ADVENTURE TOURISM IN SCOTLAND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & BEST PRACTICE

ADVENTURE TOURISM IN SCOTLAND

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & BEST PRACTICE

A STUDY WRITTEN FOR WILD SCOTLAND

BY PAUL EASTO & MYLES FARNBANK

MARCH 2012

Adventure Tourism in Scotland

Environmental Issues & Best Practice, March 2012

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ABOUT WILD SCOTLAND

Wild Scotland is the body representing nature tourism in Scotland. Our members offer everything

from wilderness walking holidays and mountain biking tours to whale-watching boat trips and

bushcraft activities. They are committed to providing the most inspiring experiences that Scotland

has to offer.

Our Aims:

• To inspire visitors about Scotland’s natural environment and to connect them with a trusted

network of tourism businesses which uphold the highest standards.

• To provide our members with support so that they can create and deliver world-class

nature-based experiences.

• To have Scotland recognised as one of Europe’s premier nature tourism destinations.

In order to protect the natural environment where our members operate, Wild Scotland members

are committed to working towards the following principles of sustainability:

• Minimising any negative impacts on local nature and culture

• Promoting knowledge and respect for nature and communities and supporting local

economies.

• Investing in enhancing Scotland’s natural heritage and improving environmental

performance.

This report was commissioned to investigate the level to existing outdoor activity regulations

address sustainable values, and to identify ways in which Wild Scotland can further support its

members, and the wider industry to meet the challenge of ensuring a more sustainable industry in

the long-term.

This report was undertaken with support from Scottish Natural Heritage.



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ADVENTURE TOURISM IN SCOTLAND

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & BEST PRACTICE STUDY

1 Introduction

1.1 Over the past decade, adventure tourism in Scotland has undergone a transformation. From

a niche sector, adventure and nature-based activity has moved from the fringe of tourism to

the mainstream. A 2011 study on the economic impact of nature-based tourism by Scottish

Natural Heritage (‘SNH’) concluded that the sector generated £1.4billion in revenues and

supported nearly 40,000 jobs. It is therefore one of the most important sectors of the

Scottish tourism economy.

1.2 The reasons for this growth are several but ultimately development of the sector has been

driven by an increasing consumer interest in adventurous travel experiences, at all levels of

age, fitness and ability. The Adventure Travel World Summit (“ATWS”) held in the

Cairngorms National Park in October 2010, represented a significant milestone – recognition

that Scotland was indeed a viable international destination for adventure travel and tourism.

Attended by approximately 600 delegates from around the world including trade, media and

tourism destinations the universal consensus was that Scotland’s adventure ‘assets’ were

competitive and offered the potential for significant tourism growth in the coming years.

1.3 The ATWS 2010 was followed by Scotland’s Year of Active 2011 which strengthened the

country’s profile as an adventure tourism destination in national and international markets.

A significant development was also confirmed in April of 2011 when Wild Scotland merged

with Activity Scotland to create a single trade organisation for the adventure/nature-based

tourism sector. This merger recognised that both organisations shared a wide range of

common interests, particularly relevant to the continuing growth of the sector.

1.4 There is every indication that further growth in adventure tourism should be expected. The

Adventure Travel Trade Association forecast that annual growth will be in the region of 17%

in the period to 2020, compared to just 2%-3% growth in general tourism. Behavioural

trends also suggest that Scotland has an opportunity to capitalise on the interest in

activity/adventure holidays within the UK as domestic tourists seek out experiences closer to

home (Mintel 2010). In recognition of this growth potential, ‘The Great Outdoors’ is



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emerging as a key strand in the new industry-led Tourism Development Strategy for Scotland

which sets out a plan for growth to 2020.

1.5 Of course as the adventure/nature-based tourism sector continues to grow, so does the

potential for impacts on the environment. In some locations throughout Scotland, tensions

between adventure tourism development and sustainable environmental management are

already being felt.

1.6 Since its formation, Wild Scotland has always been at the forefront of developing

environmental best practice. Given Wild Scotland’s core membership, this best practice has,

to date, been focused on wildlife watching. Since the merger with Activity Scotland, it has

become apparent that there is an immediate need to extend this best practice to all areas of

environmental impact which arise through the activity of its members. While most members

are aware of their environmental impacts and seek to mitigate them, there is no universal

approach to best practice or industry-wide recognition for those businesses which are

exemplars in this field.

1.7 This study, commissioned by Wild Scotland, seeks to examine how the organisation can

address these issues. Accordingly, the agreed objective of this study is:

‘to identify and evaluate the environmental aspects of adventure tourism in Scotland and

provide context for the development of environmental guidelines/best practice for the

sector.”

1.8 Practical in its approach, analysis and recommendations, this study has been developed to

support Wild Scotland’s ambition of providing leadership to the adventure/nature-based

industry in adopting world-class standards of environmental best practice and performance.

We anticipate that this will, in turn, contribute to the sustainable development of this high

growth and high value tourism sector.

1.9 The report is divided into four sections. These are:

1. A brief overview of how adventure tourism is defined, what activities should be

considered as part of adventure tourism and the importance of recognising two distinct

types of tourist experience.



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2. A desktop review of current advice and guidelines which address environmental impact

for those activities which fall within the definition of adventure tourism in Scotland.

3. Insight and analysis arising from industry consultation with a cross-section of Scotland’s

adventure tourism industry, drawing upon the desk research in Section 2 plus operational

and professional experience gained over the past 20 years both within Scotland and

overseas.

4. Conclusions from the study and recommendations for addressing the key environmental

issues arising from the research.



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2 ADVENTURE TOURISM DEFINED

International and National Perspectives

2.1 Prior to the consideration of current approaches, it is necessary to confirm what exactly is

meant by adventure tourism in a Scottish context. This aids understanding of the scale and

extent of the adventure tourism market and, in particular, those activities which should be

considered in any evaluation of existing and future environmental impacts.

2.2 Both academically and within the industry there is little consensus on a definition of

adventure tourism. Whereas core activities are well defined, such as sea kayaking, rock

climbing, diving etc, the inclusion or exclusion of other activities is less clear, such as fishing,

walking and wildlife-watching.

2.3 As a first point of reference, The Adventure Travel Trade Association (‘ATTA’) has sought to

define adventure travel or tourism as “any trip that has two out of the following three

aspects: physical activity, interaction with nature, and cultural learning or exchange” (ATTA,

2009).

2.4 This definition is broad and intentionally so, being based upon changing consumer needs

and reflects the more experiential aspects of adventure as seen by today’s tourists.

2.5 In a Scottish context, the adventure tourism product has historically been represented by

adventure sports activities, such as mountain biking, white-water rafting or snowboarding.

2.6 There are many adventurous ways to explore Scotland’s outdoors, some of which are

adventure sports, but certainly not all of them; for example cycling, walking, wildlife-

watching and sailing. A study by ATTA in 2007 (quoted in ATTA, 2009) of 128 adventure

travel companies showed that the top five activities offered were:

• Hiking/walking (81%)

• Cultural activities (68%)

• Trekking (55%)

• Wildlife/Nature (54%)

• National Parks (53%)



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2.8 As part of considering the market opportunity for adventure tourism in Scotland, Easto and

Warburton (2010) concluded that – based upon published definitions and operational

experience - the activities which are most relevant to the adventure tourism sector

(including Scotland) are:

• Walking/Climbing: mountain walks/treks, long distance trails, rock climbing and

mountaineering

• Cycling/Biking: cycle touring and mountain-biking

• River Activities: canoeing, kayaking, rafting and canyoning

• Marine Activities: sailing, kayaking, surfing and diving

• Wildlife/Nature Watching: boat and vehicle excursions and walking

• Snow Activities: skiing, snowboard, ski-touring, snow-shoeing, ice-climbing

Independent (Recreational) vs Organised (Guided) Activities

2.9 It is further necessary to recognize that adventure tourism typically takes two forms, which

are independent (recreational) or organized (guided or facilitated). Guided or facilitated

adventure tourism experiences are typically provided by three types of organizations:

• Adventure Travel Tour Operators – these are fully-fledged tour operators that provide

consumers with a package of services including accommodation, transport, guides and

equipment as required. Such operators may work on a fixed departure group basis i.e.

where dates are available for individuals or small groups to book and/or on a tailor made

basis. They typically operate throughout Scotland although some specialise in particular

regions. They may be limited to a single activity e.g. walking holidays or provide a wide

range of experiences across a range of activities.

Some of the key players in this sector are About Argyll, CnDo, Macs Adventure,

Mountain Innovations, North West Frontiers, Shetland Wildlife, Speyside Wildlife and

Wilderness Scotland.

• Activity & Experience Providers - this category probably represents the largest number

of businesses and may include, for example, mountain guides, wildlife boat cruises and

river rafting operators. These businesses are typically based in one location but may

work on a regional and/or national basis. Activities and experiences offered may last



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from a couple of hours e.g. whale watching cruise to several days e.g. a learn to rock

climb course.

These businesses range from single person operations to larger businesses which will

have a dedicated administration function and team of instructors/guides. They also

include landowners who have developed activity provision either in-house or in

partnership. They may work exclusively in the leisure tourism market or in business

tourism as well e.g. providing day activities for a corporate client. Some of the key

players in this sector are Active Outdoor Pursuits, Blair Estates, Boots and Paddles, Climb

Mountains, Full On Adventure, G2 Outdoor, Highland Safaris, Nae Limits, Rothiemurchus

Estate, Seafari and The National Trust for Scotland.

• Activity Centres & Attractions – throughout Scotland there are many activity centres

and attractions that provide a range of adventure and nature based experiences. With

regards to activity centres, some specialise in training, personal development and

professional qualifications e.g. Glenmore Lodge, while many focus on the delivery of

educational services to local authorities. Some of the centres have more of a leisure and

a corporate focus offering a range of on-site activities e.g. Deeside Activity Park. Many of

these centres have on-site accommodation in which customers can both dine and stay

overnight.

The adventure/nature visitor attractions are equally diverse covering sites such as Cream

o’Galloway at Gatehouse of Fleet to the Ice Factor in Kinlochleven.

2.10 From an independent perspective, public outdoor access in Scotland means that, for many,

activities can be undertaken without the need for professional guides or companies. Indeed,

one of Scotland’s greatest strengths as an adventure tourism destination is the wealth of

well managed natural resources that exist throughout the country. These include well

managed private estates where access is actively encouraged, two large national parks, a

network of National Nature Reserves and recreational forests plus many other formally

identified sites of natural interest such as those owned by organisations like the National

Trust for Scotland and the Scottish Wildlife Trust.

2.11 Combined with unfettered land access legislation, these resources offer a compelling

advantage compared to other destinations which promote adventure tourism experiences.

At the same time, there is a fundamental requirement to consider how the environmental



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impacts of independent and unrestricted access can be managed in a way that conserves the

asset without impinging upon the visitor experience of affecting long-term sustainable use.

Tourism v Day Visitors

2.12 By definition, tourism refers to those leisure activities which include an overnight stay,

otherwise activities are termed day visits. Therefore, by definition a group white-water

rafting for the day would not be considered adventure tourism. It is, however, an adventure

activity. Similarly if the same group were on the West Coast for a sea-kayaking day and

stayed overnight they would become tourists. Day visits are clearly an important part of the

adventure tourism offer. The environment does not, of course, make a distinction between

those visitors undertaking a day activity and those who choose to stay overnight in

accommodation. We therefore recommend that, for the purposes of evaluating

environmental impacts, it is entirely logical that both are given equal consideration.

Regulation of Adventure Tourism

2.13 At present, there are no formal mechanisms to regulate the environmental aspects of

adventure tourism. The Pollution, Prevention and Control (‘PPC’) regime or the Nature

Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004 could theoretically apply, but we are not aware of any

adventure tourism business being pursued under the existing legislation. Besides this

legislation, environmental performance is regulated on a voluntary and informal basis with

support from the key stakeholders in sustainable adventure tourism including: Scottish

Natural Heritage, Wild Scotland, The National Trust for Scotland, The National Parks and The

Green Tourism Business Scheme.

2.14 The Adventure Activities Licensing Authority (‘AALA’) exists to regulate the provision of

adventurous activities to under 18 year olds. However, not all adventure activities are

covered by the scope of AALA e.g. bushcraft and surfing. This licensing process is focused on

best practice and safety but does not have an environmental remit. The same applies to

other relevant approvals such as DVLA vehicle regulations and maritime coding of

commercial vessels which may be used for adventure tourism purposes.



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3 REVIEW OF CURRENT ADVICE AND GUIDELINES

Methodology for Review

3.1 In undertaking this research, we have ascertained that there is a very significant amount of

existing guidance and advice on how to manage environmental impacts in the Scottish

outdoors. In order to provide a meaningful baseline for review of current approaches, we

have focused on those activities which Easto and Warburton (2010) identified as being

“most relevant to the adventure tourism sector” in Scotland and identified in paragraph 2.8

above.

3.2 In our view, this covers the overwhelming majority of activities undertaken under the

banner of adventure tourism and, correspondingly, addresses those activities which have

the potential for greatest environmental impact. A review of general guidance and advice is

considered first, followed by each activity type. It should be noted that any revenue or

visitor numbers provided do not include those undertaking day visits i.e. not considered as

tourists.

3.3 The review contained in this section focuses upon the guidance and advice that has, in our

opinion, the greatest reach in terms of tourist/visitor numbers. A detailed list of existing best

practice environmental guidelines is included as Appendix B to this report.

General Guidance & Advice – Scottish Outdoor Access Code

3.3 The Scottish Outdoor Access Code (‘SOAC’), represents the single most important advice

document and guidelines that exist in Scotland. The full SOAC extends to 130 pages and is

built upon the concept of enjoying Scotland’s outdoors responsibly. There are three key

principles for those accessing or managing the outdoors which are:

• Take responsibility for your own actions

• Respect the interests of other people

• Care for the environment

3.4 The SOAC is produced by Scottish Natural Heritage (‘SNH’) and significant efforts have been

made to disseminate the code on a nationwide basis. The code has been produced in a wide

range of formats and has been the subject of high profile advertising campaigns across



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multiple channels. SNH has also produced a series of SOAC related guidance documents for

specific activities. Where relevant, these are discussed in the activity sections below.

3.5 In general terms, we consider the full SOAC to be a very detailed document containing

practical advice on many issues relating to environmental impact from outdoor activities. It

should form an indispensable reference document for all organisations involved in the

design and delivery of adventure tourism from training institutions to activity tour operators

and landowners.

3.6 Inevitably, the detail of this advice is diluted for public consumption in shorter versions of

the code with a focus on those areas perceived to be the most important e.g. the risk of fire

lighting and access across farmland.

3.7 One of the key questions is how effective the SOAC has been in influencing the responsible

behaviour of outdoor users and landowners. SNH commissioned research in 2008 which

sought to examine this issue (Monitoring Responsible Behaviour among Recreational Users

and Land Managers 2011). While it is beyond the remit of this study to evaluate the findings

of this research, it does provide some useful insights into changing attitudes and behaviours

http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/424.pdf

General Guidance & Advice – Leave No Trace

3.8 Leave No Trace information and training is administered through the Leave No Trace Center

for Outdoor Ethics in the US. Internationally there are Leave No Trace (‘LNT’) branches in

Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland. The aim of all LNT organisations is:

“Promoting and inspiring responsible outdoor recreation through education, research and

partnerships.”

3.9 There are seven key principles, which form the basis of the guidance and these vary slightly

to reflect differences in the access and land management practices in the host nation. The

principles most applicable to the UK context are those of LNT Ireland. The habitats, species,

land use and management practices are effectively the same as those in the UK.



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7 Principles

1. Plan Ahead & Prepare

• Looks at including planning to minimise one’s impacts before a trip, as well as the

planning required to ensure the safety and comfort of those involved.

2. Travel & Camp on Durable Ground

• Wherever practical using durable surfaces such as rock, dry grass etc for travel and

camping. Includes consideration of camp practices around cooking and washing.

3. Dispose of Waste Properly

• This covers the management of human waste, as well as, that of rubbish, food scraps

and leftover food.

4. Leave What You Find

• Considerations around the ethics of using or removing natural objects, as well as,

cultural artifacts. Also includes content on avoiding the introduction of non-native

or invasive species.

5. Minimise the Impacts of Fire

• If fires are permitted and justified, how to have a fire without damage or visual

impact. Also considers the source of wood.

6. Respect Farm Animals & Wildlife

• Looks at the impacts of recreational activity on wildlife and farm animals and ways

to reduce or ideally avoid these impacts.

7. Be Considerate of Others

• Explores the balance of interests of different recreational outdoor users, as well as,

those who live and work in these areas and the land managers responsible for them.



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3.10 This information is provided by leaflets and activity guidance booklets and location specific

websites in each of the LNT host nations. In addition, there is a three tier training

programme, which provides certificated training in all the seven principles.

Awareness (30 min presentation to full day workshop)

• Aimed at all recreational users from those walking their dogs to experienced

outdoor users.

• This training is offered by approximately 75 Trainers in the UK.

Trainer (two full days including an overnight camp)

• Aimed at those wanting to explore the seven principles more deeply. Includes

training on how to teach LNT principles. Qualified Trainers are able to offer

certificated Awareness training.

• This training is currently offered by 4 Master Educators in the UK.

Master Educator (five full days including three nights camp)

• Provides a comprehensive overview of LNT skills and ethics through practical

application in a field-based setting. Qualified Master Educators are able to offer

certificated Trainer & Awareness training.

• This training is not available in the UK.

3.11 Leave No Trace literature is wide ranging and comprehensive. The following are selections

that have relevance for the UK. There are three manuals on how to teach LNT. There are also

the Skills and Ethics booklets. There are activity specific booklets for:

• Rock Climbing

• Sea Kayaking

• Caving

• Mountain Biking

• Fishing



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There are also plastic Ethics reference cards for in the field use:

• Rock Climbing

• Canyoning

• Fishing

• Winter Recreation

• River Corridors

• International Outdoor Ethics

3.12 It is beyond the scope of this document to detail all the activity specific guidance in detail. A

more detailed breakdown of the general LNT guidance relevant to the UK can be found at

Appendix C.

General Guidance & Advice – National Training Awards

3.13 The UK has a range of very well respected National Governing Bodies (‘NGB’s’) providing a

range of qualifications for those operating adventurous activities. The following is a

summary of those NGB’s that provide training for activities which are a part of adventure

tourism.

Mountain Leader Training - (Mountain Training Trust)

3.14 This national body provides a range of training and assessment for those leading walking,

mountaineering and technical climbing activities, in both summer and winter. In the

Handbooks and syllabi of the awards there is some coverage of good environmental

practice. The details of these sections are listed in Appendix E.

In the Handbooks for the Walking Group Leader Awards there are sections on:

• The Upland Environment

• Access

• Conservation

• Environmental Knowledge



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In the Handbook for the Mountain Instructor Award (MIA) & Mountain Instructor Certificate

(MIC) there are sections on:

• The Mountain Environment.

In the Handbook for the Mountain Leader Award (Summer) there are sections on:

• Access and the Environment

In addition to the MLA (Summer) there is a relevant section in the Mountain Leader Award

(Winter) syllabus:

• Expedition Skills

In the Single Pitch Award (SPA) Handbook there are sections on:

• The Climbing Environment

3.15 All the awards above have a very full syllabi and the amount of time spent on these sections,

especially at assessment, may vary. The focus being primarily on safety and technical,

leading and coaching skill. The amount of environmental best practice and awareness may,

to some extent, be reflected in the knowledge of those delivering the training and

assessments.

Scottish Canoe Association (SCA)

3.16 The SCA (as the Scottish home nation organization within the British Canoe Union BCU)

offers a wide range of personal skill awards and leadership awards – star tests, as well as, a

Coaching qualification scheme in a range of paddlesport disciplines.

Within the star test 1-3 there are topics within the theory section on:

• Access

• Environment



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Within the leadership awards (4 & 5 star) there are topics within the theory section on:

• Access

• Environment

• Etiquette

3.17 The UKCC coaching scheme is generic at Level 1 and Level 2 and then discipline specific at

Level 3 and above.

3.18 The coaching scheme is focused on coaching competencies and long-term paddler skill

development. There are no sections within the coaching awards, which look at

environmental impacts or awareness. It is perhaps assumed that through the pre-requisite

completion of a relevant star test or leadership award that this knowledge and awareness

will have already been covered.

The SCA also have a Coaches’ Responsibilities section on their website which states:

• Responsibility to the environment – “as a coach you have a responsibility to protect

our environment and to teach others to do the same. We are fortunate to be involved

in a sport that allows us to enjoy the wildlife and explore the landscape as an

essential part of the canoeist's pleasure for aesthetic, cultural and recreational

reasons. The responsible use of canoes and kayaks leaves no trace of passing and

causes no erosion, noise or pollution; and is unlikely to have any significant impact on

or lasting disturbance to wildlife and the water environment. The British Canoe

Union, as the sport’s governing body in the United Kingdom, recognises that the

wildlife and landscape of Britain is a part of our common heritage, and has a clear

duty to concern itself with the care of the environment where canoeing takes place.

Check out the access and environment pages for more details.”

3.19 The access and environment pages mentioned above offer a range of guidance to coaches,

leaders and other members. It is not known to what extent this guidance is read and

followed by those operating as guides, leaders and coaches.

3.20 Similar to the MLT, it may be the case that with very full syllabi for the star tests and

leadership awards the amount of environmental information and awareness that is trained

and assessed may vary considerably.



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Mountain Bike Leader Awards (MBLA)

3.21 The MBLA is not the only awarding body for off-road cycling in the UK. They are however,

the only award scheme where the national governing body is responsible for the

administration and awarding functions. This very well respected award scheme operates

throughout the UK, as well as, internationally.

The scheme has two award levels:

• Trail Cycle Leader (TCL)

• Mountain Bike Leader (MBA)

In addition there are a number of additional modules, which can be taken separately:

• Expedition Module

• Night Riding Module

• Winter Conditions Module

3.22 The MBLA handbook has a chapter on Access Rights & Responsibilities, which focuses on the

Scottish Outdoor Access Code and Countryside code guidance. In the handbook there are

model course outlines listed for the two award levels.

3.23 Within the TCL assessment there is section on Countryside Awareness while in the MBL

assessment there is a section on Countryside and Terrain Knowledge. The detail of these

sections is listed in Appendix E. The Expedition Module also includes a section on expedition

planning responsibilities and sustainable camping.

3.23 In summary, there is a varying range of guidance on environmental best practice provided by

the above NGB’s. The extent to which knowledge and awareness of this guidance is assessed

and the weighting of this within an assessment is not clearly stated and may depend upon

the experience and background of the assessor.

General Guidance & Advice – Environmental Accreditations and Awards

3.24 Across the UK and internationally, there are a wide range of travel and tourism

accreditations and awards designed to encourage and reward high levels of environmental

performance. A complete list of those researched is provided at Appendix B. These



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accreditations and awards typically have their roots in the tourist accommodation sector

and, as such, tend to focus on those aspects of environmental performance which can be

readily measured and assessed e.g. waste management, energy efficiency and locally

sourced produce.

3.25 Over time, some of these accreditations have evolved and attempts have been made to

apply them to other sectors of the tourism industry including activity and wildlife providers

and tour operators. The most prominent example in the UK is the Green Tourism Business

Scheme (‘GTBS’) which has recently piloted schemes for the adventure tourism sector. This

development was considered as part of the industry consultation and is discussed in more

detail in Section 4.

3.26 Having also examined several international examples, we have uncovered only one

accreditation scheme that would add value to the development of best practice in Scotland.

This scheme is Nature’s Best which is an ecotourism labeling system. Built upon six key

principles, the scheme is specifically designed for nature-based tourism businesses and

covers a wide range of activities. In contrast to other schemes, the accreditation criteria for

Nature’s Best are practical and specific to the adventure tourism sector.

Specific Activity - Walking & Climbing

3.27 This is the single biggest adventure tourism activity by far - 33% of all holidays to Scotland

included a walking element and these visitors spent a total of £952 million through 3.2

million visits (VisitScotland, 2006c). This therefore represents a huge number of tourists

accessing the Scottish countryside, the overwhelming majority of which are undertaken

independently. Types of walks typically range from a short marked forest trail to a multi-day

hike on the West Highland Way.

3.28 Many aspects of the SOAC are highly relevant to the environmental aspects of walking in the

Scottish countryside such as minimising damage and disturbance to flora and fauna. SNH in

partnership with the Mountaineering Council of Scotland (‘MCofS’) also produces related

information, specific to climbing which offers advice on avoiding impact to nesting and

breeding birds.

3.29 The MCofS themselves have produced a ‘Minimum Impact – Mountaineering Advice’

booklet which covers erosion, litter, human waste disposal, wildlife, human artefacts and



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wild camping. The advice was produced with the support of the British Mountain Council

and The Scottish Mountaineering Trust Certain topics in the booklet are cross-referenced to

more detailed advice produced by the MCofS e.g. human waste disposal.

Specific Activity – Cycling and Mountain Biking

3.30 In 2003, cycling as a tourist activity represented 1 million (or 8% of all) trips to Scotland and

a total of £219 million revenue (VisitScotland). Almost all of this expenditure related to

expenditure incurred where cycling was part of a holiday trip (900,000 trips and £199 million

expenditure). It is important to note that these figures exclude any specific data for

mountain bike activity.

3.31 From an environmental perspective, it is mountain biking that is of particular relevance.

From minority sport to one of the world’s leading destinations, mountain bike tourism has

experienced major growth in Scotland over the past decade. According to Scottish

Enterprise, over 1.3 million mountain bike visits are made per annum to dedicated trail

centres and the wider Scottish countryside (Scottish Enterprise 2009).

3.32 To support development of the industry, a Scottish Mountain Biking Framework was

established with Developing Mountain Biking in Scotland (‘DMBinS) responsible for the

implementation. This includes the creation of a best practice guide to mountain biking called

‘Do the Ride Thing’. This guide is currently under development and being promoted through

the DMBinS website. SNH has also produced a guide to on and off-road cycling as part of the

SOAC series.

Specific Activity – Rivers: Canoeing, Kayaking, Rafting and Canyoning

3.33 While actual participation numbers are unavailable, river activities in Scotland are among

the most commercially mature forms of adventure tourism. By way of example, for over 20

years commercial rafting trips have been offered on Scotland’s major rivers such as the Tay,

Spey and Findhorn. In more recent times, other forms of river activity such as canyoning,

hydro-boarding and river tubing have become increasingly popular.

3.34 The governing body of canoe sport and recreation in Scotland is the Scottish Canoe

Association (‘SCA’). The SCA has produced a range of environmental best practice guidelines

covering the following topics wildlife, energy, clear water, pollution, wild camping and bio-

security.



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3.35 In relation to river rafting, the Scottish Rafting Association has produced a Code of Conduct

for its members, which is drawn up with reference to the SOAC.

Specific Activity – Marine: Sailing, Sea Kayaking, Surfing, Diving

3.36 Sailing accounts for £101m of all tourism revenues (Scottish Enterprise 2010) while sea

kayaking and surfing are two activities that continue to experience significant growth in

participation and visitation to Scotland.

3.37 The marine environment is one area where a significant amount of work has been done on

identifying potential environmental impacts and developing best practice. The Scottish

Marine Wildlife Watching Code was developed by SNH in 2005 (discussed further below) and

is directly relevant to those engaging in marine activities. This Code is supported by the Best

Practice Guidelines produced by Wild Scotland for watching wildlife by boat or sea kayak.

3.38 A separate initiative is The Green Blue – a joint environment programme between the British

Marine Federation and the Royal Yachting Association for recreational users, business, clubs

and training facilities. Part of The Green Blue remit is to promote Best Practice and it has

produced its own guidelines on managing environmental impacts including waste

management and wildlife watching.

Specific Activity – Wildlife Watching: Boat, Vehicle Excursions & Walking

3.39 In 2010, the Scottish Government calculated that 1.53 million wildlife watching trips were

made by domestic and international tourists and day visitors. Wildlife tourists participate

either as part of a guided excursion/experience or as an independent visitor. The same study

identified a tension between the increase in visitor numbers and the necessity to protect the

wildlife assets upon which the future of the industry depends.

3.40 Significant efforts have been made to proactively address this latter issue by Scottish Natural

Heritage and Wild Scotland. For example, the Scottish Marine Wildlife Watching Code and

the SOAC are fundamentally concerned with avoiding disturbance to fauna and flora. At the

same time, Wild Scotland has developed a range of best practice guidelines for wildlife

watching covering the following areas: by vehicle, on foot, by boat and by sea kayak. The

best practice guidelines are designed for wildlife tourism companies or adventure tourism

companies for whom wildlife is an integral part of the experience.



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3.41 Wild Scotland’s approach to marine wildlife watching is further endorsed through the WiSe

accreditation scheme (WiSe – Wildlife Safe) which provides training to operators and guides

in how to minimise unintentional disturbance to marine wildlife.

Specific Activity – Snowsports, Winter Mountaineering, Ice Climbing

3.42 On average 200,000 skiers and snowboarders visit Scotland’s mountains in winter (TRC

2011). This number is augmented by individuals and groups participating in winter

mountaineering and climbing, typically between the months of December and March. While

much of the Scottish Highlands and Islands can be under snow cover during these months,

the potential for environmental impact remains and this is recognised by the MCofS who

consider the implications of winter climbing and ski touring in their ‘minimum impact

guidelines’.

3.43 The MCofS also includes advice on the correct use of snowholes in winter which, in certain

locations, has become problematic in terms of human waste. This problem has recently

been tackled by the Cairngorms National Park in their well publicised ‘poo project’, designed

to remove all human waste from the Cairngorms during the winter months.

3.44 It is interesting to note that, despite the high level of participation, there has been little

attempt to influence the environmental behaviour of snowsports users e.g. with regards to

litter. In 2004, the Ski Club of Great Britain launched a ‘Respect the Mountain’ campaign

with Seven Steps to Preserve the Mountain although we are not aware of this campaign

being promoted in Scotland.

Summary of Review

3.45 This review, based upon desk research and drawing upon professional experience, confirms

that there is a significant volume of guidance and advice currently in existence for many of

those activities falling within the definition of adventure tourism in Scotland.

3.46 This guidance and advice is produced by a range of organisations from quasi-autonomous

government agencies such as SNH to national associations e.g. MCofS to private trade and

member groups e.g. Wild Scotland. There is evidence of linkage between some of the

guidance and advice issued. For example the MCofS minimum impact guidelines cross-refer

to the SOAC and Wild Scotland’s wildlife watching guidelines draw upon the Scottish Marine



22

Wildlife Watching Code. In particular, the SOAC appears to be core to the majority of

guidance and advice issued.

3.47 In our view, the simplicity of the SOAC is advantageous but does also represent a challenge.

There is much to commend the advocacy of three clear principles that everyone can follow.

For the majority of people accessing Scotland’s outdoors, we consider the messaging to be

pitched at the right level.

3.48 The challenge of the SOAC is in its deeper understanding and, most importantly of all, its

practical application by individuals, businesses and landowners. There have been several

recent cases in which the concept of ‘responsibility’ has been tested, where tension

between competing land use interests exists. Raft access and fishing usage on sections of the

River Tay is a contemporary example.

3.49 As noted above, SNH has sought to determine how the SOAC has influenced the attitudes

and behaviours of recreational users and land managers in the Scottish countryside. The

general conclusions are that is has had a positive impact over the five year period in which it

was measured.

3.50 We consider that awareness and application of current guidance and advice in Scotland is

one of the key issues for this study, especially having regard to a) the wide range of

organisations currently producing content and b) the extent to which those organisations

are successfully communicating this content to the target audience be that businesses or

individuals. Indeed, it is relevant to reflect upon who the target audience is for the guidance

and advice that presently exists.

3.51 The second half of this report examines this issue in the context of a wider consultation with

a range of organisations who are responsible for the design and delivery of adventure

tourism experiences.



23

4 INDUSTRY INSIGHT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 A series of detailed interviews with tour operators, activity providers and landowners were

carried out during March 2012 (Appendix E). The consulted parties represent a range of

organisation types in terms of mission, activity and geography. The objective of these

interviews was to identify the principal environmental and sustainability issues for the

Scottish adventure tourism industry. The key questions considered in these interviews were

as follows:

i. Levels of participation in environmental accreditation schemes and adoption of best

practice guidelines.

ii. The key environmental/sustainability issues affecting business and the areas of

operation.

iii. How environmental impacts are monitored, managed and how they are likely to

change in the future?

iv. What best practice in the Scottish adventure tourism industry should look like and

what is Wild Scotland’s role in achieving this?

4.2 This section of the report summarises the responses received, providing an insight into the

key environmental/sustainability issues affecting their operations, how any adverse impacts

are managed, what best practices are currently adopted and how the industry should evolve

to achieve sustainable growth in the long-term.

4.3 To support the findings of the industry consultation and provide further insight, we have

drawn upon the desk research conducted and own operational and professional experience

gained over the past 20 years in Scotland and overseas.

Environmental Accreditation and Best Practice

4.4 Six of the seven organisations consulted participated in the Green Tourism Business Scheme.

There was a general consensus that the scheme was important but a significant review or

update was required in order to ensure that it was fit for purpose. In particular, it was felt

there was a need to review the assessment criteria and ensure that it was specific to the

adventure tourism sector. Aside from the GTBS, some organisations had experience of

participating in Hospitality Assured which as a sustainability component to the scheme and



24

also in VisitScotland’s Quality Assurance Scheme; while recognising that the ‘environmental’

component of the latter was tied to quality.

4.5 In terms of best practice and guidance, the SOAC featured prominently in responses

alongside Leave No Trace and Wild Scotland’s guides to wildlife watching. The Scottish

Marine Wildlife Watching Code, MCofS guidance, SCA guidance, WiSe and Dolphin Space are

also being employed.

Key Environmental/Sustainability Issues

4.6 This topic produced an interesting range of responses with the majority citing the current

economic situation as the most important sustainability issue. This serves to emphasise that

positive environmental outcomes cannot be unhitched from financial performance. There

were several strands to this in the consultation with consumer confidence being cited and

some businesses questioning the role of the public sector and charitable operators in

providing wildlife/activity experiences on a non-commercial basis.

4.7 Beyond the economic aspects of sustainability, the key environment challenges were

identified as follows:

• Conflicting land uses – e.g. tourism v wind farms and forestry

• Conflicting land users - e.g. walkers v mountain bikers and canoeing v fishing

• Carrying Capacity – the ability of certain wildlife or activity sites to accommodate current

and future levels of demand with more co-ordination required to manage this.

• Transportation – difficult to make meaningful improvements as a single organisation

having regard to the technology and alternatives available.

• Accommodation – finding accommodation partners who share the same commitment to

sustainability/environmental performance.

Monitoring and Management of Environmental Impacts

4.8 All organisations consulted emphasised the importance of management over monitoring of

environmental impacts. This is arguably symptomatic of the difficulties in carrying out

meaningful monitoring of impact on the environment, especially with limited resources. The

exceptions to this appear to be either a) limited to those aspects which can be precisely

measured e.g. boat fuel consumption or b) qualitative assessment of impacts based upon



25

observation and professional experience. Comments were made that the criteria laid down

by the GTBS were too confusing and conflicting for the adventure tourism sector.

4.9 All organisations sought to manage any potential environmental impact in a proactive way.

Training, staff guidance and high levels of awareness were all seen as critical components of

this approach combined with the use of codes of practice or advice. One organisation

required partners to sign an operating contract which has environmental performance

included.

4.10 Looking to the future, the importance of avoiding over-use was cited with some businesses

saying that they have avoided and would continue to avoid certain locations if numbers

became unsustainable.

Adventure Tourism Best Practice

4.11 Perhaps in recognition of its relevance to future development of the sector, this aspect of

the consultation elicited a varied and strong response. The question asked respondents for

their views on minimum standards, best practice and the role of Wild Scotland. Four key

issues emerge from the consultation:

i) Leadership & Governance – there was a positive sense that Wild Scotland should act as

‘catalyst and champion’ for the adoption of sustainability throughout the adventure tourism

sector. Wild Scotland should also be confident in setting high standards which members will

be accountable to ensure best practice is delivered in the field.

ii) Best Practice Guidelines – several respondents commented on the need to develop best

practice guidelines for the full range of activities and contexts in Scotland. These may be

activity and/or location specific and could draw on international best practice. Related to

governance, Wild Scotland should also be prepared to ‘back up’ these guidelines through a

renewed Code of Conduct which is re-signed every membership year.

iii) Relationship to other accreditations – there is a common sense that the approach

adopted by the GTBS and VisitScotland’s QA scheme should be ‘retuned’ in order to be more

specific to the adventure tourism sector.

iv) Training – this is considered to be necessary to ensure that Wild Scotland’s leadership

position on sustainability and environmental best practice is communicated and understood.



26

For example, adoption of best practice guidelines should be supported by relevant training,

potentially working in partnership with existing providers of related qualifications e.g.

National Governing Bodies.

Scotland as an Exemplar

4.12 In conclusion to the consultation, views were also sought on what the adventure tourism

sector in Scotland should aspire to and what is required to achieve this.

4.13 Based upon this cross-section of the industry, there is a high level of ambition in which

Scotland could be a world leader in Sustainable Adventure Tourism. Wild Scotland is seen to

be instrumental to achieving this championing a professional industry with an emphasis on

quality rather than quantity. The consensus is that this quality will be driven by industry

leadership, the development of agreed best practice standards and related guidance and

training.



27

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 In approaching this report and, in particular, formulating our recommendations we have

been mindful of the capacity of Wild Scotland to effect and implement change. Some of the

recommendations made can be realised with minimal additional resource while others are

more complex and will require a medium to long-term approach.

Recommendation 1 – Best Practice Guidelines

5.2 Drawing upon the desk research and consultations carried out, it is evident a requirement

exists for the development of Best Practice Guidelines and Advice on an activity and,

potentially, location specific basis. The Wild Scotland Best Practice for Wildlife Watching

provides a relevant precedent for the development of such guidelines.

5.3 As the desk research has shown, there is a significant amount of guidance and advice already

in existence. However, it is disparate and consultations with the industry reveal that it is not

widely adopted. In contrast, the Wild Scotland Best Practice for Wildlife Watching is

acknowledged as an accepted point of reference. We suggest that one reason for this, is that

it is a) endorsed by the industry trade body for adventure tourism and b) is specifically

designed for professional users such as wildlife guides and boat operators. The manner in

which this guidance draws upon the Scottish Marine Wildlife Watching Code should also be

encouraged as a model for the development of Best Practice Guidelines in other areas. For

example, the principles of Leave No Trace could constitute a key thrust of any new guidance.

5.4 Our first recommendation is that Wild Scotland develops Best Practice Guidelines for those

activities which constitute the majority of adventure tourism taking place in Scotland. These

are:

• Walking/Trekking

• Mountain Biking

• Sea Kayaking (coast)

• Kayaking/Canoeing (inland)

• Rafting

• Winter Sports



28

We consider it essential that the guidelines are developed in close consultation with those

organisations which have responsibility for these activities and have, in most cases, already

produced some form of best practice guidance/advice. The principles of the SOAC will also

form a core part of any such guidance.

5.5 In the first instance, the guidelines should be developed expressly for professional adventure

tourism providers e.g. tour operators, activity providers and guides. The emphasis should

very much be on explaining the practical tools and techniques to achieve minimum impact

and would ideally use the latest research on recreational ecology conducted by bodies such

as SNH.

5.6 In time, these guidelines could be adapted for recreational users but we consider that this

would require a very significant communications exercise to make a meaningful impact. A

logical starting point for any such development would be through key strategic partners such

as SNH and the National Trust for Scotland who actively encourage recreation on their

landholdings.

5.7 Subject to further consultation and discussion, there may also be merit in considering

location specific guidance to ensure that existing environmental assets can be managed in a

sustainable manner. Such guidance should look to reconcile competing land interests as well

as environmental impacts. It is evident from the industry consultations that certain

adventure tourism ‘sites’ would benefit from a specific and coordinated approach.

Recommendation 2 – Related Training

5.8 Developing new Best Practice Guidelines is one part of the overall picture. To ensure

understanding and adoption of the guidance, we recommend that Wild Scotland supports a

series of related training events and/or programmes. The WiSe scheme is a useful example

of linking accreditation to Best Practice Guidelines and while accreditation may not be

necessary in the first instance, it could become a feature of future training.

5.9 A strong consensus exists among the industry that training is fundamental to achieving the

development of a more sustainable adventure tourism sector. A series of new Best Practice

Guidelines could act as a catalyst to support professional training that is specifically targeted

at minimising environmental impact.



29

5.10 In the context of professional training, we further recommend that a dialogue is opened

with those key National Governing Bodies who award qualifications for mountain and water

activities (e.g. Mountain Leader Training Scotland) to consider how Environmental Best

Practice training could be incorporated into these schemes. The majority of individuals who

obtain these awards go on to lead, guide or coach others in mountain, river or coastal

environments. Based upon experience, we are aware that there is little room for

incorporation of additional content into the existing training and assessment syllabuses.

However, many of these awards carry a CPD element which could be the method by which

such training is delivered.

Recommendation 3 – Maintaining Standards

5.11 A common theme arising from the industry consultations was the importance of monitoring

and maintaining standards across the adventure tourism sector. We recognise that this is a

difficult task for Wild Scotland to singularly achieve but we have some suggestions that may

assist in achieving this objective.

5.12 Firstly, and based upon feedback from the industry consultations, we recommend a review

of how the Wild Scotland Code of Conduct functions. There is the potential for an update

once the new Best Practice Guidelines have been produced and, as one member suggested,

the new Code should make clear that membership is contingent upon compliance to the

Best Practice Guidelines. A further suggestion is that all Wild Scotland members should sign

the Code of Conduct each year (on renewal of membership) as a ‘pledge’ to adhere to the

Guidelines.

5.13 Secondly, Wild Scotland members should be encouraged to monitor the environmental

performance of fellow members and feedback, where necessary, relevant information to the

executive. It is evident that support exists from the members to take corrective action where

standards are not being adhered to.

5.14 Thirdly, it is important to recognise that a very substantial proportion of the adventure

tourism product in Scotland is currently delivered or facilitated by businesses and individuals

who are not part of Wild Scotland or any other quality assurance scheme. This ‘informal’

sector is difficult to influence and control yet the potential for impact on Scotland’s

reputation as a high quality and sustainable adventure tourism destination is significant.

Clearly it would be desirable if these businesses and individuals became part of Wild



30

Scotland and some consideration should be given as to how they could be engaged. For

example, a ‘money back guarantee’ could be offered to new members in year one. At the

same time, Wild Scotland should consider communicating with related tourism agencies

such as Visit Scotland, Scottish Enterprise and Highlands and Islands Enterprise to ensure

that any support or promotion is only offered to those businesses which are members of

Wild Scotland and are committed to operating to agreed standards.

Recommendation 4 – Industry Liaison

5.15 Based upon certain responses from the industry consultation and drawing upon recent

experience, we consider that two immediate collaborative opportunities exist within the

adventure tourism industry which will assist the management of environmental impacts.

5.16 The first opportunity relates to liaison between commercial operators who share the same

‘environmental assets’ on a frequent basis. Typical examples would be the River Spey, the

Moray Firth and Cummingston Crags. Increased commercial and recreational activity in such

locations has created an environmental pressure that requires management. This can take

many forms and may include agreement between operators over total number of trips per

week, which access routes should be used and campsite management. Some liaison

agreements are already in place and these should serve as a model for the development of

others. The work of Dave Craig on the River Spey is a good location specific example of what

can be achieved. Without committing significant resource, Wild Scotland could become the

conduit for bringing the relevant parties together and facilitating the development of long-

term sustainable use plans which reflect the carrying capacity of specific locations.

5.17 The second opportunity for liaison is around the wider understanding of different land uses.

In our experience, many of the environmental issues and tensions that exist could be

addressed through open dialogue between land owners and land users. Simple Q&A and

discussion can often resolve differences and reveal mutually beneficial solutions. Given its

diverse membership, Wild Scotland has the ability to facilitate such discussions in a variety

of ways. The Best of Both Worlds initiative in Wales has sought to address this issue through

several methods and is a good starting point in considering how to develop a similar project

in Scotland.



31

Recommendation 5 – National Accreditation Schemes

5.18 We are aware that this issue has been tackled in the past but, based upon industry

consultation, believe there to be a case for reconsidering how environmental best practice

for adventure tourism can be incorporated into national accreditation schemes. The

overwhelming view is that, in order to be credible with the industry as well as the consumer,

these schemes must incorporate an assessment of operations ‘in the field’.

5.19 Our recommendation is a straightforward one – adoption of existing and newly developed

best practice guidelines for managing environmental impact should be key criteria for

accreditations under the Green Tourism Business Scheme or Visit Scotland Quality

Assurance. Membership of either of these schemes should be predicated upon an

organisation’s ability to demonstrate adherence to these standards. Moreover, greater

weight should be attached to these aspects of the assessment process in an effort to a)

recognise the environmental significance of such operations and b) make a clear distinction

between adventure/nature based activities and other tourism businesses such as

accommodation or visitor attractions.

Recommendation 6 – Year of Natural Scotland

5.20 Our final recommendation connects with the Scottish Government’s designated Year of

Natural Scotland in 2013. This is an ideal opportunity for Wild Scotland, working in

partnership with key agencies such as SNH and Forestry Commission Scotland to promote

Scotland as a sustainable adventure tourism destination.

5.21 We are aware that significant marketing activity is currently being planned around this year

with thematic campaigns. The opportunity exists for one of these themes to be around

responsible access, showcasing a professional industry committed to the highest

environmental standards. The Wild Scotland Annual Conference in December would provide

the perfect opportunity to launch a themed campaign, promoting an enhanced Code of

Conduct and a new series of Best Practice Guidelines.



32

APPENDIX A – REFERENCES

• Adventure Travel Trade Association (2009). Member stories sharpen the vision for ATTA.

• Easto, P and Warburton, C (2010). Adventure Tourism Market Analysis.

• Mintel (2010). Activity Holidays - UK - February 2010. Summary accessed at

http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen/display/id=479866

• Scottish Enterprise (2009). Economic Value of Mountain Biking in Scotland.

http://www.scottish-enterprise.com/your-sector/tourism

• Scottish Enterprise (2009). Sailing Tourism in Scotland. http://www.scottish-

enterprise.com/your-sector/tourism

• Scottish Natural Heritage (2011). Monitoring responsible behaviour among recreational users

and managers. http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/424.pdf

• Scottish Natural Heritage (2010). Assessing the Economic Impacts of Nature Based Tourism in

Scotland. http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B726802.pdf

• Scottish Government (2007). Economic Development Strategy.

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/11/12115041/0

• VisitScotland (2006a) Adventure tourism in Scotland (July 2006).

http://www.visitscotland.org/pdf/adventure_online_research_2006.pdf

• VisitScotland (2007) What will activity and adventure tourism look like in 2015?

http://www.visitscotland.org/pdf/adventure_tourism_forecast_march_07.pdf

• VisitScotland (2009). Tourism in Scotland 2008.

http://www.visitscotland.org/PDF/tourism_in_scotland_2008_provisional.pdf



33

APPENDIX B

Existing Good Practice Guidelines, Advice and Codes:

(Note that UK or International codes are only included where a Scottish equivalent does not exist.)

● Scottish Outdoor Access Code http://www.outdooraccess-scotland.com/

○ Guidance and Information for responsible access in Scotland underpinned by Land

Reform (Scotland) Act 2003

● Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics

○ International not for profit organization offering training and information.

http://www.lnt.org/

○ Branches in number of countries worldwide. Most relevant to Scottish context is

LNT Ireland http://www.leavenotraceireland.org/

● Scottish Marine Wildlife Watching Code http://www.marinecode.org/

○ Information & Best Practice guidance underpinned by Nature Conservation

(Scotland) Act 2004

● WISE (Wildlife Safe) http://www.wisescheme.org/

○ UK wide Training, Accreditation (3 levels) and Information on appropriate marine

wildlife watching

● Wild Scotland Best Practice Guidelines for Professional wildlife watching

http://www.wild-scotland.org.uk/about-us/wild-scotland-best-practice-guidelines/

○ Watching Wildlife by Sea Kayak

○ Watching Wildlife on Foot

○ Watching Wildlife by Vehicle

○ Watching Wildlife by Boat

● Scottish Canoe Association’s Environmental Guidance

http://www.canoescotland.org/AccessEnvironment/Environment.aspx

○ Paddlers Code

○ SCA Where to Go guide



34

○ SCA Wild Camping guide

○ SCA Environmental Guidelines for sea kayaking

● Dolphin Space Programme http://www.dolphinspace.org/index.asp?pageid=10448

○ Code of Conduct

● The Green Blue

http://www.thegreenblue.org.uk/leaflets__resources/on_board_guides.aspx

○ Code of Conduct Inland

○ Code of Conduct Coastal

○ Green Guide to Inland Boating

○ Green Guide to Coastal Boating

○ The Green Marine Wildlife Guide

● Mountaineering Council of Scotland http://www.mcofs.org.uk/wildlife-issues.asp

○ MCoS Minimum Impact Mountaineering Advice

● Developing Mountain Biking in Scotland http://www.dmbins.com/

○ Do the Ride Thing – soon to be published guide to responsible mountain biking

○ Trail building good practice guide – under development

● British Caving Association http://british-caving.org.uk/?page=23

○ Cave Conservation Code – under review

● Scottish Rafters Association

http://www.scottish-rafting-association.org.uk/codeofconduct.html

○ SRA Code of Practice

● Trekking & Riding Society of Scotland www.ridinginscotland.com

○ Run Trek Leader and Senior Trek Leader courses

○ No sustainable or minimum impact guidance written into syllabus or on website

○ Possibly contained in The Trekking and Riding Society of Scotland Manual – recent

publication



35

● British Horse Society http://www.bhs.org.uk/

○ Dealing With Confrontation leaflet

○ Responsible Riding & Driving Leaflet

● Pembrokeshire Outdoor Charter http://www.pembrokeshireoutdoors.org.uk/

○ A collection of outdoor activity businesses, environmental education centres,

conservation groups and organisations.

○ Useful model for user collaboration on best practice

● The Treadlightly Trust – Responsible off-road vehicle use (England/Wales)

http://www.treadlightly-uk.org/

○ Responsible motorbike trail riding guidance

○ 4x4 Drivers Guide

● Best of Both Worlds http://www.bobw.co.uk/home

○ Promoting dialogue and consensus between outdoor recreation groups,

conservation bodies and land managers.

Tourism Accreditations & Awards

● VisitScotland Quality Assurance

http://www.visitscotland.com/quality-assurance/star-grading-scheme/

○ Limited environmental/sustainable criteria.

○ Plans to increase in the future.

○ Contains a number of categories that are appropriate for Adventure/Nature based

Tourism businesses.

● Going Green http://www.greentourism.org.uk/going-green-qanda.htm

○ VS initiative as introduction to the Green Tourism Business Scheme

● Green Tourism Business Scheme http://www.green-business.co.uk/

○ Bronze, Silver & Gold Awards.

○ Represented UK wide and internationally



36

● Association of Independent Tour Operators

http://www.aito.co.uk/corporate_Responsible-Tourism.asp

○ Sustainable Tourism Star Grading Scheme

• Responsible Tourism Awards - http://www.responsibletravel.com/awards/

• Tourism for Tomorrow Awards - http://www.tourismfortomorrow.com/

• Vision in Business for the Environment in Scotland - VIBES

http://www.vibes.org.uk/

Overseas Models

There are a number of overseas models that are similar to the Green Tourism Business Scheme.

Upon review, it was felt that none of them contained anything that was not covered by existing

schemes in the Scotland, with the exception of Nature’s Best. This scheme has elements of the GTBS

but goes much further when looking at practice in the field and quality delivery.

Europe

IBEX (CH)

Legambiente Turismo (IT)

Green Key (DE)

Milieubarometer (NL)

La Clef Verte (FR)

Green Tourism Business Scheme (UK)

The Austrian Ecolabel (AT)

Luxembourg Ecolabel (LU)

Nordic Swan (Scandinavia)

Nature’s Best (Sweden)

Blue Flag Europe

The Green Certificate – Latvian Ecolabel (LT)

Catalonian Ecolabel for Tourism (ES)

PanParks (Europe)



37

North America

Sustainable Travel International (USA)

Latin America

Programa Green Deal (Guatemala)

Asociación Ecuatoriana de Ecoturismo -ASEC- (Ecuador)

Smartvoyager (Ecuador)

Programme for Belize (BZ)

Plan 21 (Argentina)

Kiskeya Alternativa Certificación Program / Fundación Taiguey (Dominican Republic)

Programa de Certificação em Turismo Sustentável (PCTS) (Brazil)

Certificado para la Sostenibilidad Turística (CST) (Costa Rica)

Green Globe 21

Africa

Fair Trade in Tourism in South Africa (ZA)

Australia

Eco-Certification Program of Australia

APPENDIX C

International Leave No Trace Principles – suitable for the UK

Plan Ahead and Prepare

• Prepare for every outing by gathering local information on regulations policies and rules for

the area you wish to visit.

• Be prepared for extreme weather, hazards and emergencies.

• Visit in small groups when possible. Consider splitting larger parties into smaller groups.

• Ensure you have the skills and equipment needed for your chosen activity.

• Build Leave No Trace into your plan by picking an appropriate outing for your group.

Travel & Camp on Durable Ground

• Durable ground includes established trails, tracks, and campsites, as well as, rock, gravel,

sand, dry grasses or snow.

• Good Campsites are found, not made. Keep campsites small and discreet.

• Protect wet or boggy areas by camping at least 70m from lakes and streams

• Leave your campsite as you found it, or better.

In popular areas

• Concentrate use on existing trails, tracks and campsites.

• Travel single file in the middle of the trail or track, even when wet or muddy.

In remote areas

• Disperse use tom prevent the creation of new trails, tracks and campsites.

• Avoid places where impacts are just beginning.

Dispose of Waste Properly

• Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your campsite and rest areas for litter or leftover foods

including tea bags, fruit peels and other biodegradable items.

• To dispose of solid human waste, dig a hole 15-20cm deep and at least 70m from water,

camp, trails and tracks. Cover and disguise the hole when finished.

• Pack out toilet paper and hygiene products.

• Wash yourself and dishes 70m away from streams or lakes and use only small amounts of

biodegradable soap. Pack out any solids and scatter strained dishwater.



39

Leave What You Find

• Preserve the past: observe, but do not touch, cultural or historic structures and artefacts.

• Leave rocks, plants and other natural objects as you find them.

• Avoid introducing or transporting non-native plants and animals.

• Do not build rock cairns, structures or shelters.

Minimize Campfire Impacts

• Fires can cause lasting impacts and can be devastating to forest, natural habitats and

farmland. When camping use a lightweight stove for cooking.

• Where fires are permitted, use established fire rings, barbecues, fire pans or mound fires.

• Keep fires small. Only use sticks from the ground that can be broken by hand. Do not use

live trees or plants for firewood.

• Burn fires to ash, put out completely and then scatter cool ashes.

Respect Farm Animals and Wildlife

• Observe wild animals and birds from a distance. Avoid wildlife during sensitive times:

mating, nesting, raising young or winter.

• Keep wildlife wild by not feeding them human foods. Feeding wildlife damages their health,

alters natural behaviours and exposes them to predators and other dangers.

• Protect wildlife and your food by storing food and litter securely.

• Control pets at all times or consider leaving them at home.

• Wildlife and farm animals are not pets. Do not follow or approach them.

Be Considerate of Others

• Respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience.

• Many cultures consider their ancestral lands sacred. Be a respectful visitor.

• Be courteous. Yield to others you encounter.

• Respect the people who live and work in the countryside.

• Let nature’s sounds prevail. Avoid loud voices and noises.



40

APPENDIX D

EXTRACTS FROM NGB TRAINING HANDBOOKS

From the Walking Group Leader (WGL) Handbook

3 THE UPLAND ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Access

Walking group leaders should understand and be familiar with the following:

a. the Countryside Code, associated codes and the responsibility to minimise impact on

the environment

b. current legislation concerning access to the countryside in upland areas, the nature

of specially designated areas and limitations on their use

c. how and where to get information about access to upland areas e.g. from appropriate

guidebooks and maps, Mountaineering Council sources, local and National Access

Forums and from the various countryside agencies

3.2 Conservation

Walking group leaders should understand and be familiar with the following:

a. the multiple uses of upland areas e.g. hill farming, forestry, water collection, grouse

shooting, stalking and outdoor recreation

b. issues relating to upland conservation and the long-term effects of human pressures

on this environment

c. the importance of human sanitation issues in the outdoors

3.3 Environmental Knowledge

Walking group leaders should extend their knowledge about all aspects of the hill

and moorland environment e.g. geology, geography, flora, fauna, local history and

photography. They should have a basic knowledge of:

a. the general impact of humans on upland environments

b. the potential impact of outdoor recreation with particular reference to groups



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From the Single Pitch Award (SPA) Handbook

2. THE CLIMBING ENVIRONMENT

Candidates must demonstrate competence in the following areas. They should be able to:

2.1 Access

a. understand and observe current access and conservation guidelines.

b. interpret and use effectively the access information given in guidebooks and other

sources of information.

c. show an appreciation of and care for all aspects of the climbing environment.

d. show an ability to obtain information on and willingness to comply with locally important

crag issues and agreements.

2.2 Conservation

a. demonstrate good practice in the conservation and care of the environment.

b. operate in such a way as to minimise impact on the environment (including the climbing

resource).

c. define problems of conservation and the effects of human pressure on the climbing

environment.

d. manage groups so that they have minimal impact and leave the crags in an improved

condition where possible.

e. demonstrate an awareness of the general environment on UK crags as well as locally

important species and the legal situation relating to protected flora/fauna.

f. demonstrate some knowledge of different rock types and crag features.

2.3 Etiquette

a. demonstrate an awareness of responsibilities to the general public, environmental

agencies, local residents, landowners and the climbing community.

b. demonstrate an awareness of local rock climbing ethics related to single pitch

crags.

c. operate a flexible programme of activities so as to accommodate other site users.

d. be aware of the hazards presented to other site users by the actions of a group and act to

minimise these.

e. demonstrate an awareness of the site-specific requirements and agreements relating to

different crags, climbing walls and artificial structures.



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From the Mountain Leader (Summer) Handbook

3 ACCESS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Candidates should:

a. aim to inspire and enthuse their groups in the mountains and continuously expand their

knowledge and understanding of the environment.

b. demonstrate knowledge of current legislation as it relates to the various home nations

regarding access to the countryside and appreciate the significance of access agreements

and Rights of Way in upland areas.

c. demonstrate knowledge of land management in upland areas and its multiple uses, e.g.

hill farming, forestry, water collection, grouse shooting and deer stalking.

d. demonstrate knowledge of current relevant conservation legislation and appreciate the

problems of conservation with respect to flora, fauna and erosion. They should also

understand the nature of specially designated areas and any limitations on their use and

be aware of long term effects of human pressures on the upland environment.

e. know how to get information about access to wild country e.g. from appropriate

guidebooks, maps, countryside agencies and relevant mountaineering bodies.

f. be familiar with the Country Code and understand the individual's responsibility to

minimise impact on the environment.

From the Mountain Leader (Winter) Syllabus

EXPEDITION SKILLS

8.4 organise group and personal hygiene arrangements in a way that minimises the impact

on the environment.

8.7.5 fostering environmental awareness.



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From the Mountain Instructor (MIA & MIC) Handbook

6 THE MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENT

6.1 knowledge of the natural aspects of mountains such as geology, natural history,

flora and fauna

6.2 knowledge of the multiple use of mountain areas and the necessity for the

conservation and protection of land against human pressures

6.3 awareness of problems relating to access to wild country and our impact upon it

6.4 ability to enthuse and educate others in the above topics



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APPENDIX E

CONSULTATION RESPONSES

The following businesses agreed to participate in the industry consultation:

• About Argyll, Argyll

• Atholl Estates, Perthshire

• Boots n Paddles, Inverness

• Glenmore Lodge, Cairngorms

• Rothiemurchus Estate, Cairngorms

• Seafari Adventures (Oban), Oban

• Speyside Wildlife, Cairngorms

The following businesses were contacted to take part in the consultation and were either unable to

take part or did not respond:

• Highland Safaris, Aberfeldy

• Sea Life Surveys, Tobermory

• Ecoventures, Cromarty

• Northshots, Kingussie

• Galloway Activity Centre , Castle Douglas

• Highlands & Islands Adventure, Inverness

• Laggan Outdoor Ltd, Dumfries & Galloway

ADVENTURE TOURISM IN SCOTLAND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & BEST PRACTICE

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