سياسات وبرامج التضامن الاجتماعى
Transcript of سياسات وبرامج التضامن الاجتماعى
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Abstract
The study aims at reviewing the conceptual framework of social solidarity, in additional to identifying different patterns and policies of social solidarity through the experiences of a number of countries. These polices aim at eradicating poverty, and improving the standard of living of the citizens. The international experiences have been chosen on the bases of similarity with Egypt's social and economic conditions. Studying the international experiences depends on various dimensions namely: concept of social solidarity, targeting groups, targeting methods, legislative and institutional framework, and sources of funding programs.
The study derived some lessons learned, such as: social solidarity should concentrate on empowering the poor in the context of the mutual commitments between the targeting groups and the state, with special concern on the vulnerable groups. In addition to the effective participation from different partners related to designing the plans and implementing social solidarity programs.
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1 Danie Lee (2005), Ritual and the Social Meaning and Meaninglessness of Religion, Soziale Welt, P.3 2 Frank W. Elwell (2003), Sociology of Emile Durkheim, Rogers State University < http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/~felwell/Theorists/Durkheim/Power/Emile%20Durkheim.ppt#256,1>
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1 The Robert Gordon University (2007), An Introduction to Social Policy: Welfare State http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/wstate.htm 2 Jeffrey C. Alexander, et al., (2006), The Cambridge Companion to Durkheim, Canadian Journal of Sociology Online March-April 2006. 3 Aafke Komter (2005), Social Solidarity and The Gift, Cambridge University Press,P.2 4 Julian Le Grand (2003), Individual Choice and Social Exclusion, London School of Economics, P.10
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1 Andy Blunden (2004), Social Solidarity versus Social Capital. [Draft in progress.] Retrieved 23 December, 2005 from http://home.mira.net/~andy/works/social-solidarity.htm 2 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2002), " Sustainable Social Development in a Period of Rapid Globalization: Challenges, Opportunities, and Policy Options" New York, United Nations, pp. 153 , 154. 3 Economic and Social Council (2001) , "Enhancing Social Protection and Reducing Vulnerability in a Globalizing World "United Nations, p. 3.
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1 Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE) 2006, "Population Estimates" http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/disseminacao/online/popclock/popclock.php 2 Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) 2006, "Poverty, Inequality Reduction and Social Inclusion in Latin America: New Approaches", Presentation for the Minister of the Social Development and Fight Hunger in Forum of the Americas.
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1 Vilmar Faria (2007) , "The Social Challenge", Ministry of External Relations, <http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/INGLES/polsoc/desafio/apresent/index.htm> 2 Polly Jones, et al (2002), " Social Protection", World Bank.
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1 FAO (2006), "Brazil Major Lessons From Fome Zero", Background Paper For a Video-Conference Between Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Peru and Venezuela, Italy, FAO, , PP. 4-12 .
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1 Rômulo Paes de Sousa (October 2006)," Bolsa Familia Program Effects on Health and Education Services: caching unusual suspects", Presentation For National Secretary of Evaluation and Information Management , Ministry of the social Development and fight Hunger.
2 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2007), " World Fact Book : Chile" https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/mx.html
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1 An Introduction to: Chile Solidario-El Programa Puente, International Conference on Local Development, The World Bank, June 2004, http://www1.worldbank.org/sp/ldconference/Materials/Parallel/PS2/PS2_S13_bm1.pdf 2 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2005) , " Human Development Report " P. 270.
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1 Andres Palma Irarrazaval, "Social Policy of the Concertacion Governments in Chile", http://www.obreal.unibo.it
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1 World Bank,"Chile", http://www1.worldbank.org/sp/safetynets/Training_Events/CCTWorkshop/CCTPrograms/English/CCTProgChileEnglish.pdf
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1 Armando Barrientos and Rebecca Holmes (2006)," Social Assistance in Developing Countries Database'', University of Sussex, p.27, http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/SocialAssistanceDatabase2006%20Version2%20310306.pdf 2CIA (2007), " World Fact Book : Mexico" https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/mx.html
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1 World Bank (WB) (2007), "Poverty in Mexico : Fact Sheet" http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/countries/lacext/mexicoextn/0,,contentmdk:20233967~pagepk:141137~pipk:141127~thesitepk:338397,00.html.
٢ . 3 Op.cit, UNDP, P. 270
א א א א א
٣٣
، א א א א א א א ، א אא :א
א − א:א א ، א ، .אא − א א:א ، א ، .אא − א א .אא − .אא − אא .אא
א ، א א אאא א א ، א א א א א א
אא א א.א א א א א .١אאא
:אא •א א א א א א−א
א א−א א אא א ، א ، א א.אא א א א א א א א
א .٢א
:אאא •א א א א א .אא
א א א א ،–א א אא א א א–א א א .א
א א א :א
1 Armando Román-Zozaya (2002), "The empowerment paradigm in Latin American social policy: The case of Mexico" , Oxford Council on Good Governance (OCGG), UK.
2 Ibid p 7 .
א א א א א
٣٤
א: אא א :Food Assistance Programאא א א א א א א א א א
א.א א א א א א א.אא אא א א א١א ،
א א א א ، א א א אא א א א א א א ، .א
−אאא−אא LICONSAא ،DIF א
א א א ، אא אא א אא.، א ،:
:LICONSA٢א −א א א א א א א א א.א א
א א א אא א−، א −אא א.א א א א א
א א א א א א.א אאא א.א א א ٥,٤א.א١٩٩٧،٣,٤
א ١ אDICONSAFIDELIST.DICONSA:א א
א. א .٣١א.٢٣١٩٩٧אאא א٪٨٢א אFIDELIST.א א.Tortilla א
١٩٩٢، א א א א א .א،2 Refers to Leche Industrializada Conasupo
א א א א א
٣٥
אא − :DIFאא א א.א א
אא א א א א א אא. א א א .٢,٦١٩٩٧א
:Progresaא:אא،١٩٩٧א א א א
א א ، א א.א אא א א א א ، א א א
א א.א א א א ٤٠٠אא١٩٩٧٢,٣١٩٩٩ .١א
אא א א א א א−אא:− ، א ، ،.א א א
א :א
:א −א א−א−א א
؛–אא–١٨ א אא)( א).(א
א א א ، א א א א אא אא א א ، א
، א א.א א אא א א ، ،א א א
א א א א א .א
1Economic Research Service/USDA (2000), "Food Assistance Programs and Poverty in Mexico" p.13
א א א א א
٣٦
:א −אאא ، א א
א א א אNutritional Supplementsא א א אא א א א א א ،.
א א א Health Self Careא
אא .א
:א −א א א
،.א א ، א א א א، א א א א אא א א א א .א
:Oportunidadesא •אא א א אא .א
א.א٢٠٠٢א אאא א א א א א א
א א א.א אא ،٤،٢,٥א .١א١,٥א
א • :אאאאא א א אא א
، .٢א
1 Susan W. Parker (2003) , "Scaling Up Poverty Reduction: Case Study The Oportunidades program in Mexico", Shanghai Poverty Conference, p. 2 2Gustavo Nigenda, et al (2005) , "Lessons offered by Latin American cash transfer programs, Mexico’s Oportunidades and Nicaragua’s SPN. Implications for African countries" Centre for Social and Economic Analysis, p 7.
א א א א א
٣٧
א • :אא א ، א א א א א א א
א א א א .א א
א − א א א :א، א א א א א א א א א
א א א א:א א א ،א א، א א א א א אא
א א א.١א א٪٦٠א א א א، אא٪٥٠אא א א א
.٢א
א − א א אא :א، א א א א
א א אא א א.א א אא :٣א
א − :אאא א א א .א
، א א א ،١٥אא:אא א א ، א א א ، א א א א
א א א א ، א א.אא א .א
1David P. Coady, et al (2005) , "PROGRESA for Progress: Mexico's Health, Nutrition, and Education Program", World Bank Institute, http://www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/may05/article.asp?id=296 2 Santiago Levy (2006)," Notes on Mexico’s Oportunidades (Progresa) Program" , Mexico, p 2. 3 Economic Research Service/USDA (2000), "Food Assistance Programs & Poverty in Mexico" p 15.
א א א א א
٣٨
א − :אא ، א א א א א
א א א ، א א אא א אא.א
א א א ، א ، ، ، אא .א
א − :אא א א א א
א א אא א،אא א.א א אא א .א
א א א אא אא א א، א א א٪٦٠א א א
٪٤٠א٪٨٠.א٪٢٠ .א
، אאא א א א אא א ، :א
o א א א א א א –אא–א א .א
א אא .א
o א א א אא א .אא א א א
א א א א א
٣٩
א א א אא.א א
א ، א אא א א ،א
א א .IFPRI١א
א • :אא א .אאאא
א − א א א :אא א א א א א א אא א א
א א א ،.א א א א א א אא א א א א א .א
:א −א א א א א א אא א
א א.א א א א، א א א ، א א
א א א.א אא א א .א
א א א א ،אא א אא א א٪١٠א א.א
א א א ، א א א،. א א א א
1Op.cit, Susan W. Parker (2003), p 2.
א א א א א
٤٠
א א א אא א ،א א .א
:א −א א א א א א א
א ، א א א א א ،:א א א אא אא א .א
:א •א א א א א .אא א א א א א א :אא
אא − א א א א:א א אאא א אא א ،
א א א ،.א אא אא ٨١٩٩٨١,٢אא
١.
א٪٤٦,٥:א − א א אא א.٢٠٠٣א א אאא .א
א • א :א
א א ، א אא: ، א א א א א
א ،،א א א א א
1 Op.cit, Economic Research Service/USDA(2000), p 13.
א א א א א
٤١
א א אאאא א .IFPRIא
א،אא ،א، א אאא א٪٤٥א ،
א א א א ،٪٢٠٢٥אא ٪٧٨٪٧٥א٪٧٣א٪٦٧אא
א .١א
٢.٤:
٢٤,٨٢٠٠٦/٢٠٠٧،א א א ،٢٠٠٦א١٢,٧א
א א א ،١٩٧٠אא"א א ،"א א אא
، א א א אא א א،אאא א
א א א א א א א א.א א א א א אא .א
א אא א אא אא א א א.א א א א ٢٠٠١א
אא א New Vision"א
Policy".א א א א .٢א
1David P. Coady, et al (2005) , "PROGRESA for Progress: Mexico's Health, Nutrition, and Education Program", World Bank Institute, http://www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/may05/article.asp?id=296 2 Op.cit, Central Intelligence Agency (CSA) (2006).
א א א א א
٤٢
:א •א:א − ، א א
א ،٢٠٠٢٪١٩٧٦١١,٤א٪٥٠,٩אא . ١א٪٢٪١٨,٧אא
٤٩١٩٩٧א:א −א א א א ،אא
א٪٢٠ ،٪٥٤,٣א א ٪٤,٤אא٪٢٠ .٢א
א • אא א :א
א אא א אא١٩٦٣ א א א، א א א א،אא
، א ١٩٧٠אא א א ،א)א(א
א ، א אא אא אא א א א ،א .٣א
א • :א
אאא אא אא אא א א א א א .٤א
1 Ragayah Haji Mat Zin, Revisiting Urban Poverty and the Issue of Social Protection in Malaysia, Institute of Malaysian and International Studies (IKMAS), University Kebangsaan, Malaysia, P1. 2Op.cit , UNDP, P 271. 3 ESCWA (2003), Social Policies in Malaysia, Social Policy Paper Series No. 4, New York, United Nations, PP 3-4. 4Ibid,P.10
א א א א א
٤٣
א • :אאא − :א
אא א א א א א، אאאא
، א:א א א،אאא.א א אא א א.א
א − :אא א.١٩٨٩א א א א
א ،.א א א ، א א، א א ، א אא א א ، א א א
.א
:Orang Asliא −אא ، א א
،אא.١٩٩٩٪٥١א، א א ، א ،:א א א א
א א ، א ، א ، א א .א
א − א א :אא א אא א א א
א א א א ، א١٩٩٩٪١٦א ،א א ،.א א א א :א
אא א ،" Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysiaא"אא א א א.א
א א א א א
٤٤
א١٩٩٨−١٩٩٧א א אאא א :א
o א א)١٠٠١(א אא א)١٥٠(א א
א א ، א א אא .אo א א א):٧٥٠(א
، א א א א א אא א א א א א א .א
o "אAmanah Ikhtiar Malaysia "،١٠٠، א אא א
א א א .٢א
א − א :א
א א א א א א אא،אא אא.א א א א א אא א א א א،،א א א א אא (א
א)א١٢٠٠ א ،א אא א אא .א
א אא אא א ٨٠٣٥٠אא א ،٦٠
א ، אא.١٣٠٣ א א א א א
א .٤א
א ١ .٠,٦١٢٠٠٧א
2 Op Cit., Ragayah Haji Mat Zin, P.26. 3 Ibid, P.26 4Op.cit, ESCWA (2003), P.38
א א א א א
٤٥
א • :אא א ،א א א
א אא א١א א ،א ، א א א א א א
א ، א א א א אא א .٢א
א:א ، א א א א אא א א א ، א א א ، א א
.א
א • :א، א א א א א א
، א א א א א א א אא،Orang Asli٣א א א، ٤א א א א
א א(א א א א )אא א א א א א ،٢٠٠١א
א ،אא א .א
א אא Targeting Group Characteristicsא
א אא אא ،א א:א
א ١ א:א :א.אא
א ، א א ، א .א2 Economic Planning Unit (2004), Malaysia: 30 Years of Poverty Reduction, Growth, and Racial Harmony, Shanghai Poverty Conference - Scaling Up Poverty Reduction, P5-6. 3 Japan Bank for International Cooperation (2001), Poverty Profile Malaysia, Executive summary, P.2
אא،)א:(א٤ א א א .א
א א א א א
٤٦
א:א − אא א א אא .א
א:א − א .אא − א:א א א א .אא − א:א אא ،.
، א א א אא א א א .א
א • :אא א א ، א א(א
א)א א א א א אא ،א א ، .אא
:א •א א א א א א )١٩٩٦٢٠٠٠(א
.٣٠٠א
א • א :א
א א(א א)א א א אא אא א ، אImplementation Coordination Unitא א
، א א ، א א א א א א אא א א ، א אא א
א، א א א،אא––א .א
א א א א א
٤٧
٢.٥:
،٢٣٤,٧٢٠٠٦،א א א א א٣,٨א
، אא אא.١אא،אא،אאא
:א •א:א − ، א א א
א١٩٩٧ א٪٢٣,٤א١٩٩٩، ،א٢٠٠٥٪١٦ ،٢٠٠٦٪١٧,٨א،
א .אא:א − א٪٤٣א
א א ،٪٢٠א ٪٢٠אא٪٨,٤א ٣٤,٣.א٢٠٠٢٢.
א • א א א :א
א א אאא אא.١٩٩٦٪١٩٧٦١٧,٦٪٤٠,١
א١٩٩٧ א א ،٢٣,٤٪١٩٩٩.
אא א אא א،א א .א
1CIA (2007), https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/id.html 2 Op. cit, UNDP, P. 272
א א א א א
٤٨
אא •א אאא
א אא אא א،א א א.١א
א • :אאא א אא ،١٩٩٨/١٩٩٩(UPP)(KDP)א
)١٠(، א א א א א ، א، א א א א ، א א א
א א א אא א ، א א אא א א ، א ، א ، א ، א ، א
א .א
א • א PKPS-BBM Unconditional Cash Transfer UCT ::אא א א٢٠٠٥א א ،
א אא א אאא א.٢א א אא
א א א ، א א אא א א א א .א
אא ١٥,٥Near Poorאא
א( ،٪٢٨א،)אא א٢٠٠٥.
1 M. C. Ricklefs (2004), Islamizing Indonesia: Religion and Politics in Singapore’s Giant Neighbour,
Public lecture, Asian Civilisations Museum. 2 World Bank (2006), "Making the New Indonesia Work for the Poor", World Bank, Washington D.C.,
p. 186.
א א א א א
٤٩
א • א :١אא א אא א ، א א א א א
א ، א :אא − א א אא .א− ، א א א א א א
א א א א .א− ، א א א א א
אא א א .אא − א א ، א א א א
א.א א א ،א ، א א א،٢٠٠٧א א
، א א א א א א، א א א א א א ، א
،א א א א א אא .אא
،אא א א א א אא א א ، א אא
א א.אאא אא אא א אאאאא
، א א א א א א א ، אא א א אא .א
א אא ،א א א א، א א ، א :א
1 Ibid, pp. 197-201.
א א א א א
٥٠
א − :אo ، א אא א א א
א א א א .אo א א א א א א א
א א א א ، א .אo א א א אא א א א א א א
א א א ، .אo א א א א א
א ، א א ، א .א
א − :אo אאא א א א .אo א א ، א א א א א
א א ، א .אא
א • :אא א א−א−אא
א(Near Poorאא ،)אא،٪٢٨א .٢٠٠٥א
א • :אאא אאא א א א אא، א אא ، אאא
، א א :١א
1 World Bank (2006), "Making the New Indonesia …., op.cit, pp. 209-215.
א א א א א
٥١
א− א א א א א ،אא.אא− א א ، א א א .אא− א א א א א א א .א
א • :אאא ، א،אא
، א א א אאא א אא אא א אPKPS-BBMא
.א
:א •אא א א א ،١,٥אUPP)(KDP)אאאא א א א، ،א א א.א ، א א א
אא١٠ ،١.
א • א :א
א א א א א א א(UPP)(KDP)אא א א א א אא א א ، א
א א ، א א ، א
1 World Bank, Government of Indonesia Unveils Plan to Empower the Poor, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21054809~menuPK:224605~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:226309,00.html, 12/3/2007.
א א א א א
٥٢
، א א אא א א .אא אא א ، א א א ، א א
א א א .א
א א א א א
٥٣
א א
א א א א
א א א،אאא،א א א א א
א א א.אא :א
:אא٣.١אא" א،א א א א ،א
א א א "אא
א א א א א א אאאא.א א
א א א א ،،)א،)א א
א ، א א א א א א א ، אא.א א א א א א אא א .א
אא אאאא אאא א א אאאא ،א:אא א א،א
א אא א א א א .א
א א א א א
٥٤
א٣.٢ :אאא" א א א אא א א א ، א"א
א א אא א א ،א א א، א ، א א א א ،
، א א א א א א אא א ،א א ، א א א
א א א א א ، א א .א
א א אא אא،א א א א אא:א
، א ،א א אא ،א א אאא א א א א אא،א
א .א
، א א א א א א، א א א א:א ، א א אא א ، א ، א ، א ،א א
.
א אאא א אא א א ، א א א אא ، א
א א א אא א א א .אא א א א א א.א
א א א ، א א א א א א אאאא א א א.، א
א א א א א.א א
א א א א א
٥٥
א א א،א ،אאא א א א، א א א
א א .א
א٣.٣ :אא" א ، א א אא "Vulnerable Groupsא
א אא אא א א، א א א ، א א
א א ، א אא ،−א א אאא א ، א ، א−א א אא א
א .א
א٣.٤ :אא" א א א،א א א "א
א א אא א א א אא א א א א ، ،א א א ،:א
א ، א א א .א
א א אא ،א א ، א אא א א א א ،א א א
، א א א א:א א١٥א ،א ، א א אא א א א א ، א .א
، א א א א אא ، א א א א א א
א א א א א
٥٦
א א אא א א א א، א .אא
אא ،א אאאא א א אא א א א
.، א א א אא אאא א א אא א א א א ، אא
، א א א ، א אאא א א א .אא
א٣.٥ :א
א" אאאאא א א א،אא "א
א א א א ،، :א
• ، א א א א א א א אא ،א א אאא אא.א א אא א א א
א א א א א א א אאא א א .א
א • א אא ، א א א אא א א אא ،،
א א אא א א אא אא א א، א א א ،
א א א א א
٥٧
א א.אא אאא אא א .אא
א • אא א אא א א אא א א א ، א א א
אא . אא ،، א א א
، א א א ، .א
א • א אא א א א ، א، א א ، א ،א א א א
א א א א א א .א
אא • א אא א ، א אא א א א ، א א ،אא
א ، א א .א
א • א אא א א א ، אא ،.א א א
א א ، א אאאא א ،אא .IFPRI،Progresaא
א • א א אאא א א א .א
א א א א א
٥٨
א א
א.١ א א
א • ، א .١٨٢٠٠٠)(،٢٠אאא • א(א "،)٢٠٠٤()א
א":א א א ،)٨(، א א ،.
א • א אא :א"،)٢٠٠٥(אא،،"א אא ،. א"אא"،)٢٠٠٢( • ،
א א א ، א א א א א א ، ،א .א• )١٩٧٦(، א א ،، אא א .א• ، א)٢٠٠٦(א ، א א א ، א א ،
א ، א .א• )١٩٩٠(، א א א ،، אא א .אא"،)٢٠٠٣( • א:א ،"א
א א ،)٢(א א א א، א ، א א ،.
א:א"،)٢٠٠٧( • א ،"אא אא א א ،.
א • א א"،)٢٠٠٦(א א א א א ،"אא٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٦ ،.
א א א א א
٥٩
א.٢ א א
• Alexander, Jeffrey C., et al. (2006), The Cambridge Companion to Durkheim, Canadian Journal of Sociology Online March-April 2006.
• Conteh-Morgan, Earl (2002), “Globalization & Human Security Problematic: Implications for Peacekeeping and Peace Building” Paper Presented in a Conference on “Globalization and Human Security,” George Washington University
• De Janvry, Alain, et al (2005)," Brazil’s Bolsa Escola Program: The Role of Local Governance in Decentralized Implementation", Washington D.C., The World Bank.
• De Sousa, Rômulo Paes (October 2006)," Bolsa Familia Program Effects on Health and Education Services: Caching Unusual Suspects", Presentation For National Secretary of Evaluation and Information Management , Ministry of the Social Development and Fight Hunger.
• Economic and Social Council (2001), "Enhancing Social Protection and Reducing Vulnerability in a Globalizing World, New York, "United Nations.
• Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2002), " Sustainable Social Development in a Period of Rapid Globalization: Challenges, Opportunities, and Policy options", New York, United Nations.
• Economic Planning Unit (2004), "Malaysia: 30 Years of Poverty Reduction, Growth, and Racial Harmony", Shanghai Poverty Conference - Scaling Up Poverty Reduction.
• ESCWA (2003), "Social Policies In Malaysia", Social Policy Series, No. 4, New York, United Nations.
• FAO (2006), "Brazil Major Lessons From Fome Zero", Background Paper For a Video-Conference Between Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Peru and Venezuela, Italy, FAO.
• Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko (July 2003) “New Threats to Human Security in the Era of Globalization”, Journal of Human Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, United Nations Development Program.
• Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) (2006), "Poverty, Inequality Reduction and Social Inclusion in Latin America: New Approaches ", Presentation for the Minister of the Social Development and Fight Hunger in Forum of the Americas, IADB.
א א א א א
٦٠
• Japan Bank for International Cooperation (2001), "Poverty Profile Malaysia", Executive summary, Japan, JBIC.
• Jean Tardif, “The Hidden Dimensions of Globalizations: What is at Stake Geoculturally”,
• Jones, Polly, et al (2002), " Social Protection", World Bank, Washington D.C., The World Bank.
• Komter, Aafke (2005), Social Solidarity and The Gift, Cambridge University Press.
• Lee, Danie (2005), Ritual and the Social Meaning and Meaninglessness of Religion, Soziale Welt.
• Le Grand, Julian (2003), Individual Choice and Social Exclusion, London School of Economics.
• Levy, Santiago (2006)," Notes on Mexico’s Oportunidades (Progresa) Program", Mexico.
• Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (2004), "Data Brazil", Brazil.
• Nigenda, Gustavo, et al (2005), "Lessons offered by Latin American cash transfer programs, Mexico’s Oportunidades and Nicaragua’s SPN. Implications for African countries" Centre for Social and Economic Analysis.
• Parts, Eva (2003), "Interrelationships between Human Capital and Social Capital: Implications for Economic Development in Transition Economies", Tartu, University of Tartu.
• Ricklefs, M. C. (2004), Islamizing Indonesia: Religion and Politics in Singapore’s Giant Neighbour, Public lecture, Asian Civilisations Museum.
• Susan W. Parker (2003), "Scaling up Poverty Reduction: Case Study: The Oportunidades Program in Mexico", Shanghai Poverty Conference .
• United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2005) , "Human Development Report ".
• World Bank (2006), "Making the New Indonesia Work for the Poor", Washington D.C., World Bank.
• Zin, Ragayah Haji Mat, Revisiting Urban Poverty and the Issue of Social Protection in Malaysia, Institute of Malaysian and International Studies (IKMAS), Malaysia, University Kebangsaan,
א א א א א
٦١
א.٣ א א
• ، א אא"א ،"א
http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/economics/2000/10/article7.shtml
א • א א<http://www.mss.gov.eg/MSS/ar-EG/About_The_Ministry>
• Armando Barrientos and Rebecca Holmes (2006)," Social Assistance in Developing Countries Database'', University of Sussex, http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/SocialAssistanceDatabase2006%20Version2%20310306.pdf
• Andy Blunden (2004), "Social Solidarity versus Social Capital", <http://home.mira.net/~andy/works/social-solidarity.htm>
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• http://www.capezone.com/definition/Welfare_State.html
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