1 CLEMENT AND THE OT: WHAT AND WHY?

A Paper

Submitted to Drs. Bill Warren and Daniel Holcomb

of the

New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Seminar

HIST9401/NTGK9404

In the Division of Biblical Studies

Joshua N. Burnham

BBA, BS, Mississippi State University, 2005

MDiv, New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 2008

28 November 2011

ii

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...................................................1

METHODOLOGY....................................................3

HISTORY OF RESEARCH............................................4

ANALYSIS OF OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS...........................9

EXAMINATION OF HERMENEUTICAL APPROACH.........................16

CONCLUSION....................................................21

APPENDIX I....................................................22

APPENDIX II...................................................23

APPENDIX III..................................................24

BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................30

iii

INTRODUCTION

The early church and the Patristic Fathers relied upon

tradition, both oral and written, to shape their spiritual

formation, ecclesiology, and theology. This tradition included

the Hebrew Scriptures, which held significant value for urging

Christianity forward. However, apart from the New Testament

little is known about the extant use of the Old Testament in

early Christian documents. One of the few available and earliest

examples of initial Christian literature is First Clement,

generally dated near the end of Domitian’s reign or the first of

Nerva’s control 95-97 CE.1 The best primary source for Clement is

the Codex Alexandrinus, with the only complete Greek text hailing

from the Codex Hierosolymintanus dated to AD 1056.2

1 Michael Holmes, The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations 3rd ed (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007), 36. The detail of Nero’s persecution and the possible allusion to some apostles still living helps the dating of 1 Clement.

2 Ibid., 38. Also known as Codex Constantinopolitanus.

21 Clement not only affords the reader a glimpse into the

early church, the manuscript also contains extensive use of the

Hebrew Scriptures. DeYoung noted, “Clemet stands unique in his

frequent and extensive use of the Old Testament. No other Father

cites or alludes to Scripture as frequently as 1 Clement does.”3

This heavy utilization led some to call Clement a “born quoter”

and Clement cites the Hebrew Bible more than any other NT book.4

Barnabas is the only Apostolic Father to use the OT as much as

Clement, which is not surprising due to the occasion of writing.5

The early date of Clement combined with the extensive use of the

OT affords the book a primary position in the study of the use of

the OT in the Apostolic Fathers and the early church.

Although 1 Clement holds a significant position in the early

church, the books use of the Jewish Scriptures has been of little

interest in the scholarly community. Donald Hagner in 1973 and

3 James DeYoung, “1 Clement: A Model for Christian Hermeneutics and Eschatology?” (1999): 4.

4 Donald Alfred Hagner, The Use of the Old and New Testaments in Clement of Rome.Supplements to Novum Testamentum (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1973), 23.

5 Hagner, 25

3James DeYoung in 1999 were the few to publish on the nuances of

Old Testament quotations in 1 Clement. Even though two different

studies have been conducted on the quotations found within

Clement, research has yet been conducted pattern of quotations

found in these citations.This paper will provide a new and fresh

look at these quotations. Specifically the follow research

attempts to examine through statistical analysis the vast amount

of Old Testament quotations in Clement with specific emphasis on

the hermeneutical approach of the author toward these biblical

texts. It is hypothesized that the research will evidence a

systematic approach by the author of Clement in his use and

application of the Old Testament quotations.

METHODOLOGY

1. The research will analyze Old Testament quotations in 1

Clement beginning with larger divisions in the Hebrew Bible

and ending with a statistical breakdown of smaller individual

passages. The following strategy will be employed: Hebrew

Bible divisions, Individual Books, Parts of Books, and Genre

within the specified passages.6

2. The above examination will allow for an appraisal Clement’s

hermeneutical approach to the Old Testament through

introductory formulas and application including how the author

applies the OT text to his current situation.

6 For the purposes of this study, strong allusions are also used in the statistical analysis. A strong allusion is consideredany allusion to the OT in Clement that allows the reader to specifically reference an Old Testament book, chapter, and verse.The research verified 37 total allusions and 99 quotations.

4

5

HISTORY OF RESEARCH

Joseph Barber Lightfoot

A thorough review of Clement literature must first begin

with one of the foundational works in the field The Apostolic Fathers

Part I: S. Clment of Rome: A Revised Text with Introductions, Notes, Dissertations, and

Translations. Lightfoot is widely recognized as a great New

Testament scholar and, “it is his work on the Apostolic Fathers

which must be reckoned as his most enduring contribution.”7 To

say Lightfoot’s work is detailed would be a major injustice. The

author’s effort included extensive critical notes and apparatus.

Although the various notes are difficult to navigate, the wealth

of information is invaluable. The majority of English texts are

still indebted to Lightfoot’s meticulous research and

translation. One example of the critical apparatus is found in 1

Clement 3:1. Lightfoot noted that this verse was a “very free

7 Holmes, xvi.

6

7quotation from the LXX of Deut. XXXII. 14.”8 This quotation is

acknowledged by most scholars, yet Lightfoot concluded the quote

diverges greatly from the original Hebrew and Justin quoted this

passage with little resemblance to the author of Clement.9 The

value of this work is found in the author’s critical apparatus

that compares not only the LXX quotations, but the Hebrew and

like works among other apostolic fathers and early Greek

literature. The breadth of information on 1 Clement is

unparalleled.

Donald Alfred Hagner

The first publication with particular emphasis on the Old

Testament quotations in the book of Clement were penned by Donald

Hagner now George Eldon Ladd Professor Emeritus of NT at Fuller

Theological Seminary.10 First writing in 1973, Hagner attributed 8 J. B. Lightfoot. The Apostolic Fathers (New York: Georg Olms

Verlag, 1973), 20.

9 Ibid.

10 “Donald A. Hagner Faculty Website,” Fuller Theological Seminary, available from http://www.fuller.edu/academics/faculty/donald-hagner.aspx; accessed 27 November 2011.

8seventy-nine direct quotations from the OT to Clement. Although

he concentrated his manuscript on both Old Testament and New

Testament quotations, Hagner’s work was the first to examine

specifically the Old Testament within Clement.

As referenced above, the author counted seventy-nine total

quotations within Clement. The writer also provided an excellent

appendix that included “only citations and the most important

verbal allusions” broken down by Old Testament book and

corresponding Clement reference.11 Next, the author broke new

ground in his analysis of the introductory formula evidenced with

these Old Testament quotations. Although this analysis will be

examined later, his conclusion found four main formulas with a

fifth category for miscellaneous.12 Hagner’s study revealed “that

Clement is by no means mechanical in his use of formulae, but

11 Hagner, Donald Alfred. The Use of the Old and New Testaments in Clement of Rome. Supplements to Novum Testamentum (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1973), 351.

12 See Hagner, 27. His four main formula are as follows: 1= grafh, 2= legei 3= eipen, and 4= fhsi.

9that he freely varies in his choice, occasionally revealing both

stylistic and dogmatic motivations.”13

Hagner furthered his research by examining the relation of

Clement to the LXX. The author categorized quotations into exact,

moderate, composite, or strong allusion. The writer found that

Clement relied heavily upon the LXX rather than the Masoretic

Text. In particular,

Forty-one of the OT quotations are exact matches to the LXX and

approximately ten more are mild variations. Some of the remaining

quotations do not follow the LXX text of the MT. One suggestion

for these unknown variations is memory. Hagner concluded that

“the importance of memory in the first century, and the

difficulty of reference in the papyrus MSS of the OT writings,

together constitute an a priori probability that at least some of

Clement’s quotations derive from memory.”14 In summation, the

author’s publications greatly advanced the research on the

quotations found in Clement. This work offered an orderly

13 Ibid., 29.

14 Ibid., 106.

10appendix, evidenced introductory formulas, and examined the

relationship of Clement’s quotations with the LXX text.

James DeYoung

DeYoung’s research, published in 1999 had three specific

purposes: to give an overview of how 1 Clement used the Old

Testament, to discuss one particular Old Testament passage that

was crucial to Clement, and finally to summarize the features of

Clement’s hermeneutic.15 This study furthered by field of study

by offering a specialized and methodological driven paper aimed

at the hermeneutic approach of Clement’s quotations.

Initially the author gave an overview of Old Testament

quotations and submitted that Clement quoted the OT one hundred

and five times and alluded eighty-eight times.16 The writer gave

clear data tables outlining his research and noted a

predisposition towards the poetic books in the Old Testament.17 15 DeYoung, 2

16 Ibid., 5.

17 DeYoung, 7.

11DeYoung went great distance providing his research broken down by

book and divisions within the Old Testament.

Next, DeYoung examined Clement’s use of Isaiah 60:17 as an

example of the author’s “creative use of Scripture.”18 The

pericope in Isaiah was crucial to the passage in Clement and

DeYoung argued that this quotation was pivotal in legitimizing

the role of overseers. Isaiah chapter sixty was a messianic

passage and used by the author to shape his message. DeYoung

noted several interesting aspects of this quotations. First, by

this use of Isaiah Clement understood the church to be living in

the “era of the New Covenant.”19 Also Clement contemporized the

OT passage and appropriates, “the symbolism of the text for his

situation.”20

These conclusions led DeYoung to then study the overall

hermeneutic of 1 Clement. Some of the more important conclusions 18 Ibid., 21.

19 Ibid., 25.

20 Ibid., 25.

12are as follows: Clement adopted the (Old Testament) biblical

worldview as his own, the author viewed himself as writing with

inspiration, Clement cited many Old Testament passages as

Scripture, the author found truth in non-biblical sources, the

author generally understood OT passages in their context, and

Clement evidenced a distinct Christological approach to the Old

Testament.21 This work contributed to the field of study through

a methodological approach to the hermeneutic in Clement. DeYoung

was one of the first to systematize the Old Testament quotations

in Clement and examine the approach of the author to biblical

texts.

21 See DeYoung 26-7.

13

ANALYSIS OF OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS

This research revealed a total of one hundred and twenty two

quotes from the Old Testament within the manuscript of 1

Clement.22 Further the author quoted most often the Writings,

followed by the Pentateuch, then Prophets.23 In addition, fifty-

two or ninety-three percent of the quotations within the Writings

are rooted in the Emeth.24 When compared to the use of the Old

Testament by New Testament writers the Pentateuch had a higher

concentration of quotation than any other Hebrew Bible section.

Use of the OT in the NT25

22 See Appendix IV.

23 The total calculations are as follows: 56 quotations fromthe Writings, 40 quotations from the Pentateuch, and 26 quotations from the Prophets.

24 The Emeth Hebrew Bible division is defined as Psalms, Job, and Proverbs.

25 See DeYoung, 6.

14

15

Division

Pentateuch 148 42%

Prophets 108 31%

Writings 94 27%

Use of the OT in 1 Clement

Division

Pentateuch 40 33%

Prophets 26 21%

Writings 56 46%

A side-by-side comparison reveals a large increase in the

amount of Writing material used by the author of Clement against

the New Testament books.26 Significantly, Clement does not use

the Pentateuch as his primary source material and instead chose

the Writings that provided the wealth of quotations. Although the

use of the Pentateuch in Clement does not evidence a drastic

26 The NT used the Writing material 27% of the time comparedwith 46% in Clement, this reflected nearly a 20% increase.

16decrease, in number of quotations, the Books of Moses are

relegated to a secondary position. The intensification of the

Writings in Clement comes at the expense of the Prophetic and

Mosaic material that both declined ten percent in Clement.

Individual Books

A deeper view of the quotation use and breakdown of Clement

offers the audience a better glimpse of the author’s approach.

The particulars of the this individual distinction is as follows:

Book # Of Quotes

Psalms 36Genesis 23Isaiah 14

17Job 8

Proverbs 8Numbers 7

Deuteronomy 5Exodus 5

1 Samuel 32 Chronicles 3

Daniel 3Ezekiel 31 Kings 1Esther 1

Jeremiah 1Jonah 1Joshua 1

Malachi 1

Pentateuch 40Prophets 27Writings 56

Total 122

The three most quoted Old Testament books in Clement are

Psalms, Genesis, and Isaiah. Compared to the examination of the

Old Testament quotations in the New Testament, the approach of

18Clement exhibits some uniformity.27 Similarly, two of the most

quoted writers in Clement are the Psalmist and Isaiah. Although,

this research will examine the importance of these books later,

one should note at present the high use of these passages. Also,

Clement, like most of the New Testament writers relies upon

Genesis to bolster his argumentation. Clement quotes Genesis at a

slightly higher rate than the New Testament yet the distinction

is minor.

After these initial comparables, Clement varied from the New

Testament in his use of quotation. First, Job and Proverbs made

up fourteen percent of the author’s total quotation. This is

directly contrasted to the New Testament writers who seldom

quoted from these books.28 Another distinction is found in the

Pentateuch. Exodus accounted for only eight percent of the

quotations used by Clement. In the New Testament however, Exodus

was the fourth most often referenced book. Likewise, the New 27 See DeYoung, 7. Here the author gives his analysis of OT

quotations in the NT ranking the top nine most quoted Scriptures:Psalms (79x), Isaiah (66), Deuteronomy (50), Exodus (44), Genesis(34), Leviticus (17), Daniel and Jeremiah (5), and Ezekiel (2).

28 See DeYoung, 7. Neither Job nor Proverbs were quoted mostoften according to DeYoung’s ranking of the top nine books.

19Testament authors quoted from Leviticus, especially in reference

to the Law and sacrifice. This book is strikingly absent in

Clement and is the only Pentateuchal book not quoted.29

Parts of Book

Psalms, the most often quoted book in Clement can be divided

into several categories. Book One of Psalms is the most

frequently quoted portion. This should not surprise the reader of

the Old Testament as Book One is heavily influenced by David.30

Book Two has the next highest frequency of quotation and

also has the second highest occurrence of Davidic authorship.31

The other three books of the Psalms are referenced less and each 29 Biblindex: Index of Biblical Quotations and Allusions in

Early Christian Literature. Available from http://www.biblindex.mom.fr/; accessed 27 November 2011. The Biblindex database proposed four Levitical quotes found in Clement 41:2, 1:3, and 3:4. After further examination these allusions were considered weaker echoes to the OT and were not included in the research analysis.

30 C. Hassell Bullock, Encountering the Book of Psalms: A Literary and Theological Introduction (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001), 26. Theauthor classified Psalms 3-32 and 34-41 as Psalms of Davidic origin.

31 Ibid. Psalms 51-65 and 68-71 are attributed to David.

20appears to correspond to the amount of Davidic authorship in the

Book.

Book 1 (1-41); 44%

Book 2 (42-72); 25%

Book 3 (73-89); 8%

Book 4 (90-106); 3%

Book 5 (107-150); 19%

Psalms Quotations

Book 1 (1-41)Book 2 (42-72)Book 3 (73-89)Book 4 (90-106)Book 5 (107-150)

Breaking down the quotations found from the Book of Genesis

reveals interesting results. First, quotations relating the life

of Abraham far outnumber other Patriarchs. Next, the author of

Clement quotes from the Primeval History in Genesis. Jacob also

influenced the writing of Clement with few references to other

portions in Genesis.

21

Gen. 1-11 (Primeval);

35%

Gen. 12-23 (Abraham);

43%

Gen. 26-35 (Jacob); 17%

Gen. 37-50 (Joseph); 4%

Genesis Quotations

Gen. 1-11 (Primeval)Gen. 12-23 (Abraham)Gen. 24-25 (Isaac)Gen. 26-35 (Jacob)Gen. 37-50 (Joseph)

Genre Use

22Analyzing the Old Testament quotations by genre found in the

LXX and the Hebrew Bible revealed a very strong tendency toward

discourse and poetry.32 Although the author often cites the

Pentateuch, which is narrative driven, Clement predominantly

chose to use the discourse within the given narrative. In

addition, the density of quotations from Psalms, Proverbs, and

Job resulted in a heavier weight for poetic and discourse in this

analysis.

32 For this research discourse is defined as direct speech. Often the Old Testament text makes it difficult to distinguish between discourse and poetic device. However, the distinction between narrative and discourse/poetry is pronounced.

23

Poetry; 41%

Discourse; 41%

Narrative; 19%

Genre Analysis

PoetryDiscourseNarrative

EXAMINATION OF HERMENEUTICAL APPROACH

OT As Scripture

The above data allows for a thorough examination of

Clement’s approach to the Old Testament. Not only does the author

24extensively quote from the Old Testament but the length of his

manuscript affords a vast amount of information. First, Clement

understood all divisions of the Hebrew Bible as Scripture.33 Each

Hebrew Bible division is well represented with the Writings

accounting for 46% of the quotations, Pentateuch 33% and the

Prophets 21%. Not only does the author cite from each division,

his employment of the various books suggests a new authoritative

emphasis on the Writings that rivaled the Pentateuch. Clement

quoted from the Writings the more than the New Testament quoted

from the Pentateuch. Hagner proposed that the use of quotation

were “not only of intrinsic importance to Clement’s epistle, but

are also indirectly of great importance in indicating the state

of the Old Testament Scriptures in Rome about AD 95.”34 If Hager

is correct then the Christian culture in Rome may have

experienced a shift from a predominant emphasis on the Pentateuch

to the Writing material. Although the results of the above

analysis do not fully substantiate this theory, one must ask the

question.

33 See Appendix I.

34 Hagner, 21.

25The use of quotations alone does not substantiate the

complete authority of the Old Testament for the author or

audience. Consequently, Clement employed various introductory

formulas that emphasized the importance of his quotations. This

research noted four specific formulas with some varition of: 1=

grafh, 2= fhsi, 3= eipen, and 4= legei. Clement’s employment of

“it is written” specifically sets an OT quotation apart as

scripture and is the most authoritative introductory

prescription. This first formula is used primarily with the

Psalms and is also used with the individual books in the

Pentateuch and Prophets. The data evidences that the author

understood Wisdom literature as Scripture at the time he penned 1

Clement.

The most used formula and the second most authoritative

introduction is the use of “it/he said” or legei. The author

employed this formula thirty-six times. Again Psalms, Isaiah, and

Job represented the most quoted OT books. Interestingly, Clement

in 21:2 urged his readers, “For it says somewhere” and did not

seem concerned with the exact location of the OT scripture

(Proverbs 20:27). The other introductory formulas were used with

26the Psalms and the Pentateuch. Of the five quotations in Exodus,

eipen is used three times to note this book. The remaining

introductory formulas are not concentrated on one specific book

and are varied throughout Clement. Many quotations have no

introductory formula. Thirty-eight quotations have no

introductory distinction. Of these, Genesis and Numbers represent

a high concentration without introduction. One should also note

that most of the quotations without introduction are normally

strong illusion and do not represent exact LXX quotations. This

may explain the lack of formula.

Clement used all portions of the Old Testament in his

exhortation to the Corinthians. The author also set his

quotations apart with introductory formulas that emphasized not

only the antiquity of his quotes but the authority in the

Scriptures. However, Clement’s use of the Old Testament did not

necessitate authoritative introductory formulas with every

quotation. Likewise, Clement did not concern himself with the

exact location of many quotations. His employment of composite

quotations and statements of “For it says somewhere, ‘The Spirit

of the Lord is a lamp searching the depths of the heart’”

27evidence Clement’s importance on the Word of the text rather than

location35 the lack of specific verse reference should come as no

surprise as many of the quotations lack introductory formula or

historical reference. However, the fact that Clement would pen

“somewhere” within his epistle shows the emphasis and authority

on the message of the text. In summation concerning the formulas

and use of the Old Testament authority in Clement, Hagner

explained:

The viewpoint expressed here is identical with that of earlyJudaism on the one hand, and with that of the later church on theother. Although in the Apostolic Fathers there are no such explicit statements concerning the inspiration of the OT writings, it is readily apparent that their view has not altered from that of the NT writers. This again can be seen in the formulae used to introduce OT quotations.

OT Application

At times, Clement cited the Old Testament and put the

Scripture into the historical message of the original quotation.

In 1 Clement 4:1-6 the author used an introductory formula to

quote exactly Genesis 4:3-8 and then discussed the jealousy and

35 Holmes, 75. 1 Clemet 21:2.

28envy of Cain that led to murder.36 This episode in Genesis

corresponds to the anger of Cain that was aroused toward his

brother’s accepted sacrifice. The Lord responded and rebuked the

hostility of Cain. Although Genesis did not explicitly mention

jealousy, the audience understands this jealousy as part of

Cain’s sinful situation. When quoting and applying this passage

Clement picked up on the jealousy and sinfulness of Cain and

applied it to the Corinthians saying: “you see, brothers,

jealousy and envy brought about a brother’s murder.”37

Yet, quoting Deuteronomy, again with an introductory

formula, Clement seemingly ignores the historical context.38 Here

one must note that Clement found the Old Testament authority to

have importance in his modern context and often, gave the text

more authority to his audience when he applied the Scriptures.

Using a similar approach to his study of Isaiah, James DeYoung

observed that Clement “finds additional meaning beyond the

surface of the Old Testament. This appears not only in his 36 See 1 Clement 4:1-7.

37 1 Clement 4:7

38 See 1 Clement 29:1-3.

29finding Christ by way of quotes and allusions but also by

typology.”39

Another pattern within the quotations of Clement was the

genre employed. The author’s preference of poetic and discourse

texts rather than narrative served his primary purpose of

application when using the Old Testament. Using Job, Clement

sculpted the discourse to provide examples of harmony in nature

and the obedience one should have just as the waves of the oceans

obey their master.40 Again quoting from a poetic text in Psalm

141 the author selects a passage to bolster his affirmation of

the discipline of the Lord.41 The extensive use of poetry and

discourse in Clement is rooted in this genre’s ease of

application verses the more difficult and often lengthy portions

of the Old Testament. When Clement quotes from narrative sections

the author often summarizes and introduces the passage for the

audience. The stitching of poetic device smoothly into the

exhortation does not always follow the Old Testament context. In

39 DeYoung, 28.

40 See 1 Clement 20:7 and Job 38:11.

41 1 Clement 56:5.

30Clement 57:3-7 the author quoted from Proverbs 1:23-33. The

proverb is labeled as a proverb of Solomon and is considered a

general poem about the benefits of wisdom and instruction,

especially concerning the fear of the Lord. However, Clement used

this general wisdom poem to admonish the Corinthians and

introduced the passage by warning “it is better for you o be

found small but included in the flock of Christ than to have a

preeminent reputation and yet be excluded from his hope.”42Here

the original context of the proverb and the new application given

by Clement seem incompatible. However, the use of poetry from the

Old Testament allowed the author to more easily weave citations

within his new book more seamlessly than that of historical

narrative.

42 1 Clement 57:2

31

CONCLUSION

The author of 1 Clement deemed the Old Testament vital for

his exhortation to the church at Corinth. Particularly the writer

utilized all divisions in the Old Testament in his epistle and

quoted one hundred and three times from over eighteen books. This

count does not include other vague allusions and echoes to the

Old Testament. Also, the author was convinced and convicted that

the Hebrew Scriptures had present authority for the Christian

life. This was evidenced in the way the author contemporized the

OT citations “repeatedly citing Scripture as written ‘for us’ or

to us’ and “he viewed the Old Testament as fulfilled in Christ or

in the Christians.”43 The author also provided a newfound

emphasis on the Writings, especially the Psalms, Job, and

Proverbs and directly applied them to the church. Lastly, Clement

preferred the quotation of poetry and discourse in the Old

Testament. This epistle offers the modern audience a rare glimpse

into the use and application of the Old Testament in the early

43 DeYoung, 31.

32church and contains one of the most lengthy and weighty resources

of early OT quotations in the Apostolic Fathers.

33

APPENDIX I

Book # Of Quotes

Psalms 36Genesis 23Isaiah 14

Job 8Proverbs 8Numbers 7

Deuteronomy 5Exodus 5

1 Samuel 32 Chronicles 3

Daniel 3Ezekiel 31 Kings 1Esther 1

Jeremiah 1Jonah 1Joshua 1Malachi 1

Pentateuch 40Prophets 27Writings 56

Emmeth 52

34

APPENDIX II

35

Genesis 19%

Exodus 4%

Numbers 6%

Deuteronomy 4%Joshua 1%

1 Samuel 2%1 Kings 1%

2 Chronicles 2%

Job 7%

Psalms 29%

Proverbs 7%

Isaiah 11%

Jeremiah 1% Ezekiel 2% Daniel 2% Malachi 1% Esther 1%

122 OT Quotes according to Burnham

36

APPENDIX III

OT Passage 1 Clement Formula44 Misc.

Pro. (7:3) 2:8 noneDeut. 32:15 (e) 3:1 1

Isa. (3:5) 3:3 attachedIsa. (59:14) 3:4 attached

Gen. 4:3-8 (e) 4:1-6 1Gen. (27:41-28:5) 4:8 attached

Gen. (37) 4:9 attachedEx. 2:14 (e) 4:10 attachedNum. (12:1) 4:11 attachedNum. (16:12) 4:12 attached

1 Sam. (18-31) 4:13 attachedGen. 2:23 (e) 6:3 other

Gen. (7:1) 7:6 noneJonah (3:4) 7:7 none

Ezek. 33:11 (mv) 8:2 otherIsa. 1:16-20 (e) 8:4 4 let us consider

Gen. (5:21-24) 9:3 noneGen. (6-9) 9:4 none

2 Chr. (20:7) 10:1 noneIsa. (41:8) 10:1 none

Gen. 12:1-3 (e) 10:3 4Gen. 13:14-16 (e) 10:4f. 3Gen. 15:5f. (mv) 10:6 4

Gen. (18:1-15; 21:1-7) 10:7 attached Dia Gen (19) 11:1 attached Dia

Gen. 19:26 (e) 11:2 attached Dia Josh. 2:3-5, 9-14, 18f.

©12:4-6 attached Dia

1 Sam. 2:10 © 13:1 1&4Jer. 9:22f (e) 13:1 1&4Isa. 66:2 (e) 13:4 2Pro. 2:21 © 14:4 1

Psalms 36:38 © 14:4 1Psalms 36:35-37 (mv) 14:5 4

Isa. 29:13 (mv) 15:2 4

44 Introductory formula key following the key formulas found by James DeYoung:1= grafh, 2= fhsi, 3= eipen, 4= legei

37Psalms 61:5 (e) 15:3 4

Psalms 77:36f (e) 15:4 4Psalms 30:19 (e) 15:5 4Psalms 11:4-6 (e) 15:5-6 4Psalms 21:7-9 (e) 16:16f 2

Isa. 53 (e) 16:3-14 22 Chr. (20:7) 17:2 noneGen. 18:27 (e) 17:2 none

Isa. (41:8) 17:2 4Job 1:1 (mv) 17:3 1

Job 14:4f (mv) 17:4 4Ex. 3:11 © 17:5 3Ex. 4:10 © 17:5 3Num. (12:7) 17:5; 43:1 none

1 Sam. 13:14 © 18:1 3Psalms 88:21 © 18:1 3

Psalms 50:3-19 (e) 18:2-17 4Gen. (1:9) 20:6 none

Job 38:11 (v) 20:7 3Pro. 20:27 (v) 21:2 4 "somewhere"

Psalms 33:12-18 (e) 22:1-7 otherPsalms 31:10 (e) 22:8 other

Isa. 13:22 © 23:5 1Malachi 3:1 © 23:5 1

Psalms 87:11 © 26:2 4Psalms 22:4 © 26:2 4

Psalms 27:7 (c) 26:2 4Psalms 3:6 © 26:2 4

Job 19:26 (mv) 26:3 4Psalms 18:2-4 (e) 27:7 none

Psalms 138:7-10 (v) 28:3 1&4Deut. 32:8f. ((e) 29:2 1

2 Chr. (31:14) 29:3 4Deut. (4:34) 29:3 4Ezek. 48:12 29:3 4Num. (18:27) 29:3 4Pro. 3:34 (e) 30:2 2Job 11:2f (e) 30:4f 4Gen. (15:6) 31:2 none "study the

records"Gen. (22:7) 31:3 none Gen. (28:5) 31:4 noneGen. 15:5 © 32:2 noneGen. 22:17 © 32:2 noneGen. 26:4 © 32:2 none

Gen. 1.26f. (e) 33:5 2Gen. 1:28 (e) 33:6 3

38Isa. 40:10 © 34:3 otherPro. 24:12 © 34:3 otherDaniel 7:10 © 34:6 1&4

Isa. 6:3 © 34:6 1&4Isa. (64:4) 34:8 4

Psalms 49:16-23 (e) 35:7-12 1&4Psalms 103:4 (e) 36:3 1Psalms 2:7f (e) 36:4 3

Psalms 109:1 (e) 36:5 4Job 4:16-5:5 © 39:3-9 1

Job 15:15 © 39:5 1Isa. 60:17 (v) 42:5 1&4Num. 12:7 (v) 43:1 none

Num. (17) 43:2 noneDan. (16:16) 45:6 none

Dan. (3:19-21) (v) 45:7 nonePsalms 17:26f (e) 46:3 4

Psalms 117:19f (e) 48:2f 1Pro. (10:12) 49:5 noneEzek. 37:12 © 50:4 1Isa. 26:20 © 50:4 1

Psalms 31:1f (e) 50:6 1Num. (16:33) 51:4 none examples

Psalms (48:15) 51:4 none examplesEx. 14:23 (v) 51:5 none examples

Psalms (135:15) 51:5 none examplesPsalms 68:31-33 (mv) 52:2 2Psalms 49:14-15 (e) 52:3 4Psalms 50:19 (e) 52:3-4 4Deut. 9:12-14 (e) 53:2f. 3Deut. 9:13-14 (mv) 53:3 3

Ex. 32:32 (mv) 53:4 3Psalms 23:1 (e) 54:3 other

Esther (5-6) 55:6 nonePro. 3:12 (e) 56:4 2

Psalms 140:5 (e) 56:5 2Job 5:17-26 (e) 56:6-15 4Pro. 1:23-33 (e) 57:3-7 4

1 Kings (9:4) 60:2 nonePsalms (39:3) 60:2 nonePsalms (66:1)© 60:3 none

Psalms (144:18) 60:4 nonePsalms 117:18 (e) 56:3 2

39122 Quotes

APPENDIX IV

OT Passage45 1 Clement Genre1 Kings (9:4) 60:2 (D) Discourse1 Sam. (18-31) 4:13 (N) Narrative1 Sam. 13:14 © 18:1 D1 Sam. 2:10 © 13:1 (P) Poetry2 Chr. (20:7) 10:1 D2 Chr. (20:7) 17:2 D2 Chr. (31:14) 29:3 N

Dan. (3:19-21) (v) 45:7 NDan. (6:16) 45:6 N

Daniel 7:10 © 34:6 PDeut. (4:34) 29:3 D

Deut. 32:15 (e) 3:1 DDeut. 32:8f. ((e) 29:2 DDeut. 9:12-14 (e) 53:2f. DDeut. 9:13-14 (mv) 53:3 D

Esther (5-6) 55:6 NEx. 14:23 (v) 51:5 NEx. 2:14 (e) 4:10 DEx. 3:11 © 17:5 D

Ex. 32:32 (mv) 53:4 DEx. 4:10 © 17:5 D

Ezek. 33:11 (mv) 8:2 DEzek. 37:12 © 50:4 DEzek. 48:12 29:3 D

Gen (19) 11:1 NGen. (1:9) 20:6 DGen. (15:6) 31:2 N

Gen. (18:1-15; 21:1-7) 10:7 NGen. (22:7) 31:3 D

Gen. (27:41-28:5) 4:8 NGen. (28:5) 31:4 NGen. (37) 4:9 N

Gen. (5:21-24) 9:3 NGen. (6-9) 9:4 N

45 Scripture numbers correspond to LXX. ( ) indicates nature of quotation. e=exact, mv= moderate variant, v= variant, c= composit, (1:1)= allussion.Taken from Habner, Appendix I.

40Gen. (7:1) 7:6 N

Gen. 1:28 (e) 33:6 DGen. 1.26f. (e) 33:5 DGen. 12:1-3 (e) 10:3 D

Gen. 13:14-16 (e) 10:4f. DGen. 15:5 © 32:2 D

Gen. 15:5f. (mv) 10:6 DGen. 18:27 (e) 17:2 DGen. 19:26 (e) 11:2 NGen. 2:23 (e) 6:3 DGen. 22:17 © 32:2 DGen. 26:4 © 32:2 D

Gen. 4:3-8 (e) 4:1-6 NIsa. (3:5) 3:3 DIsa. (41:8) 10:1 DIsa. (41:8) 17:2 DIsa. (59:14) 3:4 PIsa. (64:4) 34:8 P

Isa. 1:16-20 (e) 8:4 DIsa. 13:22 © 23:5 DIsa. 26:20 © 50:4 P

Isa. 29:13 (mv) 15:2 DIsa. 40:10 © 34:3 P

Isa. 53:1-12 (e) 16:3-14 PIsa. 6:3 © 34:6 D

Isa. 60:17 (v) 42:5 DIsa. 66:2 (e) 13:4 DJer. 9:22f (e) 13:1 DJob 1:1 (mv) 17:3 NJob 11:2f (e) 30:4f DJob 14:4f (mv) 17:4 D

Job 15:15 © 39:5 DJob 19:26 (mv) 26:3 DJob 38:11 (v) 20:7 DJob 4:16-5:5 © 39:3-9 DJob 5:17-26 (e) 56:6-15 D

Jonah (3:4) 7:7 NJosh. 2:3-5, 9-14, 18f. © 12:4-6 D

Malachi 3:1 © 23:5 DNum. (12:1) 4:11 NNum. (12:7) 17:5; 43:1 DNum. (16:12) 4:12 NNum. (16:33) 51:4 N

Num. (17) 43:2 NNum. (18:27) 29:3 DNum. 12:7 (v) 43:1 DPro. (10:12) 49:5 P

41Pro. (7:3) 2:8 P

Pro. 1:23-33 (e) 57:3-7 PPro. 2:21 © 14:4 P

Pro. 20:27 (v) 21:2 PPro. 24:12 © 34:3 PPro. 3:12 (e) 56:4 PPro. 3:34 (e) 30:2 P

Psalms 103:4 (e) 36:3 PPsalms 109:1 (e) 36:5 PPsalms 117:18 (e) 56:3 PPsalms 117:19f (e) 48:2f PPsalms 138:7-10 (v) 28:3 P

Psalms 140:5 (e) 56:5 PPsalms 50:19 (e) 52:3-4 P

Psalms 50:3-19 (e) 18:2-17 PPsalms 61:5 (e) 15:3 P

Psalms 68:31-33 (mv) 52:2 PPsalms 77:36f (e) 15:4 P

Psalms 87:11 © 26:2 PPsalms 88:21 © 18:1 PPsalms (135:15) 51:5 PPsalms (144:18) 60:4 PPsalms (39:3) 60:2 PPsalms (48:15) 51:4 PPsalms (66:1)© 60:3 P

Psalms 11:4-6 (e) 15:5-6 PPsalms 17:26f (e) 46:3 PPsalms 18:2-4 (e) 27:7 PPsalms 2:7f (e) 36:4 P

Psalms 21:7-9 (e) 16:16f PPsalms 22:4 © 26:2 P

Psalms 23:1 (e) 54:3 PPsalms 27:7 (c) 26:2 P

Psalms 3:6 © 26:2 PPsalms 30:19 (e) 15:5 PPsalms 31:10 (e) 22:8 PPsalms 31:1f (e) 50:6 P

Psalms 33:12-18 (e) 22:1-7 PPsalms 36:35-37 (mv) 14:5 P

Psalms 36:38 © 14:4 PPsalms 49:14-15 (e) 52:3 PPsalms 49:14f (e) 42:3 P

Psalms 49:16-23 (e) 35:7-12 P

42

123 Quotes

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