Childhood and Youth Inquiry 2

Childhood and

Youth Inquiry 2:

Dissertation

Proposal“Welfare Support and Provisions: Are single Fathers being

ignored in contemporary UK Social Policy?”

Shaun Bowers: 09369097

3/23/2011

Over the past two decades social scientists have strongly

developed fatherhood as a construct distinct from motherhood

Shaun Bowers 09369097Dissertation Proposal

or parenting. Sociological research of fathers expanded on

previously held notions of fatherhood through a focus on

men’s increasing involvement as caregivers. The nurturing

aspect of fatherhood was often neglected due to the normative

expectations of the good provider.

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A1. Title of the Proposed Research

“Welfare Support and Provisions: Are single Fathers being


A2. Outline of the Research Aims and Rationale

The association between family structure and child well-being

is frequently cited as suggesting, for example, that children

who grow up with two married parents tend to fare better than

others (Musick, & Meier, 2010). Most studies of family

structure compare children in single-parent and stepparent

families to those living with their married, biological

parents, therefore treating these marriages as a homogenous

group. Research in the field appears to concentrate on how

fathers, particularly absent fathers, affect a child’s

upbringing, but not the impact of a single father with no

maternal input. Paternity establishment, child support

enforcement, welfare and public education are entwined in the

current research and publications (Musick, & Meier, 2010).

This piece of research will be looking at the past and current

policies surrounding fathers and their rights in the United

Kingdom. Additionally, to look at past and present policies

surrounding mothers and their rights (using a feminism

framework) will enable comparisons to be made between these

policies.

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Using a Neo Liberal perspective; there will be a chapter on

the controversy surrounding single parents, specifically

during the 1980’s conservative government leading to present

day. A brief discussion will be given to the situations behind

why single fathers exist such as divorce or death of mother.

With the lack of media coverage it is difficult to see if

fathers are fairly or unfairly represented in the news.

Fathers 4 Justice have run a high-profile, often

controversial, campaign for improved rights for men denied

access to their children (BBC, 2008). Fathers 4 Justice wants

parents and grandparents to be given a legal right to see

their children and grandchildren. Mr O’Connor, Fathers 4

Justice founder, (Cited in BBC article 22/04/2008) is stated

as saying "The law says you have no legal right to see your

children - only a right to apply to a court to see them - but

you have a legal obligation to pay for them". With stories

about Fathers 4 Justice being plentiful at the turn of the

millennium and continuing to present day, have these

vigilantes’s for fathers rights made a difference in father’s

rights and the policies that affect them? Using the theory of

Semiotics it will be possible to see both the positive and

negative connotations surrounding single parents and in

particular single fathers.

Finally there will be a section outlining the policies and

help that is available to fathers and a discussion to decide

whether or not fathers are being ignored in policy decisions

A3. Rationale for Conducting a Literature Based Study 4 | P a g e


One in four families in the UK is headed by a single parent,

this proportion of households has barely changed in the last

ten years (Gingerbread, 2009). The ‘typical’ single parent is

36, used to be married, and has a paid job. But single parents

are still stigmatised and stereotyped, 89 per cent of them

feel that the media portrays them in a bad light (Gingerbread,

2009). The charity Gingerbread (2009) believe Politicians

should commit to tackle stigma against single parent families,

and family policy should address the needs of all types of

family including single parent families.

Government policies are directed mainly at mothers rather than

male parental figures. The purposes of these policies are to

regulate or promote certain behaviours. The Child Maintenance

and Other Payments Act’s (2008) main objective is to maximise

the number of those children who live apart from one or both

of their parents for whom effective maintenance arrangements

are in place (Legislation.gov.uk, 2008) .Paternity

establishment and child support enforcement, targeted mainly

toward non-resident custodial fathers, have been key features

of policies aimed at encouraging fathers to remain involved

with and economically responsible for their children. In

addition, strategies affecting custody, welfare, family leave,

and public education have an impact on the quality and

frequency of father involvement. The original planned question

was:

“Can single Fathers raise a child to the same

socially accepted standards as single Mothers?”

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After doing some background research it was identified that

there is a major lack of research in this area.

After re- evaluating and gaining feedback, it was decided to

amend the research question to:

“Welfare Support and Provisions: Are single Fathers being


This research will be a library based study. It is felt that

this would be a better way for a retrieval of the details

needed. It is hoped that there will be more research projects

and information available to write about this topic. The

indicative Bibliography shows the plethora of research

available to complete the dissertation piece.

A4. Review of Appropriate Academic Literature

Throughout the Western world, poor women raising children

alone have been among the central figures of the discourses of

social welfare. In Canada, as in other Western locations, in

the early 20th century, investing in poor mothers was one of

the founding programmes of an emerging social welfare system

(e.g. Strong-Boag, 1979; Lewis, 1983; Gordon, 1994; Hobson,

1994; Struthers, 1994; Mink, 1998 cited in Lessa, 2006).

Although reluctantly recognized (and conditional on

surveillance and moral regulation) (Lessa, 2006), poor,

fatherless families were, arguably, allocated a space within

the system of social welfare. By the 1970s, with high

representation among the poor, these women were the visible

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faces of the failures of this categorical system of

entitlement (Lessa, 2006). Since then, the introduction of

new regulations in the 1980s and exclusionary practices of the

various neo-liberal public programmes of the 1990s further

reduced single mothers’ welfare, while this identity grew in

centrality within discussions of our collective future.

Beginning in the 1960s, father involvement emerged as a formal

field of interdisciplinary scholarship, with contributions

from a diverse academic disciplines and organisations around

the world (Pattnaik & Sriram, 2010). There has been

recognition that fatherhood is a socio cultural phenomenon

that is continuously evolving in response to changing family

structure and ideologies, market realities and stat policies

(Hobson & Morgan, 2002 cited in Pattnaik & Sriram, 2010).

Over the past two decades, social scientists have strongly

developed fatherhood as a construct distinct from motherhood

or parenting (Silverstein & Auerbach, 1999). Sociological

research on fathers, expanded on previously held notions of

fatherhood through a focus on men’s increasing involvement as

caregivers. For example, if one considers the heterosexual

nuclear family to be the optimal family structure for child

development, then one is likely to design research that looks

for negative consequences associated with growing up in a gay

or lesbian parented family, for example (Silverstein &

Auerbach, 1999). If, in contrast, one assumes that gay and

lesbian parents can create a positive family context, then one

is likely to initiate research that investigates the strengths

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of children raised in these families (Silverstein & Auerbach,

1999). The nurturing aspect of fatherhood was often neglected

due to the normative expectations of the good provider.

Although most single-parent families are headed by women,

there is a minority of single-parent families headed by

fathers (Dornbusch & Strober, 1988). Single-father families

have different problems from those found in families headed by

a woman, but they do have problems nonetheless. Although only

10% of single-parent families are headed by a man, this still

amounts to a substantial number of families (Dornbusch &

Strober, 1988).

In light of these social changes there is widespread

recognition for the need to broaden the conceptualization of

the father; however, the attempt to expand the definition of

fathers has incited considerable debate amongst researchers

and policymakers (Nimkoff & Middleton, 1960). Family make-up

varies greatly— from single-parent, to cohabiting, to the re-

combined. This variation implies, in turn, great diversity in

father and mother roles and how children develop and are cared

for (Nimkoff & Middleton, 1960).

An inability to provide runs contrary to normative

expectations of responsible fatherhood and has led to a

characterization of single fathers, often poor and minority

men, as absent parents.

A5. Theory and Methodology

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As stated earlier, this dissertation piece will look to see if

there is a bias in policy toward women. To try to understand

this; a Feminist theory framework will be examined and used to

see if there is a contrast between policies for men to women.

Over the past couple of decades it seems that feminism, in all

its various forms, has been facing increasing conflict and

tension (Hirsch & Keller, 1990 cited in Rich, 2005). In

attempting to explain why males have controlled the political,

economic, and social institutions of most societies, theorists

from divergent traditions have relied on a common observation:

historically and cross- culturally, women have been the

primary caretakers of young children (Coltrane, 1988).

Feminists continue to make gains in the area of family law, as

women’s unpaid work in the home is increasingly recognised and

valued for the purposes of private support obligation and

property entitlements and definitions of family are broadened

to include non traditional families (Cossman & Fudge, 2002).

Susan Pedersen (1993 cited in Myles & Quadagno, 2002), for

example, concludes that despite the presence of a women’s

movement with a well-articulated feminist vision of welfare,

Britain developed comparatively in democratic policies that

discouraged women’s employment.

Neo liberal and neo conservative discourses of gender and

family are vying for position in the current phase of

reprivatisation (Cossman & Fudge, 2002).

Since The New Labour came into power in 1997 they implemented

a programme of reforming the welfare state and public services9 | P a g e


in the UK (Mooney cited in Lavalette & Pratt, 2009). They

presented the modernisation as a key political objective. Tony

Blair’s New Labour was proved to be as enthusiastic about

welfare reform as the conservative were during their 18 year

reign between 1979 and 1997 (Mooney cited in Lavalette &

Pratt, 2009).

Both the neo liberal beliefs of the conservative government

and the centre left views of New Labour suggests that the

relatively high child poverty rate is due to the elevated

number of children living in single parent families,

justifying neoliberal welfare to work programmes such as the

New Deal for Lone Parents (2001),as a way of dealing with the

large numbers of single-parent families in the UK (Ansell,

Barker & Smith, 2007).

Policy analysis emerged as a sub-field of political science

and tries to understand and build up knowledge of the whole

process of public policy beginning with the global economy

perspective through to the complex issues of which policies

are included, who designs them and how they are to be

delivered to the public (Hudson & Lowe, 2009).

Using Policy analysis allows researchers to critically dissect

and compare these strategies. With this it will be possible to

perceive a difference between single fathers and single

mothers.

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Part B/ Necessary Appendices

B1. References for part A

Ansell N, Barker J & Smith F (2007) 'UNICEF Child Poverty in

Perspective Report: a view from the UK'. Children's

Geographies 5(3) 325-330

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Baskerville, S (2002). The Politics of Fatherhood. Political

Science and Politics, vol. 35, no. 4 (December 2002).

BBC News (2008). Profile: Fathers 4 Justice.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3653112.stm [Accessed 21/03/11]

Coltrane, S (1988). Father-Child Relationships and the Status

of Women: A Cross-Cultural Study. The American Journal of

Sociology, Vol. 93, No. 5 (Mar., 1988), pp. 1060-1095

Cossman, B & Fudge, J (2002). Privatization, law, and the

challenge to feminism. Canada: University of Toronto Press

Incorporated

Dornbusch, S & Strober, M (1988). Feminism, Children and the

New Families. UK: Guilford Press.

Dufur, M et al (2010). Sex Differences in Parenting Behaviours

in Single-Mother and Single-Father Households. Journal of

Marriage and Family 72 (October 2010): 1092 – 1106

Gingerbread: Single parents, equal families (2009). Single

parents, equal families; family policy for the next decade.

http://www.gingerbread.org.uk/ [accessed 21/03/11]

Hudson, J & Lowe, S (2009). Understanding The Policy Process:

Analysing Welfare Policy and Practice 2nd ed. UK: The Policy

Press.

Lavalette, M & Pratt, A Ed (2009). Social Policy: Theories,

Concepts and Issues 3rd ed. UK: Sage Publications.

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http://www.gingerbread.org.uk/

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3653112.stm


Legislation.gov.uk (2008). [online] Child Maintenance and

Other Payments Act 2008.

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/6/contents.

[accessed 21/03/11]

Lessa, L (2006). Discursive Struggles within Social Welfare:

Restaging Teen Motherhood. British Journal of Social Work, 36,

283–298

Musick, K & Meier, A (2010). Are both parents always better

than one? Parental conflict and young adult well-being. Social

Science Research 39, 814–830

Myles, J & Quadagno, J (2002). Political Theories of the

Welfare State. The Social Service Review, Vol. 76, No. 1,

March 2002

Nimkoff, M & Middleton, R (1960). Types of Family and Types of

Economy. The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 66, No. 3

(Nov., 1960), pp. 215-225

Pattnaik, J & Sriram, R (2010). Father/Male Involvement in the

Care and Education of Children: History, Trends, Research, and

Programs around the World. Childhood Education International

Focus, issue 2010

Rich, E (2005). Young women, feminist identities and neo-

liberalism. Women’s Studies International Forum 28 (2005) 495

– 50

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http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/6/contents


Silverstein, L & Auerbach, C (1999). Deconstructing The

Essential Father. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST, Volume 54, Number 6

(June 1999)

B2. Indicative Bibliography

Ajzenstadt, M (2009). Moral Panic and Neo-Liberalism: The Case

of Single Mothers on Welfare in Israel British Journal of

Criminology. (2009) 49, 68–87

Ansell N, Barker J & Smith F (2007) 'UNICEF Child Poverty in

Perspective Report: a view from the UK'. Children's

Geographies 5(3) 325-330

Baskerville, S (2002). The Politics of Fatherhood. Political

Science and Politics, vol. 35, no. 4 (December 2002).

BBC News (2008). Profile: Fathers 4 Justice.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3653112.stm [Accessed 21/03/11]

Belsky, J et al (2006). Effects of Sure Start local programmes

on children and families: early findings from a quasi-

experimental cross sectional study. British Medical Journal,

332, 1476–1481.

Bradshaw, J & Millar, J (1991). Lone Parent Families in the

UK. Department of Social Security Research Report No. 6

Broomhill, R (2001). Neoliberal Globalism and the Local State:

A Regulation Approach. JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY

No 48

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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3653112.stm


Cabrera, N (2000). Fatherhood in the Twenty-First Century.

Child Development, January/February 2000, Volume 71, Number 1,

Pages 127–136

Chambaz, C (2001). Lone-parent Families in Europe: A Variety

of Economic and Social Circumstances. Social Policy &

Administration, Vol 35, No. 6, pp 658-671

Chesnais, J (1996). Fertility, Family and Social Policy in

Contemporary Western Europe. Population and Development

Review, Vol 22, iss 4, pp 729-739

Coley, R, (1998). Children’s Socialization Experiences and

Functioning in Single-Mother Households: The Importance of

Fathers and Other Men. Child Development, February 1998,

Volume 69, Number 1, Pages 219-230

Coltrane, S (1988). Father-Child Relationships and the Status

of Women: A Cross-Cultural Study. The American Journal of

Sociology, Vol. 93, No. 5 (Mar., 1988), pp. 1060-1095

Collier, R (2001). A Hard Time to Be a Father? Reassessing the

Relationship between Law, Policy, and Family (Practices).

JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY VOLUME 28, NUMBER 4, DECEMBER 2001,

pp. 520–45

Cossman, B & Fudge, J (2002). Privatization, law, and the

challenge to feminism. Canada: University of Toronto Press

Incorporated

Dornbusch, S & Strober, M (1988). Feminism, Children and the

New Families. UK: Guilford Press.

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Dunifon, R & Kowaleske-Jones, L (2002). Who’s in the House?

Race Differences in Cohabitation, Single Parenthood, and Child

Development. Child Development, July/August 2002, Volume 73,

Number 4, Pages 1249–1264

Dunnell, K (2007). The Changing Demographic Picture of the UK.

National Statistician’s Annual Article in the Population

Eisenstadt, N (2002). Sure Start: key principles and ethos.

Blackwell Science Ltd, Childcare, Health & Development, 28, 1,

3–4

Florsheim, P et al (1998). Family Relationships, Parenting

Practices, the Availability of Male Family Members, and the

Behaviour of Inner-City Boys in Single-Mother and Two-Parent

Families. Child Development, October 1998, Volume 69, Number

5, Pages 1437-1447

Gingerbread: Single parents, equal families (2009). Single

parents, equal families; family policy for the next decade.

http://www.gingerbread.org.uk/ [accessed 21/03/11]

Glass, N (1999). Childcare Partnerships and working with other

policies such as the New Deal for Communities, Education

Action Zones, etc. CHILDREN & SOCIETY VOLUME 13 (1999) pp.

257-264

Grady, W et al (1996). Men's Perceptions of Their Roles and

Responsibilities Regarding Sex, Contraception and

Childrearing. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 5

(Sep. - Oct., 1996), pp. 221-226

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http://www.gingerbread.org.uk/


Haney, L & March, M (2003). Married Fathers and Caring

Daddies: Welfare Reform and the Discursive Politics of

Paternity. SOCIAL PROBLEMS, Vol. 50, No. 4, pages 461–481.

Howitt, A & Fison, L (1883) From Mother-Right to Father-Right.

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain

and Ireland, Vol. 12 (1883), pp. 30-46

Hudson, J & Lowe, S (2009). Understanding The Policy Process:

Analysing Welfare Policy and Practice 2nd ed. UK: The Policy

Press.

Kamerman, S et al (2003). Social Policies, Family Types and

Child Outcomes in Selected OECD Countries. OECD SOCIAL,

EMPLOYMENT, AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS, No.6, May 20, 2003

Lavalette, M & Pratt, A ed (2009). Social Policy: Theories,

Concepts and Issues 3rd ed. UK: Sage Publications.

Leon, J et al (2010). Health-risk behaviours in adolescents as

indicators of unconventional lifestyles. Journal of

Adolescence 33 (2010) 663–671

Legislation.gov.uk (2008). [online] Child Maintenance and

Other Payments Act 2008.

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/6/contents.

[accessed 21/03/11]

Lessa, L (2006). Discursive Struggles within Social Welfare:

Restaging Teen Motherhood. British Journal of Social Work, 36,

283–298

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http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/6/contents


Lewis, J et al (2010). Making the Transition from Sure Start

Local Programmes to Children's Centres, 2003–2008. Journal of

Social Policy, FirstView Article (2010)

Lewis, J (2011). From Sure Start to Children's Centres: An

Analysis of Policy Change in English Early Years Programmes.

Journal of Social Policy (2011), 40: 71-88

Lloyd, N et al (2005). Fathers in Sure Start: The National

Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS). UK: Institute for the Study

of Children, Families and Social Issues.

Marsiglio, W & Hinojosa, R (2007). Managing the Mult-ifather

Family: Stepfathers as Father Allies. Journal of Marriage and

Family 69 (August 2007): 845–862

Martin, C (1995). Father, Mother and the Welfare State Family

and Social Transfers after Marital Breakdown. Journal of

European Social Policy 1995 5: 4

McKeown, K (2001). Families and Single Fathers in Ireland. :

Journal of the Institute of Public Administration, 49, 1, 3-

24.

Musick, K & Meier, A (2010). Are both parents always better

than one? Parental conflict and young adult well-being. Social

Science Research 39, 814–830

Myles, J & Quadagno, J (2002). Political Theories of the

Welfare State. The Social Service Review, Vol. 76, No. 1,

March 2002

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Obradovic, J & Hipwell, A (2010). Psychopathology and social

competence during the transition to adolescence: The role of

family adversity and pubertal development. Development and

Psychopathology 22 (2010), 621–634

Pong, S et al (2003). Family Policies and Children’s School

Achievement in Single- Versus Two-Parent Families. Journal of

Marriage and Family 65 (August 2003): 681–699

Nimkoff, M & Middleton, R (1960). Types of Family and Types of

Economy. The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 66, No. 3

(Nov., 1960), pp. 215-225

Pattnaik, J & Sriram, R (2010). Father/Male Involvement in the

Care and Education of Children: History, Trends, Research, and

Programs around the World. Childhood Education International

Focus, issue 2010

Rich, E (2005). Young women, feminist identities and neo-

liberalism. Women’s Studies International Forum 28 (2005) 495

– 50

Roy, K (1999). Low-Income Single Fathers in an African

American Community and the Requirements of Welfare Reform.

JOURNAL OF FAMILY ISSUES, Vol. 20 No. 4, July 1999 432-457

Rutter, M (2005). Is Sure Start an Effective Preventive

Intervention? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Volume

11, Number 3, September 2006, pp. 135-141(7)

Saunders, P (1999). Families, Welfare and Social Policy.

Family Matters, No.54 (1999), pp 4-11

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Sigle-Rushton, W & McLanahan, S (2002). Father Absence and

Child Well-Being: A Critical Review. Centre for Research on

Child Wellbeing, Working Paper #02-20

Silverstein, L & Auerbach, C (1999). Deconstructing The

Essential Father. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST, Volume 54, Number 6

(June 1999)

Shola Orloff, A ().Social Provision and Regulation: Theories

of States, Social Policies and Modernity. Institute for Policy

Research North western University Working Paper Series WP-04-

07

Smith, J (1997). The Ideology of Family and Community: New

Labour Abandons the Welfare State. The Socialist Register, pg

177-196

Stansfeld, S et al (2004). Ethnicity, social deprivation and

psychological distress in adolescents School-based

epidemiological study in east London. The British Journal of

Psychiatry (2004) 185: 233-238

Tamis-LeMonda, C & Cabrera, N (1999). Perspectives on Father

Involvement: Research and Policy. SOCIAL POLICY REPORT Society

for Research in Child Development Volume 13, Number 2

Wong, Y et al (1992). Single-Mother Families in Eight Countries:

Economic Status and Social Policy. Luxembourg Income Study

Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 76

B3. Government Policies

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Family support services operate within a governmental

framework. The Labour government’s family policy agenda called

Supporting Families in 1998, framed family support on the one

hand and child poverty reduction on the other, implies an

endorsement of men’s child-caring and breadwinner

responsibilities. In an early Home Office Ministerial Seminar

on fatherhood in 1998, the Minister’s opening comments

stressed that “Probably the single most effective way of

helping young men was by encouraging the involvement of their

fathers in their lives”.

Since the cross-Government Ministerial Group on the Family was

formed in 1998 several practice and policy developments have

been promoted to support involved fathering, including:

programmes supporting contact between fathers and children;

young father’s parenting programmes; and the development of

contact centres providing places for children to meet with

non-resident fathers. Similarly a raft of work-life balance

initiatives have been developed to support employed fathers,

with the symbolic arrival of paid paternity leave in April

2003.

First, shortly after taking office in 1997, New Labour

established a Social Exclusion Unit to target problems such as

homelessness, truancy, school expulsions, teen parenthood, and

16-18 year olds not in work, education, or training, young

runaways, and bad neighbourhoods (Kamerman et al, 2003).

Second, the government has also made a commitment to end child

poverty in the next 20 years (Blair, 1999 cited in Kamerman et

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al, 2003). and has set specific targets for poverty reduction

in the interim. To meet these ambitious goals, the government

has developed a three-part strategy, which consists of

investments in children and communities, policies to promote

work and to make work pay, and improved benefits for all

children including those whose parents are not able to work

(Kamerman et al, 2003).

Sure Start (2001) local programmes (SSLPs) is another all

encompassing policy that represents a large scale, area based

effort by the Labour government to enhance the health and

development of children under 4 years and their families who

live in socially deprived communities in England.

B4. Sources of Existing Statistical Evidence

Office for National Statistics (2009). Marital Status: Married

population continues to decline.

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=2312. [Accessed

07/03/11]

Office for National Statistics (2009). Marriages:

Registrations in England and Wales remain stable.

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=322 [Accessed

07/03/11]

B5. Initial Dissertation Structure

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http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=322

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=2312


Introduction- outline of aims and objectives and a literature

review. (1000 words)

Chapter One- Family Types: Single parents a Neo-Liberal/

Feminist critique (2000 words)

Chapter Two- Social Policies: Sure Start Critique, Feminist

and Neo-Liberal perspectives (2000 words)

Chapter Three- Contemporary Issues surround in policy:

Coalition changes (2000 words)

Conclusion- the objective of this is to tie all the themes and

theories together. (1000 Words)

B6. Initial Schedule for Conducting the Inquiry

Month Task Time

allocated

July-

September

Read journal articles.

Start to gather key concepts from

articles and write up introduction

and literature review

Whole of

July

September

October Concentrate on chapter one: Family

Types: Single parents a Neo-Liberal/

Feminist critique (2000 words)

First two

weeks

dedicated

to

research, 23 | P a g e


second two

to write up

November Concentrate on chapter two: Social

Policies: Sure Start Critique,

Feminist and Neo-Liberal perspectives

(2000 words)

First two

weeks

dedicated

to

research,

second two

to write up

December Concentrate on chapter three:

Contemporary Issues surround in

policy: Coalition changes (2000

words)

First two

weeks

dedicated

to

research,

second two

to write up

January Write up the Conclusion- the

objective of this is to tie all the

themes and theories together. (1000

Words)

First two

weeks

dedicated

to

research,

second two

to write up

February Review work and add any pertinent

information.

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Print dissertation

March Hand in completed work

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Childhood and Youth Inquiry 2

Documents

Transcript of Childhood and Youth Inquiry 2