged as an independent discipline called ‘Performance Studies’. It is a paradigm of pluridisciplinary explication of the spectacular text of the genres of performances in different cultures by utilizing various paths and criteria. (Nagamalla, Jayakar J 1).

Richard Schechner notes that Performances are actions and that as a discipline, performance studies takes actions very seriously in four ways.

1. First, behavior is the “object of study” of performance studies. Although performance studies scholars use the “archive” extensively – what’s in books, photographs, the archaeological record, historical remains, etc. – their dedicated focus is on the “repertory,” namely, what people do in the activity of their doing it.

2. Second, artistic practice is a big part of the performance studies project. A number of performance studies scholars are also practicing artists working in the avant-garde, in community-based performance,

38 and elsewhere; others have mastered a variety of non-Western and Western traditional forms. The relationship between studying performance and doing performance is integral.

3. Third, fieldwork as “participant observation” is a much-prized method adapted from anthropology and put to new uses. In anthropological fieldwork, participant observation is a way of learning about cultures other than that of the field-worker.

4. Fourth, it follows that performance studies is actively involved in social practices and advocacies. Many who practice performance studies do not aspire to ideological neutrality.

As pointed by Richard Schechner, one of the main objective of this study of folk performance during the Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani was to observe and understand the behaviour of the performers during the performance. During the study it became obvious that the performers considered their act of performance as a part of ritual and their performance a meeting point of the sacred and the profane. The amount of dedication that goes into the rehearsals and performance has to be appreciated. From the personal interview with the Arankavalar, Thiru Prakasam, it was understood that unlike the performers of other villages, the performers in Draupadi Amman festival of Tiruttani were all highly paid government servants who still manage to develop their interest in the Koothu tradition despite the fact that their counterparts prefer to move away from it.

Prakasam also notes that the next generation of the performers of his family are also eagerly showing interest in taking part in the performances. And unlike in other villages, Therukoothu performances is never looked down upon in Tiruttani.

39 This is mainly because of the absence of obscenities that are normally associated with the Therukoothu performances.

The researcher managed to be a part of the performances for a considerable amount of time and managed to collect the following nuances of Therukoothu performance from the performers in Tiruttanni,

a. Earlier the performers used to wear simple hand dyed clothes and their ornaments and shields were made of wood and barks. But these days they wear coloured clothes and inexpensive ornaments.

b. The ornaments used in the performances are Kireedam, Pujam, Pattam, Muthucharam, Kaathukattai, Kannapoo, Meesai, Vaakumaalai, Paavadai, Kaalpattai.

c. Various colours are used in the makeup. Each of these colours have symbolic significance. Arjuna’s face is coloured with a mixture of green, Kannan blue, Beeman black, mixture of red and yellow for Karnan and during the performance of Arjunan Thapasu sacred ash is applied all over the body.

d. Instruments used for the performances are sruthi petti, Kai petti (Harmonium), Miruthangam, Dolaku, Mugaveenai and Thaalam. The songs and music are measured in an unit called ‘adavu’.

e. Performers of the Therukoothu tradition belong to various castes. During the performances they do not consider caste as a hierarchical separating entity.

f. Kattiyankaran play a very important role in the play. He acts as fool and an integral part of the play throughout the sequence. His language is often filled with pun, innuendos and sarcasm. He will play the role of the prologue in the

40 beginning of the play introducing the title of the days episode, characters, actors and other related sequence.

g. Each troupe of performers has a Vaathiyar who train the performers with the help of manuscripts available with him. He is normally venerated by the performers and reserve the most important part of the play for him.

h. The play also begins behind the screen with the honouring of the important actors. Such honor is done by offering money, ornaments like rings and chains, and garlanding.

i. Some of the texts and scripts they follow in their performances were by Ammani Ammal, Thevanampattu Rajagopal and Kalavayar. These texts were copied by hand and kept as a sacred source by the Vaathiyars for the practice and performance.

The fieldwork also helped in understanding various features of performances on the given day. Drawing reference from Sathasivan Annamalai’s work and the field work conducted the following description of the performance is made.

Theatrical Feature of the Therukoothu Performance during the Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani:

1. The Curtain Entrance:

This is a stage convention that is used to introduce characters in to the performing area. Before a character enters the performing area a curtain is held across the stage by stage hands. The curtain is usually white with name of the troupe.

2. The Kottakai:

41 This room is used as a waiting room to prepare for acts, costume changes, wearing mae-ups. Traditionally the materials used for building this room was coconut thatches and palm fronds. But these days adjoining small rooms are used for this purpose.

3. Benches on the stage:

Two benches are placed for the musicians. These musicians remain on the stage for the duration of the performance and they underscore the dramatic action.

4. Therukoothu music:

Therukoothu music may be described as semi-classical but sung with a rural accent and diction. Frasca speaks of thirty five ragas which are used to make the general umisc system. It complements the action and at times it leads the action. It is often repeated in chorus form.

5. Invocation Song:

The invocation song in praise of lord Ganesh is the first song or prayer that performed before the commencement of any performance.

6. Entrance Song:

A Song is song upon the entrance of a character. The tempo and quality of such a song is resonated in the character.

7. Lighting:

In ancient times burning flames were used held by helpers who moved before or behind the actor so that he was visible to the audience. Later large brass oil lamps were used. These lamps lent an added dimension to the costumes and make-up by flickering in the night. Now tube lights and high powered beam lights are used.

42 8. Facial Make-up:

Therukoothu make-up is not only used to distinguish character but also has a religious significance. Centuuram, Aritaaram, paints and Viboothi are some of the make-up products used. A small poosai is made before the beginning of the make-up session. The colour red is most frequently used colour. Green is representative of heroism, beneficence, morality, strength and power. Arjunan wears the basic colour of green. Demonic characters usually have painted on their chins white fangs extended from the mouth. Artificial moustaches are also used. For minor characters painted moustaches are used.

9. Head and body gears:

Some of the head and body gears used are Kireedam, swords made of glittering papers, bow and arrow made of sticks and ropes, Gathai and simple musical instruments.

10. Factors governing Therukoothu performance:

a. Number of stories enacted

b. Dramatization

c. Costumes and weapons

d. Allowance for improvisation

e. Number of dancers on stage

f. Untrained dancers

g. Setting

h. First and their person narrative (126)

43 With the help of these principle of performance studies namely, the analysis of behaviour as the object of study and participant observation through fieldwork the project helped in understanding significant aspects of oral historical elements that are embedded in the Therukoothu tradition.

Narrative Theory/ Narratology and the Understanding of the ‘Experiential’ moments:

As seen earlier the Draupadi Amman festival of Tiruttani has three levels of Bharatham rendition, namely- Therukoothu performance, Prasangam and ritualistic performances. Of these three the story of Draupadi Amman and Bharatham are narrated in the Therukoothu performance and Prasangam. While Therukoothu uses both performatives in terms songs, stories and dance, Prasangam uses songs and stories alone for narration. Some of the salient features of the narrative aspects of these renditions and performance with the help of Narratology.

Narratology studies the how narratives structure our awareness of the world around us. The study of narrative is particularly important since our ordering of time and space in narrative forms constitutes one of the primary ways we construct meaning in general. Michael Bamberg notes that, when narrators tell a story, they give narrative form to experience. They position characters in space and time and, in a broad sense, give order to and make sense of what happened—or what is imagined to have happened. Thus, it can be argued that narratives attempt to explain or normalize what has occurred; they lay out why things are the way they are or have become the way they are. Narrative, therefore, can be said to provide a portal into two realms:

44 1. The realm of experience, where speakers lay out how they as individuals

experience certain events and confer their subjective meaning onto these experiences; and

2. The realm of narrative means (or devices) that are put to use to make (this) sense. (77-78)

Narratology therefore tries to understand the manner in which the performance and narratives creates a realm of experience, as much as the realm of narrative means that are used to create such an experience.

In the Bharatha Koothu rendition and performance, the narration does not happen on the level of individual experience. The narratives are based on the established stories from epics which are already popular among the public. The act of narration in the case of Bharatha Koothu and Prasangam has ritualistic importance. In the Indian context therefore the realm of experience relies on the ceremonial relevance.

Both Koothu and Prasangam use various means to achieve such an experience. These means are basically religious and moral in nature. The songs, rhetoric and exaggerated description of events of the epics creates a certain aura in the rendition that sometimes leaves the audience spell bound. The cathartic moments in Karna Motcham can be cited as a valid example for the ritualistic and at the same time cathartic experience for both the performers and the audience.

Intertextuality and the understanding the world of Performance:

Intertextuality is the reference to or application of a literary, media, or social “text” within another literary, media, or social “text.” In literature, intertextuality is when a book refers to a second book by title, scene, character, or storyline, or when a

45 book refers to a social “text” such as a media, social, or cultural story. Sophie Novak notes that the term ‘Intertextuality’ was developed by the poststructuralist Julia Kristeva in the 1960s, and since then it is widely accepted by postmodern literary critics and theoreticians. Kristeva’s invention was a response to Ferdinand de Saussure‘s theory and his claim that signs gain their meaning through structure in a particular text.

Therukoothu performance and the Prasangam use large amount of intertextual elements. It will not be surprising to note even references to modern equipments like cellular phone, computer, buses, trains and television find their place during the performances especially through Kattiyankaran. During Prasangam, there will be a lot of Intertextual references made. These references come from other epics like Ramayana, medicine texts by Siddhars, moral texts like Thirukkural and Aathicudi and even cinemas. In the Prasangam stories on various gods are used from various reference materials. Stories on gods like Murugam, Saraswathy, Lakshmi, Thirumal and Sivan are cited from various sources like Kanthapuranam, Thirumurugatrupadai, Sivapuranam, Kiranthangal and Pasurungal. It is these elements that make the rendition interesting and at the same time understandable and relevant to the contemporary sensibility. The subtle use of Intertextuality also carries various oral historical references in both the types of renditions. Origin stories of various villages, irrigation methods, lineages of kings, lineages of castes, origin of various art forms are also referred in terms of intertextual references.

46 Chapter V

Conclusion

Therukoothu is a folk art that is usually presented in conjunction with ritualistic festivals. These folk rituals therefore have become intergral part of the koothu tradition. Therukoothu as a folk art holds firm a large and luminous mirror reflecting the society. Through the way it carries the essence of the past as embedded in its oral tradition one can understand the forgotten past of the common folk. Unlike the established versions of the History found in the textbooks and manuscripts, the oral historical tradition of the folklores carry the essence of the stories of the past of the common people.

It was with this understanding the project approached the main objective of, documentation of oral narratives and performances i.e, Prasangam and Therukoothu rendition of Bharathai Kathai as performed during the Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani and collected resources as available in manuscripts available with the Koothu Vathiyars (Attached as Appendix). The collected materials were analysed parallel to the analysis of the performance and narration of the Bharathai Kathai. The methods of analysis employed was Performance studies, Narratology and Intertextuality. Using the principles of Performance studies extensive analysis was made to understand various nuances involved in the performance of the Koothu, Prasangam and Rituals. With the help of Narratology, the sense of ritualistic experience that was made possible by the performances was analysed. Principles of Intertextuality helped in the significance of contextual understanding of performances and also helped in the conceptualization of the manner in which oral histories got established in these performances.

47 The study concludes that during the Draupadi Amman Festival of Tiruttani a

wide variety of traditional cultural expressions that can broadly be characterized as 1. oral traditions (Koothu and Prasangam), 2. material traditions (such as folk instruments, make-up, properties and ornaments used during the performance), 3. traditions of belief and custom (such as ritualistic and religious practice), and 4. performance traditions (Koothu) are used as ritual reminders to the audience of the rich and vast oral history of the past.

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53

Appendix I Images

54

Image (i) Pandavas during Vanavasam

Image (ii) Saguni and Thuriyodhanan before Soothu Vilayattu

55

Image (iii) Bhishmar waiting for his cue

Image (iv) Arjuna before Archunan Thapasu

56

Image (v) Preparation of Costumes and Properties

Image (vi) Musical Accompaniments

57

Image (vii) Kattiyankaran in conversation with Thuriyothanan

Image (viii) Kattiyankaran in conversation with the audience

58

Image (ix and x) Baratha Kathai Padithal

59

Image (xi) Draupadi Amman Temple, Tiruttani - Festival Invite 2016

60

APPENDIX II Arakku Malikai Paguthi

Collected from Thiru A. Krishnan, Pallipet

61 nghJ tpUj;jk;: Mjpkhy; ghjk; Nghw;wp - mudpW foy;fs; Nghw;wp - Ntjd; Nrtb jhs; Nghw;wp - tpz;zth; foy;fs; Nghw;wp - khJ nre;JUNt Nghw;wp - kufj jhNa Nghw;wp - jhJntz;fkyNkTk; ru];tjp jhNa Nghw;wp ghQ;rhyd; tpUj;jk;: midtUk; cyfpYs;Nshh; midtUk; Jjpf;Fk; Nfhkhd; - kdkpU ntw;wpkhiy tug;Gah; jdpe;j khh;gd; - ,izapy;yh ghQ;rhy ehl;Lf;F ,iwtNd - jph;j;jNgh;f;F rz;Kfg;Gtp ghQ;rhy uh[Dk; tUfpd;NwNd. ghl;L: 1. ghQ;rhy uh[d; te;Njd; nfhYtpUf;f - ghQ;rhy uh[d; te;Njd; - ghQ;rhy Njrnky;yhk; thQ;irAlNd MSk; (gh) R) gw;gyh;fSk; ntF mw;GjkpJntd nghw;NghL Jjp nra;tpw;gd Fz jpd (gh) 2. etuj;jpd fphplkpyq;F ,U Gaj;jpy; eykha; G[ fPh;j;jp Jyq;f etkzp jhtlq;fs; ehfhpfkha; G+z;L R) eq;ifaph; ,UGwk; ,qpfpjKld; kyh; nghq;fkjhfNt kq;ifa; tPr (gh) 3. Vgrf;fpu G+ Fil gpbf;f fd;dpah;fs; vjpnujpnur;irAf;if gbf;f R) gk;ig jtpy; KuR nfhk;Gkzp fpLfpnld;d ck;gUy;fpsTk; rk;uKld; jpu (gh) 4. ke;jphpkhh;fs; Gil#oNt ,UGwKk; te;J rj;JU jhoNt ,e;jpundd ntF Re;jukha; ele;J R) ngz;bir jd;dpYk; nfhz;LNk kd;dh;fs; kz;lypfh; vjph; njz;ldpl;L gzpa tpUj;jk;: NtjNkhh; ehd;Fk; tho;f - Ntjpah; FyKk; tho;f - G+jy kd;dh; tho;f - Gfo; kDepjp tho;f - NkjpdpNahh;fs; tho;f - tpsq;Fk; nrq;NfhYk; tho;f - jPjpy;yh Mjp%h;j;jp nrq;fy;khy; ghjk; Nghw;wp trdk; Fhtyd; rigapy; t;eJ tpsq;ff; $bath; ah; vd;W njhpe;J nfhz;lhah ghQ;rhy ehl;il Msf;$ba ghQ;rhy uh[d;. Mdhy; fhtyd; me;JGwj;jpNy ke;ejpkhh; ,Uf;fpwhwh;fs;. ehd; mioj;jjhf mioj;Jf; nfhz;L th. ghl;L vd; ke;jpjpkhh;fNs… ,e;j khefhpNy - khjKk; khhpNa Ngjkpy;yhkNy epjKk; nghope;J NrkkhFjh? (vd;) ke;jphp ghl;L vd; uh[ uh[Nd - kfuh[ G+gNd - khjKk; khhpNa Ngjkpy;yhkNy epjKk; nghope;J NrkkhFNj… ghl;L – ghQ;rhyd; Myaq;fspy; MWfhy G+i[fs; epejpjtwhky; ele;Njhp tUjh? ke;jphp ghl;L Myaq;fspy; MWfhy G+i[fs; epjpjtwhky; ele;Njwp tUNj…

62 ghQ;rhyd; - ghl;L Ntjk; XjpLk; Ntjpah;fSk; epjpjtwhky; XJfpd;whh;fsh? ke;jphp ghl;L Ntjk; XjpLk; Ntj Kdpth;;fSk; epjpjtwhky; XJfpd;whh;fNs… ghQ;rhyd; - ghl;L gl;lzj;J nrl;bkhh;fs; jpl;lkha; gb msf;fpd;wduh? ke;jphp ghl;L gl;lzj;J nrl;bkhh;fs; jpl;lkha; gb msf;fpd;wdNu…. ghQ;rhyd; trdk; ke;jphpkhh;fNs kpfTk; re;Njh\k;. ehd; rpk;khjdj;jpy; mkh;fpNwd;. mjpf [hf;fpuijahf fhty; ,Uq;fs;…. M ke;jphp khh;fNs…. tpUj;jk; ma;aa;Nah ehd; vd;d nra;Ntd; - vd; mq;fKk; gjWja;Nah - itafk; cjpj;jhh; Nghy - vd; taph; gw;wp vwpAja;Nah - ,e;j kd;dtd; trdk; nfhz;lhy; khw;Wthh; xUth; fhNzd;. vd;dpl Fiwia ehDk; vthplk; nrhy;Ntda;Nah ghQ;rhyd; ghl;L 1. vd;d nra;Ntd; VJ nra;Ntd; vg;gb kdk; nghWg;Ngd; ke;jphp khh;fNs (k) 2. rpd;dQ;rpW ghz;lth;fs; tpz;Zyfk; Nrh;e;juuhNt> vd; ke;jphp- ke;jphpkhh;fNs 3. gd;duf;F khspifapy; ghz;lth;fs; kbe;jhuNk vd; ke;jphpkhNu> ke;jphpkhh;fNs 4. muf;F khspif jd;dpNy Ith;fs; kbe;jhuhNk… ke;jphpkhNu ke;jphpkhh;fNs 5. #uJNuhziu nfhy;y J\;lJ}a;kidAk; ngw;Nwd; ke;jphpkhNu ke;jphpkhh;fNs 6. khud; mh;Rdid kzf;f khJ JNuhgijia ngw;Nwd; ke;jphpkhNu ke;jphpkhh;fNs 7. ghhpy; kUfdhd ghh;jid ehd; vg;Ngh fhz;Ngd; vd; ke;jphpkhNu ke;jphpkhh;fNs ghQ;rhyd; trdk; ke;jphpkhh;fNs- vd; kdjpy; xU re;Njfk;- vd;dntd;why; - ehd; ft;sp Njrk; MSk; JUgNja – ehDf;F kfdhf gpwe;J ey;y Kiwahf vd;id tsh;j;jhh;. Ie;J tajpNy vd;id fy;tp fw;f – vd;id mf;fpdpNfhj;jpu Kdpthplk; vd;id Nrh;j;jhh; - vd;Dld; JNuhdhr;rhhpAk; te;jhh;. vdf;F ke;j Gj;jpapy; - vdf;F rhptu ghlk; VWtjpy;iy. clNd JNuhdhr;rhhpaplk; ma;ah – vdf;F ,e;j ghlk; ey;y Kiwapy; vdf;F fw;W nfhLj;jhy; - ehd; ,e;j ehl;il Ml;rp nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; - cdf;F ghjp ehL nfhLf;fpNwd; vd;Nwd;. Mth; vdf;F ghlk; nrhy;yp nfhLj;J vd;id rpwe;j xU khztdhf – vd;id rpwg;ghf nra;jhh;. ehd; vd; je;ijaplk; - ey;y gps;isahf tsh;e;Njd;. vd; je;ij – cly; eypthy; - vdf;F ,e;j ehl;bd; nghWg;ig xg;gilj;J tpl;L vdf;F jpUkzk; nra;J gl;lhgpN\fk; nra;J itj;jhh;.

63 vd; je;ij rpy fhyk; cly; eypthy; fhykhdhh;. Ml;rp elj;jp nfhz;bUe;Njd; - JNuhzhr;rhhp – rptgf;jd; - mtUf;F – fpUgp vd;w kidtpAld; tho;e;J tUk; NghJ mtUf;F Gj;jpu jhdk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fNt – mth; ntspapy; nry;Yk; NghJ kidtpia mioj;J nry;Yk; NghJ – ahuhfpYk; ek; fpufk; ehb – mhpNjrp ghp Njrpahh; te;jhYk; mtUf;F – czT mspj;J cgrhpj;J mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L nry;thh;. Xh; rptd; - gpr;rhe;Njfpahf tbtk; nfhz;L – fpUgpaplk; te;J – mk;kh – gpr;rhe;Njfp vd;whh; - clNd fpUgp mk;ikahh; - mtiu mioj;J – mtUf;F ,iyapl;L – md;dk; ghpkhhpdhh; - clNd rptd; mk;kh ,g;gb rhjk; ghpkhhpdhs; - ehd; Grpf;f khl;Nld; - cd; clypy; Milapy;yhky; vdf;F md;dk; ghpkhhpdhy; ehd; Grpg;Ngd; vd;whh;. clNd me;j mk;ikahdth; - jd; $e;jiy clnyy;yhk; - %Lk;gb – Milnay;yhk; mfw;wptpl;L $e;jiy tphpj;J tpl;L cliy %bdhs; - rptdhdth; ,e;j $e;jNy ,t;tsT mofhf ,Uf;fpwNj - ,ts; mq;fk; vt;tsT mofhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W – thA gfthd; fhw;why; mts; $e;jy; tpyf rptd; ghh;j;jhy; - tPhpak; ,iyapy; tpoe;J tpl rptd; kiwe;jhh; - me;j mk;ikahdts; me;j ,iy vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Fjpiu yhaj;jpy; Nghl;L tpl;lhh;. xU ngz; Fjpiu mij Grpf;f – hp\gpz;lk; ,uT jq;fhJ vd;gJ Nghy; clNd xU gps;is gpwe;jJ. JNuhdhr;rhhp fpufk; tu Fjpiu yhaj;jpy; Foe;ij rj;jk; Nfl;lJ – clNd nrd;W ghh;j;jhy; Foe;ij fpUgpia Nfl;lhh; - me;j mk;ik ele;jij $wpdhh;. te;jJ rptd; vd;W epidj;J nfhz;lhh;. Foe;ij Kfk; ms;tk; - cly; eyd; ,oe;j Foe;ij ghy; nfhLf;f KbahJ – vd;d nra;tJ vd;W Nahrid nra;jhh;. mg;NghJ – ghQ;rhyd; ehd; Ml;rp nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; ghjp ehL nfhLf;fpNwd; vd;Wk; nrhy;yp ,Uf;fpwhhd;. mq;F nrd;W xU gR jhdk; thq;fp tuyhk; vd;W ghQ;rhydplk; te;J – cd;id fhZk;gbahf JNuhdhr;rhhp te;J ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;W fhtydplk; nrhy;yp mDg;gpdhh; - mg;NghJ vd; Mztk; mtd; ahh; vd;W njhpahJ – mtid ntspNa fOj;ij gpbj;J js;Sq;fs; vd;Nwd; - mg;NghJ JNuhdhr;rhhp – mNl ghQ;rhyh vd;id mtkhdk; nra;j cd;id mtkhdk; nra;ahtpl;lhy; vd;ngah; JNuhdhr;rhhpay;y vd;W rgjk; $wp nrd;W tpl;lhh; - clNd ghz;ltUf;Fk; Jhpad; jk;gpkhh;fSf;Fk; tpy;tpj;ijfis fw;W nfhLj;J – mjpy; rpwe;jtif – mh;r;Rdid mioj;J – vd;id ujnfhb fk;gj;jpy; fl;b ,Oj;J tu nrhd;dhh; - clNd mh;r;Rdd; - vd; mq;fk; Nehfhky; - vd;id uj nfhb fk;gj;jpy; kyh; ruj;jhy; mioj;J te;jhd; - clNd – JNuhdhr;rhhpia ghh;j;J – cd;id nfhy;tjw;F xU gps;isAk; - vd; mq;fj;jpw;F gq;fk; tuhky; mioj;J te;j mh;r;Rdid kzf;f xU kfisAk; ngw;W vd; rgjk; epiwNtw;whtpl;lhy; vd; ngah; ghQ;rhyd; my;y – vd;Nwd; - clNd Gj;jpu fhNkl;bahfk; nra;J J\;lJ}a;kd; vd;w kfid ngw;Nwd; - xU kfisAk; ngw;Nwd; - vg;gbAk; nfhy;Ntd; - JNuhgij kzf;f mh;r;Rdd; ,y;iy vd;W kd tUj;jk;. tpUj;jk; ke;jphpkhh;fNs NfsPh; - kdjpdpy; epidj;J te;j re;Njfkpy;yhk; ,e;j rigjdpy; mwpa Ntz;Lk; - tpe;ij Nrhjplj;jpy; ey;y tph;gd epGzuhd me;jdh; jk;ikapg;Ngh mioj;JNk tUFtPNu trdk; ke;jphpkhh;fNs – vd; kdjpy; rpy re;NjrkpUf;fpwJ – mij fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk; - ek;Kila ehl;by; ey;y if Njh;e;j rh];jphpia mioj;J th rh];jphp tpUj;jk;

64 jpUkzp tpG+jp ,l;L rpurpy; Fy;yhTk; G+z;L kWT ePh; fhtp Nt\;b thpiraha; cLj;jpf; nfhz;L ghpTld; rh];jpuq;fs; gQ;rhq;fk; ifapy; Ve;jp fUJk; gpuhkzh;fshNdh; fdrig tUfpd;wNu ghl;L 1. Ntjg;gpuhkzh; ehq;fNs rh];jpuk; nrhy;Yk; Ntjgpuhkzh; ehq;fNs 2. epjpj;njhpe;jwpe;j cyfj;jpYs;Nshh;fs; epidj;j tpjnkd;W $\zj;jpywpe;J nrhy;Yk; (Nt) 3. MWkwpahj miyfly; Moj;ij mfy epfsk; fz;L nrhy;YNthk; nrhy;YNthk; 4. Mw;W kzYk; e\j;jpukpt;tsntd;W mjw;F Jifia nrhy;yp nty;YNthk; 5. <NuO gjpNdO Nyhfj;Jf;fg;ghYk; ,Uf;Fk; tpjj;ijf;fz;L ciug;Nghk; - ciug;Nghk; 6. fhzhj nghUnsy;yhk; fhZk;gbf;fpAs;s ifapy; ney;ypf;fdp Nghy; fhl;LNthk; - fhl;LNthk; 7. fw;w ke;jpuj;jpdhy; Kk;%h;j;jpfs; $l ifapy; faw;iw fl;b khl;LNthk; - khl;LNthk; trdk; khjth – eP nrd;W Ntj gpuhkzh; te;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;W cd; kd;dDf;F nrhy; ghQ;rhyd; tpUj;jk; Nkjpdpnaq;Fk; Nghw;Wk; NtjNtjpahNu Nghw;wp - Ntjrh];jpu Guhzk; tpsk;Gk; me;jzNu Nghw;wp - epjpAk; newpAk; ey;y epyikiaAkwpe;j vq;fs; khjtj;NjhNuAq;fs; kyub ghjk; Nghw;wp ghQ;rhyd; - ghl;L Nghw;wp Nghw;wp ma;aNd ce;jd; ghjk; Nghw;wp ma;aNd ghjhu tpe;jj;ij MjhukhfNt – gyNfhb kyh;nfhz;L – ghjkyukpf;Nf – (Nghw;wp) rh];jphp tpUj;jk; rPnuy;yhk; gilj;j NfhNt - rpuQ;rPtp Mrph;thjk; NghpdhYah;e;j vq;fs; ngUkhNd MrPh;thjk; - ghnuy;yk; Gfo;fpd;w ghh;j;jpgnddNt te;j khuNdAdf;F jpt;a kq;fskhrPh;thjk; ghl;L thop thop kd;dh thop - itafj;jpy; ePLbaha; Mop #o; cyfk; jd;dpy; mjpf rk;gj;jhf tho;tha; NgUk; GfOlNd ngUikahf tho;e;jpUg;gha; rh];jphp tpUj;jk; ghQ;rhy kd;dh – Rfpgth Mrph;thjk; - kd;dh – vd;id vjw;fhfh mioj;J tur;nrhd;dPh;fs; ghQ;rhyd; jU 1. ePq;fs; thUk; rh];jphp khh;fNs ma;ah – tsh;kpF Nrhjplj;ij Muha;e;J $Wk; rh];jphpkhh;fNs ma;ah – vf;fpaj;jpy; ngz;gpwe;jhy; ve;jd; kfs; ghQ;rhypAk; ghQ;rhyd; tpUj;jk;

65 #u JNuhdiu nfhy;y J\;lJ}a;kidAk; ngw;Nwd;. tPuJNuhdiu ehnde;j tpjj;jpYk; nfhy;Ntdpe;j ghhpy; kUfdhd ghh;j;jid vg;Ngh fhz;Ngd; trdk; NfSq;fs; Rthkp JNuhdhr;rhhpia nfhy;Yk;gb J\;lJ}a;kid gw;Nwd; - mh;r;Rdid kzf;f JNuhgijia ngw;Nwd; - ehd; nra;j ,uz;L rgjj;jpy; - JNuhdhr;rhhpia nfhd;WtpLNtd; - kfSf;fhf epakdk; nra;j mh;r;Rdd; Jhpad; nra;j tQ;rfj;jhy; - muf;Fkhspifapy; kbe;jhh; vd;W cyf tje;jpahf ,Uf;fpwJ – mth;fs; capUld; ,Ug;gJk; ,we;J Ngha; tpl;lJk; Nrhjplj;ij Muha;e;J nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; ma;ah rh];jphp ghl;L muf;F khspif nte;jhYk; m];jpdhGuk; nte;jhYk; ,Uf;Fk; <NuO Nyhfk; ,U ,uha; NghdhYk; rpd;dQ;rpW ghz;lth;f;F cUf;fkha; ghz;lth;f;F xU Fiw tuhjg;gh trdk; ghQ;rhy kd;dh mg;gb rh];jpuj;ij Gul;bghh;j;J nrhy;fpNwd; rh];jphp tpUj;jk; vr;rdp gy;ypahe;ij vopy; ehp fhfk; Jk;gy; ep$\akpuhk rf;fuk; epkpj;jpak; ew;faW rhw;wy; e$\j;jpuk; uhrpthuk; ehopif ehb gQ;r g$\ rh];j;jpuKkpj;jgb jhNd nrhy;Yja;ah trdk; ghQ;rhy kd;dh – vl;rdp – gy;yp – Me;ij – ehp – fhfk; - Jk;gy; - ,uhk rf;fuk; - epkpj;jpak; - faW rhw;wy;> e$\j;jpu gyd; - ,uhrp gyd; - thu gyd; - ehopif gyd; - ehb gyd; - gQ;rg$\p rh];jpuq;fnsy;yhk; - Nrhjpj;J ghh;j;jhy; - ghz;lth;fs; Ie;J NgUk; Fe;jpak;kDk; - muf;Fkhspifapy; mope;J Nghftpy;iy – capUld;jhd; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; vd;W nrhy;YfpwJ ghQ;rhyd; tpUj;jk; IaNu NfspUq;fs; - Mrph;thjj;jpdhNy ijay; vd; kfs; ghQ;rhyp jd; jt gyj;jpdhYk; - ca;Ak; ghz;lth;fs; jg;gp capUldpUe;jhuhdhy; nra;Ak; vd; rgjnky;yk; rPWldlf;Fk; jhNd trdk; NfSk; Rthkp – cd; Mrph;thjj;jhy; vd; kfs; jtgyj;jhNfSk; Rthkp – cd; Mrph;thjj;jhy; vd; kfs; jtgyj;jhYk; capUld; ,Ue;jhy; ehd; nra;j rgjk; epiwNtWk; Ngha; thUq;fs; Ntjtpahrh; tpUj;jk; fsq;fpkpy;yhky; jhDk; fUJk; gpuhkzh;fs; te;J csq;fsp $h;e;J ciuj;jth; Nghd gpd;G – tse;njOe;jUk ePjp tsh;f;Fk; ghQ;rhy kd;dd; tpsq;fpa rigapy; NtjtpahrUk; tUfpd;NwNd Ntjtpahrh; jU 1. jtKdp Ntjtpahrh; ,Njh te;Njd; - rJh;kiu mUspa Gtdpapy; ntFfPh;j;jp gilj;j murd; ghQ;rhyd; uh[d; rigapy; (j) ghl;L 1. kd;dpa guhrh; jd;dhy; kr;rfe;jp ngw;nwLj;j md;dpy jtdKdpth; tpahrh; te;J NktpdhNu

66 2. eilAld; eil ele;J rilAld; ril Fyq;f md;dpy jtKdpth; tpahrh; te;J NktpdhNu 3. nghe;jp vq;Fk; ePudpe;J Gj;jf gpuk;Gk; nfhz;L md;dpy jtKdpth; tpahrh; te;J NktpdhNu ghQ;rhyd; tpUj;jk; ehjNd Nghw;wp ey;y Qhd KdpNa Nghw;wp - ePjNd Nghw;wp Jd;gk; ePf;FKj;jkNd Nghw;wp - Nghjid Nghw;wp jj;Jt nghUswpe;jtNu Nghw;wp - NtjNd Nghw;wp NtjtpahrNu Nghw;wp Nghw;wp ghl;L ehjNd rUzk; rJh;kiw NtjNd rUzk; khjh gpjh FU nja;tKk; cidapd;wp MjuNtWz;Nlh – ma;aNd – nka;aNd Ntjtpahrh; tpUj;jk; jUkKk; jtKk; ey; jahsKs;stNd thop - mUikAkd;G kPif mUSKs;stNd thop - tUkDePjp nrq;Nfhy; td;ikAs;stNd thop - jpUnty;yhk; ngUk;ghQ;rhy jpuNd thop thop ghl;L thop kd;dh thop thop thop thopNa - Mop#o; cyfk; jd;dpy; mjpf rk;gj;jha; Nktp ,q;F ehDk; te;j Nrjp nrhy;YNtd; Nfhjpy;yhj G+ghNd Fiwia nrhy;tha; trdk; ghQ;rhy kd;dh vd;id epidj;j fhuzk; mij njhpa nrhy;Yk; ghQ;rhyd; tpUj;jk; muf;F khspifapypUe;J ItUk; kbe;jhnud;W ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;W nrhy;yp ,ire;J rh];jphp nrhd;dhh; - nrUf;Fnkd;kfs; ghQ;rhyp nry;tpAk; gUtkhdhs; jpUf;fpyhKdpNaahapDk; nra;tif mwpfpNyNd trdk; Rthkp – tpahrNu – ghz;lth;fs; muf;Fkhspifapy; ,we;J Nghdhh; vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;fs;- mh;r;Rdd; kDf; nfhLf;fpNwd; nrhd;d vd; kfs; ghQ;rhyp gUtkhftpl;lhy; - ,jw;FNky; elf;f Ntz;ba tpguj;ij mUs nra;a Ntz;Lk; Rthkp tpahrh; tpUj;jk; vy;iyapyDke;jhjh Ve;jpa vFtpy;nyhd;W ty;yy; Nrh; ,ikar;rhh;gpy; itj;jdue;jtpy;iy - ty;yghz;ltuy;yhky; kw;wth; tisf;fkhl;lhh; - nrhy;Ykt;tpy;iy nfhz;L Rak;tuk; nra;tpg;NgNu trdk; ghQ;rhy kd;dh mDke;jh – jh ifapy; itj;jpUe;j vFtpdhy; nra;j tpy;nyhd;W cz;L – mJ ,k;Nkhh;g; gh;tjk; rhh;tpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ – me;j tpy;iy gQ;r ghz;ltuy;yhky; - kw;wNgh; tisf;fkhl;lhh; - me;j tpy;iy nfhz;L Rak;tuk; rhl;b – tpy;iy tisj;jth;f;F vd; kfs; JNuhgijia – ghzpfpufdk; nra;J nfhLf;fpNwd; vd;W Njrj;jurh;fSf;F – epegk; mDg;gpdhy; - mijNfl;L ghz;lth; vq;fpUe;jhYk; te;J tpy;iy tisj;J JNuhgijia khiyapLthh; - fhtyd; - clNd nrd;W ky;yh;fis mioj;J th

67 JNuhgij tpUj;jk; gjpjdpy; tpUJ ngw;w ghQ;rhyd; uh[d; nra;Ak; rjpngWk; kd;dh; Rak;tuj;Jr; rghkz;lgj;jpy; jpt;a fjph; Kbkd;dh; te;J fjpj;jpLk; fshp jd;dpy; JjpngUk; kapiy Nghy JNuhgij tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L 1. nrk;gtstjdp mk;ghs; n[ful;rfp nry;tp JNuhgij te;Njd; xa;ahukhf (nr) 2. Kj;Jgzpapyq;f nfhj;Jruq;fs; kpd;d Ky;iy eif Jyq;fNt tpNdhjkhf 3. thiy gUtnkd;d Nriyrhpif kpd;d kq;fs khjuhlNt tprpj;jpukhf (th) trdk; fhtyd; - rigapNy te;J tpsq;ff;$bath; ahh; vd;W njhpe;J nfhz;lhah – ahNd ghQ;rhyd; - nra;Ak; ahfj;jpNy ngz;zhf gpwe;J ahfr; NrNd – ghQ;rhyp vd;W nrhy;thh;fs; - khjth me;jGuj;jpNy jhjpkhh;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;> ehd; mioj;jjhf mioj;Jth Njhopghl;L tzf;fk; kfhuhzp! JNuhgij tho;f! - mhpit JNuhgijNa vq;fs; mk;kzpNa Nfsha;! - ePjhd; tutu ,isj;J Nkdp> kJkfk; NtWgl;L kUT epj;jpiuapy;yhky; ,uNthL gfYNkq;fpapUg;gnjd;d? trdk; Nfsk;kh – tutu kfpo;r;rpaha; tpisahlhky; Kfkyh;r;rp ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ vd;dk;kh? JNuhgij tpUj;jk; vd;Daph; NjhopkhNu – vd;ndd;W nrhy;Ntdk;kh - ,d;dpyk; khjh;f;Fs;Ns vd;idg;Nghy; ghtpAz;Nlh – ed;ikahf vd; kdjpy; ehndhd;W epidj;jpUf;f jd;ikapy;yh nja;tk; jhndd;W epidj;jija;Nah! ghl;L 1. rfpNa ehd; vd;d nra;Ntd; - jdQ;nrad; tuf;fhNzd; - jLf;FNkh vd;Daph;jhd; rfpkhNu (jLf;FNkh) 2. kfpjyk; jdpYs;s muf;Fkhspifjd;dpy; kbe;jhh; ghz;lth; vd;fpwhh; rfpkhNu (kb) 3. ghz;L nra;jtpidNah – ghz;lth; ItUf;F gopte;J Neh;e;jjb rfpkhh;fNs (gop) 4. Fe;jp nra;j tpidNah nfhw;wth; ItUf;F Fiwte;J Neh;e;jjb rfpkhNuh (Fiw) 5. mf;fpdp jdpNy mtjhpj;jyhr;Nr – mf;fpdp nfhy;YNkhjhd; ghz;ltiu (mf;dp) JNuhgij tpUj;jk; mf;fpdpjdpy; gpwe;j md;W vd; gpjh Nekpj;j jf;f tpy; tof;fdj;J rigapdpy; te;J Njhd;wp ,f;fzk; tpy; tisj;J vd; kzk; nra;ahtpl;lhy; kpf;f nre;jdiy kPl; tpoe;JNk caphpiog;Ngd; ghl;L

68 1. mk;kh ghtd vd;d nra;NtNd – rfpkhh;fNs ngw;w khjiu R) gQ;r fhjfp tQ;r JNuhfpehd; mQ;RNk kdk; rQ;ryk; jPu (gh) 2. vd;id jhtpNa te;j Ngh;fis nel;b js;spNa rhjk; cz;NlNd R) jLj;J grpjid mlf;fp kfpo;e;NjNd ghq;fpkhh;fNs $WtPh;fNs 3. ve;jd; kFlid vg;Ngh fhz;NgNdh – ghq;fpkhh;fNs - $WtPh;fNs 4. ,e;j n[d;kNk vd;d n[d;kNkh – mk;khkhh;fNs $WtPh;fNs JNuhgij tpUj;jk; ehl;bdpy; ,Ue;jhuhdhh; ekJ fy;ahz nra;jp Nfl;lkhj;jpuy; nghy;yh fPh;j;jpahk; ghz;lth;fs; ve;j fhl;bdpy; ,Ue;jhuhdhy; fhuzk; njhpaje;j jhl;bfh; tuhtpl;lhy; ijaNy vd;d nra;Ntd; JNuhgij ghl;L 1. vd;ndd;W nrhy;Ntdk;kh – rfpNa – Vnjd;W nrhy;Ntdk;kh – vd;dplkhjh;fs; ve;jid VrTk; vLj;NjNd ngz; [ddk; 2. fd;dp tajhr;Nr – vdf;F fy;ahz ehshr;Nr – fd;dp tajpdpy; fy;ahd ehisapy; - fhl;bnfhLf;fyhr;Nr 3. rpd;d tajhr;Nr – vdf;F rPwpLk; ehshr;Nr – rpd;d tajpdpy; rPwpLk; ehisapy; Njb nfhLf;fyhr;Nr 4. gj;J tajhr;Nr – vdf;F ghpapLk; ehshr;Nr – gj;J tajpdpy; ghpapLk; ehisapy; ghh;j;J nfhLf;fyhr;Nr 5. jPuFiw vdf;F – mJ Nghuha; Kbe;jjb – me;j ghNuhh; Gfo; ghz;L Gj;jpuij fhz – ghtk; vd;d nra;NjNd JNuhgij tpUj;jk; kq;ifapd; xUj;jpf;fhf kiyfSk; nrbAk; jhz;b vq;Nf ehk; Nghf NghNwhk; vd;W vz;zp ,Ue;jhuhdhy; - ,q;f Jq;fptpy; vth; tisg;ghh; Rak;tuk; vd;dthFk; vq;F ehd; epidj;j vz;zk; mJ vg;gb MFNkhjhd;. JNuhgij ghl;L 1. mk;kh VNdh kdk; thLNuNd – ghq;fpaNu Nfsha; - me;j vopy; tp[ad; vopy; Kfj;ij vg;Ngh fhz;Ngd; Njhop 2. mk;kh ehndWj;jp ngz; gpwe;J espayhNdd; ghq;fp vd; ehjd; tuf;fhNzd; ghq;fpkhNu – nrhy;Ntd; Nfs; 3. ghtp Jhpad; #jhy; gd;duf;F tPl;by; Mtpjdpy; kPl;btpl;lhiuth; khz;lhuhNk – vd;d nra;Ntd; - VJ nra;Ntd; vd;d rfpNa – jPutprdk; Mr;Rjb – Njd;nkhop khNj Njhop ghl;L jPutprdk; mr;Rnjd;W Njq;fpepw;fhNj – Ntjpah; ciuj;j thh;j;ij ngha;j;J tpl;lNj JNuhgij tpUj;jk; ijaNy Nfshape;j rfyUk; te;J #o;e;J JhpNahjdd; tpUj;jk;

69 rj;JU tzq;Fk; mjpngyjPud; jk;gpkhh;fs; mUfpy; #o rj;j kq;ifah;fs; Nrhgdk; ghl #uh; if fl;bNa epw;f – kj;js jhsKk; KuRahh; ghpf;f kfpo;r;rpAld; mutNfjdd; rpj;jKkfpo;e;J ghQ;rhy Njrk; rpwg;Gld; tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L Jiukf;fs; midtUk; cyFf;F xU fh;jd; JhpNahj kfuh[d; te;NjNd – euFf;Fk; ntF cf;u kpf rj;JUfSf;Fkpf;f ek;gpNdnkd;wb jho jk;gpkhh; Gil #o (J) trdk; fhtyd; - te;jpUg;gJ ahh; vd;W njhpe;J nfhz;lhah rFdp ghl;L rFdp te;NjNd nghy;yhd rFdp te;NjNd – nrfjyj;jpdptid – md;dpNrh; fgl tQ;rf fiynaDk;gb (rFdp) #Jf;fk; Gid RUl;Lf;Fk; Kjw; ghjk; - JNuhfp nra;jnjy;yhk; nfl;l tpNuhjk; thJf;Fk; njhL tof;Fe;Jw;Ngjk; - khd; jiyia kD\d; jiyahf;Fthd; Ngjd; - tho;e;jhYk; ghh;f;f khl;lhd; jho;e;jhYk; jhq;f khl;lhd; (rFdp) fh;zd; jU fh;zuh[d; te;Njd; - cjhuz fh;zuh[d; te;Njd; - kz;Zyfpdpy; cz;Zk; murh;f;F Nky; nrhh;z Kjy; md;d jhdk; nra;ak; (fh;z) trdk; fhtyd; te;jpUg;gJ ahh; vd;W njhpAkh – mq;f NjrkhDk; fh;zkfuh[d; vd;W njhpakh – Mdhy; vd;d tp\ak; ... M ... M ... JNuhgijf; fy;ahzkh ehDk; Nghf Ntz;Lk; Gwg;gL JhpNahjdd; trdk; khkh> mz;zh> ehk; midtUk; ft;sp Njrk; Nghf Ntz;Lk; Gwg;gLq;fs; Nghfyhk; JNuhgij tpUj;jk; ijaNy Nfshape;j rfyUk; te;J #o;e;J J}a tpy; tisf;Fkpe;j Rak;tu rigapypg;Ngh – itafk; GfOk; Fe;jp kf;fspypnyd;F tha;j;j ifapy; tpy; mofdhd fhisia fhz;fpNyNd ghl;L ma;aa;Nah – ehd; vd;d nra;Ntd; tpjpNa – ahUkw;w ghtpahNdNd – md;d thfdNkWk; gpuk;kd; gpd;dkha; vd; jiyapy; gpuk;kd; vOjpdhNd JNuhgij jU fhZNtNd fhZNtNd fhisaiu fhZNtNd ma;aa;Nah ehd; vd;d nra;Ntd; - KJfpdpNy kr;r Nuif Kbkd;diu fhZNtNd - gy;ypdpd; guRtpid fhz;bgiu fhZNtNd JNuhgij ftp etur eakpFe;j ey;y jhjpaNu NfsPh; - jtwpy;yh ve;jd; je;ij jhd; nra;Ak; kzj;jpw;fhf – GtdpapypUe;J te;J nghUe;jpapUf;Fk; Nte;jh; ,thpthpd;dhnud;W vdf;Fiw nra;FtPNu

70 jhjp jU 1. fhjNy xbNa Ngh;jUk; Nty;tpop khjuNr kq;if JNuhgijNa Nfsha; - jPnjy;yhk; cUthfp Nkjpdpahs; JhpNahjd kfuh[d; ,tuk;kh 2. rpjdr;re;jpuid Nghy; Kfr;re;jpu Nkjpdp vq;fs; tpNuhjNk nra;J G+jy kPjpy; tpNuhjNk nra;JhpNahjd jk;gpkhh;fsptuk;kh 3. tpy;ypf; nfhilapil ey;yp gpb ,il nfhy;ypf;F gy;yp Fbf;F rFdpnad; vy;NyhUk; nrhy;gthptuk;kh 4. filf;fz; rhaypdhy; ,lf;fz; Nte;jh;fs; neQ;ir gilf;Fkpizapy;yhj nfhilf;F Gtpapy; fPh;j;jp gilf;Fk; fh;z uh[d; ,tuk;kh 5. nehbf;Fs; fy;ahzj;ij Kbf;f NtZnkd;W Jbf;Fk; ry;ypuh[d; ,tuk;kh jhNa 6. nfhz;ilgfh; tpop nfz;il ngUFk; nkhop jz;il fpspapjopd; JNuhgijNa Nfsha; - rz;lg;gagLKj;jz;lDfpufKs;s fz;ld; ruhre;jd; ,tuk;kh 7. cz;by;ynad;w Jtz;L gpwz;L tUk; fz;llh; rpw;wpil JNuhgijNa Nfsha; - vz;birAk; kjp kz;lyKk; nrhw;ngw rz;lePyuh[d; ,tuk;kh 8. grpaw;wt KJf;Fk; Urp ngw;w eykpf;f trdj;jpyofhd JNuhgij Nfsha; - mirtw;w nghpjhd jpir vl;bypdpjhd ,irngw;w rpR ghy ,tuk;kh jhNa epyuh[d; tpUj;jk; ky;Yf;FDaph; ghQ;rhy kd;dNd Nfshape;j tpy;Yf;Nfhh; ruzk; - me;j nky;ypf;Nfhh; ruzkg;gh – xy;iyf;Fy; epjhd caph;Fiya itj;jhag;gh – njhy;iy fhl;lhspay;y Njhnsy;yhk; typf;Fjg;gh epyuh[d; ghl;L 1. ahh; tisg;ghh; ,e;j tpy;iy – ehd; mwpahkNy te;Njd; - ,Jnad; njhy;iy – ahh;tisj;jhYk; kfpghpe;j tpy;iy – ghh;gNjay;yhky; - Njhw;Wg;NghtNjay;yhy; 2. njhl;Lj; njhl;Lj; NjhSk; fLf;f Njiffs; Nrhh;e;J Nghf ntl;fk; nfLf;FNj – el;Lg;ghh;Nghnkd;W fl;b Guz;lhYk; - efh;e;jhyy;yNth – rw;Nw epkph;e;jhyy;yNthNghk; Nghk; epyuh[d; tpUj;jk; gpul;bghh;j;jhw;Nfhape;j ngU%r;R Njhs; fLg;Gk; mul;lYkpisg;Gkpe;j mtjpAkhdhy; NkNy kUl;ba fz;zDe;jd; kfSf;fha; tpy; tisj;J gUj;j Njhs; kd;dh; khz;lhy; goptUk; nrhd;Ndd; nrhd;Ndd;. ry;ypad; ftp mkh;fs;kjd;dpy; ty;y murNd ,jidg;ghh; - ekf;nfd;d Nghfl;Lnkd;W ehdpUf;f khl;Nld; - epikjid tpopf;fh Kd;dk; nebatpy; tisj;Njape;j rkh;j;jpid fhl;lhtpl;lhy; ry;ypad; MFNtNd ghl;L ,JntF ngjpNjh Ngh Ngh – vdf;fpJ – ntFnghpNjh - ,JntFnghpNjh ifapy; vLf;FNwd; fiz njhLf;FNwd; ghUk; (,) vy;NyhUf;Fk; ,Uk;G ,J vd;iff;F rpd;d JUk;G Gy;Yk; tpy; tisj;jp Njhdhhp G+l;LfpNwd; tPuk; fhl;LfpNwd; ghUk; tpUj;jk;

71 ke;jpu fphpia NkU kiyapid tisj;jpl;lhYk; ,e;j ey; tpy; tisf;f ve;jdhyhfhjg;gh – Re;ju NjhSk; Nrhh;e;J Jbf;Fk; kz; Nky; tpOe;J epe;ij te;jJ Nghjhky; neQ;nry;yhk; typf;Fjg;gh ruhre;jd; ftp ,e;jtpy; jd; tisf;f ve;jdhy; Mfhnjd;W tpe;ijNrh; rigNahh; Kd;Nd ntl;fkpy;yhky; nrhd;dPh; - Ke;JU kd;dnuy;yhk; - %f;fpd; Nky; tpuiy itf;f re;jtp tisf;fhtpl;lhy; ruhre;jd; MFNtNd ghl;L 1. ,Jjhdh ahUf;Fk; mlq;fhj nghpatpy; - ,jw;F jhdh ePq;fs; ,g;gb nrhy; (,J) 2. Midia fz;l rpq;fk; ,ilAkh – rufjid fz;L gyp ,isf;Fkh – midth; vd; jpwikia fhzNtz;Lnkd;W ghh;f;fpd;w JNuhgij if nfhl;b eifahNs (,J) 3. JUk;Gf;F ahizgpd; thq;FNkh nrj;j Rs;spf;F hp\gk; gpd; jhq;FNkh tpUk;Gkj;Jd;dpl tPuk; ghh;g;Nghnkd;W ,Uf;Fk; J\;lJ}a;kd; Vspjk; nra;thNd 4. ruf;if fz;Ljdy; xLkhjDitf; fz;L rpe;ijthLkh kUkfd; ,tiu ,td;jhd; vd;W kd;dtd; ghQ;rhyd; kdjpy; kjpg;ghd ruhre;jd; tpUj;jk; fdf;fNt vOe;jpUe;J fUtp kPiria KWf;fp njhdpf;fNt nfhf;fhpj;J Njhs;fSk; Jilia jl;b cdf;nfdf;nfd;W thhPh; - xUtUk; tisf;f khl;lhh; - vdf;flq;fhj NghNj ahh;f;fpdp mlq;Fkg;gh trdk; x.... uh[hjp uh[h;fNs Jzpr;ryhf vOe;J fUtp kPiria KUf;fp nfhz;L nfhf;fhpj;J cdf;F vdf;F vd;W tuNtz;lhk; - Vndd;why; xUtUk; tisf;f khl;Bh;fs; - vdf;Nf mlq;fhj tpy; ahUf;Fk; mlq;fhJ Ntz;lhk; - Nghfyhk; - thUq;fs; rpRghyd; tpUj;jk; khdtpy;Nye;jp te;j kd;dNu – nrhy;yf;NfsPh; thdtpy; vdf;fhNahb kiwAk; Nkfj;jpy; vd;why; - <dtpy; ve;jd; NjhSf;fpisj;j tpy; nry;nyhpj;J Cdtpy;ype;j tpy;Yf;nfhU gjk; nrhy;YNtNd trdk; tpy;iy ifapy; Ve;jp te;j uh[h;fNs NfSk;> thdtpy;nyd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l ,e;jpu jdRk; vd; vjph; epw;f khl;lhh;fs; - Xb xspe;J nfhs;thh;fs; - ,e;j tpy; - Xjpa kuj;jpdhNyNah – rilapdhNyNah nra;J itj;jpUf;fpwJ – uh[hf;fis kpul;l NtZnkd;W nfhz;L te;J itj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; - ,e;j nry;nyhpj;j tpy;iy – tisf;fpNwd; vd;W Kd;dNk nrhy;y Ntz;Lkh ghl;L 1. tpy;iy tisf;fhky; tpLNtd; - xU epikf;Fs;Ns (,) kd;dh; rigf;Fs;Nsape;j (tp) – vy;NyhUk; fz;L Vq;fp Kl;bf;nfhs;s Ve;jpio Mirgl;nld;id fl;bf;nfhs;s (,e;) 2. gpj;jtpy;Yf;F ehd; Njhw;Nwd; vd;W Ngr;Nrh gyKk; tPhpaKk; typikAk; jg;gpg; Nghr;Nrh – Ve;jp ,e;j tpy;iy - ,ij xU $\zj;jpdpy; vLf;FNwd; KLf;FNwd; njhLf;FNwd; - tpLf;FNwd; (,)

72 3. VNjhapUe;jhLJ jq;FfhU #s;jpuk; ,Jnty;yhkpg;Ngh ve;jDf;nfk;khj;jpuk; jPjhd thlth Kfhf;fpdpNghy n[dpj;jpl n[dpj;jpl fdpj;j NjhFdpf;FNwd; 4. Miykpe;j tpy;Yf;fjh;nfd;W te;jpq;Nf - ,isj;jplyhkhdhs; - JNuhgij vd;id fz;L nkr;rpf;nfhs;s tisf;FNwd; Jisf;FNwd; gpsf;FNwd; - tisf;FNwd; (,) rpRghyd; tpUj;jk; ciuj;jpLk; nfypg;Gk; Njhh;g;Gk; xUth; gq;fy;y ty;y jhpj;j tpy; tisj;Jg; ngz;jhd; nfhs;s ghf;akpy;iy ngUj;j Njhs; fLg;Gjph;jha; gpwh;nfdf;nfhU jPq;fpy;iy ,Ue;jpa kd;dh; nfhg;g ,Uf;fhky; vdntOe;NjNd JhpNahjdd; tpUj;jk; vj;jidg;Ngh; te;jhYk; nfypj;jpl;lhYk; ,fo;r;rp vd;d Gfo;r;rp vd;d <dnkd;d Rj;jkpJ rf;Nus;tu uh[d; Jiu JhpNahjdd; Njhw;wy; vd;why; rj;JUf;fs; gyh; eifg;ghh; - JNuhgij eifg; ghyg;gnye;jd; tpj;ijnad;d tPunkd;d Nkd;iknad;d tpuy; JhpNahjdd; NktpdhNd trdk; NfSq;fs; uh[hjp uh[h;fNs – ePq;fs; ahh; Njhw;whYk; rhp ,fo;r;rp ,y;iy Gfo;r;rp ,y;iy - ,e;j fly; #o;e;j G+kpnaq;Fk; mjpgjpahd JhpNahjdd; Njhw;whd; vd;why; - vy;yhUk; vd;id ghh;j;J eifg;ghh;fs; - JNuhgijAk; eifg;ghs; - mg;NghJ vd; tPuk; - vd;d Mr;RJ ,e;j cyfj;jpy; ehd; ,Uf;fyhkh - ,e;j tpy; xU nehbf;Fs;Ns tisf;FNdd; JhpNahjd; jU 1. nehbf;Fs;Ns tisf;Fthh; ,e;j tpy;iy (nehb) – nehbf;Fs;NsnaLj;njhU ,bf;Fs;Ns Kof;FNwd; - gpbf;Fs;Ns mlf;FNwd; - gbf;Fs;Ns Gfo; ngw (nehb) 2. kjj;j ahid NghnyOe;jPh; tpy;Yld; $l ky;Yfl;b fPNo tpOe;jPh; - rjpj;jtf;fpd; Nghy Fjpj;J cf;uKld; tpjpj;j tPurpq;fk; Nghy Fjpj;J cf;uKld; (nehb) 3. JLf;fhrkh;j;ij Ngrp tpy;ybgl;L eLf;fk; nfhz;Bh;fs; ... rP.... rP.... KLf;Fld; kd;dUs;sk; jpLf;fpl $\zj;jd;dpy; nghLf;nfd xUifahy; jpLf;nfd vLj;jpNjh (nehb) 4. xbf;Fk; fs;spia fz;L kpf kpuz;L XLfpwPh; gak; nfhz;L mbf;FNwd; ,yf;Ftpo gpbf;FNwd; - JNuhgijia gpbf;fpNwd; - fy;ahzj;ij Kbf;fpNwd; - ghUq;fs; (nehb) JhpNahjdd; tpUj;jk; ijay; JNuhgijNfw;w GU\dhNd jdpj;joj;Jnadf; ftiy je;jhYk; itanky;yhk; xUFilapy; MSkd;dd; kUfnsd;why; mijNghy; kfpo;r;rpAz;Nlh – ifalq;f ,e;j tpy;iy tisg;ghhpy;iy – fd;dpf;F jFkhd fztdpy;iy – nta;a ghQ;rhyd; kdk; jdpj;jpUf;f tpLj;jpl;lhd; fhhpaj;ij nfLj;jpl;lhNd trdk; NfSk; uh[h;fNs - ,e;j JNuhgijf;Nfw;w GU\d; vd;id jtpu xUthpy;iy – me;j ghQ;rhyd; vd;id kjpf;fhky; - mtd; tpy;iy tisj;jth;f;F ngz;nzd;W nrhy;yptpl;lhd; - vd;id mioj;J ,e;j ngz;iz vdf;F nfhLj;jpUe;jhy; cyfnky;yhk; xUFilapy; Msg;gl;l Jhpauh[d; ghQ;rhyDf;F kUkfd; vd;W nrhy;thh;fs;. ,e;j tpy;iy tisf;fg;NghfpwJkpy;iy ,e;j ngz;iz kzk; nra;ag;NghfpwJkpy;iy

73 fh;zd; tpUj;jk; tisf;fkhl;lhh;fnsy;yhk; ty;yik Ngrp Ngrp ,isj;jij fz;bUe;Jk; Vd; Rk;kh Ngr Ntz;Lk; - Kisj;jpLk; Kisapy; %d;W NyhfKk; G+ir nfhz;l tisj;j ty; fz;zhyDk; tpy; typ NgRNtd; fh;zd; jU 1. ,e;j tpy;iy tisf;fhky; NghNtdh ghUk; - ,e;jpuhzpia (,e;j) 2. ,e;j tpy;iy gw;wp tisg;Ngd; kr;r Ve;jpuj;ijAk; $l Jisg;Ngd; 3. te;j murh;fs; tisf;fhky; NghdhYk; vd;jd; rkh;j;jhNy vg;gbahfpYk; (,e;j) 4. ,j;jiu kd;dh;fs; Kw;Wk; te;jile;jhNu vj;jid Ngh; ,e;j nrhj;j tpy;Yf;fpisj;jhh; (,e;j) 5. nkj;jTkpj;jid ghuNkh kfk;NkUit ghh;f;fpYk; cuNkh nfhj;Jld; kd;dh; Kj;Jq; nfypj;jpl ntw;gil kd;dh; rpj;jk; rypj;jpl (,e;j) 6. fhj;jpu tPunky;yhk; khj;jpuk; jhd; ngw;W – Nfhj;jpuKe;jhD rh];jpuk; ngha;JNj ghh;j;NjNgh; rpd;dkha; nrhy;yNth – te;j Njhw;WNghdhy; tiray;yNth – kw;wth; jk;ik kjpg;ghNuh vj;J JNuhgij vd;d nrhy;thNsh – itj;j tpy;Yf;nfhW kr;ir xU Nflh – nkr;RNtd; ,e;j nfhr;ir vdf;fplh fh;zd; jU %tWk; tisf;f khl;lhh; - Kg;gj;J %d;W Nfhb NjtUk; tisf;f khl;lhh; - n[fj;jpy; gpwe;j Ngh;fs; ahtUk; tisf;f khl;lhh; - ,dp ,ij tisj;Njape;j ghitia nfhs;thhpy;iy – ghQ;rhyd; vd;d nra;thNdh mh;r;Rdd; tpUj;jk; tpjptrg;ghg;ghuhf Nt\k; nfhz;bUf;Fke;j rJh;ngUk; ghz;ltUk; jha; Fe;jpNjtpNahL – KJkiwNahh;fs; thOk; Ke;E}j;jp kq;fyj;ijtpl;L ejptyk; nrhp ghQ;rhy ehl;Lf;F tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L 1. fd;dp JNuhgij fy;ahz fhl;rpia fz;fspf;f ehKk; fz;L tUFNthk; (fd;dp) 2. gd;Dk; Gfo; ngw;w ghQ;rhy NjrKk; gl;lKk; fz;zhy; ghh;j;J tUFNthk; (fd;dp) 3. Nte;jnuy;yhk; $b tpy;iy tisf;fpd;w Ntbf;ifiaf; fz;L tpiutha; tUFNthk; (fd;dp) 4. khe;jsph; NghYk; kq;if JNuhgijia khiyaplf; fz;L kUf;fha; tUFNthk; 5. neLKbkd;dh; neUq;Fk; rigapNy epkp\ Neuk; rw;Nw epd;W tUFNthk; trdk; NfSk; fhtyd; - ,J vd;d – ghQ;rhy NjrNk xU FJ}fykhf ,Uf;fpwJ – vd;d tp\ak; uh[h;fnsy;yhk; - jiy ftpo;e;jtz;zkha; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; - vd;d fhuzk; fhtyd; trdk;

74 ma;ah - ,e;j uh[h;fs; ,e;j tpy;iy tisf;f te;jth; - xUtUk; ,e;j tpy;iy tisf;f Kbahky; - jiy ftpo;e;jtz;zkha; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; mh;r;Rdd; trdk; Mdhy; - fhtyd; - ahh; tisj;jhYk; ngz; jUtJ epr;rak; jhNd – ve;j Fyj;ij rhh;jtdhf ,Ue;jhYk; nfhLg;ghh;fsh – mg;gbahdhy; ,e;j tpy;Yf;F nrhe;jfhud; ahh; - mth;jhd; mh;r;Rdd; tpUj;jk; Jd;dpa J\;lJ}a;kh #oy; kr;Nre;jpuk; tpo kd;dh; tpy;tisj;jf;fhy; ngz; khiy #Ltnjy;yhky; ,d;dpy kiwNahh; nkr;r ve;jpuNk tpoNt nra;jhy; nrhh;z JNuhgij vd;id nrhFRld; khiy #LthNsh mh;r;Rdd; tpUj;jk; NfSk; J\;lJ}a;kNu – uh[h;fs; ,e;j tpy;iy tisj;J ,e;j ngz;iz khiy #lyhkh – me;j gpuhkzj;ij rhh;e;jtd; tpy;iy tisj;jhy; ,e;j JNuhgij khiy #Lthsh. mh;r;Rdd; jU 1. Viog; ghg;ghd; typikia rw;Nw vy;NyhUk; fz;zhy; ghUq;fs; - $io kr;Nre;jpuk; Jisf;FNwd; - nuz;il Nfhsj;ijAk; ,uz;lha; gpsf;fpNwd; (Viog;) 2. Mid ,Uf;fpw mk;ik ahUf;nfhU G+id Rz;lhq;fpay;yNth mf;fpdpia jpd;W ff;fpd;w gps;isf;F my;yp jz;L gifr; nrhy;YNkh (Viog;) thDw rf;fu kr;iria Nghf;FNwd; - Nkypl;l e$\j;jpuj;ijAk; jhf;FNwd; (Viog;) 3. mz;lj;ij ifapy; itj;jhl;Lk; gplhhpf;F Rz;lf;fha; nkj;jTk; ghuNkh – miyfly; jz;zPiu Fbf;Fk; tlitf;F tpyFk; gdpj;Jsp NeuNkh – fz;nljph;j;jpby; Fz;lj;ij thl;LNtd; - rz;l gpwrz;l cj;jz;lj;ij jhf;FNtd; trdk; tpy;tisj;J vt;tsT Neuk; Mr;rpd;Dk; ngz;khiy nfhz;Lte;J – vdf;F khiy #ltpy;iyNa - ,Jjhd; uh[hPfkh fh;zd; nrhy; jU Mulhgpuhkdh – epy;Y epy;Y – Ke;jd; Mz;ikiajhd; rw;Nw ghh;g;Nghk; - fhuhzkhfnt tpy;iy tisj;jpe;j fd;dif eP nfhz;Lg; NghtNjapg;NghNj (Mu) mh;r;Rdd; jU tpy;iy tisj;jpe;j nky;ypia nfhs;shky; ntl;fk; rpf;fp nfl;L Nghd tPuNu – ghhpnuhUtDf;F ghhpahshd gpd;G gThp\k; te;jnjd;d tPuNu (tpy;iy) ,uh[h;fs; jU gTn\d;Wk; fpTn\d;Wk; gjl;lkha; NgrhNj – ghh;g;ghndd;why; Rk;kh tpLNthNkh – caph; jtpu cd;Dlk;ngy;yhk [y;yio fz;Zf;F ijaiyf; nfhs;SNthk; gpukzh mh;r;Rdd; jU

75 ijaiyf; nfhs;Sk; rThpaq;fnsy;yhk; rigapy; midtUk; ghh;j;jhNu – xa;ahuNkd; - Rk;kh capUlNd jg;gp XbNghq;flh kd;dNu (ijaiy) ,uh[h;fs; fh;zd; jU xU fizahy; cd;id rpd;d gpd;dkhf Xltpl;bUf;fpNwhk; gpukzh mh;r;Rdd; jU mbf;fpd;w rkh;j;njy;yhk; nehbf;fpd;w tpw;rig mUfpypUe;Jjhd; ghh;j;NjNd – fbf;fpd;w eha; Rk;kh Fiyf;fhnjd;W goq;fijia Nfl;ljpy;iyah kd;dNu fh;zd; jU fjpf;F gpr;irnaLj;J cjpf;fjpd;W nfhOj;J fjpj;j tpy; tisj;jjhy; Fjpf;fpwha; - rijf;fhkYidnfhl;b tijf;fhkw; gs;s ntl;b Gijf;fhky; tpLNtNdh gpuhkzh.

76

APPENDIX III Rajasuya Yagam

Collected from Thiru Ramakrishnan, K.G.Kandigai

77 ,uh[Raahfk; ghz;lth; tpUj;jk; jUkh; xU ehSk; ngha; nrhy;yhj cj;jk jUkuh[d; - ghpgy gPk Nrdk; ghh;j;jpguh[d; jhDk; - FUFU eFyuh[d; FzKs;s rfhNjtd; - rJuq;fNrid #o rigjdpy; tUfpd;NwNk gPkd; tpUj;jk; mz;lKk; eLeLq;f mkuh;fs; kdk; xLq;f - fz;lth; fyq;fp thl fhpkiy neUq;fp [hl - jpz;LNk ifapy; Ve;jp jpir vy;yhk; mjpul - tz;lak; fhypy; Ml kjfhp gPkd; tUfpd;NwNd mh;r;Rdd; tpUj;jk; mly;kpF gil neUq;fp mQ;ryha; KuR Nghpl - flnyhsp Mh;ghpf;f fhz;Bgk; fuj;jpy; Ve;jpl - jplKld; ujj;jpy; Vwp rPh;gzp myq;fhpj;J - Ithpy; eL gpwe;j mh;r;Rdd; tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L uh[hjp uh[Dk; jh;k uh[Dk; rpk;khrdNk ehfhpfkhfNt itNghfKld; te;jdNu cr;rpj kfpOk; uj;d nghd; kzpkFlk; kpd;dNt – G+uz re;jpuid Nghy nghUe;Jk; Fz;lyk; kpd;d – jk;gpkhh;fs; ehy;th;fSk; ijay; JNuhgijAk; #ONt jhuzp...,... kd;dtnuy;yhk; jho;e;J mbtzq;f trdk; Mdhy; fhtyd; ehq;fs; ,e;j ,e;jpugpurj;ij Mz;L ahnjhU Fiw ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; fhtyd; vd; jk;gpkhh; ehd; mioj;Njd; vd;W mioj;Jth gPkd; tpUj;jk; fjph;kzp kFlk; kpd;d – flfKk; gsg;gsd;d – kjpFyk; jiof;f te;j kzprpj;jpu Gfo; nfk;gpu mjpujh; mkh;rrh; #o mly;kpF Gaj;Njhdpe;j gjpGfo; gPkNrdd; gyhl;bad; tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L tPujPuKk; ngw;W tpsq;Fk; re;jpuFNryd; tPkNrdDk; te;Njd; - ntFuzkiy #uz; - XirAs;s tPufz;lh – kzpAk; fsfsd;d thrk; ngW khiy MlNt gPkNrdd; - fhkidg; Nghy; te;J NktpNdd; - fUkiy NghyNt – fUj;j jpNurk; cilNahd; ifapy; nfij thNsLj;Njd; - vd;id fz;lth; eLq;fpl fhZk; kpUfnky;yhk; fyq;fp mg;Gwk; Xl – RUs; fz;fSk; jP ngw kz;fSk; gwe;jpl fhZk; G+j kJ fukJ Ftp trdk; fhtyd; vd;id ,d;dhnud;W njhpe;J nfhz;lhy; - ehNd ghz;lthpy; jUkUf;F Neh; ,isNahdhd vd; ngah; jhd; gPkNrdd; - Mdhy; vd;id mz;zh mioj;jpUf;fpwhh;. nrd;W mz;zhit fhz;Nghk; - jUkh; fhtyd; vd;gpd; mh;Rdid mioj;J th mh;r;Rdd; tpUj;jk; mly;kpF gilneUq;f mQ;ryha; KuR Nghpl flnyhsp Mh;ghpf;f fhz;Bgk; fuj;jpy; Ve;jp jplKld; ujj;jpy; Vwp rPh;gzp myq;fhpj;J Ithpy; eLgpwe;j mh;r;Rdd; tUfpd;NwNd

78 ghl;L 1. mh;r;Rdd; uh[d; vd;gtd; ehNd – me;ju thrpfs; Mrph;tjpj;J ve;jid fz;lth; vtUk; tPhpl;L Xl (m) 2. fz;lkd;dh; thl Jz;ltPhpah; ehl – jz;il ntz;ilak; nfhQ;r – mh;r;Rduh[d; moFlNd te;J Nktp (m) 3. jtis Fil gpbf;f vtUk; fuk; Ftpf;f gts kzp gjf;fk; Gts Fio n[hypf;f (m) trdk; mz;zh cd; ghj tpe;jj;jph;f;f mNef te;jdk; jUkh; tpUj;jk; mWiw nghUSk; tho;f – me;jzh; FyKk; tho;f – tUkD ePjp tho;f – kd;dh; nrq;NfhYk; tho;f – ngUik Nrh; cyNfhh; tho;f – Ngij vq;fis ul;rpf;Fk; jpUkzp khh;gid nrq;fy;khy; ghjk;Nghw;wp JNuhgij tpUj;jk; kjpFyk; jiof;f te;j – kd;dth; kdk; fspf;f – fjph;kzp gzpfs; kpd;d – fjk;gk; f];J}hp G+rp – vjphpy;yh gPkuh[d; ,aYld; mioj;jhnud;W JjpngUk; kapiyNghy JNuhgij tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L 1. Nrhjpkjp tjdp – Mjpyl;Rkpia Nghy – nre;jpU JNuhgij te;Njd; - cy;yhrKld; 2. rpwe;j cyfnky;yhk; epiwe;j guhghp nre;jpU JNuhgij te;Njd; - cy;yhrkhf 3. md;d eil xa;ahhp – kpd;dypil rpq;fhhp – Re;jpu JNuhgij te;Njd; cy;yhrkhf 4. jq;f rhpif Nriy – vq;Fk; gsg;gsd;d – nre;jpU JNuhgij te;Njd; cy;yhrkhf 5. cyfpdpy; ,tWf;fpdp xUtUk; nrhy;yNghf – cj;jkp ,tsy;yhky; kw;nwhUth; nrhy;yNghNkh – miyfly; cyfj;jpy; - myfj;ij cilats; - mq;f[d; ghzj;ij mjl;b Juj;jpatsh; (Nrh) trdk; fhtyd; ,e;j rigapNy te;jpUf;f $bats; ahh; vd;W njhpAkh – ehd; ghQ;rhyd; nra;af; $ba J;jpuf;fhNkl;bahfj;jpNy ngz;zhf gpwe;J – ghQ;rhypahfr; Nrdh JNuhgij vd;W tfpj;J – gQ;r ghz;ltiu kze;J – gjpapNy RfNrkj;Jld; tho;e;J tUfpd;Nwd; - Mdhy; XNlhb te;j fhuzk; vd;d vd;W vd; gf;jhf;fy; tUk;gbahf jpl;lk; Gwg;gL ghl;L Mjpyl;Rkp ve;jd; jhNa – mbahs; vd;Dld; tUthNa – Nrhjp je;jUs;tha; - JizNa te;jpLk; fpUghfhpNa – ky;yp ke;jhiu kyh; vLj;J – kzk; Nghy; ruq;fis njhLj;J – my;yp G+j;jkyh; vLj;J mLf;fha; ruq;fisAk; njhLj;J – G+i[ Kbf;f ntFNeuk; NghNwd; - vd;Dld; mq;Nf thUk; - Mir NerNk – fz;zhy; ghUk; - mk;kzp – ngz;kzp – vd;id fhUk; (Mjp)

79 trdk; Rthkp – cd; ghjhutpe;j fkyq;fSf;F cd; Njtpahfpa ghQ;rhyp – mNef Nfhb te;jdq;fs; jUkd; trdk; ngz;Nz – ghQ;rhyp - ahnjhU Fiwtpy;yh – eP opahf tho tho;j;JfpNwd; JNuhgij ghl;L ruzk; ruzk; - ve;jd; kd;dth – rh];lhq;fkha; ruzk; kd;dth jUkh; ghl;L tho;tha; tsh;ejpLtha; ePNa – itafj;jpy; eP baha; eP JNuhgij ghl;L MjhukhdtUk; ePNa – vd;d Mjhpg;gUk; ePNa jUkh; ghl;L rPWk; rpwg;GlNd ePNa – rPWlNd tho;e;jpUg;gha; eP JNuhgij ghl;L cd; ghjkyiu fz;l ,g;NghNj Rthkp – gue;jNj tpidnay;yhk; - ,g;NghNj Rthkp – ce;jd; epju Kfk; fz;l ,g;NghNj Rthkp trdk; Mdhy; ngz;Nz ghQ;rhyp – ahnjhU Fiwapy;yhky; thoptha; ngz;Nz – jk;gpkhh;fNs – ghQ;rhyp ,d;W ek;Kila rd FJFykh ,Uf;fpwJ – nghpNahh;fs; jhprdk; fhZk;gbahf Njhd;WfpwJ – ahuhfpYk; te;jhy; ga gf;fpNahL mioj;J thUq;fs; - ehd; rw;W rpk;khrdk; tUfpNwd; ehujh; tpUj;jk; thd;ngWk; NjtNyhfk; - kjpFy ghz;Luh[d; - jhd; nghWk; Nrjp Nfl;L jUkUf;Fiuf;f Ntz;b – Njd;ngWk; kyh;fs; #b – rPWs;s tPiz kPl;b – ehd; ngWKfdspj;j – ehujh; tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L 1. kjpf;nfy;yhNk Rw;wp – gf;Ftkwpe;J – rpj;jk; ehNd rj;jpa NyhfKk; jphpe;J gf;FtkhfNt fyfKk; Ghpe;J ghjk; - rptk; fPjk; - epjk; XJk; - mad; Ntjd; - jphpNyhfKk; - GfOk; rQ;rhhp – NjtNjth;f;F ghfh 2. rj;jpa Nyhf epj;a gpuk;khr;rhhp – rfy Ntj G+uza;fis Xjp – gf;Ftkha; kdf; fyfKk; $wp – RUjpdpy; mwpe;jpLk; - cyfNk tpiutpdpy; ntbj;jpLk; rpuNk – (jp) trdk; ahuq;Nf – ehd; ahnud;W njhpAkh – ehNd> rJh;Kf NjtDf;Fk; ru];tjp mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdhf gpwe;J – ehujh; vd;w ngah; tfpj;J – vd; jhapd; fl;lis gb Xh;ehs; xd;Wf;F Xh; fyfk; nra;J tUfpNwd; - ,e;j rhgk; vg;gb te;jJ vd;why; - ehd; mjpfhiy vOe;J – Qhkjp\;bfis Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L – fq;fh – fhtphp – aKdh – Jq;fgj;uh vd;W nrhy;yf;$ba Gz;zpa ehpfSf;F nrd;W jPh;j;jkhb Neuhf fpufk; jpUk;gpNdd;. mg;NghJ vd;id Nghy;

80 Kdpth; Mw;wpy; ,wq;fp jh;ig gpoj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jhh;fs; - ehDk; mth; Nghy Kdpth; jhNd – mtUld; $b jh;ig gpbj;Jtpl;L – fpufk; jpUk;gpNdd; - vd; jhj;jh – vd;id ghh;j;J – ehujh – vq;Nf nrd;wha; - Vd; ,t;tsT Neuk; vd;whh; - ehd; ele;jij $wpNdd; - jhj;jhthfpah =kd; ehuhaz %h;j;jpf;Fk; - Nfhgk; te;Jtpl;lJ – mlg;ghtp – cd; jhAk; je;ijAk; capUld; ,Uf;Fk; rkak; - jh;ig gpbj;J te;jhNa – gpb rhgk; - ,d;Dk; %d;W jpdq;fSf;Fs; rhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w rhgj;ij nfhLj;Jtpl;lhh; - mth;fhiy gpbj;J kd;whbNdd; - nfhLj;j rhgk; nfhLj;jJjhd; vd;whh; - clNd vd; je;ijaplk; nrd;Nwd; - mthplk; ele;jij $w – mtUf;F Nfhgk; te;Jtpl;lJ – mlg;ghtp – ehq;fs; capNuhL ,Uf;Fk;NghNj – jh;ig gpbj;J te;jhah - ,d;Dk; ,uz;L jpdq;fspy; rhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w rhgj;ij nfhLj;jhh; - mthplk; kd;whbNdd; - nfhLj;j rhgk; nfhLj;jJjhd; vd;whh; - clNd jhaplk; nrd;W – ele;jij $wpNdd; - mtUk; - mlg;ghtp – ehq;fs; capNuhL ,Uf;Fk;NghJ jh;ig gpbj;Jtpl;L te;jhNa – eP ,d;Nw rhf Ntz;Lk; - vd;w rhgj;ijf; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhh; - mth; fhiy gpbj;J – kW tpNkhrdk; nfhLq;fs; vd;W mONjd; - kd;whbNdd; - ehujh ,e;j rhgj;jpypUe;J kPs Ntz;Lnkd;why; - xd;Wf;F Xh; fyfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; - mg;gb nra;ahtpl;lhy; cd; taph; tPq;fp cd; jiy Mapuk; Rf;fyhf Nghf Ntz;Lk; vd;w rhgj;ij nfhLj;J tpl;lhh; - ,d;W ahnjhU fyfk; fpilf;ftpy;iy – QhdjpU\;bahy; mwpe;J ghh;f;fpNwd; - te;Jtpl;lJ – fyfj;jpw;F top gpwe;Jtpl;lJ. ehd; Neuhf nrd;W ghz;lth; ,lj;jpy; vd; fyfj;ij Jtf;f Ntz;Lk; ghl;L fyfk; cyfpy; fpilf;fhtpbdpy; - fhhpak; ekf;Nf ,lNkJ – te;jJ Qhgfk; Nghf – vd; tapuJ tPq;fplyhFk; - kPl;va fyfk; cz;lhr;R - ,ij Kbj;J jPUNtd; - ehujh; Ngr;R rkae;Njfk; rkak; Nghfk; - MtJ moptJ mtd; nraNy ehujh; trdk; Neuhf ,e;jpugpu];jk; te;Jtpl;Nlhk; - fhtyd; - eP nrd;W ghz;lthplk; - ck;ikf; fhZk;gbahf ehujh; te;jpUf;fpwhnud;W nrhy; fhtyd; - jUkUf;F nrhy;Yjy; Mdhy; kfhuh[h – ck;ikf; fhZk;gbahf ehujh; te;jpUf;fpwhh; - Mdhy; jk;gpkhh;fNs jUkh; tpUj;jk; jPukpF jk;gpkhNu – nra;jNjhh; jtgyj;jhNy – mwkpF rigia ehb mUik ehujUk; md;gha; tUfpwhh; vd;W nrhy;yp kfpo;r;rpaha; vjpNu nrd;W jpUtbjid tzq;fp rPf;fpuk; miog;Nghk; thhPh; jUkh; trdk; Mdhy; ehuj KdpNa thUq;fs; - cq;fs; nghw;ghj fkyq;fSf;F – ghz;lth;fspd; mNef Nfhb te;jdq;fs; jUkh; ghl;L Kdp ehujNu ruzk; - vq;fis fhUk; - Kdp ehujNu - ,e;j %Tyfk; Jjpf;Fk; jdpkhkiu czh;e;j – rJh;Kfd; mUspa - ,e;j jphpNyhfj;jpy; vq;Fk; rQ;rhpj;Jnk – rpe;ijapy; md;ghf – ce;jd; r%fk; te;jPh; - Mrdk; jd;dpNy – md;ghf vOe;jUsp – thrk; itj;jUs; nra;Ak; ghpthf te;j Nrjp jUkh; trdk;

81 KdpehujNu – cd; ghjhu tpejj;jpw;F mNef Nfhb te;jdk; ehujh; ghl;L thop – gQ;r ghz;ltNu – thop – thopa – Mop#o; cyfk; jd;dpy; - mjpf rk;gj;jha; ehb ,q;F te;jNrjp mwpa nrhy;Ntd; - Nfhjpy;yhj jUk G+gh – Nrjp nrhy;Ntd; (thop) ehujh; trdk; jUk ee;jd – mlhmlh – ,g;gbay;yth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; - ehd;F jk;gpkhh;fs; - JUtj;jpw;F rkkhf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; ehujh; ghl;L jUk jahs G+gjpNa – rhw;WNtd; - epjpNa – jUk jahs G+gjpNa – Ml;rpapNy xU #o;r;rpAk; ,y;iyNa – ma;aa;Nah ,ij epidj;jhy; tUNk ngWk; njhy;iy (jUk) ehujh; trdk; jUk ee;jdh - ,e;j rig – NjNte;jpud; rigf;F xg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ – Mdhy; xd;W jUkh; trdk; Rthkp Gfo;e;J Ngrp – Mdhy; xd;W vd;W nrhy;fpwPNu – vd;d nrhy;Yq;fs; ehujh; tpUj;jk; Re;jpu kd;dh thop – nrhy;YNtd; ml;ljpf;Fk; ,e;jpud; rigia Nghy; ,Uf;fpwJ – rigAkg;gh – re;jpuFyj;jpy; te;j cd; je;ijahk; ghz;Luh[d; ike;jNu – cikf;Fiuj;j thf;fij ciu nra;NtNd ehujh; trdk; NfSk; jUk ee;jdh – cd; je;ijahfpa ghz;Luh[d; ,we;J ntFehl;fs; MfpAk; - ,d;Dk; nrhh;fk; Nruhky; eufj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhh; - jhd; %d;W cyfk; Rw;wp tUk;NghJ – Neuhf vkGhp gl;lzk; nrd;Nwd; - vkid fz;L Mrp $wptpl;L jpUk;Gk;NghJ – X.... Kdpehujnud;W rj;jk; Nfl;lJ – jpUk;gpghh;j;jhy; - euf FopapNy – Xh; kdpjd; ,Uf;fpwhd; - eP ahh; vd;W Nfl;Nld; - ehd;jhd; - ghz;L kd;dd; vd;whh; - eP Vd; ,q;F ,Uf;fpwha; vd;W Nfl;Nld; - ehd; nrj;Jk; nrhh;fk; ,d;Dk; Nrutpy;iy – nrhh;fk; Ntz;Lkhdhy; - eP nrd;W vd; kf;fs; ,e;jpugpu];jj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; - mthplk; nrd;W ,uh[ Ra ahfk; nra;jhy; nrhh;fk; NrUNtd; vd;W nrhy; vd;whh; - mij nrhy;yNt ,q;F te;Njd; - ehd; nrd;W tUfpNwd; jUkh; ghl;L 1. INah – ehd; vd;d nra;Ntd; - mUik jk;gpkhh;fNs – mtjpf;F vd;d nra;Ntd; - nja;tNk – nja;tNk 2. je;ijahk; ghz;L uh[d; nrhh;fKk; NruhkNy eufj;jpy; Mo;e;jhuhNk mUik vd; jk;gpkhh;fNs gPkd; jU Re;jpu mz;zh – Rlh;Kb tz;zh – Jah;gLk; tpjj;ij mwpNaNd – rpe;ijapy; epidf;f nra;jij Kbf;f – rPWs;s jk;gpkhh;fs; ehy;tUk; ,Uf;f

82 – je;ij jd; capiu jhd; itj;jpUf;f jtph;f;fhky; capiu kd;dh;f;F nghpjhNkh (Re;jpu) jUkh; jU mjpgy gPkh mh;r;Rd fhkh – mUik eFy rfhNjth;fNs – kjpFy je;ij kfpo;e;jpl rpe;ij jUkh; trdk; jk;gpkhh;fNs - ,jw;F top – mtiuNa Nfl;Nghk; - Rthkp - ,uh[Raahfk; vq;fSf;F xd;Wk; njhpahJ – nrhy;Yk; Rthkp jUkh; ghl;L ehujh – ePjhd; nrhd;d ,uh[Raahfk; nra;a Ntz;b – mjd; tpjpia tpsk;GtPh; - ve;jDf;F ehujh; ghl;L murh; murnuy;yhk; mlq;fp gzpa ntw;wp tpujhl;rp vtnud;Wk; Ngh; ngw Ntz;LNk jUkh; ghl;L tuNtZk; vd;wPNu – khdpyj;jurh; jk;ik ngw ntw;wp jpukhf NgrTk; NghFNkh ehujh; ghl;L NgrTk; NghNkh vd;W gphpakpy;yhky; kdk; $rTk; NghFNkh FiwtuhjuNr jUkh; ghl;L murh; mNefh; cz;L – mjpgyrhypfs; gpugy ahfk; nra;jhy; gpiotUNkh vdf;F ehujh; ghl;L tUNkh gpil ckf;F – ty;yjk;gp ehy;th;f;F – JUtk; NghNy ,Uf;f – JauNkJ muNr jUkh; ghl;L JauNknjd;wPNu – Jzpe;jhYyf kd;dh – tapuKd;lhyhdJ – tUNkh ,lh; vdf;F ehujh; ghl;L ,lh; tUNkh ckf;F - ,Uf;fkhad; jaT – njhlUtha; ahfk; nra;a – Jthuif nrd;W thNud; ehujh; trdk; jUkee;jdh – Mz;ltuhfpa – fz;zgpuhd; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ – Vd; ftiygLfpwha; - mtiu jpahdk; nra;jhy; - VjhfpYk; MWjy; nrhy;thh; - ehd; Neuhf itFz;lk; nrd;W – me;j tp\aj;ij mtUf;F nrhy;fpNwd; jUkh; ghl;L ,J ey;y rkak; tUtjhfk; - ,J ey;y rkak; - kJ#jd Nfhtpe;jh – kq;fs yl;Rkp rNkjh – ghjkyh; nghw;gghjk; - ghuse;jtpNdjh –

83 itFz;lj;jpy; tho;e;NjhNd – thdiu fhj;NjhNd – gRFyq;fs; fhf;f – ghydha; te;NjhNd fpU\;z%h;j;jp tpUj;jk; tRNjt Njtfp – te;JNk fh;g;gk; jd;dpy; - rpR NghyNt te;J – jhDNk cw;gtpj;J – grp Ntisapy; ahNrhijapd; - ghyjid Ruf;f itj;J – frf;fpNa ghYKz;l – NtZehjDk; tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L 1. ahjth; Fykjpy; - Nfhijah; kfpo;e;jpl – G+jykpjpdpy; - aNrhij kNdhfud; - khjtd; aNrhij kfpOk;gb – kiwNghw;Wk; Nfhghyd; 2. ms;sp ntz;izia cz;L – mhpgue;jhkd; - Mde;jNkhfd; - Ugrpq;fhud; - njs;spa gf;jh;fs; - Njhj;jpuuhkd; jpfOk; Jiurhkp – mUs;jUs; Nfhkhd; - khjtd; aNrhij kfpOk; ghyd; - kiwNghw;Wk; Nfhghyd; (khjtd;) trdk; khjtd; - nghpJ nghpJ – vd;d nghpJ - ,e;j Gtdk; nghpJ – GtdNkh ehd;Kfd; gilg;G – ehd; Kfd; gilg;G – ehd;KfNd fhpakhy; - ce;jpapy; cjpj;jtd; - fhpakhNy – miyflypy; gapd;wtd; - milflNyh – xUFUKdpf;F mlf;fk; - FUKdpNa fyrj;jpy; gpwe;jtd; - fyrNkh G+kpapNy rpUkz; - G+kpNah Mapuk; rpuk; gilj;j – MjpNr\Df;F xUjiyghuk; - MjpNr\Ndh jf;fNjhh; ghyk; Ve;jp ifyq;fphpapy; thof;$ba – Kf;fd; gilj;j <rDf;F gf;fj;jpy; mkh;e;jpUf;ff;$ba ghh;tjp – rpWtpuy; Nkhjpuk; - ghh;tjp gukDf;F mlf;fk; - guk;gf;jUf;F epjp epjhdk; nghWikAk; nfhz;lth;fs; - vd; mUik gQ;r ghz;lth;fs; - mth;fSf;F ehd; xU rfha GU\dhf tho;e;J tUfpNwd;. ghl;L 1. tQ;rnkj;j J}ad; ehd; - ghz;lth; rfhak; ehd; - khNdhgf;j tr;ree;jd; - jPh;j;jd; - rhujpahd jPh;j;jd; - [dhh;j;jdd; - te;j ehd; - tpe;ijaha; - rpe;ij kfpo;e;J – Re;jpu ee;jNfhghyfpU\;zd; (tQ;r) 2. Njtfpapd; ike;jd; ehd; =ju Nfhtpe;jd; ehd; - ehNd Njtd; - Njth;f;Fs; thRNjtd; - Nr\ahd jpz;zd; - nrq;fkyh; fz;zd; - te;jehd; tpe;ijaha; - rpe;ij kfpo Re;jpu ee;jNfhghy fz;zd; - te;jehd; (tQ;r) 3. rq;F rf;u ifad; ehd; - rhJfhh;f;Fk; nka;ad; ehd; - rfy ghpG+uz mfpy jpFk; fhuz – rz;l gpurd;dq;fis mz;lKld; cz;ltd; (tQ;r) 4. Mjp%y rPyd; ehd; - md;gh; mD$yd; ehd; - Mad;khh; khad; - MTfis Mtyhf Nka;j;jpLk; fz;zd; - Nka;j;jpLk; fz;zd; - Njth; Jah; jPh;j;jpLk; fz;zd; - Mad; ehNd – Mjpkhad; ehNd – fz;zd; ehNd – Nkftz;zd; ehNd – Mad; - Mjpkhad; (tQ;r) trdk; khjtd; - ghz;lth;fs; vd;id Nfhhp – jpahdk; nra;fpwhh;fs; - nrd;W fhl;rpju Ntz;Lk; jUkh; ghl;L $Tk; NghNj NghJk; - FiwjPh;j;j tpNehjk; - ehT jLkhw ehq;fs; Jjpj;Njhk; Njth fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghl;L

84 thop thop ghz;ltNu – thop thopNa – Mo;#o; cyfk; jd;dpy; - mjpf rk;gj;jha; - jUk ee;jdh Nr\kkh - gPkNrdh Nr\kkh - ghh;j;jpgNd Nr\kkh – eFy rfhNjth;fNs eyKlNd Nr\kkh – mf;fpdpjdpy; gpwe;j mUik ve;jd; jq;if – mUik ve;jd; jq;ifNa – Ith;fSk; Nr\kkh fpU\;z%h;j;jp trdk; jUk ee;jd – Nrkk; jhNd – gPkNrd – ghh;j;jpgh – eFy rfhNjth;fNs Nrkk; jhNd – Jq;fh Nr\kk; jhNe - ,Ue;jNghjpYk; vd;id mioj;j fhuzk; jUkh; ghl;L thba gaph;f;F ey;y kioaJ fz;lhh; NghYk; - Njba nghUSk; ifapy; rpf;fpd tpjq;fs; NghYk; - Xb jj;jspf;Fk; ePUk; - xU jh;ig nfha;jhh; NghYk; - ehbNa vq;fs; Kd; te;j ehjNd ruzk; - rJh;NtjNd ruzk; - khjh gpjh FU nja;tKk; cidapd;wp MjuNth; cz;Nlh – ma;aNd – nka;aNd trdk; Mz;lth – cd; jpt;a nghw;ghjfkyq;fSf;F mNef Nfhb te;jdq;fs; fpU\;zh; tpUj;jk; ghpjpKd; vjpuhfg;gl;lNjh – gdpia NghYk; - ghh;kjpia fz;lNjhh; ,Us;NghYk; - RUjpKiw nfhz;lth;fs; ghtk; NghYk; - NrhjpKb murNu cq;fSf;F – fUjpa jPtid gwe;Njhb – file;Njhp cyfnky;yhk; fPh;j;jp Xq;f – cWjp jtwhky; ,e;j cyfj;ij Msg;NghhPh; fpU\;zd; jU 1. cj;jkh tho;tPh; - n[aKk; fPh;j;jp – n[aKk; fPh;j;jp ngw;WNk tho;tPh; - NgUyfpNy (cj;jkh) 2. gf;jpahf vd;id ghq;fha; - Vd; tutioj;jPh; - rj;jpa Nte;jNu – rq;fjp vd;d nrhy;tPh; trdk; jUk ee;jdh - #hpad; xspia fz;lhy; - gdpahdJ vg;gb NghFNkh – mg;gb vd;id fz;lNghJ – cq;fs; Fiw vy;yhk; Ngha;tpLk; - mg;gb vd;id vjw;fhf jpahdk; nra;jPh;fs; jUkh; tpUj;jk; Mw;fjpf;fplkpy;yhky; jkd; gjpjdpypUe;J – nrhh;f;fNk Nru Ntz;b – nrhy;ypa uh[Raahfk; - Jtf;Fike;jh; nra;jhy; - tu fjp milNtd; vd;W kpf;f ehujh; nrhd;d tpsk;gpij mwpFtPNu jUkh; trdk; Mz;lth – vd; je;ij khz;L ntF fhyk; Mfptpl;lJ – mth; ,d;Dk; nrhh;f;fk; Nrutpy;iyahdk; - mth; nrhh;f;fk; Nru Ntz;Lkhdhy; - uh[Raahfk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W ehujUf;F nrhy;yp ,Uf;fpwhh; - mth; vq;fSf;F mij nrhy;yptpl;L nrd;whh; - mij vg;gb nra;tnjd;Wk; Ghpatpy;iy – vq;fSf;F xU khh;fk; nrhy;Yk; Rthkp fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghl;L

85 1. ,uh[Raahfk; vd;why; NgrTk; vspjy;yNt – uh[Nd nfSk; jh;k G+gNd NfSkg;gh 2. NjrNjrq;fs; Vfp n[apj;jpl muriu n[aKz;L gpujhl;rp eak; ngwNtz;LNk trdk; uh[Raahfk; NgrTk; gakhf ,Uf;fpwJ – Njr Njrqfs; muriu mlf;f Ntz;Lk; - cq;fshy; KbAkh – mth;fsi mlf;fp mth;fsplkpUf;Fk; nghUs; nfhz;LtuNtz;Lk; - mJ cq;fshy; KbAkhdhy; ,e;j ,uh[Raahfk; fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghl;L 3. jpU%h;j;jp xUtuhYk; mhpjpe;j ahfk; nra;a – rpe;ij Jzptnjg;gTk; - X.... jUkG+gh – rpe;ij mUik kd;dtnutNuDk; mlf;f Ntz;LNk fPh;j;jp MFNkh – ce;jd; ifapy; Nrtfk; nrYj;jpl trdk; jUkee;jdh – mhp – mad; - gpuk;kh - ,th;fNs nra;tJ fpilahJ fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghl;L 1. ,yf;fkpy;yhkNy nghf;fp\ jputpaq;fs; ,uj;jpd tiffs; Ntz;Lnk – mstpy;yhj ,uj;jpd tiffs; Ntz;LNk fpU\;z%h;j;jp trdk; ,e;j ahfj;jpw;F mstpy;yh nghd; nghUs; Njit – fzf;fpy; mlq;fhj nghUs; Njit – mij nfhz;L tu KbAkh fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghl;L jplkhd ruhre;j – rpRghyd; KjyhNdhh; - nja;tKk; mtdplk; iftrkha; ,Uf;f trdk; jUke;ejdh – ruhre;jpud; mtdplKthW gjpndl;L juk; rz;il nra;a Kbahky; kJuhGhpia tpl;L Jthuifapy; ,Uf;fpd;Nwd; - mtiu mlf;f Ntz;Lk; - Nrjp ehl;il Msf;$ba rpRghyd; mopaNtz;Lk; - mth; mope;jhy; ,e;j ahfk; Rygkhf nra;ayhk; tpUj;jk; rrpFy jUkG+gh – ruhr;re;juh[Df;F rpRghyd; Kjyhd Njrhjpgjpia jd; iftrkhf;fp ,Uf;Fk; kw;w ty;ytd;jid kbj;jhy; gprfhfhky; ,e;j ahfk; gphpakha; elj;jyhNk trdk; jUkG+gh ,uh[Raahfk; nra;a Ntz;Lkhdhy; Ntz;ba nghUs; Njit – cyfj;jpy; mhpr;re;jpud; xUtd;jhd; - ,e;j ahfj;ij nra;J ,Uf;fpwhd; - kufj ehl;il Msf;$ba ruhre;jdplk; Ntz;ba nghd; nghUs; ,Uf;fpwJ – mtd; Kw;W}w;wWgJ uh[h;fis rpiwgpbj;J euNkijahf nra;J mopahjtuk; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;W – vg;NghJk; - rhfhtuk; - Ntfh cly; - Nghfh nry;tk; - ngwNtz;Lk; vd;W euNkij ahfk; nra;a Nghfpwhd; - me;j ahfj;ij mopf;f mtDk; mopaNtz;Lk; - Nrjpehl;il msf;ff;$ba rpRghyd; mtd; iftrkhf ,Uf;fpwhd; - mtDf;F mbj;jhy; ,e;j ahfj;ij Rygkhf Kbf;fyhk;

86 jUkh; ghl;L ty;y ruhre;jid nty;y tUe;jp vg;gb vd;W nrhy;y my;yyhFNk kdk; ahfj;ij epiwNtw;w vy;yhk; ce;jdhy; MFk; - vd; kdk; Nrhjpf;fhNj fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghl;L kdg;gOJfs; nrhy;ytpy;iy – gpizg;G NtuhJk; njhy;iy – mDg;Gk; jk;gp gPkid – mh;r;Rdid – ve;jd; gpd;dhy; - mtid kbj;J thNud; - Gtdk; ,lwNt (kdg;) trdk; jUkG+gh cd; jk;gp gPkd; mh;r;Rdid vd;NdhL mDg;gpdhy; - mth;fsi mopj;J tUfpNwd; jUkh; ghl;L xg;gpy;yh khatNu $Wk; - vd; jk;gpkhiu – vg;gb mDg;GNtd; ghUk; - nrg;gTk; NghFNkh – n[apj;jty;ytd; kPJ rpWth;fs; vjph;j;jpl jUkNkh cdf;fpJ fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghl;L gPkdhy; nfhy;y tpjp ,Ue;jhy; MFNkh xUtuhy; mopf;f – NrhkFNry;d Jiztu mDg;gpdhy; nfhy;Ntd; mtid fz;L nty;Ntd; kaq;fhNk trdk; jUkee;jdh – gPkd; fuj;jhy; mtd; kba tpjp ,Uf;fpwJ – ghpgyk; gilj;jth; cyfpy; VO Ngh;fs; - xUtd; fuj;jhy; vtd; kbfpwhNdh – mtd; fuj;jhy; jhd; kbaNtz;Lk; - ,Lk;ghtdj;jpNy ,Lk;gid nfhd;wpUf;fpwhd; - ,Lk;gd; - gfh#ud; - kiyakhd; - ruhre;jd; - fpr;rfd; - rflh#ud; - JhpNahjd; - ,e;j VO Ngh;fSk; gPkdhy; kba tpjp ,Uf;fpwJ – mjdhy; gPkidAk; mh;r;RdidAk; vd;gpd; mDg;gpdhy; mth;fis kbj;J ,e;j ahfj;ij nra;J Kbf;fyhk; jUkh; tpUj;jk; eaFz fky Nej;jpu – ehdpyk; jdpNy ce;jd; nrayy;yh NtWz;Nlh – NjtNd vq;fs; kPJ jatJ ,Uf;Fk;NghJ rw;W ehd; mQ;RNtNdh – G[gy vd; jk;gpkhiu G+hpg;gha; mDg;GNtNd jUkh; trdk; Mz;lth - ,Njh vd;jk;gpkhh;fis mDg;GfpNwd; - nrd;W ntw;wpNahL thUq;fs; fpU\;z%h;j;jp trdk; gPkNrdh – ehk; NghtNjh Aj;jj;jpw;F – eP nrd;W cd; kid ,lj;jpy; - ehDk; vd; jk;gpAk; - cd; mz;zDk; kfuehL nrd;W ruhe;jre;jNdhL Aj;jj;jpw;F nry;fpNwhk; - ifjhk; nfhL vd;W tpilngw;W th gPkd; trdk; fhtyd; eP nrd;W vd; kidtpia mioj;Jth JNuhgij ghl;L 1. jpq;fs; Fy Nrfuh – kq;fs fpUghfuh – rPh;ghjk; mbats; te;jdk; - te;jdk;

87 2. kj;jf[ NjhsNd – Rj;jtPu jhsNd – kyub fbats; te;jdk; - te;jdk; 3. vq;Fk; Gfo;khuNd – rpq;fhu nfk;gPuNd – cd; ,izab fbats; te;jdk; 4. ty;yik fij ifaNd – nrhy;Yk; kzp Ja;aNd – cd; kyub fbats; te;jdk; JNuhgij nfhr;rfk; kz;Dk; Gtp MSk; kd;dth;fs;jhd; tzq;Fk; kpd;DKb tjd Nte;jh;FhpatNd – fd;dpahiujhDNktp fLfp ,r;rigjdpNy – ve;jid mioj;jtpuk; vd;dnjd;W ciunta;tPNu JNuhgij trdk; Rthkp - ,e;jrigapNy vd;id mioj;j fhuzk; vd;d gPkd; tpUj;jk; khNd – klkapNy – tQ;rpah;F uQ;rpjNk – NjNd mhpfpU\;zNjtNuhL tpy; tp[ad; - ehNd – ruhr;re;j uh[NdhL Nghh; Ghpa jhNd kdjhfpNdd; - jUtha; tpil vdf;F ngz;Nz gPkd; trdk; ngz;Nz – ghQ;rhyp – ehDk; cd; jkaDk; - vd; jk;gp mh;r;RdDk; kufjehL nrd;W ruhr;re;jNdhL Nghh; nra;J mtid mopj;Jtpl;L tUfpNwd; - vdf;F tpil nfhLg;gha; JNuhgij jU uh[Nd – ehd; vd;d nra;FNtd; - ,J ey;y trdky;y – vd; nrhy;iy jLj;J nry;y (uh[) thrtd; jd;id ntd;W ty;ytd; vd;W ,e;j Njrnkq;Fk; mwpAk; jPuh; Gfo; nfk;gPuh (uh[) gPkd; jU NjtpNa – eP thlyhFNkh – vd; jPuk; mwpe;jpUe;Jk; (Njtp) NjtpNa – eP thlyhFNkh – MtpjidNa thl;b me;j ruhr;re;jid $tp ekDf;fpiu nfhLf;f tphpak; cz;L (Njtp) JNuhgij jU ehjNd ehd; vd;d nra;FNtd; - kdk; thb gjUija;ah – Nkjpdp vq;FNk tp[ak; nra;jtdhr;Nr – Mjyhy; mtidAk; mlf;f ty;yik cz;Nlh (ehjNd) gPkd; jU ehafp eP nrhy;tnjg;gb - ,J ey;y trdky;y – khath; ,Uf;fNt – tUnkh ,lh; ekf;F – NropNa ,g;gb rpe;ij nehe;jpl (ehafp) JNuhgij tpUj;jk; nrtptpa Fzgpuhz Nerh – n[afpU\;zNjth; jd;id KthW juk; Kwpe;J KJfpl nra;Njhd; jd;id – vt;thW n[apg;gnjd;W Vq;fpehd; ,Uf;f – ck;ik vg;gb Nghntd;W ciuj;J ehd; kfpo;Ntd; trdk;

88 NfSk; kd;dh – vd; mz;zh - %d;W tUlk; mtdplk; rkh; nra;J – Kbahky; te;J tpl;lhh; - ePq;fs; Ntz;lhk; Rthkp gPkd; jU ngz;Nz vd;jd; ngz;kapy; - ngz; ujpNa – ngz;Nz ghQ;rhyd; ngw;w fUq;FapNy – ngz;Nz kjpkaq;fp NgrTk; te;jhNa – ,d;Nw ruhr;re;jid vkGuk; Nrh;f;fpNwd; - ,g;gb $WTk; jg;gpj xg;gpa NghfNt – nrg;Gtha; ey;nkhop JNuhgij jU uh[ uh[h; gzpAk; - uh[jPu Rthkp – Njnkq;Fk; tzq;Fk; nrq;iftPuh – uh[uh[iu ntd;W ehLk; ruhr;re;jid - $RNj ve;jd; kdk; - nfhy;tnjg;gb vd;W $wpa trdk; tPhpakhNkh – NjhpaNghtJ fhhpakhNkh gPkd; jU md;d eil khkapNy – md;GurNk – vd;d nkhop ciuj;jha; - ,d;gurNk – md;dNk ve;jd; ifahy; MLk; ruhr;re;jid thl;b vkGuk; Xl;bNa tUfpNwd; JNuhgij jU rpq;fhu ehafd; vd; rpj;u &gh Rthkp – nghq;fhuk; nfhz;LNk Njrnkq;Fk; eLq;f – vq;Fk; GfOk; fPh;j;jp ngw;wpLk; g+gNd fpU\;z%h;j;jp trdk; gPkNrdh – Vd; ,g;gb mof;fpwhh; - vd;d ele;jJ JNuhgij trdk; mz;zh – ghUq;fs; - mz;zh gPkd; trdk; khkh – NghfNtz;Lk; vd;W tpil Nfl;lhy; - Ntz;lhk; vd;W kWj;J NgRfpwhs; fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghl;L cj;jkp – ce;jd; rpj;jk; fyq;fp – nkj;j tUe;jhNj – ghQ;rhypapd; nry;tpNa – ghz;lth; NjtpNa – mUik vd; jq;ifNa – mQ;rplNtz;lhkk;kh gPkd; tpUj;jk; rj;jpak; Jiz ,Uf;f – ijay; ghQ;rhyp Nfsha; - gf;jpaha; ekJ fh;kk; - gue;jhkd; mUspUf;f – vj;jpif jdpYk; fPh;j;jp ,Uf;Fk; - ty;yik vdf;F – ntw;wpf;F Fiwr;rYz;Nlh ghl;L nky;ypNa thUk; - rkh;Ghpa – ey;nkhop jhUk; - tpy;ypy; mjpfjpwd; tp[ad; mh;r;Rdd; gpd;Nd – nrhy;ypagb ehq;fs; - RUf;fhf Ngha; thNuhk; JNuhgij fe;jhh;j;jk; khatd; fpUigahYk; - kd;dth; jUkG+gd; - jhnad;Dk; khkp nra;j jtgyj;jpdhYk; - epahakh – kufj Njr uh[id – n[akile;J Ja;aNd tUtphpg;Ngh JNuhgij jU

89 Rfkhf Ngha; thUk; - giftd; kPjpy; rkh; nra;a ePUk; - n[fnkq;Fk; Gfo;ngw;W – Njth; kdk; fspf;f – kpfntw;wp jute;j – tp[auh[DlNd (Rfkhf) trdk; Rthkp – ePAk; vd; mz;zDk; - kufj Njrk; nrd;W – ruhr;re;jid ntd;W thUk; - Ngha;th Rthkp fpU\;z%h;j;jp trdk; gPkNrdh – ehk; ,e;j cUtj;NjhL nrd;why; - mtd; ek;ik fz;L nfhy;thh; - cUkhhp NghfNtz;Lk; - ,g;gbNa nrd;why; - mq;Nf fz;l kzplkhuk; xypj;JtpLk; - mtd; crhuhfp tpLthd; - Mjyhy; ehk; gpuhkz Ntlk; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; - ePNah – gPk Iaq;fhh; - ,tNdh – mh;r;Rd Iaq;fhh; - ehNdh fpU\;z Iaq;fhh; fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghl;L kiw cUthfp te;jhh; - fpU\;zNjth; - tpy; tp[ad; $lNt – kiw cUthfp te;jhh; - kufj Njrk; ehb - ,e;jpuhGhpia fle;jhh; - jpU%th; VfpNjrk; njhlh;e;jhh; ruhr;re;jd; tpUj;jk; kz;lyk; GfOk; fPh;j;jp ty;y nfk;gpujPud; - mz;lUk; mjprapf;f mzpgzp kzpfshl – Fz;lyk; tpsq;Fk; N[ - $h;tpop khjuhl rz;lgpurz;ldhd ruhr;re;jd; tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L 1. ruhr;re;jd; ehNd – jplgy ruhr;re;jd; ehNd – ruhr;re;jdd; tuhd; - re;jdd; (ruh) 2. jpf; tp[ak; nra;J – rPh; gzp myq;fhpj;J – cf;ujPuh; tPuh; #oNt ruhr;re;jd; - ck;gh;fs; eLq;f te;NjNd 3. Mizghp NridfSk; - mzpthpir Njhuzpfs; - ruhr;re;juh[d; te;Njd; - te;NjdpNj - Kj;Jf;Filjhd; gpbf;f Kk;kuR Nghp ghl – ntw;wpf;nfhb Xq;fptPrNt – ruhr;re;jd; - tPukhf te;J NktpNdd; 4. Mukzpkhiy Ml – mk;Gk; tpy;Yk; ifapy; Ve;jp - #uh;fz;L kpuz;nlhypf;f – ruhr;re;jd; - RUf;fhf te;JNktpNdd; 5. n[h;kj;jpy; kdk; itj;J – gpufjj;jd; ngw;nwLj;j ruhr;re;juh[d; te;Njd; - te;NjdpNjh trdk; fhtyd; - rigapNy te;J tpsq;ff;$bath; ,d;dhh; ,dpahnud;W njhpAkh – nrhy;fpNwd; Nfs; kufjehl;il Mz;lth; cd; je;ij – gpufjj;jd; - vd; jha; - fh;gpdp-nghw;gpdp – vd; je;ijf;F ,uz;L jhuk; - vd; je;ij fh;gpdp vd;w ngz;iz kzk; nra;Jnfhz;lhuhk; - kzk;nra;J ntFfhykhf Gj;jpud; jhdk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;ljhk; - ,uz;lhk; jhukhf fh;gpdp jq;if nghw;gpdpia kze;jhuhk; - vd; je;ij - ,uz;LNgh;fSf;Fk; Gj;jpu jhdk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ – kdk; ntWj;J – murd; cilia fiye;J – fhtp cilia G+z;L – jtk; - ahf jtk; nra;a Gug;gl;lhh; - NghFk;NghJ vq;fs; FUthf tpsq;ff;$ba rz;lft;rpfh Kdpth;fs; vjph;g;gl;lhuhk; - vd; je;ijia ghh;j;J – kd;dh –

90 Vd; ,e;j Nfhyk; vd;W Nfl;lhuhk; - mjw;F vd; je;ij gps;is ,y;iy - ,e;j cly; ,Ug;gijtpl ,wg;gNj Nky; vd;W – jtk; nra;J gps;is ngwNtz;Lk; - ,y;iy jtk; nra;J rhf Ntz;Lk; vd;whuhk; vd; je;ij – kd;dh ,e;j Miria tpl;LtpLq;fs; - ,Njh – Qhd khq;fdp jUfpNwd; - nfhz;LNgha; - cd; kidtp ahuhfpYk; xUtSf;F nfhLj;jhy; - Gj;jpu ghf;fpak; cz;lhFk; vd;whuhk; - vd; je;ij – khq;fdpia ngw;W nfhz;L fpufk; te;jhh; - ngz;Nz fh;gpdp – nghw;gpdp – thUq;fs; . ,J Qhdkhq;fdp - ,ij tPz; nra;af;$lhJ – ahuhfpYk; Grpj;jhy; - Gj;jpughf;fpak; cz;lhYk; vd;whuhk; - clNd ,UtUk; vdf;F cdf;F vd;W tpthjk; Vw;gl;lJ – jLj;jhh; je;ij – Nfl;ftpy;iy – vLj;jhh; this ifapy; - gpbj;jhh; khq;fdpia - ,uz;lhf gpwe;J ,UtUf;Fk; nfhLj;jhh; - ,UtUk; fU jhpj;jhh;fs; - gj;J khjk; gpwe;jJk; Foe;ij gpwe;J jhjpkhh;fs; Xbte;J – vd; je;ijaplk; nrhy;y – jhjpkhh;fNs Foe;ijia nfhz;L thUq;fs; - vd;W je;ij nrhy;y – jhjpkhh;fs; - kd;dh Foe;ij ,uz;L gpwthf gpwe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;whh;fs; - vg;gb gpwe;jJ vd;W je;ij Nfl;f – kd;dh xU uhzp tapw;wpy; xUfz; xU fhJ – xU %f;F Jthuk; xU if – xU tpyh – xUfhy; ,g;gb rh;gq;fhf gpwe;jpUf;fpwJ – vd;W nrhy;y vd; je;ij – jhjpkhh;fNs – Foe;ijia vd; fz;zpy; fhl;lhjPh; - mg;Gwg;gLj;Jq;fs; - vd;W vd; je;ij nrhy;y – jhjpkhh;fs; nfhz;L Ngha; Gwf;fzpf;f tPrp vwpe;J tpl;lhh;fshk; - mg;NghJ fpuhkNjtpahfpa – ruhNjtp gtdp tu - ,e;j Foe;ijia ghh;j;jhh; - ,uz;L ifapy; vLj;J M vd;W Grpf;f ,e;j cly; ruhy; vd;W xd;Whf xl;bf;nfhz;lJ – ruhNjtp Mrp $wptpl;L kiwe;jhs; - tpbaw;fhiyapy; nrd;W ghh;j;jhy; - Foe;ij mOJ nfhz;bUg;gij ghh;j;J vLj;Jf;nfhz;L te;J vd; je;ijaplk; nfhLj;jhh;fs; jhjpkhh;fs; - clNd Mrhhpahh; - kd;dh ,td; vd; mUs; ngw;wtd; - ,tDf;F ,d;W Kjy; ruhr;re;jd; - vd;W ciuj;J – mg;gbNa ngah; #l;bdhh; - Ie;J taj;y; fw;f Ntz;ba E}y;fis fw;Nwd; - gjpndl;L tajpNy vdf;F jpUkzk; - rhe;j Re;jdp vd;w ngz;iz jpUkzk; nra;J itj;jhh; - vdf;F ee;jpdp – Re;jdp vd;w ,uz;L ngz;fis ngw;Nwd; - jf;f gUtk; mile;J kdk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;L – tlkJuh murhl;rp nra;af;$ba fk;rDf;F nfhLj;J mDg;gpitj;Njd; - rpyfhyk; tutpy;iy – xUehs; nts;is Nriy mzpe;J G+tpoe;J nghl;boe;J XNlhb te;J je;ijNa vd;W mOjhh;fs; - vd; Foe;ijfs; - ,g;gb nra;jtd; ahh; vd;W Nfl;Nld; - mjw;F mth;fs; Jthuifapy; ,Uf;ff;$ba fz;zd; vd; fztiuf; nfhd;Wtpl;lhd; vd;whh;fs; - ngz;fNs – mtid nfhd;W mtd; cjpuj;ij – cq;fSf;F ,LfpNwd; vd;W vLj;Njd; ths; - njhLj;Njd; - xd;wy;y ,uz;ly;y – gjpndl;L juk; Aj;jk; nra;Njd; vq;NfNah Xb xspe;J nfhz;lhd; - fpilf;ftpy;iy – md;WKjy; jpf; tp[ak; nra;J Kd;D}w;W mWgJ uh[h;fs; rpiwgpbj;jpUf;fpd;Nwd; - xUNtis ,j;jid Ngh;fspy; ,td; ,Ue;jhYk; ,Uf;fyhk; - euNkijahfk; nra;J rhfhtuk; - NgW nry;tk; - Ntfh cly; ngwNtz;Lk; - ,g;NghJ ruhNjtpia G+[pf;f Ntz;Lk; - mjw;F jFe;j ntFkhdq;fs; nfhz;L th. ruhr;re;jd; tpUj;jk; ehbNa vdJ ke;jphp euNkijahfk; nra;a $ba kdk; fspf;f Fiwtpy;yh tifAk; ekf;F NjbNa ek;ik ul;rpf;Flk; rPUs;s ruhNjtpf;F #bNa kyh;fs; G+i[ RUf;fhf nra;FNthNk G+i[ ghl;L 1. ruhNjtpNa – ruhNjtpNa – ruhNjtpNa – ruhNjtpNa – rh;trka ghpG+uzeuzp – me;jhp – Re;jhp re;ju rlhjhp (ruhNjtpNa)

91 2. mhpthfpdp – gukjahsp – ghpNawpa khad; rNfhjhp – gl;rKld; n[ful;rfp .... M... 3. ghk;gzp – khh;g;gp – gukjahsp – muNdhNl vjph; Mbz fhsp – me;jhp Re;jhp re;jrlhj – mw;Gjk; nghw;gjk; - ew;gjk; ek;gpNdNd ruhr;re;jd; Njthuk; rq;fhp Nfhyhfhsp – rJh;Ntj &gp ePNa – gq;ifah; jpUtUs; #yp – ghk;gzp tbtk; ePNa – nghq;fkha; cyfspj;j – G+uztbtk; ePNa – jq;fkhtbtKs;s ruhNjtp ghjk; Nghw;wp fpU\;zh; jU kiw cUthf te;jhh; - kufj Njrk; ehb – kiw cUthf te;jhh; fpU\;zNjth; - tpy;tp[ad; $lNt fpU\;zh; trdk; V gPk Iaq;fhNu – mh;r;Rd Iaq;fhNu – ghh;j;jhah – mtd; G+i[ nra;fpwhd; - ehk; nrd;W kuz Mrph;thjk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; - Rfpgth – kuz Mrph;thjk; ruhr;re;jd; ftp G+i[apid nra;Ak;NghJ Gj;jpapy;yhky; Ke;jp Mrph;thjq;fs; nra;jPh; - me;jzh;f;FUjpahFk; - thridkyh; vLj;J te;JNk G+i[ nra;Njd; - Nerkha; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s ePq;fs; ahh; mwptpg;gPNu trdk; mNl gpuhkz grq;fNs – ehd; ruhNjtpia G+i[ nra;J if vLj;J tzq;fpa Kd;dNk Mrph;thjk; nra;jPh;fNs – ePq;fs; ahh; fpU\;zh; ftp vj;jid nrhd;dhYk; vd;d te;J – vq;fs; Njrj;jpd; tz;ik Njhw;wk; eP vz;z Ntz;lhk; - Fy Gj;jpukzpNa Nfsha; - rj;jpathNd te;j rq;fjp vd;dntd;why; - cj;jgpr;irf;fhf te;Njhk; - cfe;J mwpe;jplhNah fpU\;zh; trdk; NfSk; kd;dh – ehq;fs; tlf;Nf ntFnjhiyT gpuhkzh;fs; - cd;dplk; vy;yh jhdk; jUtjhf nrhd;dhh;fs; - mjdhy; - cd;dplk; Aj;jjhdk; Nfl;f te;Njhk; ruhr;re;jd; jU 1. nfhba J\;lNu ePq;fs; $Wk; cq;fs; Ngh; tbtk; murUf;F tUNk – uh[ghh;ig – ty;y mfz;l khh;Gk; nfhy;Yk; cUz;l NjhSk;l 2. ,e;j fuj;jpy; cs;s fha; - ,J tpe;ij rpiy gpbj;j Nja; - me;j tpuYk; fha;g;Gk; mk;GtpLj;Jky;Nyh mLj;J tuNt ,g;Ngh vLj;j cUtky;Nyh 3. Njhspy; mk;Gw JzpT khl;bNa njhq;ftpl;lJky;Nyh – ehdpia G+l;bNa thypfs; ,y;yhky; te;J kiwtuhfp – thJgpr;ir Nfl;f ahJfhuzq;fs; (nfhba) 4. jPukopate;J tpl;lNjh – fhypy; tPufz;lkzpgl;lNjh – rhu%z;lte;j juzp kd;dth; ePq;fs; - rj;jpakhfNt cj;jkh; nrhy;Yq;fs;

92 fpU\;zh; ftp tUtJ tUNk vd;Wk; tuhjJ tUtJz;Nlh – mUik Nrh;kufjkd;dh – me;jzuy;y ehq;fs; - jUkUf;fpisNahd; gPkd; - jdQ;nrad; ,tNd MFk; - jpUkzp MjpfpU\;zd; Njtnud;wwpFthNa trdk; ruhr;re;jkd;dh tUtJ te;J jPUk; - tuhjJ th vd;W mioj;jhYk; tuhJ - ,th; jUkUf;F ,isath; gPkd; - ,td; mh;r;Rdd; - ehd; jhd; fpU\;zd; ruhr;re;jd; jU ifia nfhl;b eifj;NjNd – fpU\;zh cd;id fz;L gifj;NjNd fpU\;zd; jU gifj;Njd; vd;W NgRfpwha; - gjl;lkhfNt tPRfpwha; ruhr;re;jd; jU gjpndl;L juk; Kwpe;jha; ntl;fkpy;yhky; gLk; tpjpapNy mwpe;jha; fpU\;zd; jU mwpe;Njd; vd;W KLf;Fwha; - vkDf;fpiu nfhLg;Ngd; vd;W Fiuf;fpwha; ruhr;re;jd; tpUj;jk; mW%d;W juk; Kwpe;j fpU\;zh ePNa MfhJ vid nty;y – vl;l epy;Yk; cUtkpd;wp nty;y cd;dhy; MFNkh – cd;id ,J tpy; tp[ah J}uepy;Yk; - tUk; %d;W Ngh;fSf;F ty;ygPkd; kw;gyKk; nrhw;ngwTk; Nfl;bUg;Ngd; - jpU%d;W Nej;jpuDk; - vidnkr;r – rPf;fpuk; Njhs; jl;b vOe;J thlh trdk; fz;zh vd;dplk; Aj;jk; nra;J Kbahky; Nghdtd; - cd;Dk; Aj;jk; nra;a jFjp fpilahJ - ,Njh gPkNd Aj;jk; nra;jhy; vdf;F ngUik – mh;r;Rdd; ,isatd; - ePkl;Lk; ,q;F ,Uf;fhNj Ngh gPkd; jU mbj;jhd; - kj gPkd; khh;Gk; - Js;sp jl;bNa cs;s kfpo;e;J mbj;jhNd gPkd; miwf;Fs; miwgl mz;lflfKk; mjph;e;J thlNt ruhr;re;jd; jU gifj;jhNd ruhr;re;jd; ghjsk; G+jsk; eLq;fplNt rijj;Njd; - mtid g+kpapy; caph;gl – rz;lDk; gpJs;gl fz;nljph; gPkid gPkd; jU gPkd; ntFz;L kPwpNa – tpLj;J Njhs;jid kbj;JrhbNa – G+kp vq;FNk mjpUk;gbahf gpbj;J Rol;bNa vLj;J tPrpNdd; ruhr;re;jd; jU mllh – gPkh – epy;ylh vd;Kd; - mbf;fpNwd; ghh; - Rj;jpkbf;fpNwd; ghh; R) mjpuG+kpAk; jhz;l te;Njd; - gjwpNtwwtpl;L je;NjNd gPkd; jU ky;Aj;jk; nra;a epidj;Nj ,UtUk; nfhy;YfpNwd; vd;W Fjpj;Njd; - ifNahL if gpbj;J fz;fs; nghwpgwf;f

93 ruhr;re;jd; jU jl;b – Jil jl;b - ,UtUk; - rkuhAj;jk; nra;Nthk; thlh - %lNd ce;jDf;F Kfj;jpy; kPir cs;stdhdhy; - fz;lf; Nfhlhwpia nfhz;L rz;il gpsf;FNwd; ghuha; gPkd; jU My fUk;ig Nghy Ml;LNtd; cd;id fhyDf;fiuahf Xl;LNtd; gPkd; trdk; fhtyd; - ruhr;re;jd; kbe;Jtpl;lhd; - rpiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; murh;fis tpLjiy nra; ruhr;re;jd; jU rf;jp jahghpNa – rhk;gpNa – cid Jjpj;Njd; - md;id mUs; ,Uf;f Mgj;njhd;Wk; NeuhJ – jhapd; mUs; ,Uf;f fyf;fk; xd;Wk; NeuhJ – MlhNj Rk;kh XlhNj gPkd; jU mbNky; mb mbj;J gPkd; mjph;e;jpl fhy;fis gpbj;Njd; - fpl;b fhiy thhp tPrp mbj;NjNd – mz;lflfKk; cd;id rhlTk; fz;NlNdW te;J NruTk; ruhr;re;jd; jU fpopj;j cUtk; $b – fpsk;gp te;njjph;j;NjNd – fpl;b fhiythhp rhbNdd; gPkd; trdk; jk;gp mh;r;Rdh – vj;jid Kiw fpopj;J vwpe;jhYk; xd;whf Nrh;e;J te;J vjph;f;fpNwd; - ikj;Jdh – mh;r;Rdh – ,td; ,Ujha; tapw;wpy; gpwe;jtd; - eP nrd;W mz;zh – eP nra;j rz;ilia nkr;rpNdd; vd;W xU JUk;ig vLj;J fpopj;J jiykhL fhy;khL khw;wpg;NghL – mtd; njhpe;J nfhs;thd; gPkd; jU nfhy;y Ntz;b cd;id gyjuk; fpopf;fTk; $b $b eP te;J nropf;fTk; fz;Nld; - gpsTfis khw;wp ehd; NghlTk; fpU\;zd; trdk; gPkNrd ruhr;re;jd; kbe;jhd; - ,g;NghJ mh;r;Rdh – eP fhrp ehL nrd;W Rigd; uh[dplk; ,Uf;Fk; nfhz;L th – Ntz;Lk; ,d;Dk; Nrjp ehl;il Ms;f$ba rpRghyd; mopf;fNtz;Lk; ,e;j ahfj;ij epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk; - Gwg;gL – jUkhplk; nrd;W Ik;gj;jhW uh[h;fSk; ypfpjk; vLj;J mDg;gNtz;Lk; - rpRghyd; - Fjdpaypfpjk; mDg;GNtd; - mh;r;Rdd; - fhrp ehL te;J n[aNghpif mbf;f mij Nfl;L fhrpuh[d; tUfpw tpjk; fhz;f Rigd; tpUj;jk; gzpfSk; myq;fhpj;J gygy MAjk; jhq;fp JzpTs;s ke;jphp #o Re;jpu ujj;jpy; Vwp – mzpazpahf Nrid – mUk;gil neUq;fp#o kzpKb Rigd; vd;Dk; kd;dtd; tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L 1. fhrpf;fjpgid – khrpy;yh Fzgjp uh[d; Rigd; te;NjdpNj 2. tPRk; kzpkFlk; tpsq;Fk; gzpn[hypf;f

94 R) tpe;ij kd;dth; tPhpak; NgR – rpe;ij NjhpNa jPuUk; $w (fhrp) 3. Kj;Jf;Fil gpbf;f – KuR Nghp mbf;f – Rw;wpYk; fhyth; #b Rigd; uh[d; RUf;FlNd te;JNktpNdd; (fhrp) 4. fLfp ,t;tplk; te;J – KLfp Nghpif Nghl – mbf;ftid fz;L – mtid ,g;NghNt [hl R) mr;rkpy;yhkNy tPhpak; $w cr;rpjkhfNt jd;kzk; Njw (fhrp) trdk; fhtyd; - ehd; ahh; vd;W njhpAkh – Mdhy; nrhy;fpNwd; Nfs; - ehNd ,e;j fhrp ehl;il Msf;$ba – vd; ngah; Rigd; uh[d; - Mdhy; ehk; - ,Jtiu ahnjhU Fiwapy;yhky; - kf;fs; tho;e;J tUfpwhh;fs; - Mdhy; ek; ehl;by; VjhfpYk; Fiw ,Ue;jhy; nrhy; fhtyd; trdk; ma;ah - ,d;W ek; ehl;by; ahNuh xUtd; n[aNghpif mbj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhh; kfhuh[h fhrpuh[d; trdk; Mdhy; mtid nrd;W tprhhpg;Nghk; - mNla; - ahuhlh – vd; ehl;bNy te;J n[aNghpif mbf;fpd;whNa – eP ahh; mh;r;Rdd; trdk; ehNd - ,e;jpugpu];jk; - vd; ngah; mh;r;Rdd; - vd; je;ij ghz;Lkd;dDf;F ahfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; - Mjyhy; cd;dplk; ntFkjpfis ngw;W Nghfte;Njd; Rigd; tpUj;jk; tPhpak; kdjpy; vz;zp – ntFtpj gilfs; #o – Nghpif Nghl te;jha; - vd; gyk; jd;id mwpe;jplhky; - kPwpNa tpy; tisj;J kpjkpy;yh Nrid #o - $wpa gilfs; vy;yhk; nfhy;yTk; vjph;j;jpl;NlNd ghl;L tp[aNd thlh – ce;jd; mwpFNtd; Nghlh – rij rijahf ce;jid thl;lNt – rhq;Nfhg rhq;fkha; ghzq;fs; tpl;NlNd trdk; mNl mh;r;Rdh – vd; ehl;by; te;J n[aNghpif mbj;J – cd; tPuj;ij vd;dplNk fhl;llh mh;r;Rdd; jU ghznkLg;NgNd – nehbf;Fs;Ns gilia kbg;NgNd – fhzNt vd; tPuk; fhl;b nehbf;Fs;Ns fz;lJz;l gl rz;l gpurz;lkha; Rigd; jU cf;ujuNd cynfq;Fk; kpf;f jpuNd – rf;if rf;ifaha; - ce;jid thl;LNtd; - rz;lDk; ve;jid fz;L thlNt mh;r;Rdd; jU ty;yik NgRtNj – vd;id nfhy;y te;jhah – ntF #jlh – ey;yJ – cid ,g;NghNj ehd; tpl;LtpLNtNdh – Ml;b ePl;b caph; Xl;LNtd; ghuhlh

95 Rigd; jU Vjlh rpWigay; kpz;lNd – cid thJ nra;J tufz;NlNd – Vjlh cyfj;jpy; vdf;F vjphp cz;Nlh – jl;lNa ce;jid jl;bNa – nfhl;bNa mh;r;Rdd; jU ,sQ;rpq;fk; ahidf;F mQ;RNkh – Nghlh – vypte;J G+idf;F kpQ;RNkh – ce;jd; rkh;j;ij vd;dplk; fhl;llh – Ml;bNa ce;jid ntl;b vwpFNtd; Rigd; jU ahUf;Fk; mlq;fhj #uNd – cd;id ghuha; kbf;FNwd; tPuNd – NghUf;Fk; mlq;fhj GypNghy ce;jid gw;wp mbf;FNwd; ghuha; mh;r;Rdd; jU te;njjph;j;j rpd;digaNy - ,q;F nehe;jpl te;jhNah – ifahNy ,g;NghJ ce;jid vkGuk; Nrh;f;fpNwd; - thq;Fk; fukij Xq;fpNa thl;LNtd; Rigd; jU mlq;fhj tPhpak; NgRwha; - ntF nfl;bf;fhud; vd;W NgRwha; - nfl;Lg;Nghf fhyk; fpl;bNa te;jNjh mh;r;Rdd; tpUj;jk; fQ;rKk; #o;gthzp – fhrpG+gjpNa Nfsha; - gQ;rghz;ltnud;why; ghnuq;Fk; eLeLq;Fk; - mQ;rhky; te;njjph;j;j Mz;ikia mwpa Ntz;b neQ;R nfhg;gspf;Fk; ghzk; ehdpNjh tpl;Nld; ghuha; Rigd; tpUj;jk; mLj;Jnk te;njjph;j;j mh;r;RdgjpNa Nfsha; - vLj;j ghzj;jpw;F vjph;ghzk; ehndLj;J jLj;JNk cd;id nfhy;tij jlg;gh – ghzk; xd;W tpLj;JNk cd;id nfhy;Ntd; jU tPuk; nfhz;NlNd – Mjp cf;u jPuk; nfhz;NlNd – jPukhf te;J Nrtfk; nrYj;jpNa rpiy tp[ah – ce;jd; jiy mWf;fpNwd; ghuha; mh;r;Rdd; tpUj;jk; kiyfplh JUk;G kd;dh – khzpf;fk; jdf;fplhf epiyf;FNkh kw;w fy;Yk; jiyfPoha; tpoNt Ntz;b – rt;jpanky;yhk; fz;Nld; - Jisf;fNt uj;jij fpl;b jU J}z;b te;NjNd – ce;jidf; nfhy;y Ntz;b te;NjNd – Gz;lf tr tpy;Yk; - Gutpujkope;J nghb nra;Njd; - gil vy;yhk; mbNahL Kwpe;jpl Rigd; trdk; mh;r;Rdh tpl;LtpL – mh;r;Rdh - ,e;jG+kpapay; ck;ik nty;y vtUk; fpilahJ – ehd; nra;j jtiw kd;dpj;J Ntz;ba ntFkhdq;fis jUfpNwd; - ngw;Wf;nfhs; - eP nrd;W ey;y Kiwapy; ahfj;ij elj;J – ehDk; tUfpNwd; trdk;

96 mNl – fhtyd; - Nrjp ehl;il Msf;$ba rpR ghyDf;F jdp epUgk; mDg;gpit rpRghyd; tpUj;jk; mwk; jpfo; jUkuh[d; - ahfNk nra;a Ntz;b gwe;jpLk; J}jh; te;J gfh;e;jpLk; nkhopia Nfl;L miwe;jpLk; Nghpif ghl mstpy;yh gilneUq;f – rpwe;jpLk; Nrjp Njr rpRghyd; tUfpd;NwNd rpRghyd; ghl;L 1. rpRghy uh[d; te;Njd; - te;Njd; - ,Njh – rpRghy uh[d; te;Njd; - uh[ nfk;gPukhf (rpR) 2. me;jKs;s miz Vwp – mzpazpaha; Nrid – fe;jkpF khiy #bNa rpRghy uh[d; fjputd; Nghy; te;JNktpNdd; 3. rl;lkzpkhh; epiwa – rk;u Muk; gsgsd;d – gl;lth;j;jdh; #oNt rpRghy uh[d; ghh;GfOk; jPud; te;NjNd 4. vkDk; eLeLq;f – Ve;jpa if thSk; kpd;d – fhk re;jpuid Nghy rpRghy uh[d; - fz;lth; eLq;f te;NjNd 5. fz;lru khiy Ml fjpKb gsgsd;d – jz;il ntz;ilAk; nfhQ;rNt – rpRghy uh[d; - juzp eLq;f te;NjNd 6. ,b KuR Nghpif lq;fh – vf;fhsg; Nghpif ghl – ntbKuR Nte;jh; #oNt – rpRghy uh[d; Ntbf;ifaha; te;JNktpNdd; 7. rpj;jpu Fil gpbf;f Nrjp Njrk; jd;id tpl;L m];jpdhGhpia jhz;bNa rpRghyuh[d; moFlNd te;JNktpNdd; trdk; fhtyd; - ehd; ahnud;W njhpAkh – Nrjpehl;il Msf;$ba rpRghy uh[d; - Mdhy; fhtyd; - ,g;NghJ ,e;jpugpu];jk; NghfNtz;Lk; - Vndd;why; uh[Raahfk; nra;a Nghfpwhh;fs; - mjdhNy vdf;F jdp ypfpjk; mDg;gp ,Uf;fpwhh; - clNd NghfNtz;Lk; - eP rPf;fpuk; nrd;W – vd; Njtpahfpa Re;jputs;spia mioj;J th rpRghyd; tpUj;jk; ve;jd; nrhy;gb elf;Fk; ,ire;j ke;jphpkhh;fNs – NfsPh; - tpe;ijaha; jUkh; nra;Ak; tpsq;fpa ahfj;jpw;F re;Njh\khf ahDk; rLjpapy; Nghf Ntz;Lk; - rpe;ijapy; vdJ Njtp Re;jputs;spia mioj;J thuha; Re;jputs;sp tpUj;jk; kd;dth; kdk; fspf;f – khjUk; mjprapf;f – cd;dpj rhpif Nriy – xspngWk; thil tPr – md;dk; Nghy; eilele;J – moF jhjpah;fs; #o – Jd;dpa gzpfshl – Re;jputs;spAk; tUfpd;NwNd ghl;L 1. Nrhjpkjp tjdp – Mjpyl;Rkp Nghy – Re;jputs;spAk; te;Njd; - xa;ahukhf 2. jq;f xl;bahdk; kpd;d – rhpif gsgsd;d – jpq;fs; gpiwNghyNt – jpyfk; nre;J}uk; kpd;d – flffq;fzk; nuz;Lk; ifapdpy; gsgsd;d – klkapy; md;dk; Nghy khJ eil ele;J – khjuk; G+ Nriy fl;b kapy; Nghy;

97 eil ele;J – klkapy; md;dk; Nghy – khJ eilele;J – Kj;Jf;fk;gy; khl;b – KOf;f fz;fis fhl;b.

98

APPENDIX IV Thugil Uriththal

Collected from Thiru Selvam, Tiruttani

99 JhpNahjdd; tpUj;jk; xypfly; #Ok; ,e;j cynfy;yhk; xUFilfPo; ,sfNt Mste;j – uh[hjp uh[ jPud; - tYikapy; kpFe;j jPud; - kfh JhpNahjdd; jhDk; fytpNa mofpy; kpf;f nfhYtpw;F tUfpd;Nwd; ghl;L Mzpg;ngz;zhNy Mytl;lq;fs; Nghl mzpmzpahfNt nghbnghbahf uh[jp uh[d; te;Njd;. 1. Njrnkq;Fk; tzq;Fk; uh[h;f;fjpgjpahd JhpNahjd uh[d; te;Njd; - te;NjdpNjh (Njrnkq;Fk;) 2. mutf;nfhb gwf;f Mytl;lq;fs; Nghl gutpa Filftpo;f;fNt uh[hjp uh[d; ghq;FlNd te;JNktpNdd; (Njrnkq;Fk;) 3. Vfg;G+rf;u Fil ,UGwk; fhty; #oNt vjpkd;dh;fuk; Ftpf;fNt uh[hjp uh[d; vjphpy;yh gilfs; #oNt uh[hjp uh[d; RUs; ,bfs; NghyNt Nghpif Koq;fpl ntbfs; gypnud ehjk; Koq;fpl (Njrnkq;Fk;) 4. re;jpuFyk; tpsq;f te;Jjpj;j cy;yhrd; jk;gpkhh; Gil#oNt – uh[hjp uh[d; jj;jpkpjpkpnad jhsk; Koq;fpl kj;jsKftPiz xj;jpKoq;fpl (Njrnkq;Fk;) 5. me;jzh;Ntjehjk; fPjk; Koq;fpl MuNfAu flf fq;fdk; tPuUk; #uUk; te;J tzq;fpl (Njrnkq;Fk;) 6. gfUk; rFdp [y;ypad; ghq;Fs;s jk;gpkhUk; gilfs; neUq;fp #oNt uh[hjp uh[d; ghh;GfOk; jPud; te;NjNd tpUj;jk; jf;fNjhh; mz;lnuz;l – juhjuKOJk; je;J – kpf;fNt mspj;J fhf;Fk; - Nkd;ikaha; Kj;Njhopy; elj;j – gf;FtKila Qhdghjj;ij ngw;Nwhh;nfy;yhk; - iff;fdpNghy; tpsq;Fk; flTs; nrQ;ruzk; Nghw;wp trdk; Mdhy; - fhtyd; - ehd; ahh; vd;W njhpakh – ehNd ,e;j m];jpdhGuj;ij MSk; JhpNahjdd; - ghz;lth;fs; ,e;jpugpurj;ij Mz;L tUfpwhh;fs; - vq;fSf;Fs; ve;j xU Ngjh Ngjkpy;yhky; tho;e;J tUfpd;Nwhk; - Mdhy; ghz;lth;fs; ,e;jpugpurj;jpNy ahfk; nra;jhh;fs; - Ik;gj;jhW uh[h;fSf;Fk; ypfpjk; mDg;gpdhh;fs; - vdf;Fk; ypfpjk; te;jJ – vd; jk;gpkhh;fs;> khkh rFdp> md;id > fh;z kfhuh[d; midtUk; nrd;Nwhk; - vd;id ghh;j;J khpahij nfhLf;ftpy;iy – gj;jpy; gjpndhd;whf epidj;jhh;fs; - jhahjpgl;rk; epiyf;fNtz;Lkhdhy; - kz;ghj;jpuj;jpy; [yk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; - nfhLf;fhky; jq;fghj;jpuj;jpy; nfhLj;jhh;fs; - ahfj;jpNy Kjy; jhk;G+yk; ahUf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; - uh[hjp uh[h; vq;fSf;F nfhLf;fhky; - me;j ahjt Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j fz;zDf;F nfhLj;jhh;fs; - vOe;J Nfl;lhd; rpRghyd; mtid – rf;fuk; tpLj;J rpuir nfha;Jtpl;lhd; fz;zd; - ahfk; Kbe;j gpwF kz;lgj;ij ghh;f;Fk;gbahf jUkh; nrhy;y kz;lgj;ij ghh;j;Jf;nfhz;Nl te;Njd; - fhy;jtwp fPNo tpOe;Jtpl;Nld; - mjw;F me;j ItUf;Fk; Njtpahfpa ghQ;rhyp vd;id ghh;j;J – X ikj;JdNu – cd; je;ijf;Fj;jhd; gpwtpapNyNa FUnld;why; - cdf;F fz;zpUe;J FUlh vd;W if jl;b eifj;Jtpl;lhy; - mtkhdg;gl;L te;Njd; - vg;gbAk; mth;fis ghh;j;J cyfNk rphpf;f Ntz;Lk; - mjw;F jFe;j Nahrid nra;a Ntz;Lk; - vd; mz;zhthfpa fh;z uh[id mioj;J th. fh;zd; tpUj;jk;

100 rq;fud; mUs;ngw;nwq;Fk; rh;FzKs;s Nead; - nghq;fkha; fjpNuhDf;F Gjy;tdha; te;j Nrad; - kq;fs fukhdjhf – kfpikNrh; fh;z uh[d; mq;fNjrj;ij MSk; mjpgjpAk; tUfpd;NwNd fh;zd; ghl;L 1. fh;z uh[d; te;Njd; - cjhuz fh;z uh[d; te;Njd; - nrhh;zNkdp cilNahd; - ey;y RFz thh;j;ijf;FilNahd; - jh;k-jhdj;Jf;FhpNahd; - rfy-rk;gj;Jf;FwpNahd; 2. mq;fNjrj;Jf;FwpNahd; - mfyNjrj;jhh; ,ilNahd; - nrq;ftpy;Yf;FwpNahd; - nropf;Fk; gilf;FilNahd; 3. fjputd; <d;w ike;jd; - mjpf gyKilNahd; - fh;zkfhuh[d; te;Njd; - te;NjdpNjh trdk; fhtyd; - vd;id ahh; tutioj;jJ JhpNahjdd; ghl;L ruzk; - ruzk; - mz;zh – rh\;l;lhq;fahd; ruzk; - ghjNk ruzk; mz;zh – gzpe;NjNd ahd; ruzk; trdk; mz;zh cd; ghjhu tpe;jq;fSf;F mNef Nfhbtzf;fk; - mz;zh mz;zh – mkUq;fs; - fhytd; eP nrd;W vd; khkhit rPf;fpukha; ehd; mioj;Njd; vd;W mioj;J th rFdp tpUj;jk; je;jpu ,e;jpu [hyk; rfyKk; mwpe;j tPud; me;jpu Njth; jd;id mkh;fsk; Xl;Lk; #ud; - Re;jpu Fl;brhj;jhd; - nrhFRld; mzpe;Jnfhz;L re;Njh\khfNt – ehd; rFdpAk; tUfpd;NwNd. ghl;L 1. khkh khkh khkh khkh – khkh te;NjNd – rFdp khkh te;NjNd – khkh te;jpl kfpik Ngrpl – Rfkha; tho;e;Njhiu mfLk; nfLf;f (khkh) 2. #JthJ tQ;rk; - vd; cs;sj;jpy; vg;NghJk; fyfk; - Jyq;fp tho;e;jtd; - rFdp Jyq;fptho;e;jtd; - me;j fhjdhfpa Jhpad; Fbia fUtUj;jpl kdjpy; vd;dpNa (khkh) trdk; khjth ehd; khkh vd;W nrhd;NdNd – ahUf;F khkd; ghl;L 1. te;Njd; kjpFyj;J khkd; - me;j – kd;dd; JhpaDf;F vkd; RUs; : kjpFyj;J khkd; - JhpaDf;F vkd; (te;Njd;) 2. re;jpu Fyj;ij fUtWf;f – rFdpaha; te;jtjhpf;f ghz;lth;f;F n[ak; nfhLf;f – ghhpy; Jhpaid kbf;f kjpFyj;J khkd; - JhpaDf;F vkd; (te;Njd;) 3. %d;nwOj;J ve;jd; NgU – mjpy; eL vOj;ij js;sp ghU 4. JhpaDf;F vd;W Jiztd; - mtid – tiyf;f te;j rdpad; (JhpaDf;F) 5. fhe;jhhp cld; gpwe;j ghyd; - nfsut Fyj;Jf; fhyd; (nfsut) trdk;

101 fhtyd; - vd;id ahh; tutioj;jJ Jhpad; ghl;L thUk; thUk; nrhe;j khkh – te;jkuNtz;Lk; khkh – thh;j;ij ngha;ahfNghFkh RUs;: me;jgl;b kf;fis ntl;b vwpaNt jpl;lKld; ehd; murhsTk; (thUk;) trdk; khkh cd; ghjhu tpe;jj;jpw;F mNef Nfhb tzf;fk; khkh – fhtyd; - ehd; ngUj;j MNyhrid nra;a NghfpNwhk; - m];jpdhGuj;jpNy tzpfk; vd;w tpahghuk; ahUk; nra;a $lhJ vd;W jz;Nlhuh %yk; njhptpj;J tpL - ,e;j rigapy; eiujiy fpoth; ,Ue;jhy; - mth;fis ntspNa js;sptpL Jhpad; ghl;L 1. vd;dntd;NwJNtd; - khkh – vd;Fiw nrhy;ypkhSkh – Kd;Ndhh; nrhy; Gtp NkNy RUs;: KuR nfhbadhNy Kl;lhsha; NghNdNd 2. uh[Raahf Nts;tpf;F vy;NyhUk; NghNdhNk – mq;Nf RUs;: gj;jpy; gjpndhd;wha; ghh;j;jhh; - kdk; Gz;zhf (vd;d) 3. vQ;rypy;yh Nts;tpf;F vy;NyhUk; NghNdhNk – mq;Nf Gjpjhf te;j rpR ghyidAk; nfhy;y – gjWNj vd; cs;sk; (vd;d) trdk; khkh vd; Fiwia vd;dntd;W nrhy;Ntd; khkh – gQ;rghz;lth;f;F ghjpehL mspj;jhy; - fh;tk; kpQ;rp uh[Raahf Nts;tp nra;jhh;fs; - ,d;Dk; nfhQ;rehs; nrd;why; ,e;j cyfj;ij mtNu Ms;thh; rFdp ghl;L vd;d tpNr\k; kUkfNd – ve;jid mioj;jha; - jpUkfNd – Vw;fkha; kdk; jPh;f;fkha; - ve;jid mioj;jha; Nehf;fkha; Jhpad; tpUj;jk; gQ;rghz;lth;f;F ghjpehL mspj;jhy; kpQ;rpdhh; - fh;tk; nfhz;lhh; - tPuKk; gyKk; ngw;whh; - vQ;rypy;yh uh[Raahrk; nra;jhh; - ,d;Dk; nfhQ;rehs; nrd;why; - ,e;j Ftyak; Ith; Ms;thh; trdk; khkh – mz;zh - ,jw;F jFe;j Nahrid ePq;fs; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; khkh fh;zd; tpUj;jk; kd;dtd; jUkuh[d; kfhuh[Raahfk; nra;jhh; - ,d;dpyk; mth; nra;jhh; Nghy; - vth; nra;J fPh;j;jp ngw;whh; - ,d;dKk; mth;f;nfhg;ghf cyfpy; Nth; xUthpy;iy – nfhQ;rehs; nrd;why; - ,e;j Ftyak; mtNu Ms;thh; trdk; jk;gp – JhpNahjdh – jUkd; nra;j ahfj;ijg; Nghy; vtUk; nra;jJ fpilahJ - ,d;Dk; nfhQ;rehs; nrd;why; - ,e;j Ftyak; mtNu Ms;thh; - jk;gp - ,jw;F jFe;j Nahrid nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rFdp tpUj;jk; Vh; cOgtd; ,isj;jhy; vUJk; kr;rpdk; nfhz;lhLk; - ghhpy; Njs; nfhl;lhtpl;lhy; gfh;gps;is G+r;rpahFk; - $wpa rpq;fk; Rk;kh FifapNy

102 xbq;fpf;nfhz;lhy; tPhpak; nrYj;j ahid mjd; Nky; tpOe;J mgj;jplhNjh rFdp trdk; kUkfNd JhpNahjdh! Vh; cOgtd; ,isg;gkhdhy; vUJfs; kr;rpd Kiw nfhz;lhLk; - rpq;fkhdJ gyk; xLq;fp FifapNy xLq;fp nfhz;lhy; ahidahfg;gl;lJ vd;id vjph;f;f ahUk; ,y;iy vd;W mjd; tpOe;J mbf;Fk; - Njs; ahiuAk; nfhl;lhtpl;lhy; mij gps;is G+r;rpahf epidg;ghh;fs; - ehk; mlq;fp ,Ue;jhy; ghz;lth; gpbj;jJ ngz;L – mbj;jJ Ml;lk; kUkfNd fh;zd; tpUj;jk; xUfizahNy me;j cah; gQ;rghz;ltiu fUtUj;jpl rkh;j;jd; fh;zd; ehd; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kUkfndd;? khkndd;d? tQ;rid tp\q;fs; vd;d gUtkpy;yhky; thh;j;ij ghh; rigapy; nrhy;yyhNkh! trdk; jk;gp JhpNahjdh! xU fizahNy ghz;ltiu nfhy;y ehd; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ khkd; vd;d kr;rhd; vd;d? rFdp tpUj;jk; ikf;fz; JNuhgijf;fhf tpy;yhy; mbg;gl;L mq;Nf kpf;f Njhs; rypj;J ghhpy; tpOe;jij kwe;jpl;lhNah? mf;fzk; tp[ad; nra;j Mz;ikia ghh;j;jpUe;Jk; ntl;fkpy;yhky; fh;zh tPz;nkhop NgryhNkh? trdk; fh;zh! JNuhgijf;fhf tpy;iy tisj;J tpy;yhy; mbg;gl;L tpOe;jij kwe;jpl;lhah fh;zh! rFdp jU mq;fNjrj;jpd; mjpgd; ePjhdh? – mllh! fh;zh - ,e;j murNuhL – vjph;f;fyhFNkh? mllh fh;zh! fh;zd; jU nfhl;lhq;fr;rp – Fof;fhfNt – mllh fh;zh! jq;fp te;jha; vq;fs; ,lj;jpNy – mllh – fh;zh! rFdp jU jhAk; VJ! jikad; Vjlh! mllh – fh;zh! – xz;b ,Ue;jha; vq;fsplj;jpNy – mllh fh;zh! fh;zd; jU cq;fs; jk;gp E}w;W %d;W NgiuAk; - mllh – rFdp nfhd;W tpl;l ghtp ePjhNd – mllh rFdp rFdp jU ,dFyj;jpy; gpwe;jtdhr;Nr – mllh fh;zh! ,fo;r;rpahf Ngr te;jhNa – mllh fh;zh! Jhpad; ghl;L 1. ngUk;nghUSk; gjwhNj – vd; khkh – ePAk; Nghh; nra;a JzpahNj mz;zh! 2. ,uz;Lgl;l Chpy; - Fuq;Fk; FbNaWfpwJ – ntd;dPhpNy tPL nte;J NghFNkh Rk;kh! 3. Kisf;Fk; er;r kuj;ij – KisapNy fps;s Ntz;Lk; - Kw;wpdhy; Nfhlhhp nfhz;L ntl;bay;yNth js;s Ntz;Lk; Jhpad; trdk; mz;zh – khkh – vdf;F ey;y xU thh;j;ij nrhy;Ynkd;why; - ,UtUk; rz;il nra;tJ ey;yjy;y

103 rFdp tpUj;jk; jg;gpy;yh ghz;ltiu rz;ilnra;J nty;y – ek;khy; ,g;gpwg;gpYk; MfhJ – VOgpwg;gpYk; MfhJ – Jg;Gw fgl tQ;r #jpdhy; nty;yyhFk; - xg;Gw ,Jnty;yhk; - xd;wpdhy; nty;ykhl;Nlhk; Jhpad; tpUj;jk; MkpJ nka;jhd; - nka;jhd; - mg;gbjhNd nra;Nthk; - khkh nrhd;dJNt Gj;jp – khkh vd; mUNf thUk; - Vkhw;wp #jpdhy; vg;gb nty;Nyhk; - ,e;j rhkhj;jpak; vd;dnjd;W rl;lkha; ciu nra;NthNk! trdk; khkh eP nrhd;dJ ey;y Nahrid Vkhw;wp nty;yyhk; vd;W nrhd;d cghaj;ij nrhy;Yk; khkh! rFdp tpUj;jk; kz;lgk; xd;W nra;J kz;lgj;ij fz;blNt tutioj;J – fhz;gpj;J nghOJ Nghf;fp – mz;bNa nrhf;fl;lhid MLjw;fpira nra;J tz;bw Ith; jq;fs; tho;nty;yhk; gypj;J jhNud;. Jhpad; ghl;L 1. cd;dhNy my;yNth cyfj;ij Ms;tJ khkh – rFdp khkh 2. cd;iday;yhy; vdf;F cw;w Jiz cz;Nlh khkh – rFdp khkh 3. vd;dhNy MFNkh ,e;j Nkhrk; nra;a khkh – rFdp khkh 4. vz;zpd vz;zj;ij <Nlw nra;ANkh khkh – rFdp khkh - rkaj;Jf;Nfw;w jUntLj;J nrhd;d khkh 5. je;jpu ,e;jpu [hyKk; vth; nra;thh; khkh – rFdp khkh 6. ek;ikg; Nghy; ghz;lth; ehlhs Mr;RNj khkh – rFdp khkh – ehL efunky;yhk; ehdhs Ntz;LNk khkh – rFdp khkh 7. rpq;fhukhf ahfk; nra;J mioj;jhNu khkh – rFdp khkh – nry;ykha; $bf;nfhz;L vy;NyhUk; NghNdhNk khkh – rFdp khkh RUs;: 8. gq;fhsp vd;nwd;id ghuhky; NghdhNu khkh – rFdp khkh – gj;jpy; gjpndhd;wha; ghh;j;J ,Ue;jhNu khkh – rFdp khkh – Jd;dpa ghz;lth; rpd;dk; nra;jhh;fNs khkh – rFdp khkh – kd;dtnud;nwd;id kjpahky; NghdhNu khkh – rFdp khkh 9. gl;b JNuhgij vd;id ghh;j;J eifj;jhNu khkh – rFdp khkh – epyp gopf;fNt epyj;jpy; tpOe;NjNd khkh – rFdp khkh 10. epidf;f epidf;f kdk; neUg;gha; vhpANj khkh – rFdp khkh – Ntypf;F Ks; Nghl fhYf;Fj;jhdNj khkh – rFdp khkh – Fe;jp Nrh; ghz;lth; Fbia nfLj;jhNy khkh – rFdp khkh – Fynja;tkha; itj;J Fk;gpl;bUg;NgNd khkh – rFdp khkh rFdp trdk; kUkfNd – JhpNahjdh – ehk; nra;j Nahrid cd; kdJf;F rk;kjkh vd;W cd; rpwpa je;ijia mioj;J mth; rk;kjk; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; Jhpad; trdk; khkh nrd;W thUq;fs; - ,g;NghNj kz;lgk; nra;a cj;jutpLfpNwd; - fhtyd; eP nrd;W rpwpa je;ijia mioj;J th. tpJud; ghl;L 1. rj;jp tpJu uh[d; te;Njd; - ey;y gilRw;Wk; Gil#o GtpKw;Wk; Gfo; gilj;j (rj;jpa)

104 2. xUtUk; vjphpy;y tpy;yhd; - ,e;j cyfk; KOfpdhYk; xU ngha;Ak; nrhy;yhd; - tPuh;f;Fs;s Ngh;fs; - Kd; epy;yhd; - NkYk; nka;ahd nghUs; my;yhky; tPz; nghUs; fy;yhd; 3. jUkj;ij kwthj rPyd; - xd;Wk; jtwpy;yh epiy ngw;w rh;[d $yd; - mUik Gfopdpy; tprhyd; - jpdk; midtUf;Fk; jhahd Mh;g;ghp ghyd; (rj;jpa) JhpNahjd; ghl;L je;ijNa ruzk; - vdJ rpwpa je;ijNa ruzk; - je;ijf;F epfuhd rpwpa je;ijNa Nghw;wp ( je;ij) trdk; je;ijNa cd; ghjhu tpe;jq;fSf;F – cd; kfd; mNef Nfhb tzf;fk; tpJud; ghl;L thop kd;dNd eP opahfNt Mop#o; cyfk; jd;dpy; mjpf rk;gj;jha; Jhpad; tpUj;jk; kpFtpdpy; rpwpa je;ij – tpJuNu epd;jhs; Nghw;wp – rFdp vd; khkd; nrhd;d je;jpu cghaj;jhNy – eyk; Gfo; Ith; ehL efuj;ij ehNd nfhs;sjFk; jFKkf;F rk;kjk; jhNd nrhy;Yk; tpJud; tpUj;jk; ghjp ehL mspj;jgpd;G gwpj;jpl epidj;J tQ;r #jpdhy; nty;Nthnkd;W nrhy;tJ jh;kk; jhdh – ePjpNah newpNah – ma;Nah eP nrhy;Yk; nfhba thh;j;ij fhjpYk; Nfl;fyhNkh – fdtpYk; epidf;fyhNkh Jhpad; tpUj;jk; jPjpy;yh vdJ tho;Tk; rpwg;igAk; nfhLj;J ehq;fs; kPjhf epidj;J tQ;r tpNuhjpf;F nfhLj;j ehl;il thjhb gw;wpf;nfhs;s kDePjp ,Uf;fNkYk; #jhb gw;wpf;nfhs;s Njh\nkd;Wiuf;fyhNkh tpJud; ghl;L fsthd #J Ntz;lhk; - fUjp ehk; nfhLj;j ehl;il – juNtZk; vd;W nrhy;yp jfg;gd; if Xiy Nghdhy; - ghpthd ehl;il tpl;L – ghz;lth; tdNk Nghthh; - cukpf;f cyifnay;yhk; xUkpj;J Ms;tha; mg;gh Jhpad; tpUj;jk; thrypy; kuj;ij itj;J tsh;e;jpl kuk; tsh;j;J NgrTk; - njUtpy; NghFk; Ngh;f;fJ epoy; je;jhhh; Nghy; - thrKk; tho;Tkpq;Nf tsh;e;jpl nky;yhkpq;Nf – MirAkd;Gkq;Nf - ,JTk; nrhy;tha; - ,jw;F NkYk; nrhy;tha; Jhpad; ghl;L 1. rpj;jg;gh vdr;nrhy;y jFkh jFkh – me;j nkhop cdf;F MfhJ Ngh – Ngh (rpj;jg;gh) 2. mj;jp goj;ij gpl;lhy; mj;jidAk; nrhs;is nrhs;is – mjprankd;dNth mhpe;j Ntrpapd; gps;is (rpj;jg;gh) 3. jq;fr; nrWg;ghdhYk; jiyf;fJ Vw;FNkh – juzp kd;dtUf;F ce;jd; nrhy; Vw;FNkh (rpj;jg;gh) trdk; Nl! rpj;jg;gh Ngh! tpJud; tpUj;jk; cw;wij nrhd;Ndndd;W xUth;f;nfhUth; neQ;rpy; gw;wpAk; gifAk; nfhz;lhy; ghhpy; kd;dth; eifg;ghh; - kw;WKd;nkhop jLj;J

105 tQ;ridaha; nrhd;Ndd; vd;W Fw;wKk; vz;z Ntz;lhk; - FyGj;jpu kzpNa Nfsha; Jhpad; tpUj;jk; Jd;dpa fgLk; #Jk; Jh;Gj;jp jh;knky;yhk; - vd;dplj;jpy; jhNd ,Uf;FJ – nka;jhd; - nka;jhd; - nrhd;d nrhy; kwe;J tpl;l J\;l ifapdhNy – nghd;db fkyk; Nghw;wp – nghWj;J nfhz;NlFtPNu tpJud; tpUj;jk; MdNjhh; cd; Fbf;F – m];lKk; rdpadha; te;J Njhd;wpa rFdp khkd; - Jh;Gj;jpahNy ce;jd; Vd;w ed;duR tho;Tk; mope;jpl fhyk; te;jhy; - Cd;wpa nghpNahh; thh;j;ij ciuf;FNkh ciuj;jplhNjh Jhpad; trdk; mNl fhtyd; - ,tid cs;Ns js;sptpl;L ifNjh;e;j rpw;g rh];jphpia mioj;J thUq;fs; rpw;grh];jphp ghl;L 1. Xk; jpy;iyf;fjpgjpNa – vd; rpe;ijapy; te;j Njth jpy;yhk; rptfhkp khNd jPd jahguNd 2. XuhW khKfdhk; xw;iw nfhk;GilNahdhk; - vq;fs; mq;fj;jpy; te;J epd;W – vq;fs; rq;flk; jPUk; Njth 3. fq;if rilazpe;j fq;fhjud; Gjy;th – jpy;yhk; rptfhkp khNd Xk; jPd jahguNd trdk; Vd;lh vd;id ahh; tutioj;jJ – kd;dh; tunrhd;dhuh – Gwg;gL Nghfyhk; ghl;L jfljPk; jPk; jf;fpljhf;fplN[ - rpw;g rh];jphp te;jdNu – kd;diu fhz te;jdNu trdk; ma;ah – cd; ghjhutpe;jpq;fSf;F mNef Nfhb tzf;fk; - vd;d fhuzkhf vd;id tutioj;jPh; ma;ah Jhpad; tpUj;jk; rpw;gNd Nfsha; - ey;y rpj;jputprpj;jpukhf mw;Gjkhf ahUk; mjpragLk;gb ,q;Nf cw;gdkh kz;lgk; xd;W nra;a Ntz;Lk; - tpw;gdkhf nra;jhy; ntFkjp nra;Ntd; gpd;dhy; trdk; NfSk; rpw;gNd - ,q;Nf kz;lgk; xd;W nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W cd;id mioj;Njd; - eP nra;jhy; cdf;F Ntz;ba ntFkjp nra;FNtd; rpw;gd; trdk; ma;ah – kz;lgk; nra;a Ie;J J}z;fs; Njit rpw;gd; ghl;L 1. jiyahl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs – ePq;fs; jiyahl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs 2. ehf;fhl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs – ehf;fhl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs 3. ifahl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs – ifahl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs 4. ,Lg;ghl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs - ,Lg;ghl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs 5. fhyhl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs – fhyhl;Lq;fs; gJikfNs trdk; fhtyd; cd; khfhuh[htplk; Ngha; nrhy; Jhpad; ghl;L rFdp khkh - ,q;Nf thUk; rpw;g rh];jpuj;ijg; ghUk;

106 jpUjuhl;bjd; ghl;L 1. ngUj;jKb jhpj;J fuj;jpy; nrq;Nfhy; gpbj;J jpUjuhl;bjd; te;Njd; - uh[hjpuh[d; 2. fhe;jhhpjid kze;J nfsutiu ngw;nwLj;j jpUjuhl;bjd; te;Njd; - uh[hjpuh[d; trdk; mNl – fhtyd; vd;id ahh; tur;nra;jJ – eP nrd;W vd; kfdplk; ehd; te;jpUg;gjhf nrhy; Jhpad; ghl;L vd; je;ijNa ruzk; - ve;jid ngw;w je;ijNa ruzk; trdk; je;ijNa cd; ghjhu tpe;jj;jpw;F mNef Nfhb tzf;fk; - je;ijNa jpUjuhl;bjd; ghl;L mg;gNd – thlh ve;jd; mUik fz;kzpNa thlh – xg;GlNd ehd; ngw;w cah; Qhd nry;tNk thlh Jhpad; trdk; je;ijNa kz;lgk; xd;W nra;jpUf;fpNwd; - ,e;j kz;lgj;ij ghh;f;f ghz;ltiu tutioj;J #jhl nra;J nrhf;fl;lhd; Mb – ehL efunky;yhk; nfypj;J - ,e;j ehl;il ehNd Ms Ntz;Lk; - cd;if epUgk; vOjp mDg;Gq;fs; je;ijNa jpUjuhl;bjd; tpUj;jk; epUgk; vOJtJ rpuQ;rPtp ghz;lth;f;F n[aq;fs; Nkd; NkYk; cz;lhk; - tuQ;nrhp jk;gpkhh;fs; kz;lgk; xd;W nra;jhh; - epuQ;rdkhf te;J ePq;fSk; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk; - juk; nrwp tpJud; gpd;Nd jilapd;wp tUFtPNu tpJud; ghl;L 1. Iaa;Nah - ,g;gbAk; nra;thNuh JNuhfk; - mhp mhp - ,ij epidj;jhy; MWNkh JNuhfk; 2. fh;zd; Jh;r;rhjdd; - rFdp JhpNahjdd; - fUjpath; nfhb Kbe;j fgl tQ;rid ,J 3. rpd;dQ;rpW ghz;lth;f;F ,d;dntd;W njhpahJ – jpU cs;sNk Jizapy;yhky; jpUf;nfhUtUk; VJ 4. ej;Jk; jpUjuhl;bjDf;F ehTjhd; ,uz;Nlh – ek;gitj;J fOj;jWf;Fk; epahak; vij nfhz;Nlh 5. #j;jpuk; nra; rFdpaij Fwpj;J vd;d fz;Nlh – nfhiy nra;J tho;e;jth;fs; Ftyak; jdpy; cz;Nlh 6. jUk Gj;jpuDf;F fpufhr;ruk; nghy;yhNjh – rjpfhuh; jPtpid Kd; jUkKk; epy;yhNjh – mUik vz;zh ghtpfs; mf;fpuKk; nty;yhNjh jUkh; tpUj;jk; xUehSk; ngha; nrhy;yhj cj;jk jUkuh[d; - kUgy gPkNrdd; - ghh;j;jpg uh[d; jhDk; - FUFy eFyuh[d; - FzKs;s rfhNjtd; - rJuq;fNrid #O rigjdpy; tUfpd;NwhNk gPkd; tpUj;jk; mz;lKk; eLeLq;f – mkuh;fs; kdk; xLq;f – fz;lth; fyq;fp thl – fUkiy neWq;fp[hl – jpz;LNk ifapy; Ve;jp – jpirnay;yhk; mjpu jhz;b – tz;lak; fhypyhl – kjfhp gPkd; tUfpd;NwNd mh;r;Rdd; tpUj;jk;

107 mly;kpF KuR Nghp – flnyhsp Mh;g;ghpf;f – fhz;Bgk; fuj;jpy; Ve;jp jplKld; ujj;jpNywp – rPh;Kbgzp n[hypf;f – Ithpy; eL gpwe;j mh;r;Rdd; tUfpd;NwNd ghz;lth; ghl;L Gtd khjh;fs; rhkiu NghlNt – Nr\kKlNd nfhY tPw;wpUe;Njhk; - ghtyh; ehtyh; Nghw;Wk; rpfhkzp jhijaNjhk; vd jhsk; Koq;fpl uh[hjpuh[d; thNud; - xa;ahukhf thNud; jUkh; ghl;L 1. uh[hjp uh[Dk; jh;kuh[Dk; rpk;khrdNu – ehfhpf – ehfhpfkhfNt itNghfKld; te;jdNu 2. cr;rpj kfpOk; uj;d nghd;kzp kFlk; kpd;dNt – G+uz-G+uz re;jpuid Nghy; nghUe;Jk; Fz;lyk; kpd; 3. jk;gpkhh;fs; ehy;th;fSk; ijay; JNuhgijAk; #oNt – jhuzp – jhuzp kd;dtnuy;yhk; - jho;e;Jjd; mbtzq;f trdk; jk;gpkhh;fNs! ehNkh ,e;jpugprj;ij Mz;LtUfpNwhk; - jk;gp JhpaNdh m];jpdhGuj;ij Mz;L tUfpwhd; - ekf;F ,Jtiuapy; Fiwapy;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk; jUkh; tpUj;jk; NtjKk; ehDk; tho;f – Ntjpah; FyKk; tho;f – G+jy kd;dth; tho;f – Gfo;kD ePjp tho;f – ngUik Nrh; cyNfhh; tho;f – Ngij vq;fis ul;rpf;Fk; jpUkzp khh;gdhd nrq;fy;khy; ghjk; Nghw;wp trdk; jk;gpkhh;fNs ek; rigNah – ,d;W FJFykhf ,Uf;fpwJ – ahNuh nghpNahh; jhprdk; fhZk;gb Njhd;WfpwJ – te;jhy; gagf;jpNahL mioj;J thUq;fs; tpJud; trdk; fhtyd; eP nrd;W jUkUf;F cq;fs; rpwpa je;ij tpJud; te;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;W nrhy; fhtyd; trdk; ma;ah – cq;fs; rpwpa je;ij tpJu uh[d; te;jpUf;fpwhh; jUkh; jk;gpkhh;fNs – ekJ rpwpa je;ij tpJu rpj;jg;gh te;jpUf;fpwhh; - ehk; vjpNu nrd;W mioj;J tUNthk; je;ijNa jUkh; tpUj;jk; fhtpa flNy Nghw;wp – fh;Kfj;jiyth Nghw;wp – NfhtpYk; KOJk; Njh;e;j Fw;wkw;wtNu Nghw;wp – NktpNa vq;fis ul;rpf;Fk; tpj;jfh Nghw;wp – jh;k Njtijahd vq;fs; rpj;jg;gh ghjk; Nghw;wp trdk; je;ijNa cq;fs; ghjhu tpe;jq;fSf;F ghz;lth; mNef Nfhb tzf;fk; tpJud; tpUj;jk; nka;tUk; ePjp Njh;e;j – kpftpJuNu thop – iftUk; rpiyapy; ntw;wp – fz;ltPuh;fNs thop – ngha;tUnkhop nrhy;yhj GU\ cj;jkNu thop – ItUk; thop thop – mUik ike;jh;fNs thop trdk; nry;tq;fNs RfNrkkhf thoNtz;Lk; vd tho;j;JfpNwd; jUkh; ghl;L

108 1. nghq;Fk; G+jynkq;Fk; GfOld; cyfj;jpy; nghUe;jNt fPh;j;jp ngw;w rpwpa je;ijNa Nghw;wp 2. JNuhdh; Kjy; fpUghr;rhhp m];tjhkuhd FUnghhpNahh; Nrkk; jhdh – rpwpa je;ijNa nrhy;Yk; 3. nghpa je;ijahuhd jpUjuhl;bj kfpgd; fhe;jhp mk;kd; Nrkk; jhdh – rpwpa je;ijNa nrhy;Yk; 4. Jhpad; Kjy; jk;gpkhh;fs; njhz;Z}w;nwhd;gJ Ngh;fs; Jiujdh; Nrkk; jhdh – rpwpa je;ijNa nrhy;Yk; trdk; je;ijNa - ,d;W vq;fis fhzte;jPh;fs; - vd;d fhuzkhf te;jPh;fs; tpJud; tpUj;jk; ghyNu nrhy;yf; NfsPh; - ghz;Luh[Df;F %j;j rPyDk; nghpa je;ij jpUjuhl;bj kfpgd; - NkTk; cq;fis mioj;J tpiuTld; tuNt nrhy;yp XiyAk; vOjpj;je;jhh; - cs;sij NtNw fz;lha; tpJud; trdk; nry;tq;fNs – cq;fs; nghpa je;ij cq;fis mioj;J tunrhy;yp Xiy vOjpj;je;jhh; - cq;fis mioj;J tur;nrhy;yp mDg;gpdhh; - ,jpy; cs;sij ahh;jhd; fz;lhh; jUkh; tpUj;jk; jfg;gdhh; mioj;jhned;W jilaJ nrhd;Ndhkhdhy; eifg;ghNu cyfpy; cs;Nshh; - ey;yjg;gbNa NghNthk; - tifg;gl Nrhgdq;fs; kw;wNjjhfpYk; cz;Nlh – Jfig;gl tuNt nrhd;d #o;r;rpia mwptpg;gPNu trdk; je;ijNa – nghpa je;ij mioj;jhnud;W jilaJ nrhd;dhy; cyfpy; cs;sth; eifg;ghh; - vq;fis vjw;fhf mioj;jhnud;W nrhy;Yq;fs; tpJud; tpUj;jk; ePh; nra;Ak; ahfk; jdf;F te;jpUg;gJ – epd; GfioAk; ngUikAk; fz;L neLKb JhpaDk; rFdpQk; fh;zDk; - neQ;rpdpy; nghwhik nfhz;L khrpy;yh kz;lgd; nra;J – FbGFjpdj;jpNy – cq;fis mjpNy mkuitj;J – kha #jhb NjrKk; nry;tKk; gwpf;f – jpUl;L MNyhrid elf;fpwJ nry;tq;fNs trdk; nry;tq;fNs cq;fis mioj;J kz;lgj;jpNy #jhb cq;fs; NjrKk; nry;tKk; gwpf;f Nahrid nra;fpwhh; nry;tq;fNs jUkh; tpUj;jk; njhe;juT vth; nra;jhYk; - #Jfs; vth; nra;jhYk; - je;jpuk; vth; nra;jhYk; - jh;kNk n[ankd;nwz;zp – me;jNk kpFe;j jk;gp mh;r;Rdh thlh - %j;j je;ijahh; vOjpa Xiy vd;dnjd;W thrpg;ghNa trdk; jk;gp mh;r;Rdh - ,e;j Xiyapy; vd;d vOjp ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;W gbj;Jf;fhl;L mh;r;Rdd; tpUj;jk; rpuQ;rPtp ghz;lth;f;F n[aq;fs; Nkd;NkYk; cz;lhk; - tuk;nrhp jk;gpkhh;fs; kz;lgd; xd;W nra;jhh; - epuQ;rdkhf te;J ePq;fSk; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk; - juQ;nrwp tpJud; gpd;Nd jilapd;wp tUFtPNu gPkd; tpUj;jk;

109 tifAs;s jUk J\;lh; tQ;rfkhdkpy;yh – Rrpfukpy;yh <dh; - #jhl epidg;gjhNy - ,irthNuh cyfpy; cs;Nshh; - ,jw;F jhd; mz;zh mz;zh – Rrpfu Rs;Sk; nfhz;L – fs;isAk; Fbf;fyhNk gPkd; ghl;L 1. Nghfyhfhjz;zh m];jpdhGuk; Nghfyhfhjz;zh – Nghdhy; mq;Nf nghy;yhq;F Neh;e;jpLk; (Nghfyhfh) 2. xd;wy;y ,uz;ly;y mtd; nra;j #Jfs; - ghtpfs; Kfj;ij ghh;j;jplyhNkh mh;r;Rdd; tpUjk; nghy;yhj J\;lh; me;j Gj;jpia kdjpy; nfhz;L ky;yhLk; fLk; #jhl tuNt nrhy;yp vOjpdhYk; tpy;yhYk; mwptpdhYk; kpFe;j rpj;jg;gh - ,e;j fy;yhjwpNahh;f;F ce;jd; fUj;njd;d ciu nra;tPNu tpJud; tpUj;jk; thjhLk; JhpaDf;Fk; rFdpf;Fk; fh;zDf;Fk; #jhl Ntz;lhk; vd;W nrhd;dJ Xh; NfhbAz;L – fhjhu nrhd;dnjy;yhk; fUj;jpdpy; epide;jplhky; - vNjh cd; gpjhit nfhz;L vd;idAk; mDg;gpdhNu gPkd; tpUj;jk; thtpapy; trpia ehl;b kbe;jpl nra;jhd; Kd;G eptpa khspifapy; neUg;gpl;L nfhYj;jp ghh;j;jhd; NktpNa #jhy; ,g;NghJ ntd;wpl epidj;jhd; me;j ghtpfs; Kfj;ij ehKk; ghh;j;jplyhfhjz;zh jUkh; tpUj;jk; vhpgl mz;l Nfhyk; - ,be;jpq;Nf khhp nghq;fp – gpusak; te;jpl;lhYk; - gpjh thf;if js;syhNkh – tUtJ te;Nj jPUk; - tuhjJ tuhJf;fhy; jpUf;nfhd;Wk; nrhy;y Ntz;lhk; - nrd;W ehk; tUFNthNk jUkh; ghl;L 1. NghNthk; thUk; - vd; jk;gpkhNu – GfOk; m];jpdhGuj;ij ehb – ekJ nghpa je;ij nrhy;gbNa elg;Nghk; 2. ghjpkjp mzpe;j gukid kuthj – vd; jk;gpkhNu 3. Mfhj rFzq;fs; MFNj vd;d nra;Ntd; - vd; jk;gpkhNu 4. VdpAk; rhdhDk; - vd; vjpuhf thuhNd – vd; jk;gpkhNu – mq;F vz;zkha; NeUNk – Vjhf KbANkh vd; jk;gpkhNu jUkh; trdk; fhtyd; - ,e;jpu gpurj;jpy; ,Ue;j ghz;lth; te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;W JhpaDf;F mwpf;if nra; JhpNahjd; tpUj;jk; jpUtUs; cyfk; %d;Wk; jpuKld; Jjpj;J Nghw;Wk; jUk Gj;jpuNu – vd; jikaNd Nghw;wp Nghw;wp JhpNahjd; trdk; mz;zh – cd; gjhjutpe;jj;jpw;F cd; jk;gp mNef Nfhb tzf;fk; jUkh; tpUj;jk; ngUikAk; GfOk; fPh;j;jp ngUk; JhpNahjdh – cd; mUif cd; jk;gpkhh;fs; midtUk; thop thop Jhpad; tpUj;jk; tOTw cq;fSf;F – kad; vd;w Njtjr;rd; jOTw nra;J itj;j rigapYkjpfkhf nrO etuj;jpdj;jhy; rpwf;fNt ehd; nra;J itj;j mofpa kz;lgk; mjprak; ghUk; mz;zh jUkh; tpUj;jk;

110 Re;jpukpFe;j jk;gp – JhpNahjdh nrhy;Ntd; Nfsha; - me;jkha; kz;lgq;fs; mNefk; ehd; ghh;j;jJz;L – tpe;ij ,njd;d nrhy;Ntd; - tpsq;Fk; %Tyfk; jd;dpy; ,e;j kz;lgk; Nghy vq;FNk fz;ljpy;iy trdk; Jk;gp JhpNahjdh – ehd; vj;jidNah kz;lgk; ghh;j;jpUf;fpNwd; - Mdhy; ,JNghy; kz;lgk; vq;FNk ehd; ghh;j;jpy;iy rFdp tpUj;jk; E}jdkhf nra;J El;gkha; myq;fhpj;J NrhjpNrh; kz;lgj;jpy; Jiu kf;fs; xd;W$b NghjNt kfpo;r;rpaha; ,q;Nf nghOJNghk;gbahapq;Nf – VnjhU fhyhl;Nrgk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhNkh trdk; kUkfNd - ,e;j kz;lgj;jpy; - uh[h; vy;yhk; mkh;e;jpUf;fpNwhk; - VjhfpYk; fhyhl;Nrgk; nra;ayhk; kUkfNd – Mdhy; - nrhf;fhl;lhd; Mlyhk; kUkfNd jUkh; tpUj;jk; NtjKk; ehypUf;f Qhdk; tpsq;Fk; ed;D}ypUf;f – ey;y ePjprh];jpukpUf;f – epGzh;fs; gyhpUf;f – E}jdkhf nra;j EioAW kz;lgj;jpy; #Jkilak; nra;Ak; njhopiyAk; nra;ayhNkh trdk; JhpNahjdh – rh];jpuk; - Ntjk; - ed;D}y; fij fhyhl;Nrgk; nra;jhy; ekf;F ngUik – fs;sh; - kiwah; - Fbah; - Ml;lk; - #jhl;lk; Ntz;lhk; jUkh; tpUj;jk; vd;jid vjphpahf;fp - ,Ue;jpq;Nf neLk; #jhl – nrhe;jkha; ifAk; fhYk; Jbf;fpd;w rFdp khkh – tpe;ijaha; E}W Nfhb tpiy ngw;w Kj;J khiy ge;jakha; Fwpj;J ghh;j;JNk MLk; khkh trdk; khkh - ,Njh E}W Nfhb tpiy ngw;w Kj;J khiy ge;jakhf itj;Njd; - ghh;j;J MLq;fs; JhpNahjdd; trdk; mz;zh! khkhTf;F gjpyhf thFtiyaj;ij ge;ijakhf itf;fpNwd; jhsk;: miljhsk; ,uhfk; - Gd;dftuhsp jUkh; ghl;L = `hp fpU\;z mhp fpUigahsh – ce;jd; nrayy;yNth ,J jPdjahsh (=) trdk; Xa; jUk ee;jdh – 3 – 1- tpOe;j gbahy; cd; Ml;lk; Njhw;Wg; NghdJ – ehd; MLfpd;Nwd; ghh; rFdp jU Xb thlh Fl;b rhj;jhd; - ve;jd; - cUl;Lf;Fk; gpul;Lf;Fk; cjtp nra;aj;jhd; jUkh; jU rj;aNk Jiz – Xk; mhpahp – jh;kNk n[ak; - rj;aNk Jiznad;Wk; - jh;kNk n[ankd;Wk; - cw;W epidj;j Ngh;f;F cz;NlhTz;Nlhyhak; (X) trdk; - Gyj;Njhh; rFdp jU

111 1. je;jpuNk Jiz vd;Wk; - rkh;j;Nj n[ankd;Wk; - ,e;jpu [hyk; fw;w – vdf;nfd;dNkh gak; - mf;ukNk Jiz vd;Wk; - mjw;Nf n[ankd;Wk; jf;f tpj;ijfs; fw;w vdf;nfd;d gak; (X) trdk; xU gdpnuz;L vl;L ,U ePf;f xd;gJ jUkh; jU gjwhkNy MLk; fhZk; khkh – Ml;lk; gjwhky; MLq;fhZk; - gjwhky; ghr;rpif – gf;Ftkha; Nghl;L – ge;jak; tpOe;jij ghh;j;jhl Ntz;Lk; rFdp jU RWf;fhf jhdhl Ntz;Lk; - Ml;lk; - RWf;fhf – RWf;fhf ghr;rpif ntWf;fhfkNy Nghl;L epWf;fhfNt ML – KWf;fhf NgrhNj (X) 2 – 8 – 2 njhif 10 jUkh; ghl;L vd; ifapy; ge;jak; fhNzhk; khkh – vd; ifapy; ge;jak; fhNzhk; - vd; ifapy; ge;jak; - VNdh tpof;fhNzhk; - Kd;if Mnwd;W Kdj;Njhzy;yhky; (vd;) trdk; - Mnud;NdO rFdp jU gdpnuz;L njhif vl;L NtZk; - ,g;NghJ xU gdpnuz;L njhif vl;L – ge;jak; tOe;jhf;fhy; - gypf;Fk; ekjhl;lk; - nfypf;Fk; nfypf;FnkhU (gdpnuz;L) trdk; ,Ufhy; njhif 12 – 8 – 10 rFdp tpUj;jk; vd;dhir kUkfdhd vopy; JhpNahjdh Nfsha; - nghd;dhd jUkh; Kj;J khiyia ehd; nfypj;Njd; JhpNahjdd; tpUj;jk; nghd;dhd khkh cd;id – Gfo;e;jpl vz;zyhNkh – Kd; cd; tyf;if jhUk; Kj;jk; ehd; jUFNtNd rFdp tpUj;jk; kjpAs;s jUk Gj;jpu kdkJ jsu Ntz;lhk; - Kjy; Kjy; Njhw;wth;fs; Kw;wpYk; nfypg;ghUk; jhd; - ujnf[ ehL efuj;ij Fwpj;J NkYk; ,jKld; ,dpNahuhl;lk; cd;dKk; MLNthNk rFdp jU ,uhfk; - ehjekf;fphpia – jhsk;: kp#uk; ehNd nfypf;FNwd; ghh; - ,e;jhl;lKk; - ehNd ehNd nfypf;FNwd; - ehL efunky;yhk; Nfhdhd jUkUk; - nfhbj;NjUk; FjpiuAk; MidAk; NridAk; mth; MSk; NjrKk; ( ehNd) trdk; njhif ,Uf;fhy; - 8 – 12 – 10 jUkh; jU jh;kNk rj;jpak; - mhp – mhp – jh;kNk epj;jpak; - ,k;ikapw;Nfhb ,lWfs; te;jhYk; ek;ik Nrh;ehL efuj;ij Njhw;whYk; (jh;kNk) trdk; njhif 4 kw;Wk; 5 rFdp jU

112 ,dp tpLNtNdh nfhQ;rj;jpNy – vOe;jpUg;NgNdh rdpad; Voiu ehl;L rdp Nghy gpbj;jJ Kdp vjph;g;ge;ja KOJNkhbabj;J (,dp) – njhif 12 – 10 jUkh; jU tpl;L tpl;lhYk; tplhky; ehd; fl;Lgl;lhYk; - Rl;L gl;lhYk; Fiw te;J Neh;e;jhYk; - e\;lg;gl;lhYk; - eLf;fk; te;jpl;lhYk; (jh;kk;) trdk; 6 – 1 – 7 rFdp jU ghz;lth; rhiu rFdp vd;Dk; ghk;gpd; tha; Njiu ghz;lth; vd;id gopj;J Ngrh tz;zk; Kz;lJ #J Kbe;jJ vd; vz;zk; - 12 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 10 rFdp tpUj;jk; Ie;J NgijAk; jtpw Mz;ghp Nrid ujk; - ,Q;rYs;s ehL efhpd;gkpF nrk;nghd;kzp tQ;r cg;G rl;b tuNthL ,y;yhky; - gQ;rtiu gQ;rha; gwf;fbj;Njd; ghh;j;jPNuh Jhpad; tpUj;jk; ,j;Jld; tplyhfhJ - ,th;f;Fs;s jk;gpkhUk; mj;Jld; Itiu Fwpj;J vj;Jld; ,dpNahuhl;lk; kpifaNt Mb ed;wha; nfhj;Jld; nfypj;J je;jhy; - Fynja;tk; ePNa khkh rFdp tpUj;jk; jUkGj;jpuNd ePjhd; - rh;Gj;jpudhifahNy – kUTnkd; khkd; thh;j;ij – kdjpdpy; ep[nkd;nwz;zp – xUikAk; cd; jk;gpkhiuAk; cd;idAk; Fwpj;J mUikaha; ,dpNahuhl;lk; ,d;dKk; MLNthkhf jUkh; tpUj;jk; MtJk; nja;tj;jhNy – moptJk; nja;tj;jhNy – NktpNa ek;khy; ,q;F Ntnwhd;Wk; elg;gjpy;iy – jhtpNa vq;fisAk; $l – jd;idAk; Fwpj;jhLnkd;wha; - NfhtpYk; Kiwia nrhd;Ndd; nfhg;ngd MLNthNk ,uhfk; : Gd;id tuhsp jhsk;: kp#uk; rFdp jU Ie;J NgiuAk; $l nfypf;fpNwd; - mth;fs; mbik njhopy; Ghpa typf;FNwd; - nfhQ;rk; ghpAk; NjUk; FilAk; gilAk; Nghr;R – jQ;ir ehL efuk; rfyKk; ekf;fhr;R (Ie;J) trdk; 3 – 12 – 8 ,Uf;fhy; 4 – 1 jUkh; trdk; cq;fSf;Nf nry;tk; ngUfl;Lk; - ehq;fs; xLq;fpdhYk; jh;kk; epiyf;fl;Lk; - vq;fSf;fpdp ,y;yh ,lWfs; te;jhYk; mq;fk; Fd;wp ehq;fs; mbikaha; NghdhYk; 4 – 5 – ehyhj;NjhuQ;R rFdp jU flnyy;yhk; jhz;lNahh; - fhy;thia jhz;lhky; - ifapyhfh njd;wy; tpLNtNdh – fhl;ilnay;yhk; ntl;b – Rl;LNghl;l ifahy; - fUk;ig ntl;l gag;gLNtNdh (Ie;J) (ge;jak;) ehnyl;L – 2 – 12 kw;Wk; ,Uf;fhy; - njhif 4 – 5 jUkh; ghl;L NgUk; CUk; tho;Tk; ngz;Lgps;isfs; ahTk; gpwf;Fk;NghJ $l gpwe;jNjh khkh – Ngjfk; nra;jhYk; md;dpjk; nra;jhYk; -

113 ngw;wKd;gpd; rpwe;jNjh khkh – NeUkpuTjd;dpy; epyT rpyJ fhyk; - ahUk; cs;sk; eLq;f ,uT rpyJ fhyk; rFdp jU kiyfnsy;yhk; ifapy; thpAz;lFz;L kzpia fz;L gag;gLNtNdh – te;J Neh;e;j NghJ Nkiu nfl;blhky; totontd;why; tpLNtNdh ge;jak; - 2 – 12 – 8 – 8 njhif 3 kw;Wk; 1 jUkh; jU Nghfhj nghUs; jd;id Nghntd;W nrhd;dhYk; - NghfhkNy xd;W gj;jhFNkh khkh – NghFk; nghUs; jd;id NghfhkypUf;fTk; - Gijj;J itj;jhYk; jhdpf;FNkh khkh – thfhd cyfj;jpy; kioAk; rpyJ fhyk; Ntfhd Nfhil ntapYk; rpyJ fhyk; ge;jak; - 3 – 1 rFdp jU Kd;Nd itj;j fhiy gpd;Nd itj;J vd;dhy; Kbahnjd;why; rFdp mtNdh – Kbakl;Lk; xU fhypy; epd;W mij Kbf;fhky; vOe;J NghNtNdh – nrhd;d nrhy;Yf;nfhU rpd;dk; te;jplhky; - Fl;b $l;b Nghl;L fhl;b %l;b thlh (Ie;J) ge;jak; - ehnldbhpf;fhy; - njhif 9 rFdp trdk; kUkfNd – jUk ee;jdh – midj;ijAk; Njhw;Nwhk; vd;W kdf;ftiy Ntz;lhk; - cd; kidia Xh; Ml;lk; MLq;fs; jUkh; jU Iaa;Nah - ,Jnty;yhk; murUf;F jh;kky;y – md;dpjk; nra;jhyjw;F ehd; vd;d nra;Ntd; ,uhfk; : Gd;dftuhsp jhsk;: mil rFdp jU vd; kUkfDf;F ,Fjy;y Xh; Ml;lk; - vg;gbahfpYk; nfypf;FNwd; - ,e;jhl;lk; (vd;) nfypj;Njd; - nfy;j;Njd; - kUkfNd JhpNahjdh – vy;yhk; ekf;F mbik Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; m];jpdhGuj;ij MSk; muTah; nfhbNahd; Nte;jd; - J\;liu mlf;Fk; jpt;a JhpNahjdd; cld; gpwe;Njhd; - m\;ljpf;nfq;Fk; - mjph;e;jpl Jh;rhjdd; - ,\;lkha; jkaid fhz vopYld; tUfpd;Nwd; ghl;L 1. uh[Jh;r;rhjdd; te;Njd; Ntbf;ifahf te;Njd; Ntbf;ifahf 2. fy;iy gpse;njhpAk; fLk; Nfhgk; cs;s jPud; (fy;iy) 3. nrf;fr; rpte;j fz;fs; jPg;Nghy; nghwp gwf;f jPg;Nghy; nghwp gwf;f (uh[) 4. ,dj;ijnay;yhk; mopj;j tdj;j GypNghy; ahDk; uh[Jh;r;rhjdd; te;Njd; Ntbf;ifahf 5. mz;zd; nrhd;d nrhy;Yf;F gpd;dk; thuhkNy 6. Muhjp MuhNkhL mz;lk; eLeLq;f – uh[Jh;r;rhjdd; te;Njd; - Ntbf;ifahf trdk; Mdhy; fhtyd; - ehd; ahh; vd;W njhpAkh – ,e;j m];jpdhGuj;ij MSk; JhpNahjdDf;F cld;gpwe;Njhd; ,e;j Jh;r;rhjdd; - fhl;bNy

114 thof;$baJ Gyp – ehl;bNy thof;$baJ ,e;j Jh;r;rhjdg;Gyp – fhtyd; - vd;id ahh; ,q;F tur; nrhd;dJ – vd; mz;zdh – th nrd;W mz;zhit fhz Ntz;Lk; Gwg;gL Nghfyhk; Jh;r;rhjdd; ghl;L mz;zh te;jdk; - md;ghf je;jdk; - vd; khkh te;jdk; - nghd;dbfs; Nghw;wpNdd; Jhpad; ghl;L thop jk;gpNa – eP opahfNt – Mop#o; cyfk; jd;dpy; mjpf rk;gj;jha; Jh;r;rhjdd; ghl;L vd;d rq;fjp - ,q;Nf vid mioj;jJ nrhd;dhy; njhpANk vdf;F vy;yhk; njhpANk Jh;r;rhjdd; trdk; mz;zh – vd;id vd;d fhuzkhf tutioj;jPh; Jhpad; trdk; jk;gp Jh;r;rhjdh – ghz;lth; ek;kplj;jpy; #jhb ehL efunky;yhk; Njhw;Wtpl;L – mbikfshfptpl;lhh;fs; - ItUk; mbik JNuhgijAk; ekf;F mbikahfptpl;lhs; Jh;r;rhjdd; trdk; mz;zh – mbikahf mth;fis mioj;J mth;fis ehd; ghpNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk; jUkh; ghl;L ek;gp te;J Nkhrk; NghNdd; - eLj;njUtpy; miyayhNdd; - ehuhazh vd;d nra;Ntd; - vy;yhk; vd; jiytpjpNah Jh;r;rhjdd; trdk; mz;zh – ehL efunky;yhk; Njhw;wJ cz;ikjhNd – mg;gbahdhy; ,e;j ,lk; Rj;jk; nra; jUkh; ghl;L 1. vd;d fhyk; - vq;fSf;F te;j Nfhyk; - jk;gpkhh;fs; nrhy;iy js;spNa te;jjhy; - fw;fSk; Kw;fSk; nghWf;fTk; fhykhr;Nr 2. jioj;j rigjd;dpy; - vd; Milfol;lyhNdd; - nghpNahd; Kd;ghf NgijNghy; epw;fyhNdd; Jh;r;rhjdd; trdk; mz;zh - ,e;j kzpKb ahUf;F nrhe;jk; - fow;W jUkh; ghl;L ve;jd; KbNky; Mir ,Ue;jjh cq;fSf;F – vLj;Njd; kzpKbia – thq;fp njhLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; jUkh; trdk; jk;gp – gPkr;Nrdh kzpKbia fow;wp nfhLkg;gh gPkd; ghl;L ehdh nfhLg;Ngd; mz;zh – kzpKbia ehdh nfhLg;Ngd; mz;zh – jhdhf te;j jq;f kzpKbia (ehdh) Jhpad; trdk; jk;gp – Jh;r;rhjdh - ,th;fSf;F if fhy;fSf;F tpyq;if G+l;b ghjhs rpiwapy; milj;JtpL Jh;r;rhjdd; - G+l;llh tpyq;if Jhpad; tpUj;jk;

115 nfhk;gpNy nfhk;G gl;L – Fjpiuf;F Kisj;jij Nghy; - ek;Gk; ghz;ltiu Nghy; - ek;ikAk; vz;zpf;nfhz;lhh; - jk;gp Jh;r;rhjdh – Xh; jhz;bNy eP nrd;W – tk;G tpop Nfhijahis kaph;gpbj;J ,Oj;J thuha; Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; jhl;rzk; vz;z khl;Nld; - jatJk; vz;z khl;Nld; - ehl;nrd;w tQ;rnky;yhk; ehd; ,g;Ngh jPh;j;J nfhs;Ntd; - thl;nrd;w kd;dnuy;yhk; - kWtpNa nfhYtpd; Kd;Nd #l;rpaha; nfhz;L te;J RUf;fpdpy; tpLNtdz;zh Jh;r;rhjdd; ghl;L mg;gb mts; nrhy;y Mr;rh 1. vq;fs; mbikaha; Nghd gpd; Ngr;rh – jg;gpyp rpWf;fpia jtil nfhopf;FNwd; - jlq;fs; nrhd;dhy; thia gpbj;J fpopf;FNwd; (mg;gb) 2. nrj;jkhL Gy;iy jpz;Zkh – mts; rpj;jpu fij vd;Kd; nty;Ykh – eypa kaph; gpbj;J ehNd ,of;FNwd; - QhankLj;J nrhd;dhy; ehf;if mWf;fpNwd; 3. Gypia G+id te;J nty;Ykh – mth; nghq;nfy;yhk; vd; Kd;Nd nry;Ykh – vd; rj;jk; Nfl;lTld; te;jhNy ghh;f;fpNwd; - ,fnoLj;J nrhd;dhy; rpifgpbj;J ,Of;fpNwd; 4. ngz; [hjpf;F ,e;j thh;j;ijah – M.....M gpujfhkp ePAk; Nfl;lhah- X.....X Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; kjpj;j JNuhgijNa ePjhd; - khdKs;stNs Mdhy; - tpjpj;jNjhh; E}W Ngh;fs; md;G Ntz;LKs;stNs – Mdhy; nfhjpj;jNjhh; vq;fs; mz;zd; nfhYtpd;Kd; miof;f nrhd;dhh; - vjph;j;JNk NgrNtz;lhk; - vOe;J vd;gpd;Nd thuha; JNuhgij kl;Lk; kUq;Fk; khpahij ,y;yhky; - nghl;nldNt te;jioj;j Gj;jpapy;yh ikj;JdNu – njhl;lKb cq;fsz;zd; #Ok; rigjdpy; vd;id ,l;Ltur; nrhd;dtpjk; vd;dnjd;W ciunra;tPNu Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; kd;dpNa – jUkuh[d; typa #jhb ma;Nah – cd;dpiy ehL efuk; - KOJNk Njhw;whd; - gpd;Nd jd;idAk; Njhw;whd; - jk;gpkhh;fisAk; Njhw;whd; - mg;ghy; rigapy; cd;idAk; Njhw;whd; - Xbq;fp te;J ghuha; Jnuhgij tpUj;jk; vd;idAk; nrhf;fl;lhdhb ,iraNt Njhw;whh; vd;why; - cd;idjhd; ahh;jhd; fz;lhh; - cd; mz;zid ahh;jhd; fz;lhh; - gpd;dkha; NgrNtz;lhk; - Ngrhky; ele;jplhNah Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; elelf;fj;jhd; te;Njdpg;Ngh – ehopifjdpNy ,g;Ngh – mlf;fj;jhd; te;Njdpg;Ngh – Nte;jh;fs; rigapy; ntl;fk; nfLf;fj;jhd; te;Njdpg;Ngh – fh;tNkh – vOe;J thb JNuhgij jU thuha; thuha; vd;W thJ gfil rhiy Nguhd rig jd;dpy; ngz; tuyhNkh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU

116 thuha; thuha; vd;W thJ gfilahb cuKs;s ehl;bdpy; cd;id Njhw;whub JNuhgij jU cd;id Njhw;whh; vd;W Xb te;jiof;fpwPh; - jd;id Njhw;wgpd;G jhuj;ij Njhw;whulh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU jd;id Njhw;whh; vd;W jh;f;fq;fs; MlhNj – tk;Gfs; NgrhNj – thb vd; gpd;dhNy JNuhgij jU thb Nghb vd;W tha;kjk; NgRfpwha; - Nguhd rigjd;dpy; ngz; tuyhNkh Nghlh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU ngz; tuyhnjd;W NgRfpwha; JNuhgij – ehis njhpAk; Rk;kh ele;J thb thb JNuhgij jU vd;dlh vd;dlh - ,e;j thh;j;ijfs; ePAk; Vrhjtid Nghy VRwha; ghtp Jh;r;rhjdd; jU VRwha; vd;W nrhy;yp ,sq;fpsp JNuhgij – ghrkha; nrhy;y te;jha; Vjb Rk;kh JNuhgij jU ghrkha; nrhd;Ndd; vd;W ghjfk; kdjpy; vz;zp Nt\Kk; Ntyp Nghl eP Nghlh ghtp Jh;r;rhjdd; jU Nghlh thlh vd;W NgRfpwha; JNuhgij – Vlwkha; cd;id ,Og;Ngd; rigf;F JNuhgij jU ,Og;Ngd; rigf;F vd;W ,fo;r;rpaha; NgRfpwha; - jh;kk; jhd; vq;fs; Ith; jaTz;L eP Nghlh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU jh;kk;jhd; n[ankd;W rhjpf;fpwhab – jh;kj;jhNy Ith; jpifg;gl;lhub JNuhgij jU jpifg;gl;lhnud;W nrhy;yp jj;jptpohNj – Rk;kh epfo;gl fpU\;zd; mUs; NtzJz;L eP Nghlh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU fpU\;zd; mUs; vd;W nfjpnfl;l Ngh;fis fpl;Nl tutioj;J G+l;bNdd; tpyq;if JNuhgij jU G+l;bNdd; tpyq;if vd;W ngUikaha; NgRfpwha; - jhl;rpfs; vq;fsz;zd; jaTz;L eP Nghlh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU mz;zd; mUnsd;W MLNka;f;Fk; ,ilad; ,il[hjpia $wte;jha; - Vjb Rk;kh JNuhgij jU ,il[hjp nfhQ;rnkd;W - ,fo;r;rpaha; NgRfpwha; - ,ilauhy; gpiog;Gz;L vy;Nyhh;f;Fk; eP Nghlh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU Nghlh thlh vd;W NgRfpwha; - JNuhgij – Vlwkha; cd;id ,Og;Ngd; rigf;F

117 JNuhgij jU kaph;jid tpllh ghtp – vd; kd;dth;fs; - ,ijawpe;jhy; cd; caph;jid ghpg;ghNuhlh – cj;jkpahy; nrhd;Ndd; - nrhd;Ndd; Jh;r;rhjdd; jU Jf;fk; Vz;b Jauk; Vz;b – JNuhgij vd; ehafNk – ntl;fk; VNdh – tprdk; VNdh – JNuhgij vd; gRq;fpspNa JNuhgij jU vd; myF ghu $e;jypNy – mkh;e;jpUe;j Ie;J tz;L J\;ld; njhlyhfhnjd;W me;Njhntd;W gwe;jjlh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU uh[Raahfk; jd;dpy; - vd; mz;zid eifj;jhab – mh;r;RdDf;F Nghl;l khiy – vq;fs; mz;zDf;F Nghl;bUe;jhy; - me;j Jd;gk; vq;fSf;F MFNkh – mJ jPUNkh jhd; JNuhgij jU japh;jid Grpj;j khad; - jhdhpe;J NghthNuhlh – gaph;jid gilj;j Ith; ,e;jgl;b khl;il tpl;lhNuhlh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU Jh;r;rhjdd; jhd; vOe;J JbJbj;J Nfhgkhfp – khadpl jq;ifahis kaph;gpbj;J ,Oj;JthNud; JNuhgij jU njhlNtz;lhk; ghtp – Jbf;FNj vd; Mtp – jh;kuh[d; fz;lhy; cd;id jh;kj;jhNy mopg;ghulh – kjgPkr;Nrdd; fz;lhy; kbg;ghNu nfijahNy – mh;r;Rd uh[d; fz;lhy; kbg;gNutpy;yhNy Jh;r;rhjdd; jU ,Oj;J tUfpNwd; ghh; - rpWf;fpia ,Oj;J tUfpNwd; ghh; - ,Oj;J tUfpNwd; nfhOj;j rpWf;fpia (,Oj;J) JNuhgij tpUj;jk; khkp eP ghuha; - ce;jd; kfd; nra;Ak; mepahaj;ij – jhkjk; kd;dh; #Ok; rigjdpy; tuNt nrhy;yp – fhkpfs; Nghy vz;zp – if gpbj;jpOf;f thuhd; - G+kpapy; ,tid Nghy nghy;yhj ghtp cz;Nlh JNuhgij ghl;L 1. Iaa;Nah ehd; vd;nra;Ntd; khkp - ,e;j mepahak; jhDz;Nlh khkp – nra;thNuh ,e;j Nfhyk; khkp – rpe;ij eLq;FNj vd; khkp – jQ;rKk; ePNu vd; khkp – ngw;w jhahUk; ePNa vd; khkp – tQ;rid nra;ahNj khkp – vd; khdk; fhf;f Ntz;Lk; khkp – ,tid fz;lTlNd vd; khkp – vd; fhy;fSk; eLq;FNj khkp – mz;ilapy; te;Njd; khkp – Mjhpf;f Ntz;Lk; khkp – tPl;bdpy; te;NjNd khkp – vd;id ntspapy; js;splhNj vd; khkp – nghd;dha; gpwe;jhNa khkp – vd;id Nghy; ngz;izAk; ngw;whNa khkp – E}W gps;isia ngw;w vd; khkp – vd;id Ngjfk; nra;ahNj khkp – js;sptpl;lhNs vd; khkp – js;spf;nfhz;Nl Nghthd; khkp Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; nfhLik vd;Wiuj;jha; ePAk; nfhj;jbik vq;fSf;F – mbikaha; Nghdgpd;G Mshky; tpLtJz;L – fLikaha; vd; jhia Ngha; fl;b nfhz;ljpdhNy – tpLNtNdh Rk;kh – kpDf;fhNj vOe;J thb JNuhgij jU

118 ,uhfk;: rq;fuhguzk; - jhsk; : kp#uk; JNuhfpapJ ntd;d epy;ylh – vd;id njhlNtz;lhk; J}u epy;ylh – JNuhfpNa vd jh;kh; Jiufs; mwpe;jhuhdhy; - J}f;fpNghl;L nrhd;d cd; ehf;if mWg;ghNuhlh RUs;: Nghlh ghLk; ghtp – ce;jDf;nfd;d Nghq;fhyklh – JNuhfp – Nghlh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU njhl;L ,Of;fhky; NghNtNdh – Nghdhy; JhpNahjdd; jk;gp MNtNdh – gl;bAk; ghz;lth; guNjrp MNdhNuh – gbthq;fp NrhWz;L mbikaha; NghdhNu RUs;: Ngrhky; eP thb nfhYtpw;F Ngrhky; eP thb JNuhgij jU rf;fl;lk; ,q;Nf gbf;Fwha; - ce;jd; rkh;j;njy;yhk; nrhy;yp Jbf;Fwha; - Kf;fhyKk; fhfk; KOfp Fspj;jhYk; - nfhf;fhFNkh Nghlh – thf;fhFNkh %lh RUs;: Nghlh gLk; ghtp Jh;r;rhjdd; jU vd;db vz;zhky; NgRfpwha; - cdf;Nfw;w gbf;nfy;yhk; tPRfpwha; - fw;w rkh;j;njy;yhk; fhl;Lfpwha; vd;db – fz;zPh; rpe;jp fyq;Ffpwha; - vd;db RUs;: Ngrhky; eP thb JNuhgij jU KOJk; vz;zhkNy kiyf;fpwha; - ntwp%z;l ehia Nghy Fiyf;fpwha; - fOijf;F cgNjrk; fhjpdpy; XjpdhYk; mgaf;Fuy; rj;jk; jhdwpNkh Nghlh RUs;: NghlhgLk;ghtp – ce;jDf;nfd;d – Nghq;fhyk; Nghlh JNuhfp Jh;r;rhjdd; jU Ml;lj;jpy; cid itj;J Njhw;whNu – eP mbikaha; Nghdij ghh;j;jhNu – Ml;b ePl;b G+r;rp fhl;lhNj Rk;kh – tPl;Lf;F nrhe;jk; nts;shl;baha; NghdhYk; RUs;: Ngrhky; eP thb – nfhYtpw;F – Ngrhky; JNuhgij jU 1. Iaa;Nah nja;tNk – mtjpglTk; MNdNd – kd;dth; NfhjpNa – kyh; #Lk; $e;jiy kilad; njhlyhNkh – X nja;tNk nja;tNk 2. ky;ypif kyh; #b – kfpok; vd; $e;jiy kz;Nky; GwSNj nja;tNk...X...nja;tNk 3. fz;zhsh;fs; njhl;L fiyf;Fk; vd; $e;jiy filad; njhlyhNkh – nja;tNk....X....nja;tNk Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; gQ;rth;fs; iffs; cd;Nky; gl;l khj;jpuj;jpy; tQ;rf cd; clk;G kzf;FNkh tsh;e;J NghNkh – kpQ;rpNa vd;if gl;lhy; cd; kpDf;nfy;yhk; Fiwe;J NghNkh – mQ;Rld; Mwfl;Lk; mjw;nfd;d vOe;J thb JNuhgij jU uhfk;: rq;fuhguzk; - jhsk;: mljhsk; Ngrhnjy;yhk; Ngrp – Nga;Nghy Js;Sfpwha; - ngz;Lfs; nkr;r – ngUikia nfhs;Sfpwha; - ePrNd epjj;jp epyj;jpy; tpOfpwha; - epe;ij vz;zhkNy neUk;gpdpy; tpOfpwha;

119 RUs;: Nghlh gLk; ghtp Jh;r;rhjdd; jU nkj;jnkj;j Js;sp tpOfpwha; vd;db – Nky;tuk;G vz;zhky; NgRfpwha; vd;db – fw;w rkh;j;njy;yhk; fhl;Lfpwha; vd;db – fz;zPh; rpe;jp fyq;Ffpwha; - vd;db rj;Jf;fs;sp Nghb – vj;Jf;fs;sp thb – tpj;ij fhs;sp ele;J thb JNuhgij jU uhfk;: vJFyfhk;Nghjp - jhsk;: Mjpjhsk; 1. Iaa;Nah nja;tNk – mtjpglTk; MNdNd – rkurk; ve;jDf;F jhd; te;J Neh;e;jnjd;W jUkUf;Fiwg;ghh; fhNzNd (Iaa;Nah) 2. tpghPjk; ve;jDf;F jhd; te;J Neh;e;jnjd;W gPkUf;Fiug;gh; fhNzNd 3. mgf;NfL ve;jDf;F jhd; te;J Neh;e;jnjd;W mh;r;RdUf;Fiwg;ghh; fhNzNd 4. ehYNgh;fs; eiff;f eL njUtpy; vid ,Of;f – eFyUf;Fiwg;ghh; fhNzNd 5. rhiyfSk; NrhiyfSk; jhz;b vid ,Of;f – rfhNjtUf;Fiwg;ghh; fhNzNd Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; te;jpLk; ,lj;jpy; nghy;yh khhprk;fs;sp Njfk; rpe;jp NghdJ jhd; vd;d – rpDf;fp xOFtnjd;d – Ke;jp tpy;tisj;jNghJ Kb kd;dh; rigf;F ePjhd; te;jJk; ,y;iyNah – kRf;Fwha; vOe;J thb JNuhgij nrhy; fd;dp gj;jpdp thf;F gypf;fhky; NghfhJ – ghh;kd;dUf;F ,e;j Jh;Gj;jp MfhJ – jj;jp tpOe;jhYk; jiuAk; nghWf;fhJ – ijayUf;fpe;j nja;tk; ntWf;fhJ RUs;: Nghlh gLk; ghtp ce;jDf;nfd;d Nghq;fhyklh JNuhfp Jh;r;rhjdd; jU gj;jpdp thf;if ghh;f;fpNwd; - th ce;jd; gl;b kpul;il kpul;lhNj Rk;kh – tpj;ijfsi nrhy;yp tpsf;fhNj – Rk;kh nte;ePhpNy tPL NtfhNj RUs;: Ngrhky; eP thb nfhYTf;F JNuhgij jU kapiu gpbf;fpwha; - kz;kPJ ,Of;fpwha; - capiu gwpf;fpwha; - xl;lhuk; NgRfpwha; - xU fhyhNy Vd; Rk;kh xbe;J KwpFwha; (Nghlh) Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; fz;zDf;F fyePh; rpe;jp – fjwpNa mOFk; ePyp – xd;Wf;F ,uz;lha; nrhy;yp cjhdk; NgRfpd;wha; - ngz;Fs;Ns cd;id Nghy gpul;Ls jpUl;L ePyp – kz;Zf;Fs; fz;ljpy;iy – khhprk; NghJk; thb (kapiu) Jh;r;rhjdd; jU tPdhdk; Ngrp kpDf;Ffpwha; vd;db – Ntrpfs; Nghy FYf;Ffpwha; vd;db – xd;dhd ntl;lha; KbAwha; vd;db – X....Rk;kh nehbf;Fwha; vd;db RUs;: Ngrhky; Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; ePypfs; Md Ngh;f;F epikapNy fz;zPh; vd;ghh; - Xykpl;lOFk; ePyp – cdf;F clk;ngy;yhk; fz;zPh; fz;Nld; - Nfhyk; fPo; EioAk; ve;jd; Fzj;ij mwpe;jpUe;Jk; - [hyk; nra;ahNj Rk;kh jLf;fhNj – vOe;J thb

120 JNuhgij jU ngz;Zld; $lgpwe;jJkpy;iyNah – ngz;[hjpia itj;J tho;e;jJkpy;iyNah – jd;dUs; rw;W jahsKkpy;iyNah – gl;ltNd – Jahpl;ltNd Kiw tpl;ltNd – NfL nfl;ltNd – ml Nghlh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU – fd;dpfs; khl;Lf;fhu igad; Nghnyz;zp NgrhNj – khjq;fp epfw;w tpNry;yhk; tPrhNj – ePl;b Ml;b ce;jd; - ePl;nly;yhk; ePl;lhNj – epkp\k; Nghdhy; khdk; epiy epw;f khl;lhJ – fWf;fhNj nka; Nghy; jSf;fhNj – neQ;rpy; FYf;fhNj – kpQ;rp gSf;fhNj – mb – (Ngrhky;) Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; tpjp ey;y tpjpNaahdhy; - tpy; tisj;jpl;lNghJ kjpapnyd;dDf;F – kzkhiy eP #l;lhah – fjpapy;yh ghz;ltiu fjpnad;W ek;gp nfl;lha; - ,jDld; NghNkhapd;dkpUf;fpw jdk; jhd; thb JNuhgij jU fd;dp ghz;ltuhNy eP – gl;LtpOfpwha; - vd; ghtk; ,be;J eP ghohfNt Nghtha; - Kz;leufj;jpy; %o;fp fplg;gha; cd; %h;f;fnky;yhk; ,g;NghJ ahh; Nky; tpLtha; - Rk;kh – miyf;fhNj – fh;tk; epiyf;fhNj – Nga; Nghy; kiyf;fhNj – eha; Nghy; Fiuf;fhNj – (Nghlh gLk; ghtp) Jh;r;rhjdd; ghz;lth; Ngr;R gfypNy Kbe;jJ – gopnay;yhKe;jd; jiyNky; tpOe;jJ jhd;b vd;Ds;sk; jdyh vwpAJ – rigapNy eP te;jhy; vy;yhk; njhpAJ – gbf;fhNj tPq;fp ntbf;fhNj – Rk;kh nehbf;fhNj – nrhy;yp Jbf;fhNj (Ngrhky;) JNuhgij Gyk;gy; - Kfhhp – Vfjhsk; 1. XNfh.... ,njd;d nfhLikNah – Iaa;Nah – kd;dh;fNs – xU Nfhjpy;yh kd;dh;fs; ePjp ,JjhNdh – kd;dh;fNs 2. thNfh ,JNth – kDePjpNah – Iaa;Nah – kd;dh;fNs – mgpkhdKk; nrq;Nfhy; epjhdKk; ,y;iyNah – kd;ddh;fNs 3. ngz;iz ngw;w nghpNahh;fs; ,y;iyNah – kd;dh;fNs – vd;id Ngjfk; nra;jhy; - ngz; ghjfkpy;iyNah kd;dh;fNs 4. xU ngz;Zld; $l gpwe;jJkpy;iyNah – kd;dh;fNs – xU ngz;zhf ghhpy; gpwe;J ehd; jhdh – kd;ddh;fNs 5. kidahSld; $btho;thUk; ,y;iyNah – kd;dh;fNs – khdnkd;why; ahh;f;Fk; khdNkay;yNth kd;dh;fNs 6. md;dpjk; NghyNt – mtdpapYKz;Nlh kd;dh;fNs (JNuhdhplk;) Ia;ah JNuhdNu – m];tjhkNk – vd; ma;ad;khNu – me;j md;dpjk; NghyNt mtdpapYKz;Nlh IahkhNu – gbj;jPNu IahkhNu - ,e;j nghy;yhq;if Nghy G+kpapYKz;Nlh Ia;ad; khNu – itafk; NghdhYk; tho;nty;yhk; NghdhYk; IahkhNu - ,e;j kd;dh; rigapy; vd; khdk; Nghfyhkh – kd;dh;fNs JNuhgij jU 1. G+l;bdh; tpyq;if – vd; kd;dUf;F khl;bdh; tpyq;if RUs;: G+l;bdh; tpyq;if INah – Gy;yh; nra; nfhLikahNy khl;bdh; tpyq;if

121 2. jh;kNrh; uh[h cdJ tPuk; jaq;fpjhd; Nghr;Nrh Nghr;Nrh 3. kjgPkr;Nrdh cdJ tPuk; kaq;fpjhd; Nghr;Nrh Nghr;Nrh 4. ghh;j;jpgh vd; uh[h – cdJ tPuk; ghuhfp Nghr;Nrh Nghr;Nrh 5. eFy rfhNjth cdJ tPuk; eyk;jg;gp Nghr;Nrh Nghr;Nrh – ,e;j ehff;nfhbNahd; ghtp ey;y thh;j;ijfs; Mb ey;y thh;j;ijfs; Mb eypa nra;jhd; ghtp Gyk;gy; 1. rpd;d tajpy; vd;id Njb khiyapl;BNu kd;dh;fsh – njUtpiyahjpiff;f tpl;Bh;fNs kd;dh;fsh 2. fd;dp tajpy; vd;id fypahzk; nra;jPNu kd;dh;fsh – fhl;b nfhLj;njd;id flfg;Ngha; epd;wPNu kd;dh;fsh 3. tz;zf;fpspia NghyNt itj;jPh;fNs kd;dh;fsh 4. tPuk; Fiye;jNj tpy;Yk; Kwpe;jNjh kd;dh;fsh gPkd; tpUj;jk; Nropia ,Oj;J te;J jpif rigjdpNy tpl;l jPatQ;riu – vd;if nfijapdhNy thapid gpse;J nfhj;jp kzpFly; vLj;J kz;il Mapuk; Rf;fyhFk;gb ghl;L mbf;FNwd; ghh; - mz;zh – mth;fsi mbf;FNwd; ghh; - mz;zh mbf;FNwd; ghh; - ,Njh nghbg;nghbahfNt – jbf;nfhz;L ,yg;gf;fha; mbg;gij NghyNt (mb) jUkh; ghl;L rpdj;j kd;dh;fs; thOk; nry;tKk; rpyJ fhyk; - Fdpj;jpa fhyk; te;jhy; JiutJ rpyJ fhyk; - ,dj;j vd; jk;gpkhNu ,d;dk; nfhQ;rk; - nghUq;fsg;gh – mDj;jpa fhyk; te;jhy; mbNahL mope;J NghFk; Jh;r;rhjdd; jU ghq;fha; vq;fz;zid ghh;j;J eifj;j cd; Mq;fhukpg;NghJ mwpfpNwd; thb JNuhgij tpUj;jk; - Kfhhp nghpNahh; ,y;iyNah – ngz;fis ngw;Nwhhpy;iyNah – khdKs;s chpNahhpy;iyNah – ve;jDf;fpq;Nf jpf;Fkpy;iyNah – ePjp nrhy;y mhpNahhpy;iyNah – xUtUf;Fk; mUNsapy;iyNah – xd;W epjhpa Ntio vd; gq;fpy; - nja;tkpy;iyNah – X...tpjpNah JNuhgij ghl;L ,e;j efhpy; te;j Njh\Nkh – vd; mz;zh – fz;zh – vid gpbj;J ,Of;fthuhNd - ,e;j ghtp – Jh;r;rhjdd; - thb Nghb vd;W NgRwhd; - ,e;j ghtp Jh;r;rhjdd; - ,td; thapy; GO <h;j;J tpohNjh vd; mz;zh – fz;zh Jh;r;rhjdd; jU nja;tk; jhd; vd;d nra;ANkh – ghh;f;fpNwd; - rpj;J tpj;ij ,q;Nf fhl;lhNj – ce;jd; Nriyia chpj;J rigapNy cd;id jpfk;gukhf;fhky; tpLNtNdh JNuhgij jU khaNd – itFz;lthrh – ve;jd; khdk; fhf;f Ntz;Lk; - rh;Ntrh – MaNd kiwNjLk; Mjp%yg;nghUNs – mgak; mgak; - ce;jd; ckJ ghjNk fjp RUs;: khaNd

122 Jh;r;rhjdd; jU NeaNkhL Mjp khad; vd;W nrhd;dhy; epiy epw;FNkh khdk; ghub - ,e;j murh;f;Fs;Ns cd;id eph;thdkhf;FfpNwd; - ghub JNuhgij jU fUJk; nka;Nahh;f;nfy;yhk; nka;ah – vd;id ifNruhtpl;blhNj Ia;ah – tphpfly; Nky; Japd;w Ja;ah - ,e;j Ntiy fhj;jUs; nra;tha; - Iah (mhpahp) Jh;r;rhjdd; jU chpe;j Nriy vy;yhk; chpe;J nfhz;Nld; - ,d;Dk; xU Rw;W ,Uf;fpwJ ghub – xU Rw;W NghdhYk; ghpRj;jkhfpwJ ntl;lntspahfpwJ ghub Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; Nriyehd; chpNtd; vd;W jpUb eP mwpe;J nfhz;L %iyapy; xU Nriy Kd;dNk eP cLj;j Mil ,jidAk; chpe;J nfhz;lhy; - ePypfs; FUNt mg;ghy; eP vd;d nra;a Nghfpwha; JNuhgij jU Njthjp NjtNd ,e;Neuk; jpUf;fz; ghh;it ghh;j;jhy; cgfhuk; ghtp ehd; nra;j mgrhuk; - ghptha; ul;rpg;gJ cd; ghjk; (Njthjp) Jh;r;rhjdd; jU gyNgUk; nka; vd;W nkr;rpf;nfhs;s ce;jd; - gj;jpdpj;jdkpq;Nf fhl;lhNj – ghpe;J cd; Nriyia chpe;J rigjdpNy – gTrpf;nfLf;fpNwd; ghub JNuhgij jU MizKiw ,lNt te;jha; - kLtpy; md;W Kjiyia gpse;jha; - XJk; fN[e;jpuid Gwe;jha; - cid my;yhky; Ntwpy;iy ve;jha; Jh;r;rhjdd; jU khsh Japy; tsu – ke;jpuk; fw;whYk; - ke;jpu tpj;ijf;F rypg;NgNdh – tsh;e;j Jfpnyy;yhk; - thq;fp thq;fp – ce;jd; khdk; Fiyf;fpNwd; ghub JNuhgij jU mlyp ,uzpaid tpz; Nrh;j;jha; - ce;jd; md;ghd gpufyhjid fhj;jha; - jplkhd Njth; Jah; jPh;j;jha; - n[fnkq;Fk; fpUig fz; ghh;j;jha; Jh;r;rhjdd; jU Xykpl;L Rk;kh XOFfpwha; - vd;db – xOfYf;F gag;gLNtNdh – Xa;e;J Nghdhy; nka; rha;e;J NghdhYk; cd;id gq;fk; gz;zhky; tpLNtNdh Jh;r;rhjdd; ghl;L 1. chpa chpa gl;lha; tsUNj – mts; cLj;jpa Nriy cuKk; jpuKk; Nrhh;e;J NghFNj – vd; mz;zh Nfsha; 2. xd;W gj;J E}wha; tsUNJ – mts; cLj;j Nriy cuKk; jpuKk; Nrhh;e;J NghFNj – vd; mz;zh – Nfsha; 3. ItUf;Fk; Njtp Mr;RNj – vd; mz;zh Nfsha; - midtUf;Fk; khjh Mr;RNj – vd; mz;zh Nfsha; Jh;r;rhjdd; tpUj;jk; mwpTs;s mz;zh Nfsha; - milTld; Vw;wk; Nghl;L kwpfly; ePiynay;yhk; khsNt ,iwe;jpl;lhYk; newpAs;s ,ts; gilj;j

123 neLe;Jfpy; KOtJk; thq;fp – chptJ fbdk; - INah - ,dp vd;dhy; Mfhjz;zh trdk; mz;zh – rKj;jpuk; epiy vy;yhk; - Vw;wk; Nghl;L - ,iuj;jhYk; ,iwf;fyhk; - ,ts; Nriy chpa vd;dhYk; MfhJ – cd;dhYk; MfhJ – ehd; tuz;lh mz;zh JNuhgij tpUj;jk; nfhYtpdpy; epUj;jp ve;jd; $e;jYk; JfpYk; jPz;b – nkypaNt nra;jtiu ehis NtWld; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; jiyjid Jzpe;J ntw;wpj;jdp Kuriwe;jplhky; - ,yfNt tphpj;j $e;jy; vLj;jpdp Kbe;jpNlNd rgjk; gPkd; tpUj;jk; kjpj;j JNuhgijia – kaph;gpj;jpOj;J – ts;jpuKhpe;jtd; jd;id – rijj;jtd; cjpuk; ms;sp cz;nldJ jhfk; jPuhky; ehdpdpNky; fjpj;j vd; fijahy; GdnyLj;Jz;Nzd; - nfijapdhy; [yj;jpid mbj;J Fjpj;J NknyOe;j jptiyia cz;L nfhz;ltd; gifia Kbj;jpLNtd;.