Critical Thinking

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Cri$cal Thinking ARGUMENTATION FOR THINKING AND REASONING Dr. Donald N. Philip "[Logic] took the mys$c fog from your head and gave you a mind like a knife." (Burke, nd, ≈29:09 et seq.) Reference: Burke, J. (Writer). (nd). In light of the above: Medieval conflict, faith and reason (Ep. 2) [Video], The day the universe changed.

Transcript of Critical Thinking

Cri$cal  Thinking  ARGUMENTATION  FOR  THINKING  AND  REASONING  

Dr.  Donald  N.  Philip  

"[Logic]  took  the  mys$c  fog  from  your  head  and  gave  you  a  mind  like  a  knife."  (Burke,  nd,  ≈29:09  et  seq.)  Reference:  Burke,  J.  (Writer).  (nd).  In  light  of  the  above:  Medieval  conflict,  faith  and  reason  (Ep.  2)  [Video],  The  day  the  universe  changed.  

Argumenta$on  •  The  topic  of  cri$cal  thinking  is  inextricably  entwined  with  the  topic  of  

argumenta$on  (defined  as  "...  the  ac$on  or  process  of  reasoning  systema$cally  in  support  of  an  idea,  ac$on,  or  theory").  When  you  engage  in  cri$cal  thinking,  you  are  engaging  in  an  evalua$on  of  the  argumenta$on  used  by  someone  to  make  a  point,  which  is  why  they  are  entwined–the  one  cannot  exist  without  the  other.  

(Not  this  kind  of  argument  though.)  

Syllogis$c  logic  •  Logic  is  the  philosophic  study  of  reasoning  to  dis$nguish  between  reasoning  that  

is  true  (valid)  and  reasoning  that  is  false  (invalid).  

•  One  of  the  main  logical  forms  is  the  syllogism,  which  arose  in  about  the  5th  C  BCE  in  Hellenis$c  Greece,  and  which  is  closely  associated  with  Aristotle.  

•  Formal  syllogis$c  form:  1.  Major  premise  (general):    All  mammals  are  warm-­‐blooded.  2.  Minor  premise  (specific):    My  cat  is  a  mammal.  3.  Conclusion:    Therefore  my  cat  is  warm-­‐blooded.  

•  Note  that  there  has  to  be  a  connec5on  between  1  and  2  for  3  to  be  valid.  In  this  case  it  is  the  word  “mammal.”  As  well,  we  can  see  that  the  conclusion  contains  new  knowledge  that  cannot  be  deduced  from  either  premise  by  itself.  

•  Syllogisms  are  ogen  informal  in  common  speech  or  wri$ng,  but  ogen  we  can  put  this  into  syllogis$c  form  to  analyze  the  chain  of  reasoning.  

Valid  Syllogism  Major  Premise   Minor  Premise  

Using  Venn  Diagrams  

As  in  the  previous  example,  Venn  diagrams  are  useful  in  illustra$ng  syllogisms.  In  the  example  here,  we  could  create:  

1.  All  people  are  mortal.  2.  Women  are  people.  3.  Therefore  all  women  are  mortal.  

  The  syllogism  is  valid,  but  we  haven’t  included  men  because  we  said  nothing  at  all  about  men  …  but  we  could  if  we  wanted  to  using  the  informa$on  in  this  diagram.  

Invalid  Syllogisms  •  Syllogisms  only  work  if  the  major  premise  and  minor  premise  are:  

•  Both  true  and  verifiable,  and  

•  There  is  a  connec$on  between  them.  

•  Ogen  there  is  a  problem,  as  one  of  the  premises  is  not  verifiable,  or  the  connec$on  is  implied  but  absent.  In  either  case,  we  would  reject  the  syllogism.  

Statements  can  be  true,  but  …  

In  this  case,  both  the  major  premise  (corn  is  a  vegetable)  and  the  minor  premise  (chickens  have  feathers)  are  true.  Also  chickens  do  eat  corn.  The  problem  is  that  there  is  no  connec$on  between  the  major  and  minor  premise  and  therefore  no  conclusion  can  be  made  based  on  the  given  evidence.  The  syllogism  is  invalid  and  we  would  reject  it.  

Major  Premise   Minor  Premise  

Real  life  example  …  

•  Source:  Quantum  Memoryhlp://www.crystalhealinglight.co.uk/Quantum_Memory.html  

1.  “Quantum  memory  is  received  by  the  present  self  from  overlapping  wave  func$ons  across  $me  and  space.”  

2.  “As  all  $me  exists  simultaneously,  memories  from  our  past  and  future  selves  are  con$nually  crea$ng  new  palerns  and  wave  forms”  

3.  Therefore,  “New  quantum  selves  are  created  as  the  waves  overlap  and  new  aspects  of  our  personality  are  woven  in  the  present  now.”  

•  Is  this  a  valid  or  invalid  syllogism,  and  why?  

•  Note  that  one  trick  that  is  ogen  used  to  imply  a  connec$on  between  two  statements  (paragraphs  usually)  by  juxtaposing  them  together.  Then  a  third  paragraph  makes  a  conclusion  based  on  the  implied  connec$on.  If  the  ¶s  are  long  enough,  this  can  seem  en$rely  reasonable.  

Limita$ons  of  syllogisms  …  •  There  are  limits  to  the  power  of  syllogis$c  logic.  If  you  start  with  things  that  you  

think  are  true,  but  aren’t,  then  you  can  form  syllogis$cally  valid  conclusions  but  that  simply  aren’t  true.  For  example,  using  the  Aristotelean  theory  of  elements  (Earth,  Air,  Fire  and  Water)  …  

1.  Things  that  burn  contain  the  element  Fire.  2.  Coal  is  a  mineral  that  burns.  3.  Therefore  coal  contains  Fire.  

•  This  is  a  valid  syllogism  that  isn’t  true  because  we  now  know  that  Fire  isn’t  one  of  the    elements.  

•  This  is  one  of  the  reasons  why  Francis  Bacon  (17th  C  philosopher)  rejected  the  syllogism  in  favour  of  observa$on  and  experimenta$on.  

•  However  syllogisms  are  s$ll  very  useful  when  we  have  solid  knowledge  about  the  things  the  syllogism  discusses.  

Summing  up  …  •  This  has  been  an  all-­‐too-­‐brief  explora$on  of  syllogis$c  logic.  Syllogisms  are  

useful,  but  have  their  limita$ons.  One  of  the  chief  ways  syllogisms  can  be  useful  is  in  analyzing  ar$cles  and  papers  for  the  soundness  of  their  argumenta$on.  Ideally,  you  should  be  able  to  iden$fy  the  statements  in  the  ar$cle  and  put  them  into  syllogis$c  form.  If  the  syllogisms  hold  true,  then  the  argumenta$on  is  good.  However  if  the  syllogisms  are  lacking  somehow,  then  either  something  important  has  been  leg  out,  or  the  syllogisms  is  just  plain  wrong.  In  either  case  we  would  reject  the  arguments.  

•  The  Wikipedia  ar$cle  on  syllogisms  is  quite  good  and  illustrates  the  various  fallacies  one  finds  in  syllogisms.  See  hlp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism  

•  James  Burke’s  “In  light  of  the  above:  Medieval  conflict,  faith  and  reason  (Ep.  2)”,  The  Day  the  Universe  Changed,  Ep.  2  has  some  interes$ng  bits  about  logic  at  29:09  et  seq.  and  39:06  et  seq.  URL:  hlp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-­‐LGBWu-­‐p22U&feature=related  

•   (The  whole  episode,  in  fact  the  whole  series,  is  excellent  and  worth  watching  as  is  his  earlier  series  Connec5ons.  Both  are  now  available  on  YouTube.)