I4l

UYI?I 2tt

tr4f 4f ,)n?1iltmtnu?to{uayiluYt?u?:totn: :}tqt

y& y A v d 1) 42.1 n ? til3ru o{9rurnu2 nu Rl:rToilfl ?un?lucruonlu

viy42.1.1 fi aRnl:troilo?un?]illcruontu

s I a 9 A I u , i9 d itnuil nnuo?n1: r$0u]J :v dlu?dqn1.:6.| yt9t0.:nl:n?truuultt:{1,onttu1tryoil

,vtsvYdtvtz{errAAlldd.luu d?uxlnunotflun?1u50u[lJu9l?lJ:vd'tul.t:09t?5?u1J:udlu cu.lfl't:[Y0lJ9l?un?1iltdu9t

ddt A a4 J i v v , dt q t s li I amlunriluon?f?tu.:yto1fluila{fi?1}J:our:lud',rrj:sd'lu lnunr:rfioildttrn?lillaunilrurfud ad a as i o 4 ! o 4 .l Y druila'lftilnlu?In1: llau tu':1u?0uvlm1n1:f,nu'lu0un1n1:f,nu1nt:rsou9r'rufrlluldu9rYtlu

druiGnr:ruurfiunrrulurru'l:suruInultflrr:rdu6'nd'ru16or 6'rrranrlunrnfi z.r d.:fiq

. j 9 a -:fi nnn'r:rsoil9llun?ltJrdunT]u 9l.lu

. @ i I . o j j o A y2.l.l.l n { fi ?u fl { ur: u n 1 : rT0 il n 0 f'r'l : u 15u.1 1 u T 0 e Yl 1 n 1 : rToru n ? ufi ?'l }t

duda---!dlrtiAydrdunmrururiuEnnnduri:iutunurBoilri{aordrurravrryufruqrurfrourirurdu? lnulfi'

dai-qajjn?ru15?rrnurr:{u=flfrrflilrvdxriullurnrraerlsudilrin'tosfiu.:rurfioru d'rnrvrfi 2.1 (n)

2.r.1 .2 {'r r rv r ry u rnio rfi u n fi lu 6'.r r r s d 6 u riu, u u, o { I u ?u n'r : ri r 1 #rfi n

e A e v - ! A ! y A st A^ 3 ! dn?tu:0uu:t?or14u1dur.rdlJ0{Tu.:'rurryorum{cYo{n'lu ry{n?1u:oumrnnluututJr{afl:3yru, i y 9 oyo J Lt a9 q 6r

rio:outfroru n'r:dil{n?rlf ouhirn-.nilufunv6o.:lftr:.:n'ulunr:rAunmlu (Friction Pressure)

i 'l y iu r q q9! J o de ae q o dYlr?lu]vdu[lnsu.:]u9t]uYt tuilryunu t?lsu.:tuyt.:d0{tflunflnu trau t?trr:.:9tu tun'l:tdugtynu4 . i; tr o - J ru sa - ia dv 6

rilutt:.:sTufrdt 6.:nt:ririluarr:.:6'un'uoqirTututnrrauqiudlrrin'to':iaqfirfionfirTu luriruio ro

1 o { r? n l vt tr't u n r : rfi u n il t u (Friction Time) trn v n r rru rE r l u n r : d'u 1#du.r r u rfi ue fi ri'udo ^^]^^^-^.y-^.--i.r^^-3- ^ e.,t v 3 j .y y e(Friction Speed) n il r{ 4 4 0 fl ? 1u 5 0 u vt tnn {u u inru r il r du ru at o { uu { t u lfr 0 u fi'{ 610 { fi ] u 6 ? u

,trII q q @ O v - 4 4- d_ I o a 4 v I r r dA s o dtsunu n{uu tut{14?&firyutv{otflunriousro{rirur6'rsnrril:nrllruatil fro r[:{d'ulunl:raun

mru r?nltunr:rfiuamru n?rilr$?:o1J1,o{n1:rruudusrurfiou rrasn?rurf rlunr:d'uq

I,q ir.i' d ds A o | - r j V9 9 d AtllTu{lutdundnu [u0n]HuFrfr1110.:9r?ttil:riturutsaru'[n116': frnsatil't:nr5ilrulunt:firyu

rfiorduqfrfi'u'ld lnunr:d'ul#du.:ru6'rufihixuul#rnf,oufir{rrfionfiriurdoaYr.rnrrrLiouAgt---iyt}.tu1flur.lfl 9t.:R]y{yt 2.1 (t)

,92.1.1.3 f,.: r r v d'o rfl u du n o u qn frr u r o r t 1J ? u n r : rfi o u d'r u n r r ru rfi u q il r u

ia36u.e'ttavtfrotd50fruturunr:1u{o 2.t.r.2rrd?nr:ilryuuo{fiu0ergoornfiurv1#rr:.:6'ulunr:6'rr

5

Sd44eoAidt-ifrurrur5ot5undnodrvjrrr:{6'u"lunr:rfiou (upset Pressure) 6.rrfluu:.:6'uficqurn rrn&1fi'

ouad4rroYyt?nr"tunr:dnrsoGundnodts'jrrrat"[unr:160ru (Upset Time) r6oufiu.rtuvi'rao.:l#gi^nfi'u- i tr v t J lrt o o 9 v qa 39t.:R'llIYl 2.1 (n) cr{9t?r[lj:vl{d0{ufl0{n]rufl t?lr14u'lsflunulJu't9ruosq6udilu9llJ0.:Tu{"tuj , Yqr) q q - '

rsou rru 0r lfiu:.:nurrnur?atlunr:6'nurnrn'uhJorovirh{fiu.:ru16ornn.:orrnurrur16oru

rfiuqutil6'rioh?u:sfiulunr:6'nrlourn^u'l:Jorrrirl#:ou16oru'[rinrrruufi.:u:.:norfiorfirsv a h9,l

:o{:uR1:sts{lnn t9r

iAvR]iln 2.1 n'r: rryoil q?unt: il uurfi ufl rrulurru ?: uu rul#rr: l6'udn dturAu?

z.t.z iltrn[: d fi rua n : v vr u sio nr : rudo ru rla u n a r u rfi s o n r u

6'rrtil: fifi r.ra n: syrueionr: rfioldrufl?rilrAunm rurfurni.:oon'ld'fi oru6'rr h9,, Ittil: tarrn

2,1,2. I tr: { 6'u 1u n I : tfiun il 1u (Friction pressure) r u I u fr .: rr:.r d'u fi ldlu n r :6ul#du.:rufilriarrnsrfionfiri'u1uf.:nrsrfiusrfi 6':rfu6.rfiruah{rfinnrruioudufirrirdufr'a

a lTrd'.r u'l; r 4urirn t :,dor

f"r xr, ruuryiorf,uaf,I

-- )-!ilil?rrqff'H{utfl00a

d r ua i j- dttos u Han00 0ldtJU 9t I 0{ To utuou mtnniu

c

a

:

t

a

a

6

2.t.2.2 rr:.: FTu 1u nt : 6'rr (Upset pressure) H u I u d{ rr:.: 6u fi 1#1u n r : d'n t#IAAvv<da9r4guO-o3.,

su{luflanu?14{!lnnl:tduncY0utnnn?'lxSoutyiu.:fl0[[6? [r:{aulunt:onrnnilulu.r?{[?o'l,9dolu

rlru{du1 rytluu

2.1.2.3 t?nIlu n'l : tfi tlnmtu (Friction Time) yIrofr.: rro rfi 1dlu {'.: r:vtt

nr: rfi unfi 6u rru 1#rfi nn':ru iou

2.1.2.4 nntlu nt : 6'n (Pressure Time) r ru t ud.: rra rfi ldlu n r: 6'n1#du.,l,AUO9l9tflu [u0{?t?voo

2.t.2.5 nerru ri': : o u lu n r: u qu n u.rdr,r, u (Rotational Speed) ?,t rJ tun4{

d- 3 - iA tr 4 s | tr;4 , ojo j , !on?1ilt:?:0UlJ0.1su{luYltTolJ cr{tilusl?ttlj:1.1u{yruHan0Q0lfiSuyrtnnt=u:vflirlfrtn=pr

n1:rdunmluoio J r d

2.1.2.6 qfufi Qufl rnnIu:u?1?1.:nlrrfl ufiyl'tu

2. t .2.7 : e u y r? n 1 1 u n r : rE u sT: cr o.r du I r u fi rfi o ru

z.r.s il:vrnnro.rif; nr:rioudasnartrf;unnruA y d J roo

n I : tfr 0 u ri? u n ?'r il tAu n m r u u u GIr u 1 : n uu.: ? f n I : rry^o I o o n'hJ 1 dil n r uii n r :4 -f - i4 J r,. 9 i ^ J a dr q r r u iry.:[lflau?inl:uu01flun?1r:0uTrnn1u01fln]:rduglytlurilustrryruu:valu 9t{n'lilyt 2.1-2.5

Iv d r ln rdn{:1unyr0unn0 tilu

2.1.3.1 nr: rdou d':ud'rnn rln ryurfi unmru lu rru ?: eu ru'lvt-..---. 4 y a.{ d q d v A 9n1:tuotJFt?u?r n 1: u 01flun t: Huu lJ 0.: yu.:lugtrna t{tfloa5r.:t

y c9 I a ---el^^y- -=-.--,3 4 4 oi r A e art ?1 u : 0 u [ il [ [n u : t? nl 14 u 1 du ru d t 0 { Tu { r u ruo r 0 u o { q il fl

Q U yt rl4 u t u cru n o n r : rfr o u ifl f] Tfr n

^4-.___-i-.4-q_ry --_- ! -: .i o A yfu otnfu6.:lrirr:'rn'uvrniuleduonru.:'ruil!eilrnr:rr0url.lrrrri'u d.:ouiju^urirh?dusrud r a u 11 9q 4

tsoilaofl nnu tftn{n1T{yt 2.2

nrfl d 2.2 nr: rfi ol 6''rusTrn o rc y ilurfi uom r u lu rru ?: u u tu [35]

a

7

ziqlday2.1.3.2 n I : rfr or d?un I : ?,l { u rA un m I u lu r ru ? : s u'l u fr{ do.: dt u

--- 4 ,t a4 ! a1 v tr i, ad j jn 1 5 tTO U 9t ?U ? I nl : U 0 1 fl U il n n n 1 : tryO il 9t ? u?r n 1 : fi u u su {'t u yt 0 uq

teeeet9vv3ldrnt:t60rufi'.:do{fiu{1u trnriu6'ufiu.:tulutorvfi&.rn11uoqil#rfirdrufr'arorfrurruviraor

dlfr'aunvrfionfiriu 0un:sd.:u?rrnrrrhdlpiatordu.:rurfioruriraociounudrqarrqru^--i - -.- | .i s,- a I . 3 zi e e e - 3 !vltl{u1udlJ9l0fl1:[50u?dquunuu t{]4qnn1:rquTu.:1urr0u[[ne If [[:lnuoetuulruyt.ldo{9 9 - dr o q9! L a e vterq jn 1 u tl, 1 14 1 n u ru u il a m 1 t?t Tu.t ]u yt': d0{ n ona n u tn n { n ]il yt 2. 3

i-^ A y d q LtRrvrlt 2.3 n1: [Tou n ?un] : ilryulduFtytlu [urru?:uu luyt{ d0.t9t 1u [3 5]

2. t .3 .3 n r : rfi o ru d: un ? 1 il rA u n m 1 u uil u fln A dr u 16 u': 1 u uu : d.:

A y a4 ! , & 3 j i,q J -on1:[Y0un?u?! n]:u01f,un1: du u o{ uu.: 1 u [u0u yt 0 g tu ttu ?9t{ I n 1iv,

9AOnuru{1u'[urrur:su]u 1u:ur.r'irrnr:dnfifiuriuovdo.:1#rr:.:firrilrydu1uuu?rrnu-=^.j^. ^^-.^l--^-.-el-^^^r,-. --. ^- -L - -rt-ot- y i i o d.q a et Inusunluvl{flo{t11111flu 0un:&Yl.:fiu1dil,.1d10{Yu{'luylrriUntinurnnn?1il50u 0ud'.:

-- ---oi r i - o J 4 .i dq0lfi8ufitflu'lBduei0nt:tfioruiaqvu'nriu 6.rrqnnr:durfiunfiri'urrovl#rr:.:d'ulunr:dn,t,A A 6 A q9r a e v j

tll 0 t5 0 u yu.1 1 u yl { d 0.: t fi 9t 0 fl n n u n.: R 1 11 yt 2.4

n ril d 2.4 n r : rfi o ru d'': un ? I il rfiun m 1 u r ru u dn fr d'r u 16 u 11 u r ru I si.: f : s I

A v o - ol,9 d q2. I .3.4 fl 'l : [X0 U 9r ? U fi ? 1 U [du9r yr 1 U I rU U lJ 9r dvl { O 1 U rFr U? tU I rU ? : U U'] U

A y ad lo- t rA .' e

n I : tro u 9t ? u ? 5 n I : u u ? 9t 0 il : e d.: fi yt 0 v ri'o il fr u.: r u 1 u t ru r : s u t u 6',r o

Ad L : I d I oy - - ! I v I y s .i?Ifl1:dUUU{lUFltUt9tU?t[O? 41,ltt:{AU0nUU.tlU[lJ1fi1nUT{dO{9r',lU tOUn:UU?Un1:[S0U

9 Ad ! 9 ;,, lrs a oe9 I v. i I ;n?u?5n'1:u0sd5'r{fl'l:dua?uqnfl:1tryufl 0uyn tl.r14u'ldlJ,.rdt0{Tu{tuyl.:d0{m0eYnn'l:i o 9 a oi , i q a ! Y4 ;'

ruoLtrflnn?1lJ:0u0u0.:0flll,tRUYtr?tu1udlJ910fl1:rY0lJ?dnTuauu Ira10.114unn]:duua&q{qq

o, s o - i A j I oy, o v v jt l.t r r : { o u I u n 1 5 0 9t tvto t5 0 u ru.:'l u yt { d 0.: t ?'t 9t 0 9l n n u n { n 1 il vt 2. 5

j i e d - oJ r, d 6l

nlflti 2.5 n1:ttsOU6?Ufi?lUriiuglYtlUrrUUlJgldYt{9t]Ur9lU? [UrrUr:sUrU [11]

-ltctyajya2.1.4 fl OOttAVfl 0ldul'0{ R't : rr 0119r ?un?'riltctuoYIlu

9 a i y d d A ' uryJ 3 I s10911J0.:n1:tuoun?un?liltdunmlu n0 fl'ttJ1:0rT0u0lo t9r1't{?Iu14u19t9t10{

v

fiu.:ru hifiv'le.:ornrn finrrlrr{.:u:rlndrdurri'rianur'rrSoornrurnn'ir ldrrarlun'r:rfioilq

9 d A ; h ro 4 t, 6lt/r dra .i 3 A , i ;l y 'uou u:oursouflurrdrJohi{rrfludorlddr.:ruruorsorJ Tu{'rur$orJrrerouruvuroua'rurtoult4 v d r a ic 9d - J q a ErE i r a

rflu?nuiln1fl?"rulrfl.:rr:{m tnnrnu.:flu cr{ tu{1uqfldlfifl::tJuuu tT tunl:rryoust0?dqAY d ei r o y I ut Avt a d119r0{n1:n?lUrrl,.rrr:.11,0{rru?rryoilq.: rTu tT{a'1fln1{ tflaltu n'lu?ta? t09t t0rdu:0uun

t)4..iydarlAyaalJ 0 td u 1, o { n 1 : tso u 9t ? u n'l 1 u td u 9r vt I u n o tn : 0 { tuo u 9t ? u n ? 1 u ld uft 11 1 u tJ

yt9t

:1n-lttrl{ttavfiturnlnai6'o'rldvr'ufi1unr:,il'er?r{rrnvn'qd{rnior 6'osfinr:rsrEuunr:rr{orua" -- q-'

- i o i i i ordr i ln oxo.:i,dqfi0vdrnt:tfroilrfrofrocl{riluer'?rirruor3ou'[t"[unr:rfioil etooer0uflrqfufr{fiq

fr tfi u r vr ry fi uh h d.: rvr n u^ n r r n s iG n r : 1 u n r : rdo ru dr u n'r r ru rfi u n m r u #o u

2.2 n?tilf,rdsaffurrdnndr nr{uou

(b)(a)

"ffi,

++I,ltt**

HE*l[]t

Piid6

wE;Ef

o*.*,ricfs

unmu

.--4--y-- ! 4 d d a d t 4 r d s ln rs 4rilnnnaln'r:uou n0 rilancr{uftl:u0u,.tdu0gt?\u{0u't.:rau1 [nu'liluu:ail0{d]:

i

9

z.z.t nr:druilnufi oroqndnndrnrfuounrilil3ilrilnr{uou

n r : d r r ru n ru' er r o r ril f; n n d'r n r fu o u n r l rjiru r ru n', fr u r riu ar l r : o r ni r'l d

rflu I n{l lduriaiatL

2.2.1.1 tHafl mlJfil:uoua]

rfl u nr 6 n n dr n r {u o u r : : ru o r fi fi rjiru r nr n r fr o u rlo tr n'i r o. r "zo

d iu,, o g y I o / ut a I a r

tronv{?nu tilnouYl'l9r?un?1u:0u u0n01nu].:fi:{o]tT1n1:n1:u t:cu{n il:00l00uoou

rur:hwrdrornnr:l4r3nrEururrrd'r ruf;nnrfroudrtvfiln:rairril:snorLdru Ferrite uau

Pearlite

2.2.1.2 ntdnndrnrfuourJrunax

fi :J?n r ar n r fr ou n au : u n'i r { o.2s%-0. s s%,, f; n*, n drTn r s d'o roigru^rddaAo!virnr:ouqrriio6ornr:qildilfer^ r'du n,lrrurr{.: nrrrurrfru? flSotfrovrrnt:ilu;illd'iro

ds9tIu tn:{d51{il:enoun?u Ferrite tta& Pearlite

del2.2.1.3 rfi Annalfl1:UOUq{

A 16 I r r d ia 9 oilil:ulfunr: u0ufl fl u0gil1nn?1 0.55% rr nnfl ?nurnou0&910{vr1

daddo.'nt:yurruuruurrnyounalurfllJo ril:tvun?'tur[lJilr[:.1 rHnnrund6/o'rrirl:Jldlu.rrufidolnt:

d ds ,, 3 rq , - in?]ilrr1J{d{ u tn:{d51q1u0uflud?uildu Fl{uqg

dja,o?rlull) rfiancr':illj:u]iln1:ilouil]nn?10.55% u0un1l0.83%srtItn:{d5'I.lil:unouq?u Ferrite ttdu Pearlite

z) ntdnfifirjirurnrnrfuou 0.83% In:rafr.:rflu pearlite rfitxotjrr

tou?

l) ru 6 n fi fi rj?ru r nr n r fu o u r 1 n n'j 1 0.83%-2.0x In :.: a fr r rfl u

Pearlite tt0U Secondary Cementite

iq6ve2.2.2 unulnl,0{fi rqmP{flrJ lurfl aRnarR"HUou

lunrf;nndrnrfuouuonornosfi c rrdafr.:firrqdul r.ilu un si s p d,mrfiq

6AtdYtut--!0 il I Y{ A n 0 t?t n n n a't fi 1 5 lJ 0 u 9t { 0 u n o 1 1 t tufl fl u 9t.: u

2.2.2.1 rril{nrfid (Mn)

dt dt d I t A" - ' l[u u 0.: n il : u n 0 u t 0.1 rfi a n n n 1 fl 1 : u 0 u yt ti 1 n ry o u t I il u- I rll : t v

< dl u oqYt4ra 4 q d 9 o i u vtlu{nludtuu9l?vr"r [?r tilrnagv{Eu14:0901n1fl turHnnnnr rrnurru.:n1uflu0y:?ru9t?nun1ilu0u

Jqu?Tr1iltrd?ttil{nrfi6ytvrirtrrvtar!nfl:rn fl?rilulurr:.r6.rordn rrnyrirn?rilrriuu:{n:&rrilnqgqI

uon0rnliulunt:Elu{{rrqttil{nrfiaovrflufr:rirul#finr:rr{.:fifir1ddn usilurnrvrdur6'uqq

a

l0

riu ov r4 rh?tn^qn aru J#l16u.rfi os rithflrm 6nrn^nu^nrouiorrnnlu:yu'jxnr:Eurr{rriu 16',tqldd:ulurxqfirornrfinn6'rnrfiou:J:srnmnrfuou:Jrunax 16onrfuounra:rq.:d.:d'0.:n?uEil

q-YF d 6 d q r 9 o rn r dr ?r rJ r ru.t fl r u dn 1 n ? I 0. 5 % nr :'t s [H o n n.: n o I ? o v sr o I ri r

"lrj ql r ri.: raru o

2.2.2.2 66nou (si)<:i-.

rr d n fr 6o t r o n'u ri'r 1 rJ ei r u t r qi r ; fi 6 fi n o u nr a, o qi : v *i r.: 0. | 4.2%Gr.:crnn0u0lu?un.:nn1? lun0uilH0910qilduilgt'flo.: Mild Steels utnfn rirriurrannar

J t __!_-. _ -.. daa rln r a I : a4 dr vnl:uouil:utnmHdrunriu0uq{ nr:rsilfranouoqj"lrfunu 0.2x yr'.:frrn:rvfro-nou0uriluet?

rirh? rerc rrun6'?oonrflu r.oit" u6tu Graphite

2.2.2.3 rirlv6'u (s)

rroqilunrf,n'ld z d'nunrv fio

r ) o g 1 u d'n u ar v il : y n o u 6'r u ti r ru s fru 1 y,l d 6'r q 6'a u n do.: I a vr : : arid a r -^-.!--_-.^--..dt-.<.-!- r dr l: o'1a, atetruttr{nlurYil:sn0unusnutiludilrflradou"l tilurru?yt'.rfrru:rvqn8'[rJnrufiaml{to.:

Rl:Qnlr:{n:vyir d'snrvrfi 2.6 (n)

z) eglu dnu nrs fi rfl un r: il : s noudrurr 6 ndn'ly,ld (r.s) ryrfi ud o !1 1/ t v ; e

trdnda'[v'liiogjntrutolrn:u rT{nrflfi z.o (t) FeS fi fiqnrarurifiu{runvr:]:rvfilnmaourra:

dr d.:tvr4rhflnrf,nusrn'ldlutmvfifirrr':unr:du;rluurfourf oruf,ninrdu d'.rrfu--d^--+-d a 4 Eil d aorvt-oudntdu.:nt:tnn6{ilulurulfitrdnfr,ilruruurrnrfieuavrirrucriufidnri.lufiuorrlryriu{^-^l---Y---e,. t d r o s r qn 0o ul{ u o um qa r 1 u ?u r tu { n I U dst o n rl v n u n I : n s ryi r du t : t

In0fi"rIil*dr rir,yd'uoafi oqjrJ:r,ril 0.0s% usirrf; nur.:yu'nia r d do e t4 d d-._ t_ _^. d q a r !ill:un?lrilnfl Free cuuing oerunluenuogd.: o.zx rrnyilrru{n]fraoql t.sz fr.:lun:frrryufr

ovrirl#rn'ndudruIurutnuavrirl#rfinrun noo rrf;nryfir,riuarrur:nrirl:Jdug:Jld'iru

(n)

inrilti z.o ii'nu oryro.: rirruv d'u lu rrru.: n rfi a [ro]

ll

2.2.2.4 iloav'lofa

o ql 1 u *r 6 n lu ; :J' o r cementite dr rfl u a r : :J : v n o u fi r:J : r, d'.r rfuyl o ay{ o ian : : o qj 1 u rr f, n 1 6'hi rfi u n.j 1 0. 0s % dr o ri'u

d I dd r u9s I d d lrr d nndr u t fr fr rru,: o o n tet t n u d?u r.{dl I o { c rr f, n n dr n r fl ou d i

fi rjiru r nr n r iu ou o-0.2s% rr f, n n dr n r fr o u :J r u n a r.: fi rjir r nr n r iu o u 0. 25 -0. s s "z rm fi n n drI dta I L Jnritouqlfi iliru rnrnriuoud'.rrrsi o.ssx fluhJ

2.2.3 nr:1#.nuro{rfl dnnflrnr{uou

n t : 1 d.: r u t o'r r n f, n n dr n r {u o u sr r ru :J i u r nr n', f, u r rf, a r l r : n tr ri.r'l duoi9r{rrd9t.: tunt:'t.tyt 2. I

,'r r',.rd z. t n r : 1d,: r u t o.: rr f, n n dr n r fi o u sr rru rJiru r nr n r fi o u

il?ilrarSouav

daurj:vnou

ro{nr{uou

nr:rir'hfl#{ru

0.05-0.07% c oro i r

tTmla?am00uu1ndl

0.07-0,15% c 4-.?, ' qiro t d d r o oil?nruannaloour::iln] t,ryt'lrlr,turfl iin rildnrryl{ fi]a?fl }i]All a d a r @ u t

I 0 { fr 60.: n I : n= : rE u :: n i.: ni u si'l fr.r : n r.h n : s J :J : I : n rh fl n #o.r__y---1 -y ! e s t e 1a a j dfl n n T fl 0 { d': n 1 a.: I 0{ : 0 uu n li 100 u d llu rra u til fr nyt os to ru r5 n61 9rd rr r I J <, d dh{fi;rJ:'r.:rir.:1 rdu Hrynrlr rflunrn n'ari a6n rinldrrvrunrdnndr

d o u r : : r n r t u ri r u fi r: r o v do.: rfi ru rsr'ru n r fu o u fi fi r nr f; n n.: n dfi-t-- - -- y d --.-.;- J ,r, qrq Ay

n r n ?1 il rn u rr:.: n.: q{ qn n 1 fl u u u I u n.: : 1 ry lu fr n o.: n 1 : n ?1 u..d- - tY o --9- d d v o eg a jr t1 { t r:.t tJ'l n I rgt ft I u 1 u 1 yt 1 n I : : n r8u tJ u 0 e yt 1 ] fi n x 1 il [ ri.: r r:.: ua u fr

a.lJa 'n ? I il r r i { rfr u r- u 6 n 2 o% ru' o rfi u u riu n r :5 sr io u r r 0i.i 1 n ? I il r r{ { r r: .r

rio n : r r r r{.: fi 1 dur', du 0 r n n r :; n rE u 0 u 14'r u'l il fi'u fi dr *r r 1 #f o u4afi.: srs 'c r504.:n'irrf,nr?ou In:.:aflr.:rundrflu Ferrite uae,'fl u g rJ hi ri o, 6 rin hi n': : yi r fi o sr r io a n ; *si fl r:^ n rd u r i o dr ru f, n

*, n d,, d', o s ri r h?n r : du g rJ 6 du J, o,o * r r,{r fi uru.: n r fi a ru a ru

o {ru r n ov ri rl#nr: riu gilun vnrrruu{.r 6rsu

12

i duer r :'r{ii z. I n r : 1 d.r r u I o.: rr f, n n drn r fi o u n r ru ilil r nr n r fu ou (ri o )

ta 9)u:tlliu:ouay

drurJ:vnouIto.:nlIUou

nr:rir'lfl#.:ru

0.18-0.20% c -9--l--.q I ; q r o s 4 d o .iqgroyr 1 H 1 r.r u.: lJ 0 { 14 rJ 0 u 1 fl U 1 9t t 1.1 EU yt 1 14 U { rt0 rfl n n 5 u a il 1 f yt I-_ : ^

jo o. q o / r s r j , j qfl'l:tflu c ylr.t?d'llt:uyt'ttrft:,tslTy'l [ryn]n ryuarurnig{{n:na4- -1. q. q a o i A y 4 u9 ,ln,ao u dl [su tul\ 9t lil a nyu n u 0'1 0 tTox 9t ? u yt 0{ tfi o= g.: -t6

[ rgt'[r, u u udAdiddrroogduau u 14 : o : 9t u] n y{ ? n fl u [[u.: n ] u dil u o !, u I n 0 u fi 1 lfi il n su au :lsrqq

------e{ e q e d h, a ly o i joT 1{nnnl utln& il't tl.t [[1J.t t9t [H o nll lnu 6 lyt]n'l: tlIU c yt p.trrtaa

qqYd'Jqhrdrtrddyrl t?rrnJ{rrn? un0e txuln00ulJu0gulnr?luoulilan I 020

0.20-0.30v, cqro aC tr a a t I I

rln n s lf, fi r n r : 6 ilu g :J ei r.: 1 un : { fl-u rfr ui r r n r rr n u rrn :.: u1 i d

ril6n 0.20-0 .26% c ldr4rrnar:olv{ o.z:-r.: o% c ldrirriosioa I /h 4 t ti, u ,

1 0uu 0 nI 0{[n u: lyt 0t tun rfl n11 0{ o1 : rlJ[0 0 : f r -til 0.24-0.32%)

c u u' n fi fi q il a il :.ier' yr r r n a 6 t dl u n r : ri r r n 6 u ? .r r u u m { du I ilrvr o fl u d n'r n.: ru 6 du g rl l r n o r du ; rJ 1 d6 1 u an r n o u ei o u n;oourrfiu?

0.35-0.45% C ldrirrn arfi reu dodo fi du grJr u r r,f; n,,u rn u* *,t*iu o

6'n : n n arj i,: u ri u o r fru rn o f d r r fu r m o fl ru ro u ru o fr: r rr o fo.e/hdlto-Adlosd44

fl1?l:Uryto: tunsl:l! rilH:u Rotor fi50 rnuS yrt lruayrEnalor50

(Anchor bolt) n r f, n ryu' n dfi n r : du g :J 1 d6 vr o a l n.: : ri r 1 #u{.: 1 dd nYd d r oq, uar6 r il r rru.: n rfr fl u I n 0 &,i? u ri r }{q nr al rin' ri r.: 1 x o { d ? u il u r 1 1 6'63elJU9r?U

0.45-0.55% Cq9oi t o

-

1,f vr r fr u ri r u d r y :-u fl rr : { n : u u m n n : s ri'u ri'u fi fi ri r n ,l

r ru rriu

n du lrJ n duu r rdu ril n r : 0 1y'l rrn : { fi u I o r rn 6o.r frn : tr qi 1

.: r u 6 du g :J 1 r ri 1 *iu r rn :.: y r {v{ a d'n rfi o fr o { fl n r ffl rsr o i o rl; .,

fi rnu ru f, n n rn do v do r : s i.: h{u r n I e, u,o n t du rf, n 1 r.r i o u r.: 1

1unr:qrh{rdud'rturira

,

!

13

9n:r{Yt z.t nr:ldsrutosrrf, nndrnrfuousrrrilirurnrnrfuou (sio)

layu:tJtiu:ouoy

rlcI?ulJ:ynoil

It0{nt:u0u

nr:rirhfl#{ru

0.60-0.70%c -.---,{qyn ra I al I r r o u u e J}r?nu [Tyt1rluilltfl .ltugtlu?ljnl{cl [5u tirrfuur lruori nru

-.{-^ t--J- 4 d o r dun0n mtiluyt r0'terran T1[cImdnI drluillnr rr?1?u?td?

-t-vttaarvlcYU:{fl amu rYil5{nau Irr{unailT

0.70-0.80% c61 9c A olfrrirvr':nfrr t:ru lufin lurdou do:nlyl nenrioair.r uriunn'vrd

e S saq ln

rruuoa tuua nu tf)

0.80-0.90% c l dri r : r.: : n b,l .r r u'l n il'r r o r s n^ u l u r nj o u l.r r sr' o u a- r d r u iu_4_, I d a A - e

tfl : 0.: 0n:1I umttnunluu gtlft : 0.:nnil 0J 1

0.90-1.00% c lf,ri r r[u viun e q 1 u dil;{ il o n durli.: 6 dn'u ur.iu rJ : y n u n ru do : o

1.00-1,10% c l#ri rur u u : n h,l vi r fr u rir u rnio.: fi o n o aili.: 6'r :J

t.t0-t.20% c ocdf.l44a4vl19l1u [n :0{uo9t]u u9lr0't&u9t ugti: :u9t't

1.20-r.30% c rirsrv'lu

1.30-1.50% C-o- o. v ,l d u d 4m]ntufl 11,t:ljldun?n unnnft:u9l tu ilnnn{

1.50-1.60% c oq i - d o v am1 turn0ugt9trHnfl n1ud]14:u9l{a?Ft

2.2.4 rlBtdrlffi ro.:rmdnnr{uou

o r n d vr : r l'i I r 1 E n I fu o u rfl u t r 11 fi o qj 1 6'1 u rr 6 n n d'r a o r d'n u ru v no o 1 u a n r yr

dl:nealu1Jo{tt{.: (Solid Solution) ttasrrqnrfuou6nrirundlfirfiu:Jiurarfi0uaunrur'ld

0u:xrufi'ut14f;nrfluar:rJ:snououtetofrtri'nfin (tntermetallic Compound) r,rio Cementite dloyH-.---.---i-" er' q ----e-qy 4 y ^!-.^-.a__, d d : Jtluvlu'lYlYldlnq,tunl:vlr tfitranndrnriuouiln'lrrurri.ru:.:rla&n?'lilrrinlfrilu]nruqrrl:Jirutnrto.: J"rnrntite u0fl0rflnrfuouocrflurrqfifiuvrurmril6ourrilnrqnre lfn^rfi,:nn

d e d 9 d ya I q u 4 r - trj r.i s ylo.tlHnnnarnl:u0uttA? nr:0xTUtrnnndrnrirudrnrydnil:unt:fifr.:frr:Jduuln:.:a5ntol.^-<_Aeirjrsadvyytfi n n cli{ fl 4 n 1 : 0 u qu lJ U vt u t m fr ril d uu r ril a { E il dru fsr-t o l ru fi n ki n ix t r t { il t n o r o o v vi i }i'.--{_s. d a ___-..---e-_Uy.J ,u etraniln?tuttr':ilTon?turril u?Idq.:f,uoqjrilnr:ouqil lraudnu ilvtol In:.: air.: qofrt u

-dq-Ys-.9,-l q e vaa 4 y J ,) o dvl [9]:u el{uu tunl:nlilunqilduilatulnntosn4dnndtnril0u0ud0{filiuqrtqnt5uou

ttoud'nuilenr:ouTUn?truiou:J:vnor6'ru rfl:rudrrir14unodrrrutrmyrfllunr:urndovyr:r:L

qnraru:in'rfirnn'16'rriluou tumr.:iyrnr:flr6'0.:ririluad'nu0lvIn:rafr.: rrne:runvrAuqr0.:

14

d I i r 6t ta qaa o r

tu'rqrn:udn6':urfronrrilrriluou 1uvrr.:rJq'rior-u-orurirrund?ur.rdlJuoynt:ouqu lufifioyto

rird'nunrvtosrrdnfinirunt:rituofuonlad (Normalizing) firjirurarnrfuourir.rl uriol#rfiuqsYdYlhsrddnflutuv tn:{d5]{xo.lrflanndlnrruou t0 tilgrvrflsroun (Hypo-Eutectiod) (0.4% c) rlnvrilon

9llltllqanalnl:u0u Ia[ilo:utmnfloU9] (Hyper-Eutectiod) (1.2% C) rravruo0tnnl:TfidoUqildililst

t6sna (nt:vtndou,,rudu,,uro?rilrt{.:) oyrfiu'jrrirnrtrrdurr:lst'{ (Tensile Strength) ovfirit:JCo,oatarserd.

rnufrutfiofr:iTrurnrntfuouq':fiu nufrq:J:vrrru 0.8% c ln:rair{lurflu peartite rrauru.ot A t I r 9 a . J d vtyt j < o a

fi1:uoutT{u1uiuil:lnanrn?1illfiurr:.19i{!unnunnn{ cf{turilu-[n']1[il=0rilanunliuouq{

rfiun'jr 0.8% ovil:tflfl Cementit. :l:srnm Secondary rfinnrrutourn:u rrasfid'nunrysiorfio.lo ei/ d I / h r u 4 h, & ;at , Jfitb{rudnndrntiuou'[rjarrur:nfuu:r6rldqrfrufirfluniufiru:rv cementire firr{.: rras

I

rrJ:rslilvior{rurdorrfinfitflu peartit" r[r}{ pearlite 'hjfiJonrailu:.r16'rfi1fi cementite t&4 zt r oqtJr I 4 d I I

ltfl nfi :0lJ19rtdunou Ytl tilnln?'lutnutt:{91{10.1tilanna'lfil:lJouann{

rirrilnrrrurr{':rJ:rnq'jru'.rfinrfuoururn rJirrnl cementite ovlrnsrrl rirl#.--d-- t)---!-.- 4 < ; J ta J t a d ,)tilaflna1n1:u0uilfi?'lurrlj{r?{lJlJuaruil:u1filfl0.:fr1:lJ0u fl?un?'lurl.tuu?lJ0{rHiinn61

A o I A t 9q 9t @ a v dr tA d0ennA,itrJOLlnl:lJoutlIlJlJU ttAs0BtlJl tn6nl09l:ln1:Ufi9l? (% Elongation) t:JUfluUtlJOtfiAndr6 Ifi rjirurrunriuouxlnn'ir 0.8%

i rj I uaa d ,) I t o Gtg, < .ian 1 : vr 0 s til a u u rtu a { q il du u 9r rT{ fl a x o.1 11{ o n n 6'l n 1 : u 0 u ruu yt 1 tfi rfl a n fi il

nrfiourtnn'ir 0.8% firirn:rlrdurr:{er4{ uaudn:rnr:dnd"rl#asdu arrur:nrir'ldlnunr:ou

{U Spheroidizing

2.2.5 lfidnndrrcrru

rr 6 n n fl r n t fu o u r : : ru n r ii 1fi0 qld'r1 hJ fi n r ur u{ { u:': ri o u r1r r 6 ua v : r n r d r

ryr il 1 : 0 d 1il r td.r r u ld'r a I fl il n 1 u o d r.:'l : fi sr u {'l u yt I {efl ? n : : il d 1u ?u ru I n fi do I n r : du fl6

rqillyodr{ d.rrrdnnr{uouri'?"| 'hJ'llarur:rrvirld firr{rrinto.:rrfinndrnrfrour::ror

il:snou'hJdru

t) '[riarlr:ordunrrurr{.:rr:.:fiq.rn'ir too,ooo psi Inufi'r,,lruad (toughness)

dlnlrraun?'lurfi uu? tua9ta.{

,z) I u r 1 u iJ u'r n 1 il qj 1 rl a r l r : 0 T u rr { { u #a 1 dI n : .: a f r .r ru r f rvr u'l ry pi

Ia o q 9r,t I a a o ia !r9gla onryu{1u yr 1 tl.t njd]u I : ntililfi?lltrr1 {]J : r?fltyt nn1 t9t

I ) dn : r n r : t8u 6': fi qur t nlu n t : Er u{ ur fi n n dr n r fil o u rl r u n n r r rfi o 1 fi'l d'

srJtaltn : { d: 1 { rr 1 : rm u tryndu o v ri r}{du.r lr,fi , n "' r r'r.: o ua e r rfl n fl ?'ld'

Yaryr, f tt

?r lc1g1d 9 I d y t i o,l

ril n n fr n 1 n 1 : u 0u r 5 : u ft 1 0 v u n ?r ru n r u vr'r u 9l 0 r[: { n : v rrm n m q f}l ?r Qil 9r 1

15

Il rdtlJgl

s) ru 6 n n dr n r {u o u !: r rJ err o s fi n r r r 6'r u vrr u si o n r: fi'n n:'o u o r n

99cIR 111 tt?n n o ! u 0 ulJ'l n

tJtn

_. d I I a taaa v a d a hrr6) rH Annnlfl 1:UoUr : :u9l10urnnil0n: u1nu0ofl ryrouil qilil Qilq{1 [9r.:1 u

YovYrtgdad!,.3l,01n10t1nnt'l.19ru 0{ilnt: r{onril onna'1,.tdil (alloy steel) luulr}l0T?0

yq , io J e a i , r @a' i; J at qyd tt t

rtnilrufl1911.1"l mrnnxu cr{01nnuil:1nlilq{n?1 rr9rdlru9rerl{"1 YrrlllJlun$?u tililn?]lJqiln1

il1nn'j1n1E,.rarri'a1 hLdl.f,rarlurrf,nnf,rnal'lduri finrfia Ni) In:tfi ol (cr) lufirdriru

(Mo) uru.:nrfia (vr") 66nou (si) rrae?rrurduru (v) rfludu inqrJ:va.:ritorrn:rsr^rltrEnnil

oir.:1 r{r'[rJlduri

1 ) rnar n ar ru ar r r : n tu n r : qr u{ r (hardenability) rnio vi r h{n r r ru fr n 1 u n r : 1ualttt{q{flu

. d uy<i a2) n{n?1ruttt.:tr:.:trauiluln tnam0iuilnud{

rrt

r) rfi lal:i6nxnafr.:fi Qarufl fi druauqilil nfr fl .:

+) rfi r n erl m u m 1 u nr : ri; n i ou,,u, n', : rfi n o o nfi ur fu fi q or r qfi oi x1

5 ) rnAru n': u dr u'r : n il- rfl u u'r { o d r.: 1 #6 du r.iu n r r r r u r r u n 1 : rA un fi r ro v

91 vn?1il019t?

2.2.6 r?rdnnfrr'liafirud y h, a 4 d It a otr- i

rr a n n dr lfdu^tr (Stainless steel) rSotr fi nn d1 dufl u ta d il ulJ t8nu{ lu yt m uq r o J o I a a i o d y uy a 4 d y Aa

n1:non:0urlndr:rfrrJYr{ tudnl?u1Jnflilr0mqililQxq.:dl rfinnnar t5du}Jrljur1.1aflfla1mil

d:unarutorln:rfiurru nni't tzoto lnuJn:rfiuufir6ur{rhJriuovrirrr1rfirflu6":rlorri'u

nr:rioniou du,fluarrnqrurornln:rfiorL::u6'rtiroon6r0unarur{luln:rfiuiloon'[ryr{(cr,o,)4u dr "7 - a d h9h ro I d o ta^a q a drila'nuarvrilufurrrl lJer,.r?r0{r}rnn tr tilhirrfinvirrJfi'n^?urri'uoonGrtuna'ruriJuafirLldqd s d , ai a oad ooif,iiltorJn:rfiuuoon'lryrifiovfialrifirilurnrafii6 (passiuity) riorflurrn]m6n (cathodic)

dq I 9l o h tq 9 i d o raaa l,r rq 4 I 6 uIn'nunrsndrurn:rsflo{riu"trjhirfrontdnvir:Jfrfi?ur'lilrilrrnfi (electrochemical) rrf,:rfinnr:der

niuuduTdilirurnrro'rln:rfiuufirsr'rJr{rlrJlurrf,novdo{fiilrnd.: tzx 6rosrirl#rfiqrrv{dqv{

filnf (pursi,re film) dururld 6'.rrfulumxil6'rio^6sd'orfinr:rn'lln:rfiuun.:hJil1nn'jr t2%

tlorurfrlrll# ts-tsx) dud,fiuuo.,n'irIn:rfiorufinrrru'[alun1::?rrri'unrfuouudannrurflu

l6

--!vl-l'a-Jasdnli'lueiq.:n'jirrdn n'.:tiurtnrsrruln:rfiorurfitt,i. D% osvirhi'ur.:rirulil:.rrufi'unrfiourrd'e

ri rl#Jn : rfi oru fi rjiru r nr hi rfi oru o o v ri r1#rfi nun afi ylfl n rild2.2.6.r r rruu n rnryl at o.:rr f, nndr'lfau'ru

. ja 'q ._-l_ _ y_vt?t .o j< j 4 s d5 1 q'{ d u yr u 0 g t u ru 0 n n 6 r'l 5 a u u fr r u m u r vr u r n fr q n n' o I n : ril u rJ

;nmfr 2.7 ttdn.:tlr{untilfluflot}ldtorrrdnrrnv]n:rfiuil Inurvrfiu.jrrourl1erlJo.roodrmu'lue{

0eQnfiuttnun'rturrdodufirlourrnvrrsdrufio rourl,erlr0{ooarmu'ludnvduqnfrrJ:vrrnr

t2%o cr olnriuorfififiunu1 fifi z rv,la:sil'ir{ooflrmulupi(FCC) uasu,{of'l:ei(scc)^i-r-- s d r - tr ,frriaunauto.rJn:rfitll:sril{ 12.2-13.4% uonrounJerro{rrn:uurud.: orrfludufitorn^lofl:eiJnoriaulnr! lrou',.rnf{osr:'un'irrnanr (a rv,lofl:d ,iufi',fiuoo.,n.jiry1afi'rfinduorn

dqe'n1:rrfi{d?01nJnilefiaorrrn:lnun:.: fiqnruqn'il:cilril 830 .c rsrfinrylafinrur (o) dururtrr^dBle r:il:vno:-toutstoitrlr[nfrn (Fe-cr compound) iIn:,rafi.:r.rf;nrruurnn:slnrja (tetragonal

structure) riaurdu:J:snettdn{t0unrsrnr:ril6uurr:Ja.:anrnnarrurflurnjrrf,n (magnetic (curie)

transformation) Jnutnf,nosrrJ6uutfluanrnfiurjrrf,nqerhifin (paramagnetic) fi.rnqililgrJ'

rrfiotdudntHnndll$afiruuonorntvfiJn:rfiuurflurrqnarra'nudr 8.rfiu^nrfia6n!rflfiutr{

fi fi ulr.rarurflr'hJrfi oal:icf raruodr.: dr: rrlo{nr:

i-i . | .l .i"";"]ii'i,i l,,ir ,, , ,, , .

nrnii 2.7 rr,luR1?rmlaro.:rrf,n -Jn:rfiol t:zl

u'n tn'a tfl u t', q fi fi 6, ;n a ri r 1#o o arvr u lu dfi ra6 u : n r u lu r ar s fi I n : rfi u ru fi6vrf;rnralunr:rirl#rvlofl:dfiradu:nrfl ucifinrfiofinaquu:rn'ir r4rh{arrur:6rfinooarmu

l u rid q nr r q fi #o l n r n fi rJ ir r nr u' n r fi n q r 6.r ax rI,: du r r n do r n r : q u u {,: 1 #1 d'I n : .: a f r,:

Urfrvrulvd ovdo.:{ru1ufiqonr4ru^drn'it 0"c urn rfl:ruonrr4n^fir:Jduu!rnoodrvruluri

a

t7

hJrflururfrvru'lrys{tsoEjdrn'jr 0"c nr:,iruunru^Frrrovnr:1d.:ruruf,nndrliau^ru :Jnsr'rrde

rnf,nndrlidu'lltsdtuunoonrflu s nrjr Inuor#uIn:qairronnrnd.rrJ:vnoul:Jdro

rv^loiist-n (ferritic) oodlytuu^st'n (austenitic) rurfrvru66n (martensitic) qurr{.:Inont:flnmenou

(precipitation hardened) rravtrf,nndrliafiruqrvrdnd laupte* stainless steet) ]qunr:,irrrunru^er

arurisr'mxnarraynr:1d.:rutorrrf, nndr'lf au'ryu'nrir,:1

2.2.6.2 rr f, n n d'r lfafi r o o drm u u^sr^n

,r f, nn q' r, dI d*ri Jn : rfi o ru -u^n rfi n :oo ua c I n : rfi r,u -fi n rfi n -r rru,: n r fi a200 u'ntfrafirualoqjlunrdnn{ldovrirl#ooarvruluoifira6u:flrflunyrfir,dufion 7nn^#o.r

Inod.r z n4ufi'lriarrrr:nEuu{.:nld' rrasrnirrf,nqn'hin'n rrndorn.lr,fiuor..lr,,j.: ri'orl,ili;rrrJ:grJtdu attnutnan{rufi'fiu^uuldurnfiqn6o rs-s ln:rfiuru-u^nrfia Iouocfirfl6 1-74yo Ly;v

nrfioufi.: tx rtnrJittartorntfroudrn'ir o.o3%ryhjfinrflur{rfiodu grJfi z.s (r) uao.r

n r r I n :.: a 9r r t o r ru f, n n dr'l icu'l l 8 - 8 cr-Ni Io u fi I n :.: a f i r rfl u o o arvr u I u d

tn) (1J)

ornd zr In:.:afi.:lanrnxo.: tg,z In:riu tJ -B%u-nrfio [:z](n) r d.: nr : otriou In: r afi.:rfl uooarvru lu pi

(t) Jn:.rafivirunr:u:J:g:Jrdu

In u :J n sr'r r dr a r rm u rn o n o' u do r ru n',, n r : d'n n i o u d n.j r n { ru u,l o fi n^ n

ttnsrurftmuGcl'n tltiltnfinr:l#nrrrufoufiqrurqru^:vu'jrs 48-860 "c oyrir}?In:rfiuunrflurioJi

rfrnf,ufitoutn:ulnrunr:nnila'n rirl#r?ranr:orlrudnnrf'h;pifirj?lrnrln:rfiulfidrn.: rragdt@t

010tljudltfi qtolnt:nnniounrutoutn:u (intergranular corrosion)

I pr u ri: 1 rJ tr d': r, fi n n q', 300 0 e fi n r fr o u : y fi i-t s o.oz-o.zsw

Jn:rfiuil rc-26% uasu'nrfin 3-20% rrasfirrru.:nrfiaqsqn z% fi6a^nou rx ,fiu,firn.lrrdrumrunrtlfou nrf,nn{ru:ot rrnu 302 oc,{a^flrflurnio.:1dlunf-rriou rrnedlrerurofl

a

a

18

._^.^-..-l-.eq-y _ r- r __ d I ; j el @ o .ltuuutt,.iufrlfnnttsil n{l :o+ t;finrfuousir rn-orlo.rn'unr:nnnvfloufliluyitnr:rfrou ldvirtlqadrdaiaqiln:il [un:ex?un'l:Hanolfi'l:rra;d'l:rnn nqu 309 rrnu 310 0uun?'lxrr{.:rr:{frqfl{ilguq{

ldrirq:Jn:oirfllouEUttnurnrn?luiourirs 1n{ru 316 !sin?lilruynueionr:drryrunJofqsrdd,vtior

ruasnriil 32 I nufi rd6u:nrr{donr: dnni oufi qfl il gn'q.::uil'i1.: 400 - 850 "c ld6 rililrsri'uq9o v g ! - @

n1: t1ytlHu{l,t uoulttnu 0{ llult:.: 9tu

2. r n a r ru frud o I sYu rd u a ffu fi'n u ar v ua v q srr a il ffi { s d n : { cr il { q a n r n u fi n ri r.r 1

z.r.t iGnr:irn:rs#In:scrir.:qanrn

I n :': a ix 1 n n t n rfl u I n :'r a ir.r fi do.: sr : ? 0 6I o u d? u n do.r q n m : : griri r f, s r o r o

qr (rJno'ldrird.rturulurie.r zs - 1,s00 rvir) nr:flnurIn:.:air.:qanrnrion'jrkIn:n:rllfl

(Micrography) nt:flnutvtt.:Iarviyrurlnuri'rhJriufiqerrj.rnlru,fiurr.oauuruler rravgrJ:r.:

xo{Hfrn d'nunrvln:':ait.:torlamsfir^irun::ruiGrir.:1 rrrrd: {ounnio.rnrululn:.:air.:

(oJarsfl.rlu :0uft?turntf,n "rn{) rrneln:{dfl{lanln0crrdn{d{qiunly{ro{nr:ouqu

travqnraurifitf,sna {n{ n1:er:?0douln:rafirro{!anrnyilldlno 6'r,du.:rrtu'lery{orfiilre

tduturn l0 x 10 x l0 mm3 rio n{r.: 10-15 mm d.r 15 mm dxruurrriorurnrf;nrurndoqdnA ,r o tA j qrro

iln'rdonfitod'r:ri{rn:1ufiourilo tfiurtutny{0,*",r6'rduldiru nd'.:ornrfurixru'[:JrTndto

n:unluvl:'l014ulu n:catlur:lunst6onuavrinriu rrdr6lrirhJtin6'rorirr',,rto,,an{finuilet

In:.:air.:1nnrn (drrjnd'ro6rf,nIsr:1or{ry16'na6n'jrdndrofio) rd'rrrn{prrju (rioufi'nrirur)

0uv,tudr:uan'urioiaqfl':lurir.r1 niu n:rlvlyi (lunrf,nnrio) nr:rinrrirurrniohlln:laYr.:-r J d r

- I o a r a 61 9rs s r e v1aRlnil:1n0tuU1 l:Un?1 Etcthing rylurnturun ttsrnvyunlfri:L larvsirlryunriu

r d r d 9a s y !niu rrdnrriorlnurfldnndrfiorurjndrudrur Niral 2-5% (No, + Alocohol) oq:l'rfioruruatve !rindruar:asalud'lrtnvn:n'[aln:{oo?n o.sot rrnudt:nsnrurroru]urfiuu (8%)u0ecucl,

drlnuvriqvrdriolnnr^orrJrrnur.,dru,nru,rfuarirreruo ovrr1utorrn:urflurdufidrrr,:ygtgvrr!Ayla'nurusndrunt{tu rirrinrri'lurirutfrrdudurisldrrarurun'jrrJnsr' riun'jr Deep Etching ovldS' .9 dL v I r I u 4 o I I h yv S 9/tn:{d:'l{10R1nilqnnn tutmrnu0.:atut:ud'rrrunrr,lanrll16fnrou ln:lafrlqnfltnro.t

d e -. I a d , d v ! Itilnnn61 Eutectiod (0.8% C) B.ttt Cementite tilurriu[[auriflnnil riuufiadlurfuutovrlq

Femite ttnn'jtrin cementite (Fe,c) ruiosr:lodor6'rundo.:1nu::flfuir:nrfifirirurriqoon'1il

t;rir1#rra.:drnnrrrravdound'u'hir{lu:srfiuurraufiy'r^f,yn{rraneir{0rnrer'il 6.:r#urilufidr19 t ,

uirtnrfirirurlilrinn6ori'nadrraruonnon lru"oailrrduo) rrarfinnn:vyruosasfi'ound'urijud 4 d d d u L u a h,6, ^

I:vrfruuilrfiurilufrtt': n'rtiuto:r:uH'j'r{ Ferrite (rinfin) rrnv cementite (hjii'etnSori'erdul

19

4 d dr <o do "7 i ^ dt ' tr r d a0{[1.1U[lJUdn1 10Ud9r',lUU110:{[uU Ferrite [rFtttd{nnn:vvrulJ0u Cementite ry{d.:n1'1t{[n9l

t{ 11i{ Fenite fi lndri'u t or liuavul urfl u fi ri rd9,lds9tItilonnAlnl:U0uU tn:{d51.:il:enoUfl?u Ferrite Pearlite Cementite,

Austenite (srnflrr) arsr'lnvf (Steadite) rniodt'[rJou0url'{qililqn'inqor^In:.:aflr.rd'.:nrirr

0vnalutiJu Austenite rfiordud'ra{ Austenite or,rJfiou,fluln:.:air.ro'u niu rurfrvrulryri

(Martensite) ruu'luvi (Bainite) uio Peartite ,iodduuqi'ir6'sr:rnr:r6uri'r

2.3.2.t ryl o il : vi (Fenite) rfl u ar : n s n r u r o.: rr{ r : s n'j r.: rr 6 n n r fu o us a i. r - I rn, ; i oo aln:.:nanfrdlrruil{ (o,o,y)Ferrite aearunrirou'tdg':frq$O.O25o/o frqur4frTnqfr 1zz:"c1j o I Vet t A t -freilfinr=fo{osalur'ldil:curru 0.008% rravfiflud (o) o{fl1 ayaru'ldrj:s:nar o.oo25%qq9

rA a ru ta d I I J d- y I 3 ralJ:lJliu Ferrite IJUOUnUil:U10rfrl:U0Ui'rln1:UOU9r'10&U Ferrite il1n 6ln1:UOUTY{IJUilrrJlfU

,"{Ferrite tuann{ tfion:rtaoud:trndo.:14il::flritsrf u r"oit. tflurfinrn:udtra (a'jt.:) rrav

A 4o - 'rourn:urilufr dr druanrlunrvrfi z.g

rlotnllri (Ftuitr)

nararuGa

- I aatltl"tu?, uogl?o

Fr?lUuiJ{ 70 - 150 Bmq

Elongation 40 9zo

Rrrururttilu ?.86g r cm 3

daR?lultUnll9{a{ 4q00O - 50.00O psi

t

n lfl d z.q In :.: a#r { q a R'rn I o.: nl o fl: fr rn y n'r : r { q il du fA t3 5 l

2.3.2.2 rfialnvi (Pearlite) rfluIn:.:afr{rldu:u1{'ir{ Ferrite rrau cementiteI

rfinornilfrfiiut Eutectioa il:vnou6'?u Ferrite Gu{46'uri'r-J cementite firt'.rryfirrrrr.iu (Lamatlar

Pearlite) ttausfinnail (Grobular Pearlite) Pearlite rfirrduvi':lutrf,n rravlnfieuonndurrf;nurl,"

ryfin rriu cu - ll.8 Al, cu - 5.2 Si, cu - 27 Sn, zn - 4i Mg "10.4 rfiosr:roaor6'rondo.r.4o - J d -. dr do i oyo - A d0am::flun1a{tu'luet10ut14u Pearlite tljutn:ud9t1 tlJ0 t,rfl'ln{tutuq{iu0yt?iu Pearlite

r 9 9 do - i d d d r

-ii----

dU:unou9l?utfludnldaUUulludx'l? Pearlite n'luufi'lluttij{il:erliu 170 BHN Pearlite ayt0ufi4dfi n rrrurrfi ril: uu'tn{ 375 BHN risrran.rlun1fl fi 2. I 0

20

I

+nlllat tlttl (Penrlite)

qflflilil6

trrils']ilrunar.:

n?1il1r{{ t75 - 370 BHN

Eloagation l5 oi,

fi?1uHulllilu 7.?8 g ,' cm '

a ?'ltJtt{n I l:.t 94.t I 35,000-1 50,000 psi

nrild z.r o ln:.: aixlanrnt o.l pearlite rrns n'l: t{n iudufa' [35]

2.3.2.3 6nr u 1 vr li (cementite) rfl u a r : rJ : s n 0 u : u il'i I { ru f, n rrn s n r iu o us d rA / 4d r /h J 4 d /tt lA y 4 r

tfl u lJlJ : u 1 0l n 1 : u ou 6.67 % u 1 { Yl ti u n ? 1 n 1 i -t il fi 1450 rH A n fl 1 i'tu n fr q n n o { n ? : 15 u n i'l

cementite t1,{:redl6unnrfhLd orot{rln'hlfrrrrflunrflud:su'ir.rlonsduri'unr{uourn:ry

nrfhdfiraluuu'er uiu rufinnrilud fifinounrf'hri In:rfiurnrf'hLri rfludu niodrGun

nrfinnrfludfifrhiqndo.:rin ry{:1sr?rf,nnrflurior014u-rudrroy'lfinounrfludfildv

cementite fifr':rfinrriu nnilrtaunrdru drrfinirrutiurir Ferrite oenalurflu pearlite firrfin

:'alriu Pearlite nvnarotflu rarn1l:vi (Ledeburite) rnilr& cementite fin':trurr{rrr:rn'1il:sttnr

350,ooo psi d'rttan.:1ro",nd z. t t

n r?{ d z. t t ln :.r eit'r q an r n r o.r cementite r ra u fl 'r : r { E il dil f$l' [3 5 ]

tn/drdrd2.3.2.4 00dtvtu Iuvt (Austenite) tIu d1: au a1 ut 0.:trlJ{: &14 ?1{rH an -

drtiitrlllll tllll (CcrrrtnHtc)

quarrifi

rr{.:rnn, r:J:rr

nrrurr{r 8oo- l,looBHN

n'l'tuuurrrilu 7.66 g. cm'4d

fl ?1lJ]l1'.1tl:n fl i 350,000 psi

nt{rou filn:.:a$r.rnfinrflu Fcc rutrruil?urryail:ynordroossrou + d'r aealunrfuould'

2t

qlcg2%d t,t:o 'c,,urdq*n4fidr Austenite os'hira6u:uonoinluruHnndrnrallt{su'el

6'{rranslun'mfi zn

oontttrr'lrr ti (Austcuitc)

qarauil6d I r- - .li

00u rttJrlla fl fi fi tu9t9t ufl fl ralfiat 1lU

qu ni1ilq.r n irqu rrrlrii n q n' u si tu.UUT<----r

lHa nU1.: SUFI ! =

lJ Austeoite lnfl il U.i -ril qrlrHrllJl'lO.:

arrururrrrju ?.84g .*'(0.9 o,-oc)

nrild 2.1 2 ]n :.r air.: qaR]n I o{ Austenite rros et'l: t{ q iu duffi t3 5 l

2.3.2.5 rarrrr;1:vi(Ledeburite) riljr Ledeb,rrite 1un1Iurrururi":'hJ ?uIu6{

I

Ledeburite t:JfiuugrJnio Transformed Ledeburite (p + Fe , C) dlnJfiuuurJa{01n]n:{flgt{ioraoo

Ledeburite fi qar r 4 l' er r lil q ffi ur Eutectiod dl r ran slu n 1il fi 2. I 3

n t?tfi z. r I In : I afi I 1 a n r n t o { Ledeburite r lnv fl 't: t.: r] 0l drJ fA t3 5 l

2.3.2.6 n t fu o u 6 a : v r $o n : r'lv{ vi n r iu o u I n u fr"1 bJ nr a u o ti 1u nr f, n a o Iu 4 - - JrHdntflu nrflud ttaettunfr?rflu6'a:yil.r turuorfiaflr:un?1 n:rlyhianuilv n0 :?ugl?nuru6nrflu nrr{'hrd rrayrulnfirrflu6a:silsq^"^4^'^^<^'"-'^-''- -

rnm 91 rri (Ledebrn.itel

qorcuuS

ruil , ril:'r"

i oJ a d t u o 'ry{ilm{ryunrnnn noil rrasnail rTsrrarxlun'Iilfi 2,14q

I

22

tt tiuottint:,rtiort r t'lylti

EilflrJU-n'

tiou, rtl:trrfiu;ttqu

n'ltuuulrilu 2.35 g cm l

; s , d a a t^ tdnrilii2.t4 In:.:afr.:1aR1nflo':n1;ilou6a:vrio n:1'lv,lvr rrnunr:r{Eilfluf6 t35l

z.3.z.i rlu'luvi (Bainite) rfluJn:.:airlfirfinornnr:qufi z rfin n'o Bainite

xu (Upper Bainite) ttau Bainite drt (Lower Bainite) tn'lfiGun Bainite ru'jrryof'hv{ (sorbite)I

ua&Bainite eir.:'jr vrgalvrvi (Troostite) fif,nuarvndlu Martensite ltnsitriufi rn'orindtuirrdr

n:?ndoud?undo.:1am::griovulurflufidr (tvtartensite rfiurflufirirsrrarrri) Bainite fid'nunrv

ndrutuun (Martensite d'nynrsndturtvirrfiru) Bainite tinnrnnr:trjfiuurr:Ja.:tor Austenite d

qnnr4fiq.:n'jt vt, (Martensite start) rrddrn'ltnt:rfinqruilqr^n1:rn^n pearlite,uivi.rdduodriua

cirunaru unv:Jiurnrnrfrouluruf,nunsfidrriryfiqn6o n:rldr6'ryr0.:r?ar - qnrrqn'r d - o J Jo d s r d q

:sfi?'l{nl:tuu9l?uo.i Austenite. Bainite tfinfiufr.rlutufin ttnvlauuuonnautfian n{ttdn{luj

R1Y{yr2.15

, ",r,, d r. r s I n : I air r q a R 1 n t o.r Bainite r rn e n'l : I {q fl du fet' [3 s ]

2.3.2.8 l r irvru'lryri (Martensite) rfl u ln : s aflr sfi rfi n o r n n I : rd u fr": o d r.r

: r sr tf r t o.t Austenite (Tu ) :J n fi t s fi fin u nr y rfl u uvi.: u r : n dr ur{ ru r r.: o qj l rl rfl u : s rfi u uItt)d, 4 s da d r I tn t i "ri'rtfioIauv Martensite fitnnnrnnt:qurEun'jr rurfrvrulmitt't (white Martensite) rruor;r'hJou

rur.llrrri (troirrit.)4qilflltun

:r,4tuu l1Jl1UUfi',rllJllrj.t 400 B[IN'

:l /r 3 __ruu lu1ra1rfl1riluu.l 575 BHI'{

a

23

fiuld (Temper) Martensite osnJfiuurflufirirqrrauri 6un'ir rmrunjofirrfrvrulryvi (temper,t

Martensite) Martensite rfint'uInu'hjtfiprnr:tru:' (to.:nrilou) rTsriunr:tfin Martensite

a d rq d s rn rvrYj tv s r a aA a6.:fruoqjrlunr:rEusTrhjldfiuoqjriuraar6'rniu Pearlite rio Bainite qo{Hqu^r;urfin Martensite

tiun'jr M, (Martensite Start) qnnr4n'fitfifl Martensite du1:ai r3un'jr M, (Martensite Finish)

qarilgu- Ms rrav Mr 0eq{riodrurilmur.iuduoqiri'uriru,lduyn{rnfi nr6nur.rru^nfi M, uavo I aY q O d

Mf $iln?rqrufl8il?1o.1 9{rrrYn{ tunrv{vr 2.16

lt t irrnflry ti (I,Iartensite)

niuailfaril:rsnrrurr{l 650 BHN

;s,n'r?{ii z. t o ln :saf r.: 1 onrnr o.r Martensite ttasnr: 1{qildxfa- [35]

2.3.3 n] :?lo fl oU fl olflUffi n1{fl0 (Mechanical Testing)

aru :isr^m rs na t o{ idq (Mechanical Properties) il ulufr { n ?'llJ dllJ t: n lu nr :u 4 o q I S ua - Jo s h!}, t dflrr:ru?onr:v (Load) lud'nurucsir.:1 Iaudufsr-yn{nauo{idefrdrrl-'i!, 'lrittri nrtuu{.t

94(Hardness) t tn u n ?t r 6'l u Yl tu t t: { gt.t (Strength)

n ? r u u{ { (Hardness) 6o n r t u dt u vt t u si o n t : fi n g rJ o d r.: n r ? : I o': idq ii n r :A- d h I r r o o !t rs - A v d * 'm?on?tutttl totouxtniutlr r{r16'lnuotf,utfl;0linn'ltruttfi{ (Hardness Tester) Inutnio':in

n?lurt{{0ufirt'rnpr (Indenter) titufunnaruuduru^'liaqdrutt:stturoroit.tl tiu d.:osrirh?rfin+rq9 lou+Jioordor

:ouurJcJu1919rl{1nun?u 01fluu0yYr"rn1:?9t:0ulJlruur}1ou'lx1n1u?ilrHlntn?lurrlJ{ turraas

iG n r : iq n r r u r r{ i dr o v fi iG n r : ri r u r nr r r ri r r rsr n si r.r ri'u o o n'l il

2.3.4 nt:ion?tuttdl (Hardness Testing)

n r r ru r r{ r rfl u n ? r u 6/ru yr ru si o n r : fi n : il o ti r s o r :: x o { {dq ian fi fi n r rru rr{.:qqq

dv d qJ h r, - I u d dr ooJ t

q.:firinovfin?rilrrfi{rr:{q':nrrr1ild'ru 6'.rriunr:50n?rurrilnriluiGfiaver'rn rrnsilisxf,qlui , d u J - v t d r l4 y tny, t

fl-l:vl0v1l:]un]fl?]lJtt1.1ltr{zu0.:?6Iquu.l tmnuflto{fl1:?nn]n?'turrlj.lrlu{ t9t 4 ltuu tattn

24

2.3.4.1 n 1 : ;nn ?tu r{.: r ru u :Liru n (Brinell hardness Test)

n 1 : inn ?lu r r{ { r ru u uiru n (Brinell Hardness rest) 1 dii'ry dnu oi HgN

Hio Hs rt"lnqfildosrflurvf,nndrqurr{rvr:rnaruturnrdunirgueinax l0 mm. rravfinrrrrr{r

850 - 1500 Hv tsarrur:ninnrurr{.:to.:lnnsfifinrrrurr{':hirfiu 300-650 HB rr:.:fildarrr: nrfr on ldr rn 500, 1 500 rrau 3000 ksf n'rrrurr{.:n rrriruoarrur: or r'ldo rn

,)

HB : t[:{yletauuZfrufi ,u.:: ounet (2.1)

oigate,ib!,.t? {''t u m n s m o d0 u 9t 0.1 r: uu lJ : 1 f, 0 1 n ? dq u a 0 6iu, 0 0 n [.xfi t tn u tr u 1 y

---.g, j r 4 i 9t d t s Inr?dflvl00ull4uu? n?lu1.1u11,0.1uu':1ugr0{ntutnour.:i0u 8 ryit toln':TJfiullto{:oun9t

)c. r,r d'{ o r ndudr in tu r n r o.: : o un fl un y rfi ur ri rd uy d d

fi ?1utt1{ tn 0 1na 1 : 1.1tyt uu fi?1uttu {

2.3.4.2 n 1 : ia n ?'l u t r{ s ttu u i on r': n d (Rockwell and Superfi cial Rockwel)

n1:inn?1urr{lrrutionr?ad (Rockwell Hardness test) lunr:rlg'ri6nr:vrr.riaqaranfdt:rosldnr:irrn:rrlu{suuu Rockwell rt'rnnfildfioqjz urr 6o

1) Diamond Cone l20o (rut:yr:tn::o) ldrilJauvu{t

2) Steel gall (rfif,nndrm:.:nnru) rurnrdunirgudnnr.r Ut6, t/8, tt4I

ui o uz fi e ldrir Ia r s ri'al:J

do q raoo n fir n n I ra e roaa 1 #rr r r y aru rTu rfi n r o.r ian : s ir o d r }{q9tY.-rt

- o u q do a 4 a < o eYu{1un:sttmflnufi?nn tuililuyrutuu{'tu?t{fit0r0100n0'lnn'lu:o.: ttavryu.:ruyttsilrutin4- Y. r _ g_a_..r) ?t u v t I 9 9 4 d I

n ? 1 I ttfl { fl 0 n 9{1 u n 1 : 1 9l r.l?fi u ]n ?U r.l.: l n I u 0 u N u o u 0 pm rrn v 6 t u g t u pi o l 15 ou rd u fi O u9t

S s 4 A !l lrs - 4. t4 t, s d h I rE 9vuaeuuqntfl:0{u0 ttaBr?nnts [n:Un?]urriurru-[n qninnrrrurr{1"[rjnr:oglndduurn

lnu til

In u usi a v iG fi n d'n n r : fi nr fi o u 6'u fi o rni o.: 5er n ? r u u{ s r v fi #r n n

(Indenter) fifigrJdrsvr:rnnrurio il:rru'ntiruf:Lnru,rudrfiriaqd'rurr:qturnsirsl6'u d.:ove q rA -:^--- y-.2t- I o v A o o

- o

Yll tfl[nn:ouflfil,u19l9l1{1 nun?u ttnuutcyrrR't:?nru1n:ounnril-oiltrJ'lfltu?ilnrturml

2.3.4,3 nr: innrtutr{ltrllinrnofc (Vickers Microhardness Test)

nr: ;n R?rtJ u{.: u:L uintn o f (vi.k.r, Hardness reso o s ld#rn or{l u

rnr:gilfi:vil'Fr (Square-Based Diamond pyramid) dnry, 136'C:vrir,:dturo{il#trv{T:

rr:.:fitdnsrri'r1 hJ osfiuilraoonld:srir.: 2-r000 N. dldfiA.:duoqiri'uiaqfirsdrrurmnaor

a

25

r d h, v I jqye , i j a r

nlfl?lU[r1.: nUH1 tn01n0n:1d?u1,,0{rt:{yt tu tun1:nnfl0T{uvr10.:1Ju'rn:ounn rHu?u

dtdt)u?1u1ulilu N/mm- (2.2)

ru0

rfl u mm' ]sr uil r'ldn r nrdu il r ru{ il u u 0 { : o u nn r rd'u rm u ri t an : d'.: ri o hJ fi

r{v=a#

F: r[:{nn (N)

d : n'l'ruullro{rdumlru{ryilro.r:ounn (mm.)

I

fi r f; u vr sr a o u r s 6'o.: ri u u il : r gn r n o o n 1 ryri rro e id q uu^ n 6 u 1 rri u, j o i y d Jur ,c rra qyo 3

dl:iln0nuvlnsunn?1ul.1u'nJo{SuYt9rdou 0s9r0.:rflu.:T{0Yl til tilrnn:0u tat{?uuYt9td0uo otl i I v I I dflrrun [finTrunur$irqn rm'rnu 1.5 rvrl uo{ru]nrduyrrru{{u:0unn (d) n'rilrniucvr0umnd0ui o r a r r oqra l-!ytotlll.lnU:g?1?1.1 10 0c l.t:o 35 'c :uueH1.::efi?].t:0ufln tilootflfllcyt ft.lu

dgdryAr(l) tflnnnnl ilo{tt9t.: ttagm0.:tila0.: oul{uoumqn 3 tYl'l 10':n?1ilu1?jy

rQ n uldull rru{rJ u : 0unn

(z) lanvrur uiu 6r1n srvri'r otjr.:rloufiqn 6 ryir to.:n'nuur?rqdurdu

Ytttu{tJtJ:oun9r

2.3.4.4 n 1 : in n ?'l u t rfi I r rt u r[r{ (Knoop Microhardness Test)

Micro-Vickers Hardness Testing (Multitoyo Model: MVK-H3) rflUnf:

Snnrrrurr{rtu:vd'u1nn1fl :oufln rravnl:ierriln?lurr{,qnsruo.rrirundo{!am::flf fir?norfiudytddtYYddagtr(

0u?nn?1ilttlJ{uour1u tn:u10{tfianrilu9tu ttae!&9rCI{unt:tgl:utJfl?fiu1lJo{su{ru hiGuuA-dnr:ldrrj:ufitf;;u 6o virk.r. (HV) nio Diamond Pyramid Hardness ruo{tlnil?nnrdurflu:

,t

grJfi:vfin rirryl t:o' ld Load 6'.:uri z-tooo N lrruldr':arlunr:nn to-ts iurfi uay:ounfloe4 rr dt a i a vu : u :'r.rruu dril n uu nfl : d{q

^4^ - . i 4 d d , o yo 3ru 0 { r 1 n : 0 u nn u u,.t?su m n d0 u tJ 1J u -t

n ra n il 1 n 0 { a 0 { t 14 r.|?sua d r l,t d a I e t A i rnya s 9mflrYou,.l?t:uu lJ:1fl0'lno0n [ryn ilr0H]un1:nnn:nrutnou rrloyt0e't0rrrlu ln:laSNlanrn

. 4 l .r, Ay u, i e 4 jlta&d1u1:oln0nnnuu tn:trd:t{mn0{nr: [9t n?1u14u110{Tu.11uyl9td0u0u6o{ry{u.tiloyl

'[ril#tn'sr:0u16'fi':duvrndou rilHunl#nrrrunurdrqn rvirrir t.s ryir ro.liru-rnrdilmrru.ruu

:ounn (d) qnrr4n^fimndouod:urjt.: to-ls 'c :suur,ir.::ufi'jt{:ounn1#6onrlrnru'fi ri'{d.. d , 4 r r y A r rl) rfiannal mo.:[1{o0{ rlnum0{[rfi.: fi'l{0u't{uouliqa 3 [T't uo{f,i'l

a9fl '11il ur?rq a ulfl u Yl I ru{ryil : 0un9t

I

a

26

z) Iaficrur niu 6:L.n srsri": rir.:orir.:rioufiqrr o ryirtolrirn?tru.l?Agt

ra a u rcYu Yl I [u{ ry u : 0 un Ft

a J y y ,L u rJ an 1 : et-.n st'{ ndo{ 0 v 60{ riu n.: "[ri d'u as rfi o u rfl : r c o s ri.: r.r n h?ri i : o u n el

-+,ay_ _ i _q^y.._ lt_--.i- q r, r a I v j vYl tnfln1ntfla0u fl1: lfltt:.:nn0usto.:atjrtaruollit?a'tnnr[,iruil?.ruryirn'u rn-osio.:nt:

rd d t a .r q9d q q grlj:uulvtuufilxulu IraEltr[cy{d?1{lfrfru{y{o]unr:intutnrdumlru.ttJlJ:oufl9t

2.3.5 nt:ytnGroUn?tildlilytlutr:{6i{ (Tensite Test)A&uilv

n r : yr er d o u r r :.: n- { ril u n t : in n': r ru r{r u il r u r o { ifl q I n u n r : hi'r r : l 6 l fi rua ru fi u

otjr.raJrraruo (Static Load) tun:vri'.:iaqtrn0lnriu dru',urrouufirarud'nurus d'lrranllu_- d___ - -lif rq - .d -_ jnlilvl 2.17 ttas 2.18 vl.lulJu0gnunnuilulo.:tn5o.:vrfidol fr{':.1fru{tuytetdou [[nyuutfi

-s!q_q4. 't -i-urry! - oC j ev drx 0.: r r : { yt 1 f O-.r r rsr l n u yr":'[ rJ udr fr u m n d o u f n 0 u il n-u fr r rir dn ril u : il x n n r.l

It-

ut,Qn{ F.1

l- - v t 3nrfl ii 2.1 7 dnu ilvrirsl t o.:fr umn dou rr:.16.r t:zl

i

l

i-, $l{n! FiI

!

{

II!

a

a

I

27

ldsYllJ7lfllFlFlO r\

(n)

(r)

IO'l1lJfl'11.1 rl

^--.-i--^ r r j aR1?r1r 2.18 Ctadlul 0 { su.: 1 u yt n ryou r r: { fl={ [3 7]

(n ) n: fi du.r ru du ii n rirfin n n u (r ) n : fi du.: ru fi d il #r 6'n uu u

9t

fi u.: r u fi 1 dil a fl o u ! v fi n r : ri r ?r u Fr I u r fl ei r { 1 1 {rfj u u r n : n r u hi.j r r v rfl u,er,-a!uulnldur'ilfluunat{ n?1uut?ro.:fru.:rumnaou rrns;flfinrruId.:to{u?rriuilrf,on rnao6'u4-- { o i - ) t rn=l turnto.ttumndoutrdn{Iun1rlfi z.tg Inufiuvrnaoufifin'ufirrird'nnnru r;ficituto.:n?rJu1?rno (Gage Length; r"l doduiinrirfin (e) rflurirnrrrudrur[udfin.:firEunri'nrirud.j.,

I

dn riru t o sfi u m a do u In ufi n :r u ri'ru r{'u fri'u d'{ au n r : fi z. r

Lo: s.6s8 JA

(;")

0.886 d

(z.t)

f,Ctr.: A

J7I

I

a

I

h,l r NUr,trrurtu r urioafia Fr'

28

,t

9r{uu Lo 5.658 X 0.886 d :5.013 d

: 5 d (Inurj:uil'tsu) (2.4)

jlUO Lo n?luul?tn0 (gage length)

i;eqioA = frufrurirdntrr.:frqnu:tn:yfir (rn', r-')ett!d : ldurltuf,uuflnt{$uytftdou (m, mm.)

It

6'r riu r r nfi u m n dou fi I u r n rdu,^ir fl u tin a r s 5 mm. fl 1 ru u'l ? tn 0 r s tyi r ri'u

"traY25 mm. snrtlitrTu lunrrnrfi 2.18 (n) [[au (r),ilxnruur?rno (Lo) n^o n:rrurlro{fiu{tui quu d s i , '

vrFrdoufr0ulfi5nnr:0nsr':To{frurndou ri?un?tuut'lrru?rutudtqn (L.) n^o n?tuu'lldtqettrt t t

da dd d q d a r r 4 o r

mxumnd0u fr?:0&ufluvrnlflnnmn{nnn0n4ndxufl0uyr0umrnl:yrgtdou ft110{fi?luut? Lo,3ie)@o<rrL., L, rrnvn'ufir#to1n a 0&qnriluunlnururn:grurrsiacil:vryra drnfrrnio{ytetdouorfi

fl a 1 ur rlJ u r rn e il n I u I u I Fr r rri r v fi ri:u il : u n o u fi fin"l sTt r ran.: 1u n til fi 2. I 9

tlu-ailn€or?an,.lrcn

gl?

a21NEt1?tne

t

a

tr)y,

JII?'I ?r 2. I 9 q il n : fu r ln & R 1 : a n 9t { uu yl o d0 LJ u u rn50 { yt fi d0 u r r: { gt rl [3 7]

2.4 lluYt?u?r:orRt:rl

o- j.q i -._--4_ ,t d. J o J j q a.:1U',l0umflnu1lflu?nunl:tsou9t?un?]illtiugtyt'luuuuutnillu vr'lnt:rfrorLidETfr9l

t6u:fi'u iaqrir.rrfinfi'u iaesir{uurnfiuuou;dIIu'rer16urfiu rflud'u Iero.rruifi'ufiiGq i --'-{

nl:flnulttnnnl{nu til cr{vlr.lluulntJsr?0u1{{ru-0uytfrnutrnu?n.untTlfro]Jd?ufl?1rulfruo

t rr5.: F

ai dr q d au -:Yt'lu[Y{o[:Ju[[u?yt1{ tu n'l:finu]?tU nlu

29

R. Ueji and Fujii, H. (2006) trl ldrirnr:f,nurnr:rfio:ldrunrurfiunmrurrur-t

nryun':ulnuldrrSnrnaunrfuourir,flrdro'',u1unr:yrprnor d,:lu.rruii'udf,nurn:su?untsrJiu:Jq': mr':nrrrufou lnu,.irururunr:urfrmu'lryd rniot#nrrtrr{lrr:{6yilqCI

rs9,dad:vrjrt ln: tafxru dnr6u nn t rnflnurvru'jr nr:r6oru (FSw) Jn ur^iruru:unr: lrfrvru'lryr{r. q, i d d r a i - s r, * a

cY.:r.10 tt4 :0utvoutlft?lutt1{rr:{ tlnsduFlau:ytt'l-t.tuiniurrurrfrotJriu}n:lafrllauyrdtld

n't'luttt {[t:.: q.:u]n

R. Bayindir and Fujii, H. (2007) t2) 16'rirnr:finuroonrruuron?uQrJ micro

controller based lfi"ledonr:n:rnrunr:fir.rru1ufl.:ri#ueir.:1 rfro1#d:onnd'ulutunr:

rirIilld'rrutYltn6osr6ou6':on:tlrfiunmrulu{luqflryrfin::l Inurirnr:mrraorlun",r,doudeti,rudnndrnriroudr ilri':unalml{rnfi c o.t}yo, cr 0.04, Ni 0.10, Mn 0.70, si 0.40, cu 0.10,

Fe Balance nnornnr:flnuruu'jr :&u1JlJo{ pIC qnneuqrurJfrrTn^orrlr?orirr,ruo r3ou'}rd

lu6'rurn:ugsranffinarl'l'rcio,{afiunnsix atr,r:nrir'[:JrJ:vgndd'r.:ru6u1 IdM. sahin (2004) t: l'ld'ri r n r : fi nu r n t : rdo u d:un r r ru rfi u n m 1 u ln ut#n o ru yr^lfl o f

l e r --.-, a i o j e'f':unrrung:Jvr:smr.:r:rrntfrnto.rfrurruirao{ nr:rfrou6':un:rurfiorrvrruldl:J:lrn:il

visual Basic TM 6.0 Models :o ldl:J:un:u 3D Studio Max R3 dl.:ruifrudl#rrf,nndr

nrfuourJrunu',o,fludu.:rulunr:mndo{ ilailnnr:flnurnrL.irrtou'hfin:trtrrurceu 6o

l?alltnun?trurTufin:rruriuuil:ciorilf,nndrnrfroudr du.rrufirurnrdurirugurlnaxrvirriue-i^.^-q- - d a d; J a udrfrvrulu:ourfrorufrn':rrrri.:rfrrurrnru [rayryruunrr{anr:drno.:dro]rl:rrn:ildd9nilfl?1u0n910.:{

L. cui and et ar. (2007) t+l ldvirnr:finurn:vurrn",r,duudrunrrrrfiunmru-- 4 a I t J o- iqy < , dHrJun?u tToutrnflndlnl:u0uq{ S70 C fr.:.:tuidufrlfrrdnrrr.iu ilnrrtuur 1.6 mm.

rirunaumxrnfi o.zz c, 0.2 si, 0.7 Mn, 0.016 p, 0.004 s, 0.01 cu, ,{a0rnnt:finut uuitn]:firyutolslloil Probe ldnrrrurfr:ou 400 rpm n?tUri.llunr:rdot 400 mm/min 6 nr:tvrflu^^--o-e 4 .iuyo < lJn ?'lrut:?yttl.t uIc dil : 0utrouyt [ft nn rrIttt Itt:.:rfl uilu

M. Sahin (2005) tsl ldrirnr:finutnr:,dou6'run'jrilrfionmrurrorruo,duunuudYlaot)rt,r'

t?rfinndrnifuouq.: (HSS-S6-5-2) uovruf,nndrnrfuourJtunar{ (Arsr 1040) d{nrtrfioilfi1d'

:J:aqno{nr:oleioutu:oorfiorufiqnrilgil^ 6s0"c ldnar + frJrus riou rd'rnr:rdo1r,ru,jr---..1--.4--.. d d d r q 6r u s -, j:0ulsoiltJft't1tJl11.:rr:.: nrtrurmulrril:r.ru1u:vn'l ln:lcfl1nR1n10.l:ourfroru

M. Sahin and H. Akata (2003) tel ldrirnr:finutnr:rdourHf,nrflnrtrrfifirilofrduri

nriuou o.t7-0.23 r:Jofr6uai'1nu1#iaqfifirurnniufinr?rd'nrvirri'urrnvrirrturnri'u

I

I

30

d ' q9 v < d0lnnl:Hnurflu'j'tnr:lflt:.:d'urAunmru 30 Mpa rr0u r?otrAt,tflynu 5 Sec finror4r1#:ourfiorL

adiun?1il[[1.ttt:{ulnmqo

M. sahin (2007) tzl f,.:Id'r{rnr:flnur:ourfiorusiofifi nasion':rrurrfi{rr:{rro&t .9, u q v @ln:':45r.:10tiAq1u:vn'uqnRlnxo.:idQ austenitic - stainless steels (AISI304) ra'oniint:a I aa-..-, dt ooj r -^ --_-..4^+_qC -.1 : I . a q j?ln51eilr{4il1.:dil9llv{:'lullju?rYtil:ur{un lro&ltso0-o-tn rn-orn=til:udTBntillunt:rfrot

4 r-.i_,[ e d v v I d oo9),{a01nnl:flnulfllJ?'l t.iou ltl [?41 tt:.tFrurdunmtu [r:.:d'ud'ailn?]uni].1'rydru 6lritlrfnrtru2)- 4 4 t jny r I t v a9rlUyllUu:.rn{ non'lyl tnil:ex1il 96 % cr.:utnn?lidqrnu

N. ozdemir and et al. (2007) [a] r4rnr:dnutnlrur$?:oulunr:rtudu,rrurfioruidrs.rtd--___4-_,-_{jra@tdcr.:rflan:sYlufl0 [n:{di1{n?lilttfl{ rrn&fl?lutti{tr:{xo{tu{turfrousit.:ryfrnriu:vritttrrdn

AISI 304L ttaetrf,n AISI 4340 ,{n01nnr:flnu1y,ru'irn?rrur$'::olfinarirb{ln:sair,r1u:sd'u

Iantnxo{idqrilfiuur.rfin tv{:Isnr:l#n?luri?:ounryugldu u:nrAurrufildnardun.jr^-..^+-. -^^^.y_ _-4^_._ ^-^ 4_-.-i-.:._ - .-,a, q j d y0slv{xn?1I911uYl1utt:.19t{x0n:0utlroxtiilit?0rH?dilHflro{:our8orJ n?tu15?:ou60.l

qzietqard

Qnn?ilflll tufl'l:tryoil?dqq AISI 304 L fl1l AISI 4340 rlr:tvilnan:yyrusionarrurrr.:u:lj

:OUIUOU

H. Ates and et al. (2007)tgl virnr:dnurrr:{6'ulunr:rAuqilluro{durrurfiorud,:fr

ruan:vYtueioln:.:air.: n?1utr{{ uasn?ruu{{u:.:xo.:du.:turfiou loul# MA956 Iron-Based

superalloy tfluiaqlunr:flnurii'o flo0rnn1:finulilu'ir niou'ltrr:rrfionmrufirn*rudu rirl#fl?lxn{1{uit:cufiiuHnn:eflu01nnr:tdol (HAZ) finrrrun{xulndu uaen?rue{tuyt"turr:{AiJiosva-'drrfr ururnilufr n=:dlfr'ant:r^tdtuel-erriu:sm.ir.:iaqfi '.:ao,:vu'nd

P. Sathiya and et al. (2008) trol ldyirnr:finutrfi.:an'fitoldu.:ru AISI 304L rray

AISI 430 fit6old:on?txtAuamru,{n0rnnr:finurvru'irfiu.:ru16orfirirnrrlrr{rrr:rS^- _4 d ,3 a s ur, dlnutqdueirn'itfrutturrr='ru lno'[rinrurr{.:rr:ril:sr 1tu 95.52% ro{n?r}Jrr{{lr:{ro.:;dnrn'r

w. Y-Li and et al. (2008) trrl 16'rirnr:finurrunn:&ynJro{r?n'.tlun''r,fiur*lufifi

nooiogrJdxtosri'lufi'16'flnrrruSourrau,{nn:eruuir?ru:ourrnuro,rdu.:rufirfioru6'ruAd,9iGnr: Linear fiction welding (LFw) Jnul#rrf,nnrfuou +s ,flufrulrulunr:mnao.:d.:lu^--.r.-.d< 4 .-^^:s.=^d- -- s--.-y- e+ j A gt :{1U?0UUflnU'lO{oatHRilyrrnn{urrnnr:rfroruri1u-Ent: (LFw) frlnr:rtoru6ru (t-pw) fi1dnfiurfiu.:ri'.ll#,irn',:duro':du.:rurdolrrdrl#rr:.:durfiunfiri'ururfinn-:rrfou nn0rn

aradrq,,-trr4lfl1:flnu1?IU?lQiut40uto{ttnunar{rrCIuroulJo{rrurrfrousio'[rjrvirn'u fr.:risr.rafr.::ilyr:.lrollqs

jt

tau fi u s ru fi r 1u o o R r rn v n ?t u I r{{ r o.: r ru : rdoru si o

3l

A. Hascalik and N. orhan (2007) tl2l 16'dtnr:flnurto.:du{lu,{aro.t Al2 o3 fir.raru

fi'urir 6160 AL alloy firdordron':rrrfiuomruri'rnrf,n ser r0zo finurnrurfluhJldIrroritrot Al2 o 3 finalfiuriu AL alloy composite ludn:rri'rudr.:1 rurr*'0il6'ronrrilrfiun

vds6@tdmruriltrdn sAE 1020 Jnuriruund':rril:lunr:rfiou r'too rr:.:6u1unt:rfiernmru l0 Mpa r?0'l

lunt:rfiunmlu 8 Sec rr:{6utrnrlduu 5 Mpa l?arlun1:rfiuu + Sec rrnun?rrrir:ou,t9t

n1:firyuxo.rfiu.:rufi 2,500 rpm lnuirn:rs#!'rnrirn?'rilrr{ltosfiulru,r^u, rrasrirontn

?tfi:'ls1{ [n5.:rY:'l{1an1nt0.t?d9]vltUotJ ,{ail tgrT{u?rarrut:oryoufl0nu-[6[lstlfnant:r$oruiura 4 oyr tufl rraurfl 0 oxide tuoqRlfifl o{?ryqildil

K. Jayabharath and et al. (2007) t13l 'ldrirnr:f,nurln:,:a$t{xo.:;fl0 Sinterredq

firfiolcioriuri:.rvrosuen (cu) dug:J 6'':unr:rfiol6''lun':rrurfiunrru d.:0rnnr:flnurrlun{r6'':olv I o I c I a

n t: il fu ri tt o.: frauil : 2 er?rtil : r[o rr: r n u lu n r : rfi on m l u ua s rr: { riu tu n r : rfi ol rrd'': u ra I 3 A j ut r a ui r r

?tfl:lvfiH1n?1ilu1?{0'tuu.:1utTouYt141u t1J ttauil1n1fl?llJlt{{lJ0{ttu'lt.to:J9to 141fi'l Impact

--.--^.i^-.--t- - n- /s .Y d r o I r 4 dtest 10'tttlJ?t1ou9louae?tn:leil tn:tl6l:1{!afl1n10.:t1.10nilu?1u:t?tutru?[1t0tJ9loun?1iltt1.:

!asgvaoru lnlurrn stnn tn:.: cl5 1.1lJ0{adnTu nlfi U

H. shin and et al. (2007) tr+l 'ld'rirnr:finuriaqrryoflnrfiol (zr) Aefidtoif;nr:e

A- y- --- 4- c 4 o- Juyo 4 4tfroru6aunatutAunillu lunr:frnurTf,ufr'[drirnr:f,nurnsg:Jm:sfifinr:rrJduuuila{l

toluir':atfir4rnt:rdotlnunr:1#6ur,lrr:n (Infrared) irn:ryriJn:lafrcro.:du.rruInofi

tt:{duttaet?arlunr:rfiunvrrurflufrrrril: rracilu'irrJirurnrri'rufi6uoonurdru{r.rroqdu{ru

-^.---f^-.A... .-4-.=-- .. u tv a a e s e, I:914?'l{luouuutJft?ludulIurnutt:.:fiuttngt?otnt:tduftyltuttnsonuus In:lcir.:tilfrou4

n1:flnr{0n

v. Balasubramanian (2008) trsl 16'rirnr:finurr:J3uurfi ounr:rfioil Aluminium

Alloy ru'nrirsl dtuiint:tdoruttlu Friction Stir welding Inurirnund'rrril:6onrrlr*r:o:t-iqr^_-..{-i_,sdcjj-AJ10{l't?lsou tuv'].:n1'tu15'lvlrrnngt'l{nurlnyfl?1il15?lunt:[nfr0ufrrolf.lr8ol 0]ntiu

9t-c-a -iUY -.4--..+ t ta d r - r jq I A ojulsu{luYl tn0lnn'l:t50uul'lln:lul,t,.l0tiltuUtytuuornnrrolsr"lrril:frltip.ranr:rfrot6frqn

tta s dq il il n n r : rdo l fi 'hi6'ir rfl u n r : u n il i o { x o s ri'r rfi o r fi rfi n n r : r ry u vl5 : s r.r .j r.: rfi o r

(Free Welds)

M. Karadge and et at. (200i) trol ldrirnr:dnurln:.:afirtor Ti-6AL-4v firfi0ru

d:unrtutfiuailtuttuunr:durrurrdu (lpw) Inurirnr:irn:rv#Jn:.:ro.:{aqfi1#rfiol

lu:vrtulrrRrntt0ulantn fr.:'[ririrnr:f,nurfilqur.r4:l-firnnf,uriofrulrurfroil6?u ruafi1d' fiod d I c9 a !

1' U 1 Ft I O.: tfl : U U n ? 1 U A g t 0 u 9t d,: r{ n 1 fi n ? 1 il t [1.t t t:.: u 1 n 1= u

32

T. Uwada and et al. (200'7) trzl ld'r{rnr:r:JierurfiuuIn:,rair.:qan'lnro{ oxide-

Dispersion-Strengthened-Steel (ODS) fi16olsioriufaqfifirn:u Ferritic-Martensitic-Steel (pNC-

prrls) d'ruiinr:rfiorud'ltln?tulAunilru d'rflnurrn:ufirn-nrjuluuirraruur16orusiorrnslunr:h 9o r r ) tt

mna0{ldrirrurrri?{t?aIflr:rriordurosfiu.:rurfioruurrflu6'rrrrj:d:u nrafildnu.irn?lx6/luYltutt:ld':tvirri'uttnvqrn'jriaqrrr'l ruao.:rrnnr:aft.:rfinrn:uryloisr^n:eil.jr.:

n'r r : u u'r u Fr ? r u f o u #r ri.r nr n t #n r r l r r{.: r r :.: o qj il : s ru r nr s o%

S.D. Meshram and et al. (2007) tlSl ldfirnr:finurrooduolunrrrfiorud:unlrud

tfrunmruriuiaqrir.rvfincir':riu Jnufirnr:yrnno,:rf;orcio Fe riu Ti, cu riu ti, re fiu cu, Fe

ril Ni tto&cu tTu Ni do^ufi ld'olnnr:rfi orrirlrirn: rs#In:r air.r lanrn rrrirn:r,*{rfioJ !, , r t

tnnfrufiiao.:drulo{fru.:rutfrorttasneraourirn:rurr{rrr:r nu.jriaqfisir.rfiurfioriru.,,duu

de u n'r i rr rfi o n vr r u fi r c l d: o o rfi o ru fi fi I n : r c f i r fi rn'r r'u l r ri,,r n ri r.r riu I rJ

A'2. Sahin and et al. (1998) trgl ldfrnr:finurirn:rsrin:vl:unr:rdorud:unarrr

tfionvrrufirfiu:dolflintlduunu.:ro{un.:uaerfif,nndr n',rfinr',dl#mo.:unsmr.:nr:fir gax

H21 (DIN-30 w cr v93) trnsrrf,nndl AISIl0ls (DIN-l t+t) d.:nu.jr nr:ril6uurnJa.:qnrr4fi

1 u 6u rsr o frv'l a 1 u isfi fi fi qm r { fi u vr u r vr ri i frrg 1 u n r : rrvr d n : y o r u rra s n r : rtru u r n : r r $o u1 u l,lu d 1 d'iu,{ a n : u yr u d.r r s fi r.r a si o n il R 1 y{ u o { : u u,f; u u

S.A. Fabritsiev and "t

a. (rggg) tzol ldrirnr:finurnr:nrui.rfi1usvt-z ^ar,,oduorJfrn:niatrJnsrfu n:tudtuvnlJro{?ro{rrn{ ps :oucioil:caruriuu{6nndrlfau^u ss3l6 Jrs

^on",r,du, Glidcop A125 ri'u ss3l6 ns riou{r.:6 nr:druf.rfirn'.:rrn Irradiation fi o.z apu

kiqruaruri6n'rrrrr{.:u:.:lu:vriurur.r gorr4r'finarioJn:.rayxlu:vd'rqanrn

K. Tsuchiya and H, ru*u-uru (1996) tzrl 16'rirnr:finurqnratrin'mrlnaro.:

Ylo':trn{ Jn:tfi ullnail Zr ttnvrlosio ss: t o viorrf; nndr lfafiu lnuiinr:rfi orudron:rrurfi un

m]u Han1:flnutnu'jt rtoultfinrrurvau'16'fu0rnnr:maao.r finrrlrf.r:outd' 22oo rpm

nrtild'urfiunmlu 353 MPa txolrfiou 2.0 Sec il0n'1flfl'l:ytetdourr:16.r fidofl'nnorn r x oq]lu

:c6'u6

L. Fu and S.G. Du (2006) t22l lddrnt:finurnnto.:nt:ilnao.:vrr.raurllr,{rflt

ntuluJn:':afr.::;d'u1nntnttavqfldrutisr^lror:ourfioufirr^orudrunrrrrfiunmru:v*jr.r

Ylo'ltt9'l{ltng Stainless steel Jnulflvro':tLFtl ggyo nnornnr:flnurnu.irn:uu?unt:Recrystallization 1nutfind lunr:rJ:vcru]ryurduu,uo,uurfioud.:unrrrurfionmru:v*irs

Ylo'ltt9l{tlasrrf,nndrlfau^ruqntn*llnocuurlv{flran^n n':rrrr{.: [[:.:u^fi nu'1rur,duu

a

33

rujo cu t ru'h'l th n r o u o n ru r l#au r ru h^ht r ec 1 # aim,,fiu dr #, l n o r:JS o u rfi u u ri'u Ha n : v yr uotnauru'lv'lflr rua:eruto.raurl'llhtr ac luturrulnent:n:sorurosrfin recrystallizea lunr:4<oaa

rfr ol fr ovr f r^rCIrfl fr on'irdu rru 1r,lfl r nc

S. celik and I. Ersozlu (2009) tz:I ld'virnr:flnutnr:n:?0d0uEoraru:jsr^yrr.:nnrrayS .Y _ 'Ci y 4 rln:{6I:1{!nn'lrlll0.::0uel0YttfrOu6?un?ruldunmtu:efi'jt.: AISI4l40 lrnu AISI 1050 ,{n0tn

4 r d s A . r dl d-3- r d r en1:flnulTIU?1 n?1utt1.:10{ lryutfroilq.:n'j1n?1ulti{r0.tntfinrnrr fltn?tr[[t {uslflst1.:nuajA .----d aq I ,y Ael1uil151ut9loifirfioru nt:tfi-ilqilfi4ru^1uni.:rr:n0u t,!,r?ntyt:trrri'lfiIryury*0ru rtoutllunr:

.e^----i+-=j-.- < d u dtYOuYl9lYlflfi n0 n?1u15?nl:iluu 3000 rpm n?riln'urfiuqynu 8l Mpa r?dtrfiuoytllJ 6 sec

M. zaky Noh and et al. (2008) tz+l ldrirnr:finur:oorfiou{aqrirrryfin:cv.jr,l

ovqn'ru'urri'unrf,nndrnvrlulnruldrtoun.:trt15?:oud 900 rpm Ha0rnnr:flnu1ilu.jlrJ:vaun:rldrriolnulfirtriuovqn'rfiuilrflu interlayer narru6'uq.:qfl 240 Mpa '16'iln.lruuur

interlayer il:vrurat t.ge mm. nt:tdoru:J:varufintiuld6 riuoqjfi'un.:lrieiu interlayer-. a4 ji t @

0y Q u ru ulJuae : o uyt l1t0 lJ n on u

S'H. Aldajah and et al. (2009) tzsl ldvirnr:f;nurnato.:nrrrurfiunmrudeon:suauziyd

n1:tfroud?un?liltAuflvttu il:vu?anail:yfrminrn tribological to.:nrf,nndrnrfuougs

AISI 1080 Ha01nn1:flnutilu'j1finr:r:JduuurJa.rfitirdryluIn:rafir:sri'ulnnrn In:.:a$r.r

pearlite t:J6ourfluIn:.:dit{ martensite d.:n'lrilf;n 5 mm. rirl#nrrurrfio,tirrJulunr::Jiu:JE,raga-,.t?t,0.1duu9tttr{nn

L. Fratini and et al. (2012) tzol ldrirnr:finurnnro.:n?rilrfiunmtud:ouu.lrdusr:.:

Inul#if;nr:6rno.:lv'lluc{o'ratilud (FEM) .rruifrudr#uf;nurrirfirilurudrJro.:n?rilriu uou

n?1u6 ,{n0lnnr:finurldrtoultqoru4ru'900 "c nrrrud'ufifin?rilrfirJrydu 200 Mpa nrrrd23-33 (Hz):otlrdolfi:J:sfivrfinrn rniorfiafi.rduurldlunr:mooorfin?rur?irJrsdillunr:ld

mnnO.:

G. Subhash chander and et al. (2012) tzzl 16'rirnr:finurnr:,doru5aqoixru'gt floo

AISI 304 rdoU6'u AISI 4140 Jnofinuro'vm^natornrrlrfr:o:Llun.,rnquduufifir.rnciol'/qa4,f,a'tn:':cY:'l{laRlnrtauqEudruildmrrnn ,{nnr:dnutyru'jrfrnrrrurirdrn.jr 1500 rpm rflun.lrlr$.:

fi hj rr ru r s ail r rn u n ? r il r$.1: o u fi rr ru ru dil n'o l 500 rpm

N. Arivazhagan and et al. (2012) tzgl ldfirnr:finuruqn^n::ilnr:rinn:outo.:iaqsit':vu^st noo AISI +t+o firfiorufiu elst :o+ iaqfiri?u,.rdrrro.: K2so-60% Jryrdulnno'l:ri,{a0rnn1:flnutilu'ittn: u toriaq AISI 4 140 fi turnrlrqjn.ir elsr 304 uon11ndtiu'u,ruf

34

a

rq.iaorrJi,tv{ry1u:outfroufrilov'[:rutnfru tu-0.:o']nnr:rlil:n:yituuo,:dt::J:;nou Intermetallic fifiHasioau'3

fl qfl n:5iln'l: fl nn: 0u1 0{uu.: 1u

L.I. Rui-di and et al. (2012) tzql ld'drnr:flnurnrtrufoufirfiqornnr:rfiunmturra&

lIElel^n::un1:ttY{dnse0tuxo':ouerou (Mg - rl) Inuflnur6ml^natosn?'1il[$?:ounr:rdorud'ro

n?lrrfiurtvllu Hattnnl:flnurrtou'hfi1# nrrlrTr:olfi 1200 rpm nrrrud'urfiunrtu 7.5 KNa-. I e r

- -i- 4 -, dv o v s j<u fl ? 1il d o n fl n 0 ': n u n 1: ttfl: n: s i 1ul, o { o s sto u o v rfru {u o tir I fr rio d r flry T n u o v n 0 u fr illurnlrqj nJ6oug:Jrruuilntder'nfio^ursrofrylry (Mg-Ti) nt:rril:n:u0turo.:osnol d.:rir9!loo'ortadrYuil:sfYytIu,{au1 t'lnfl ?'lu5ourortn1:tdunm1utsu&rfrou

I. Mitelea and et al. (20t2) t30l lddlnr:flnurnr:rf;outo.:iaqdr{ryu^n Jnul{rrf,nadsd,o,il':rr{lrilrrdn Thermo chemically rJilr-lEsdroiG c*buriration ldiaqrrfinndr css rdoruriu

c4s Ha0lnnt:dnu1:outdou;itatfu Inurqilrcluriauuirenrfirrrlrdtri'a firirn.:rlu{srndlriu ttastfif;nfiuldiunr:rJiurJq.rd'ruiGn:su?unr:rr,talrJ?rurarnrirolr (carburization)

J.I. Shu-de and et al. (2012) t:rl 16'rirnt:finurnr:irn:rs#rfild'?rnu 3 fist'rol

nqn'n::tnt:'lratotiaqttaunr:rio6':torrrr,laryro.rru6nnd'i 4s lunr:16olrr:rrfiunmru

odr.:siotfrol Ioutrluf,nurqnrr4fito.:nr:'lnnluiaq (flastr) uasrflularv ruamnnr:f,nur

vrl'jrqanr4fig.:orlnrnfiturnlrqj rrovn':rru6'urfiueyrrurfludo6 rfirunerruri:ro.:nr:1rn

iaqlu:vu'jt{n:su?unt:rf;orufinr:siouio': nr:ru'rsrofrfiorufirfirurcdu noo nrrrurTurfiunmru

100 MPa r?alraunmtu 4 sec n?trur$?:oUHr{u 1600 rpm

R. winiczenko and M. Kaczorowski (2013) t:zl ldrirnr:finurnr:rdorud':un:rru

rfiunmruto.:rrdnd'ndrudttnutad AISI 321 Inoldiaqfiflulnfl?rlnr u17.5 mm. Interface

:Yfi'j1{ Ferrite ductite lron rdoruril Stainless Steel joint rdufinutrrnrrfionmru r#uniruJ )^ - d - j d

fJuuno]{vltf]el flash ttnsnatruu{{rr:{ n?rilriurfror 20 -45 Mpa n'lrrurir:ou 2360 rpm

t?atrAunmtu tzo z7o Sec Ha0tnnl:finu'lflu.it finr:n:corusT.lro.:0.:f{il:sno:LluAlrournodryla nrrud'ulun1:rAunmlurirh{ossroulrdu.:',un:c01u}i'?frr,r6n#.:auryfin-t... q Y i r d . v i a 4fl { H n [?i ry't t J Ft't fl ? t u r [{ { r 0 { dr rn u rn a r rn s dl rfr ru n r r ru rr fr u 16 n

H.J. Liu and et al. (2013) t::l ldrirnr:flnur6vrfiilor0{n?rurir:ourion',r,fiu,

drunrtrurfiuniltuto{idqoqfitfiurunrfl)J ruof 6061-T6 rtlufinurarurin^rfi.:nn uayln:{dfr{qnnrn n',rfinrrdldiaqorqn^rfiurnaru rlu14mm. n?rurirrurnryu,dou 600 rpm nrtrlr$.ro zi 4 r 4 "

,3 J q , itunl:[u0tJ 50-200 mm/min ,.to01nnt:dnutilu'itnt:srnr.ronlrrirfrnflulu:vrir.:nr:rryon

a

35

,,

stir welding 6'sr:rrloulunr:rdol 50 - 200 mm/min rirl#nr:srnflunoufl0.:dl:aeatuf{fiiln4e t q9 a A : J d d d e q au0lu?urln cY{r^la tiln?lItrt {:0ursoxtytIq{tu fi?'lurtult[:{q{qnd.: 69% rytuunuiaqrnt

R. Paventhan and et al. (2012) t:+l '16'vitnr:finutnt:rfirurj:vfivrr'n1iluonn:uu?uAttnr:tfrou6?un?rritdunvrrulnulfrrnf,nndrnrfuourirrrf,nndrlfafiru rriudnurrrf,n

i-ytt-< 'jhAISI 1040 [50rnu AISI 304 rdur.l'lufluuna1{ l2 mm. u'r? 75 mm. runnt:dnu]vruirrTou'11jjzrva'

nl:tfrotJfrtriltudu fion'runurdt,oynu 90 MPa nrturTurfiolJ 90 Mpa r?alrfiunmlil 6 sec

t?altdox 6 sec l{dnlnnt:finutJnuldtmnu^n Analysis of variance (ANOVA) irn:rsr{nai-iJ"ilafr:vsr'lnrrrrfioriu gs%fitu:rr,a?ril6'1uyr1urr:{6{ro{idqq.:qn 543 Mpa iaqrfinnr:uJ6uu

fareitvJ-l u tt1j lJ il A 1 fI fl n : e fl ?'.I.: rT0 u 9t 0 ? d9l yt { ft o.r yu gt

allq:d{fi or: ul{riq: (2ss I ) I:sl 16'rirnr:dnurln:lairslnnrntosrr6nnrfu oudriA I a s qrrq d i 9 t rYUTOUn?Un?lUrduFlytlU t9tU t,L?dFIfiAnrX0: AISI l0l5 rdur{1uquUfl01{ l0 mm. ul?

100 mm. t?allun1:tfiunmru 9 Sec t?flrtunl:dn 3 Sec u:.rrilJtunr:rfionynil 10 Bar u:{6'u

lunr:dn 60 Bar ttnvn?1xtf ?:oulun1:rfiunmru 1200 rpm fla01nn1:dnu1flil'jlrtoutlry--t--qr) zi j j a a d j i J dln{fl4'1? lfir{nn1:ruoxyttfiilleduilqn n0 iln?]ulr1{u:{u0.::ourlrouyt gl3 Mpa frlrilu

a A ,3 a - a in ?1ilrr{.1rr: I fr I rnn'irfr u { 1urnu t7 .og% (n :rrurr{rrr: {xo{tu { 1ur6u zao upa)

dxfu qiler unvu:6sr oiur.:dfi frni essz) t:ol 'ldrirnr:dnur6vriilaro.:r?n-r

lunt:rfiunmluttastt:{dulunr:dnfifinasionrrruu{rrr:.:to.::oordoru Jnuldiaprnrdnruof

AISI 1015 rdurirugudnnl{ l0 mm. ur? 100 mm. tentlunr:rfiunmlu + rir nnrlunlrd'u + ,i'.t

u:ld'utunt:tfionmru a rit rr:.:d'ulunr:dn + rir rravR'lrruri'::ollunt:rAunmtu + rir r.rnorn4 j q - 4. : I a .l 4 sr,n1:flnu1truot?41[unr:tdufllnurnuru n?tilur{rr:{xo{:outtouocuuu: lriruanalrras

i - q s ; J a ai o sc, A t1L10tr:.19ru tunl:0Ft[1I:.txun?1ut[1.:tt:{10{:0ulrorutvurru't lurutntutn{u

!