WOMAN'S VALUES IN SOCIETY AS REFLECTEDIN MARGE PIERCY'S "BARBIE DOLL"

by Asih Sigit Padmanugraha

Faculty of Languages and ArtsState University ofYogyakarta

Abstrak

Boneka Barbie merupakan simbol kecantikan perempuan yang dibangunoleh kapitalis dan media demi meraih keuntungan. Akibatnya para perempuantidak menyadari pengaruh negatif yang banyak ditimbulkan, seperti kesehatan,pembodohan, fantasi berlebihan, dan yang paling penting adalah eksploitasiperempuan. Pengaruh negatif inilah yang memicu berbagai kritik terhadapkeberadaan Boneka Barbie. Marge Piercy adalah seorang penyair Amerika yangsangat keras mengkritik keberadaan boneka barbie lewat salah satu puisinya"Barbie Doll." Dengan menggunakan perpektif feminisme, artikel inimengekplorasi pengaruh sosial dan budaya yang melatar belakangi keberadaanpuisi ini. Puisi ini dipengaruhi oleh gerakan feminisme di Amerika pada tahunI960an.

Persona dalam puisi ini adalah seorang gadis kecil yang harus kehilangankebahagiaan ketika ia memasuki masa pubertas dan masyarakat menganggapnyatidak cantik. Nilai-nilai masyarakat inilah yang membuatnya berjuang keras demimencapai kecantikan yang sesuai dengan keinginan masyarakat, kecantikanseperti Boneka Barbie. Pengaruh masyarakat ini sangatlah besar sehingga bunuhdiri menjadi akhir yang memilukan bagi tokoh tersebut, namun ironisnyamembahagiakanbagi masyarakat.

Piercy berhasil membandingkan perempuan dengan Boneka Barbiedalam puisi ini dengan menggunakan perbandingan, simbolisme dan ironi. Akhirtragis seorang gadis yang ingin terlihat cantik seperti Boneka Barbiemengindikasikan bahwa kecantikan perempuan seharusnya tidak dinilai daripenampilan fisiknya saja, tetapi dari pemikirannya, pengalaman hidupnya, sifat-sifatnya danjuga kearifannya.

Kata Kunci: Marge Piercy, boneka barbie, perempuan, masyarakat

A. INTRODUCTION

Dolls like what we know today, in fact,have a very long history. Dolls have been foundin Egyptian graves dating from 3000 to 2000Be. Dolls were also buried in Greek and Roman

children's graves. Such a fact indicates that thedolls are religiously significant, and it seemsthat they were to serve them in the after worldFreud (2006). Nowadays, a doll refers to what

Hornby (1986:257), for instance, defines: it is(a) a model of a baby or a person, usually for achild to play with, and (b) (slang) for a prettybut a silly girl or woman. The first definitionsignifies that dolls tend to function as toys forchildren. As toys, the most famous name in dollcollecting is "Barbie."

Inspired by the German doll namedLili, Ruth Handler, the co-founder of MatteI

48

Company, created Barbie Doll, which was firstintroduced on March 9, 1959 at the New YorkInternational American Toy Fair. Soon afterthat, Barbie Doll became a great business ofbillion US dollars. MatteIToys has claimed thatapproximately three Barbie dolls are sold everysecond all over the world (Howard, 2006).Barbie, then, becomes one of the icons ofAmerican popular culture.

In an article entitled "Games and Toys"Mergen considers the Barbie peculiar comparedto other kinds of doll (Mergen, 2002: 733). Thisis most likely influenced by the publication of abook by M. G. Lord entitled Forever Barbie:The Unauthorized Biography of a Real Doll(1994). The 'biography' of the Barbie provesthat Barbie Doll is not a mere doll and it is more

thanjust a toy; even it is sometimes called 'she',meaning a living figure. This 'living' doll with'her' biography is one of the triggers of thecontroversies around the existence of Barbie

Doll. Has been used to promote gender equality,as an example that woman 'can be anything',like doctor, model, politician, astronaut, fire-fighter, rock star, and so on; recently, Barbie'spresence in the life of anAmerican girl has beensaid to be a negative influence. Many groupssay that young girls may set the doll as theirmodel, leading to issues with body image andgender role insecurities later in life(http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie)

There are two main debates on the

existence of Barbie Doll: physicalcharacteristic and woman stereotype, both areclosely interconnected. The figure of BarbieDoll is unrealistically healthy and it causes inhuman being 'anorexia nervosa,' a medical termfor 'form of mental illness, one of symptomsbeing unreasonable fear of eating which leads todangerous or fatal loss of weight (Hornby,1989:31-32). Besides, Barbie representswoman stereotype. The phrases in the 'teen talk'Barbie produced in 1993 saying "Math is hard,"Will we ever have enough clothes?" "I loveshopping!" and, "Wannahave a pizza party?" isnot the representation of woman at all, becauseit shows that all woman are stupid, crazy forshopping, and alwayshave 'happy'life.

49

In brief, Barbie plays a significant rolein constructing the image of woman in sociallife. This is well captured by Marge Piercy inher poem "Barbie Doll" through which shedescribes the existence of woman in the society.To grasp that idea, feminist reading of the poemis appropriate for unfolding woman'sexperience in "Barbie Doll."

B. BARBIE DOLL: AN ICON OFAMERICAN POPULAR CULTUREAND CONFLICTING REALITIES

"Man-made images are the AmericanReality, what we have is a fusion of realityand the popular image of it"(Harold Rosenberg inFiswick, 1974:52).

Based on Rosenberg's notion, it isnoticeable that popular culture sells images tothe masses, and so does Barbie Doll. BarbieDoll as an artifact of popular culture is used tosell image that women can be anything theywant to be. The children playing Barbie doll canmake the doll anything they want, such as: adoctor, amodel, a fire-fighter, and so on, simplyby changing the costume of the doll, and it willtake only a minute. Even this does not onlywork on children but also on adult woman. In aconvention of Barbie Doll collectors, astatement from a member comes out," I can'tafford a Mackie. I can't afford aVersace.But myBarbie can. And I can imagine myself wearingit" (Cullen,2002).

That fantasy with which women live isa sort of worrying phenomenon but,unfortunately, at the same time embraced bychildren and women throughout the world. As aconsequence, this unrealistic and stereotypicalsituation developed by Barbie Doll is oftensatirized by musicians and criticized byfeminist scholars. The criticism is also verymuch related to the notion that Barbie is often

used to refer to a "stupid girl" (Hornby,1986:257). This kind of circumstances is wellcaptured by Pink in her album "I'm Not Dead"in her single entitled "Stupid Girl."

"Baby if I act like that, flipping my blondhair back

Woman's Value In Society As Reflected (Asih Sigit Padmanugraha)

1

50

Push up my bra like that, stupid girl!

Maybe in act like that, that guy will call meback

Porno Paparazzi girl, I don't wanna be astupid girl

Baby if I act like that, flipping my blondhair back

Push up my bra like that, I don't wanna be astupid girl"

(Pink, "Stupid Girl", 2006)

Those are parts of "Stupid Girl" lyricssung by Pink in her album entitled "I'm NotDead." Through the angry and sarcastic tone, itappears that she strongly criticizes Americanblond hair girls who act foolishly, such as'flipping my blond hair back, push up my bra,and porno paparazzi girl. "I live in L.A., so it'sobvious what I'm surrounded by ... I don't needto name names," Pink says in an interview heldby an MTV reporter (Vineyard, 2006). Inaddition, she emphasizes that the song wasinspired by the condition how vapid Hollywoodcan be and how young girls should aspire tomore than their pop-culture role modelsrepresent. Who is she? She is the one acting likeBarbie Doll, as clearly represented by its cover:Pink isparodying Barbie with abouquet aroundher neck, to symbolize the 'dead' Barbie while'she is not'. She lives in a real world, not in aplastic world, not in a 'Barbie World', not in alife as described by Aqua, a Danish-Norwegiandance-pop music group, best-known for their1997 breakthrough single "Barbie Girl," asfollows:

I'm a barbie girl, in the barbie worldLife in plastic, it's fantastic!you can brush my hair, undress meeverywhereImagination, life is your creationCome on Barbie, let's go party!

I'm a barbie girl, in the barbie worldLife in plastic, it's fantastic!you can brush my hair, undress meeverywhereImagination, life is your creation

DIKSI Vol. : 14. No. 1 Januari 2007

I'm a blond bimbo girl, in the fantasyworld

Dress me up, make it tight, I'm your dollyYou're my doll, rock'n'roll, feel theglamour in pink,kiss me here, touch me there, hankypanky...You can touch, you can play, if you say:"I'm always yours"

(Aqua, "Barbie Girl," 1997)

One thing to draw from Pink and Aquais 'the world of superficial life.' This world isrepresented by Barbie Doll, which is usuallyseen as an icon of Western childhood

(http://w ikip e di a. org/wi ki/B arb ie).Nevertheless, this is not necessarily thechildren's fault but the parents', especially themother's. This is supported by a fact given byDorothy Washburn in her study of more than100 women and their dolls conducted. She

found that most women consider their doll playas training for motherhood (Inge, 2002:118).The findings of the poll seem ironical becausesome feminists want to free women fromdomestic works. This ironical situation is bestdescribed in Gallagher'spoem:

I Stop Writing the Poem

to fold the clothes. No matter who lives

or who dies, I'm still a woman.I'll always have plenty to do.I bring the arms of his shirttogether. Nothing can stopout tenderness. I'll get backto the poem. I'll get back to beinga woman. But for now

there's a shirt, a giant shirtin my hands, and somewhere a small girlstanding next to her motherwatching to see how it's done.

The speaker in the poem is a house wifewho can not free herself from the culture

developed by the society around her whichconstructs the value that it is a woman's duty todo domestic jobs like 'folding the clothes.' She

must stop doing something she likes to do or acareer, such as "writing poem," for the sake ofdomestic job. Moreover, it is more ironicalseeing the reality that such a thing happens toevery girl around the world as reflected in, 'andsomewhere a small girl standing next to hermother watching (looking at something verycarefully) to seehow it's done.'

The reality of woman's life is not likewhat is seen in the figure of Barbie, because, asan artifact of popular culture, the function ofBarbie is," to entertain us, to cause us relax andescape the pressures of our jobs, our problems,and our personal relationships; . .. everysituation has ahappy ending." (Inge, 2002:xxi).To have a clear comparison to the reality of thereal life, the following are some accounts of thedaily activities of a student-mother-housewife(written in the mid 1970s), entitled Diary of aStudent-Mother-Housewife- Worker.

As economic necessities and their

human aspirations have combined to increasetheir participation in the marketplace, womenhave found themselves more and more saddledwith work burdens that belie claims of

increased gender equality. Marion Hudson, amother, a student at SUNY-Old Westbury, and apart-time employee, in reality never takes a resteven a minute in her daily life starting from 5.30am until she falls asleep in the evening (Winstonand Fox, 1998:300-301). From that

comparison, it can be concluded that the realreality in real life is not as simple as reality inthe images ofpopular culture.

Feminist has been very critical of anumber of things in popular culture, one ofwhich is the cultural representations whichmarginalize or stereotype women, the relativeabsence of women involved in cultural

production and the relative neglect of women asmembers of the audience for popular culture(Strinati, 1995: 179). Therefore, what happensto women can not be separated form the socialand culture value around them, as argued in thefollowing discussion.

51

C. FEMINISM: WOMAN,LITERATUREAND SOCIETY

It is impossible to draw a singledefinition offeminism, but despite its diversity,feminism is concernedwith the marginalizationof all women: that is, with their being relegatedto a secondary position (Guerin, et.al,1999:196). Most feminist believe that ourculture is patriarchal culture; that is, oneorganized in favor of the interest of men.Feminism is initially political and socialmovement which later has also influencedliterature and literary criticism.

Feminist literary critics try to explainhow power imbalances due to gender in a givenculture are reflected in or challenged by literarytext and they generally agree that their goals areto expose patriarchal premises and resultingprejudices, to promote discovery and re-evaluation of literature by women, and toexamine social, cultural, and psychosexualcontexts of literature and literary criticism.Feminist critics therefore study sexual, socialand political issues once thought to be "outside"the study ofliterature (Guerin, et.al, 1999: 197).

One of the outstanding feminist literarycritics is Elaine Showalter. Based on ElaineShowalter's idea on feminist criticism as found

in her text A Literature of Their Own (1977),Marge Piercy who wrote "Barbie Doll" in 1969belongs to what she called the female phase orthe third phase of the three historical phase ofevolution in female writing. According toShowalter, feminist critics in this phase concernthemselves with the developing a peculiarlyfemale understanding of the female experiencein art, including a feminine analysis of literaryforms and techniques (Bressler, 1999:186).

To appreciate female writings,Showalter offers a perspective in criticizingliterary work, that is gynocriticism. Throughgynocriticism critics use four modelsconcerning the nature of women's writingthathelp answer some of the chief concerns offeminist criticism: the biological, linguistic,psychoanalytic and cultural (Bressler,1999:191). In this article, the cultural model isused to explore the world of the cultural forces

Woman's Value In Society As Reflected (Asih Sigit Padmanugraha)

52

behind the writing of the poem analyzed.Through the cultural approach, the literaryanalysis of MargePiercy's "Barbie Doll" will beon how the society in which female authorswork and function shapes women's goals,responses, and points of view.

Marge Piercy is an American poet,novelist and social activist. She was born in

Detroit, Michigan, to a family deeply affectedby the Great Depression. Shewas the first in herfamily to attend college, studying at theuniversity of Michigan. Winning a HopwoodAward for poetry and Fiction (1957) enabledher to finish college and spend sometime inFrance, and her formal schooling ended with anM.A. from Northwestern University. Hernovels and poetry often focus on feminist orsocial concern (http://www.americanpoems.comlpoets/Marge-Piercy#biography).

Written in 1969, Marge Piercy's"Barbie Doll" seems to be the representative ofthe spirit of the era. 1960sis the key year of therevival of the feminist movement in Americawhich is known as the second wave of

feminism. This feminist movement is greatlyinfluenced by Betty Friedan's influential bookentitled Feminine Mystique in which shecharged that American women has beenvictimized by a set of ideas a 'femininemystique' which permeated society and definedfemale happiness as total involvement in theroles of wife and mother (Chafe, 1972:227).These domestic images of women in society aredeveloped greatly by the role of media aspopular culture (Edwards, et.al, 1978:332). Aswe know, although there are importantbiological differences between the sexes, ourunderstanding and experience of the concepts"male" and "female" are much more the

product of social and cultural than biologicaland physiological factors (Edwards, et.al.,1978:331).

This kind of condition is worrying,because according to Naomi Wolf, "women arein the midst of a violent backlash againstfeminism that uses images offemale beauty as apolitical weapon against women'sadvancement: the beauty myth" (Sternhell,

DIKSI Vol. " 14. No. 1 Januari 2007

2006). This is also supported by Vincent (2002)who says that today's society has a high level ofexpectations concerning women and theirbeauty. Furthermore, despite all the advances ofthe Women's Movement, women are stillexpected to fit into a specific mold of"prettiness." If they fail to meet these standardsthey are cast aside and placed under a categoryof unworthiness called "ugliness." The societylooks to the physical characteristics of itsfemales and finds total disregard for theirpersonalities, or qualities as human beings.AndMarge Piercy's poem grasps the conceptualview of the role women play in a 'must bebeautiful' society, and discusses the teasing,loneliness, and the ultimate destruction that the'social scene' plays in defining 'beauty' inwomen.

This 'beauty myth' is also developed bythe industry like MatteI Toy Company bycreating Barbie Doll once thought to be afeminist icon. But, as we know now, it isindustrialization which gives rise to anatomized and anonymousmass which is ripe formanipulation, amass market for the mass mediawhich can only be catered for by forms of massculture. These processes entail mass productionindustries and mass markets which bothencourage the spread of mass culture. For thisapproach, the main determinant of mass cultureis the profit its production and marketing canmake from its potential mass market. If it can'tmake money then it is unlikely to be produced(Strinati, 1995: 11). This shows how industryplays a considerable role in developing themyth of woman for the sake of profit, as one ofthe characteristics of popular culture: media,mass and profit, without considering itsdangerous effect to the women as depicted byMarge Piercy in her poem entitled "BarbieDoll."

D. WOMAN AS DEPICTED IN MARGEPIERCY'S "BARBIEDOLL"

As the best-selling doll, Barbie Doll is amodel for women because it proves that thevalue offered is the same as what they believethey want to be. As we know that popular

culture sells fantasy.But the question that mightarise is "Is Barbie the idealwoman?"

In the poem, the title "Barbie Doll"underlines the theme of the poem: young girlsare ultimately and fatally entrappedby society'snarrow definitions of feminine behavior and

beauty.This is in line with whatNaomi Wolfhasbeen concerned with. The irony comes up in thepoem through the comparison of a young girl toa Barbie doll by the society.

The society has its own ideal ofsomething because of the influence of popularculture and media. In this poem, Piercy usesBarbie to symbolize society's views ofwhat theperfect female should aspire to be. According toCain (1996), Barbie's unrealistic bodytypebusty with tiny waist, thin thighs, and longlegsis reflective of our culture's feminine ideal.Yet, Cain says further, less that two percent ofAmerican women can everhope to achieve suchdreamy measurements. This conflicting realityis examined by Marge Piercy using similes,symbols, and a fairy tale-like tone, to create aworld the character within commit suicideinstead of Barbie, the beauty symbol she isbeing compared to throughout the poem.

In the first stanza, the poem begins in afairy tale-like fashion. The girl grows naturallyand has a wonderful life (Piercy 1-4) and itseems that there isnothing wrong with her.

This girlchild was born as usual

and presented dolls that did pee-peeand miniature GE stoves and ironsand wee lipsticks the color of cherrycandy.Then in the magic of puberty, a classmatesaid:You have a great big nose and fat legs.(Piercy 1-6)

However, the first 4 lines contain somecultural construct towards women. The giftsgiven to the girl child to play with are ordinarybut dangerous toys, as seen from feminist pointof view,because 'dolls that didpee-pee' refers tomotherhood, 'miniature GE stoves and irons'refers to domestic job women must do, and

53

'lipsticks the color of cherry candy' refers tosome standard of beauty women should add tothemselves to be beautiful. Those gifts areidentical with being feminine and thosesymbolize the future gender role for all girls,which are, regrettably, introduced in their earlylife.

The happy tone of the 'natural life' ofthe young girl in the first four lines is stoppedbythe puberty phase oflife. Suchtoys are played inthe family life and it must end when she reachesher puberty. The puberty here representssomething important because Freud says,"puberty, which brings about so great anaccession oflibido inboys, is marked in girls bya fresh wave of repression..the fact of hercastration..the wound of narcissism..like a scar,a sense of inferiority (Freud in Gilligan, 1982:13). And the word 'magic' is also significantbecause puberty causes great changes insomeone's physical appearance. As said inEncarta Dictionary (2006) puberty is a stage ofphysiological maturity: the stage in humanphysiological development when somebodybecomes capable of sexual reproduction. It ismarked by genital maturation, development ofsecondary sex characteristics, and, in girls, thefirst occurrence of menstruation. In the poem itis described as 'you have a great big nose and fatlegs.' Moreover, her classmate who says sosymbolizes the world outside the family, whichis the society.

Seen from medical point of view, herappearance is a natural process and it is healthyas seen in 'She was healthy, tested intelligent,'even she is smart as reflected in 'possessedstrong arms and back' and 'abundant sexualdrive and manual dexterity'; those are naturalbiological process. Compared to Barbie, basedon Barbie's measurements, if Barbie were a realperson, she would more than likely be anorexic(Casey, 2004). But, according to the classmateor society, the girl's appearance is not beautiful.The society forces her to become like the valueof a woman in the society, the one like BarbieDoll.

She was healthy, tested intelligent,possessed strong arms and back,

Woman's Value In Society As Reflected (Asih Sigit Padmanugraha)

54

abundant sexual drive and manualdexterityShe went to and fro apologizing.Everyone saw a fat nose on thick legs.(Piercy 7-11)

In the last two lines, she struggles withthe guidelines the society has set for an idealwoman. "She went to and fro apologizing"(Piercy 10) implies the sociological notion offace-work, the efforts of people to maintain theproper image and avoid embarrassment inpublic" (Schaefer in Casey, 2004). In otherwords, she apologizes for having above-average intelligence. This shows that she isconforming to society's view that women areinferior to men. The society seems disgusted byher 'fat nose on thick legs' (Piercy 11). Thisshows how society does not see what is on theinside of a woman and what her abilities are.

Instead, society judges her only by herappearance, just like Barbie doll, which isidolized by some girls but criticizedby Pink.

In the third stanza, Piercy shows howthe girl's story begins to suffer from society'sexpectations for ayoung woman.

She was advised to play coy,exhorted to come on hearty,exercise, diet, smile and wheedle,Her good nature wore out like a fan belt.(Piercy 12-16)

The expectations society has for thefemale in the poem are obvious. In the first line,the speaker reveals that society advises the girlto 'play coy' (Piercy 12). In other words, the girlshould be shy, quiet, and timid. This is exactlythe way the creators of Barbie present their doll.Barbie could also be described as coy since allshe does is smile, never saying a word. Eventhough a few models of the doll have possessedvoice boxes in the past with pull strings thatallow them to speak, most Barbie dolls are mute(Casey,2004).

In line fourteen, the girl in the poem iscompared to Barbie once again. The line in thepoem tells the reader that the girl was

DIKSI Vol. : 14. No.1 Januari 2007

encouraged to "exercise, diet, smile andwheedle" (Piercy 14). In other words, societyencourages the girl to be in great shape, smile allthe time, and charm people. One can see in line14that the girl in the poem is expected to be likea Barbie doll.After all, Barbie has an amazinglythin body.

Finally, the last line of the third stanzashows how the girl in the poem can no longertolerate society's pressure to be like Barbie, theideal woman. By comparing the girl'sdiscouragement to 'a fan belt,' Piercy showshow the girl's despair is compared to an object.Fan belt is rubber belt transferring circularmotion to the cooling fan of an engine (Hornby,1989: 309) which wear out because of overuse.In addition fan belts are also commodities-

thingslike Barbie dolls themselves and, Piercysuggests, like 'women' (Casey,2004).

The final stanza of the poem suggeststhe tragic and deadly ending of the girly beingcompared to Barbie doll.

So she cut off her nose and her legsand offered them up.In the casket displayed on satin she laywith the undertaker's cosmetics paintedon,a turned-up putty nose,dressed in a pink and white nightie.

Doesn't she look pretty? everyone said.Consummation at last.

To every woman a happy ending.(Piercy 17-25)

In this stanza, it is obvious that thefemale in the poem is being compared to aBarbie doll. This stanza is full ofirony. The veryperson that the girl child could never be is theperson 'appearing' in her casket, after amakeover by the undertaker. After the female'ssuicide, she is laid in a satin coffin. She isadorned with make-up, aputty nose, and a whitenightie.

These are symbols Piercy uses tosymbolize society's view of the perfect female,obviously Barbie-like qualities. It is ironic thatsociety, symbolized by 'everyone' in the poem,

says she is pretty. Even though she is dead,society finally views her as pretty because shenow has an acceptable nose, even though it ismade of putty. She is also accepted because sheis wearing make-up and 'a nightie' in the colorsthat represent purity and femininity, pink andwhite. In line 24, it is obvious that only in thegirl's death does society view her as perfect. Thefinal line of the tragic fairly tale-like poemimplies that the ending is a happy one.However, the irony is that the ending is sad andshocking. The 'happy ending' (Piercy 25) isironic because it is not happy at all, not happyfor herbut for the society.

E. CONCLUSION

Marge Piercy has successfullyconnected the idea of "Barbie Doll" to the value

of women in society. The social pressures onwomen to conform to particular ways oflooking and behaving are so enormous thatmost women are unconscious with suchsituation. Some women who live and act

naturally are culturally and socially constructedas 'abnormal and weird.' And the poem hasproved this unconsciousness.

Everyone is almost forget that besidethe broad world where the whole society lives,there is a small world inside a young girl. It isthe world where she fightsagainst the value of awoman set by the society. It is proven that herbeing different from the norms or value thesociety has driven her to her destruction. Thiscultural and social construct of women's valuein society has become the commodity for thesake of profit without considering women'srights, like what capitalists, such as MatteI Inc.,has done by creating Barbie Doll. Accordingly,despite the advance of feminist movement,women must keep being aware, not to betrapped by the myth of fantasy offeringsuperficial realities inthe society.

Quoting Christine de Pisan, an ltalian-born French poet, beauty has nothing to do withphysical appearance. If you askwhether womanpossesses any natural intelligence, the answer isyes, it can be developed to become wisdom, andthen it is most beautiful. This means that the

55

value of the beauty of a woman is not what isseen outside, but what is within her: character,thought, experience and wisdom. Those are thequalities not found and reflected in the figure ofBarbie 0011.

BffiLIOGRAPHY

Aimee, Anouk. 2006. "Beauty" Microsoft@Encarta@ [DVD]. Redmond, WA:Microsoft Corporation.

Aqua. 1997."Barbie Girl" http://www.azlyrics.com

Bressler, Charles E. 1999. Literary Criticism:An Introduction to Theory andPractice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Cain, Angela. 1996. "Barbie's Body May bePerfect, but Critics Remind Us It'sPlastic." Albany Times. http://www.yvonnesplace.netlbarbie.htm.

Chafe, William Henry. 1972. The AmericanWoman: Her Changing Social,Economic, and Political Roles, 1920-1970. New York: Oxford UniversityPress.

Cullen, Dave. 2002. ''Notes From Denver; TheBarbie Way of Knowledge." http://www.nytimes.com/

Encarta Dictionary Tools. 2006. Microsoft@Encarta@ [DVD]. Redmond, WA:Microsoft Corporation.

Evans, Casey Garland. 2004 "A Real Womanina Barbie World." http://www.daltonstate. edulfacultylbmurray/exemplar 2004.html

Fiswick, Marshall. 1974. Parameters ofPopular Culture. Ohio: Bowling GreenUniversity Popular Press.

Freud, Me!. 2006. "Doll." Microsoft@Encarta@ [DVD]. Redmond, WA:Microsoft Corporation.

Guerin, Wilfred. et al. 1999. A Handbook ofCritical Approaches to Literature. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice:Psychological Theory and Women's

Woman's Value In Society As Reflected (Asih Sigit Padmanugraha)

56

Development. Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press.

Hornby,A.S. 1986. OxfordAdvanced Learner'sDictionary of CurrentEnglish. Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press.

Howard, Peter. 2006. "International PoliticalEconomy." Microsoft@ Encarta@[DVD]. Redmond, WA: MicrosoftCorporation.

Inge, M. Thomas and Dennis Hall (Editors).2002. The Greenwood Guide to

American Popular Culture: Volume I.Wesport:Greenwood Press, 2002.

Langley, Winston E. and Vivian C. Fox(Editors). 1998. "Diary of a Student-Mother-Housewife- Worker (mid-1970s)" in Women's Rights in theUnitedStates:A Documentary History.Westport,CT:Praeger Publishers.

Mergen, Bernard. 2002. "Games and Toys" inThe Greenwood Guide to American

Popular Culture: Volume I. Eds. M.Thomas Inge and Dennis Hall.Wesport:Greenwood Press.

Piercy, Marge. 1995."Barbie Doll" in Barnett,Sylvan. et al. An Introduction toLiterature. New York: HarperCollinsCollegePublishers.

DIKSI Vol. : 14. No. 1 Januari 2007

Pink. 2006. "Stupid Girls" http://www.lyricstop. com

Pisan, Christine de. 2006. "Beauty" Microsoft@Encarta@ [DVD]. Redmond, WA:Microsoft Corporation.

Ruthven, K. K. 1991.Feminist Literary Studies.New York: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Sternhell, Carol R. 2006. "Naomi Wolf."Microsoft@ Encarta@ [DVD].Redmond,WA:Microsoft Corporation

Strinati, Dominic. 1995. An Introduction toTheories of Popular Culture. London:Routledge.

Vineyard, Jennifer. 2006. "Pink's 'Stupid' NewVideo Features Fake Breasts, Fake 50Cent." http://www.mtvasia.com/News/20060 1/International. html

Vincent, Rachel. 2002. "The Influence ofMarge Piercy." http:www.kennesaw.edu/themagazine. htm

... "Barbie DolL" 2006. http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie.

... "Biography of Marge Piercy" 2006 http://www.americanpoems.com/poets/Marge-Piercy#biography