Small Ruminant Research 59 (2005) 281–288

Carcass and meat quality of lambs fed fresh sulla (HedysarumcoronariumL.) with or without polyethylene

glycol or concentrate�

A. Prioloa,∗, M. Bellaa, M. Lanzaa,V. Galofaroa, L. Biondia, D. Barbagalloa,

H. Ben Salemb, P. Pennisia

a University of Catania, DACPA Sezione di Scienze delle Produzioni Animali, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italyb INRA-Tunisie, Laboratoire des Productions Animales et Fourrag`eres, rue H´edi Karray, 2049 Ariana, Tunisia

Abstract

Twenty-four male Comisana lambs aged 85 d were assigned to one of three treatments (control, sulla and PEG). The sullagroup was offered fresh sulla as sole diet. The PEG lambs received fresh sulla but were also orally drenched once daily with80 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with the aim to eliminate the effects of condensed tannins from sulla. The control group wasfed commercial concentrate and oats hay. The animals were slaughtered at 148 d of age. Carcass and meat quality were studied.The carcass yield was lower (P< 0.01) in the animals given sulla without PEG, compared to those given concentrates and tot lighter inc nsedt pc la redt edl G)c((©

K

P

0

hose given sulla plus PEG. Carcass weight was however unaffected by diet treatment. Meat from sulla lambs wasolour (higherL* -value) compared to the other two groups (P< 0.05). This effect seems to be due to the presence of condeannins in sulla. Saturated fatty acids 10:0, 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0 were higher (P< 0.05) in the fat from animals of the control grouompared to the other two groups. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) was at higher concentrations (P< 0.0005) in the fat from contronimals compared to the other two groups. Linolenic acid (18:3n-3) was increased by four-fold by grass diets as compa

o concentrate diet (P< 0.0005). Addition of PEG to the sulla diet reduced (P< 0.05) this fatty acid concentration. Conjugatinoleic acid was present at double concentration (P< 0.0005) in the fat from animals fed fresh sulla (with or without PE

ompared to those given concentrates. Among the long chainn-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (22:5; EPA) was higherP= 0.001) in the fat from sulla and PEG groups compared to the control group. Then-6:n-3 ratio was increased by three-foldP

e

� d by.∗

9do

< 0.0005) in animals given concentrate as compared to those receiving sulla.2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ywords: Conjugated linoleic acid; Fatty acids;Hedysarum coronarium; Meat; Sheep; Tannins

This paper is part of the special issue entitled: Methodology, nutrition and products quality in grazing sheep and goats. Guest EditeMorand-Fehr, H. Ben Salem and T.G. Papachristou.Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 095 234497; fax: +39 095 234345.E-mail address:a.priolo@unict.it (A. Priolo).

21-4488/$ – see front matter © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.i:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.05.012

282 A. Priolo et al. / Small Ruminant Research 59 (2005) 281–288

1. Introduction

Sulla (Hedysarum coronariumL.) is a legumegrass, widespread in the Mediterranean area and inNew Zealand, containing condensed tannins (CT).Condensed tannins are phenolic compounds presentin numerous shrub and tree species and in severallegume forages (Terrill et al., 1992). These com-pounds are hydrosoluble polymers, which form solubleand insoluble complexes mainly with proteins. Theyalso have affinity towards carbohydrates, aminoacidsand minerals (Makkar, 2003). Polyethylene glycol(PEG) was proved in numerous studies to be effi-cient in deactivating tannins (Makkar et al., 1995;Ben Salem et al., 1999; Silanikove et al., 2001for areview).

Some studies (Jones et al., 1994; Molan et al., 2001)have shown that CT from different legume foragesinhibit cell growth and division of ruminal microor-ganisms, particularlyButyrivibrio fibrisolvens, that isamong the responsible for ruminal biohydrogenation(Kepler and Tove, 1967).

In the last years, there has been a growing interestamong consumers for the nutritional properties of foodsfor human consumption. In particular, the fatty acidcomposition is associated to the risk or the preventionof several human illnesses (Enser et al., 1998; McGuireand McGuire, 2000).

To our knowledge in literature, there are noreports on the effects of feeding fresh sulla on lambm tedt mi-n po-s CTt Thet CT-cw fedc

2

arml -i tryo ni-v

2.1. Animal and diets

Twenty-four male Comisana lambs, born in thesame farm, were ranked at 85 d (average weight20.6± S.D. 1.78 kg) on descending live weight intoblocks of three and within block randomly assigned toone of three treatments (control, sulla and PEG). Thelambs, separated for each treatment, were penned intocollective boxes where they were kept for the durationof the trial. The sulla group was offered fresh sulla assole diet. The grass was distributed three times per day(09:00, 12:00, 15:00) ad libitum to ensure 15% refusal.The sulla was first growth, about 50 cm high, leafy butnot yet flowering and was harvested by hand daily. ThePEG lambs received fresh sulla with the same proce-dure adopted for the sulla group. These animals werealso orally drenched with 80 g of polyethylene glycol(molecular weight 4000; ACEF, Fiorenzuola d’Arda,Italy) dissolved in water (50%, w/v) once daily at 08:30.The control group was fed commercial concentrateand oats hay. The concentrate comprised 384 g/kg bar-ley, 300 g/kg alfalfa, 167 g/kg maize, 130 g/kg soybeanmeal, 19 g/kg minerals and vitamins. The concentratealways constituted the 85% of the diet and the hay con-stituted the remaining 15% on an as fed basis. Thefeeding level of the control lambs was adjusted everyweek to achieve similar growth rates between controland sulla groups.

2

fibre( )( g)o andr ace-t( erem –ironr n-d eedo cida ee uco-c oodw st(

eat quality. In particular, here we have formulahe hypothesis that a possible inhibition of rual microorganisms would affect fatty acid comition in lambs fed a legume grass containinghorough a reduced ruminal biohydrogenation.rial was designed to have two treatments fed aontaining legume grass (H. coronariumL.) with orithout polyethylene glycol and a third treatmentoncentrates.

. Materials and methods

The trial was conducted at an experimental focated in eastern Sicily (37◦25′N; 15◦4′E). The expermental protocol was approved by the Italian Minisf University and Scientific Research and by the Uersity of Catania (Italy).

.2. Feed analyses

Feed were analysed for neutral detergentNDF) (Van Soest et al., 1991) and crude protein (CPAOAC, 1995; method 984.13). Samples (200 mf feed offered (i.e. concentrate, hay, sulla)efusals were extracted in triplicate in aqueousone (70%, v/v) for a night at 4◦C. After centrifugation3000 g/min, 4◦C, 15 min), condensed tannins weasured on supernatant using the butanol–HCl

eagent (Porter et al., 1986) and leucocyanidins as staard. Total phenols (TP) were determined only in fffered by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent using tannic as a standard (Makkar et al., 1993). Total phenols werxpressed as tannic acid equivalent and CT as leyanidin equivalent. Fatty acids content in the fas determined according toSukhija and Palmqui

1988).

A. Priolo et al. / Small Ruminant Research 59 (2005) 281–288 283

2.3. Animal slaughtering and carcasscharacteristics

At age 148 d, the animals were conducted by truckto the abattoir (20 km from the experimental station).They were stunned by a captive bolt and exsanguinated;the contents of the gastrointestinal tract were removedto calculate empty live weight. Six hours post mortemthe carcasses were placed in a refrigerate room set to4◦C. Twenty-four hours post mortem, the carcasseswere removed from the refrigerated room and halvedinto sides. The right hind leg was excised in order todetermine the percentage of lean, bone and fat.

2.4. Analysis of indoles in perirenal fat

A sample of perirenal fat was taken from the kidneyof the right side and stored under vacuum at−20◦Cfor 30 d. Indole and skatole were determined by HPLCaccording toGarcia Regueiro and Rius (1998).

2.5. Meat analyses

Twenty-four hours post mortem the musclelongis-simus dorsiwas excised from the right side. The pHwas measured at the level of the 13th thoracic rib,with an Orion 9106 penetrating probe. Four centime-tres muscle slices were allowed to bloom for 24 h on apolystyrene tray, over-wrapped with polyethylene filmat 4◦C. Colour (C.I.E.L* a* b* ) was then measured witha

nf ked(n

re( tent.P r fatw ord-i da -r pil-li as.T igan,T ni-g thef ,

1 min; temperature increasing, 2◦C/min; final tem-perature, 220◦C; final isotherm, 10 min; carrier He,20 cm/s; injector temperature, 230◦C; detector (F.I.D.)temperature, 250◦C; injector in split, 70:30. The differ-ent fatty acids were identified by the retention time withreference to fatty acid standards. The different fatty acidstandards were purchased from Larodan Fine Chemi-cals AB (Malmo, Sweden). Standard mix was preparedin our laboratory and the palmitic acid was used as thereference fatty acid (response factor = 1.00). Fatty acidsare expressed as g/100 g identified fatty acids methylesters.

2.6. Statistical analysis

Data were analysed by ANOVA with a modelincluding block and treatment as main effects. Indi-vidual animals were considered as experimental units.Means were separated by the least significant dif-ference test when a significant (P< 0.05) effect wasobserved.

3. Results

The chemical composition of foods is reported inTable 1. Sulla contained low dry matter, typical ofearly-season forages. Sulla contained 1.8% CT (equiv-alent leucocyanidin, on dry matter basis). This legume

TC

te

C

F

.

Minolta CM 2022 (illuminant D65).For chemical analysis,l. dorsi samples were take

rom the lumbar region, minced and vacuum-pac50 g for each animal) and stored at−25◦C untileeded.

AOAC (1995) methods were used for moistu39.1.02), crude fat (39.1.05) and ash (39.1.09) conrotein was estimated by difference. Intramusculaas extracted, from a 4 g ground meat sample, acc

ng to Folch et al. (1957). Fatty acids were quantifies fatty acid methyl esters (French et al., 2000). Sepaation of fatty acid methyl esters was done by a caary column SP-2340 in fused silica (60 m× 0.25 mm.d.; 0.20�m film thickness), using He as carrier ghe gas-chromatograph used was a Thermo FinnRACE with the software Chrom-Card (Thermo Finan, San Jose, CA, USA). The conditions were

ollowing: initial temperature, 140◦C; initial isotherm

able 1hemical composition of sulla, oat hay and concentrate

Sulla Hay Concentra

hemical composition (% of dry matter)Dry matter (%) 10.15 90.50 93.90Crude protein 20.08 8.07 18.51Ether extract 1.67 0.92 2.31Neutral detergent fibre 31.68 62.14 25.85Total phenolsa 3.43 0.87 1.54Condensed tanninsb 1.78 0.05 0.09

atty acids (g/100 g fatty acid methyl esters)14:0 1.30 – 1.0616:0 14.33 31.35 20.3218:0 2.80 6.34 2.9018:1 3.27 8.04 14.5318:2 8.91 20.87 50.1618:3 69.38 33.39 11.00

a Expressed as gram tannic acid equivalent per 100 g DM.b Expressed as gram leucocyanidin equivalent per 100 g DM

284 A. Priolo et al. / Small Ruminant Research 59 (2005) 281–288

Table 2Effect of diet on lamb growth rate, carcass characteristics andLongissimus dorsichemical composition

Treatmenta S.E.M. P-value

Control Sulla PEG

No. of lambs 8 8 8 – –Body weight at 85 d (kg) 20.6 20.6 20.5 0.363 0.75Body weight at slaughter (kg) 30.9y 29.7yz 28.7z 0.480 0.026Average daily gain (85–148) (g) 164y 145yz 132z 5.150 0.047Empty live weight (kg) 25.0 26.8 26.2 0.426 0.060Carcass weight (kg) 12.9 12.9 13.2 0.255 0.76Carcass yield (% empty live weight) 51.6y 47.9z 50.3y 0.481 0.007Hind leg lean (%) 64.0 65.8 65.6 0.387 0.14Hind leg fat (%) 9.8 9.7 9.0 0.284 0.49Hind leg bone (%) 26.2 24.5 25.4 0.379 0.11

Within a row means without a common superscript letter (y and z) differ (P< 0.05).a The treatments were fed concentrate (control), sulla grass (sulla) or sulla grass plus polyethylene glycol (PEG).

species was lower in saturated fatty acids and higher inpolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than hay and con-centrate. Linolenic acid (C18:3) comprised nearly the70% of the fatty acids detected in fresh sulla while thedominant fatty acid in concentrate was linoleic acid(C18:2).

In this trial, the quantity of concentrate given to thecontrol animals was regulated to have similar growthrate compared to the sulla group. As shown inTable 2,the lambs supplied with PEG performed slightly poorlycompared to the control animals and were thereforelighter at the end of the trial (P< 0.05). However, theempty live weight was unaffected by the diet treatment.Although the carcass yield expressed as percentage ofthe empty live weight was lower (P< 0.01) in the ani-

mals given sulla without PEG, compared to those givenconcentrates and to those given sulla plus PEG, the car-cass weight was not affected by diet.

The tissue composition of the hind leg was unaf-fected by diet treatment.

Meat ultimate pH (Table 3) was identical betweengroups. Meat from sulla lambs was lighter in colour(higher L* -value) compared to the other two groups(P< 0.05). Meat from animals given concentrates hadlower values of Hue angle compared to animals givengrass (sulla and PEG;P< 0.01). Meat proximate com-position was unaffected by diet treatment.

Intramuscular fatty acids are presented inTable 4.The saturated fatty acids 10:0, 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0 werehigher (P< 0.05) in the fat from animals of the con-

Table 3Effect of diet onLongissimus dorsiultimate pH, colour and chemical composition

Treatmenta S.E.M. P-value

Control Sulla PEG

No. of lambs 8 8 8 – –Ultimate pH 5.63 5.64 5.64 0.100 0.89L* 42.92z 44.96y 43.62z 0.315 0.02a* 12.04 12.00 11.84 0.168 0.90b* 8.08z 8.98y 8.58yz 0.152 0.04Chroma 14.51 14.99 14.62 0.205 0.63Hue angle 33.86z 36.78y 35.93y 0.369 0.004Moisture (%) 75.7 75.6 75.6 0.203 0.95Ether extract (%) 2.1 2.5 2.2 0.161 0.50Ash (%) 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.056 0.19P

W z) diffP(sulla)

rotein (%) 20.9 20.5

ithin a row means without a common superscript letter (y anda The treatments were fed concentrate (control), sulla grass

20.7 0.155 0.57

er (< 0.05).or sulla grass plus polyethylene glycol (PEG).

A. Priolo et al. / Small Ruminant Research 59 (2005) 281–288 285

Table 4Effect of diet on intramuscular fatty acid composition (g/100 g identified fatty acid methyl esters)

Treatmenta S.E.M. P-value

Control Sulla PEG

No. of lambs 8 8 8 – –10:0 0.33y 0.18z 0.18z 0.026 0.03212:0 0.37y 0.21z 0.24z 0.021 0.00314:0 3.09y 2.22z 2.50z 0.127 0.01515:0 0.43 0.33 0.35 0.022 0.2216:0 20.68y 18.03z 18.76z 0.331 0.00216:1 0.98y 0.87z 1.00y 0.026 0.04618:0 14.47 13.92 14.16 0.178 0.3418:1 tr 2.42y 1.61z 1.64z 0.137 0.01718:1cis n-9 22.15z 27.21y 28.13y 0.712 <0.000518:2 tr 0.26z 0.71y 0.81y 0.057 <0.000518:2cis n-6 17.43y 11.52z 10.56z 0.713 <0.000518:3n-6 (�-linolenic) 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.016 0.6418:3cis n-3 1.18z 4.98x 4.00y 0.374 <0.000518:2cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) 0.46z 0.91y 0.90y 0.056 <0.000520:2n-6 0.13y 0.03z 0.00z 0.018 0.0220:4n-6 12.57 11.12 11.21 0.359 0.1720:5n-3 0.91z 2.41y 2.09y 0.158 <0.000522:5n-3 1.78z 2.91y 2.72y 0.136 0.00122:6n-3 0.42 0.74 0.81 0.086 0.21SFAb 39.31y 34.90z 36.13z 0.551 <0.0005MUFAb 25.52z 29.69y 30.72y 0.693 <0.0005PUFAb 35.17 35.41 33.15 0.786 0.26n-6 Fatty acids 30.19y 22.74z 21.87z 0.991 <0.0005n-3 Fatty acids 4.28z 11.04y 9.63y 0.684 <0.0005n-6:n-3 ratio 7.21y 2.09z 2.32z 0.518 <0.0005

Within a row means without a common superscript letter (x–z) differ (P< 0.05).a The treatments were fed concentrate (control), sulla grass (sulla) or sulla grass plus polyethylene glycol (PEG).b SFA: total saturated fatty acids, MUFA: total monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: total polyunsaturated fatty acids.

trol group compared to the other two groups. Oleicacid (18:1cis-9) was higher (P< 0.0005) in the fatfrom animals fed sulla compared to those given con-centrates. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) was at higher con-centrations (P< 0.0005) in the fat from control ani-mals compared to the other two groups. Linolenic acid(18:3 n-3) was increased by four-fold by grass dietsas compared to concentrate diet (P< 0.0005). Addi-tion of PEG to the sulla diet reduced (P< 0.05) thisfatty acid concentration. The isomercis-9, trans-11 ofconjugated linoleic acid was present at double con-centration (P< 0.0005) in the fat from animals fedfresh sulla (with or without PEG) compared to thosegiven concentrates. Among the long chainn-3 fattyacids, eicosapentaenoic acid (22:5; EPA) was higher(P= 0.001) in the fat from sulla and PEG groups com-pared to the control group.

Overall saturated fatty acids were present at higher(P< 0.0005) concentrations in the fat from control ani-mals and monounsaturated fatty acids were present athigher (P< 0.0005) concentrations in the fat from ani-mals fed sulla (with or without PEG). In this trial, thePUFA concentration was unaffected by the diet treat-ment. However, within PUFA, the sum ofn-6 fattyacids was higher (P< 0.0005) and the sum ofn-3 fattyacids was lower (P< 0.0005) in the fat from controllambs compared to the other two groups. Then-6:n-3ratio was increased by three-fold (P< 0.0005) in ani-mals given concentrate as compared to those receivingsulla.

Indoles concentration is presented inTable 5. Ska-tole was higher (P< 0.01) in the fat from animals fedsulla compared to those fed concentrate. The supple-mentation of PEG to lambs fed green sulla had no effect

286 A. Priolo et al. / Small Ruminant Research 59 (2005) 281–288

Table 5Effect of diet on perirenal fat indoles (ng/g fat)

Treatmenta SEM P-valueb

Control Sulla PEG

No. of lambs 8 8 8 – –3-Methylindole (skatole) 25z 91y 51y 9.640 0.004Indole 64 36 39 10.000 0.975

Within a row means without a common superscript letter (y and z) differ (P< 0.05).a The treatments were fed concentrate (control), sulla grass (sulla) or sulla grass plus polyethylene glycol (PEG).b Statistical analysis was run after logarithmic transformation. Data have been back-transformed for tabular presentation.

on perirenal fat skatole concentration. Indole resultedunaffected (P= 0.975) by diet treatment.

4. Discussion

The CT content of sulla was lower compared to thatreported by other authors from New Zealand (Terrill etal., 1992; Stienezen et al., 1996). Differences betweenpedological and climatic conditions and cultivationtechniques could be a possible reason to explain thisdiscrepancy. Although it is well known that greenherbage contains different PUFA compared with con-centrates, there are no other reports in literature aboutgreenH. coronariumfatty acids.

Lower values of meat lightness in lambs fed dietscontaining CT when supplemented with PEG havebeen already reported previously with CT-containingdiets based on carob pulp (Priolo et al., 2000, 2002a)or Acacia cyanophyllafoliage (Priolo et al., 2002b). Inparticular,Priolo et al. (2000)found that animals fed adiet containing 2.5% CT without PEG, had lower con-centrations of blood haemoglobin compared to animalssupplemented PEG. Comparable plasma total iron wasfound between groups.Garg et al. (1992)showed thatsome tannins can reduce blood haemoglobin concen-tration in cattle fed oak (Quercus incana) leaves andconcluded that some tannins probably hamper iron util-isation for synthesis. Reduced blood haemoglobin ink d byB i-c alsf ple-m oidp ta

The higher concentration of palmitic acid in the fatfrom lambs fed concentrates reflect differences in thefatty acid composition of diets (Table 1). French et al.(2000)found higher content of palmitic acid in grass,as compared to concentrate diets given to steers, withno difference in intramuscular fat for this fatty acid. Insheep, several authors (e.g.Santos-Silva et al., 2002;Aurousseau et al., 2004) found higher content of intra-muscular 16:0 for grass-fed lambs compared to thosefed concentrates while others did not (Rowe et al.,1999; Fisher et al., 2000).

The higher concentration of 18:1cis (oleic acid)in the meat from sulla-fed lambs does not reflect thedietary fatty acid composition. A vigorous bacterialactivity in the rumen of the sulla-fed lambs couldhave accounted for an extensive biohydrogenation oflinoleic and �-linolenic acids to stearic acid in therumen. Stearic acid can be converted to oleic acid inthe tissues by the action of the enzyme�9-desaturase(Bauman et al., 2000). Differences in linolenic acidbetween grass and concentrate fed lambs reflect thehuge difference for this fatty acid between grass andconcentrate diets. However, the higher concentrationof 18:3n-3 for sulla compared to PEG samples, couldindicate a slightly lower ruminal biohydrogenation ofdietary linolenic acid in the sulla animals compared tothe animals receiving PEG. The higher levels of CLAfor the sulla and PEG lambs compared to the controlanimals are in accordance to other reports (Nurnberg etal., 2001; Santos-Silva et al., 2002). The identical con-c ow-e ena-t t ofC inalb ncesi

ids fed a diet containing tannins was also reportehatta et al. (2002). The higher level of hue angle indated a colour closer to the pure yellow for the animrom the two groups fed sulla (regardless the supentation of PEG). This could be due to carotenigments naturally abundant in green grass (Prache el., 2003).

entration of CLA between sulla and PEG lambs, hver, suggests that CT did not reduce the biohydrogion activity of rumen bacteria. However, an effecT on ruminal bacteria and, consequently, on rumiohydrogenation cannot be excluded in other insta

n which the plant content of CT would be higher.

A. Priolo et al. / Small Ruminant Research 59 (2005) 281–288 287

The higher presence of eicosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) in the fat from lambs fed sulla diets is justifiedby the fact that this fatty acid is a derivate of linolenicacid. Very important implications for human nutritionhave been described byEnser et al. (1996, 1998)andincreased consumption of this fatty acid has been rec-ommended.

The guidelines of the American Heart Association(Krauss et al., 1996) suggest that high intakes ofn-6PUFA should be avoided whilen-3 PUFA may havebeneficial effects. The ration-6:n-3 is therefore a goodindicator of the nutritional value of a food for humanconsumption. In our case, this ratio was decidedly morefavourable in the fat from the lambs given sulla. In par-ticular, the lowest value for an animal of the controlgroup (6.27) was two times higher than the highestvalue for an animal fed sulla (3.08) indicating no over-lapping among groups and confirming that this ratiocan be useful to mark grass feeding in animal products(Wood et al., 2003; Aurousseau et al., 2004).

Higher levels of skatole in the fat from lambs graz-ing grass as opposed to those given concentrates havebeen reported by others (Young et al., 1997; Younget al., 2003) and seem to be correlated with the highprotein/non-fibrous carbohydrate ratio typical of grassdiets that enhances protein deamination by rumenmicrobes (Sheath et al., 2001). Previous studies haveshown that CT in sulla reduced the secretion of indoleand skatole in ewe milk (Roy et al., 2002). The authorssupposed that the effect of CT was probably due to ar nse-q tolei fecto ver,o lisedb

5

meatf ofs ates.G r3 wern ent-a om-p tion

of polyethylene glycol that deactivate condensed tan-nins) showed no effect on meat quality and fatty acidcomposition.

Acknowledgments

Research was founded by the University of Catania(Ricerca di Ateneo). We are grateful to the studentsA. Alaimo, G. Coppola, R. Inveninato, L. Meli, M.Valvo, E. Vizzini and E. Taffari who participated to theexperimental trial.

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