Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

71
  Tgifjefftfj Huou Ogsgmftfj Ahu Bfj Fjfo Clgm Ahu Ba Tflfj`of Xfyf Tgrsgpsa Bfj Tgralfou Ifmfsaswf Tclatgojao Ogsgmftfj Ogigjogs Tflfj`of Xfyf Rgjtfj` Ajtg`ratfs Fofbgiao Muhu`fj Ajegosa Nfnaj` Fsnfras luihrancabgs bgj`fj ^tf tus @aza ^a swf Oglfs > bfj 2 ^BJ 0 Tfmfjbut Octf Tflfj`ofrfyf Iga 846> Efotcr-Efotcr Qfj` Igipgj`fruma @rcwtm Efltgraj` Fjfo Wsaf 5-82 Hulfj Ba Octf Tflfj`of Xfyf Oflaifjtfj Rgj`fm Efotcr Aolai Igipgj`fruma Ogkfbafj BHB Ba Octf Tflfj`of Xfyf Rfmuj 8468 Tgj`frum Takft Hfya Rgrmfbfp Ouflatfs Rabur Hfya Tgj`gihfj`fj Tgtujkuo Trfotaoui Iaorchaclc`a Tfj`fj ujtuo Igjaj`oftofj Ogtgrfipalfj Trcsgs ^fajs pfbf Ifmfsaswf Kurusfj @aza Tcltgoogs Ogigjogs Tflfj`of Xfyf Tgj`gtfmufj, ^aofp Bfj Tgralfou Rgjtfj` ^gos Trfjaofm Rgrmfbfp Tgifjefftfj Tusft Ajecrifsa Ocjsglaj` Ogsgmftfj Xgprcbuosa Xgifkf (Tao-Orr) Tfbf Xgifkf Ba Octf Tflfj`of Xfyf Ucluig AAA Jcicr 5, F`ustus 846> A^^J ; 84=0 - 1647

Transcript of Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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\kofeifftfe Bugu Gksk`ftfe Dbu Mfe Fefg Chk` Dbu Md \fhfeagf Rfyf

\krskpsd Mfe \krdhfgu Of`fsdswf \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

]ketfea Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg

@ubuafe Deikgsd Jfjdea Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks mkeafe Ztftus Adzd Zdswf Gkhfs : mfe =

ZME 1 \f`femut Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf Okd 2<6:

Ifgtcr-Ifgtcr Tfea Okopkeafru`d Arcwt` Ifhtkrdea Fefg [sdf 9-2= Buhfe

Md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf Gfhdofetfe ]keaf`

Ifgtcr Dghdo Okopkeafru`d Gknfmdfe MBM Md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf ]f`ue 2<62

\keafru` \dnft Bfyd ]kr`fmfp Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd

\keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Odgrcbdchcad \feafe uetug OkedeagftgfeGktkrfopdhfe \rcsks Zfdes pfmf Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd

\chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

\keaktf`ufe, Zdgfp Mfe \krdhfgu ]ketfea Zkgs \rfedgf` ]kr`fmfp \kofeifftfe \usft

Deicrofsd Gceskhdea Gksk`ftfe Rkprcmugsd Rkofnf (\dg-Grr)

\fmf Rkofnf Md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

DZZE > 2<01 - 46<;

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]DO RKMFGZD

Nur efh D hodf` Icruo Gksk`ftfe \chd tkged g Gksk`ftfe

Gkoketkrd fe Gksk`ftfe \fhfeagf Rfyf

]do \keyuetdea >

\kefeaauea Nfwfb > Zfet`y G. Zfoukh, Z.\m, O.Gks

Rkmfgtur > Dds Qf`yuedeasd`, Z.Zcs

Kmdtcr > Ydssdf Mdmde Frmdyfed, ZGO, OGO

]do \kobfetu \keyuetdea >

\keyuetdea \khfgsfef > 6. Krof Eurnfef` Qdmdfstutd, ZGO

2. Mwdrdef @krvdhdf, ZGO, OGO

\khfgsfef ][ > 6. Mkmmy Kgc @kryfetc, Z]

2.  Mfedkh, F.Om.Gco

:.  Frdzfh, F.Om

]do Odtrf Bkstfrd >

6.  MR. Mkosf Zdobchce, ZGO, OGO \chtkggks Gkokegks Bkeaguhu

2. 

MR. ]ctc Zumfrac, ZGO., O.Gks Dhou Gksk`ftfe Ofsyfrfgft Ifguhtfs[edvkrsdtfs Afmnf` Ofmf

:.  MR. Mnketf Zf`f, Z.Gp., OFRZ \chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

Fhfoft Rkmfgsd >

[edt \krpustfgffe \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

Nfhfe Akcrak Cbcs Ec. :2 \fhfeagf Rfyf 1:666- Gfhdofetfe ]keaf`

]khkpce/Ifx > <;:9 ‚ 

 :2:<1:<, :226190

Kofdh > pchtkggkspfhfeagfrfyfLaofdh.jco, icruogksk`ftfepgyLaofdh.jco

Qkbsdtk > www.pchtkggks-pfhfeagfrfyf.fj.dm

]krbdt 2 (muf) gfhd sktf`ue. 

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\KEAFE]FR RKMFGZD

Zfhf` sftu tuafs utfof mfrd hkobfaf pkemdmdgfe tdeaad skbfafdofef tkrjfetuo mfhfo

]rd M`frof \kraurufe ]deaad fmfhf` okhfgsfefgfe pkekhdtdfe. Fafr `fsdh-`fsdh pkekhdtdfe

mfe gfryf dhodf` hfdeeyf yfea tkhf` mdhfgugfe chk` jdvdtfs fgfmkodgf \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfeGkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf hkbd` bkrofeifft mfe mfpft mdbfjf chk` ofsyfrfgft, ofgf

mdpkrhugfe suftu okmdf pubhdgfsd yfea rksod mfe bkrgksdefobueafe.

ICR[O GKZK@F]FE okrupfgfe Nurefh Dhodf` skbfafd Okmdf Deicrofsd yfea

okeyfndgfe gfndfe `fsdh-`fsdh pkekhdtdfe, afafsfe mfe cpded skrtf gcouedgfsd sdeagft ofupue

deicrofsd hfdeeyf mfhfo bdmfea dhou g`ususeyf gkpkrfwftfe, gkbdmfefe, adzd, mfe uouoeyf

 bdmfea dhou yfea bkr`ubueafe mkeafe gksk`ftfe.

\und mfe syugur gdtf pfenftgfe gk`fmdrft ]u`fe Tfea Of`f Gufsf, gfrkef `feyf

 bkrgft bdobdeafe mfe pktuenug-Eyfhf` upfyf uetug okwunumgfe okmdf pubhdgfsd dhodf`

\chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf yfea mdbkrd efof ICR[O GKZK@F]FE

vchuok gkmuf ecocr gkkopft ded mfpft tkrhfgsfef. Mkeafe tkgft yfea guft mfe gcgc`, gfodfgfe tkrus hkbd` okofju mdrd uetug skefetdfsf okedeagftgfe gufhdtfs tuhdsfe yfea fgfe

ouejuh pfmf pkekrbdtfe  ‚  pkekrbdtfe skhfenuteyf.

[jfpfe tkrdof gfsd` mdsfopfdgfe gkpfmf Mdrkgtur \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks

\fhfeagf Rfyf skbfafd \kefeaauea Nfwfb skrtf Mkwfe \kobdef yfea tkhf` okobkrdgfe

gkpkrjfyffe mfe pktuenug gkpfmf rkmfgtur `deaaf tkrbdteyf ICR[O GKZK@F]FE Ychuok

DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: ded. [jfpfe tkrdofgfsd` mfe pkea`fraffe nuaf mdsfopfdgfe

gkpfmf Mkwfe Rkmfgsd mfe ]do Odtrf Bkstfrd yfea tkhf` okhufeagfe wfgtueyf uetug

okeagfnd gkhfyfgfe bkbkrfpf efsgf` `fsdh pkekhdtdfe/gfryf dhodf` yfea tkhf`

mdsfopfdgfe gkpfmf rkmfgsd.

Gkpfmf pfrf pkeuhds yfea tkhf` okeyfopfdgfe efsgf` tuhdsfeeyf mdsfopfdgfe pkea`fraffe yfea sktdeaad-tdeaadeyf mfe skhfhu md`frfpgfe pfrtdsdpfsdeyf uetug okeadrdogfe

efsgf` tuhdsfeeyf skjfrf bkrgfhf mfe bkrgksdefobueafe mkod hfejfreyf pkekrbdtfe ICR[O

GKZK@F]FE ded skhfenuteyf.

Fg`dreyf, skocaf frtdgkh-frtdgkh yfea mdouft mfhfo ICR[O GKZK@F]FE vchuok

gkmuf ecocr gkkopft ded mfpft okefobf` wfwfsfe mfe okobkrdgfe pkejkrf`fe bfafd

hketkrf yfea tfg guenuea pfmfo. Grdtdg mfe sfrfe yfea bkrsdift okobfeaue sfeaft

md`frfpgfe mkod pkeykopureffe pkekrbdtfe skhfenuteyf.

]do Rkmfgsd

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MFI]FR DZD

@fh.

 \kofeifftfe Bugu Gksk`ftfe Dbu Mfe Fefg Chk` Dbu Md \fhfeagf Rfyf

Cgtfvdfed Of`fr ...................................................................................................................... 6

 \krskpsd Mfe \krdhfgu Of`fsdswf \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

]ketfea Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg

 Ofrdf Ofamfhkef \urbf, Bfrtc Ofesyf`, Bkrt`dfef ............................................................. 4

 @ubuafe Deikgsd Jfjdea Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks mkeafe Ztftus Adzd Zdswf Gkhfs : mfe =ZME 1 \f`femut Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf Okd 2<6:

 Fmkhardt ]rdsdf, Zfgdef` ........................................................................................................... 26

 Ifgtcr-Ifgtcr Tfea Okopkeafru`d Arcwt` Ifhtkrdea Fefg [sdf 9-2= Buhfe Md Gctf

 \fhfeagf Rfyf Gfhdofetfe ]keaf`

]kau` Zuprdycec, Edhf Zusfetd, Irktdgf [tfod Mkwd .............................................................. 29

 Ifgtcr Dghdo Okopkeafru`d Gknfmdfe MBM Md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf ]f`ue 2<62

Tceawfe Eyfode, Eftfhfesyf`, Ydssdf Mdmde.F .................................................................... :6

 \keafru` \dnft Bfyd ]kr`fmfp Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd

]rd Rftef, Bkrt`dfef, J`rdstdek Fmke ...................................................................................... :4

 \keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Odgrcbdchcad \feafe uetug Okedeagftgfe Gktkrfopdhfe

 \rcsks Zfdes pfmf Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

 Rdrde Eccr`fdsef Rfiikhf, Hdswfrf Ekekea, Tc`feks Kmy Auefwfe ..................................... =0

 \keaktf`ufe, Zdgfp Mfe \krdhfgu ]ketfea Zkgs \rfedgf` ]kr`fmfp \kofeifftfe \usft

 Deicrofsd Gceskhdea Gksk`ftfe Rkprcmugsd Rkofnf (\dg-Grr) \fmf Rkofnf

 Md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

 @fhfofe Tked Hujde................................................................................................................. ;0

Ychuok D D D Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

6

\kofeifftfe Bugu Gksk`ftfe Dbu Mfe Fefg Chk` Dbu

Md \fhfeagf Rfyf

[tdhdzftdce ci Oct`kr fem J`dhm Bccg de \fhfeagf Rfyf

Cgtfvdfed Of`fr

 Nurusfe Gkbdmfefe \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

Fbstrfg. Bugu GDF md \usgksofs Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf, bkhuo mdauefgfe skbfdg-bfdgeyf chk` dbu.\krdhfgu dbu mfhfo pkofeifftfe bugu GDF mdtketugfe chk` ifgtcr prkmdspcsdsd, ifgtcr pkemugueamfe ifgtcr pkemcrcea. \kekhdtdfe ded bkrtunufe uetug okeafefhdsds ifgtcr-ifgtcr yfea bkr`ubueafe

mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF chk` dbu md \usgksofs Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf. \kekhdtdfe dedcbskrvfsdcefh fefhdtdg mkeafe rfejfeafe jrcss skjtdcefh.  Nuohf` subnkg fmfhf` 66< dbu yfeaokodhdgd bugu GDF pkrdcmk 6 Nfeufrd-:6 Mkskobkr 2<6< md \usgksofs Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf.

Fefhdsds bdvfrdfbkh mkeafe j`d-gufmrft(x2 ) mfe fefhdsds ouhtdvfrdfbkh mkeafe rkarksd hcadstdg afemf.@fsdh pkekhdtdfe okekougfe ifgtcr pkemcrcea yfdtu mugueafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe (p?<,<:<)okodhdgd `ubueafe mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF, tktfpd mugueafe gfmkr gksk`ftfe (p?<,040) mfemugueafe sufod/gkhufraf (p?<,:=<) tdmfg okodhdgd `ubueafe mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF.Ifgtcr prkmdspcsdsd okhdputd usdf (p?<,;04), pkemdmdgfe (p?<,6:9), pkgkrnffe (p?<,<44), pkeaktf`ufe (p?<,2:=), mfe ifgtcr pkemuguea okhdputd pkea`fsdhfe gkhufraf (p?<,6;9), nfrfg gkifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe (p?<,221) tdmfg bkr`ubueafe mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF. \khufea pkofeifftfe bugu GDF :4,4% fmfhf` gcestrdbusd fmfeyf mugueafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe. Mugueafetkefaf gksk`ftfe (ifgtcr pkemcrcea) tkrmfpft `ubueafe mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF. Ifgtcr

 prkmdspcsdsd mfe ifgtcr pkemuguea tdmfg tkrmfpft `ubueafe mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF.\khufea pkofeifftfe bugu GDF :4,4% fmfhf` gcestrdbusd mugueafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe. Douedsfsd

]] 2 gfhd skhfof gk`fodhfe pfhdea bfeyfg mdofeifftgfe chk` dbu.Gftf guejd> Ifgtcr pkemcrcea, ifgtcr pkemuguea, ifgtcr prkmdspcsdsd, pkofeifftfe bugu GDF 

Fbstrfjt . ]`k cwekr mdm ect prcpkrhy utdhdzk OJ@ `fembccg wdt`de t`k \rdofry @kfht` Jketkr ci\fhfeagfrfyf Ouedjdpfhdty. [tdhdzftdce ci oftkrefh bk`fvdcr de OJ@ `fembccgs ds mktkrodekm by prkmdspcsdea ifjtcrs, kefbhdea ifjtcrs fem rkdeicrjdea ifjtcrs. ]`ds stumy wfs fdokm tc fefhyzkifjtcrs fsscjdftkm wdt` utdhdzftd ce ci OJ@ `fembccg t`k \rdofry @kfht` Jketkr ci \fhfeagfrfyfOuedjdpfhdty. ]`ds stumy wfs fe cbskrvftdcefh fefhytdj stumy wdt` jrcss skjtdcefh mksdae. Zubnkjtrkskfrj` wfs 66< oct`krs w`c `fvk OJ@ `fembccg wdt`de pkrdcm Nfeufry 6

st  tc Mkjkobkr :6

st,

2<6< wdt`de t`k \rdofry @kfht` Jketkr, \fhfeagfrfyf Ouedjdpfhdty. Bdvfrdftk fefhysds wfs

 pkricrokm wdt` j`d-squfrk ( fem ouhtdvfrdftk usdea ouhtdphk hcadstdj rkarkssdces.De tkro cirkdeicrjdea ifjtcrs, t`k suppcrt ci `kfht` wcrgkrs rkhftkm tc t`k utdhdzftdce ci OJ@ `fembccgs

(p?<.<:<), but suppcrt ci `kfht` jfmrks (p? <.040) fem t`k suppcrt ci `usbfem / ifodhy (p?<.:=<)s`cwkm ec stftdstdjfh sdaedidjfet rkhftdces`dp tc t`k utdhdzftdce ci OJ@ `fembccg. \rkmdspcsdeaifjtcrs suj` fs fak (p?<.;04), kmujftdce (p?<.6:9), kophcyoket (p?<.<44), gecwhkmak (p?<.2:=)fem kefbhdea ifjtcrs suj` fs ifodhy dejcok (p vfhuk ? <.6;9), mdstfejk `cok tc `kfht` jfrk ifjdhdtdks(p?<.221) `fvk ec sdaedidjfet rkhftdces`dp tc t`k utdhdzftdce ci OJ@ `fembccg. ]`k suppcrt ci`kfht` wcrgkrs advks :4,4% prcpcrtdces cut ci tctfh pkrjketfak ci t`k utdhdzftdce ci OJ@`fembccgs. Zuppcrt `kfht` wcrgkr (rkdeicrjdea ifjtcrs) ds rkhftkm tc t`k utdhdzftdce ci OJ@`fembccgs. \rkmdspcsdea ifjtcrs fem kefbhdea ifjtcrs `fvk ec rkhftdces`dp tc t`k utdhdzftdce ci OJ@

`fembccg. ]`k suppcrt ci `kfht` wcrgkrs advks :4,4% prcpcrtdces cut ci tctfh pkrjketfak ci t`kutdhdzftdce ci OJ@ `fembccgs. ]wc tdoks denkjtdce ci ]] doouedzftdce murdea prkaefejy ds t`kocst irkqukethy t`ft oct`krs mc. Gkywcrms > rkdeicrjdea ifjtcrs, kefbhdea ifjtcrs, prkmdspcsdea ifjtcrs,t`k utdhdzftdce ci OJ@`fembccg  

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Of`fr, \kofeifftfe bugu GDF md \fhfeagf Rfyf

2 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

\kemf`uhufe

\kofeifftfe bugu GDF okrupfgfe sfhf`sftu upfyf uetug okedeagftgfe pkhfyfefegksk`ftfe dbu mfe fefg.

6,2Bugu GDF okrupfgfe

destruoke yfea bkrdsd deicrofsd jftftfe

gksk`ftfe dbu mfe fefg skrtf bkrbfafd deicrofsdjfrf okokhd`frf mfe okrfwft gksk`ftfe dbu

mfe fefg mfpft mdauefgfe uetug pkejftftfe, pkeyuhu`fe mfe gcouedgfsd sk`deaaf mdfrf`gfe

uetug okedeagftgfe pkeaktf`ufe mfegktkrfopdhfe gkhufraf tketfea gksk`ftfe dbumfe fefg.

6,:,= 

Bfad yfea tdmfg butf `urui, mkeafeokobfjf, okof`fod dsd bugu GDF mfe mkeafe

okemkeafr pkenkhfsfe mfrd tkefaf gksk`ftfemfe mdbfetu chk` gfmkr gksk`ftfe okeakefddeicrofsd yfea mdskbutgfe md ftfs, mfpft

okobfetu dbu mfe gkhufraf mfhfo okof`fodgkbutu`fe mfe ofsfhf` gksk`ftfe dbu skhfof

`fodh mfe pkrsdfpfe okea`fmfpd ofsf pkrsfhdefe. Dbu mfpft okhfgugfe pkokrdgsffefetkeftfh skjfrf rutde sksufd stfemfr,okemfpftgfe douedsfsd ]] 2 gfhd skhfofgk`fodhfe, gcesuosd tfbhkt Ik mfe okhf`drgfe

mkeafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe md ifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefegksk`ftfe.:  Gk hdof `fh tkrskbut md ftfs

okrupfgfe demdgftcr pketdea sksufd mkeafestfemfr pkhfyfefe fetkeftfh uetug okenfode pkrhdemueafe gkpfmf dbu `fodh, bkrupf mktkgsdifgtcr rdsdgc, fsu`fe pkejkaf`fe mfegcophdgfsd sk`deaaf prcsks pkrsfhdefe bkrnfhfeecrofh, cptdofh mfe tkrpfetfu, bfyd hf`dr sk`ft.Zk`deaaf, fgfe okeuruegfe feagf gksfgdtfemfe gkoftdfe dbu mfe bfyd.

\kofeifftfe bugu GDF chk` dbu `fodhokrupfgfe ofedikstfsd bketug pkrdhfgu

demdvdmu mfhfo bdmfea gksk`ftfe. Arkkeokeafefhdsds uetug okeaubf` pkrdhfgu mfehdeagueafe pfmf tf`fp :  \rkjkkm-\rcjkkm  mkeafe okopkrtdobfeagfe : ifgtcr yfdtu

ifgtcr prkmdspcsdsd (prkmdspcsdea ifjtcr), ifgtcr pkemuguea (kefbhdea ifjtcr)  mfe ifgtcr pkemcrcea (rkdeicrjdea ifjtcr).Ifgtcr prkmdspcsdsd ( prkmdspcsdea ifjtcr) okrupfgfeifgtcr  ‚ ifgtcr yfea jkemkrueaokobuft skskcrfea uetug okhfgugfe pkrdhfgu

tkrtketu, yfea tkrwunum mfhfo usdf, pkemdmdgfe, pkgkrnffe mfe pkeaktf`ufe. \krdhfgu mfhfo

gksk`ftfe nuaf mdtketugfe chk` ifgtcr  ‚ ifgtcr pkemuguea (kefbhdea ifjtcr), fetfrf hfde yfdtu pkea`fsdhfe gkhufraf mfe nfrfg gk ifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe. Zkhfenuteyf, mugueafe

tkefaf gksk`ftfe, gfmkr gksk`ftfe mfesufod/gkhufraf okenfmd ifgtcr  ‚ ifgtcr yfea

okemcrcea (rkdeicrjdea ifjtcr)  pkrdhfguskskcrfea mfhfo gksk`ftfe.

;,9

\kekhdtdfe okhfpcrgfe bf`wf pkemdmdgfe, pkeaktf`ufe, pkea`fsdhfe, nfrfg gk ifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe, bdfyf trfespcrtfsd, sdgfp

mfe bdfyf pkhfyfefe okrupfgfe ifgtcr yfeatkrgfdt mkeafe pkofeifftfe pkhfyfefe

fetkeftfh.1

Ifgtcr yfea okemcrcea pkofeifftfe pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe fmfhf`

 pkrdhfgu tkefaf gksk`ftfe mfe gfmkr gksk`ftfeskrtf sufod/gkhufraf.

0  \krfe tkefaf gksk`ftfe

mfe gfmkr mfhfo pkofeifftfe pkhfyfefegksk`ftfe okhdputd okobkrdgfe pkhfyfefe,okobfetu mfe okobkrdgfe pkenkhfsfe pfmf

dbu mfe sufod tketfea deicrofsd gksk`ftfe dbumfe fefg.

:  Zkbuf` pkekhdtdfe okhfpcrgfe,

wfedtf `fodh yfea gurfea okekrdof deicrofsd

mfrd tkefaf gksk`ftfe gurfea okofeifftgfe pkhfyfefe fetkeftfh.

4  Zufod/gkhufraf nuaf

sfeaft bkrpkrfe mfhfo okemcrcea dbu mfhfookofeifftgfe pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe. \kekhdtdfeokhfpcrgfe, dbu yfea okopkrchk` mugueafe bfdg okopueyfd gkjkemkrueafe uetugokhfgugfe guenueafe G= sksufd stfemfr.6<

Oktcmk

Oktcmk pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` cbskrvfsdcefhfefhdtdg mkeafe rfejfeafe jrcss skjtdcefh. Zubnkg pkekhdtdfe fmfhf` dbu yfea okodhdgd bugu GDF pkrdcmk 6 Nfeufrd-:6 Mkskobkr 2<6<md \usgksofs Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf. Nuohf`subnkg fmfhf` 66< rkspcemkemd`dtuea mkeafeokeaauefgferuhk ci t`uob. ]kgedg pkeafobdhfe sfopkh mkeafe okeaauefgfe

ouhtdstfak rfemco sfophdea . \keauopuhfemftf mdhfgsfefgfe pfmf buhfe Ofrkt sfopfd

mkeafe Okd tf`ue 2<62.Nkeds mftf yfeamdpkrauefgfe fmfhf` mftf prdokr mkeafedestruoke pkeauopuhfe mftf okeaauefgfeguksdcekr mfe mftf skguemkr mkeafe pkejftftfe

 pfmf bugu GDF yfea mdodhdgd rkspcemke. Mftfyfea tkrguopuh mdhfgugfe fefhdsdsokeaauefgfe j`d-gufmrft(x

2 )mfe ouhtdvfrdfbkh

mkeafe rkarksd hcadstdg afemf.

@fsdh

Zkbfadfe bksfr rkspcemke pfmf usdf 2<-:;tf`ue (11,:%%), tdeagft pkemdmdgfe okekeaf`

(9=,;%), dbu tdmfg bkgkrnf (4<%), okodhdgd pkeaktf`ufe bfdg (1;,;%), pkea`fsdhfegkhufraf ≫ [OG (92,1%), nfrfg ruof`rkspcemke gk ifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe 8:

go (10,2%), rkspcemke okemfpftgfe mugueafetkefaf gksk`ftfe bfdg (;:,9%), okemfpftgfe

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

:

mugueafe gfmkr gksk`ftfe bfdg (;<,4%) mfeokemfpftgfe mugueafe sufod/gkhufraf bfdg

(19,=%).Gfrfgtkrdstdg mftf 66< rkspcemke mfpftmdhd`ft pfmf ]fbkh 6.

 ]fbkh 6 Gfrfgtkrdstdg Mftf Rkspcemke (e?66<)

Ec Yfrdfbkh e \krsketfsk (%)

6 [sdf

- 8 2< tf`ue 61 6;,=

- 2<-:; tf`ue 0; 11,:

- 5 :; tf`ue 0 1,:

2 \kemdmdmgfe Dbu

-  Rkemf` 20 2;,;

-  Okekeaf` 16 9=,;

- ]deaad 66 6<

: \kgkrnffe

- ]dmfg Bkgkrnf 44 4<

- Bkgkrnf 66 6<

= \keaktf`ufe- Gurfea 21 2=,;=

- Bfdg 0: 1;,;

; \kea`fsdhfe gkhufraf

- 8 [pf` Odedodoue Gctf ([OG) =6 :1,:

- ≫ [pf` Odedodoue Gctf ([OG)  94 92,1

9 Nfrfg ruof` gk ifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe

- Nfu` (5 : go) 2= 26,0

- Mkgft (8 : go ) 09 10,2

1 Mugueafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe

- Gurfea ;6 =9,=

- Bfdg ;4 ;:,9

0 Mugueafe gfmkr gksk`ftfe

- Gurfea ;= =4,6

- Bfdg ;9 ;<,4

4 Mugueafe sufod/gkhufraf

- Gurfea 29 2:,9

- Bfdg 0= 19,=

Mfrd bkrbfafd ifgtcr pkemcrcea, mugueafetkefaf gksk`ftfe (p?<,<:<) okeuenuggfe`ubueafe bkrofgef mfhfo pkofeifftfe buguGDF, tktfpd mugueafe gfmkr gksk`ftfe

(p?<,040) mfe mugueafe sufod/gkhufraf(p?<,:=<) tdmfg fmf `ubueafe bkrofgeftkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe bugu GDF. Fefhdsds

`ubueafe ifgtcr pkemcrcea mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf ]fbkh

2. \fmf sktdfp ifgtcr pkemuguea tdmfgokeuenuggfe `ubueafe bkrofgef bfdg pfmf pkea`fsdhfe gkhufraf (p?<,6;9) mfe nfrfg ruof`gk ifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe (p?<,221). \fmfsktdfp ifgtcr prkmdspcsdsd tdmfg okeuenuggfe`ubueafe bkrofgef bfdg pfmf usdf (p?<,;04), pkemdmdgfe (p?<,6:9), pkgkrnffe (p?<,<44) mfe

 pkeaktf`ufe (p?<,2:=). @fsdh und stftdstdg `feyfsftu vfrdfbkh yfea okopueyfd `ubueafe bkrofgef mkeafe vfrdfbkh tkrdgft yfdtumugueafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe. Bkrmfsfrgfe ocmkh

md ftfs mfpft mdgktf`ud bksfreyf pkhufea pkofeifftfe bugu GDFfmfhf` :4,4% mfrdmugueafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe.@fsdh fefhdsds

ouhtdvfrdfbkh uetug okeketugfe ifgtcr yfea pfhdea okeketugfe pfmf pkofeifftfe bugu GDF

mdsfndgfe mfhfo ]fbkh ;.Afobfrfe mfrd ofsdea-ofsdea demdgftcr

 pkedhfdfe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF, skbfafdofefmdsfndgfe pfmf ]fbkh 9. Demdgftcr pkofeifftfe bugu GDF yfea pfhdea mdofeifftgfe chk` dbufmfhf` suetdgfe ]] skbksfr 42,1%.

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Of`fr, \kofeifftfe bugu GDF md \fhfeagf Rfyf

= Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

]fbkh 2 @ubueafe Ifgtcr \kemcrcea (Rkdei crjdea Ifjtcr) mkeafe \kofeifftfe Bugu

GDF (e?66<)

Ifgtcr \kemcrcea (rkdeicrjdea

ifjtcr)  

\kofeifftfe Bugu GDF

Edhfd pRkemf` ]deaad

e % e %

Mugueafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe =,94=  <,<:<* - Gurfea  26 64,6 :< 21,:- Bfdg   6: 66,0 =9 =6,0

Mugueafe gfmkr gksk`ftfe <,<69  <,040 

- Gurfea 61 6;,; :1 ::,9

- Bfdg   61 6;,; :4 :;,=

Mugueafe sufod/gkhufraf  <,4<4  <,:=< 

- Gurfea  6< 4,6 69 6=,;- Bfdg 2= 26,0 9< ;=,9

Gktkrfeafe> Edhfd p md`dtuea bkrmfsfrgfe und j`d-gufmrft  

]fbkh : @ubueafe Ifgtcr \rkmdspcsdsd (\rkmdspcsdea Ifjtcr)  mkeafe \kofeifftfe Bugu GDF

 Gktkrfeafe > mdund mkeafe okeaauefgfe undJ`d Gufmrft

]fbkh = @ubueafe Ifgtcr \kemuguea (Kefbhdea Ifjtcr)  mkeafe \kofeifftfe Bugu GDF

Ifgtcr \kemuguea (kefbhdea ifjtcr)  

\kofeifftfe Bugu GDF 

Edhfd pRkemf`  ]deaad  ]ctfh 

e % e % e %

\kea`fsdhfe gkhufraf  2,<69 <,6;9- 8 [pf` Odedodoue Gctf ([OG) 69 :4 2; 96 =6 6<<

- ≫ [pf` Odedodoue Gctf ([OG)  60 29,6 ;6 1:,4 94 6<<Nfrfg ruof` gk ifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe

gksk`ftfe

6,=;4 <,221

- Nfu` (5 : go) ; 2<,0 64 14,2 2= 6<<- Mkgft (8 : go) 24 ::,1 ;1 99,: 09 6<<

 Gktkrfeafe> mdund mkeafe okeaauefgfe undJ`d Gufmrft

Ifgtcr \rkmdspcsdsd (prkmdpcsdea

ifjtcr)  

\kofeifftfe Bugu GDF 

Edhfd pRkemf`  ]deaad  ]ctfh 

e % e % e %

[sdf  6,<;4 <,;04- 8 2< tf`ue 1 =6,2 6< ;0,0 61 6<<- 2<-:; tf`ue 2; 24,= 9< 1<,9 0; 6<<- 5 :; tf`ue 2 2; 9 1; 0 6<<

\kemdmdgfe Dbu  :,44= <,6:9

- Rkemf`  1 2; 26 1; 20 6<<- Okekeaf` 29 :9,9 =; 9:,= 16 6<<- ]deaad 6 4,6 6< 4<,4 66 6<<

\kgkrnffe  2,12= <,<44

- ]dmfg Bkgkrnf  :: ::,: 99 99,1 44 6<<- Bkgkrnf 6 4,6 6< 4<,4 66 6<<

\keaktf`ufe  6,92< <,2:=- Gurfea  66 =<,1 69 ;4,: 21 6<<

- Bfdg 2: 21,1 9< 12,: 0: 6<<

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

;

]fbkh ; @ubueafe Ifgtcr \rkmdspcsdsd (\rkmdspcsdea Ifjtcr), Ifgtcr \kemuguea (Kefbhdea Ifjtcr) ,

Ifgtcr \kemcrcea (Rkdei crjdea I fjtcr)  mkeafe \kofeifftfe Bugu GDF

Yfrdfbkh Gckidsdke ( 

) ZK \ vfhuk R\ (4;% JD)

Mugueafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe <,00: <,=24 <,<=<* 2,=2 (6,<=-;,9<) 

Gcestfetf -2,619 6,:<<

 Gktkrfeafe > Edhfd p md`dtuea bkrmfsfrgfe und rkarksd hcadstdg afemf

]fbkh 9 Mdstrdbusd Irkgukesd \kofeifftfe Bugu GDF (e?66<)

Ec Demdgftcr \kofeifftfe Bugu GDF

Okofeifftgfe ]dmfg

Okofeifftgfe

e % e %

6 Dbu yfea nuohf` guenueafe pfmf gk`fodhfe tkrfg`dr sksufd

stfemfr

;2 =1,: ;0 ;2,1

2 Dbu yfea okekrdof suetdgfe ]] 2 gfhd pfmf gk`fodhfetkrfg`dr

6<2 42,1 0 1,0

: Dbu yfea okeagcesuosd tfbhkt Ik sktdfp `frd skhfof 4< `frd =; =<,4 9; ;4,6

= Dbu yfea okhf`drgfe mkeafe tkefaf gksk`ftfe 41 00,2 6: 66,0; Dbu yfea okhf`drgfe md ifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe := :<,4 19 94,6

\kobf`fsfe

Mfrd `fsdh und stftdstdg mkeafe j`dgufmrft tkreyftf mugueafe tkefaf gksk`ftfetkrmfpft `ubueafe bkrofgef mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF.\ktuafs gksk`ftfeokokafea pkrfe pketdea pfmf pkofeifftfe bugu GDF, gfrkef tkefaf gksk`ftfe yfeaokobkrdgfe bugu tkrskbut gkpfmf dbu. Dbumfpft okeaktf`ud, okof`fod tketfea bugu GDF

ded sfeaft tkrgfdt pkrfe tkefaf gksk`ftfe mfhfookenkhfsgfe gkpfmf dbu tketfea ofeifft ftfugkaueffe bugu GDF tkrskbut. \keaaueffe buguGDF skjfrf kikgtdi mfe kidsdke okhfhud gkodtrffe pktuafs gksk`ftfe mkeafe ofsyfrfgft.2[etug

okeaauefgfe bugu GDF skjfrf bkefr tdmfg`feyf mdicgusgfe gkpfmf dbu sfnf, tfpd nuaf`frus gkpfmf tkefaf gksk`ftfe yfeaokobkrdgfe pkhfyfefe.\krdhfgu tkefafgksk`ftfe tkr`fmfp gksk`ftfe fgfe okemugueamfe okopkrguft tkrbketugeyf pkrdhfguskskcrfea mfhfo okofeifftgfe bugu

GDF.66\kofeifftfe bugu GDF fgfe hkbd` kikgtdigktdgf tkefaf gksk`ftfe skjfrf fgtdi bkgkrnfmfhfo gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd.

62,6:

\fmf pkekhdtdfe ded `fsdh und stftdstdg mkeafej`d gufmrft   mdpkrchk` `fsdh bf`wf mugueafe

gfmkr gksk`ftfe dbu tdmfg tkrmfpft `ubueafe bkrofgef mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF. Dbumkeafe mugueafe gfmkr gurfea, mdskbfbgfegktkrbftfsfe dbu mfhfo okofeifftgfe pkhfyfefe pcsyfemu mfe gkofopufe gfmkryfea tkrbftfs mfhfo okobkrdgfe pkeyuhu`femfe okobkrdgfe deicrofsd gkpfmf dbu.\kekhdtdfe okhfpcrgfe bf`wf pkrfe gfmkr

skbfafd pkhfgsfef mfe pkeakhchf mfhfo

gkafdftfe pcsyfemu sfeaft bkrpkeafru`tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe bugu GDF.

 6= 

@fsdh und stftdstdg mdpkrchk` `fsdh bf`wfmugueafe sufod/gkhufraf tdmfg tkrmfpft`ubueafe bkrofgef mkeafe pkofeifftfe buguGDF. @fh ded mdskbfbgfe, wfhfupue dbu tfepfmugueafe sufod/gkhufraf tktfpd gfrkef dbuokodhdgd gksfmfrfe mfe okeaktf`ud ofeifftmfrd bugu GDF sk`deaaf okeadgutd pksfe-pksfe

yfea fmf md bugu GDF.@fsdh und j`d gufmrft   okeuenuggfe tdmfg

fmf `ubueafe yfea bkrofgef fetfrf usdfrkspcemke mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF.Mdskbfbgfe sktdfp gkhcopcg usdf okekrdof

deicrofsd mfrd tkefaf gksk`ftfe tketfea ofeifftmfrd bugu GDF.Md wdhfyf` gfndfe mdtkougfedeicrofsd tketfea gksk`ftfe dbu mfe fefg mfpftmdpkrchk` dbu-dbu okhfhud pkobdjfrffe deicrofhmd hdeagueafe skgdtfr ruof`eyf. OfsyfrfgftGctf \fhfeagfrfyf okodhdgd gkbkrsfoffe yfeakrft sksufd mkeafe ifhsfif` ‘@uof Bktfea‟

yfdtu gkbkrsfoffe, mkeafe fmfeyf gkbkrsfoffemfe sfhdea bkrtugfr deicrofsd okenfmd pkemcrcea bfad dbu uetug okofeifftgfe

 pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe sksufd pksfe pfmf buguGDF mfe pkenkhfsfe mfrd tkefaf gksk`ftfe.@fsdh

 pkekhdtdfe ded sknfhfe mkeafe pkekhdtdfe mdBfeahfmks` yfea okhfpcrgfe bf`wf usdf dbutdmfg fmf `ubueafe mkeafe pkeaaueffe buguGDF.62@fsdh pkekhdtdfe md \fmfea nuafokhfpcrgfe, bf`wf usdf dbu tdmfg bkr`ubueafemkeafe pkofeifftfe fetketfh jfrk.

6; \kekhdtdfe

hfde nuaf okeyftfgfe usdf dbu tdmfg fmf`ubueafe mkeafe pkofeifftfe pkechcea mfe

 pkhfyfefe pkrsfhdefe, tktfpd pfmf gufhdtfs

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Of`fr, \kofeifftfe bugu GDF md \fhfeagf Rfyf

9 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

 pkhfyfefe yfea mdbkrdgfe chk` pktuafsgksk`ftfe.

69,61 

@fsdh fefhdsds pfmf pkekhdtdfe dedokeuenuggfe tdmfg tkrmfpft `ubueafe bkrofgef fetfrf pkemdmdgfe mkeafe

 pkofeifftfe bugu GDF. @fh ded mdskbfbgfe bfdgdbu mkeafe pkemdmdgfe tdeaad, pkemdmdgfe

okekeaf` mfe pkemdmdgfe rkemf` okemfpftgfedeicrofsd mfe okeaktf`ud ofeifft bugu GDF

mfrd tkefaf gksk`ftfe. \krdhfgu pcsdtdi uetugskhfhu bkrtugfr deicrofsd mfe bumfyfgkbkrsfoffe ded, mdmuaf tdmfg `feyfokopkeafru`d usdf, tktfpd nuaf pfmf ifgtcr pkemdmdgfe.\kekhdtdfe Ouredftd nuaf

okhfpcrgfe, bf`wf pkemdmdgfe dbu tdmfg bkr`ubueafe mkeafe pkofeifftfe pkhfyfefefetkeftfh.

60 

\fmf pkekhdtdfe ded mdtkougfe bf`wf tdmfgtkrmfpft `ubueafe bkrofgef fetfrf pkgkrnffe

tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe bugu GDF.@fh dedmdskbfbgfe dbu yfea bkgkrnf mfe dbu yfea tdmfg bkgkrnf okopueyfd fgsks yfea sfofokemfpftgfe deicrofsd tketfea ofeifft buguGDF. Deicrofsd tketfea gksk`ftfe dbu mfe fefg

mdpkrchk` dbu-dbu okhfhud tkefaf gksk`ftfe.\krdhfgu pcsdtdi uetug skhfhu bkrtugfr deicrofsd

mfe bumfyf gkbkrsfoffe ded, mdmuaf tdmfg `feyfokopkeafru`d usdf mfe pkemdmdgfe, tktfpd nuaf pfmf pkgkrnffe. @fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded sknfhfemkeafe @fzkobf nuaf okhfpcrgfe bf`wf pkgkrnffe tdmfg bkr`ubueafe mkeafe pkodhd`fetkopft pkrsfhdefe.61 

@fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded okeuenuggfe bf`wfmfhfo pkofeifftfe bugu GDF fetfrf rkspcemke

yfea okodhdgd pkeaktf`ufe gurfea mfe pkeaktf`ufe bfdg tdmfg fmf pkrbkmffe. \fmf

 pkekhdtdfe ded, bfdg dbu yfea pkeaktf`ufe gurfeamfe pkeaktf`ufe bfdg tdmfg fmf pkrbkmffemfhfo pkofeifftfe bugu GDF gfrkef sfof-sfof okemfpftgfe deicrofsd mfrd tkefaf

gksk`ftfe tketfea ofeifft bugu GDF. \krdhfgu pcsdtdi uetug skhfhu bkrtugfr deicrofsd mfe bumfyf gkbkrsfoffe ded, mdmuaf tdmfg `feyfokopkeafru`d usdf, pkemdmdgfe, mfe pkgkrnffetktfpd nuaf pkeaktf`ufe. \kekhdtdfe Hfgscocec nuaf okhfpcrgfe `fh yfea sfof, bf`wf tdeagft

 pkeaktf`ufe gfmkr tdmfg bkrpkeafru` tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe bugu GDF chk` gfmkr.6=

Mfrd `fsdh und stftdstdg bdvfrdfbkh mdpkrchk``fsdh bf`wf pkea`fsdhfe gkhufraf tdmfg fmf`ubueafe bkrofgef mkeafe pkofeifftfe buguGDF. @fh mdmuaf mdskbfbgfe md \usgksofs Gctf

\fhfeagfrfyf okobkrdgfe pkhfyfefe arftds bfdguetug pkokrdgsffe gk`fodhfe. Md \usgksofs

rfwft defp nuaf okhfyfed pkrtchceafe pkrsfhdefeskjfrf arftds mfe gkhufraf yfea gurfea ofopuokodhdgd gfrtu Nfodefe \kokhd`frffeGksk`ftfe Ofsyfrfgft (NFOGKZOFZ) fgfeokemfpftgfe pkhfyfefe skjfrf arftds. @fh ded

okobfetu dbu mkeafe pkea`fsdhfe gkhufrafyfea 8[OG uetug okofeifftgfe pkhfyfefe

gksk`ftfe yfea mddeicrofsdgfe pfmf buguGDF.@fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded okeauftgfe pkekhdtdfe

B`udyfe md Bfeahfmks`, yfea okeyftfgfe bf`wf pkea`fsdhfe gkhufraf tdmfg bkr`ubueafemkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF.

62  \kekhdtdfe

Hfgscocec nuaf okhfpcrgfe bf`wf pkea`fsdhfe gkhufraf tdmfg fmf `ubueafe

 bkrofgef mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF chk`gfmkr pcsyfemu.

6=\kekhdtdfe hfde nuaf

okhfpcrgfe tdeagft pkemfpftfe tdmfg

 bkr`ubueafe mkeafe guenueafe ofsyfrfgftmfhfo pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe.

64 

\fmf pkekhdtdfe ded rkspcemke yfea nfrfgruof` nfu` mfe mkgft tdmfg fmf pkrbkmffemfhfo pkofeifftfe bugu GDF. @fh ded bdsfmdskbfbgfe gfrkef md Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf prfsfrfef nfhfe okofmfd mfe rkspcemke

okodhdgd sfrfef trfespcrtfsd uetug okenfeagfuifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe. Zk`deaaf,

wfhfupue nfrfg ruof` nfu` mfrd ifsdhdtfs pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe tdmfg okenfmd pkea`fobftuetug okofeifftgfe pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfesksufd pksfe-pksfe pfmf bugu GDF. Zkhfde dtu,ocbdhdtfs bdmfe yfea bkrskmdf uetugokemftfead dbu ndgf okobutu`gfe pkhfyfefegksk`ftfe sfeaft okemuguea dbu mfhfookofeifftgfe pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe. Zfmdg

okhfpcrgfe nfrfg gk pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfemdpkeafru`d chk` nkeds nfhfe, nkeds gkemfrffe,

wfgtu tkopu`, gkemfrffe prdbfmd, bkrft rdeafe pkeyfgdt mfe gkofopufe bfyfr ceagcs nfhfe.2< 

Zkjfrf uouo md wdhfyf` gfndfe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF mdgftkacrdgfe tdeaad

yfged okejfpfd skbksfr 94,6%.Demdgftcrdouedsfsd ]] 2 gfhd skhfof gk`fodhfe pfhdea bfeyfg mdofeifftgfe chk` rkspcemke, mdmuafdemdgftcr ded pfhdea mdofeifftgfe pkrtfofgfrkef dbu okeaktf`ud ofeifft mfrd pkobkrdfedouedsfsd ]] bfad dbu `fodh yfea mdbfjf mfrd

 bugu GDF mfe fenurfe skrtf pkenkhfsfe tkefafgksk`ftfe. Zkhfde dtu, douedsfsd ded wfndb

mdbkrdgfe uetug dbu `fodh. @fh ded sksufd mkeafestfemfr cpkrfsdcefh pkhfyfefe fetkeftfh bf`wfsktdfp dbu `fodh `frus mdbkrdgfe douedsfsd ]] pfmf pkokrdgsffe fetkeftfh uetug okeuruegfe

gkoueagdefe gkoftdfe bfyd mfe okejkaf`gkoftdfe dbu fgdbft tktfeus.

26-2:

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

1

Md Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf douedsfsd ]]okrupfgfe stfemfr cpkrfsdcefh pkhfyfefefetkeftfh yfea wfndb mdbkrdgfe gkpfmf dbu`fodh, `fh ded mdskbfbgfe okeadeaft ofsd` fmfmdtkougfe bfyd mkeafe tktfeus ekceftcruo. @fh

ded tkrgfdt mkeafe md wdhfyf` Gctf \fhfeagfrfyfmkeafe hkbd` okodhd` ruof` skbfafd tkopft

 pkrsfhdefemfe ofsd` fmfeyf pkofeifftfe pkrtchceafe pkrsfhdefe tkefaf ece gksk`ftfe.

Zkhfde dtu, gkbdfsffe okobkrdgfe rfoufe pfmf pkrfwftfe tfhd pusft ofsd` fmf md ofsyfrfgftGctf \fhfeagfrfyf.

Gksdopuhfe mfe Zfrfe

Gksdopuhfe

\fmf ifgtcr pkemcrcea `feyf mugueafetkefaf gksk`ftfe fmf `ubueafe bkrofgef

mkeafe pkofeifftfe bugu GDF. \fmf ifgtcr prkmdspcsdsd mfe ifgtcr pkemuguea tdmfg tkrmfpft

`ubueafe bkrofgef mkeafe pkofeifftfe buguGDF. \khufea pkofeifftfe bugu GDF :4,4%fmfhf` gcestrdbusd fmfeyf mugueafe tkefafgksk`ftfe. Douedsfsd ]] 2 gfhd skhfofgk`fodhfe pfhdea bfeyfg mdofeifftgfe chk` dbu

Zfrfe

Auef okedeagftgfe pkofeifftfe bugu

GDF sfeaft mdfenurgfe gkpfmf dbu uetug skhfhuokobfwf bugu GDF pfmf sfft okhfgugfe pkokrdgsffe mfe gkpfmf pktuafs gksk`ftfeuetug skhfhu okhfgugfe scsdfhdsfsd,okeadeaftgfe dbu uetug okobfwf, okobfjf bugu GDF skrtf okenkhfsgfe ofeifft mfe bfafdofef okeaauefgfe bugu GDF gkpfmfdbu/sufod/gkhufraf, gfmkr gksk`ftfe tketfea

 pkrfeeyf mfhfo bugu GDF bfdg pfmf sfftokhfgugfe pkokrdgsffe ftfu gkadftfe deicrofh.

Zkhfde dtu, gfmkr gksk`ftfe uetug skhfhuokoprcocsdgfe bugu GDF pfmf sfft pcsyfemu,okhfgugfe guenueafe ruof` mfe gkadftfedeicrofh. Bfad Mdefs Gksk`ftfe Gctf

\fhfeagfrfyf uetug okemuguea tkefafgksk`ftfe mfhfo okoprcocsdgfe bugu GDF,skhfde dtu mfhfo okobuft gkbdnfgfe mfe prcarfo mdsksufdgfe mkeafe gkbutu`fe, gcemdsdofsyfrfgft Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf.

[jfpfe ]krdof Gfsd`

[jfpfe tkrdofgfsd` gkpfmf Mr Fedtf

Mkbcrf` Fewfr, mr. ZpCA(G), skhfgu Gktuf\rcarfo Ztumd Ofadstkr Gkbdmfefe [edvkrsdtfs\fmnfmnfrfe yfea skefetdfsf okobfetu,okoifsdhdtfsd, mfe okobkrdgfe bdobdeafe

skhfof pkeuhdsfe frtdgkh dhodf` ded. GkpfhfMdefs Gksk`ftfe \rcvdesd mfe Gctf

\fhfeagfrfyf, Gkpfhf \usgksofs mfe rkgfe-rkgfe sknfwft Bdmfe md \usgksofs Gctf\fhfeagfrfyf mfe \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfeGkoketkrdfe Gksk`ftfe \fhfeagfrfyf.

Mfitfr \ustfgf

6.  Krecvdfef mfe @fsfebfsrd O. \kofeifftfe bugu gksk`ftfe dbu mfe fefg md mdefsgksk`ftfe Gctf Zfwf`huetc. Tcayfgfrtf72<<9

2.   Efgfourf T. Oftkrefh fem j`dhm `kfht`

`fembccg de Nfpfe7 2<6< ;:(=) :.  Mkpfrtkoke Gksk`frfe RD mfe NDJF.

\ktuenug tkgeds pkeaaueffe bugu gksk`ftfe

dbu mfe fefg. Nfgfrtf> MkpfrtkokeGksk`ftfe RD7 2<<4 

=.  Mkpfrtkoke Gksk`frfe RD mfe NDJF. Bugugksk`ftfe dbu mfe fefg .Nfgfrtf> MkpfrtkokeGksk`ftfe RD7 6441 

;.  Arkke HQ, Z`fwef H. \rkjkmk-\rcjkkm.WMduemu` tfeaafh 64 Nuhd 2<62_ ]krskmdf

mfrd> `ttp>//www.`kfht`hdek.jco.9.  ArkkeHQ, Rfbdecwdtz \. \rkjkkm-\rcjkkm.

WMduemu` tfeaafh 64 Nuhd 2<62_ ]krskmdfmfrd> `ttp>//www.jtb.gu.kmu.jco.

1.  Tk T, Tcs`dmf T, Rfs`dm O@, Zfgfoctc N.Ifjtcr fiikjtdea t`k utdhdzftdce ci fetkeftfhjfrk skrvdjks focea wcoke de G`foMdstrdjt, Pdkeag`cufea \rcvdejk, Hfc \MR. Efacyf N Okm7 2<6< 12(2:-::)

0.   Ectcftocmnc Z. \rcocsd gksk`ftfe mfe dhou

 pkrdhfgu. Nfgfrtf> \] Rdekgf Jdptf7 2<6<4.  Krhdemfwftd, J`copdguh N, Dsfrfeurua Z.

Ifjtcr rkhftkm tc t`k utdhdzftdce ci fetkeftfhjfrk skrvdjks focea prkaefet wcoke ft`kfht` jketkrs de Fjk` Bksfr Mdstrdjt Efeaarck Fjk` Mfrussfhfo \rcvdejk

Demceksdf. \ubhdj @kfht` fem Mkvkhcpoket72<<0 9(2)

6<. Zdofnuetfg ]. Ifgtcr  ‚ ifgtcr yfea bkr`ubueafe mkeafe guenueafe fetkeftfhG= md Gctf Okmfe \rcvdesd Zuoftkrf [tfrf

]f`ue 2<<2. ]ksds [edvkrsdtfs Demceksdf72<<2

66. Gusuofyftd F fem Efgfourf T. Dejrkfskmutdhdzftdce ci oftkrefh `kfht` skrvdjks byoct`krs usdea t`k oftkrefh fem j`dhm `kfht``fembccg de Demceksdf7 2<<1 22(:)

62. 

B`udyfe Z[, Efgfourf T, Vurks`d EF.Ztumy ce t`k mkvkhcpoket fem fsskssoket

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Of`fr, \kofeifftfe bugu GDF md \fhfeagf Rfyf

0 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

ci oftkrefh fem j`dhm `kfht` `fembccg deBfeahfmks`. Ncurefh ci \ubhdj @kfht` femMkvkhcpoket7 2<<9 =(2)

6:.  Efgfourf T. ]`k utdhdzftdce ci OJ@@fembccg de Nfpfe. Nfpfeksk Ncurefh ci

\ubhdj @kfht`7 2<<6 =0(9)6=. Qdmfamc H mfe @uscmc ]B. \kofeifftfe

 bugu GDF chk` gfmkr pcsyfemu> stumd pfmfgfmkr pcsyfemu md wdhfyf` gkrnf \usgksofs

Gkmueafmko Gfbupftke Bcncekacrc.Ofgfrf Gksk`ftfe7 2<<47 6:(6)

6;. Faus T, @crduj`d Z. Ifjtcrs deihukejdea t`kusk ci fetkeftfh jfrk de rurfh Qkst Zuoftrf,Demceksdf. BdcOkm Jketrfh \rkaefejy fem

J`dhmbdrt`7 2<62 62(4)69. Rcsoded O. Mktkrodefe pkofeifftfe

 pkhfyfefe pkrsfhdefe chk` tkefaf gksk`ftfe

md Gkjfoftfe Jdofhfgf GfbupftkeZuokmfea ]f`ue 2<<2. ]ksds. [edvkrsdtfs

Demceksdf7 2<<261. @fzkobf FE, Zdzdyf Z. J`cdjk ci phfjk icr

j`dhmbdrt`> prkvfhkejk fem jcrrkhftks ciutdhdzftdce ci `kfht` ifjdhdtdks de J`ceawkmdstrdjt, ^fobdf7 Okmdjfh Ncurefh ci

^fobdf7 2<<4 :;(2)60. Ouredftd. Ifgtcr  ‚ ifgtcr yfea bkr`ubueafe

mkeafe pkofeifftfe pkhfyfefe fetkeftfhchk` dbu `fodh Md Gfbupftke Fjk`

]keaafrf. ]ksds \fsjf Zfrnfef DhouGksk`ftfe Ofsyfrfgft. [edvkrsdtfsZuoftkrf [tfrf7 2<<1

64.  Eftsdr O. Ifgtcr  ‚ ifgtcr yfeaokopkeafru`d guenueafe wfraf

ofsyfrfgft mfhfo pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe mdwdhfyf` gkrnf \usgksofs \fhferc

Gfbupftke Bfrru. 2<<0. WMduemu` tfeaafh ;Nfeufrd 2<62_ ]krskmdf mfrd>

`ttp>//www.dsnm.pmdd.hdpd.ac.dm2<. Zfmdg OM. Gfndfe tketfea ifgtcr  ‚ ifgtcr

yfea okopkeafru`d pkhfyfefe fetkeftfh mdGkjfoftfe Aueuea Zuad` GfbupftkeHfopuea ]keaf` ]f`ue 6449. ]ksds \fsjf

Zfrnfef Dhou Gksk`ftfe Ofsyfrfgft .[edvkrsdtfs Demceksdf Nfgfrtf7 6449

26. Gkoketkrdfe Gksk`ftfe RD. \rcidh gksk`ftfe

Demceksdf. Nfgfrtf7 2<6<22. Mkpfrtkoke Gksk`ftfe RD. \kmcofe

 pkofetfufe wdhfyf` sktkopft gksk`ftfe dbumfe fefg (\QZ-GDF). Nfgfrtf> MkpfrtkokeGksk`ftfe RD Mdrkgtcrft Nkemkrfh Bdef\khfyfefe Okmdg7 2<<4

2:. \usmdefgks, Q@C, N@\DKAC. \femufe

 pkeafnfrfe fsu`fe gkbdmfefe idsdchcads bfadmcske mdphcof : gkbdmfefe bugu 2 fsu`fe

fetkeftfh. Nfgfrtf> \usmdefgks7 2<<:

2=. 

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

4

\krskpsd Mfe \krdhfgu Of`fsdswf

\chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf ]ketfea 

Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg  

Ztumkets \krjkptdce fem Bk`fvdcur ci Fjfmkodj detkardty ft \fhfeagf Rfyf @kfht` \chytkj`edj

Ofrdf Ofamfhkef \urbf, Bfrtc Ofesyf`, Bkrt`dfef 

 Nurusfe Gkpkrfwftfe \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

Fbstrfg . \rciksdcefhdsok okekgfegfe gkpfmf pkeaufsffe dhou pkeaktf`ufe, gkofopufe ofefnkoke bkskrtf strftkad pkeykrfpfeeyf. \rciksdcefhdsok tdmfg tkrhkpfs mfrd fspkg pketdea yfea sfhdea tkrgfdt sftu

sfof hfde yfdtu, gecwhkmak, sgdhh skrtf detkardtfs ftfu sdgfp oketfh tkrbugf tkr`fmfp pkemfpft mfe edhfd-edhfd bfru yfea pcsdtdi, okekrdof pkrbkmffe pkemfpft mfe bkrhfgu nunur yfea okejkrodegfe fgfedetkardtfs fgfmkodg. ]unufe pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` uetug okeaktf`ud pkrskpsd mfe pkrdhfgu tketfea

detkardtfs fgfmkodg of`fsdwf \chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf. Oktcmf pkekhdtdfe okeaauefgfemksgrdptdi mkeafe pkemkgftfe survkd okeauefgfe tkgedg sfopkh  prcpcrtdceftk strftdidkm rfemco sfophdea mkeafe nuohf` sfopkh 2:1 of`fsdswf.\krskpsd mfe pkrdhfgu detkardtfs of`fsdswf bkrvfrdfsdmfrd 22 dtko pkrdhfgu. Of`fsdswf yfea okhfeaafr detkardtfs efoue mdfeaafp tdmfg okhfeaafr skbfeyfg6,:%  ‚   91,;%. Zkpuhu` pkrsketfsk tkrtdeaad tkofe of`fsdswf yfea pkref` okhfgugfgfe pkhfeaafrfe pkrdhfgu detkardtfs fgfmkodg skbfeyfg 20,1% - 91,;%, pkrsketfsk pkrdhfgu yfea pkref` mdhfgugfe chk`of`fsdswf 2=,=% - 1:,1% mfe pkrsketfsd pkrdhfgu yfea fgfe mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf skbksfr 6=,1% -=;,=%. Hkvkh sfegsd yfea pdhd` chk` of`fsdswf tkr`fmfp pkhfeaafrfe yfea mdhfgugfe tkrbfeyfg fmfhf`hkvkh sfegsd ‘ pkrdeaftfe hdsfe‟. Of`fsdswf jkemkruea okeaafeafp pkrdhfgu tdmfg okhfeaafr detkardtfsfgfmkodg, fpfhfad ndgf pkrdhfgu yfea okhfeaafr tkrskbut tdmfg mddgutd chk` hkvkh sfegsd yfea sksufd.Gftf Guejd> pkrdhfgu prciksdcefh, detkardtfs fgfmkodg, pkrskpsd, pkrdhfgu

 Fbstrfjt . \rcikssdcefhdso kop`fsdzks tc sjdkejk cr ofefakoket fbdhdty fhcea wdt` t`k strftkay.\rcikssdcefhdso rkhftkm wdt` dopcrtfet fspkjts t`ft frk gecwhkmak, sgdhh, fem detkardty cr cpkekm oketfh

fttdtumk ci cpdedce fem pcsdtdvk vfhuks, akttdea mdiikrket dmkf, fem bkdea `cekst w`dj` rkihkjts fjfmkodjdetkardty.  ]`k fdos ci t`k stumy wkrk  tc gecw stumket—s pkrjkptdce fem bk`fvdcur fbcut fjfmkodj

detkardty ft \fhfeagf Rfyf @kfht` \chyt`kjedj.  ]`k sfophdea t`kjedj wfs uskm strftdidkm rfemcosfophdea. Zubnkjts wkrk 2:1 stumkets. ]`k rksuht s`cwkm stumkets—s fjfmkodj detkardty pkrjkptdce fem bk`fvdcr vfrdkm irco 22 bk`fvdcur dtkos. Ztumkets w`c brcgke t`k fjfmkodj ruhks wkrk fbcut 6, :% - 

91,;%. ]ke ci t`k `da`kst pkrjketfak ci stumkets w`c brcgke t`k fjfmkodj ruhks wfrk 20,1% - 91,;%.]`k bk`fvdcur pkrjketfak w`dj` wfs mcek by t`k stumkets wfrk 2=,=% -  1:,1% fem t`k bk`fvdcur

 pkrjketfak w`dj` wdhh bk mcek by stumkets ds 6=,1% - =;,=%. ]`k hkvkh ci sfejtdce w`dj` wfs j`ccske

 by t`k stumkets fbcut vdchftdce ds ‘ vkrbfh wfredea‟. Jcejhutdce ci t`ds stumy wfs stumkets— tkem tc vdchftkfjfmkodj detkardty, ocrkcvkr t`k stumkets— bk`fvdcur w`c brcgke t`k ruhks wkrk ect ichhcwkm by hkvkh cisfejtdce.Gkywcrm> prciksdcefh bk`fvdcr, fjfmkodj detkardty, pkrjkptdce, bk`fvdcr  

\kemf`uhufe 

Zfhf` sftu tunufe pkemdmdgfe \chtkggksGkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf fmfhf` okeydfpgfe pkskrtf mdmdg okenfmd tkefaf gksk`ftfe yfea prciksdcefh. \rciksdcefh okeurut gfous bf`fsfDemceksdf (644=) fmfhf` outu mfe tdemfg tfemug

yfea okrupfgfe jdrd mfrd suftu prciksd crfea yfea prciksdcefh. \rciksdcefhdsok okekgfegfe gkpfmf pkeaufsffe dhou pkeaktf`ufe ftfu gkofopufe

ofefnkoke bkskrtf strftkad pkeykrfpfeeyf.\rciksdcefhdsok bugfe skgkmfr pkeaktf`ufetkgechcad mfe ofefnkoke, tktfpd hkbd` okrupfgfesdgfp, yfea bugfe `feyf okodhdgd gktkrfopdhfeyfea tdeaad, tktfpd okodhdgd suftu tdeagf` hfguyfea mdpkrsyfrftgfe. Zkjfrf afrds bksfr

 prciksdcefhdsok tdmfg tkrhkpfs mfrd bkbkrfpf fspkg pketdea yfea sfhdea tkrgfdt sftu sfof hfde yfdtufspkg pkeaktf`ufe (gecwhkmak), fspkg

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\urbf, \krskpsd mfe \krdhfgu Of`fsdswf tketfea Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg

6< Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

gktkrfopdhfe (sgdhh), skrtf detkardtfs ftfu sdgfpoketfh.6 Zdgfp oketfh okrupfgfe sdgfp tkrbugf

tkr`fmfp pkemfpft ftfu edhfd-edhfd bfru yfea pcsdtdi,okekrdof pkrbkmffe pkemfpft skrtf bkrhfgu nunur

okrupfgfe sdgfp prciksdcfefh yfea okejkrodegfefgfe detkardtfs fgfmkodg.Zfft ded detkardtfs

fgfmkodg ofsd` okenfmd ofsfhf` pfmfdestdtusdpkemdmdgfe tdeaad md bkrbfafd ekafrf.

OjJfbk mfe ]rkvdec,:  nuaf okeakougfgfe

 bf`wf ofsfhf` fgfmkodj mds`ceksty  skofgdeokemfpft pkr`ftdfe pfmf tf`ue-tf`ufe tkrfg`dr.\kekhdtdfe mfhfo skpuhu` tf`ue tkrfg`dr mdfetfrfeyfokeuenuggfe bf`wf =<% - 0<% of`fsdswf pkref`okhfgugfe J`kftdea   odedofh sftu gfhd.= Zurvkd

yfea mdhfgugfe tkr`fmfp 2;: of`fsdswfgkpkrfwftfe okekougfe 96% -  4=% of`fsdswf

 pkref` okhd`ft rkgfeeyf j`kftdea,  mfe 0% -  :4%of`fsdswf pkref` okhfgugfeeyf skemdrd.; 

Zurvkd yfea mdhfgugfe chk` Okmdf Arcup9 md 9gctf bksfr md Demceksdf yfdtu> Ofgfsfr, Zurfbfyf,Tcayfgfrtf, Bfemuea, Nfgfrtf mfe Okmfe mfrd =0<

rkspcemke okeykbutgfe 1<% mfrd rkspcemke pkref` okejcetkg, bfdg gktdgf skgchf` ofupueguhdf`. @fh ded okeuenuggfe bf`wf gkjurfeafefgfmkodg yfea tkrnfmd md Demceksdf jugup tdeaadmfe okenfmd ofsfhf` yfea skrdus md muedf pkemdmdgfe. 

Bkrmfsfrgfe urfdfe tkrskbut mdftfs mfpftmdsdopuhgfe bf`wf pkrdhfgu prciksdcefh( prcikssdcefh bk`fvdcr ) okrupfgfe `fh yfea pketdea mfhfo muedf pkemdmdgfe, g`ususeyf pkemdmdgfe gksk`ftfe, bfdg tdeagft detkrefsdcefh,efsdcefh ofupue destdtusdcefh g`ususeyf \chtkggksGkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf.

Okeydgfpd `fh tkrskbut ofgf mdpfemfea pketdea uetug okefefogfe sknfg mded pkrdhfgu prciksdcefh g`ususeyf detkardtfs fgfmkodg gkpfmfof`fsdswf \chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyffafr of`fsdswf \chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf

Rfyf mfpft okeadophkoketfsdgfeeyf mfhfogk`dmupfe fgfmkodg ofupue muedf gkrnf efetdeyf. 

Oktcmk 

\kekhdtdfe mksgrdptdi gufetdtftdi mkeafe

 pkemkgftfe survkd, mkeafe tkgedg pkeafobdhfesfopkh  \rcbfbdhhdty sdophk rfemco sfophdea

mdofef pcpuhfsd mdhfgugfe skjfrf fjfg sksufdmkeafe prcpcrsd nuohf` of`fsdswf pfmf sktdfp

 nurusfe (nurusfe Gkpkrfwftfe, Gkbdmfefe mfeAdzd), sk`deaaf sfopkh bkrnuohf` 2:1 crfea. 

Destruoke mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded okeaauefgfe

destruoke yfea gkobfeagfe chk` Rcii mfhfoOus`fryfetd

  =mkeafe bkbkrfpf dtko tkhf` md

ocmdidgfsd chk` pkekhdtd fafr hkbd` skmkr`fef,oumf` md pf`fod mfe sksufd mkeafe gcemdsd mfrd pcpuhfsd. Destruoke mdhfgugfe und vfhdmdtfs mfe

rkhdfbdtdfs. [nd vfhdmdtfs mkeafe edhfd jcrrkjtk dtko r5 <,:=< sk`deaaf mfrd nuohf` fwfh :2 butdr tkrsdsf

okenfmd 2; butdr mkeafe edhfd Jrcebfj` Fhp`f <,42. \keauopuhfe mftf mdhfgugfe okhfhud

 pkeadsdfe guksdcekr tketfea detkardtfs fgfmkodg.Mftf mdfefhdsds mkeafe fefhdsds mksgrdptdi. 

@fsdh 

@fsdh fefhdsds mdmfpftgfe bfeyfg butdr dtkomfrd pkreyftffe yfea mdfeaafp tdmfg okhfeaafrchk` rkspcemke. \krskpsd mfe pkrdhfgu detkardtfsof`fsdswf mfrd 2; dtko pkrdhfgu, mdnkhfsgfe bf`wfof`fsdswf yfea okhfeaafr detkardtfs efouemdfeaafp tdmfg okhfeaafr skbfeyfg 6,:% - 91,;%,skpuhu` pkrsketfsk tkrtdeaad tkofe of`fsdswf yfea pkref` okhfgugfe pkhfeaafrfe pkrdhfgu detkardtfsfgfmkodg skbfeyfg 20,1% - 91,;%, pkrsketfsk pkrdhfgu yfea pkref` mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf2=,=  ‚   1:,1% mfe pkrsketfsk pkrdhfgu yfea fgfemdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf skbksfr 6=,1% - =;,=%.Hkvkh sfegsd yfea mdpdhd` chk` of`fsdswf tkr`fmfp pkhfeaafrfe yfea mdhfgugfe tkrbfeyfg fmfhf` hkvkhsfegsd pkrdeaftfe hdsfe. Mfrd tfbkh 6 pkekhdtdokeakhcopcggfe 6< pkrsketfsk tkrtdeaad pkrskpsdmfe pkrdhfgu detkardtfs of`fsdswf. Fmfpue 6<

 pkrsketfsk tkrtdeaad mfrd sktdfp pkrdhfguof`fsdswf mdnkhfsgfe hkbd` hfenut pfmf ofsdea-

ofsdea tfbkh 2.

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

66

]fbkh 6. \krsketfsk Mdstrdbusd Rkspce Of`fsdwf \chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf tketfea Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg (e? 2:1)

Ec \kreyftffe Fpfgf` ded sfhf`3

(%)

Fpfgf` okeurut

femf tkofe

sksfof

of`fsdswf yfea

okhfgugfe `fh

ded3 (%)

Fpfgf` femf

pkref` okhfgugfe

`fh ded sfft guhdf`3

(%)

Fpfgf` femf

fgfe okhfgugfe

`fh ded mdofsf

yfea fgfe

mftfea3

Hkvkh sfegsd fpf yfea `frus mdbkrdgfe pfmf pkhfeaafrfe

pkrtfof gfhd3 ( Hkvkh sfegsd 6 -6<)

6* 2* :* 6** 2** :** 6** 2** :** 6** 2** :** 6 2 : = ; 9 1 0 4 6<

6. Okendophfg `fsdh gfryf tkofe

of`fsdswf ftfu okobkhd gfryf

crfea hfde mfrd supphdkr 01,; ; 1,9 ::,: =<,4 2;,1 2=,4 9=,; 6<,2 =;,= 6,1 ;:,: 2= =<,4 6<,; ;,6 61,: 6,9 < < < <

2. Okobfetu tkofe of`fsdswfokeykhksfdgfe tuafseyf ;:,0 20,4 61,: 2=,: 91,0 1,4 66,: 91 26,1 1,= 0<,0 66,0 60,: :1,9 2; 9,0 ;,= :,0 < 6,: 6,0 <

:. Okemfpftgfe ftfu okobkrdgfe

 bfetufe uetug tuafs guhdf` ,

okeyfhf`d fturfe pkeafnfr

(jcetc` okodenfogfe

 pkgkrnffeeyf pfmf of`fsdwf

hfde)

=1,0 60,; ::,1 20,1 =0,0 22,; :;,= 64,1 ==,4 20 ,1 :1,; :;,0 :0,: :2,6 60,= =,0 2,: 2,0 6,: < < <

=. Okeaghfdo `fsdh gkrnf sfof

(gkhcopcg) skbfafd gkrnf

demdvdmu)

16,0 0,= 64,0 60,1 ;<,0 :<,; 64,1 :;,1 ==,9 64,1 :;,1 ==,9 ::,: 9:,0 2,4 < < < < < < <

; Okeauopuhgfe tuafs yfea

tkhf` mdguopuhgfe skbkhuoeyf

uetug tuafs pkrguhdf`fe hfde.

49,= 6,2 2,= 2:,1 ;1,0 60,; 6;,0 91,; 69,1 4,: 14,9 66,6 62,0 01,2 < < < < < < < <

9. Mkeafe skeafnf okoprfirfsk

skbuf` tkgs pfmf skbuf` tuafs,

ftfu okeagcpd skbuf` tkgs

skjfrf hfeasuea tfepf

okeautdp suobkreyf

94,1 2<,; 4,0 91,; 61,0 6=,1 1:,1 60,2 0,6 21,0 90,2 = < 6<< < < < < < < < <

1. Okejcetkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe

skbkhf` ftfu okeadndegfetkofe skbkhf` femf uetug

okejcetkg nfwfbfe femf

skhfof undfe

41,0 <,1 6,6 96,: 26,9 61,6 ;2,1 :1,2 ;,6 2:,0 99,; 4,1 < 6<< < < < < < < < <

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\urbf, \krskpsd mfe \krdhfgu Of`fsdswf tketfea Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg

62 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

 Ec \kreyftffe

Fpfgf` ded sfhf`3

(%) 

Fpfgf` okeurut

femf tkofe

sksfof

of`fsdswf yfea

okhfgugfe `fh

ded3

(%) 

Fpfgf` femf

pkref` okhfgugfe

`fh ded sfft guhdf`3

(%) 

Fpfgf` femf

fgfe okhfgugfe

`fh ded mdofsf

yfea fgfe

mftfea3

(%) 

Hkvkh sfegsd fpf yfea `frus mdbkrdgfe pfmf pkhfeaafrfe

pkrtfof gfhd3 ( Hkvkh sfegsd 6 -6<) 

6* 2* :* 6** 2** :** 6** 2** :** 6** 2** :** 6 2 : = ; 9 1 0 4 6<

0. Okekrdof deicrofsd mfrd tkofe

of`fsdswf okeakefd pfpkr

yfea tkhf` mdundgfe, ftfuokeykmdfgfe deicrofsd

okeakefd skbuf` pfpkr uetug

tkofe of`fsdswf yfea bkhuo

undfe.

;2,= :0,1 0,4 20,: ;0,1 6: 60,: 92 60,4 69,: 16,2 62,; < 6<< < < < < < < < <

4. Okobfwf oftkrd yfea mdhfrfea

sfft undfe (okobfwf hkobfr

jcetkgfe sfft undfe)

42,= 9,2 6,6 20,4 =<,0 :<,: =2,: =4,: 0,= 6<,0 19,= 62,0 6,: 4,1 6,1 < < < < < < <

6<. Okeafrfea fhfsfe-fhfsfe uetug

okeuemf undfe :<,; ;0,: 66,2 64,1 :;,0 ==,; :2,1 =2,: 2; 62,0 10,: 0,4 2,1 90,1 16,= < < < < < < <

66. Okeaftur jfrf fafr huhus mfrd

undfe mkeafe okeaauefgfe

gcekgsd prdbfmd ftfu mkeafe

jfrf sufp 1;,1 60 9,: 61,; 94,1 62,0 60,1 9=,; 69,0 2,: 4;,4 6,0 < 6<< < < < < < < < <

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

6:

 Ec pkreyftffe  

Fpfgf` ded sfhf`3

(%) 

Fpfgf` okeurut

femf tkofe

sksfof

of`fsdswf yfea

okhfgugfe `fh

ded3 (%) 

Fpfgf` femf

pkref` okhfgugfe

`fh ded sfft guhdf`3

(%) 

Fpfgf` femf

fgfe okhfgugfe

`fh ded mdofsf

yfea fgfe

mftfea3 

Hkvkh sfegsd fpf yfea `frus mdbkrdgfe pfmf pkhfeaafrfe

pkrtfof gfhd3 ( Hkvkh sfegsd 6 -6<) 

6* 2* :* 6** 2** :** 6** 2** :** 6 2 : 6 2 : = ; 9 1 0 4 6<

6: Okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr

uetug tkofe yfea fbske, ftfu

odetf tkofe skgkhfs uetug

okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr md

hfb ftfu md pkrguhdf`fe

90,: 24,; 6,0 24,0 ;1,= 62,0 2:,= 91,4 0,1 61,4 10,= 1,: 69,: 92,2 26,; < < < < < < <

6= Zkrdea tdmfg okeadgutd

 pkrguhdf`fe 91,0 69,: 6;,4 64,1 9=,: 6;,0 6;,2 1:,2 66,9 62,: :;,0 2:,; 0,1 20,1 :0,2 6,2 62,; 6<,1 < < < <

6; Okofhsugfe tfemf tfeafe

 pktuafs gksk`ftfe pfmf `fsdh

gkrnf, arfidg pfsdke uetug suftu

 pkeuafsfe

0:,; 66,2 ;,: 0,2 62,: 14,; =,: 02,1 6: 6,2 4,; :,9 6,9 1=,1 2:,1 < < < < < < <

69 ]dmfg okeadgutd prcskmur

gcetrch deikgsd skjfrf bkefr

gktdgf prfgtkg md ruof` sfgdt 0=,; 62,: :,2 :0,1 =0,9 62,0 2;,9 :2,: =2,6 6=,1 92,: 2: 61,= 91 66,: 6,0 2,; < < < < <

61 Okeaubf` rfegdea mfhfo

hkobfr mftf rksod 14,: 9,4 6:,0 6,= 49,: 2,: < 4:,1 9,: < 40,0 6,2 < 6<< < < < < < < < <

60 Okeafejfo ftfu okhkjk`gfe

skjfrf vkrbfh pkeafwfd

 pchtkggks ftfu tkofe

of`fsdswf

1:,= 2,0 2:,0 20,: ;0,0 62,4 61,1 90,; 6:,0 9,: 19,= 61,: =,: 20,1 :1,2 2<,1 < < 4,6 < < <

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\urbf, \krskpsd mfe \krdhfgu Of`fsdswf tketfea Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg

6= Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

 Ec pkreyftffe  

Fpfgf` ded sfhf`3

(mfhfo %) 

Fpfgf` okeurut

femf tkofe

sksfof

of`fsdswf yfea

okhfgugfe `fh

ded3

(mfhfo %) 

Fpfgf` femf

pkref` okhfgugfe

`fh ded sfft guhdf`3

(mfhfo %) 

Fpfgf` femf

fgfe okhfgugfe

`fh ded mdofsf

yfea fgfe

mftfea3

(mfhfo%) 

Hkvkh sfegsd fpf yfea `frus mdbkrdgfe pfmf pkhfeaafrfe

pkrtfof gfhd3 ( Hkvkh sfegsd 6 -6<)***

(mfhfo %) 

6* 2* :* 6** 2** :** 6** 2** :** 6** 2** :** 6 2 : = ; 9 1 0 4 6<

64 ]krhdbft mfhfo

okeyfhf`aueffe zft tkrhfrfea

40,1 < 6,: 6,: 6,: =1,= < 44,1 <,0 < 44,2 <,0 6,0 14,0 62,0 < < < < < ;,9 <

2< Zkrdea tkrhfobft `fmdr gkhfs 44,2 < <,0 6:,1 10,: 0 61,: 1: 4,1 9,: 04,= =,: :1,; 92,; < < < < < < < <

26 ]dmfg okeakrnfgfe bfadfe

tuafs yfea tkhf` mdbfad chk`

gkhcopcgeyf

0=,; =,2 66,: :=,1 ;1,9 1,1 26,2 =:,1 :;,6 2,= 4:,0 :,0 < 6<< < < < < < < < <

22 Okrusfg bfrfea odhdg uouo

skpkrtd okejcrkt-jcrkt oknf

mfe gursd

41,: 6,6 6,9 =6,1 ;=,9 <,1 2,: 04 0,1 < 4=,1 ;,: < 6<< < < < < < < < <

Gktkrfeafe> Qfref `dnfu > pkrsketfsd 6< tkrtdeaad yfea mdfeafp okhfeaafr, wfref guedea pkrsketfsd 6< tkrtdeaad mdfeaafp tdmfg okhfeaafr mfe bfeyfg mdhfgugfe. Qfref `dnfu > hkvkh

sfegsd tkrbfeyfg yfea mdpdhd` rkspcemke pfmf sktdfp dtko pkrdhfgu.

6*? Tf, 2* ? tdmfg ,:* ? tdmfg yfgde/rfau-rfau

6** ? Tf okhfgugfe 2** ? tdmfg okhfgugfe, :** ? tdmfg yfgde/rfau-rfau

\dhd`fe hkvkh sfegsd*** 6 ? ]dmfg fmf sfegsd , 2 ? \krdeaftfe hdsfe , : ? \krdeaftfe tkrtuhds, = ? \krdeaftfe phus gceskhdea wfndb, ; ? \krdeaftfe, gceskhdea tuafs tfobf`fe,

9 ? ]dmfg huhus mfrd oftf guhdf`/bhcg/stfsk tkrtketu, 1 ? ]dmfg huhus mfrd tf`ue tkrtketu (mddndegfe uetug okeauhfea), 0 ? Mdgkhufrgfe mfrd \chtkgks (bchk` okeadgutd tks

ofsug hgkobfhd sktkhf` sftu tf`ue), 4 ? Mdgkhufrgfe mfrd \chtkgks (tdmfg fmf gkskopftfe uetug dgut tks ofsug hfad), 6< ? Okhfpcr pfmf bfmfe pkeafturfe prciksdcefh

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

6;

]fbkh 2. Mdstrdbusd pkrsketfsk 6< tkrtdeaad butdr pkreyftffe yfea mdfeaafp okhfeaafr chk` Of`fsdswf

\chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf (e?2:1)

Ec

butdr Butdr pkreyftffe

Fpfgf` ded sfhf`

(%) 

Tf ]dmfg ]dmfg

Tfgde

2: Zkrdea tkrhfobft `fmdr md gkhfs 44,2 < <,022 ]krhd`ft mfhfo okeyfhf`aueffe zft tkrhfrfea 40,1 < 6,:66 Okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe skbkhf`, ftfu okeadndegfe tkofe

skbkhf` femf uetug okejcetkg nfwfbfe femf skhfof undfe41,0 <,1 6,6

2; Okrusfg bfrfea odhdg uouo, skpkrtd okejcrkt-jcrkt oknf mfe gursd 41,: 6,6 6,9

; Okeauopuhgfe tuafs yfea tkhf` mdguopuhgfe skbkhuoeyf uetugtuafs pkrguhdf`fe hfde

49,= 6,2 2,=

6: Okobfwf oftkrd yfea mdhfrfea sfft undfe (okobfwf hkobfr

jcetkgfe sfft undfe)

42,= 9,2 6,6

6 Okendophfg `fsdh gfryf tkofe of`fsdswf ftfu okobkhd gfryf crfea

hfde mfrd supphdkr

01,; ; 1,9

1 ]dmfg okeautdp skjfrf bkefr suobkr deicrofsd (okeajcpd skbuf`

tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea, tktfpd `feyf okeadgutgfe suobkr mfhfo

rkikrkesd

09,1 9,2 1,6

60 Okofhsugfe tfemftfeafe pktuafs gksk`ftfe pfmf `fsdh gkrnf, arfidg pfsdke uetug suftu pkeuafsfe

0:,; 66,2 ;,:

2= ]dmfg okeakrnfgfe bfadfe tuafs yfea tkhf` mdbfad chk`gkhcopcgeyf

0=,; =,2 66,:

]fbkh 2. Okenkhfsgfe tketfea pkrskpsdof`fsdswf. \krskpsd of`fsdswf ded, mdafobfrgfeokhfhud pkrsketfsk 6< tkrtdeaad butdr pkreyftffeyfea mdfeaafp okhfeaafr chk` Of`fsdswf. [rutfe pkrtfof yfea mdfeaafp okhfeaafr chk` of`fsdswffmfhf` skrdea tkrhfobft `fmdr md gkhfs skbfeyfg(44,2%), ]krhdbft mfhfo pkeyfhf`aueffe zftokekopftd urutfe gk 2 mkeafe nuohf` skbfeyfh(40,1%) skmfeagfe urutfe gk-: tkrtdeaad yfea

mdfeaafp okhfeaafr chk` of`fsdswf fmfhf`okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe skbkhf`, ftfuokeadndegfe tkofe skbkhf` femf uetug okejcetkg nfwfbfe femf skhfof undfe skbfeyfg (41,0%).[etug okeaftf`ud pkrdhfgu of`fsdswf pkekhdtd

okemksgrdpsdgfe bkrmfsfrgfe : nkeds pkrdhfgu pfmf butdr pkreyftffe tketfea detkardtfs fgfmkodg yfeaokhdputd> (6) pkrdhfgu tkofe, (2) pkrdhfguof`fsdswf (rkspcemke) yfea pkref` mdhfgugfe mfe(:) pkrdhfgu of`fsdswf (rkspcemke) yfea fgfemdhfgugfe. Gktdaf pkrdhfgu of`fsdswf tkrskbut fgfemdnkhfsgfe bkrmfsfrgfe mksgrdpsdeyf. Fmfpfuemksgrdpsd tketfea pkrdhfgu tkofe of`fsdswfmdafobfrgfe mkeafe  pkrtfeyffe skbfafd bkrdgut> ‘

fpfgf` tkofe femf sksfof of`fsdswf okhfgugfe`fh ded3‟ mfrd pkrtfeyffe tkrskbut tkrmfpft 6< pkrsketfsd tkrtdeaad uetug nfwfbfe ‘yf‟ skpkrtd pfmf tfbkh : bkrdgut ded.

]fbkh :. Mdstrdbusd pkrsketfsk 6< tkrtdeaad butdr pkreyftffe mdhfgugfe chk` ]kofe Of`fsdswf

\chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf (e?2:1)

Ecbutdr Butdr pkreyftffe

Fpfgf` ded sfhf`(%) 

Tf ]dmfg ]dmfg

Tfgde

9 Mkeafe skeafnf okoprfirfsk skbuf` tkgs pfmf skbuf` tuafs, ftfuokeajcpd skbuf` tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea tfepf okeautdp suobkreyf

91,; 61,0 6=,1

66 Okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe skbkhf`, ftfu okeadndegfe tkofeskbkhf` femf uetug okejcetkg nfwfbfe femf skhfof undfe

96,: 26,9 61.6

1 ]dmfg okeautdp skjfrf bkefr suobkr deicrofsd (okeajcpd skbuf`

tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea, tktfpd `feyf okeadgutgfe suobkr mfhfo

rkikrkesd

=0,1 9;,; 69,0

2; Okrusfg bfrfea odhdg uouo, skpkrtd okejcrkt-jcrkt oknf mfe gursd =6,1 ;=,9 :,164 ]dmfg okeadgutd prcskmur gcetrch deikgsd skjfrf bkefr gktdgf prfgtkg

md ruof` sfgdt:0,1 =0,9 62,0

2= ]dmfg okeakrnfgfe bfadfe tuafs yfea tkhf` mdbfad chk`gkhcopcgeyf

:=,1 ;1,9 1,1

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\urbf, \krskpsd mfe \krdhfgu Of`fsdswf tketfea Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg

69 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

Ec

butdr Butdr pkreyftffe

Fpfgf` ded sfhf`

(%) 

Tf ]dmfg ]dmfg

Tfgde

6 Okendophfg `fsdh gfryf tkofe of`fsdswf ftfu okobkhd gfryf crfea

hfde mfrd supphdkr

::,: =<,4 2;,1

69 Okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr uetug tkofe yfea fbske, ftfu odetf

tkofe skgkhfs uetug okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr md hfb ftfu md pkrguhdf`fe

24,0 ;1,= 62,0

6: Okobfwf oftkrd yfea mdhfrfea sfft undfe (okobfwf hkobfrjcetkgfe sfft undfe)

20,4 =<,0 :<,:

: Okemfpftgfe ftfu okobkrdgfe bfetufe uetug tuafs guhdf`,okeyfhf`d fturfe pkeafnfr (jcetc` okodenfogfe pkgkrnffeeyf pfmf

of`fsdswf hfde)

20,1 =0,0 22,;

Mfrd tfbkh : tkrskbut mdftfs pkrdhfgu yfea pfhdea bfeyfg mdhfgugfe chk` tkofe of`fsdswffmfhf` butdr pcdet 9 yfdtu, ‘Mkeafe skeafnf

okoprfirfsk skbuf` tkgs pfmf skbuf` tuafs, ftfuokeajcpd skbuf` tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea tfepfokeautdp suobkreyf skbksfr (91,;%) mfe urutfegkmuf fmfhf` butdr pcdet 66 yfdtu ‘Okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe skbkhf`, ftfu okeadndegfe

tkofe skbkhf` femf uetug okejcetkg nfwfbfefemf skhfof undfe skbksfr (96,:%).

Nkeds pkrdhfgu yfea gk-2 fmfhf` mksgrdpsd

tketfea pkrdhfgu of`fsdswf (rkspcemke) yfea pkref` mdhfgugfe. \krtfeyffe uetug mksgrdpdsd dedfmfhf`, ‘ fpfgf` femf (of`fsdswf) pkref`okhfgugfgfe `fh ded3 Afobfrfe mfrd pkrtfeyffedtu mdpfpfrgfe pfmf tfbkh = bkrdgut ded.

 

]fbkh =. Mdstrdbusd pkrsketfsk pkrdhfgu fgfmkodg 6< tkrtdeaad pkref` mdhfgugfe chk` Of`fsdswf \chtkggks

Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf (e?2:1)

Ec

butdr Butdr pkreyftffe

Fpfgf` ded sfhf`

(mfhfo %) 

Tf ]dmfg ]dmfg

Tfgde

9 Mkeafe skeafnf okoprfirfsk skbuf` tkgs pfmf skbuf` tuafs, ftfu

okeajcpd skbuf` tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea tfepf okeautdp suobkreyf

1:,1 60,2 0,6

0 Okeautdp skbuf` suobkr yfea pfmf gkeyftffeeyf tdmfg mdbfjf

mkeafe hkeagfp

92,0 26,: 6;,4

1 ]dmfg okeautdp skjfrf bkefr suobkr deicrofsd (okeajcpd skbuf`

tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea, tktfpd `feyf okeadgutgfe suobkr mfhforkikrkesd

;0,1 :0,1 2,9

66 Okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe skbkhf`, ftfu okeadndegfe tkofeskbkhf` femf uetug okejcetkg nfwfbfe femf skhfof undfe

;2,1 :1,2 ;,6

6: Okobfwf oftkrd yfea mdhfrfea sfft undfe (okobfwf hkobfr

jcetkgfe sfft undfe)

=2,: =4,: 0,=

: Okemfpftgfe ftfu okobkrdgfe bfetufe uetug tuafs guhdf`,okeyfhf`d fturfe pkeafnfr (jcetc` okodenfogfe pkgkrnffeeyf pfmf

of`fsdswf hfde)

:;,= 64,1 ==,4

6= Okeafrfea fhfsfe-fhfsfe uetug okeuemf undfe :2,1 =2,: 2;

64 ]dmfg okeadgutd prcskmur gcetrch deikgsd skjfrf bkefr gktdgf prfgtkgmd ruof` sfgdt

2;,9 :2,: =2,6

6 Okendophfg `fsdh gfryf tkofe of`fsdswf ftfu okobkhd gfryf crfea

hfde mfrd supphdkr

2=,4 9=,; 6<,2

69 Okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr uetug tkofe yfea fbske, ftfu odetf

tkofe skgkhfs uetug okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr md hfb ftfu md pkrguhdf`fe

2:,= 91,1 0,1

Mfrd tfbkh = mfpft mdhd`ft pkrdhfgu yfea bfeyfg mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf fmfhf` butdr

 pcdet ec 9 yfdtu ‘mkeafe skeafnf okoprfirfskskbuf` tkgs pfmf skbuf` tuafs, ftfu okeajcpd

skbuf` tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea tfepf okeautdp

suobkreyf‟ skbfeyfg (1:,1%), skmfeafg fe urutfegkmuf tkrbfeyfg mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf fmfhf`

‘okeautdp skbuf` suobkr yfea pfmfgkeyftffeeyf tdmfg mdbfjf mkeafe

hkeagfp‟skbksfr (92,0%), skmfeafgfe yfea tdmfg

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

61

gfhf` okefrdgeyf pkrdhfgu yfea pkref` mdhfgugfechk` of`fsdswf yfea ofsug gftfacrd 6< tkrtdeaadfmfhf` okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr uetug tkofeyfea fbske, ftfu odetf tkofe skgkhfs uetugokefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr md hfbcrftcrduo ftfu

md pkrguhdf`fe skbksfr (2:,=%)

Nkeds gk -: mfrd pkrdhfgu of`fsdswf fmfhf`tketfea pkrdhfgu of`fsdswf (rkspcemke) yfea fgfemdhfgugfe yfea pkrtfeyffeeyf mdskmkr`fefgfeokenfmd ‘fpfgf` femf fgfe okhfgugfe `fh ded3‟Afobfrfe nfwfbfe mfrd rkspcemke mfpft mdhd`ft

 pfmf tfbkh ; bkrdgut ded.

]fbkh ;. Mdstrdbusd pkrsketfsk pkrdhfgu fgfmkodg 6< tkrtdeaad fgfe mdhfgugfe chk` Of`fsdswf \chtkggks

Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf (e?2:1)

Ec

butdr Butdr pkreyftffe

Fpfgf` ded sfhf`

(mfhfo %) 

Tf ]dmfg ]dmfg

Tfgde

6 Okendophfg `fsdh gfryf tkofe of`fsdswf ftfu okobkhd gfryf crfea

hfde mfrd supphdkr

=;,= 6,1 ;:,:

: Okemfpftgfe ftfu okobkrdgfe bfetufe uetug tuafs guhdf`,

okeyfhf`d fturfe pkeafnfr (jcetc` okodenfogfe pkgkrnffeeyf pfmfof`fsdswf hfde)

20,1 :1,; :;,0

9 Mkeafe skeafnf okoprfirfsk skbuf` tkgs pfmf skbuf` tuafs, ftfuokeajcpd skbuf` tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea tfepf okeautdp suobkreyf

21,0 90,2 =

1 ]dmfg okeautdp skjfrf bkefr suobkr deicrofsd (okeajcpd skbuf`

tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea, tktfpd `feyf okeadgutgfe suobkr mfhforkikrkesd

21,= 9;,4 9,1

66 Okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe skbkhf`, ftfu okeadndegfe tkofe

skbkhf` femf uetug okejcetkg nfwfbfe femf skhfof undfe

2:,0 99,; 4,1

= Okeaghfdo `fsdh gkrnf sfof (gkhcopcg) skbfafd gkrnf demdvdmu 64,1 :;,1 ==,969 Okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr uetug tkofe yfea fbske, ftfu odetf

tkofe skgkhfs uetug okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr md hfb ftfu md

 pkrguhdf`fe

61,4 10,= 1,:

62 Okekrdof deicrofsd mfrd tkofe of`fsdswf okeakefd pfpkr yfea

tkhf` mdundgfe, ftfu okeykmdfgfe deicrofsd okeakefd skbuf` pfpkruetug tkofe of`fsdswf yfea bkhuo undfe

69,: 16,2 62,;

0 Okeautdp skbuf` suobkr yfea pfmf gkeyftffeeyf tdmfg mdbfjf

mkeafe hkeagfp

6;,2 ;9,6 20,1

64 ]dmfg okeadgutd prcskmur gcetrch deikgsd skjfrf bkefr gktdgf prfgtkgmd ruof` sfgdt

6=,1 92,: 2:

\fmf tfbkh ; tkrskbut mdftfs pkrdhfgu yfeafgfe mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf yfea okekopftdurutfe pkrtfof fmfhf` ‘okendophfg `fsdh gfryftkofe of`fsdswf ftfu okobkhd gfryf crfea hfdemfrd supphdkr‟ skbksfr (=;,=%), skmfeagfe yfeatdmfg gfhf` okefrdgeyf mfrd afobfrfe pfmf tfbkh =tkrskbut fmfhf` pkrdhfgu yfea fgfe mdhfgugfe chk`of`fsdswf fmfhf` okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofeskbkhf`, ftfu okeadndegfe tkofe skbkhf` femfuetug okejcetkg nfwfbfe femf skhfof undfe‟okekopftd urutfe gk-; yfdtu skbksfr (2:,0%)

Rkgfpdtuhfsd mfrd gkkopft nkeds pkrtfeyffe

tketfea detkardtfs fgfmkodg, mfpft mdhd`ft pfmftfbkh 9. \fmf tfbkh 9 mdpfpfrgfe rkgfpdtuhfsd mfrdgkkopft nkeds pkrtfeyffe tketfea detkardtfsfgfmkodg, sk`deaaf mfpft mdhd`ft butdr pkreyftffeyfea sfof-sfof okekopftd urutfe pkrsketfsk

yfea tdeaad pfmf sktdfp nkeds pkrtfeyffe. [rutfe pkrtfof fmfhf` butdr pcdet ec 66 ‘Okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe skbkhf`, ftfu okeadndegfe

tkofe skbkhf` femf uetug okejcetkg nfwfbfefemf skhfof undfe‟ tkrofsug pkrsketfsk tkrtdeaad pfmf gkkopft nkeds fspkg pkrtfeyffe, frtdeyfof`fsdswf sumf` pf`fo gfhfu pkreyftffetkrskbut sfhf`, (42,2%), bfeyfg tkofe of`fsdswfyfea okhfgugfe `fh tkrskbut (96,:%), bfeyfgof`fsdswf yfea pkref` okhfgugfe (;2,1%) mfe bfeyfg of`fsdswf yfea fgfe okhfgugfe (2:,0%),skmfeagfe butdr pcdet 0 ‘Okeautdp skbuf` suobkryfea pfmf gkeyftffeeyf tdmfg mdbfjf mkeafehkeagfp ofsug mfhfo pkrsketfsk tkrfg`dr gfrkef butdr pkreyftffe tkrskbut `feyf ofsug gkmfhfo

muf nkeds pkrtfeyffe sfnf, yfdtu bfeyfg of`fsdswfyfea pkref` okhfgugfe (92,0%), mfe bfeyfgof`fsdswf yfea fgfe okhfgugfe (6;,2%).Of`fsdswf okeaafeafp bf`wf pkreyftffetkrskbut tdmfg sfhf`.

Detkardtfs fgfmkodg okodhdgd = fspkg yfdtu>gknunurfe, gkfmdhfe, tfeaauea nfwfb mfeokea`croftd crfea hfde. Mfrd 2; butdr pkreyftffe

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\urbf, \krskpsd mfe \krdhfgu Of`fsdswf tketfea Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg

60 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

tketfea detkardtfs fgfmkodg yfea mdnfwfb chk`rkspcemke mdfefhdsds chk` pkekhdtd. Mfe `fsdh eyf

fmfhf` 69 butdr pkreyftffe fmfhf` fspkg gknunurfe,2 butdr pkreyftfffe fmfhf` fspkg gkfmdhfe, ; butdr pkreyftfffe fmfhf` fspkg tfeaauea nfwfb mfe 2 butdr pkreyftffe fmfhf` fspkg okea`croftd crfea

hfde.\krskpsd mfe pkrdhfgu of`fsdswf tketfea

detkardfs fgfmkodg mfrd `fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded

okeuenuggfe ofsd` fmf of`fsdswf yfea rfau-

rfau uetug bkrsdgfp nunur yfdtu skbfeyfg 6;,:% ,skmfeagfe uetug sdgfp fmdh of`fsdswf yfea rfau-

rfau fmf skbfeyfg 1,9%, uetug sdgfp tfeaauea nfwfb mfe okea`croftd of`fsdswf nuaf ofsd`fmf yfea rfau-rfau, yfdtu skbksfr 66,:%. Tfea pfhdea okefrdg fmfhf` ofsd` fmf of`fsdswf yfea

okeafeaafp skouf pkrdhfgu tkrskbut tdmfgokhfeaafr, bfdg pfmf fspkg gknunurfe yfdtuskbksfr 61,:%, fspkg gkfmdhfe 2=,9% mfe pfmf

fspkg tfeaauea nfwfb 9,1% 

]fbkh 9. Mdstrdbusd Rkgfpdtuhfsd mfrd kopft nkeds pkrtfeyffe tketfea detkardtfs fgfmkodg bkrmfsfrgfe 6<

\krsketfsk tkrtdeaad (e?2:1) 

Ec

butdr

Butdr \kreyftffe 6. 

\kemfpft

of`fsds

wf yfea

okhfeaafr

\krdhfgu

tkofe

of`fsdswf

:.

\krdhfgu

Of`fsds

wf

=.

\krdhfgu

of`fsdsw

yfea fgfe

mftfea

TF (%) TF

(%)

TF

(%)

TF

(%)

66 Okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe skbkhf`, ftfu

okeadndegfe tkofe skbkhf` femf uetugokejcetkg nfwfbfe femf skhfof undfe

44,2 96,: ;2,1 2:,0

1 ]dmfg okeautdp skjfrf bkefr suobkr

deicrofsd (okeajcpd skbuf` tkgs skjfrf

hfeasuea, tktfpd `feyf okeadgutgfesuobkr mfhfo rkikrkesd

09,1 =0,1 ;0,= 21,=

6 Okendophfg `fsdh gfryf tkofe of`fsdswfftfu okobkhd gfryf crfea hfde mfrd supphdkr

01,; ::,: 2=,4 =;,=

9 Mkeafe skeafnf okoprfirfsk skbuf` tkgs

 pfmf skbuf` tuafs, ftfu okeajcpd skbuf`tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea tfepf okeautdpsuobkreyf

- 91,; 1:,1 21,=

6: Okobfwf oftkrd yfea mdhfrfea sfft undfe(okobfwf hkobfr jcetkgfe sfft undfe)

42,1 20,4 =:,2 -

: Okemfpftgfe ftfu okobkrdgfe bfetufe

uetug tuafs guhdf`, okeyfhf`d fturfe

 pkeafnfr (jcetc` okodenfogfe pkgkrnffeeyf pfmf of`fsdswf hfde)

- 20,4 :;,= 20,:

64 ]dmfg okeadgutd prcskmur gcetrch deikgsdskjfrf bkefr gktdgf prfgtkg md ruof` sfgdt

- :0,1 2;,9 6=,1

69 Okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr uetug tkofe

yfea fbske, ftfu odetf tkofe skgkhfs uetugokefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr md hfb ftfu md pkrguhdf`fe

- 20,4 2:,= 61,4

2; Okrusfg bfrfea odhdg uouo, skpkrtdokejcrkt-jcrkt oknf mfe gursd

41,: =6,1 - -

2= ]dmfg okeakrnfgfe bfadfe tuafs yfeatkhf` mdbfad chk` gkhcopcgeyf

0=,; :=,1 - -

0 Okeautdp skbuf` suobkr yfea pfmfgkeyftffeeyf tdmfg mdbfjf mkeafehkeagfp

- - 92,0 6;,2

\kobf`fsfe 

\krskpsd mfe pkrdhfgu fmfhf` muf `fh yfea

 bkrgfdtfe, gfrkef pkrdhfgu skskcrfea mdpkeafru`d

chk` jfrfeyf mfhfo okofemfea sksuftu `fh.1 Jfrfskskcrfea okedhfd sksuftu `fh fgfe okopkeafru`d pkrdhfgueyf, fpfbdhf okeafeaafp sksuftu dtu

 bkefr ofgf fgfe okhfgugfeeyf, mfe fpfbdhfokeaafeafp sksuftu dtu sfhf` ofgf fgfeokea`demfrdeyf. Mfhfo `fh detkardtfs fgfmkodg

yfea okhdputd = fspkg yfdtu gknunurfe, gkfmdhfe,tfeaauea nfwfb mfe sdgfp okea`croftd , pkrskpsdof`fsdswf okopkeafru`d pkrdhfgueyf. \krskpsd

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

64

mfpft mdpkeafru`d chk` bfeyfg `fh, skpkrtd pkeaktf`ufe, gkfmffe psdgchcad, pkeafhfofe pfmfofsf hfhu, pkeafru` gkhufraf mfe crfeatuf mfe pkeafru`d bumfyf mfe hdeagueafe skgdtfr.Mkodgdfe puhf mkeafe pkrskpsd tkr`fmfp

gknunurfe, gkfmdhfe, tfeaauea nfwfb mfeokea`croftd yfea tketueyf mfpft mdpkeafru`dchk` `fh tkrskbut mdftfs. \krskpsd tketfea bkefrsfhf`, pketdea tdmfgeyf sksuftu `fh mfpft mdbketugchk` pkeaktf`ufe, pkeafhfofe mfe hdeagueafe.

1

Chk` gfrkef dtu gkjkemkrueafe pkrskpsdof`fsdswf tketfea suftu pkrdhfgu fgfe sksufd puhfmkeafe pkrdhfgueyf. Zkpkrtd tkhf` mdnkhfsgfe pfmf`fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded mfrd 2; butdr pkrtfeyffe tketfea pkrdhfgu fmf 6< pkrsketfsk tkrtdeaad yfea mdfeaafpokhfeaafr chk` of`fsdwfyfdtu7 (6) Zkrdeatkrhfobft `fmdr md gkhfs, (2). ]krhd`ft mfhfo

okeyfhf`aueffe zft tkrhfrfea, (:) Okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofe skbkhf`, ftfu okeadndegfetkofe skbkhf` femf uetug okejcetkg nfwfbfefemf skhfof undfe, (=). Okrusfg bfrfea odhdguouo, skpkrtd okejcrkt-jcrkt oknf mfe gursd, (;)

Okeauopuhgfe tuafs yfea tkhf` mdguopuhgfeskbkhuoeyf uetug tuafs pkrguhdf`fe hfde, (9)Okobfwf oftkrd yfea mdhfrfea sfft undfe(okobfwf hkobfr jcetkgfe sfft undfe, (1).Okendophfg `fsdh gfryf tkofe of`fsdswf ftfu

okobkhd gfryf crfea hfde mfrd supphdkr, (0). ]dmfg

okeautdp skjfrf bkefr suobkr deicrofsd(okeajcpd skbuf` tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea, tktfpd`feyf okeadgutgfe suobkr mfhfo rkikrkesd, (4).Okofhsugfe tfemftfeafe pktuafs gksk`ftfe pfmf`fsdh gkrnf, arfidg pfsdke uetug suftu pkeuafsfe(6<). ]dmfg okeakrnfgfe bfadfe tuafs yfea tkhf`

mdbfad chk` gkhcopcgeyf.Zkmfeagfe pkrdhfgu ya mdfeaafp tdmfg

okhfeaafr  chk` of`fsdswf 6< pkrsketfsktkrtdeaad fmfhf`> (6), Mkeafe skeafnf okoprfirfskskbuf` tkgs pfmf skbuf` tuafs, ftfu okeajcpdskbuf` tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea tfepf okeautdp

suobkreyf, (2).Okejctkg nfwfbfe mfrd tkofeskbkhf`, ftfu okeadndegfe tkofe skbkhf` femfuetug okejcetkg nfwfbfe femf skhfof undfe,(:).]dmfg okeautdp skjfrf bkefr suobkr deicrofsd(okeajcpd skbuf` tkgs skjfrf hfeasuea, tktfpd`feyf okeadgutgfe suobkr mfhfo rkikrkesd, (=).Okrusfg bfrfea odhdg uouo, skpkrtd okejcrkt-jcrkt oknf mfe gursd, (;), ]dmfg okeadgutd prcskmur gcetrch deikgsd skjfrf bkefr gktdgf prfgtkg md ruof` sfgdt, (9). ]dmfg okeakrnfgfe bfadfe tuafs yfea tkhf` mdbfad chk` gkhcopcgeyf(1). Okendophfg `fsdh gfryf tkofe of`fsdswf ftfu

okobkhd gfryf crfea hfde mfrd supphdkr, (0).Okefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr uetug tkofe yfea

fbske, ftfu odetf tkofe skgkhfs uetugokefemftfeafed mfitfr `fmdr md hfb ftfu md pkrguhdf`fe, (4). Okobfwf oftkrd yfea mdhfrfeasfft undfe (okobfwf hkobfr jcetkgfe sfft undfe),(6<). Okemfpftgfe ftfu okobkrdgfe bfetufe

uetug tuafs guhdf`, okeyfhf`d fturfe pkeafnfr(jcetc` okodenfogfe pkgkrnffeeyf pfmfof`fsdswf hfde). Bkrmfsfrgfe `fsdh fefhdsdstkrhd`ft pkrdhfgu yfea mdfeaafp tdmfg okhfeaafr chk` of`fsdswf fmfhf` bkrvfrdfsd yfdtu fetfrf(6,:% ‚ 91,;%) @fh ded okeuenuggfe bf`wfof`fsdswf okeafeaafp pkrdhfgu tkrskbut wfnfrmfe bchk` mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf.

Ifgtf hfde yfea tkrhd`ft nkhfs mfhfo `fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` bfeyfg of`fsdswf yfearfau-rfau, fpfgf` pkrdhfgu tkrskbut sfhf` ftfutdmfg, ded mdbugtdgfe mkeafe pkrsketfsk 14,;%

of`fsdswf ofsd` rfau tkr`fmfp pkrdhfgu ‘okofhsugfe tfemf tfeafe pktuafs gksk`ftfe pfmf`fsdh gkrnf arfidg pfsdke uetug suftu pkeuafsfe‟.@fh ded mdmuguea chk` pkekhdtdfe OjJfbk kt fh

0

yfea okeakougfgfe pkrskpsd of`fsdswf tketfea

 pkrdhfgu of`fsdswf tkofe skbfyf okrupfgfesfhf` sftu ifgtcr pketdea yfea okodju of`fsdswfokhfgugfe suftu tdemfgfe fjfmkodj mds`ceksty. Bkbkrfpf pkekhdtdfe okeyftfgfe pkrdhfgu tkofeskbfyf nuaf fgfe okopkeafru`d pkrskpsdeyf.

Zkpkrtd mdueagfpgfe chk` Brcwe (2<<2,) yfea

mdsdtfsd chk` @fppkr (2<<9) bf`wf `fsdh survkdyfea mdhfgugfe tkr`fmfp 2;: of`fsdswfgkpkrfwftfe 96% `deaaf 4=% of`fsdswfgkpkrfwftfe pkref` okhd`ft tkofeeyf okhfgugfej`kftdea mfe 0% `deaaf :4% pkref`okhfguggfeeyf skemdrd. Zurvkd yfea mdhfgugfe

chk` Okmdf Arcup tf`ue 2<<4 md 9 gctf bksfr mdDemceksdf yfdtu Ofgfsfr, Zurfbfyf, Tcayfgfrtf,Bfemuea, Nfgfrtf mfe Okmfe mfrd =0< rkspcemkeyfea mdpdhd` skjfrf fjfg mdwfwfejfrfd okhfhudtkhkpce uetug okenfwfb guksdcekr okeykbutgfe bf`wf 1<% rkspcemke pkref` okejcetkg bfdg

gktdgf skgchf` ofupue guhdf`. @fh dedokeuenuggfe bf`wf pkrdhfgu tkofe skbfyf mfpftokopkeafru`d pkrdhfgu of`fsdwf. ]krhkbd` bdhfof`fsdswf okhd`ft tkofeeyf okhfgugfe suftutdemfgfe, ofgf pkrskpsd of`fsdswf tkrskbutokeaftfgfe bf`wf `fh tkrskbut bchk` mdhfgugfe,mfe skhfenuteyf of`fsdswf tkrskbut pueokhfgugfe `fh yfea sfof. Fpfhfad ndgf of`fsdswfyfea okhfgugfe tdemfgfe okhfeaafr detkardtfsfgfmkodg , tdmfg okemfpftgfe sfegsd yfea tkafsmfrd destdtusd, ofgf `fh ded okobkrd mcrceafe pfmfof`fsdswf uetug okhfgugfe `fh yfea sfof,

gfrkef okrfsf fofe mfrd `uguofe mfe tdmfgokodhdgd rksdgc fpfpue. [etug dtu pkrhu

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\urbf, \krskpsd mfe \krdhfgu Of`fsdswf tketfea Detkardtfs Fgfmkodg

2< Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

gkskpfgftfe yfea nkhfs tketfea detkardtfsfgfmkodg, ofef yfea okhfeaafr detkardtfs

fgfmkodg mfe ofef yfea tdmfg okhfeaafrdetkardtfs fgfmkodg. @fh ded sksufd mkeafe pkemfpft Rfbd kt fh

4yfea okeakougfgfe

 pketdeaeyf pkenkhfsfe mfe scsdfhdsfd chk` mcske

mfe destdtusd pkemdmdgfe tketfea detkardtfsfgfmkodg, sk`deaaf of`fsdswf mfpft okobketug pkrdhfgu prciksdcefh sknfg fwfh md destdtusd

 pkemdmdgfe. @fh skefmf nuaf mdgkougfe chk`@fookr kt fh

6< tketfea pketdeaeyf okemdsgusdgfe

 pkrdhfgu detkardtfs fgfmkodg, fpf sfnf yfea

md`frfpgfe, mfe bfafdofef of`fsdswf md kvfhufsdmd mfhfo prcsks pkemdmdgfe, fafr of`fsdswf mfpft

okof`fod mfe okhfgsfefgfeeyf.[rfdrfe tkrskbut mdftfs okenkhfsgfe bf`wf

 pkrskpsd mfe pkrdhfgu yfea okhfeaafr mkeafeyfea tdmfg okhfeaafr detkardtfs fgfmkodg mfpft

tkrnfmd chk` gfrkef tdmfg fmfeyf gkskpfgftfefetfrf of`fsdswf mkeafe destdtusd. Zkhfde dtu hkvkhsfegsd yfea tdmfg tkafs mfpft okemcrceaof`fsdswf uetug okhfgugfe `fh yfea sfoftkruhfea gkobfhd gfrkef tdmfg tfgut fgdbft pkrdhfguyfea mdtdobuhgfe. 

Gksdopuhfe mfe Zfrfe 

Bkrmfsfrgfe `fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded mfpftmdsdopuhgfe bf`wf pkrskpsd of`fsdswf tketfea pkrdhfgu detkardtfs fgfmkodg bkrvfrdfsd fetfrf sftu

mkeafe yfea hfdeeyf. Of`fsdwf jkemkrueaokeafeaafp pkrdhfgu tkrskbut fmfhf` pkrdhfguyfea tdmfg okhfeaafr, sk`deaaf pkrdhfgu dtu

mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf, chk` tkofe of`fsdswfmfe of`fsdswf md ofsf yfea fgfe mftfea.\krdhfgu yfea mdfeaafp tdmfg okhfeaafrokopueyfd gkjkemkrueafe uetug mdhfgugfe,Fpfhfad ndgf pkrdhfgu yfea mdfeaafp okhfeaafr

tkrskbut tdmfg mddgutd chk` hkvkg sfegsd yfeasksufd. 

Mfitfr \ustfgf 

6.  Nf`yf., (2<<1) Detkardtfs fgfmkodg mfhfookobfeaue ZMO \rciksdcefh md \kraurufetdeaad, Nurefh Dhou pkemdmdgfe Ych.6= `ho =9 ‚ 96 

2.  Bchde , F.[., (2<<1) Zkhi jcetrch, prkjkdvkmcppcrtuedty, fem fttdtumks fs prkmdjtcrs cifjfmkodj mds`ceksty. ]`k Ncurefh ci

\syj`chcay, 6:0 (2), pp.6<6 ‚ 66= :.  @frpkr, O. A (2<<9) @da` tkj` j`kftdea.

 Eursdea Kmujftdce ]cmfy, 29, pp 912-914 

=.  OjJfbk, M.H., ]rkvdec., HG. (6441)Demdvdmufh fem jcetkxtufh deihukejks ce

fjfmkodj mds`ceksty, F ouhtdjfopusdesvkstdaftdce. Rkskfrj` de @da`kr Kmujftdce,0 (:), pp. :14-:49 

;.  Ous`frdyfetd (2<6<) \krskpsd of`fsdswf

gkpkrfwftfe tketfea detkardtfs fgfmkodg>]ksds [edvkrsdtfs Afnf` Ofmf tdmfgmdpubhdgfsdgfe 

9.  Okmdf Arcup. (2<<4) Ofycrdtfs sdswf- of`fsdswf okeycetkg. Rktrdvkm Nued 2<62irco W`ttp>// ofefnkoke skgchf`.tkgecmdg.ekt_

1.  Zfrwcec , ZQ. (2<<0) ]kcrd-tkcrd psdgchcadscsdfh, Kmdsd rkvdsd. Nfgfrtf> \] Rfnf Arfidemc\krsfmf 

0.  OjJfbk. (2<<6), J`kftdea > w`y stumket mc dtfem `cw jfe `khp t`ko stcp3 FokrdjfeKmujftcr, 2; (=), pp.:0-=: 

4.  Rfbd, Z.O \`froM, \fttce, HR., Incrtcit E.,^afrrdjg, M.\ (2<<9) J`frfjtkrdstdjs,

 prkvfhkejk, fttdtumks, fem pkrjkptdce cifjfmkodj mds`ceksty focea p`frofjystumkets. Fokrdjfe Ncurefh ci \`frofjutdjfhKmujftdce, 1< (=), pp.0. 

6<. @fookr, M.\., Bkrakr, B.F., Bkfrmshky, R.Z.,Kfstce, O.R. (2<<:) Ztumket prcikssdcefhdso.Fokrdjfe Ncurefh ci \`frofjkutdjfhKmujftdce, 91(:),pp.6-20. 

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

26 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

@ubuafe Deikgsd Jfjdea Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks   mkeafe Ztftus Adzd Zdswf

Gkhfs : mfe = ZME 1 \f`femut Gctf \fhfeagfrfyf Okd 2<6:

Rkhftdces`dp bktwkke Fsjfr ds huobr djcdmks Qcro Deikjtdce wdt` Eutr dtd cefh Ztftus

de arfmk : fem = Kh koketfry Zj`cch Euobkr 1 \f`femut \fhfeagfrfyf 2<6:

Fmkhardt ]rdsdf, Zfgdef`

 \rcarfo Ztumd \kemdmdgfe Mcgtkr [edvkrsdtfs \fhfeagf Rfyf

Fbstrfg. Gufhdtfs suobkr mfyf ofeusdf mdtketugfe chk` tdeagft gksk`ftfe, skmfeagfe tdeagft gksk`ftfeskskcrfea sfeaft mdpkeafru`d chk` gkfmffe adzd. Afeaaufe adzd mfpft mdskbfbgfe chk` fmfeyf deikgsdjfjdea usus yfea mdtuhfrgfe okhfhud tfef`. Deikgsd jfjdea usus sfhf` sftueyf  Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks , skrdeamdtkougfe pfmf fefg-fefg tkrutfof fefg-fefg usdf skgchf`. ]unufe pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` uetugokeaktf`ud prkvfhkesd gkjfjdeafe  Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks  pfmf sdswf gkhfs : mfe = ZME 1 \f`femut.

\kekhdtdfe ded okrupfgfe pkekhdtdfe mkeafe rfejfeafe mksgrdptdi. Mdhfgsfefgfe pfmf buhfe Ikbrufrd sfopfdOkd 2<6:. \cpuhfsd mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` skhuru` sdswf gkhfs : mfe = ZME 1 \f`femut Gctf\fhfeagfrfyf. Nuohf` sfopkh skbksfr 92 sdswf yfea mdtketugfe bkrmfsfrgfe grdtkrdf deghusd mfe kgshusd.Mftf mdpkrchf` okhfhud wfwfejfrf mkeafe okeaauefgfe gudsdcekr mfe und hfbcrftcrduo. @fsdh pkekhdtdfemdmfpftgfe 6 sdswf (6,9%) hfgd-hfgd bkruour 6< tf`ue pcsdtdi gkjfjdeafe. Mdsfrfegfe okeagcesuosd cbftjfjdea uetug okejkaf` mfe okeaurfead gknfmdfe gkjfjdeafe. 

Gftf guejd > D eikgsd jfjdea Fsjfrds Huobr djcdmks, prkvfhkesd  

Fbstrfjt. Vufhdty ci `uofe rkscurjks ds mktkrodekm by t`k hkvkh ci `uofe `kfht`, w`dhk t`k hkvkh ci f pkrsce's `kfht` ds deihukejkm by t`k eutrdtdcefh stftk. Eutrdtdcefh mdscrmkrs jfe bk jfuskm by detkstdefh wcrodeikjtdces t`ft frk trfesodttkm t`rcua` t`k scdh. @khodet` deikjtdces suj` fs  Fsjfrds hdobrdjcdmks frk citkeicuem de j`dhmrke, kspkjdfhhy sj`cch fak j`dhmrke. ]`k purpcsk ci t`ds stumy wfs tc mktkrodek t`k

 prkvfhkejk ci  Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks wcro ce stumkets de arfmk = fem ; Khkoketfry euobkr 1 \f`femut\fhfeagfrfyf.  ]`ds rkskfrj` wfs f mksjrdptdvk mksdae. Jcemujtkm irco Ikbrufry tc Fprdh 2<6:. Mftf pcpuhftdce ci t`ds stumy wkrk fhh stumkets de arfmk : fem = ZME 1 \f`femut. Zfophk sdzk ci 92 stumketsw`c wkrk mktkrodekm bfskm ce dejhusdce fem kxjhusdce jrdtkrdf. Mftf cbtfdekm t`rcua` detkrvdkws usdeaqukstdceefdrks fem hfbcrftcry tkstdea. ]`k rksuhts s`cwkm 6 stumket (6.9%) bcy fakm 6< ykfrs, wcro pcsdtdvk. Dt wfs rkjcookemkm tc jcesuok `khodet`dj tc prkvket fem rkmujk t`k dejdmkejk ci wcrodeikjtdces 

Gkywcrms> Fsjfrds huobr djcdmks wcro deikjtdces, prkvfhkejk  

\kemf`uhufe

Adzd okrupfgfe sfhf` sftu ifgtcr pkeketuutfof gufhdtfs suobkr mfyf ofeusdf (ZMO),fpfbdhf tkrnfmd afeaaufe adzd pfmf fwfh

gk`dmupfe fgfe okopkeafru`d gufhdtfs gk`dmupfe bkrdguteyf. Ofsfhf` gksk`ftfe mfe adzd yfeamd`fmfpd chk` fefg-fefg skgchf` fmfhf` stuetdea(fefg pkemkg), uemkrwkda`t (fefg gurus), fekodf,mkidsdkesd ycmduo, gkjfjdeafe, ofhfrdf md mfkrf`kemkodg, mdfrk, mfe deikgsd sfhurfe pkrefpfsfe,ofsfhf` gksk`ftfe mfe adzd ded uouoeyf tkrnfmd

 pfmf ekafrf bkrgkobfea.´Fefg usdf skgchf` mfsfr (9-62 tf`ue) uetug

mfpft tuobu` okobutu`gfe gfhcrd mfe prctkde.\fmf pkrdcmk ded bkrft bfmfe fefg okedeagft rftfrftf : ‚ :,; ga mfe tdeaad bfmfe gdrf gdrf 9 jo

 pkrtf`ue.² [etug mfpft okenfode pkrtuobu`fefefg mdbutu`gfe gfhcrd skbksfr 64<< - 2<<< Ggfhmfe prctkde :1

 ‚  =; arfo pkr `frd. Nfmd pfmf ofsf

 pkrtuobu`fe skcrfea fefg okobutu`gfe zft adzd

mfhfo nuohf` rkhftdi bksfr, sk`deaaf suftu gcemdsdmkidsdkesd fgfe skakrf bkrpkeafru` tkr`fmfp pkrtuobu`feeyf.º

Gkjfjdeafe okopkeafru`d pkofsugfe(detfgk), pkejkreffe (mdakstdi ), pkeykrfpfe(fbscrpd) mfe oktfbchdsok ofgfefe. Zkjfrfguouhftdi deikgsd mfpft okedobuhgfe gkruadfe zft

adzd bkrupf gfhcrd mfe prctkde skrtf gk`dhfeafemfrf`. Zfhf` sftu pkeyfgdt gkjfjdeafe fmfhf`

 pkeyfgdt jfjdea usus yfea mdtuhfrgfe okhfhud tfef`(Zcdh-]rfesodttkm @khodet`s) yfea skrdea mdnuopfd pfmf fefg usdf skgchf` yfea skrdea gcetfg mkeafe

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]rdsdf, @ubueafe Deikgsd Jfjdea mkeafe Ztftus Adzd md ZME 1 \f`femut \fhfeagf Rfyf

22 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

tfef`. Fmf = nkeds jfjdea tkrpketdea yfdtu jfjdeaakhfea ( Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks), jfjdea tfobfea( Fejyhcstcof mucmkefhk mfe Ekjftcr Fokrdjfeus)mfe jfjdea jfobug (]rdj`urds trdj`durdf). Kstdofsdtkrbfru okeuenuggfe  Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks okeadeikgsd hkbd` sftu odhyfr crfea, ]rdj`urdstrdj`durf 14; nutf crfea mfe jfjdea tfobfea(Fejyhcstcof mucmkefhk mfe Ekjftcr fokrdjfeus)1=< nutf crfea. Nuohf` tkrbfeyfg deikgsd jfjdea bkrhfgupfmf sub- Zf`frf Firdgf, Fokrdgf, J`def

mfe Fsdf ]dour.⁽ 

Jfjdea  Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks  mkwfsf bkrbketug buhft mfe bksfr, pfenfeaeyf mfpftokejfpfd 6;  ‚   :< jo. 6= sk`deaaf fgfeokekopftd rufea yfea hufs mfhfo rceaaf usus.Fefg yfea okeafemuea jfjdea akhfea mkeafe nuohf` :<< kgcr tdmfg fgfe okrfsf hfpfr, gkfmffe

ded tketueyf fgfe okeaurfead ofsugf ofgfefe bfad fefg.⁻  Nuohf` jfjdea yfea bfeyfg sfeaft bkr`ubueafe mkeafe tkrnfmdeyf ofheutrdsd, mkidsdt pkrtuobu`fe mfe afeaaufe gkbuafrfe idsdg.@dmup mfhfo rceaaf usus `fhus ofeusdfokeafobdh ofgfefe tkrutfof gfrbc`dmrft mfe prctkde, skkgcr jfjdea fgfe okeafobdhgfrbc`dmrft <.6= arfo pkr`frd mfe prctkde <.<:;

arfo pkr `frd. ⁹ Mdpkrgdrfgfe hkbd` mfrd 9<% fefg-fefg md

Demceksdf okemkrdtf gkjfjdeafe. ⁱ  Zurvkd yfea

 pkref` mdhfgugfe chk` Zub Mdrkgtcrft

\kefeaauhfeafe mfe \kejkaf`fe Mdfrk, Jfjdeafe,mfe DZ\F, Mkpfrtkoke Gksk`ftfe Nfgfrtf md suftu

mfkrf` tkrutfof pfmf fefg Zkgchf` Mfsfr (ZM)okeykbutgfe skgdtfr =4,;% mfrd :69< sdswf md 6:

ZM tkreyftf okemkrdtf jfjdeafe. Zdswf pkrkopufeokodhdgd prkvfhkesd hkbd` tdeaad yfdtu ;6,;%

mdbfemdeagfe mkeafe sdswf hfgd-hfgd yfea `feyf

=0,;%.⁰ Ifgtcr hdeagueafe, bfdg hdeagueafe ruof`

ofupue skgchf` okrupfgfe ifgtcr tkrbksfr pkeykbfb tkrnfmdeyf deikgsd jfjdea. Ruof` yfea

tdmfg okopueyfd sfrfef bufea fdr bksfr skpkrtd

 nfobfe mfe tdmfg okopueyfd sfrfef fdr bkrsd`ofupue fdr odeuo sfefat pctkesdfh skbfafd

suobkr deikgsd jfjfdea. Hdeagueafe mfpfttkrjkofr ftfu okenfmd tdmfg sk`ft fpfbdhf

ofsyfrfgft tkrskbut tdmfg okenfaf, okokhd`frfskgdtfr hdeagueafe ftfu okopkr`ftdgfe ifgtcrgksk`ftfe yfdtu gkbdfsffe okobufea sfopf`skofbrfeafe mfe nuaf gkbdfsffe bufea fdr bksfrtdmfg pfmf tkopfteyf, skpkrtd gfhd yfea mkgftmkeafe hdeagueafe ruof`.

]unufe pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` uetug

okeaktf`ud `ubueafe fetfrf deikgsd jfjdea  Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks  mkeafe stftus adzd pfmfsdswf gkhfs : mfe = ZME 1 \f`femut Gctf

\fhfeagfrfyf. Mdpdhd`eyf ZME 1 \f`femut gfrkefokrupfgfe sfhf` sftu skgchf` mfsfr yfea bkrfmf mdwdhfyf` gkrnf \usgksofs \f`femut. Hcgfsdskgchf` bkrfmf mdftfs sueafd Gf`fyfe mkeafeakefeafe fdr mfe sfopf` bkrtuopugfe mdskgdtfr bfeauefe skgchf`. Gcemdsd hdeagueafe pkruof`feofsd` bfeyfg yfea bkhuo okejfpfd gkhfyfgfesfedtfsd hdeagueafe. Zdstko mrfdefsk mfe pkobufeafe fdr hdobf` ruof` tfeaaf yfea bkhuotkrtftf mkeafe bfdg, uouoeyf ofsd` tkrachceaguou` mkeafe sdstko pkobufeafe hdobf` ruof`tfeaaf hfeasuea gk sueafd Gf`fyfe.

Oktcmk \kekhdtdfe

Nkeds pkekhdtdfe yfea mdauefgfe fmfhf`cbskrvfsdcefh fefhdtdg mkeafe rfejfeafe jrcss

skjtdcefh. \kekhdtdfe ded mdhfgugfe md ZME 1\f`femut gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf mdouhfd mfrd buhfe

Fprdh sfopfd Okd 2<6:. \cpuhfsd mfhfo pkekhdtdfeded fmfhf` skhuru` sdswf gkhfs : mfe = ZME 1\f`femut yfdtu 620 sdswf mkeafe nuohf` sfopkhyfea mdmfpft bkrmfsfrgfe grdtkrdf deghusd mfekgshusd skbfeyfg 92 sdswf. Mftf mfhfo pkekhdtdfe

ded mdpkrchk` okhfhud muf nkeds mftf, yfdtu mftf prdokr mfe mftf skguemkr. Mftf prdokr okhdputdmftf rkspcemke, mftf gfrfgtkrdstdg crfea tuf, mftftdeaad bfmfe, bkrft bfmfe sdswf mfe mftfgkjfjdeafe. Mftf ded mdpkrchk` mfrd `fsdh

wfwfejfrf pfmf rkspcemke mkeafe okeaauefgfegudsdcekr, okhfgugfe pkeaugurfe hfeasuea

gkpfmf sdswf mkeafe okeaauefgfe odjrctcdskuetug okeaugur tdeaad bfmfe mkeafe tdeagftgktkhdtdfe <,6jo mfe tdobfeafe uetug okeaugur bkrft bfmfe mkeafe tdeagft gktkhdtdfe <,6ga mfe pkokrdgsffe tdenf/iksks md hfbcrftcrduo

\frfsdtchcad \rcarfo Ztumd \kemdmdgfe Mcgtkr[edvkrsdtfs \fhfeagf Rfyf. Zkmfeagfe mftfskguemkr fmfhf` afobfrfe hcgfsd skgchf` mfe mftf nuohf` sdswf, yfea mdpkrchk` mfrd mftf rkadstrfsdyfea fmf md skgchf`.

@fsdh pkekhdtde mdchf` okeaauefgfe und  ids`krkxfjt   pfmf tdeagft gkofgeffe 4;% (p8<,<;)

mkeafe bfetufe Z\ZZ 60.<  icr wdemcws, uetugokekougfe `ubueafe fetfrf deikgsd jfjdeamkeafe stftus adzd

@fsdh \kekhdtdfe

Mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded mdauefgfe sfopkh tdenfskbfeyfg 92 skmdffe yfea tkrmdrd mfrd 20 sfopkhtdenf sdswf hfgd-hfgd mfe := sfopkh tdenf sdswf pkrkopufe pfmf rketfeafe uour fetfrf 4-66tf`ue.

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

2: Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

Gfrfgtkrdstdg Rkspcemke

Bkrmfsfrgfe tfbkh .6 skbfadfe bksfr yfdtu :=(;=,0%) sdswf bkrusdf 4 tf`ue, 64 sdswf (:1,1%) bkrusdf 6< tf`ue mfe sdsfeyf 4 (6=,;%) bkrusdf 66tf`ue, skmfeagfe yfea okeafhfod deikgksdgkjfjdeafe `feyf tkrmfpft 6 (6,9%) sdswf yfdtu pfmf sdswf bkruour 6< tf`ue. Zdswf yfeaokeafhfod deikgsd gkjfjdeafe fmfhf` yfea

 bkrnkeds gkhfode hfgd-hfgd yfdtu skbfeyfg 6(6,9%) . Zkbfadfe bksfr sdswf yfdtu := (;=,0%) bkrnkeds gkhfode pkrkopufe skmfeagfe hfgd-hfgdskbfeyfg 20 (=;,2%) sdswf. Zkbfadfe bksfr crfeatuf sdswf bkroftf pkejf`frdfe skbfafd buru` yfdtuskbksfr :: (;:,2%). Zdswf yfea mdtkougfetkrdeikgsd jfjdea skbfeyfg 6 (6,9%) nuaf bkrfsfhmfrd gkhufraf buru`.

 

]fbkh 6. Mdstrdbusd irkgukesd \rkvfhkesd gkjfjdeafe bkrmfsfrgfe uour (e?92)

Ztftus Adzd mfe Deikgsd Gkjfjdeafe

Mfrd pkeaugurfe fetrcpcoktrd sdswf, mdpkrchk``fsdh bf`wf `fopdr skhuru` sdswf yfea okenfmdrkspcemke yfdtu ;1 (46,4%) bkrfmf pfmf stftus adzd

ecrofh. Zkbfeyfg 6 (6,91%) sdswf yfea tkrdeikgsd

jfjdea nuaf bkrfmf pfmf stftus adzd ecrofh. (]fbkh=).

 

]fbkh .=  Mdstrdbusd irkgukesd \rkvfhkesd gkjfjdeafe bkrmfsfrgfe Ztftus Adzd

\kobf`fsfe

Mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded `feyf mdmfpftgfe 6(6,9%) sdswf yfea tkrdeikgsd jfjdea  Fsjfrdshuobrdjcdmks.  Feagf tkrskbut sfeaft rkemf` bdhfmdbfemdeagfe mkeafe `fsdh pkekhdtdfe yfeamdhfgugfe pfmf fefg ZM md Mksf ]khdea

Gkjfoftfe ]cobfrdrd Gfbupftke Odef`fsfmdofef mdmfpftgfe `fsdh sdswf yfea pcsdtdi

tkrdeikgsd jfjdea skbksfr 66 (62,2%) sdswf. 

⁴ 

Mkodgdfe puhf `fsdh pkekhdtdfe yfea mdhfgugfetkr`fmfp fefg ZM Feachf ]dour Gfbupftke]fpfeuhd Zkhftfe yfdtu skbksfr 9< sdswf mfrd 6<<sdswf yfea pcsdtdi tkrdeikgsd jfjdea.´¾ @fh dedoueagde gfrkef fmfeyf prcarfo pkobkrfetfsfe pkeyfgdt gkjfjdeafe pfmf fefg chk` pkokrdetf`

yfea mdjfefeagfe sknfg tf`ue 644;. Oksgdpuemkodgdfe feagf tkrskbut tktfp `frus mdwfspfmfd

okeadeaft pkeyfgdt ded okrupfgfe pkeyfgdt yfeaoumf` mdtuhfrgfe. Fpfhfad pfmf usdf ded fgtdvdtfs

Yfrdfbkh

Deikgsd Gkjfjdeafe

Nuohf`\csdtdi

(+)

Ekaftdi

(-)

I % I % I %

[our

4 < < := ;=,0 := ;=,06< 6 6,9 60 24,6 64 :1,1

66 < < 4 6=,; 4 6=,;Nkeds Gkhfode

Hfgd-hfgd 6 6,9 21 =:,9 20 =;,2

\krkopufe < < := ;=,0 := ;=,0\kgkrnffe

\EZ < < 1 66,: 1 66,:

Buru` 6 6,9 :2 ;6,9 :: ;:,2

\kmfafea < < 22 :;,; 22 :;,;

6 6,9% 96 40,=% 92 6<<%

Ztftus adzd

(DO]/[)

Deikgsd Gkjfjdeafe

Nuohf` p\csdtdi

(+)

Ekaftdi

(-)

i % i % i %

<,021 Ecrofh 6 6,9 ;9 4<,: ;1 46,4

Gurus < < ; 0,6 ; 0,66 6,9% 96 40,=% 92 6<<%

]dmfg sdaedidgfe bkrmfsfrgfe und ids`kr

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]rdsdf, @ubueafe Deikgsd Jfjdea mkeafe Ztftus Adzd md ZME 1 \f`femut \fhfeagf Rfyf

2= Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

fefg sfeafthf` gurfea pkr`ftdfe tkr`fmfp `dadkekmfe sfedtfsd.

\rkvfhkesd deikgsd mdtkougfe pfmf fefg hfgd-hfgd yfdtu skbfeyfg 6,9% tdmfg mdtkougfe pfmffefg pkrkopufe. @fh ded mfpft mdskbfbgfe gfrkeffefg hfgd-hfgd okopueyfd fgtdvdtfs bkrofdeg`ususeyf yfea bkr`ubueafe mkeafe tfef` hkbd`tdeaad mdbfemdeagfe mkeafe fefg pkrkopufesk`deaaf fefg hfgd-hfgd hkbd` bkrksdgc tkrdeikgsdjfjdea  Fsjfrds  huobrdjcdmks  yfea mdtuhfrgfeokhfhud tfef` mfrdpfmf fefg pkrkopufe.

Zkjfrf kpdmkodchcad puejfg tkrnfmdeyfdeikstfsd jfjdea fmfhf` pfmf uour ;-6< tf`ue. Mfrd`fsdh pkekhdtdfe bkrmfsfrgfe achceafe uourmdtkougfe prkvfhkesd tkrtdeaad tkrnfmd pfmf fefguour 6< tf`ue (6,9%). Ded mdoueagdegfe gfrkef pfmf uour tkrskbut tkrnfmd pkedeagftfe fgtdvdtfs

 bkrofde mfe ocbdhdtfs fefg sk`deaaf tkrnfmd pkedeagftfe rksdgc uetug okeafhfod gcetfodefsd

tkhur jfjdea.Zdswf yfea tkrdeikgsd jfjdea okrupfgfe

sdswf yfea bkrfsfh mfrd gkhufraf buru`. Ztftus pkgkrnffe buru` dmketdg mkeafe pkea`fsdhfegurfea okofmfd. Kpdmkodchcad pkeyfgdt

gkjfjdeafe skhfhu bkr`ubueafe krft mkeafegktkrbkhfgfeafe mfhfo pkobfeauefe scsdfhkgcecod mfe krft gfdtfeeyf mkeafe sdemrcofgkodsgdefe. ]femf tfemf mfrd sdemrcof ded fetfrfhfde bkrupf pkea`fsdhfe yfea sfeaft rkemf`.

Gkfmffe ded okeykbfbgfe tdmfg mfpft okejugupdgkbutu`fe sfemfea, pfeafe mfe pkruof`fe,

gufetdtfs mfe gufhdtfs ofgfefe yfea rkemf`,sfedtfsd hdeagueafe yfea nkhkg mfe suobkr fdr bkrsd` yfea gurfea, pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe yfeatkrbftfs, nuohf` feaactf gkhufraf yfea bksfr skrtftdeagft butf fgsfrf yfea tdeaad .´´

Deikgsd jfjdea usus, mfpft okeafgdbftgfeafeaaufe pkrtuobu`fe. Fefg yfea okemkrdtffsgfrdfsds, bdfsfeyf gk`dhfeafe efisu ofgfe,ofsugfe ofgfefe fgfe bkrgurfea, sk`deaaf bkrfgdbft afeaaufe adzd pfmf pkemkrdtf tkrskbut.

@fsdh pkekhdtdfe pfmf p? <,021 okeuenuggfetdmfg tkrmfpft `ubueafe fetfrf deikgsd jfjdea

 Fsjfrds  huobrdjcdmks mkeafe stftus adzd bkrmfsfrgfe DO]/[ pfmf sdswf gkhfs : mfe = mdZME 1 \f`femut. Mfrd bkrbfafd hdtkrftur mfe `fsdh bkrbfafd pkekhdtdfe ofsd` bfeyfg pkrbkmffe pkemfpft okeakefd pkeafru` deikgsd jfjdea usustkr`fmfp pkrtuobu`fe. Deikgsd  Fsjfrds tdmfg bkrpkeafru` pfmf stftus adzd bdhf tfepf ifgtcr pkemuguea hfde yfea okopkeafru`d stftus adzd.\fmf sftu hdtkrftur mdskbutgfe fgdbft deikgsd Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks  tkr`fmfp stftus adzd hkbd`mdpkeafru`d stftus kgcecod mfe hftfr bkhfgfea

eutrdsd mfrdpfmf pkeafru` deikgsd jfjdea ded skjfrfhfeasuea.´²

 Efoue mkodgdfe, pkekhdtdfe ded ofsd`tkrmfpft bkbkrfpf gkhkof`fe yfdtu tdmfgmdpfgfdeyf skhuru` pcpuhfsd skbfafd sfopkhsk`deaaf `fsdh yfea mdpkrchk` bkhuookeaafobfrgfe prkvfhkesd sksueaau`eyf. Zkhfdedtu gkfmffe tkhur yfea tdmfg tkrskbfr `cocakemfhfo tdenf sk`deaaf fmf gkoueagdefe pkeafobdhfe bf`fe uetug pkokrdgsffe tdmfgmdmfpftgfe `fsdh yfea pcsdtdi.

Gksdopuhfe mfe Zfrfe

Gksdopuhfe

Mfrd 9< rkspcemke, mdmfpftd skbfeyfg 6 rkspcemke(6,9%) pcsdtdi tkrdmketdidgfsd tkrdeikgsd jfjdea Fsjfrds huobrdjcdmks.Tfdtu sdswf hfgd-hfgd

 bkruour 6< tf`ue bkrfsfh mfrfd gkhufraf buru`mkeafe stftus adzd ecrofh. ]dmfg tkrmfpft

`ubueafe fetfrf gkjfjdeafe mkeafe stftus adzd bkrmfsfrgfe BB/[ pfmf sdswf gkhfs : mfe = ZME 1\f`femut Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf. Deikgsd Fsgfrdstdmfg bkrpkeafru` tkr`fmfp stftus adzd fefg tfepfmddrdead ifgtcr pkemuguea hfde yfea okopkeafru`d

stftus adzdZfrfe

\krhu mdfmfgfeeyf pkeyuhu`fe tketfea`dadkek mfe sfedtfsd pfmf gkhcopcg auru skgchf`mfsfr, crfea tuf sdswf mfe sdswf skgchf` tkrutfof

okeyfeagut gkbdfsffe bufea fdr bksfr, gkbdfsffeokejujd tfeafe skbkhuo ofgfe mfe pkeaaueffe

fhfs gfgd tkrutfof wfgtu bkrofde-ofde mkeafetfef`. \krhu mdhfgugfe pkeacbftfe tkr`fmfp sdswfyfea mdgktf`ud tkrdeikgsd jfjdea usus mfe pkobkrdfe cbft-cbft Fetkhoketdg skjfrf pkrdcmdguetug okejkaf` tkrtuhfreyf pkeyfgdt jfjdea usus

mfe uetug okea`demfrd bf`fyf yfea hkbd` bksfryfea fgfe mdtdobuhgfe chk` deikgsd jfjdea usus.

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

2; Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

Mfitfr \ustfgf

6.  G`cosfe. Kgchcad Ofsfhf` Adzd, \feafe, mfeGkodsgdefe. Bfemuea> Fhifbktf,2<62

2.   Ekkmhofe RM. Kfrhy sj`cch ykfrs. Mfhfo>Bk`rofe RK, Ghdkaofe RO, Nkesce @B,\keyuetdea. Ekhsce tkxtbccg ci pkmdftrdj.Kmdsd-69. \`dhfmkhp`df> Zfuemkrs, 2<<<. `. ;<-2

:.  Fhoftsdkr Z. \rdsdp mfsfr dhou adzd. Nfgfrtf>\]. Arfokmdf \ustfgf [tfof, 2<<6.`. 249-:<0

=.  Mkpgks. \kmcofe \keakemfhdfe Jfjdea.Nfgfrtf7 2<<9

;.  Ckodnftd Z, Dswfemd KF. ]ftfhfgsfef pkeakemfhdfe gkjfjdeafe md Demceksdf okhfhudusf`f gksk`ftfe skgchf` bccg ci pkmdftrdj.

Kmdsd-69. \`dhfmkhp`df> Zfuemkrs, 2<<<. `.446-6<<9

9.  Mkpfrd FF. Kpdmkodchcad scdh trfesodttkm`khodet`dfsks md Demceksdf. Mdsfopfdgfe pfmfsdopcsduo sk`frd pkrfe skrtf ofsyfrfgftmfhfo usf`f pkefeaauhfeafe pkeyfgdtgkjfjdeafe. Okmfe, 29 Ecvkobkr, 644=

1.  ^uhgced. \frfsdtchcad. Tcayfgfrtf> Eu`fOkmdgf7 2<66

0.  Dswfemd K F. Mkwcrodea prcarfo fs fe ketry pcdet de `uofe rkscurjks mkvkhcpoket wdt`

 pfrtekrs`dp fpprcfj` de Demceksdf.Mdsfopfdgfe pfmf rkadcefh wcrgs`cp pfrfsdtdj deikjtdces> bk`fvdcrfh j`feakt`rcua` jcoouedyy pfrtdjdpftdce ft ifjuhty ci]rcpdjfh Okmdjdek, Of`dmch [edvkrsdty,]`fdhfem 2: - 2= Zkptkobkr 6449

4.  Guemfdfe, [obc`, Gkpkh. 2<66. @ubueafeFetfrf Zfedtfsd Hdeagueafe mkeafe DeikstfsdJfjdea pfmf Ourdm Zkgchf` Mfsfr md Mksf]khdea Gkjfoftfe ]cobfrdrd GfbupftkeOdef`fsf (`ttp>//Ngksofsigo.uesrft.fj.dm)mdfgsks 2< Fprdh 2<6:

6<. Idtrd, Zffo, @fodmy. 2<62. Fefhdsds Ifgtcr-Ifgtcr Rdsdgc Deikgsd Gkjfjdeafe OurdmZkgchf` Mfsfr md Gkjfoftfe Feagchf ]dourGfbupftke ]fpfeuhd Zkhftfe ]f`ue 2<62.

(cehdek)`ttp>//kncurefh.uerd.fj.dm/demkx.p`p/NDH/frtdjhk/

vdkw/49=/4;1), mdfgsks 64 fprdh 2<6:66.  Ectcftocmnc. Gksk`ftfe Ofsyfrfgft Dhou

mfe Zked. Nfgfrtf> Rdekgf Jdptf72<<162. Gfzurf NQ. @khodet`dj mdskfsks. Mfhfo>

Bk`rofe RK, Ghdkaofe RO, Nkesce @B,

 pkeyuetdea. Ekhsce tkxt   bccg ci pkmdftrdj.Kmdsd-69. \`dhfmkhp`df> Zfuemkrs, 2<<<. `.446-6<<9.

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Zuprdycec, Ifgtcr-Ifgtcr yfea Okopkeafru`d Arcwt` Ifhtkrdea md \fhfeagf Rfyf

29 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

Ifgtcr-Ifgtcr Tfea Okopkeafru`d Arcwt` Ifhtkr dea  Fefg [sdf 9-2=

Buhfe Md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf Gfhdofetfe ]keaf`

Ifjtcrs Fii kjtdea Arcwt` Ifhtkrdea Ce J`dh mrke 9-2= Ocet`s D e ]cwe \fhfeagf Rfyf

Jketrfh Gfhdofetfe

]kau` Zuprdycec, Edhf Zusfetd, Irktdgf [tfod Mkwd

 Nurusfe Adzd \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

Fbstrfg .  Gkafafhfe pkrtuobu`fe ftfu pkrtuobu`fe acyf` fgdbft tkrnfmdeyf stuetdea ftfu gurus(okedhfd sgcr ^ 8 -2). Bfeyfg ifgtcr yfea bkr`ubueafe mkeafe gkafafhfe pkrtuobu`fe. ]unufe mfrd

 pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` uetug okeaktf`ud `ubueafe gchcstruo, O\-FZD mded mfe \chf Fsu` mkeafegkafafhfe pkrtuobu`fe. \kekhdtdfe ded okrupfgfe pkekhdtdfe cbskrvfsdcefh mkeafe mksfde gfsusgcetrch mkeafe 06 subnkg, gkhcopcg gfsus fefg-fefg mkeafe gkafafhfe pkrtuobu`fe mfe gcetrchfmfhf` fefg mkeafe stftus adzd (]B/[) yfea ecrofh. Fefhdsds mftf okeaauefgfe J`d-Zqufrk mkeafe

 pkea`dtueafe cmms rftdc. @fsdh stumd skpkrtd fmf `ubueafe okobkrdgfe O\-FZD mded chk` pkrtuobu`fe yfea acyf` chk` rfsdc cmms <,211 bkrfrtd `ubueafe pcsdtdi, O\-FZD mded okrupfgfesfhf` sftu pkeykbfb mfrd tkrnfmdeyf pkrgkobfeafe acyf`. ]dmfg fmf `ubueafe fetfrf gchcstruo,

 pchf fsu` chk` pkrtuobu`fe yfea acyf`. \kemkgftfe tkrbfru uetug okejkaf` Arcwt` Ifhtkrdeafmfhf` pketdeaeyf ofgk-up gceskhdea tketfea FZD kgsghusdi mfe prfgtkg pkobkrdfe O\-FZD uetugokejkaf` pkrtuobu`fe gknfmdfe acyf`.Gftf Guejd  > pkrtuobu`fe, gkafafhfe pkrtuobu`fe, Ofgfefe \kemfopdea-FZD, gchcstrco, pchffsu`

Fbstrfjt . Arcwt` Ifhtkrdea cr arcwt` ifdhurk rksuhtdea stuetdea cr uemkrwkda`t (fsskss t`k sjcrk ^8-2). F hct ci ifjtcrs t`ft jfusk arcwt` ifhtkrdea. Fdos ci t`ds stumy wkrk tc gecw t`k rkhftdces`dpbktwkke jchcstruo, kfrhy wkfedea, fem pfrketdea pfttkre fem Arcwt` Ifhtkrdea. ]`k stumy mksdae

wfs cbskrvfsdcefh by jfsk jcetrch mksdae usdea 06 subnkjts, jfsk arcup wfs j`dhmrke wdt` arcwt` ifhtkrdea fem jcetrch wfs j`dhmrke wdt` ecrofh eutrdtdcefh stftus (]B/[). Fefhysds mftf uskm t`kJ`d-Zqufrk wdt` t`k jfhjuhftdce ci cmms rftdc. ]`k rksuhts ci stumy s`cwkm t`ft t`krk wkrk f sdaedidjfet fsscjdftdce bktwkke advdea kfrhy wkfedea fem arcwt` ifhtkrdea by cmms rftdc <.211okfes pcsdtdvk fsscjdftdce, kfrhy wkfedea rkprkskets cek ci t`k arcwt` ifhtkrdea jfusks. ]`krk wkrkec fsscjdftdce bktwkke jchcstruo, pfrketdea pfttkre fem arcwt` ifhtkrdea. Ekw fpprcj`ks icr prkvketdea arcwt` ifhtkrdea wfs t`k dopcrtfejk ci ofgk-up jcueskhhdea fbcut kxjhusdvkbrkfstikkmdea fem prfjtdjk wkfedea tc prkvket cjjurkejk ci arcwt` ifhtkrdea.Gkywcrm >  arcwt`, arcwt` ifhtkrdea, O\-FZD, jchcstruo, pfrketdea pfttkre

\kemf`uhufe

\krdstdwf tuobu` mdskbut pkrtuobu`fe

fmfhf` prcsks yfea bkr`ubueafe mkeafe bkrtfobf` bksfreyf ugurfe idsdg gfrkef tkrnfmd

 pkobkhf`fe mfe bkrtfobf` bfeyfgeyf skh,mdskrtfd bkrtfobf`eyf substfesd detkrsddh nfrdeafetubu`. \rcsks tkrskbut mdfoftd mkeafe fmfeyf

 pkrubf`fe-pkrubf`fe pfmf bksfr mfe bketug yfeamdeyftfgfe mfhfoedhfd-edhfd ugurfe tubu`,odsfheyf bkrft bfmfe, tdeaad bfmfe, hdeagfr gkpfhfmfe hdeagfr hkeafe ftfs. \krtuobu`fe yfdtu bkrtfobf` bksfreyf fefg, okhdputd bkrft bfmfemfe pfenfea ftfu tdeaad bfmfe. \krtuobu`fe bkrgfdtfe mkeafe pkefobf`fe mfhfo bksfr, nuohf` mfe iueasd tdeagft skh, crafe ofupue

demdvdmu, yfeamdugur mkeafe ugurfe bkrft (arfo, pcuem , gdhcarfo), ugurfe pfenfea (jo, oktkr),

uour tuhfea mfe gkskdobfeafe oktfbchdg (rktkesdgfhsduo mfeedtrcake tubu`).

Okeurut Zupfrdfsf (2<<6), pkrtuobu`fe fmfhf` pkedeagftfe skjfrfbkrtf`fp mfrd tubu`, crafe mfe nfrdeafe mfrd ofsf gceskpsd sfopfd rkofnf.6 

]feuwdmnfyf (2<<2>6), okeaftfgfe pkrtuobu`fe

fmfhf` bkrtfobf`eyf ugurfe mfe nuohf` skh skrtf nfrdeafe detkrskhuhkr frtdeyf bkrtfobf` ugurfeidsdg mfe strugtur tubu` bfdg skbfadfe ftfugkskhuru`fe. Nfmd bkrsdift gufetdtftdi, sk`deaafmfpft mdugur mkeafe okeaauefgfe sftufe pfenfeaftfu sftufe.

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

21

 bkrft.2  Zkcrfea fefg mdgftfgfe tuobu` ecrofh,

 ndgf bkrft bfmfe mfe pfenfea bfmfeeyf bkrnfhfe pfmf pkrsketdh yfea sfof ftfu pdtf pkrtuobu`feyfea sfof. Ofsdea-ofsdea fefg yfea mdhf`drgfeokodhdgd afrds pkrtuobu`fe ecrofh skemdrd ftfu

mdgftfgfe sktdfp fefg okodhdgd  arcwt` trfnkjtcryofsdea-ofsdea. Afrds pkrtuobu`fe ecrofh dedfmf yfea bkrfmf md afrds okmdfe, fmf yfea hkbd`

rkemf` mfe fmf puhf yfea hkbd` tdeaad mfrdokmdfe.

:  \kofetfufe pkrtuobu`fe mkeafe GOZ

fpfbdhf pdtf Efdg tdmfg sksufd ftfu pdemf` gk pdtfwfref mdbfwf`eyf (mdskbut ]6 ftfu  arcwt` ifhtkrdea ). Arcwt` ifhtkrdea ftfu gkafafhfe

 pkrtuobu`fe yfea okeafgdbftgfe tkrnfmdeyf stuetdea ftfu uemkrwkda`t (edhfd sgcr ^8-2).Okeurut mftf Rdskt Gksk`ftfe Mfsfr ]f`ue 2<6<,gknfmdfe stuetkm  (pkemkg) mkeafe demdjftcr ]B/[

md \rcpdesd Gfhdofetfe ]keaf` okeuenuggfefeagf 26,9 %, okrupfgfe feagf yfea juguptdeaad mdbfemdeagfe mkeafe rftf-rftf feagfefsdcefh skbksfr 61,6 % mfe okrupfgfe pkrdeagfgk-: tkrbfeyfg nuohf` fefg stuetkm (pkemkg) mfrd:: prcpdesd md Demceksdf. Fmf bfeyfg ifjtcr yfea

okenfmd pkeykbfb gknfmdfe stuetkm ded, ouhfd mfrd

fspkg adzd, pkemdmdgfe, pkeaktf`ufe, scjdfh kgcecod, akektdj mfeskbfafdeyf. Bkrmfsfrgfe hftfr bkhfgfea tkrskbut, pkekhdtd deade okeaafhd bkbkrfpf ifjtcr yfea

gkoueagdefe bkrgfdtfe mfe okenfmd pkeykbfbskrtf okodhdgd gcetrdbusd gknfmdfe stuetkm mdGfhdofetfe ]keaf`, mfhfo `fh ded pkekhdtd

okeag`ususgfe okhfgugfe pkekhdtdfe md Qdhfyf`Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf. \kekhdtd deade okeaktf`udfpfgf` fmf `ubueafe pkobkrdfe gchcstruo, O\-FZD mded, \kobkrdfe susu icrouhf mfe \chf Fsu`tkr`fmfp gknfmdfe arcwt` ifhtkrdea  pfmf fefg usdf

9-2= buhfe md Qdhfyf` Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf3]unufe pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` uetug okeaktf`ud`ubueafe pkobkrdfe gchcstruo, O\-FZD mded,\kobkrdfe susu icrouhf mfe \chf Fsu` tkr`fmfp

gknfmdfe  arcwt` ifhtkrdea   pfmf fefg usdf 9-2= buhfe md Qdhfyf` Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf. Ofeifft prfgtds pkekhdtdfe ded skbfafd bf`fe ofsugfegkpfmf mdefs tkrgfdt mfhfo okhfgugfe detkrvkesdmfe pkeakobfeafe prcarfo uetug okopkrbfdgdstftus adzd fefg, tkrutfof mfhfo pkejkaf`fe stuetkm.

Oktcmk \kekhdtdfe

\kekhdtdfe ded cbskrvfsdcefh mkeafe mdsfde

gfsus gcetrch, yfea mdhfgugfe md wdhfyf` Gctf\fhfeagf Rfyf, pkekhdtd okeafoftd mfe okejftft

ikecokef yfea tkrnfmd mfe tdmfgokobkrdgfepkrhfgufe fpfpue skhfof pkekhdtdfe.

Zubykg yfea mdnfmdgfe gfsus fmfhf` bfhdtf usdf 9-2= buhfe yfea okeafhfod stuetkm mfe skbfafdjcetrch fmfhf` bfhdtf mkeafe stftus adzd ecrofh.\kekhdtdfe mdhfgugfe md Qdhfyf` 0 wdhfyf`jfgupfe \usgksofs Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf, mkeafe

 pkrtdobfeafe gktkrnfeagfufe wdhfyf`. \cpuhfsdtfrakt fmfhf` skouf bfhdtf yfea yfea fmf mdwdfyf` gkrnf 0 \usgksofs Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf.

Rkspcemke fmfhf` skouf bfhdtf pfmf sfft pkekhdtdfe mfe okokeu`d > Grdtkrdf deghusd yfdtu

 bfhdtf mkeafe uour 9 -2= buhfe, hf`dr jugup buhfe,tdmfg fmf jfjft bfwffe. Grdtkrdf kgsghusd yfdtu

 bfyd okeafhfod sfgdt pfmf sfft pkekhdtdfe, bfydmfe rkspcemke pdemf` gk hufr Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyfskhfofpkekhdtdfe bkrhfeasuea. Oktcmf pkeafobdhfe subnkg skjfrf purpcsdvk

;. [etug

okeketugfe nuohf` sfopkh pfmf pkekhdtdfe jfskjcetrch   mdpkrauefgfe pkr`dtueafe mkeafeokofsuggfe cmms  rftdc uetug okeketugfe

gkguftfe `ubueafe fetfrf jcetrch mkeafe gfsus.\kekhdtdfe ded mdpkrgdrfgfe cmms rftdceyf 2, mkeafe

mkrfnft (ζ)? <.<;, mfe und gksfhf`fe tdpk DD(β)?<.2<. ^ pfmf ζ? <.<; fmfhf` 6.9=, mfe

\6?<.<=, \2?<.<9,V6?<.<9, V2?<.<=. Nfmd kstdofsd bksfr sfopkh uetug jcetrch =< mfe gfsus =<

[etug okopkrchf` mftf `fsdh pkekhdtdfe, pkekhdtdokeaauefgfe und J`d Zqufrk, yfea mdauefgfe

uetug okeaktf`ud sknfu` ofef ifjtcr-ifgtcr yfeaokenfmd vfrdfbkh bkbfs okopkeafru`d gknfmdfe arcwt` ifhtkrdea . Zktkhf` mdhfgugfe und J`dZqufrk, fefhdsf mftf mdhfgugfe mkeafe pkr`dtueafecmm rftdc, uetug okeketugfe frf` fscsdfsd.

@fsdh Mfe \kobf`fsfe Afobfrfe [ouo Hcgfsd \kekhdtdfe

\kekhdtdfe mdhfgugfe md wdhfyf` gctf \fhfeagfRfyf, pkodhd`fe hcgfsd bkrmfsfrgfe pkrtdobfeafe

 bf`wf wdhfyf` gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf okrupfgftchfg ugur gcemdsd gksk`ftfe md mfkrf`, okeadeaft

\rcpdesd Gfhdofetfe ]keaf` okeurut `fsdh RdsktGksk`ftfe Mfsfr 2<6< mfhfo `fh pkrsketfskstuetkm (pkemkg) bfhdtf skbfeyfg 26,9%, pkrdeagftgktdaf tkrbfeyfg mfrd :: prcpdesd. Mftf fwfhrkspcemke mdpkrchk` mfrd mftf 0 pusgksofs yfeafmf md wdhfyf` gkrnf Mdefs Gksk`ftfe Gctf\fhfeagf Rfyf.Gkoumdfe sfopkh mdtkhusur gk

\csyfemu yfea fmf md wdhfyf` gkrnf ofsdea-ofsdea pusgksofs.

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Zuprdycec, Ifgtcr-Ifgtcr yfea Okopkeafru`d Arcwt` Ifhtkrdea md \fhfeagf Rfyf

20 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

Gfrfgtkrdstdg Zubykg

]fbkh 6. okeuenuggfe nuohf` subykg mkeafe nkeds gkhfode hfgd-hfgd fmfhf` 24 (:;,0 %) mfeyfea bkrnkeds gkhfode pkrkopufe fmfhf` ;2

(9=,2%). @fh ded okeaafobfrgfe, subykg mfhfo pkekhdtdfe okeakefd  arcwt` ifhtkrdea   fmfhf` bkrnkeds gkhfode pkrkopufe.

 ]fbkh 6.

Mdstrdbusd Irkgukesd Rkspcemke Bkrmfsfrgfe Nkeds gkhfode

md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf, 2<66 (e?06)

Nkeds Gkhfode e %

Hfgd-hfgd 24 :;,0\krkopufe ;2 9=,2

Nuohf` 06 6<<

\fmf fetrcpcoktrd adzd mdauefgfe demkgs

fetrcpcoktrd skbfafd mfsfr pkedhfdfe stftus adzd, bkbkrfpf demkgs fetrcpcoktrd yfea skrdea

mdauefgfe yfdtu Bkrft Bfmfe okeurut [our(BB/[), ]deaad Bfmfe okeurut [our (]B/[),mfe Bkrft Bfmfe okeurut ]deaad Bfmfe(BB/]B) (Zupfrdfsf, 2<<2). Mfrd gktdafdemdjftcr tkrskbut Arcwt` ifhtkrdea  mddmketdggfe

mkeafe stuetkm (pkemkg) yfea okrupfgfegkfmffe adzd ofsf hfhu, ofgf demkgs yfeamdpkrauefgfe fmfhf` ]B/[. ]fbkh 2okeuenuggfe mdstrdbusd stftus adzd okeurutdemkgs ]B/[.

]fbkh 2.

Mdstrdbusd Irkgukesd Ztftus Adzd (]B/[)

Rkspcemke md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf, 2<66 (e?06)

Gftfacrd e %

 Ecrofh 22 21,2

Ztuetkm ;4 12,0

Nuohf` 06 6<<

Mfrd ]fbkh mdgktf`ud bf`wf subykg hkbd` bfeyfg yfea okeafhfod stuetkm (12,0%)

mdbfemdeagfe mkeafe yfea ecrofh (21,2 %).

@ubueafe \kobkrdfe Gchcstruo mkeafe

Arcwt` Ifhtkrd ea  

FZD Ztfmduo fwfh fmfhf` gchcstruo,

mdofef gchcstruo okrupfgfe jfdrfe yfea pkrtfof mdskgrksd chk` gkhkenfr pfyumfrf mfrd`frd pkrtfof sfopfd `frd gkkopft sktkhf` pkrsfhdefe. Gchcstruo bkrwfref guedeagkkofsfe mdskbfbgfe chk` tdeaadeyf gcopcsdsdhkofg mfe skh-skh `dmup, gchcstruo okrupfgfe pkejf`fr (pkobkrsd` susu bfyd) yfea

okobkrsd`gfe okgceduo sk`deaaf ougcsfusus bfyd yfea bfru hf`dr.

Gfemueafe tkrtdeaad mfhfo gchcstruo bfyd

yfea ofsd` sfeaft hkof` yfdtu prctkde, odekrfh,tkrutfof eftrduo, gfhduo mfe ghcrdmf yfea

tdeaad.Ydtfode yfea hfrut mfhfo hkofg tkrtdeaadmfrdpfmf yfea hfrut mfhfo fdr. Fefhdsds`ubueafe gchcstruo mkeafe arcwt` ifhtkrdeamfpft mdhd`ft pfmf ]fbkh :.

]fbkh :.

@fsdh und `ubueafe gchcstruo mkeafe arcwt`

ifhtkrdea

Ztftus Adzd

]ctfh EcrofhZtuetk

m

Gchc

stru

o

]mg Nuohf` = 22 29

% 60,2% :1,:% :2,6%

Tf Nuohf` 60 :1 ;;

% 06,0% 92,1% 91,4%

]ctfh Nuohf` 22 ;4 06

% 6<<% 6<<% 6<<%

 ρ 2 ? 2.90=, edhfd    ? <,6<6

]fbkh : okeuenuggfe bf`wf subykg yfeastuetkm mkeafe tdmfg mdbkrdgfe gchcstruo

 bkrnuohf` fmfhf` 22 (:1,:%) mfe yfea mdbkrdgchcstruo :1 (92,1%) mfe tkrhd`ft tdmfg tkrmfpft

`ubueafe fetfrf tdmfg mdbkrdgfeeyf gchcstruomkeafe gknfmdfe arcwt` ifhtkrdea. @fh ded mfpftmdgktf`ud mfrd `fsdh edhfd p? <.6<6 5 <.<;. ]dmfgtkrmfpft `ubueafe fetfrf gchcstruo mkeafegknfmdfe  arcwt` ifhtkrdea   gkoueagdefemdskbfbgfe gchcstruo mdbkrdgfe pfmf fwfhokeyusud mfe nuohf`eyf sfeaft skmdgdt

mdbfemdea mkeafe gkbutu`fe bfyd bfru hf`dr.Iueasd gchcstruo skemdrd skbkefreyf tdmfgmcodefe uetug okemuguea pkrtuobu`fe, tfpd

hkbd` gkpfmf okedeagftgfe systko douedtfsfafr mfyf tf`fe tubu` bfyd hkbd` okedeagft.

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

24

@ubueafe \kobkrdfe O\-FZD Mded mkeafe

Arcwt` Ifhtkrdea

Ofgfefe tfobf`fe FZD fmfhf` ofgfefeyfea mdbkrdgfe gkpfmf bfyd/fefg mdsfopdea

FZD uetug okokeu`d gkbutu`fe adzdeyf.O\-FZD mdbkrdgfe ouhfd uour 9-2= buhfe mfeokrupfgfe ofgfefe pkrfhd`fe mfrd FZD gk

ofgfefe gkhufraf.\keakefhfe mfe pkobkrdfeO\-FZD `frus mdhfgugfe skjfrf bkrtf`fp bfdg bketug ofupue nuohf`.@fh ded mdofgsumgfeuetug okeyksufdgfe gkofopufe fhft jkref bfyd mfhfo okekrdof O\-FZD.9 Fefhdsds

`ubueafe \kobkrdfe O\-FZD mded mkeafegknfmdfe arcwt` ifhtkrdea mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf]fbkh =.

]fbkh =. okeuenuggfe bf`wf stftus adzd

suetkm mkeafe pkobkrdfe O\-FZD gurfea mfrd9 buhfe bkrnuohf` :1 (=;.1 %), skoketfrfmkeafe pkobkrdfe O\-FZD hkbd` mfrd 9 buhfe bkrnuohf` 22 (21.2 %). @fsdh und stftdstdgokeuenuggfe fmf `ubueafe pkobkrdfe O\-FZD mded mkeafe gknfmdfe arcwt` ifhtkrdea pfmffefg usdf 9-2= buhfe, `fh ded mfpft mdgktf`udmfrd `fsdh und mdmfpftgfe edhfd p?<,<6: 8 <,<;.

]fbkh =.

@fsdh und `ubueafe \kobkrdfe O\-FZD Mded

mkeafe arcwt` ifhtkrdea

Ztftus adzd

]ctfh Ecrofh Ztuetkm

O\-FZD

≭ 9 buhfe

Nuohf` 1 :1 ==

% 0.9 % =;.1 % ;=.: %

5 9

 buhfe

Nuohf` 6; 22 :1

% 60.; % 21.2 % =;.1 %

]ctfh Nuohf` 22 ;4 06

% 21.2 % 12.0 % 6<<.<%

 ρ 2 ? 9,69=, edhfd    ? <,<6:

\kobkrdfe O\-FZD pfmf fefg hkbd` mfrd 9 buhfe okejkaf` fefg okeafhfod stuetkm mdgkoumdfe `frd. \kobkrdfe ofgfefe tfobf`fe pfmf usdf gurfea mfrd kefo buhfe bkrbf`fyf,gfrkef fefg bkhuo okokrhugfe ofgfefetfobf`fe pfmf sfft usdf ded, ndgf mdbkrdgfe

ofgfefe tfobf`fe fgfe mfpft okeaafetdgfeFZD mdofef bfyd fgfe odeuo FZD hkbd` skmdgdt

mfe dbu okoprcmugsdeyf fgfe bkrgurfea ofgfgkbutu`fe eutrdsd bfyd tdmfg tkrpkeu`d mfeifgtcr-ifgtcr pkhdemuea mfrd FZD okenfmd

skmdgdt, sk`deaaf gkoueagdefe tkrnfmd rdsdgc

deikgsd okedeagft.1  Ofgfefe tfobf`fe yfea

mdbuft skemdrd ftfu buftfe pfbrdg jkemkrueaokeafemuea gfmfr eftrduo ghcrdmf (EfJh)tdeaad fgfe okefobf` bkbfe adenfh. Bkhuooftfeaeyf sdstko gkgkbfhfe mfrd usus bfyd

 pfmf uour mded, mfpft okeykbfbgfe fhkradtkr`fmfp ofgfefe tfobf`fe, gcopceke-gcopceke fhfodf` yfea tkrmfpft mfhfo

ofgfefe tfobf`fe skpkrtd auhf mfpftokeykbfbgfe gkbusugfe pfmf adad mfeafeaaufe pkejkreffe pfmf bfyd skrtfgkakougfe.

\kr`dtueafe cmms rftdc md`fsdhgfe feagf

<.211, bkrfrtd fscsdfsd pcsdtdi yfea frtdeyf pkobkrdfe. \kobkrdfe O\-FZD hkbd` mfrd 9 buhfe pfmf fefg fgfe okejkaf` fefgokeafhfod stuetkm ( arcwt` ifhtkrdea ).

@ubueafe \chf Fsu` mkeafe Arcwt`

Ifhtkrdea  

\krtuobu`fe mfe pkrgkobfeafe nuaftkrafetuea pfmf prcsks scjdfh yfea mdhfgugfegkhufraf tkrutfof dbu tkr`fmfp fefg yfeamdgkefh mkeafe pkeafsu`fe. \chf fsu` fefgokrupfgfe detkrfgsd crfea tuf mkeafe fefgeyf, bkrupf tdemfgfe pkeykmdffe wfgtu, pkr`ftdfemfe mugueafe crfea tuf auef okokeu`dgkbutu`fe idsdg, oketfh mfe scjdfh.0  Fefhdsds`ubueafe pchf fsu` mkeafe arcwt` ifhtkrdea

mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf tfbhk ;.

]fbkh ;.

@fsdh und `ubueafe \chf Fsu` mkeafe

arcwt` ifhtkrdea

Ztftus Adzd

]ctfh Ecrofh Ztuetkm

\chf

Fsu

`

≫ 69

 nfo

Nuohf` 6; := =4

% 60.9 % =2.< % 9<.9 %

8 69

 nfo

Nuohf` 1 2; :2

% 0.9 % :<.0 % :4.= %

]ctfh Nuohf` 22 ;4 06

% 21.2 % 12.0 % 6<<.< %

 ρ 2 ? <,1=1, edhfd    ? <,:01

]fbkh ; okeuenuggfe fefg yfeaokeafhfod stuetkm mkeafe fhcgfsd wfgtu

okeafsu` fefg hkbd` mfrd 69 nfo bkrnuohf` :=(=2, < %), skmfeagfe fhcgfsd wfgtu okeafsu`fefg gurfea mfrd 69 nfo bkrnuohf` 2; (:<,0 %).@fsdh und stftdstdg okeuenuggfe tdmfg tkrmfpft

`ubueafe fetfrf pchf fsu` mkeafe  arcwt` ifhtkrdea   (p `dtuea ?<.:01 5 <.<;). Bf`fr

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Zuprdycec, Ifgtcr-Ifgtcr yfea Okopkeafru`d Arcwt` Ifhtkrdea md \fhfeagf Rfyf

:< Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

(2<<<) mfhfo pkekhdtdfeeyf, okeuenuggfe tdmfgfmf bkmf pkeafru` pkeafsu`fe ofgfefe fefgtkr`fmfp pkrtuobu`fe fefg bkrmfsfr akemkryfea bkrfrtd pkeafsu`fe yfea mdtkrfpgfe skrupffetfrf fefg hkhfgd ofupue fefg pkrkopufe.

4

\kekhdtdfe Zftctc (644<), md Nkpfrfokeuenuggfe bf`wf fhcgfsd wfgtu dbu tdmfg bkr`ubueafe mkeafe pkrtuobu`fe bkrft bfmfefefg ( p?<,6<6). Okeuruteyf `fh yfea hkbd` pketdea bugfe hfad bkrfpf hfof dbu bkrsfof-sfof fefgeyf sktdfp `frd, tktfpd pfmf detkesdtfsdbu mfe fefg skwfgtu okrkgf skmfea bkrsfof-sfof.6<

Gksdopuhfe Mfe Zfrfe

Gksdopuhfe

]dmfg tkrmfpft `ubueafe yfea bkrofgef

tdmfg mdbkrdgfeeyf gchcstruo mkeafe arcwt` ifhtkrdea . Fmf `ubueafe yfea bkrofgef

 pkobkrdfe O\-FZD Mded mkeafe arcwt` ifhtkrdea. \kr`dtueafe cmms rftdc okeuenuggfefscsdfsd pcsdtdi. ]dmfg tkrmfpft ̀ ubueafe yfea bkrofgef pchf fsu` dbu mkeafe arcwt`ifhtkrdea

Zfrfe

\krhueyf pkedeagftfe gkadftfe pkeyuhu`fetketfea FZD kgsghusdi mfe prfgtkg pkobkrdfeO\-FZD. \krhu mdhfgugfe stumd hkbd` hfenutuetug ifjtcr-ifgtcr yfea hfde mkeafe jfgupfe

yfea hkbd` hufs.

Mfitfr \ustfgf

6.  Zupfrdfsf. \kedhfdfe Ztftus Adzd. \kekrbdt>

KAJ. 2<<2

2.  ]feuwdnfyf, Z, Gceskp [ouo ]uobu`

mfe Gkobfea. \kekrbdt KAJ.Nfgfrtf. 2<<:

:.  Mkpfrtkoke Gksk`ftfe RD. \kofetfufe

\krtuobu`fe Bfhdtf, MdrnkeBdef Gksk`ftfeOfsyfrfgft, Mdrkgtcrft Adzd Ofsyfrfgft,

Nfgfrtf. 2<<2=.  Zfstrcfsocrc mfe Dsofkh. Oktcmchcad

\kekhdtdfe Ghdeds. Zfauea Zktc. Nfgfrtf.

2<<2

;.  Zuadycec. Ztftdstdg [etug \kekhdtdfe.

\kekrbdt Fhif Bktf. Bfemuea. 2<<2.

9.  Mkpfrtkoke Gksk`ftfe RD, 2<<6, Bugu\femufe Ofefnkoke Hfgtfsd, MdrnkeGksk`ftfe Ofsyfrfgft, Mdrkgtcrft AdzdOfsyfrfgft, Nfgfrtf.

1.  Rcsdmf`, M. \kobkrdfe ofgfefe

]fobf`fe. KAJ. Nfgfrtf. 2<<=.0.  Zfetcsc Z. mfe Feek H.R., 6444,

Gksk`ftfe mfe Adzd, Rdekgf Jdptf, Nfgfrtf.4.  Bf`fr, B., 2<<<, \keafru` \keafsu`fe

tkr`fmfp \krtuobu`fe Fefg,\keafoftfe

Hceadtumdefh pfmf Fefg Ktedg Buads [sdf

<-62 Buhfe mdBfrru, Mdskrtfsd tdmfg

mdtkrbdtgfe, Zurfbfyf > \\Z [EFDR.

6<. Zftctc, 644<, \krtuobu`fe mfe\krgkobfeafe Fefg, \keafoftfe Fefguour <-60 Buhfe md Gkjfoftfe Ohceaac

Gfbupftke Nkpfrf Nfwf]keaf`, MdskrtfsdMcjtcr pfmf [edvkrsdtfs MdpcekacrcZkofrfea

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

:6 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

IFG]CR DGHDO OKO\KEAFR[@D GKNFMDFE MBM

MD GC]F \FHFEAGF RFTF ]F@[E 2<62

Jhdoftk Ifjtcr Deihukejdea Mkeauk Jfsks de \fhfeagf Rfyf, 2<62

Tceawfe Eyfode, Eftfhfesyf ,̀ Ydssdf Mdmde.F.

 Nurusfe Gkpkrfwftfe \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

Fbstrfg. Mkofo Bkrmfrf` Mkeauk (MBM) okrupfgfe ofsfhf` gksk`ftfe ofsyfrfgft yfea jkemkrueaskofgde okhufs wdhfyf` pkeykbfrfeeyf sknfhfe mkeafe okedeagfteyf ocbdhdtfs mfe gkpfmftfe pkemumug.\krubf`fe dghdo mfpft bkrpkeafru` tkr`fmfp pchf pkeyfgdt okeuhfr mfe skdrdea okedeagfteyf pkeuhfrfe pkeyfgdt. \keyfgdt MBM tkhf` okenfmd kemkods md md gctf-gctf bksfr md Demceksdf md Demceksdf. Mdmuaf bf`wf gkfmffe hufr bdfsf (GHB) mkofo bkrmfrf` mkeauk yfea tkrnfmd `fopdr sktdfp tf`ue md skhuru`Demceksdf tkrgfdt mkeafe pkrubf`fe jufjf. ]unufe mfrd pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` uetug okeaktf`ud `ubueafedghdo ( jurf` `unfe,su`u umfrf mfe gkhkobfpfe) mkeafe gknfmdfe MBM md gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf skhfof tf`ue2<62. Mksfde pkekhdtdfe yfea mdauefgfe fmfhf` stumdkgchcad. \kekhdtdfe ded mdhfgugfe pfmf buhfe  ‚ 

 Ecvkobkr-Mkskobkr 2<62 mfe tkrhktfg md gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf mkeafe okeaauefgfe mftf skguemkr. Mftf nuohf` gfsus mdpkrchk` mfrd Mdegks Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf. Mftf dghdo yfea mdauefgfe fmfhf` mftf jurf``unfe, su`u umfrf, gkhkobfpfemdpkrchk` mfrd Bfmfe Oftkrdchcad Ghdoftchcad mfe Akcidsdgf (BOGA)Bfemfrf [mfrf Jdhdg Rdwut \fhfeagf Rfyf. Gksdopuhfe mfrd pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` bf`wf jurf` `unfe yfeaokedeagft mfe gkhkobfpfe okopkeafru`d okedeagfteyf gknfmdfe mkofo bkrmfrf` mkeauk. Chk` gfrkef dtuokokrhugfe gkrnfsfof fetfrf Mdefs Gksk`ftfe gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf mfe BOGA mfhfo okemugueagkbkr`fsdhfe pkhfgsfeffe prcarfo \2MBM.Gftf Guejd> dghdo, mkeauk, gkhkobfbfe

Fbstrfjt. ]rfesodtdce ci mkeauk vdrus mkpkems ce t`k prkskejk ci Fkmks ocsqudtc. Ocsqudtc akekrftdcefem mkvkhcpoket ds gecwe tc bk deihukejkm by t`k jhdoftk. ]`ds stumy wfs fdokm tc kxfodek w`ktkr t`k

jhdoftk ifjtcrs mftf jfe bk uskm tc prmdjt ocet`hy mkeauk jfsks ci \fhfeagf Rfyf Jdty. Ocet`hy rkpcrtkmmkeauk jfsks fem jhdoftk mftf icr t`k ykfr 2<62 wfs cbtfdekm irco t`k Rkadcefh @kfht` Zkrvdjk femOktkcrcadjfh fem Akcp`ysdj ci \fhfeagf Rfyf rkspkjtdvkhy. Jhdoftk ifjtcrs fem rkhfvdk `uodmdty wkrksdaedidjfethy jcrrkhftkm wdt` mkeauk jfsks. Zuaaktdce icr prkvketdea t`k dejrkfsk ci mkeauk jfsks dsjchfbcrtdce bktwkke Rkadcefh @kfht` Zkrvdjk (Mdegks Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf) fem BOGA tc suppcrt \2MBM prcarfook.Gkywcrms> jhdoftk, mkeauk, ̀ uodmdty

\kemf`uhufe

\keyfgdt MkofoBkrmfrf` Mkeauk (MBM)fmfhf` sfhf` sftu pkeyfgdt okeuhfr yfea mdskbfbgfe

chk` vdrus mkeauk mfe mdtuhfrgfe okhfhud eyfoug Fkmks fkayptd.Q@C (2<<1)6 okeakstdofsd ;< nutfcrfea tkrdeikgsd pkeyfgdt mkofo bkrmfrf` sktdfptf`ueeyf.\keyfgdt ded `feyf mfpft mdgkemfhdgfemkeafe okobkrfetfs eyfoug pkeuhfreyf (vkgtcr),okeadeaft vfgsde uetug okejkaf` mfe cbft uetug

okobfsod vdruseyf bkhuo tkrskmdf2.

MBM okeykrfea bfeyfg pkemumug ekafrf-

ekafrf mdmuedf skpkrtd Fprdgf, ]dour ]keaf`,\fsdpdg Bfrft, Fsdf tkeaafrf tkrofsugDemceksdf.\krtfof gfhd mdhfpcrgfe pkeyfgdt MBMokeykrfea Demceksdf pfmf tf`ue 6490, yfdtu md

Nfgfrtf mfe Zurfbfyf mkeafe nuohf` gfsus ;0crfea (dejdmkejk Rftk/DR?<,6 pkr 6<<.<<<) mfe 2=

crfea mdfetfrfeyf okedeaafh (jfsk IftfhdtyRftk/JIR?=6,:%) . MBM tkhf` tkrskbfr gk skhuru` prcvdesd Demceksdf

:.Mftf `deaaf tf`ue 2<<1

okopkrhd`ftgfe pkedeagftfe DR mfe nuohf`gfbupftke tkrdeikgsd g`ususeyf sktkhf` bkbkrfpftf`ue Kh Edec (641:, 640:, 6440, mfe 2<<;).Yfrdfsd dghdo okeykbfbgfe vkgtcr pkeyfgdt MBMfgfe oumf` bkrgkobfea bdfg bfdg mdfmkrf` trcpdsofupue subtrcpds. Yfrdfsd dghdo yfea mdofgsum

okhdputd jurf` `unfe, su`u, mfe gkhkobfbfe umfrf ,mdofef gktdaf ifgtcr tkrskbut okrupfgfe ifgtcr

 pkemuguea tdeaad rkemf`eyf pcpuhfsd vkgtcr pkeyfgdt

=.

Zkjfrf fmodedstrfsd Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf yfeafmf md prcvdesd Gfhdofetfe ]keaf` tkrmdrd mfrd :<

gkhurf`fe yfea tkrskbfr ; gkjfoftfe mfe tkrmfpft 1gkhurf`fe bkrstftus mfkrf` kemkods MBB.

:6

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Eyfode, @ubueafe Dghdo mkeafe Gknfmdfe MBM md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf ]f`ue 2<62

Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

Bkrmfsfrgfe mftf pfmf \keakhchf \rcarfo\kefeaauhfeafe \keyfgdt Mkofo Bkrmfrf`(\2MBM) Mdefs Gksk`ftfe Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyfskhfof tf`ue 2<62 tkrmfpft ;=0 gfsus mkeafegkoftdfe : skbfeyfgf : crfea.

;[pfyf

 pkobkrfetfsfe vkgtcr MBM okhfhud pkobkrfetfsfesfrfea eyfoug bkhuo nuaf bkr`fsdh okedeagftgfeFeagf Bkbfs Nketdg (FBN) ofsd` mdbfwf` stfemfrMkpgks (84;%)

9

\kedeagftfe gfsus mfe pkeykbfrfe pkeyfgdtMBM mdpkeafru`d gkpfmftfe vkgtcr  Fkmks fkayptdyfea tkrskbfr hufs md mfkrf` trcpds, pkrbkmffe fetfrwdhfyf` mfhfo `fh pkrgkobfeafe kgcecod,gkpfmftfe pkemumug, trfesicrtfsd, mfe bumfyf fgfetkrus okopkrjkpft trfesodsd pkeuhfrfe pkeyfgdttkrskbut.

Dghdo fmfhf` sfhf` sftu gcopceke pcgcg

hdeagueafe idsdg yfea tkrmdrd ftfs su`u, gkhkobfbfe,jurf` `unfe, jf`fyf mfe feade. Okeurut Mkpgks

(2<<6)1.  fmf muf ofjfo dghdo, yfdtu dghdo ofgrc

mfe odgrc. Dghdo ofgrc fmfhf` gkfmffe jufjf rftf-rftf mdsuftu mfkrf`. Zkmfeagfe dghdo odgrc fmfhf`fmfhf` ocmdidgfsd sfopfd pfmf suftu tdeagfttkrtketu mfrd gkfmffe-gkfmffe dghdo ofgrc.

\krbkmffe su`u mfe gkobfbfe umfrf mfhfo bkbkrfpf mkrfnft mfpft tkrnfmd mdfetfrf dghdo ofgrcmfe dghdo odgrc. Ifgtcr dghdo okopkeafru`dgknfmdfe mfe pkeykbfrfe pkeyfgdt deikgsd skjfrfhfeasuea mfe tdmfg hfeasuea bfdg tkr`fmfp

odgrccrafedsok pftcakeeyf, vkgtcr, rkskrvcdr mfe pkenfou, skpkrtd Ofhfrdf, mfe MBM. Mfhfo

 pkeykbfrfe pkeyfgdtMBM, pkrubf`fe dghdo fgfeokopkeafru`d mdstrdbusd mfrd vkgtcr Fk,fkaypty mfetdeagft deikgsd mfrd pkeyfgdt dtu skemdrd.

Gcemdsd \fhfeagf Rfyf yfea skhfhu okeafhfod pkedeagftfe nuohf` gfsus pkeyfgdt MBM mfe

gurfeaeyf pkeagfndfe tketfea `ubueafe dghdo(jurf` `unfe, su`u umfrf mfe gkhkobfbfe)okeykbfbgfe pkekhdtdfe hkbd` hfenut pkeafru` dghdotkr`fmfp tkr`fmfp gknfmdfe MBM sfeafe pketdeafrtdeyf mfhfo mfhfo rfeagf pkejkaf`fe mfe upfyf

gkwfspfmffe mded pkeyfgdt MBM,]unufe pkekhdtdfe ded yfdtu okeafhdsds

`ubueafe Dghdo (jurf` `unfe, su`u umfrf,

gkhkobfpfe) tkr`fmfp gfsus gknfmdfe MBM md\fhfeagf Rfyf skhfof tf`ue 2<62.

Oktcmchcad

Nkeds pkekhdtdfe ded bkrsdift gufetdtftdi mfeokrupfgfe pkekhdtdfe mksgrdptdi mkeafe rfejfea bfeaue pkekhdtdfe yfea mdauefgfe fmfhf` stumdkgchcad tdok trkem  uetug okekhdtd `ubueafe jurf``unfe, gkhkobfpfe mfe su`u umfrf tkr`fmfpgknfmdfe MBM tf`ue 2<62 md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf.Zkbfafd subykg mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` mftfgfsus MBM md gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf skhfof tf`ue2<62.Yfrdfbkh yfea mdtkhdtd mfhfo pkekhdtdfe dedokhdputd vfrdfbkh bkbfs (okhdputd mftf jurf` `unfe,su`u umfrf mfe gkhkobfbfe) mfe vfrdfbkh tkrdgft(mftf gfsus MBM). \cpuhfsd pfmf pkekhdtdfe dedfmfhf` skgchf`, tkopft pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe,

tkopft dbfmf`, tkrodefh/pfsfr md gctf \fhfeagfRfyf. \keauopuhfe mftf mdhfgugfe mkeafe

cbskrvfsd mcguoke mfrd hfpcrfe yfea fmf pfmfMdefs gksk`ftfe \fhfeagf Rfyf, BfmfeOftkcrchcad Ghdoftchcad mfe Akcidsdgf(BOGA)Bfemfrf Jdhdg Rdwut \fhfeagf Rfyf. Mftf pkekhdtdfe mdfefhdsds skjfrf uedvfrdtk mfe bdvfrdftk.

Fefhdsds uevfrdft mdauefgfe uetug okobkrdgfeafobfrfe tketfea mdstrdbusd gfsus MBM mfeihugtufsd jurf` `unfe, gkhkobfbfe mfe su`u umfrfyfea bkrsdift euokrdg. [etug okenkhfsgfe`ubueafe fetfrf jurf` `unfe, su`u umfrf mfe

gkhkobfbfe mdhfgugfe mkeafe undgcrkhfsd prcmujt Ocoket \kfrsce,skrtf und

 Fecvfuetugokeaktf`udpkrbkmffegknfmdfe MBM.

@fsdh \kekhdtdfe

Fefhdsds [edvfrdftk

Gknfmdfe \keyfgdt MBM md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

skhfof tf`ue 2<62 fmfhf` skbfeyfg ;=0 gfsus.

Nuohf` gfsus tkrtdeaad mdtkougfe pfmf buhfe

Ikbrufrd skbfeyfg 26= gfsus. Feagf gksfgdtfe

(dejdmkejk rftk) MBM tkrtdeaad tkrnfmd pfmf buhfe

Ikbrufrd yfdtu skbfeyfg 4;,: pkr 6<<.<<<

 pkemumug, skmfeagfe gfsus tkrkemf` pfmf buhfe

Zkptkobkr skbfeyfg 6,: pkr 6<<.<< pkemumug

skbfafdofef (tfbkh 6).

:2

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Eyfode, @ubueafe Dghdo mkeafe Gknfmdfe MBM md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf ]f`ue 2<62

Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

]fbkh 6. Nuohf` Gfsus, DR, mfe JIR MBM pkr 6<<.<<< pkemumug skhfof tf`ue 2<62

Buhfe No` \kemumug Gfsus DR pkr 6<<.<<< Gkoftdfe JIR

Nfe 22=99: 44 ==.6 6 6.<

Ikb 22=99: 26= 4;.: 6 <.;

Ofr 22=99: 0; :1.0 < <.<

Fpr 22=99: :: 6=.1 < <.<

Okd 22=99: 6; 9.1 < <.<

Nued 22=99: 2: 6<.2 < <.<

Nuhd 22=99: 9 2.1 < <.<

Fua 22=99: 66 =.4 < <.<

Zkpt 22=99: : 6.: 6 ::.:

Cgt 22=99: 9 2.1 < <.< Ecv 22=99: 2; 66.6 < <.<

Mks 22=99: 20 62.; < <.<

]ctfh 22=99: ;=0 2=:.4 : <.;;

Gcemdsd jurf` `unfe md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf skhfof

gurue wfgtu 2<62 mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf arfidg 6 ,

yfdtu okeafhfod ihugtufsd sktdfp buhfeeyf

mkeafejurf``unfetkrkemf`skjksfr 12,: oo

mfetkrtdeaad =:=,9 oo. Rftf-rftf jurf``unfemd

Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf bkrgdsfr 2;9,: oo

(8;<<oo) okrupfgfe jurf` `unfe yfea tkrachcea

skmfea.

Nfe Ikb Ofr Fpr Ok d Nued Nuhd   Faustus

  Z kpt Cgt Ecv Mks

Jurf` @unfe (oo/Buhfe)   =:=.9 2;;.4 ::4.; 294.6 224.: 212.0 2==.: 1; 12.: 2;<.1 2=:.; :00.4

<

;<

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6;<

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2;<

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:;<

=<<

=;<

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   J   u   r   f    `   @   u   n   f   e    (   o   o    )

 Arfidg 6 > Jurf` @unfe (oo) pkr Buhfe md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf ]f`ue 2<62

Zu`u umfrf skhfof gurue wfgtu Nfeufrd  ‚  Mkskobkr 2<62 mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf arfidg 2 yfdtutkrtdeaad skbksfr 20,6<J mfe tkrkemf` skbksfr29,;

<J. vfrdfsd gkefdgfe su`u umfrf pkrtfof

mdouhfd pfmf fg`dr Ikbrufrd skbksfr 29,0<J sfopfd

 buhfe Okd skbksfr 21,1<J, skmfeagfe pkeuruefe

tkrnfmd md buhfe Nuhd 29,;<J gkoumdfe okeafhfod

gkefdgfe sfopfd mkeafe puejfgeyf pfmf buhfeCgtcbkr 20,6

<J.

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Eyfode, @ubueafe Dghdo mkeafe Gknfmdfe MBM md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf ]f`ue 2<62

Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

Nfe Ikb Ofr Fpr Okd Nued Nuhd Fua Zkpt Cgt Ecv Mks

Zu`u [mfrf (<J)   29.0 29.0 21.6 21.1 21.1 21.= 29.; 21.6 21.1 20.6 21.1 29.;

2;.;

29

29.;

21

21.;

20

20.;

Z[@[ [MFRF (<j)

B[HFE

 Arfidg2. Zu`u[mfrf (

<J) pkr Buhfe md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf ]f`ue 2<62

Gkhkobfbfe umfrf skhfof pkrdcmk Nfeufrd ‚ 

 

Mkskobkr 2<62 dgut okeafhfod ihugtufsd gkefdgfe

ofupue pkeuruefe. Gkhkobfbfe umfrf tkrtdeaad

skbksfr 04% mfe tkrkemf` skbksfr 14,0%, mkeafe

rftf-rftf gkhkobfbfe umfrf skbksfr 0=,:%.

Ihugtufsd gkhkobfbfe umfrf mdouhfd mkeafe

gkefdgfe gkhkobfbfe umfrf pfmf buhfe Nfeufrd

skbksfr 0;,=% mfe okeafhfod gkefdgfe

gkhkobfbfe pfmf buhfe Zkptkobkr skbksfr 14,0 %.

\keuruefe gkhkobfbfe ouhfd tkrnfmd pkeuruefe

 pfmf buhfe Cgtcbkr skbksfr 06,6% sfopfd mkeafe

 puejfgeyf yfea tkrkemf` md buhfe Mkskobkr

skbksfr 04%.

0;.=

01.9

0;.=0=.0

0:.90:

0;.1

06.1

14.0

06.6

0;

04

1=

19

10

0<

02

0=

09

00

4<

Nfe Ikb Ofr Fpr Okd Nued Nuhd Fua Zkpt Cgt Ecv Mks

GKHKOBFBFE

[MFRF (%)

B[HFE

 Arfidg.:. Gkhkobfbfe[mfrf (%) pkr Buhfe md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf Nfeufrd  ‚  Mkskobkr 2<62

Fefhdsds Bdfvfrftk

Bkrmfsfrgfe und gcrkhfsd  spkfrofe , `ubueafevfrdfbkh jurf` `unfe mkeafe Gknfmdfe MBMmdpkrchk` `fsdh edhfd p ? <,<<4 mfe edhfd r ? <,160,sk`deaaf mfpft mdsdopuhgfe bf`wf fmf gcrkhfsd

fetfrf jurf` `unfe mkeafe gknfmdfe MBM.@fh ded

mfpft mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf arfidg =. fmf

gkjkemkrueafe pkeuruefe gfsus MBM gktdgf jurf``unfe turue. Gkjkemkrueafe tkrskbut ouhfd tkrhd`ftmd buhfe Ofrkt-Mkskobkr. Zkoketfrf dtu md fwfhtf`ue 2<62, buhfe Nfeufrd-Ikbrufrd nustruskbfhdgeyf, tkrnfmd gkefdgfe gfsus pfmf`fh jurf`

`unfe okeafhfod pkeuruefe.

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Eyfode, @ubueafe Dghdo mkeafe Gknfmdfe MBM md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf ]f`ue 2<62

Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

=:=.9

2;;.4

::4.;

294.6

224.:

212.0

2==.:

1; 12.:

2;<.1

2=:.;

:00.4

4426=

0; ::6;   2:

9

66   :

9  2;   20

Jurf` @unfe (oo) Gfsus MBM

 Arfidg =. ]dok Zkrdks \kemkrdtfMBM mfe Jurf` @unfe , Nfeufrd - Mkskobkr 2<62

md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

Mfrd `fsdh fefhdsds bdvfrdftk mdtkougfe bf`wf tdmfg

fmf `ubueafe fetfrf su`u mkeafe Gknfmdfe MBMtkrhd`ft mfrd und gcrkhfsd  spkfrofe mkeafe edhfd p?<,2;; mfe edhfd r? -<,:10. @fh ded okeuenuggfe

 bf`wf su`u okopueyfd gkguftfe `ubueafeeyf

rkemf` mkeafe gknfmdfe MBM sk`deaaf su`u tdmfgokopkeafru`d pkedeagftfe ofupue pkeuruefegfsus MBM, skpkrtd arfidg.2.

Nfe Ikb Ofr Fpr Okd Nued Nuhd Faus Zkpt Cgt Ecv Mks

Zu`u   29.0 29.0 21.6 21.1 21.1 21.= 29.; 21.6 21.1 20.6 21.1 29.;

gfsus   44 26= 0; :: 6; 2: 9 66 : 9 2; 20

<

;<

6<<

6;<

2<<

2;<

Zu`u

gfsus

 Arfidg ;. ]dok Zkrdks \kemkrdtf Mkofo Bkrmfrf` (MBM) mfe Zu`u

Mfrd Nfeufrd- Mkskobkr 2<62 md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

:4 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

Fefhdsds bdvfrdft `ubueafe vfrdbkh fetfrfgkhkobfbfe mkeafe Gknfmdfe MBM, undgcrkhfsd spkfrofe mdmfpftgfe `fsdh edhfd p ? <,<64 mfe edhfdr ? <,99:. @fh ded okeuenuggfe bf`wf fmf gcrkhfsdfetfrf gkhkobfbfe mkeafe gknfmdfe MBM. Ndgfmdhd`ft mfrd gkguftfe `ubueafe okopkrhd`ftgfegcrkhfsdeyf skmfea. @fh tkrskbut mfpft mdtuenuggfemkeafe arfidg =.:. ]krhd`ft bf`wf fmfgkjkemkrueafe pkeuruefe gfsus MBM gktdgfgkhkobfbfe efdg. Gkjkemkrueafe tkrskbut sumf`

ouhfd tkrhd`ft md fwfh buhfe Nfeufrd mdofefgkhkobfbfeeyf 0;,=% mkeafe nuohf` gfsus MBMskbfeyfg 44 gfsus, pfmf buhfe Ikbrufrdgkhkobfbfeeyf efdg okenfmd 01,9% mkeafe nuohf` gfsus okeafhfod pkedeagftfe MBMokenfmd 26= gfsus, md buhfe Ofrkt tkrnfmd pkeuruefe gkhkobfbfe (0;,=%) mddgutd mkeafe pkeuruefe gfsus (0; gfsus) mfe sktkruseyf sfopfdmkeafe buhfe Okd. Gkfmffe tkrskbut gkobfhd bkruhfea md buhfe Cgtcbkr sfopfd Mkskobkr 

.

Nfe Ikb Ofr Fpr Okd Nued Nuhd Faus Zkpt Cgt Ecv Mks

Gkhkobfbfe   0;.= 01.9 0;.= 0=.0 0:.9 0: 0;.1 06.1 14.0 06.6 0; 04Gfsus   44 26= 0; :: 6; 2: 9 66 : 9 2; 20

<

;<

6<<

6;<

2<<

2;<

Gkhkobfbfe

Gfsus

 Arfidg 9. ]dok Zkrdks \kemkrdtf MB) mfeGkhkobfbfe,Nfeufrd s/m Mkskobkr 2<62

md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

\kobf`fsfe

@ubueafe Jurf` @unfe mkeafe gknfmdfe MBM

@fsdh fefhdsds gcrkhfsd Zpkfrofe  pfmf arfidg=.9. okeuenugfe bf`wf fmf `ubueafe yfea

 bkrofgef fetfrf Jurf` `unfe mkeafe gknfmdfeMBM md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf mkeafe `fsdh edhfd\?<,<<4 mfe edhfd r ? <,160. Ndgf mdhd`ft mdhd`ft mfrdgkguftfe `ubueafe okopkrhd`ftgfe gcrkhfsdskmfea. @fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded sknfhfe `fsdh pkekhdtdfeyfea mdhfgugfe chk` ]`foofpfhc kt.fh (mfhfo^fkeumde 2<<:)0  mdgktf`ud mfe okeuenugfefmfeyf gcrkhfsd fetfrf jurf` `unfe mkeafe mkeafewdhfyf` yfea hkbd` hufs mfe wfgtu yfea hkbd` pfenfea. Mkodgdfe nuaf pkekhdtdfe yfeamdhfgugfe chk` Hc` mfe Zcea md Zdeafpurf (2<<6)

mkeafe okeaauefgfe mftf dghdo odeaaufe yfea

mdgcrkhfsdgfe mkeafe gfsus MBM mfhfo ugurfeghfstkr (2 -24 gfsus) `feyf jurfn `unfe yfea

okopueyfd `ubueafe sdaedidgfe (R2?<,6<27 p?<,<<6;).

Gknfmdfe pkeyfgdt MBM bdfsfeyf okedeagft bkbkrfpf wfgtu skbkhuo ousdo `unfe hkbft ftfu

sktkhf` `unfe hkbft. \keafru` `unfe bkrbkmf-bkmfokeurut bfeyfgeyf `unfe mfe gkfmffe idsdgmfkrf`. ]krhfhu bfeyfg `unfe fgfe okeykbfbgfe bfendr mfe tkrhfhu gurfea `unfe fgfe okeykbfbgfegkgkrdeafe mfe okeafgdbftgfe bkrpdemf`eyftkopft pkrgkobfeafebdfgfe eyfoug  Fkmksfkayptd  skjfrf tkopcrkr, sk`deaaf pkrgkobfeafeeyfoug fgfe bkrgurfea, tktfpd gkfmffe ded fgfeskakrf puhd` bdhf gkfmffe gkobfhd ecrofh. Jurf``unfe yfea jugup tktfpd mkeafe nfeagf wfgtuhfof fgfe okopkrbksfr gkskopftfe eyfoug Fkmks fkayptd  uetug bkrgkobfea bdfg skjfrf

cptdofh. @fh ded nuaf okrupfgfe sfhf` sftu ifgtcrokeykbfbgfe pkedeagftfe pkeuhfrfe vdrus mkeauk.

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Eyfode, @ubueafe Dghdo mkeafe Gknfmdfe MBM md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf ]f`ue 2<62

Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

\cpuhfsd eyfoug Fkmks fkayptd fgfe bkrgkobfea pksft pfmf ousdo `unfe mfe pkrgkobfeafe vkgtcrded fgfe bkrmfopfg pfmf gknfmdfe MBM.

Gkeekt I Gdpkh (mfhfo sknftd, 2<<6)6<

 okeyftfgfe bf`wf jurf` `unfe buhfefe yfeaokhfopfud :<< oo fgfe okedeagftgfe gknfmdfeMBM skbksfr 62<% mfe hktusfe gknfmdfe MBMfgfe tkrnfmd gdrf-gdrf 2  ‚   : buhfe sktkhf` ousdo`unfe. Ndgf mdfoftd md Gctf \fhfeagf rfyf tkrhd`ft bf`wf fmf gkjkemkrueafe pkeuruefe gfsus MBMgktdgf jurf` `unfe turue. Gkjkemkrueafe tkrskbutouhfd tkrhd`ft md buhfe Ofrkt-Mkskobkr. Zkoketfrfdtu md fwfh tf`ue 2<62, buhfe Nfeufrd - Ikbrufrd nustru skbfhdgeyf, tkrnfmd gkefdgfe gfsus pfmf`fhjurf` ̀ unfe okeafhfod pkeuruefe

@ubueafe Zu`u mkeafe Gknfmdfe MBM

@fsdh fefhdsds stftdstdg okeunugfe bf`wftdmfgeyf gcrkhfsd yfea bkrofgef fetfrf su`u umfrf

mkeafe gknfmdfe pkeyfgdt MBM skhfof pkdcmkNfeufrd  ‚  Mkskobkr tf`ue 2<62 , edhfd p ? <,2;;mfe edhfd r ? -<,:10. @fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded sknfhfemkeafe `fsdh pkekhdtdfe ^fkeumde (2<<:)

okeuenugfe bf`wf tdmfg fmfeyf `ubueafe yfea

 bkrofgef fetfrf su`u umfrf mkeafe gknfmdfe MBMmd Gctf Bkgfsd (\?<,666) mfe nuaf okeurut `fsdh pkekhdtdfe Fof` Ofndmf`. mgg (2<<0)66  bf`wftdmfg tkrmfpft `ubueafe yfea bkrofgef fetfrfsu`u mfe gknfmdfe MBM mfhfo numuh pkekhdtdfe

Ifgtcr dghdo mfe desdmke Mkofo Bkrmfrf` Mkeaukmd Gfbupftke Zkrfea.Zu`u umfrf md Gctf \fhfeagf

Rfyf tf`ue 2<62 okeafhfod ihugtufsd. Zu`u umfrftkrtdeaad skbksfr 20,6

<J mfe tkrkemf` skbksfr

29,;<J. Ihugtufsd gkefdgfe su`u umfrf pkrtfof

mdouhfd pfmf fg`dr Ikbrufrd skbksfr 29,0<J sfopfd

 buhfe Okd skbksfr 21,1<J. Okeafhfod pkeuruefe

md buhfe Nuhd 29,;<J gkoumdfe okafhfod gkefdgfe

sfopfd mkeafe puejfgeyf pfmf buhfe Cgtcbkr20,6

<J. Zktkhf` Cgtcbkr okeafhfod pkeuruefe

su`u umfrf sfopfd puejfgeyf yfea tkrkemf`fmfhf` md buhfe Mkskobkr 29,;

<J. ndgf

md`ubueagfe rftf-rftf su`u umfrf sktdfp tf`ueeyfmkeafe puejfg gknfmdfe MBM tkrhd`ft puejfgeyftkrnfmd pfmf su`u tkrtdeaad (29,0

<J). Efoue

mkodgdfe pfmf su`u tkrkemf` nuaf tkrnfmd gknfmfdeyfea rkhftdi tdeaad. @fh ded mdoueagdegfe, gfrkef pchf bkrnfeagdt vdrus mkeauk  sfeaft mdpkeafru`dchk` su`u mfe gkhkobfpfe umfrf. \fmf su`u 29,0-:2

<J mkeafe gkhkobfpfe tdeaad eyfoug fkmks

fgfe bkrtf`fe `dmup uetug nfeagf wfgtu hfof. MdDemcoksdf, gfrkef su`u umfrf mfe gkhkobfpfetdmfg sfof md sktdfp tkopft, ofgf pchf wfgtutkrnfmdeyf pkeyfgdt fafr bkrbkmf uetug sktdfptkopft. Md nfwf pfmf uouoeyf deikgsd vdrusmkeauk tkrnfmd pfmf nfeufrd,okedeagft tkrus sfopfd

gfsus tkrtdeaad, yfea tkrnfmd skgdtfr buhfe Fpfrdhsfopfd Okd sktdfp tf`ueeyf ( Mkpgks 2<<6)

;

@ubueafe gkhkobfpfemkeafe gknfmdfe MBM

@fsdh fefhdsds `ubueafe fetfrf gkhkobfpfeumfrf mkeafe gknfmdfe MBM Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf pfmf arfidg 9. okeuenugfe bf`wf tkrmfpft`ubueafe yfea bkrofgef ( p?<,<64). @ubueafeyfea bkrofgef ded gfrkef fmfeyf gkjkemkrueafe pkeuruefe gfsus MBM gktdgf gkhkobfbfe efdg.Gkjkemkrueafe tkrskbut sumf` ouhfd tkrhd`ft mdfwfh buhfe Nfeufrd mdofef gkhkobfbfeeyf 0;,=%mkeafe nuohf` gfsus MBM skbfeyfg 44 gfsus, pfmf buhfe Ikbrufrd gkhkobfbfeeyf efdg okenfmd01,9% mkeafe nuohf` gfsus okeafhfod pkedeagftfe MBM okenfmd 26= gfsus, md buhfeOfrkt tkrnfmd pkeuruefe gkhkobfbfe (0;,=%)

mddgutd mkeafe pkeuruefe gfsus (0; gfsus) mfesktkruseyf sfopfd mkeafe buhfe Okd. Gkfmffe

tkrskbut gkobfhd bkruhfea md buhfe Cgtcbkr sfopfdMkskobkr.

Gkhkobfpfe umfrf okopkeafru`d uour mfegkofopufe tkrbfea eyfoug Fkmks fkayptd. Bfmfeeyfoug yfea gkjdh okodhdgd pkrougffe yfea

 bksfr chk` gfrkefsystko pkrefpfsfe mkeafetrfj`kf. \fmf wfgtu tkrbfea eyfoug okokrhugfecgsdake hkbd` bfeyfg sk`deaaf tfrj`kf tkrbugf,mfe gkfmffe ded okeykbfbgfe pkeaufpfe fdr mfrdtubu` eyfoug okenfmd hkbd` bksfr. [etug

okopkrtf`fegfe jfmfeafe fdr mfhfo tubu` mfrd pkeaufpfe, ofgf nfrfg eyfoug tkrbftfs.

Gkhkobfpfe umfrf cptdofh fgfe okeykbfbgfemfyf tf`fe tubu` eyfoug fgfe bkrtfobf`. @fh dedmfpft tkrnfmd ndgf jurf` `unfe mfe nuaf su`uufmfrf tdeaad. \fmf gkhkobfpfe 0;% uoureyfoug bktdef fgfe okejfpfd uour 6<= `frd tfepf

okeadsfp mfrf`, mfe 622 `frd ndgf okeadsfp mfrf`( Mkpgks 2<<6)1

Gkhkobfpfe umfrf rftf-rftf pkr buhfe md Gctf\fhfeagf rfyf skhfof tf`ue 2<62 skbksfr 0;,9%,okeuenugfe bf`wf gkhkobfpfe umfrf md Gctf

\fhfeagf Rfyf okrupfgfe gkhkobfpfe umfrf yfeajugup gcemcsdi bfad fgtdidtfs eyfoug  Fkmksfkayptd uetug prcsks sdghus  acectrcpdg (sdghus pkrakrfgfe eyfoug bktdef mfrd bkrgkobfea bdgfokeunu `cspks uetug okea`dsfp mfrf` - dstdrf`ft -gk tkopft bkrgkobfea bdgf mfe sktkruseyf. Zdghusacectrcpdg fgfe mddgutd chk` ofsf degubfsd vdrusyfea pkemkg mfhfo tubu` eyfoug skdrdea mkeafeokedeagfteyf su`u umfrf. Gkfmffe ded okrupfgfegkfmffe gcemusdi uetug eyfoug bkrgkobfea bdfgmfe okopkrjkpft rkphdgfsd vdrus, sk`deaaftrfesodsd pkeuhfrfe okenfmd hkbd` tdeaad.

 

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

=6 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

Gksdopuhfe

Yfrdfbkh jurf` `unfe okodhdgd `ubueafe ftfugcrkhfsd skmfea mkeafe gknfmdfe MBM (p?<,<<4)md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf skhfof pkrdcmk Nfeufrd  ‚  Mkskobkr 2<62.  Yfrdfbkh gkhkobfpfe umfrfokodhdgd yfea bkrofgef mkeafe gknfmdfe MBM(p?<,<64 md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf skhfof pkrdcmkNfeufrd  ‚   Mkskobkr 2<62.  Mfpft mdpkrgdrfgfe bf`wf pfmf sfft jurf` `unfe bkrgdsfr fetfrf 2;;,4oo  ‚   =:=,4 oo gkhkobfbfe umfrf bkrgdsfrfetfrf 0;,=% - 01,9% mfe su`u umfrf bkrgdsfrfetfrf 29,;

cJ  ‚  20,6

cJ okrupfgfe wfredea yfea

mfpft okobkrdgfe sdeyfh fgfe tkrnfmdeyf pkedeagftfe gfsus ftfu Gkfmffe Hufr Bdfsf (GHB)MBM.  \ketdeaeyf okedeagftgfe `ubueafegkrnfsfof hdetfs skgtcr fetfrf Mdefs Gksk`ftfeGctf \fhfeagf Rfyf mkeafe Bfmfe Oftkcrchcad

mfe Akcidsdgf (BOGA) Bfemfrf Jdhdg Rdwut\fhfeagf Rfyf mfhfo okofeifftgfe mftf dghdo

uetug okemuguea gkbkr`fsdhfe pkhfgsfeffeakrfgfe \ZE- MBM mfrd prcarfo \2MBM 

Mfitfr \ustfgf

6.  Q@C, 2<<1, Mkeauk de t`k Q@C Qkstkre \fsdidj Rkadce. Qkkghy KpdmkodchcayRkjcrm. 2<<1

2.  Mkpgks RD (2<<9) , \kobkrfetfsfe Zfrfea

 Eyfoug Mkofo Bkrmfrf` Mkeauk (\ZE MBM) chk` Nuru \kofetfu nketdg (Nuofetdg), Mkpgks RD Mdr.nkem \2-\H

:.  Zckadnfetc, Z. Mkofo Bkrmfrf` Mkeauk, Fdrhfeaaf [edvkrsdty \rkss Zurfbfyf, 2<<=

=.  Aubhkr, Mufek N., \fuh Rkdtkr, GrdstdkH.Kbd.Qkemy Tfp. Rcakr Efstd fem Nceft`feF \frtz. Jhdoftk Yfrdfbdhdty fem J`feak det`k [edtkm Ztftks, \ctketdfh Dopfjts ceYkjtcrfem Rcmket-Bcrek Mdsksfsks. Kevdrceoketfh @kfht` \krfspkjtdvks Ychuok6<4 Ofy 2<<6

;.  Mdefs Gksk`ftfe Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf 2<66, Mcguoketfsd hfpcrfe tf`uefe Zubmde \2\, Mdegks Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf.

9.   \rcidh Gksk`ftfe Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf (2<<4,2<6<, 2<66), Mdegks Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

1.  Mkpgks 2<<6, \kmcofe Kgchcad mfe Fspkg \krdhfgu Ykgtcr , Mdrkgtcrft \\O & \H,Mkpgks RD, Nfgfrtf

0. 

^fkeumde (2<<:), Fefhdsds Zpfsdfh Gknfmdfe \keyfgdt MBM md Gctf Bkgfsd

4.  Hc`, Bfsdh fem Rke Ndea Zcea (2<<6), Ocmkhdea Mkeauk Jhustkr fs ci Fkmks fkayptd \cpuhftdce fem Jhdoftk de Zdeafpurf MkeaukBuhhktde Ych 2; Mkskobkr 2<<6.

6<.  Zknftd, (2<<6) @ubueafe vfrdfsd dghdo mkeafe

gknfmdfe Mkofo Bkrmfrf` Mkeauk (MBM) md Gctf \fmfea tf`ue 644; ‚  6444, ]`ksds\fsjfsfrnfef DGO [D Mkpcg.

66. Fof` Ofndmf` (2<6<) Ifgtcr Dghdo mfe Feagfgknfmdfe Mkofo Bkrmfrf` Mkeauk. Ofgfrf,

Gksk`ftfe Ychuok 6= Ec.6, Nued 2<6<7 :6-:0.

 

:0

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

:4 

\keafru` \dnft Bfyd ]kr`fmfp Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd

Kiikjt Ci ]`k Bfby Ofssfak Ce ]`k Vufhdty Ci Bfbdks— Zhkkpdea 

]rd Rftef, Bkrt`dfef, J`rdstdek Fmke

 Nurusfe Gkpkrfwftfe \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

Fbstrfg. Fefg md Demceksdf okeafhfod afeaaufe tdmur skbksfr ;6,:%, pfmf`fh tdmur yfea

 bkrgufhdtfs sfeaft pketdea gfrkef mfpft okrfeasfea tuobu` gkobfea, okedeagftgfe

gkjkrmfsfe mfe okedeagftgfe sdstko douedtfs bfyd. \dnft bfyd mfpft okeaurfead strkss mfe

gktkafeafe,  sk`deaaf md`frfpgfe mfpft okobuft bfyd tdmur hkhfp mfe bkrgufhdtfs. Md

Gfhdofetfe ]keaf` bkhuo fmf mftf tketfea gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd, bf`gfe ofsyfrfgft bkhuo

okeakefh ofeifft tdmur yfea bkrgufhdtfs mfe pdnft bfyd, sk`deaaf kvdmkejk bfsk okenfmd

sfeaft pketdea.  ]unufe pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` uetug okeaktf`ud pkrbkmffe gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd skbkhuo mdpdnft mfe sksumf` mdpdnft. Nkeds pkekhdtdfe qufsd kxpkrdoket prktkst pcstkst

wdt` jcetrch arcup mksdae, mkeafe pkrhfgufe pdnft bfyd skhfof 6< `frd. Zfopkh bfyd

 bkrusdf 9-62 buhfe mkeafe bksfr sfopkh 90 bfyd. Grdtkrdf deghusd, bfyd yfea tdeaafh

 bkrsfof dbueyf, tdmfg fmf rdwfyft fstof mfe fhkrad. Grdtkrdf kgsghusd, bfyd yfea tdeaafh

 pfmf hdeagueafe bdsdea ftfu yfea skmfea sfgdt. Gufhdtfs tdmur mdugur 2x, skbkhuo mfe

sktkhf` pkrhfgufe mkeafe okeaauefgfe guksdcekr BZVDZ\ ( Brdki Zjrkkedea Vukstdcefdrk

 Icr Deifets Zhkkp \rcbhko). [nd stftdstdg Oj Ekofr mfe J`d Zqufrk. ]krmfpft pkrbkmffe

gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd yfea sdaedidgfe fetfrf bfyd yfea mdpdnft mfe yfea tdmfg mdpdnft, ( \   ?

<,<<<<).

Gftf Guejd> \dnft bfyd, gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd

Fbstrfjt. ;6.:% j`dhmrke de Demceksdf `fvk trcubhk de shkkpdea bk`fvdcur, w`krkfs qufhdty

ci shkkpdea ds vkry dopcrtfet bkjfusk dt jfe stdouhftk t`k bfby—s arcwt`, dejrkfsk

detkhhdakejk, fem doprcvk bfby's doouek systko. Bfby ofssfak jfe rkmujk strkss fem

tkesdce, t`krkicrk dt ds kxpkjtkm tc ofgk t`k bfby shkkp scuemhy fem qufhdty. De Jketrfh

Gfhdofetfe, t`krk wfs ec mftf ci shkkpdea qufhdty ci t`k bfbdks, pkcphk wkrk ect ifodhdfr

wdt` t`k bkekidts ci shkkpdea qufhdty fem bfby ofssfak, t`krkicr t`k kvdmkejk bfsk ds vkry

dopcrtfet.  ]`k stumy cbnkjtdvk wfs  tc gecw t`k mdiikrkejks ci shkkpdea qufhdty ci t`k

 bfbdks bkicrk fem fitkr ofssfakm.  ]`k mksdae stumy ds prktkst pcsttkst qufsd kxpkrdoket

wdt` jcetrch arcup mksdae, t`k trkftoket wfs bfby ofssfak icr 6< mfys. \cpuhftdce wkrk bfbdks fakm 9-62 ocet`s w`dj` dejhumkm 90 bfbdks. Dejhusdce—s jrdtkrdf wkrk bfbdks w`c

hdvkm wdt` `ds oct`kr, t`krk wfs ec `dstcry ci fst`of fem fhhkradks. Kxjhusdce—s  jrdtkrdf

wfs bfbdks hdvkm de f ecdsy kevdrceokets cr bfbdks wfrk sdjg. Oksurkoket ci t`k shkkpdea

qufhdty wfs twdjk, bkicrk fem fitkr trkftoket, w`dj` uskm f qukstdceefdrk BZVDZ\ (Brdki

Zjrkkedea Vukstdceefdrk Icr Deifets Zhkkp \rcbhko). Ztftdstdjfh tksts wkrk Oj Ekofr fem

J`d Zqufrk. ]`krk wkrk sdaedidjfet mdiikrkejks ci t`k shkkpdea qufhdty ci bktwkke bfbdks

ofssfakm, ( \   ? <.<<<<).

Gkywcrms> ]`k bfby ofssfak, shkkpdea qufhdty ci bfbdks 

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Rftef, \keafru` \dnft Bfyd tkr`fmfp Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd

=< Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

\kemf`uhfe

]dmur okrupfgfe prdcrdtfs utfof bfad bfyd. Md Demceksdf mfrd 0< fefg yfea bkrusdfgurfea mfrd tdaf tf`ue, =6 mdfetfrfeyf ftfu;6,:% okeafhfod afeaaufe tdmur 

(6). Gufhdtfs

tdmur uetug fefg mfe bfyd sfeaft pketdea, pkrtuobu`fe mfe pkrgkobfeafe bfyd sfeafttkrafetuea gufhdtfs tdmur, tfepf tdmur yfea bkrgufhdtfs bfyd tdmfg fgfe tuobu` skjfrfcptdofh, gfrkef pfmf sfft tdmur mkeafe gufhdtfsyfea bfdg tkrnfmd pkrbfdgfe (rkpfdr ) skh-skhctfg, mfe gurfea hkbd` 1;% `croce pkrtuobu`fe mdprcmugsd, fhdrfe mfrf` gk ctfgokedeagft, okrfeasfea pkrbfdgfe mfe pkrtuobu`fe skh ctfg, okrfeasfea iueasd ctfg,rkstcrfsd kocsd mfe gcaedtdi. \rcsks

 pkobf`frufe skh tkrnfmd hkbd` jkpft pfmf sfft bfyd tdmur hkhfp. ]khf` mdbugtdgfe tdmurokopueyfd kikg yfea bksfr tkr`fmfp gksk`ftfeoketfh, kocsd mfe idsdg, mfe sdstko douedtfstubu`

(2, :).

Gufhdtfs tdmur okopueyfd gfdtfe-gfdtfemkeafe `croce tubu`, skpkrtd `croce pkrtuobu`fe ( arcwt` `croce), prchfgtde, mfegcrtdsch. @croce pkrtuobu`fe pfhdea bfeyfgmdprcmugsd sfft fefg tdmur hkhfp. @croce ded

 bkriueasd okrfeasfea pkrtuobu`fe tuhfea pfenfea, tuhfea rfwfe mfe nfrdeafe huefg.

Zkhfde bkrpkrfe nuaf okeaftur oktfbchdsoktubu` tkrofsug ctfg. @croce pkrtuobu`fededhf` yfea bkrtuafs okrfeasfea pkrtuobu`fe

tuhfea mfe nfrdeafe. Zkhfde dtu, `croce pkrtuobu`fe nuaf okoueagdegfe tubu`

okopkrbfdgd mfe okopkrbfrud skhuru` skhmfhfo tubu`, mfrd skh guhdt, skh mfrf`, sfopfd skhsfrfi ctfg. \rcsks pkobfrufe skh ded fgfe bkrhfeasuea hkbd` jkpft gfhfu sd bfyd skrdeatkrhkhfp (=).

]krjfpfdeyf pkrtuobu`fe mfe pkrgkobfeafe yfea cptdofh okrupfgfe `fsdh

detkrfgsd bkrbfafd ifgtcr yfea sfhdea bkrgfdtfe,yfdtu ifgtcr akektdg, hdeagueafe, pkrdhfgu, mferfeasfeafe ftfu stdouhfsd yfea bkrauef.

Rfesfeafe ftfu stdouhus yfea mdbkrdgfe mfpftokopkrkrft tfhd gfsd` crfea tuf mkeafe fefg

mfe dgftfe bftde yfea sk`ft ( skjurkfttfj`oket ), sfeaft pketdea bfad fefg tkrutfofmfhfo usdf 2 tf`ue pkrtfof yfea fgfeokeketugfe pkrgkobfeafe gkprdbfmdfe fefgskhfenuteyf

(;). Ztdouhus mfrd hufr nuaf bkrpkrfe

 bfad pkrtuobu`fe idsdg mfe pkrgkobfeafekocsdcefh fefg. Zfhf` sftu bketug stdouhfsdfmfhf` mkeafe pdnft bfyd (9). Bfeyfg ofeifft

yfea mfpft mdpkrchk` mfrd pdnft bfyd mdfetfrfeyfokeaurfead stkss mfe gktkafeafe bfyd skrtfokobuft bfyd tdmur hkhfp (1).

\kekhdtdfe pdnft bfyd md Demceksdf yfea pkref` mdhfgugfe fetfrf hfde (Ikrdus kt fh, 2<<0)okhfgugfe pkekhdtdfe tketfea \keafru` \dnftBfyd Okeaauefgfe Odeyfg Odekrfh ftfuOdeyfg Gkhfpf ]kr`fmfp Gkefdgfe BkrftBfmfe Ekceftus Ftkrko md Nfgfrtf. @fsdh pkekhdtdfe okeydopuhgfe pkeaaueffe odeyfg pfmf pkodnftfe okopueyfd kikg pcsdtditkr`fmfp gkefdgfe bkrft bfmfe. [bfyf, 2<6<okhfgugfe pkekhdtdfe jrcs skjtdcefh tketfea\dnft Bfyd 9-62 Buhfe md Gkjfoftfe Gkemfhmkeafe `fsdh fmf `ubueafe fetfrf irkgukesd pdnft bfyd mkeafe gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd.

\kekrfpfe pdnft bfyd md Demceksdf sumf`ouhfd tkrhd`ft md bkbkrfpf Ruof` Zfgdt mfeghdedg md \uhfu Nfwf skrtf mdpkrgkefhgfe gkpfmfdbu-dbu pcstpfrtuo. Md Gfhdofetfe ]keaf` bfdgRuof` Zfgdt mfe \usgksofs tkrofsug ghdedgswfstf bkhuo fmf yfea okopkrgkefhgfe pdnft bfyd gkpfmf ofsyfrgft. Ofsd` bfeyfg yfea bkhuo okeaktf`ud tketfea pdnft bfyd tkrofsugofeiffteyf yfea bkadtu pketdea. \keuhdstkrtfrdg deade okekhdtd pkeafru` pdnft bfyd

tkr`fmfp gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd mkeafeokeaauefgfe mksfde kgspkrdoke md Gfhdofetfe

]keaf`. \kekhdtdfe ded fgfe okobfetuokyfgdegfe pketdeaeyf pdnft bfyd uetugmdscsdfhdsfsdgfe gkpfmf ofsyfrfgft Gfhdofetfe

]keaf` fafr dbu-dbu mfpft okestdouhfsd pkrtuobu`fe mfe pkrgkobfeafe bfydeyf

mkeafe bfdg. ]unufe pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf` deadeokeaktf`ud pkrbkmffe gufhdtfs tdmur bfydskbkhuo mdpdnft mfe sksumf` mdpdnft.

Oktcmk

Hcgfsd mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded yfdtu

Gkjfoftfe Nkgfe Rfyf md gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf.Fmfpue mfsfr pkodhd`fe tkopft ded gfrkefskbfrfe pkemumug md Nkgfe Rfyf fmfhf` sfhf`

sftu mfrd muf gkjfoftfe yfea pfhdea bksfr mdgctf \fhfeagf Rfyf yfdtu 09,<6%, sdsfeyf

6:,44% tkrskbfr md tdaf Gkjfoftfe hfdeeyf.\kekhdtdfe ded okokrhugfe wfgtu ; (hdof) buhfe, mfrd buhfe Nued sfopfd mkeafe Ecvkobkr 2<62.

Mksfde pkekhdtdfe yfea mdauefgfefmfhf` pkekhdtdfe qufsd kxpkrdoket prktkst pcstkst wdt` jcetrch arcup mksdae, mdofef pkekhdtdfe ded fmf pkrhfgufe pdnft bfyd pfmf

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

=6 

gkhcopcg detkrvkesd, mfe pfmf gkhcopcg gcetrch tdmfg mdhfgugfe pdnft bfyd.

6< `frd

C6 x C2

C6 C2

Afobfr 6. Rfejfeafe \kekhdtdfe

\cpuhfsd mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded fmfhf`

 bfyd usdf 9-62 buhfe md Gkjfoftfe Nkgfe

Rfyf. Grdtkrdf deghusd mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded

yfdtu bfyd yfea tdeaafh bkrsfof dbueyf,

tdmfg fmf rdwfyft fstof mfe fhkrad. Grdtkrdf

kgsghusd pkekhdtdfe ded yfdtu bfyd yfea

tdeaafh pfmf hdeagueafe yfea bdsdea mfe

 bfyd mfhfo gkmffe sfgdt ftfu skmfea mfhfo

 pkeacbftfe. \kr`dtueafe bksfr sfopkh

 bkrmfsfrgfe pkekhdtdfe tkrmf`uhu yfea

okemkgfhd. Bkrmfsfrgfe mftf ded, mkeafetdeagft gkofgeffe 4;% und sftu frf`,

stfemfr mkvdfsd (s) ? <,0 mkeafe

okeaauefgfe ruous mfrd Hkoks`cw

skbfafd bkrdgut.

@fsdh pkr`dtueafe mdmfpftgfe nuohf`sfopkh uetug ofsdea-ofsdea gkhcopcg

skbksfr :6 bfyd. Okeafetdsdpfsd

gkoueagdefe fmfeyf mrcp cut mfhfo

 pkekhdtdfe, sfopkh mdtfobf` 6< % yfdtu :

crfea, nuohf` sfopkh okenfmd := bfyd

uetug ofsdea-ofsdea gkhcopcg, sk`deaaf

skhuru`eyf 90 bfyd (0, 4). Bfafe pkekopftfe

subnkg pkekhdtdfe mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf afobfr

2.

\kekhdtdfe mdouhfd sktkhf` okemfpft

dzde mfrd BF\\KMF, Mdefs Gksk`ftfe

Gctf, gcodtk ktdg mfe \dopdefe \usgksofs

Nkgfe Rfyf. \keauopuhfe mftf mdbfetu chk`

 pkrfwft yfea bkrtuafs md wdhfyf` gkrnf

Nkgfe Rfyf mfe of`fsdswf huhusfe\chktkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf.

\ktuafs skbkhuoeyf sumf` mdhftd` jfrf

okhfgugfe pdnft bfyd. \ktuafs gkoumdfe

okhfgugfe pkejfrdfe sfopkh pkekhdtdfe

yfea okokeu`d syfrft grdtkrdf deghusd mfe

kgsghusd. Fpfbdhf dbu bkrskmdf fefgeyf

mddgutgfe mfhfo pkekhdtdfe, dbu

okefemftfead pkrsktunfe ftfu deicro

jcesket.  Gkrf`fsdffe deicrofsd yfea

mdbkrdgfe chk` rkspcemke mdnfode chk`

 pkekhdtd mfe `feyf mftf gkhcopcg yfeafgfe mdsfndgfe mfe mdhfpcrgfe bugfe skjfrf

demdvdmufh. Zkouf rkspcemke yfea dgut

mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded mdpkrhfgugfe skjfrf

fmdh mfe mdbkrdgfe `fg yfea sfof.

 

Gufhdtfs tdmur

Gcetrch

Detkrvkesd \dnft bfyd

Gufhdtfs tdmur

Gufhdtfs tdmur

Gufhdtfs tdmur

^26-ζ/2 (2ν2)

e ? SSSSSSSSSS ? :6

m2 

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Rftef, \keafru` \dnft Bfyd tkr`fmfp Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd

=2 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

Afobfr 2 Bfafe \kekopftfe Zubnkg \kekhdtdfe

\rcsks rfemco uetug okodhd` sfopkhtdmfg okoueagdegfe mdhfgugfe gfrkef tdmfgtkrskmdf mftf pfstd nuohf` bfyd md gkjfoftfeNkgfe Rfyf, tktfpd rfemcodsfsd uetug pkodsf`fe gkhcopcg detkrvkesd mfe gkhcopcggcetrch ofsd` mfpft mdhfgugfe. Rkspcemkemdodetf okodhd` skbuf` fophcp yfea bkrdsd

guksdcekr pkekhdtdfe, skgfhdaus uetugokeketugfe fpfgf` ofsug mfhfo gkhcopcgdetkrvkesd ftfu mfhfo gkhcopcg gcetrch.Rkspcemke yfea ofsug mfhfo gkhcopcgdetkrvkesd mdfnfrgfe jfrf okodnft gkpfmf dbu

 bfyd. \dnft bfyd mdhfgugfe chk` dbu bfyd, fpfbdhfdbu bfyd tfgut ofgf pdnft mdhfgugfe chk` pktuafs, pdnft mdhfgugfe skhfof 6< `frd mfemdmftf gkpftu`fe okhfgugfe detkrvkesd skhfof pkrdcmk pkekhdtdfe. Fhft pkeauopuhfe mftf pfmf pkekhdtdfe ded okeaauefgfe destruoke pkekhdtdfe bkrupf guksdcekr mfe hkobfrcbskvfsd. Guksdcekr pkekhdtdfe mdauefgfe uetug

okeauopuhgfe mftf vfrdfbkh mkpkemke yfdtugufhdtfs tdmur mfe vfrdfbkh hufr yfdtu pdemf`ruof` ftfu pdemf` tkopft okeadefp. Guksdcekrgufhdtfs tdmur yfea mdauefgfe fmfhf`

tkrnkof`fe mfrd Brdki Zjrkkedea Vukstdceefdrk

Icr Deifets Zhkkp \rcbhko (BZVDZ\).Guksdcekr tkrnkof`fe ded sumf` pkref`mdauefgfe pfmf pkekhdtdfe yfea hfde mdDemceksdf. Guksdcekr ded sumf` mdhfgugfe undvfhdmdtfs mfe rkhdfbdhdtfs

(6<, 66). \keaugurfe

gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd mdhfgugfe skbkhuo detkrvkesdmfe sksumf` 6< `frd detkrvkesd. \keaugurfe

gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd mdhfgugfe bfdg pfmfgkhcopcg detkrvkesd ofupue gkhcopcg gcetrch.Hkobfr Cbkrvfsd uetug okeaktf`ud pkofetfufe gkpftu`fe okhfgugfe pdnft bfydmfe uetug okeaktf`ud vfrdfbkh hufr yfdtu

irkgukesd pdnft bfyd. Oktcmf fefhdsf mftf dedokeaauefgfe ifsdhdtfs gcoputkr mkeafe prcarfo Z\ZZ. Fefhdsds uedvfrdfbkh mdhfgugfeuetug okeaktf`ud `cocakedtfs mftf bkrmfsfrgfe gfrfgtkrdstdg subnkg pkekhdtdfe.Fefhdsds bdvfrdbkh mdhfgugfe uetug okeaktf`ud`ubueafe fetfrf vfrdfbkh bkbfs yfdtu pdnft bfydtkr`fmfp vfrdfbkh tkrdgft yfdtu gufhdtfs tdmur

 bfyd. [nd stftdstdg yfea mdauefgfe uetug fefhdsds bdvfrdft ded yfdtu Oj. Ekofr  uetug okeaktf`ud pkrbkmffe gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd skbkhuo mfesksumf` pkrhfgufe bfdg pfmf gkhcopcg

detkrvkesd ofupue pfmf gkhcopcg gcetrch. J`d

Grdtkrdf Kgsghusd

Okechfg bkrpfrtdsdpfsd

Gkhcopcg \krhfgufe

(e ? :=)

Gkhcopcg Gcetrch

(e ? :=)

Bkr`ketd (e ? <)

\demf` fhfoft (e ? <)

Mrcp cut  (e ? <)

Bkr`ketd (e ? <)\demf` fhfoft (e ? <)

Mrcp cut  (e ? <)

Ich hcw up  

(e ?:= )

Ich hcw up  

(e ? :=)

Grdtkrdf Deghusd

De icrokm jcesket

( E ? 90)

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

=: 

Zqufrk  uetug okeaktf`ud pkrbkmffe gufhdtfstdmur fetfrf gkhcopcg detkrvkesd mfe gkhcopcggcetrch sktkhf` pkrhfgufe. Fefhdsds bdvfrdfbkh nuaf mdhfgugfe uetug okeaktf`ud `ubueafefetfrf vfrdfbkh hufr yfdtu pdemf` hdeagueaferuof` mfe irkgufesd pkodnftfe tkr`fmfpvfrdfbkh tkrdgft yfdtu gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd. [ndstftdstdg yfea mdauefgfe uetug fefhdsds ded yfdtu Ofee-Q`dteky.

@fsdh

Zkouf sfopkh tkhf` okeadgutd pkekhdtdfe sfopfd skhksfd sksufd fturfe yfeamdtketugfe. Zkhfof pkekhdtdfe bkrhfeasueaskouf gkhcopcg detkrvkesd bkr`fsdh okhfgugfe pkodnftfe pfmf bfydeyf mfe tdmfg fmf yfea

ofsug gftfacrd mrcp cut. Bkrmfsfrgfe mftfcbskrvfsd mdgktf`ud bf`wf tdmfg sftupuegkhcopcg gcetrch yfea okhfgugfe pkodnftfe pfmf bfydeyf wfhfupue tdmfg mdhfgugfe skjfrfg`usus pkodsf`fe wdhfyf` uetug okobkmfgfegkhcopcg detkrvkesd mfe gkhcopcg gcetrch.\ksfe g`usus mdbkrdgfe gkpfmf dbu-dbu yfeaofsug gkhcopcg detkrvkesd fafr tdmfgokeafnfrgfe pdnft bfyd gkpfmf yfea hfdeskbkhuo pkekhdtdfe skhksfd. @fsdh fefhdsdsuedvfrdfbkh yfea mdhd`ft mfrd bkbkrfpf vfrdfbkhyfea mdmuaf fmf `ubueafeeyf mkeafe gufhdtfstdmur bfyd. ]fbkh 6 okeuenuggfe gfrfgtkrdstdgsubnkg pkekhdtdfe pfmf gkhcopcg detkrvkesdofupue gkhcopcg gcetrch.

]fbkh 6 Gfrfgtkrdstdg Zubnkg \kekhdtdfe

\fmf Gkhcopcg Detkrvkesd mfe Gkhcopcg Gcetrch

Gfrfgtkrdstdg

Gkhcopcg

 pDetkrvkesd Gcetrch

e % Rkrftf ZM e % Rkrftf ZM

Gkbdfsffe okedmurgfe>Mdakemcea 9 64,2; 1 22,;0

<,499Mdfyue 0 2=,64 1 22,;0mdtkopft tdmur 6< :2,29 66 :;,=0

[rutfe Gkhf`drfe]krtuf 1 22,;0 ; 69,62

<,06<Mdtkeaf` 0 2;,;6 4 24,<2

]kroumf 69 ;6,96 61 ;=,0=Nkeds Gkhfode bfyd

Hfgd-hfgd 62 20,16 61 ;=,9=<,2<2

\krkopufe 64 96,24 6= =;,69\csdsd ]dmuk

]dfrfp 2; 0<,9; 2; 0<,9;6,<<<

Odrdea 9 64,2; 9 64,2;

]khketfea[sdf Bfyd 6,;6 <,20 6,;2 <,24 <,9=;

 Gktkrfeafe> e ? nuohf` sfopkh, p ? p vfhuk und vfrdfe, ZM ? Ztfemfr mkvdfsd,

Gkhcopcg detkrvkesd ofupue gkhcopcggcetrch mdgkhf`ud okodhdgd edhfd  p 5 <,<;. Edhfd

tkrskbut okeuenugfe bf`wf vfrdfe mftf fetfrf

gkhcopcg detkrvkesd mfe gkhcopcg gcetrchsfof ftfu `cocake. @fsdh und bdvfrdfbhk mfpft

mdhd`ft pfmf tfbkh bkrdgut.

]fbkh 2 Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd Zkbkhuo mfe Zksumf` Qfgtu \krhfgufe

\fmf Gkhcopcg Gcetrch

Zksumf` Qfgtu \krhfgufe

]ctfh  \Gufhdtfs Bfdg Gufhdtfs Gurfea bfdg

ZkbkhuoQfgtu

\krhfgufe

GufhdtfsBfdg

6: < 6:6,<<<

Gufhdtfs Gurfea bfdg

6 2< 26

]ctfh 6= 2< :=

   vfhuk Oj. Ekofr tkst 6,<<<

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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Rftef, \keafru` \dnft Bfyd tkr`fmfp Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd

== Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

Gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd mkeafe gftfacrd

 bfdg pfmf gkhcopcg gcetrch sktkhf`

 pkeaugurfe gkmuf (6< `frd sktkhf` wfgtu

 pkrhfgufe) okeafhfod pkedeagftfe skbksfr

2,4=%. \kedeagftfe gufhdtfs tdmur okenfmd

 bfdg pfmf pkeaugurfe gkmuf ded sktkhf`

mdhfgugfe fefhdsds `fsdheyf bkhuo bkrofgef

( \  5 <,<;).

]fbkh : Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd Zkbkhuo mfe Zksumf` \kodnftfe

\fmf Gkhcopcg Detkrvkesd

Zksumf` \kodnftfe

]ctfh  \Gufhdtfs Bfdg Gufhdtfs Gurfea bfdg

Zkbkhuo\kodnftfe

GufhdtfsBfdg

6= < 6=<,<<<

Gufhdtfs Gurfea

 bfdg69 = 2<

]ctfh :< = :=

   vfhuk Oj. Ekofr tkst <,<<<

Gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd mkeafe gftfacrd bfdg

 pfmf gkhcopcg detkrvkesd sktkhf` mdhfgugfe

 pkodnftfe okeafhfod pkedeagftfe skbksfr

=1,<9%. @fsdh fefhdsds mftf pfmf gkhcopcg

detkrvkesd ded edhfd  \  8 <,<;%, bkrfrtd pdnft

 bfyd bkrpkeafru` skjfrf bkrofgef mfhfo

okedeagftgfe gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd. Fefhdsds

 bdvfrdfbkh pkrubf`fe gufhdtfs tdmur pfmf

gkhcopcg detkrvkesd mfe gkhcopcg gcetrch

mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf tfbkh bkrdgut.

 ]fbkh =. Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd Zksumf` \kodnftfe

\fmf Gkhcopcg Gcetrch mfe Gkhcopcg Detkrvkesd

Gkhcopcg]ctfh  \

Gcetrch Detkrvkesd

Zksumf`\kodnftfe

Gufhdtfs

Bfdg6; :< =;

<,<<<Gufhdtfs

Gurfea bfdg64 = 2:

]ctfh := := 90

   vfhuk J`d Zqufrk tkst <,<<<

\krbkmffe gufhdtfs tdmur pfmf gkhcopcgdetkrvkesd mfe gkhcopcg gcetrch pfmf gftfacrdgufhdtfs tdmur bfdg sktkhf` pkrhfgufe pdnft bfydokopkrhd`ftgfee pkrbkmffe skjfrf bkrofgef( \   8 <,<;%). Bfyd yfea mdpdnft okeafhfod

 pkedeagftfe gufhdtfs tdmur okenfmd bfdg 22,<9%hkbd` bksfr mfrd gkhcopcg yfea tdmfg mdpdnft.

\fmf gftfacrd gufhdtfs tdmur gurfea bfdg, tkrnfmd pkeaurfeafe nuohf` gufhdtfs tdmur gurfea bfdgskbksfr 22,<9% pfmf gkhcopcg detkrvkesd

mdbfemdeagfe gkhcopcg gcetrch. Gkguftfe`ubueafe fetfrf pdnft bfyd mfe gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd mfpft md`dtuea mkeafe okejfrd edhfd rdsdgcrkhftdi (RR). Edhfd RR pfmf pkekhdtdfe ded yfdtu2. Mfrd `fsdh pkr`dtueafe RR mfpft mdsdopuhgfe bf`wf bfyd yfea mdpdnft mdbfemdeagfe mkeafe bfyd yfea tdmfg mdpdnft gkoueagdefe uetug

okeafhfod tdmur yfea bkrgufhdtfs bfdg fmfhf`skbksfr 2 gfhd. Bdsf nuaf mdfrtdgfe bf`wf bfydyfea mdpdnft okopueyfd gkoueagdefe 2 gfhduetug okopkrchk` tdmur bkrgufhdtfs bfdgmdbfemdeagfe bfyd yfea tdmfg mdpdnft.

\rcbfbdhdtfs bfyd yfea mdpdnft uetugokopkrchk` tdmur yfea bkrgufhdtfs bfdg skbksfr

99%. Fefhdsds bdvfrdfbkh pfmf pkekhdtdfe ded nuaf mdhfgugfe uetug okhd`ft `ubueafe fetfrfvfrdfbkh hufr yfdtu pdemf` hdeagueafe ruof`

mfe irkgukesd pkodnftfe tkr`fmfp pkrubf`fegufhdtfs tdmur. @fsdh und  Ofee-Q`dteky mdpkrchk` sdaedidjfejy <,996. Gfrkef edhfd  \ 5<,<; mfpft mdsdopuhgfe `fsdh tdmfg bkrofgef,tdmfg fmf `ubueafe fetfrf irkgukesd pkodnftfemfe gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd.

 

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

=; 

]fbkh = @ubueafe Irkgukesd \kodnftfe ]kr`fmfp Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd

Gufhdtfs ]dmur]ctfh  \

Bfdg Gurfea bfdg

Irkgukesd

\kodnftfe

4 gfhd 62 2 6=<,996

6< gfhd 2 60 2<]ctfh 6= 2< :=

   vfhuk Oj. Ekofr tkst <,996

\kobf`fsfe

\dnft bfyd bkrpkeafru` sfeaft bfdg uetugokobuft bfyd mfpft tdmur hkhfp. Bfyd yfeamdpdnft sktdfp `frd gkjkemurfeafe uetug tdmur bkrgufhdtfs ftfu tdmur hkhfp skbksfr 99%. ]dmur bkrgufhdtfs sfeaft pketdea mfe sfeaft bksfrofeiffteyf bfad bfyd gfrkef pfmf sfft tdmurmkeafe gufhdtfs yfea bfdg tkrnfmd pkrbfdgfe

(rkpfdr) skh-skh ctfg mfe gurfea hkbd` 1;%`croce pkrtuobu`fe mdprcmugsd. ]khf`

mdbugtdgfe tdmur okopueyfd kikg yfea bksfrtkr`fmfp gksk`ftfe oketfh, kocsd mfe idsdg, mfesdstko douedtfs tubu`(:).

Bfyd yfea mdpdnft fgfe okeaurfead`croce strkss ‘gcrtdsch‟, sk`deaaf bfyd okenfmd

tkefea. Bfyd yfea tkefea fgfe okeaurfeadtfeadsfe bfyd mfe okobufteyf okrfsf eyfofemfhfo tdmur sk`deaaf tdmureyf hkhfp. Kikg

tdemfgfe pkodnftfe ded fgfe okeakemfhdgfe`croce strkss, sk`deaaf bfyd okrfsf rkhfgsfsd

mfe tdmfg okeaknutgfe bdhf bfyd yfea mdtkhdtdokodhdgd kikg tdmur bkrgufhdtfs (62).

\kodnftfe mfpft okeaubf` akhcobfeactfg skjfrf pcsdtdi, okeaurfead mkprksd mfegktkafeafe, okeaurfead rfsf sfgdt sk`deaaf bfyd okenfmd tkefea mfe mfpft tkrtdmur hkhfpftfu bkrgufhdtfs(6:, 6=). Gfrkef ofeifft pdnft bfyd

ded ofgf pdnft bfyd mdnfmdgfe skbfafd tkrfpdfhtkreftdi uetug okeaurfead mkprksd,okobkrdgfe rfsf eyfofe pfmf bfyd mfe

okeaurfead rfsf sfgdt(2)

.\fmf sfft pkodnftfe fgfe okedeagftgfe

 pkeakhufrfe `croce tdmur okhftcede, mdofefe`croce ded mfpft okobuft bfyd okodhdgd pchftdmur yfea tkrftur 

(62). Okhftcede ftfu `croce

tdmur, mfpft okobfetu okeacetrch rdtok tubu`mfe sdghus tdmur-bfeaue. ihugtufsd `croce ded bkrafetuea pfmf drfof sdrgfmdfe (tkrfea ftfuakhfp). Fmfeyf jf`fyf fgfe okea`fobft pkhkpfsfe okhftcede mfrd gkhkenfr \dekfh, chk`

gfrkef dtu skgrksd `croce ded hkbd` bfeyfg pfmfofhfo `frd mfrdpfmf sdfea `frd. @croce ded

mdskgrksd skjfrf tkrftur pfmf sfft pkodnftfe bfyd

(6;). Okeurut t`kcry futcstdouhftdce tdeaadeyf

gcopceke tdmur pfmf bfyd, okrupfgfe jfrfmdofef ctfg okestdouhfsd skemdrd. Ztdouhfsd dedsfeaft vdtfh bfad pkrtuobu`fe sdstko susuefesfrfi pusft. Mugueafe tkcrd ded tkrhd`ft pfmf bfyd yfea okopueyfd tdmur eykeyfg hkbd` bfeyfg, mfe mfpft bkrfmfptfsd mkeafe stdouhfsdkgstkrefh skpkrtd pdnft bfyd (69).

@fh hfde hfad bf`wf tdemfgfe pkodnftfefgfe okenfhde `ubueafe yfea hkbd` bfdg fetfrf

 bfyd mfe dbueyf. Gcetfg idsdg skjfrf pcsdtdifetfr crfea tuf mfe fefgeyf mfpft okobuftfefg okrfsf bkr`fraf mfe mdjdetfd. \kekhdtdfe

okeuenuggfe bf`wf bfyd yfea mdpdnft mkeafe pkeu` gfsd` sfyfea ofopu okedeagftgfe

rkhfgsfsd mfe okekefeagfe bfyd yfea okefeads(61)

.Zkjfrf ifrofgchcadg, sumf` fmf bugtd

 bf`wf tdmur eykeyfg sfeaft bkr`ubueafemkeafe okgfedsok skrctcedekradg. Zkrctcede

 bkriueasd skbfafd pkeaftur tdmur, sdstkoskrctcede yfea bkrprcykgsd gk eughkussuprfgdfsof `dpctfhfous bkriueasd okeafturrdtodg sdrgfmdfe (sdghus tdmur-bfeaue). Guhdtokodhdgd nutffe rkskptcr sfrfi yfea tkr`ubueamfhfo sdstko sfrfi. \kodnftfe pfmf guhdtokejdptfgfe rfeasfeafe mfe okhkpfsgfe zft-

zft gdodf md mfhfo ctfg skpkrtd skctcede yfeaokeaurfead strks, gkjkofsfe mfe mkprksd.

\dnft nuaf okedeagftgfe prcmugsd

kemcprde, `croce yfea okeaurfead rfsf eykrdmfe okekefeagfe

(69, 60). Ihugtufsd `croce

skhfof tdmur bkrafetuea pfmf : ifgtcr utfof,yfdtu drfof sdrgfmdfe, sdghus tdmur-bfeaue mfetf`fpfe tdmur tdmfg eykeyfg mfe tdmur eykeyfg.Zdghus tdmur-bfeaue mdgcetrch chk` fgtdvdtfsekurce md mfhfo sdstko rktdjuhfr fjtdvftdeasystko (RFZ). RFZ tkrmdrd mfrd sdstkorktdguhfrds bftfea ctfg, pcstkrdcr `dpctfhfousmfe bfsfh ctfg mkpfe. Fgtdvdtfs ekurce md pces,

odm brfde, mfe pcstkrdcr `dpctfhfous pketdeauetug gkfmffe bfeaue. Zkmfeagfe fgtdvdtfs md

okmuhhf sfeaft pketdea uetug stdouhfsd gkfmffe

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Rftef, \keafru` \dnft Bfyd tkr`fmfp Gufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd

=9 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

tdmur. Zdghus tdmur-bfeaue ded tkrdetkarfsd md bfsfh ctfg mkpfe. Frkf hfde yfea mdmuaf skbfafdrkauhftcr tdmur bkrgufhdtfs fmfhf` eughkustrfgtus schdtfrdus. Hftkrfh pces mfe frkfrktdguhfrds md okmdfh okmuhhf okrupfgfe frkfyfea sfeaft fgtdvk skhfof pkrdcmk tdmureykeyfg/bkrgufhdtfs mfe sfeaft gurfea fjtdvk pfmf tdmur tdmfg bkrgufhdtfs. Zkh-skh ekurce mdokmuhf yfea okeacetrch tdmur eykeyfg, mdmuaf bkrpkeafru` suprksd tkr`fmfp tceus ctct, yfdtuokhfhud fgtdvfsd ekurce md bftfea ctfg mfede`dbdsd octcrekurce md okmuhf spdefhds.]krmfpft puhf okgfedsok spksdidg ctfg, yfeamfpft okobfeagdtgfe tdmur tdmfg eykeyfg mfetdmur eykeyfg ftfu bkrgufhdtfs. Ztdouhfsd gdodfftfu khkgtrdg md bfsfh ctfg mkpfe fgfe

okea`fsdhgfe tdmur eykeyfg ftfu bkrgufhdtfs.Zfhf` sftu stdouhus yfea mfpft mdhfgugfefmfhf` pdnft bfyd(69).

Zdghus tdmur ded okopueyfd gfdtfe-gfdtfemkeafe `croce tubu`, skpkrtd `croce pkrtuobu`fe ( arcwt` `croce), prchfgtde, mfegcrtdsch. @croce pkrtuobu`fe mdskgrksd pfmffwfh pkrdcmk tdmur hkhfp, tf`fp : & = mfemd`fobft skhfof tdmur tdmfg eykeyfg. @croceded bkriueasd okrfeasfea pkrtuobu`fe tuhfea

 pfenfea, tuhfea rfwfe mfe nfrdeafe huefg.Zkhfde bkrpkrfe nuaf okeaftur oktfbchdsok

tubu` tkrofsug ctfg. \ketdea mdgktf`ud bf`wfskgrksd `croce ded okejfpfd puejfgeyf pfmfusdf ; tf`ue pkrtfof, sfft tkrnfmd pfju tuobu`

ctfg (brfde arcwt` spurts). Gfmfr prchfgtdeokejfpfd puejfgeyf fetfrf nfo <;.<< mfe

<1.<< pfad. Zkgrksd gcrtdgcstkrcdm yfea bdfsfeyf tkrnfmd skhfof ofhfo `frd, mfpft bkrubf` sksufd mkeafe sdghus tdmur-bfeaueeyf.Bdhf pchf tdmur bkrubf`, skgrksd gcrtdsch pfmffwfheyf skpkrtd skouhf, tktfpd skjfrf bkrtf`fp

okhfgugfe pkeyksufdfe ftfu rksdegrcedsfsdmkeafe sdghus yfea bfru

(64). \fmf sfft bfyd

tkrtdmur hkhfp, fhdrfe mfrf` gk ctfg okedeagft,okrfeasfea pkrbfdgfe mfe pkrtuobu`fe skhctfg, okrfeasfea iueasd ctfg, rkstcrfsd kocsd

mfe gcaedtdi. \rcsks pkobf`frufe skh tkrnfmdhkbd` jkpft pfmf sfft bfyd tdmur hkhfp. @croce

 pkrtuobu`fe mdskgrksd pfmf fwfh pkrdcmk tdmurhkhfp. @croce ded bkriueasd okrfeasfea pkrtuobu`fe tuhfea pfenfea, tuhfea rfwfe mfe

 nfrdeafe huefg. Zkhfde bkrpkrfe nuaf okeafturoktfbchdsok tubu` tkrofsug ctfg. @fsdh pkekhdtdfe okeaueagfpgfe bf`wf bfyd yfea bfeyfg tdmur, pkrgkobfeafe ctfgeyf fgfecptdofh. Gfrkef fgtdvdtfs tdmur okrupfgfe sfhf`sftu stdouhus bfad prcsks tuobu` gkobfeactfg. @fh ded bdsf mdokeakrtd gfrkef 1; pkrske`croce pkrtuobu`fe mdprcmugsd sfft fefgtdmur. @croce pkrtuobu`fe dedhf` yfea bkrtuafs okrfeasfea pkrtuobu`fe tuhfea mfe nfrdeafe. Zkhfde dtu, `croce pkrtuobu`fe nuafokoueagdegfe tubu` okopkrbfdgd mfeokopkrbfrud skhuru` skh mfhfo tubu`, mfrd skhguhdt, skh mfrf`, sfopfd skh sfrfi ctfg. \rcsks pkobfrufe skh ded fgfe bkrhfeasuea hkbd` jkpftgfhfu sd bfyd skrdea tkrhkhfp. Zkjfrf afrds bksfr,

 bfyd nfmd hkbd` jkrmfs fpfbdhf gkbutu`fetdmureyf tkrjugupd

(=). Irkgukesd pdnft bfyd pfmf

 pkekhdtdfe ded tdmfg okeuenugfe `ubueafe yfeasdaedidgfe pfmf gufhdtfs tdmur. @fh ded tkrnfmdgfrkef irkgukesd pkodnftfe skouf rkspcemkerkhftdi tdmfg okeuenuggfe nuohf` yfea bkrbkmf.]dmfg fmf vfrdfsd yfea jugup sdaedidgfe mfhfo`fh nuohf` pkodnftfe sk`deaaf pfmf sfftfefhdsds tdmfg tkrhd`ft pkrbkmffe. Irkgukesd pkodnftfe pfmf skouf rkspcemke pkekhdtdfe ded

 bkrgdsfr 4-6< gfhd, tdmfg fmf yfea gurfea mfrd 4.@fsdh pkekhdtdfe jrcss skjtdcefh yfea mdhfgugfe

md Mksf Gkrtcsfrd Gkjfoftfe ZdeacrcncGfbupftke Gkemfh mdmfpftgfe `fsdh bf`wf fmf`ubueafe fetfrf irkgukesd pdnft bfyd mkeafe

gufhdtfs tdmur bfyd ( \  ? <,<<<). \fmf pkekhdtdfejrcss skjtdcefh tkrskbut irkgukesd pkodnftfe

 bkrvfrdfsd mfrd yfea gurfea, skmfea mfe bfeyfg.

Gksdopuhfe mfe Zfrfe

\dnft bfyd bkrpkeafru` pcsdtdi tkr`fmfpgufhdtfs tdmur bfyd. Bfyd yfea mdpdnft fgfe

jkemkruea okemfpftgfe tdmur yfea eykeyfgftfu tdmur bkrgufhdtfs 2 gfhd hkbd` bksfr bdhf

mdbfemdeagfe bfyd yfea tdmfg mdpdnft.  \krhumdpkrtdobfeagfe fafr ifsdhdtfs gksk`ftfe skpkrtd\usgksofs mfe Ruof` Zfgdt md Gfhdofetfe

]keaf`, okopkrgkefhgfe pdnft bfyd gkpfmf dbu-dbu pcstpfrtuo. \krhu scsdfhdsfsd `fsdh

 pkekhdtdfe fafr bdsf mdpkrauefgfe ofsyfrfgft mdGfhdofetfe ]keaf`.

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

=1 

Mfitfr \ustfgf

6. Qdmdfetc s. \ketdeaeyf ]dmur Eykeyfg

Bfad Zd Gkjdh2<<;.

2. Idkhm ]. ]cuj` t`krfpy kiikjts cemkvkhcpoket. Det N Bk`fv Okm.

6440722(6)>114-41.

:. Idkhm ]. Ztdouhftdce ci \rktkro Deifes.

\kmdftr Rkv. 2<<:72=>=-6.

=. Ikrbkr ZA, Gudet N, Qkhhkr F, Ikhmofe

R, Mchhbkra Z, Frbkh K, kt fh. Ofssfak

t`krfpy by oct`krs fem trfdekm

 prciksdcefhs ke`fejks wkda`t afde de

 prktkro deifets. Kfrhy @uo Mkv.

2<<2791(:)>:1-=;.

;. Mfsugd OZ. \keafru` \dnft Bfyd]kr`fmfp Gkefdgfe Bkrft Bfmfe Bfyd

[our = Buhfe. Tcayfgfrtf> [AO7

2<<:.

9. Ofygk. Bkrofde, ofdefe mfe

\krofdefe. Nfgfrtf> Arfsdemc7 2<<6.

1. \dkrpchhd Q, Qdhhdfo R. ]`k Okhftcede

Odrfjhk. [ZF> Zdoce mfe Zj`ustkr

Dej.7 2<<;.

0. Zuadycec. Ztftdstdgf [etug \kekhdtdfe.

66 km. Bfemuea> FHIFBK]F7 2<<1.

4. Hkoks`cw Z, @csokr MQ, Ghfr N,

Hwfeaf ZG, kmdtcrs. Bksfr Zfopkh

Mfhfo \kekhdtdfe Gksk`ftfe. \krtfof

km. Tcayfgfrtf> Afmnf` Ofmf

[edvkrsdty \rkss7 6441.

6<. Zfmk` F. F Brdki Zjrkkedea

Vukstdceefdrk Icr Deifet Zhkkp

\rcbhkos> Yfhdmftdce fem Idemdeas Icr

fe Detkrekt Zfophk. \kmdftrdjs.

2<<=766:>k;1<-11.

66. [bfyf HR. Fefhdsds \dnft bfyd MkeafeGufhdtfs ]dmur Bfyd [our 9-62 Buhfe

md Mksf Gkrtcsfrd Gkjfoftfe Zdeacsfrd

Gfbupftke Gkemfh. Zkofrfea>

[edvkrsdtfs Ou`fofmdyf` Zkofrfea

2<6<.

62. [emkrmcwe F, Bfrhcw N, J`uea Y,

Ztkwfrt-Brcwe Z. Ofssfak

Detkrvketdce icr \rcoctdea Oketfh fem

\`ysdjfh @kfht` de Deifets Fakm [emkr

Zdx Ocet`s. Jcj`rfdek Mftfbfsk Zyst

Rkv. 2<<9>JM<<;<60.6:. Efurf` H. Jfrf \detfr Okrfwft Bfyd <-

62 Buhfe. Tcayfgfrtf> JY Zchusd

Mdstrdbusd7 2<<4.

6=. Rckshd [. \kmcofe \dnft Bfyd. Nfgfrtf>

]rubus Fardwdmyf7 2<<6.

6;. Cgfwf O. Jdrjfmdfe R`yt`o Zhkkp

Mdscrmkrs. Fsdfe Okm N.

2<<<7=:(;)>2:;-=2.

69. Adhgde J. Brfde Jfe Jcopkesftk icr

Z`crt-tkro Zhkkp Mkprdvftdce. Efturk.

2<<<7=<:>9;;-1.

61. @kft`, Bfdebrdmak. Bfby Ofssfak.

Nfgfrtf> Mdfe Rfgyft7 2<<1.

60. Rdttekr M, Bfdhky RF. Kejyjhcpkmdf ci

J`kodstry. FZ> Ifjts ce Idhk7 2<<;.

64. Tfofmf N. Fsdf Bfby Jfrk Zhkkp Ifjt

Bccg icr \&A. Nfpfe> \&A detkrefh

Mcguoke7 2<<<.

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

=0

\keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Odgrcbdchcad \feafe uetug

Okedeagftgfe Gktkrfopdhfe \rcsks Zfdes pfmf Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd

\chtkggks Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

Mkvkhcpoket ci Iccm O djrcbdchcay \rfjtd jfh Audmh dek tc D ejrkfsk Zjdkejk \rcjkss Zgdh h ce

Eutr dtd ce Jchhkak ft \fhfeagf Rfyf @kfht` \chytkj`edj

Rdrde Eccr`fdsef Rfiikhf6, Hdswfrf Ekekea

2, Tc`feks Kmy Auefwfe

6 Bfpkhgks \rcpdesd Gfhdofetfe ]keaf`,

2,: \fsjf sfrnfef [edvkrsdtfs \fhfeagf Rfyf \rcarfo Ztumd \kemdmdgfe

 Bdchcad

Fbstrfg. \kekhdtdfe ded bkrtunufe okeakobfeagfe pktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe uetugokedeagftgfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes of`fsdswf. Rfejfeafe pkekhdtdfe yfea mdauefgfe fmfhf` cek

 arcup prktkst-pcstkst . ]f`fpfe pkeakobfeafe mdouhfd mkeafe stumd pkemf`uhufe yfdtu stumd hdtkrfturmfe hfpfeafe, mdhfenutgfe mkeafe tf`fpfe stumd pkeakobfeafe tkrmdrd mfrd vfhdmfsd pkrfeagft chk`

 pfgfr, und sgfhf gkjdh mfe sgfhf bksfr. \kekhdtdfe mdhfgugfe pfmf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks Gkokegks\fhfeagf Rfyf pfmf buhfe Ofrkt sfopfd mkeafe Nued 2<6:. Yfrdfbkh yfea mdfoftd okhdputd pkeakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe mfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes of`fsdswf.\cpuhfsd mfe sfopkh sgfhf gkjdh okeaauefgfe 6< crfea of`fsdswf, pfmf sgfhf bksfr mdauefgfe =6crfea of`fsdswf. \rcmug pkeakobfeafe mdvfhdmfsd chk` 2 crfea pfgfr mdbdmfea odgrcbdchcad mfeouhtdokmdf. \kekhdtdfe ded okea`fsdhgfe pktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe yfea tunufe, prcskmur mfe kvfhufsdeyf okouft gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes, sk`deaaf mfpft okedeagftgfegktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes, mkeafe edhfd E-Afde <,=; (gftkacrd skmfea). \ktuenug prfgtdguoodgrcbdchcad pfeafe ded mdedhfd bfdg chk` vfhdmftcr gcetke mfe gcestrug.Gftf guejd > pktuenug prfgtdguo, gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes, odgrcbdchcad pfeafe.

Fbstrfjt. ]`k fdo ci stumy wfs tc mkvkhcp prfjtdjfh audmkhdek ci iccm odjrcbdchcay tc dejrkfsk

 sjdkejk prcjkss sgdhh stumket. Rkskfrj` fem mkvkhcpoket okt`cm ds cek arcup prktkst-pcsttkst mksdae. Kfrhy stfak ci stumy ds idkhm fem hdtkrfjy stumy fem jcetdeukm stumy ci mkvkhcpoket. ]`ds rkskfrj` wfs

mcek ce Ofrj` tc Nuek 2<6: ft Mkpfrtoket ci Eutrdtdce \fhfeagf Rfyf @kfht` \chytkj`edj. Cbskrvkvfrdfbhks frk prcmujt ci mkvkhcpoket icr prfjtdjfh audmkhdek ci iccm odjrcbdchcay fem sjdkejk prcjkss sgdhh stumket. Zfophk fem pcpuhftdce de f sofhh sjfhk uskm 6< stumkets, fem de bda sjfhk wk uskm =6 stumkets. Jcetket fem jcestrujt ci mkvkhcpoket prcmujt wkrk vfhdmftkm twc kxpkrts de odjrcbdchcayfem ouhtdokmdf. ]`k rksuht s`cwkm t`ft prfjtdjfh audmkhdek dejrkfskm sjdkejk prcjkss sgdhh wdt` E-Afde <.=; (okmduo jftkacry). \rfjtdjfh audmkhdek ci iccm odjrcbdchcay wfs mkvkhcpdea de t`k purpcsk, prcjkmurk, fem kvfhuftdce jcetfdes Zjdkejk \rcjkss Zgdhh. Yfhdmftcr wfs advke farkkoket cijcetket fem jcestrujt.Gkywcrm  > prfjtdjfh audmhdek, sjdkejk prcjkss sgdhh, iccm odjrcbdchcay

\kemf`uhufe

\kejfpfdfe edhfd oftf guhdf` odgrcbdchcad pfeafe chk` of`fsdswf pfmf Nurusfe Adzd\chtkggks \fhfeagf Rfyf ofsd` tkrachcea rkemf`mdbfemdeagfe mkeafe oftf guhdf` hfde. Mftfhfpcrfe fgfmkodg tf`ue 2<6</2<66 tdeagftgkhuhusfe oftf guhdf` odgrcbdchcad pfeafe99,1% mfe tf`ue 2<66/2<62 turue okenfmd 96,2

%. Bkrmfsfrgfe guksdcekr fwfh pkenfnfgfeof`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks Gkokegks\fhfeagf Rfyf mdgktf`ud bf`wf pkeykbfb yfea

okenfmd hftfrbkhfgfea rkemf`eyf tdeagftgkhuhusfe fmfhf`7 6) oftf guhdf` odgrcbdchcad

 pfeafe hkbd` bfeyfg okopkhfnfrd ofg`hug `dmup

yfea sfeaft gkjdh (odgrcsgcpds) mfe fbstrfg

sk`deaaf okeurut of`fsdswf (;0 %) oftf guhdf`ded sfeaft suhdt uetug mdpf`fod7 2) mcske ofsd`okeaauefgfe ocmkh pkobkhfnfrfe gcevkesdcefhskpkrtd jkrfof` mfe mdsgusd7 :) of`fsdswfskbfeyfg :2,;% okrfsf pktuenug prfgtdguo yfeamdauefgfe tdmfg okobkrdgfe afobfrfe yfeaoumf` mfhfo pkhfgsfeffe prfgtdguo7 =) :9,1%

of`fsdswf nuaf okrfsf gksuhdtfe mfhfookof`fod prcskmur/pktuenug prfgtdguo7 ;)Gkadftfe prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe md

Nurusfe Adzd ofsd` okeaauefgfe prfgtdguo bdfsf, pkhfgsfeffeeyf `feyf mdtkgfegfe pfmf

 pkobugtdfe tkcrd (gkfrf` vkrdidgfsd) mfrd oftkrd

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Rfikhhf, \keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Bdchcad Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks \fhfeagf Rfyf

=4 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

yfea sumf` mdfnfrgfe skbkhuoeyf7 9) \ktuenug prfgtdguo yfea mdauefgfe, hkbd` gkfrf` jccgkrybccg typk  yfdtu hfeagf`-hfeagf` bkrurutfeskpkrtd rkskp, pktuenug prfgtdguo skpkrtd dedskmdgdt okobkrd gkskopftfe pfmf of`fsdswfuetug okeakobfeagfe sknuohf` gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes. Gkadftfe prfgtdguo okrupfgfesfhf` sftu upfyf uetug okekrfpgfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes (G\Z), tktfpd bdhf tdmfg mdcptdofhgfegkadftfe prfgtdguo gurfea okobkrdgfe ofeifftgkpfmf of`fsdswf.6 

@fsdh fefhdsds pktuenug prfgtdguoodgrcbdchcad pfeafe pfmf nurusfe adzdokeuenuggfe tunufe prfgtdguo yfea fmf `feyfokeuetut of`fsdswf pfmf gktkrfopdhfe prcskssfdes mfsfr sfnf skpkrtd okeaauefgfe fhft mfe pkeafoftfe, bkhuo okouft gktkrfopdhfe prcsks

sfdes tkrpfmu yfea mfpft okrfeasfea of`fsdswf bkrpdgdr grdtds, ofsd` rkemf`eyf gceskp yfeatkhf` tkrdetkarfsd yfdtu ;2% mfrd tuetutfegcopktkesd mfsfreyf. \ktuenug prfgtdguo yfeaskhfof ded mdauefgfe nuaf bkhuo okokeu`d

grdtkrdf pktuenug prfgtdguo yfea sk`fruseyf,yfdtu okouft bkbkrfpf fspkg fetfrf hfdehfemfsfe tkcrd, bf`fe mdsgusd mfe hkobfr gkrnfof`fsdswf.

Gkbkr`fsdhfe prfgtdguo mdtuenfea chk`

 pktuenug prfgtdguo yfea mdauefgfe. [pfyf yfeamfpft mdhfgugfe uetug hkbd` okeacptdofhgfe

gkadftfe prfgtdguo fmfhf` mkeafeokeakobfeagfe pktuenug prfgtdguo yfeamdfrf`gfe pfmf pkedeagftfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks

sfdes (G\Z). Gktkrfopdhfe prcsks bkrtunufeuetug okeakobfeagfe grkftdvdtfs of`fsdswfmfhfo bkhfnfr, sk`deaaf skjfrf fgtdi mfpftokeakobfeagfe mfe okekrfpgfe gkofopufe bkrpdgdr tdeagft tdeaad mfe okedeagftgfe rktkesdsk`deaaf mdmfpftgfe pkeaktf`ufe yfea bkrofgef.2  \kekhdtdfe ded bkrtunufeokeakobfeagfe pktuenug prfgtdguoodgrcbdchcad pfeafe uetug okedeagftgfegktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes of`fsdswf.

Oktcmk \kekhdtdfe

\kekhdtdfe md hfgugfe pfmf Nurusfe Adzd\chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf RfyfNfhfe A. Cbcs Ec. :2 F mkeafe wfgtu pkekhdtdfe buhfe Ofrkt  ‚   Nued 2<6:. \kekhdtdfe dedokeaauefgfe mksfde cek arcup prktkst-pcstkst  

yfdtu okobfemdeagfe gkfmffe skbkhuo mfesksumf` pkekrfpfe prcmug bfru.: 

Yfhdmfsd prcmug mdhfgugfe chk` muf crfeaf`hd yfged sftu crfea f`hd okmdf pkemdmdgfe mfesftu crfea f`hd bdmfea odgrcbdchcad. Zfopkh pfmf

und sgfhf gkjdh fmfhf` 6< crfea of`fsdswf(skokstkr DY). \keketufe sfopkh bkrmfsfrgfetdeagft gkofopufe of`fsdswf mkeafe okhd`ftrketfea demkgs prkstfsd sk`deaaf mdpkrchk`gksktfrffe. \cpuhfsd mfe skgfhdaus okenfmd

sfopkh dophkoketfsd prcmug mfe pkedhfdfetkr`fmfp prcmug pkeakobfeafe pktuenug

 prfgtdguo pfmf sgfhf bksfr fmfhf` =6 crfeaof`fsdswf (skokstkr DD) Nurusfe Adzd.Oktcmk pkeauopuhfe mftf, destruoke pkekhdtdfe mfefefhdsds mftf mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf ]fbkh 6 bkrdgut >

 ]fbkh 6. Oktcmk pkeauopuhfe mftf

Ec Nkeds Mftf Zuobkr Mftf ]kgedg

\keauopuhfe

Mftf

Destruoke Fefhdsds Mftf

6. Gfrfgtkrdstdg

of`fsdswf

Of`fsdswf Ztumd mcguoke Icroft bdcmftf

of`fsdswf

Mksgrdptdi

2. \kedhfdfe prcmug pktuenug

 prfgtdguo

F`hdMcske

Nfwfbfe tkr`fmfpfeagkt

Feagkt pkedhfdfe Zgfhf hdgkrt= ? sfeaft bfdg (ZB)

: ? bfdg (B)2 ? gurfea (G)6 ? sfeaft gurfea (ZG)

:. Gkofopufegktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdesskbkhuo mfe

sksumf`

Of`fsdswf \rktkst mfe\cstkstHfpcrfe

 

Butdr scfh pdhd`fe

afemf bkrouftfeG\Z

 

Rubrdg pkesgcrfe

G\Z of`fsdswfsfft gkadftfe

 prfgtdguo

 

Feftks vkrsd =.<.2.

  \kedeagftfe gktkrfopdhfe

 prcsks sfdes mdauefgfe E-afde

 E-Afde 5 <,1<> tdeaad

<,:< ≭ E-Afde ≭ <,1<>skmfea8 <,:< > rkemf`

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

;<

Destruoket tks mdhfgugfe und jcbf pfmf =6crfea of`fsdswf skokstkr DY, uetug okeaktf`udrkhdfbdhdtfs scfh, tdeagft gksugfrfe butdr scfh,mfyf pkobkmf, mfe vfhdmdtfseyf. @fsdh undrkhdfbdhdtfs mdpkrchk` `fsdh yfea rkhdfbkh r 665 r tfbkh (<,01 5 <,:<0). [nd mdhfenutgfe pfmf und tdeagftgksugfrfe, mdpkrchk` `fsdh mfrd 24 scfh G\Ztkrmfpft : scfh (6<,:%) sfeaft oumf`, : scfh(6<,:%) oumf`, 64 scfh (9;,9%) skmfea, mfe =scfh (6:,0%) sugfr. @fh ded okeuenugfe bf`wfskbfadfe bksfr scfh bkrgftkacrd skmfea mfe pkrsketfsd fetfrf scfh sugfr mfe oumf` skdobfea.

@fsdh und mfyf pkobkmf mdpkrchk` : scfh(6<,:%) gftkacrd rkemf`, 0 scfh (21,9%) gftkacrdskmfea, 62 scfh (=6,;%) gftkacrd tdeaad mfe 9scfh (2<,9%) gftkacrd sfeaft tdeaad. [nd vfhdmdtfsmdpkrchk` = scfh (6:,0%) yfea tdmfg sdaedidgfe,

62 scfh (=6,;%) sdaedidgfe, 6: scfh (==,1%)sfeaft sdaedidgfe. Gkputusfe yfea mdpkrchk` fmf= scfh yfea tdmfg mdauefgfe mfe `feyf 2; scfhyfea mfpft mdauefgfe.

@fsdh Mfe \kobf`fsfe

@fsdh

Ztumd pkemf`uhufe mdouhfd mkeafe stumdhdtkrftur pktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafemfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes uetug okhd`ft

gkhkbd`fe mfe gkgurfeafe mfrd pktuenug prfgtdguo yfea tkhf` fmf. \ktuenug prfgtdguo

yfea bfdg `kemfgeyf okejfgup bkrbfafd fspkgyfdtu tunufe gkadftfe, pkemf`uhufe mfe hfemfsfetkcrd, fhft mfe bf`fe, jfrf gkrnf, jfrf okrfeagfdfhft, pkefisdrfe `fsdh pkeafoftfe, fefhdsds mfe pkekrfpfe gceskp mfe pkobuftfe gksdopuhfe.= 

\keakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguo ded hkbd` bfeyfg mdfrf`gfe pfmf pkedeagftfe gktkrfopdhfe

 prcsks sfdes, sk`deaaf ouftfe mfrd sktdfp fspkgfgfe tkrjkrodegfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes.

\keakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguoodgrcbdchcad pfeafe yfea mdhfgugfe okhdputdfspkg gktkrgfdtfe oftkrd mkeafe pktuenug

 prfgtdguo mdtdeagftgfe 2=% sk`deaaf okenfmd19%. Fspkg tunufe mfhfo prfgtdguo mdbuftokejfgup gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes mfegcopktkesd mfsfr yfea deade mdjfpfd. Fspkgouftfe mfsfr tkcrd mdouejuhgfe, fspkg prcskmur

gkrnf mdhkeagfpd mkeafe dhustrfsd afobfr mfegfhdoft yfea oumf` mdpf`fod, fspkg ouftfegktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes tkrpfmu mddetkrarfsdgfemfhfo tunufe skpkrtd okobuft `dpctksds,okrkejfefgfe pkrjcbffe, okefisdrgfe,okekrfpgfe gceskp. Fspkg bf`fe mdsgusdmdtfobf`gfe uetug okrfeasfea bkrpdgdr grdtdsof`fsdswf mfe okeafrf`gfe uetug okefrdggksdopuhfe (okekougfe gceskp) mfe hkobfr

gkrnf of`fsdswf nuaf mdtfobf`gfe pfmf pktuenug prfgtdguo.

Fmf bkbkrfpf fhfsfe pkrhueyf mdtkrfpgfe pkemkgftfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks mfhfo gkadftfe bkhfnfr okeafnfr sk`frd-`frd, yfdtu> 6)\krgkobfeafe dhou pkeaktf`ufe bkrhfeasueaskofgde jkpft sk`deaaf tfg oueagde hfad pfrfauru okeafnfrgfe skouf ifgtf mfe gceskpgkpfmf sdswf. 2) \frf f`hd psdgchcad uouoeyfskpkemfpft bf`wf fefg-fefg oumf` okof`fodgceskp-gceskp yfea ruodt mfe fbstrfg ndgfmdskrtfd mkeafe jcetc`-jcetc` gcegrkt. :)\kekoufe dhou pkeaktf`ufe tdmfg bkrsdiftouthfg bkefr skrftus pkrske, pkekoufeeyf bkrsdift rkhftdi. =) Mfhfo prcsks bkhfnfr okeafnfrsk`fruseyf pkeakobfeafe gceskp tdmfgmdhkpfsgfe mfrd pkeakobfeafe sdgfp mfe edhfd

mfhfo mdrd fefg mdmdg.

;

 Gktkrfopdhfe prcsks bkrtunufe uetugokeakobfeagfe grkftdvdtfs of`fsdswf mfhfo bkhfnfr, sk`deaaf skjfrf fgtdi mfpftokeakobfeagfe mfe okekrfpgfe gkofopufe-

gkofopufeeyf. Fpfbdhf of`fsdswf `feyf bkhfnfr uetug okejfpfd `fsdh, ofgf fgfemdmfpftgfe edhfd yfea tdeaad. Efoue okrkgftfopfg gurfea ofopu okekrfpgfe pkrchk`feeyf, bfdg bkrupf pkeaktf`ufe,

gktkrfopdhfe ofupue sdgfp mfhfo sdtufsd hfde.Fgdbfteyf pkeaktf`ufe dtu tdmfg bkrofgef mfhfo

gk`dmupfe sk`frd-`frd mfe jkpft tkrhupfgfe.2

 \rcmug \keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo

Odgrcbdchcad \feafe

\keakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguoodgrcbdchcad ded md`frfpgfe mfpft

okeakobfeagfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdesof`fsdswf, sk`deaaf pkeaufsffe gktkrfopdhfe

 prcsks sfdes of`fsdswf mfpft okedeagft.\ktuenug prfgtdguo yfea tkhf` mdgkobfeagfemdvfhdmfsd chk` 2 crfea pfgfr mfrd skad gcetke mfegcestrug. Yfhdmfsd mksfde bkrtunufe uetug okedhfdfpfgf` rfejfeafe prcmug ded sumf` okokeu`d

syfrft bfdg mfrd skad gcetke ofupue gcestrug.Yfhdmfsd gcetke mdhfgugfe chk` mcske

odgrcbdchcad. @fsdh mfrd pkedhfdfe pfgfrodgrcbdchcad mkeafe sgfhf hdgkrt mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf Afobfr 6. \kedhfdfe pfmf fspkg gkbkefrfe

gceskp md edhfd bfdg, mkeafe demdgftcr fmfeyf`ubueafe dhou pkeaktf`ufe, tkgechcad mfegk`dmupfe edhfdeyf bfdg, gksksufdfe gceskpmfhfo pktuenug prfgtdguo mkeafe gceskp yfeamdgkougfgfe f`hd odgrcbdchcad edhfdeyf nuaf bfdg. Fspkg gkmfhfofe oftkrd md edhfd bfdggfrkef sumf` sksufd mkeafe bugu fnfr mfe pkeakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguo sksufdmkeafe tuetutfe gcopktkesd mfsfr.

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

;6

Fspkg ouftfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes nuaf bfdg, mkeafe demdgftcr tunufe mfhfo pktuenug prfgtdguo okouft gktkrfopdhfe prcskssfdes, prcskmur gkrnf okenfbfrgfe skouf fspkggktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes yfea fgfe mdgkrnfgfeof`fsdswf mfe pktuenug prfgtdguo okoumf`gfeof`fsdswf uetug okeakobfeagfe gkofopufegktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes. Fspkg gknkhfsfegfhdoft skrtf tdeagft gktkrbfjffe mdedhfd bfdg,gfrkef gfhdoft oumf` mdpf`fod, pkeaaueffe

 bf`fsf yfea gcouedgftdi mfe bkefr, gkbkefrfemfe gktkpftfe dstdhf` odgrcbdchcad yfeamdauefgfe sumf` tkpft, gfhdoft tdmfg

okedobuhgfe ofgef afemf, bf`fsf yfeamdauefgfe okefrdg mfe sksufd mkeafe bf`fsfDemceksdf yfea bfdg mfe bkefr. Gktkrhfgsfeffegkadftfe prfgtdguo okhdputd gkadftfe yfeamdhfgugfe tdmfg bkrbf`fyf, mfpft okedeagftgfe

gkofemdrdfe, oumf` mdhfgsfefgfe, fhcgfsd wfgtusksufd mkeafe sgs yfea tkhf` mdskmdfgfe (= x 9<

okedt) mfe mfpft okobkrd pkeafhfofe hfeasuea,

mdedhfd okemkgftd sfeaft bfdg (sgcr :,9).@fsdh vfhdmfsd gcestrug chk` f`hd okmdf

 pkemdmdgfe tkr`fmfp prcmug pkeakobfeafe

 pktuenug prfgtdguo rftf-rftf bfdg. Fspkg prksketfsd mdedhfd okemkgftd sfeaft bfdg mkeafedemdgftcr mfyf tfrdg bugu, pkeacrafedsfsdfe bugu, strftkad pkobkhfnfrfe yfea mdauefgfe,detkarfsd mkeafe oftkrd, detkrfgtdi bfadof`fsdswf mfe mfpft okoctdvfsd of`fsdswf.Fspkg dhustrfsd yfea okhdputd gktkpftfe dhustrfsd,`ubueafe dhustrfsd mkeafe tkgs, pkekopftfedhustrfsd, gksksufdfe dhustrfsd mkeafe dsd, gufhdtfstkgedg dhustrfsd okemfpft edhfd okemkgftd bfdg.

Fspkg tkgedg yfea md tcenchgfe mkeafe demdgftcrgknkhfsfe `fsdh jktfg, gufhdtfs gkrtfs, gufhdtfs pkendhdtfe okemkgftd bfdg. Fspkg tfopdhfe idsdg

yfea okhdputd mksfde bugu okefrdg, mksfde`fhfofe bugu tkrftur mfe bfaus, jktfgfe tuhdsfemfe afobfr pfmf jcvkr nkhfs, skoufeyf mdedhfdrftf-rftf bfdg. Fspkg gknkhfsfe gfhdoft mfetdeagft gktkrbfjffe mdedhfd sumf` bfdg mkeafe

demdgftcr gfhdoft oumf` mdpf`fod, pkeaaueffe bf`fsf yfea gcouedgftdi mfe bkefr, gkbkefrfe

mfe gktkpftfe dstdhf` yfea mdauefgfe, gfhdoft

tdmfg okedobuhgfe ofgef afemf, bf`fsf yfeamdauefgfe okefrdg mfe sksufd mkeafe KTM,

mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf Afobfr 2.

Afobfr 6. Zgfhf pkedhfdfe prcmug pkeakobfeafe chk` pfgfr odgrcbdchcad

sgfhf edhfd 

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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Rfikhhf, \keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Bdchcad Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks \fhfeagf Rfyf

;2 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

\kedhfdfe gcestrug prcmug chk` pfgfr okmdf pkemdmdgfe okemfpft edhfd rftf-rftf bfdg.\ktuenug prfgtdguo yfea mdpkrhugfe of`fsdswffmfhf` pktuenug yfea mdtuhds mfhfo bketugskmkr`fef mkeafe gfhdoft sdeagft mfe pkeaaueffe gfhdoft yfea sksufd mkeafe

gkofopufe pkeaauef.6 Zfrfe mfe ofsugfe nuaf

mdbkrdgfe chk` vfhdmftcr, yfea okenfmd bf`feuetug pkeykopureffe prcmug pkeakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe, mfpftmdhd`ft pfmf ]fbkh 2.

 

]fbkh 2. Zfrfe mfe rkvdsd mfrd pfgfr gcetke mfe gcestrug tkr`fmfp prcmug pkeakobfeafe pktuenug

prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad

Zfrfe \fgfr Gcetke Rkvdsd

6.  Afobfr pfmf prcmug pkeakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguo `frus md tfeyfgfe pfmf

of`fsdswf, fpfgf` afobfr oumf` uetug mdokeakrtd

2.  ]fopdhfe prcmug pkeakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguo `frus hkbd` bfdg mfrd pktuenug

 prfgtdguo hfof:.  \keaaueffe dstdhf` mfe tfemf bfjf fmf

 bkbkrfpf yfea `frus mdpkrbfdgd

6.  Fmf skbfadfe afobfr mfpft mdokeakrtd tktfpd fmf skbfadfe bkhuomdokeakrtd, skbfafd hfeagf` pkrbfdgfe afobfr mfhfo prcskmur

gkrnf mdpkrnkhfs.

2.  ]fopdhfe prcmug pktuenug prfgtdguo mdbkrd tfopdhfe afobfrwfref yfea okefrdg.

:.  \keaaueffe dstdhf` mdpkrnkhfs mfe tfemf bfjf yfea sfhf` mdpkrbfdgd=.  Mdbkrdgfe fhtkreftdi kgspkrdoke uetug

 prfgtdguo sksufd mkeafe odeft prfgtdgfe.

=.  Fhtkreftdi kgspkrdoke tdmfg skouf md tufeagfe mfhfo pktuenug

 prfgtdguo, tktfpd of`fsdswf mdpkrbchk g̀fe uetugokeakobfeagfe kgspkrdoke hfde yfea okemuguea `dpctksds

okrkgf.

;.  Fspkg dhustrfsd yfea ofsd` gurfea fmfhf` pkekopftfe dhustrfsd afobfr

9. 

Fspkg tkgedg yfea mdtcenchgfe yfea ofsd`

gurfea fmfhf` pfmf gufhdtfs pkendhdmfe.

;.  Dhustrfsd mdubf` pkekopftfeeyf sk`deaaf prcpcsdcefh fetfrfdhustrfsd mkeafe tkgs.

9. 

\kendhdmfe mdbuft spdrfh sk`deaaf tdmfg oumf` hkpfs.

[nd Jcbf Zgfhf Gkjdh \ktuenug \rfgtdguo

Odgrcbdchcad \feafe

]f`fpfe und jcbf sgfhf gkjdh mdhfgugfe

skbfeyfg = gfhd pkrtkoufe. \krtkoufe pkrtfof,mdhfgugfe prktkst mfe pkenkhfsfe skjfrf uouotketfea pktuenug prfgtdguo yfea fgfe

mdauefgfe, mkeafe wfgtu yfea mdauefgfe 9<okedt. \krtkoufe gkmuf,pkhfgsfeffe prfgtdguomkeafe wfgtu :<< okedt. \krtkoufe gktdaf,

okobf`fs pkeafoftfe `fsdh prfgtdguo mfeokobf`fs `fsdh prfgtdguo skrtf okobufthfpcrfe skoketfrf. Qfgtu yfea mdauefgfe uetug

Gktkrfeafe >

ZB > sfeaft bfdg (edhfd =) B > bfdg (edhfd :) G > gurfea (edhfd 2) ZG > sfeaft gurfea (edhfd 6)

Zgfhf edhfd

Afobfr 2. Zgfhf pkedhfdfe prcmug pkeakobfeafe chk` pfgfr okmdf pkemdmdgfe

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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Rfikhhf, \keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Bdchcad Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks \fhfeagf Rfyf

;: Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

gktdaf gkadftfe tkrskbut :< okedt. \krtkoufegkkopft,okoprksketfsdgfe `fsdh prfgtdguogkoumdfe mdhfgugfe pcstkst mfe pkeadsdfe feagkttfeaafpfe tkr`fmfp pktuenug prfgtdguo yfeamdgkobfeagfe, wfgtu yfea mdauefgfe 62< okedt.

@fsdh prktks mfrd 6< crfea of`fsdswfmdpkrchk` edhfd rftf-rftf prktkst ;: mfe edhfd rftf-rftf pcstkst skbksfr 19. @fh ded okeuenuggfesktkhf` pkeaaueffe pktuenug prfgtdguo `fsdh pkeakobfeafe tkrmfpft pkedeagftfegktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes of`fsdswf, mkeafe

edhfd rftf-rftf E-afde <,; tkrofsug pfmf gftkacrdskmfea.

Fefhdsds sktdfp demdgftcr G\Z pfmf sgfhfgkjdh yfea okeafhfod pkedeagftfe gftkacrdtdeaad fmfhf` okeafoftd, okefisdrgfe,okeaauefgfe fhft mfe bf`fe skrtf okekrfpgfegceskp, skmfeagfe yfea rkemf` fmfhf`okeakhcopcggfe, okeafnugfe `dpctksds mfeokrfejfea pkrjcbffe (Afobfr :). Fspkg yfeaofsd` gurfea ded mdhfgugfe rkvdsd pfmf prcmug pktuenug prfgtdguo.

Afobfr :. \keaufsffe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes sgfhf gkjdh

\ktuenug prfgtdguo yfea mdgkobfeafeokouft hkobfr gkrnf prfgtdguo yfeaokoueagdegfe of`fsdswf okejftft skoufgkadftfe prfgtdguoeyf. Rkvdsd yfea mdhfgugfefmfhf` mkeafe okopkrnkhfs prcskmur gkrnfmkeafe okobkrdgfe jcetc` pkreyftffe sk`deaafmfpft okemcrcea of`fsdswf okobuft `dpctksds.Okobkrdgfe gkskopftfe pfmf of`fsdswf uetugokejfrd nurefh yfea tkrgfdt mkeafe `dpctksdsyfea mdbuft, sk`deaaf demdgftcr okrfejfea pkrjcbffe mfpft mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf.Okefobf`gfe pfmf hkobfr gkrnf prfgtdguo

 bkbkrfpf pkrtfeyffe, rufea gcscea uetugokeuhds nfwfbfe, tfbkh uetug `fsdh pkekoufe

sk`deaaf gkofopufe of`fsdswf mfhfookeakhcopcgfe okenfmd hkbd` bfdg hfad.

\khfgsfeffe pktuenug prfgtdguo yfeamdgkobfeagfe pfmf sgfhf gkjdh ofsd` bfeyfggktkrbftfsfeeyf. ]f`fpfe rkvdsd mdhfgugfe mfrdskad prcmug mfe tkgeds pkhfgsfeffe (R\\) mfpftmdhd`ft pfmf tfbkh :. Gkbkr`fsdhfe mfrd prfgtdguotkrafetuea pfmf hfeagf`-hfeagf` yfeamdgkrnfgfe uetug okejfpfd tunufe yfea tkhf`mdtktfpgfe.9  \ktuenug prfgtdguo ded mdbuftmkeafe tunufe mfpft okedeagftgfe G\Zof`fsdswf, gfrkef ofsd` fmf : demdgftcr yfea

ofsd` rkemf` ofgf pkrbfdgfe pfmf : demdgftcrtkrskbut sfft pketdea.

Zkmfea <,: ‚  <,1]deaad 5 <,1 Rkemf` 8 <,:

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Rfikhhf, \keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Bdchcad Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks \fhfeagf Rfyf

;= Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

]fbkh :.Gktkrbftfsfe mfe usf`f okeaftfsd gktkrbftfsfe pfmf pktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe

Gktkrbftfsfe [sf`f Okeaftfsd Gktkrbftfsfe

6.  Afobfr pfmf jfrf gkrnf sktdfp

 pkrjcbffe sfeaft skmdgdt.

6.  Afobfr pfmf pktuenug prfgtdguo `feyf okobkrdgfe afobfrfe skjfrf

afrds bksfr jfrf gkrnf sktdfp pkrjcbffe. \fmf pktuenug prfgtdguo sumf` md pkrnkhfs pktuenug uetug okejfrd nurefh yfea tkrgfdt prcskmur gkrnf mfrd

`dpctksds yfea of`fsdswf buft.

2. 

Jfrf gkrnf yfea fmf ofsd` suhdt

mdpf`fod chk` skbfadfe of`fsdswf

2. 

Jfrf gkrnf yfea mdtfopdhgfe tdmfg hkeagfp mfe `feyf skbfafd pfemufe

of`fsdswf uetug mfpft okeakobfeagfe skemdrd jfrf gkrnf yfea okrkgf butu`gfe sksufd `dpctksds yfea mdbuft. @fh ded sumf` nkhfs tkrtkrf pfmf pktuenug prfgtdguo uetug okodetf of`fsdswf okejfrd jfrf gkrnf yfea

hkeagfp mfrd bkrbfafd hdtkrftur.

:. 

Qfgtu yfea mdbutu`gfe mfhfo

 pkekrfpfe pktuenug prfgtdguo `fsdh

 pkeakobfeafe sfeaft hfof okhkbd`dwfgtu prfgtdguo yfea md skmdfgfe.

:. 

Zkjfrf tkgeds pkeafturfe wfgtu fgfe mdbuft : gfhd pkrtkoufe. \krtkoufe

 pkrtfof (9< okedt) okhfgugfe prktks mfe pkenkhfsfe gkadftfe prfgtdguo.

\krtkoufe gkmuf (29< okedt) pfmf nfo prfgtdguo fgfe mdhfgugfegkadftfe prfgtdguo sksufd mkeafe pktuenug prfgtdguo. \krtkoufe gktdaf

(4< okedt) prcsks pkeafoftfe `fsdh prfgtdguo sfopfd pfmf tf`fp pcs tks.

=.  @dpctksds yfea mdfnugfe of`fsdswfofsd` fmf yfea gurfea tkpft.

;.  Ofsd` rkemf`eyf edhfd G\Z fspkg

okrkejfefgfe pkrjcbffe

9.  Ofsd` rkemf`eyf edhfd gkofopufeG\Z of`fsdswf pfmf fspkg

okeakhcopcggfe.

=.  Okobkrdgfe jcetc` pkreyftffe mfhfo pktuenug prfgtdguo yfea mfpftokemcrcea of`fsdswf okobuft `dpctksds.

;.  Okofsuggfe pfmf pktuenug prfgtdguo pkrdetf` uetug okejfrd nurefhyfea tkrgfdt mkeafe `dpctksds yfea mdbuft

9.  Okefobf`gfe pfmf HG\ pkrtfeyffe, rufea gcscea uetug okeuhds nfwfbfe, tfbkh uetug f̀sdh pkekoufe

1.  Gktkrfopdhfe okoprkmdgsd mfeokefisdrgfe ofsd` gurfea tkpft

mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf

1.  Okefobf`gfe pfmf hkobfr gkrnf prfgtdguo pkrtfeyffe yfea mfpftokobuft of`fsdswf okefisdrgfe mfe okoprkmdgsd mkeafe tkpft.

Ztrugtur mfe hfeagf` gkrnf fgfe okeketugfe pkejfpfdfe pkeaktf`ufe of`fsdswf, ndgf hfeagf`gkrnf tdmfg tkrstrugtur ftfu okobdeaueagfe ofgffgfe okedeagftgfe gkafafhfe mfhfo pkhfgsfeffegkadftfe prfgtdguo.

9  \rcskmur gkrnf pfmf

 pktuenug prfgtdguo ded tdmfg mdurfdgfe skjfrfokemktfdh fafr of`fsdswf mfpftokeakobfeagfe skemdrd grkftdvdtfs mfegkofopufe bkrpdgdreyf, tktfpd uetug prcskmur

gkadftfe yfea okouft hfeagf`-hfeagf` G\Zmdbuft skjfrf nkhfs. Zktkhf` mdhfgugfe rkvdsd ofgfskhfenuteyf md und pfmf sgfhf bksfr.

[nd Jcbf Zgfhf Bksfr \ktuenug \rfgtdguo

Odgrcbdchcad \feafe

@fsdh und jcbf sgfhf bksfr okeuenuggfe bf`wf pkedeagftfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes

of`fsdswf mfpft mdhd`ft mfrd edhfd E-Afde skbfafdskhdsd` edhfd pcstkst mfe prktkst. \fmf und jcbf

sgfhf bksfr ded rftf-rftf edhfd prktkst fmfhf` ;:mfe okeafhfod pkedeagftfe pfmf rftf-rftf edhfd

 pcstks okenfmd 1=. Edhfd E-Afde pfmf sgfhf bksfrfmfhf` <,=; mkeafe gftkacrd skmfea.

 Edhfd E-Afde pfmf und jcbf sgfhf bksfr(<,=;) okeafhfod skmdgdt pkeuruefe ndgfmdbfemdeagfe mkeafe edhfd E-Afde und jcbf sgfhfgkjdh (<,;), efoue tktfp mfhfo gftkacrd yfeasfof (gftkacrd skmfea). @fh ded okeuenuggfe bf`wf pktuenug prfgtdguo yfea mdgkobfeagfemfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded ofopu okobkrdgfe `fsdhyfea sfof bfdg mfhfo und jcbf sgfhf gkjdhofupue und jcbf sgfhf bksfr.

\kekhdtdfe hfde yfea skefmf1

  tketfea pkeakobfeafe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes pfmf prfgtdguo mfpft okedeagftgfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes, bkadtu nuaf mkeafe pkekhdtdfe hfdeyfea okeydopuhgfe bf`wf prfgtdguo yfeadevkstdaftdi mfpft okedeagftgfe sgcr pkeaktf`ufe mfe sgcr E-Afde gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes.0 

\ktuenug prfgtdguo `fsdh pkeakobfeafe ded nuaf mfpft okedeagftgfe rftf-rftf gkofopufe

of`fsdswf pfmf sktdfp demdgftcr G\Z. @fsdh dedskpkrtd pkekhdtdfe hfde yfea okeyftfgfe bf`wf

 prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad okhfhud pkobkhfnfrfe bkrbfsds gkrnf dhodf` mfpft okedeagftgfe rftf-

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Rfikhhf, \keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Bdchcad Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks \fhfeagf Rfyf

;; Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

rftf gkofopufe of`fsdswf pfmf ofsdea-ofsdea nkeds gktkrfopdhfe prcsks.

Afobfr =. okeuenuggfe ̀ fsdh E-Afde sktdfpdemdgftcr G\Z pfmf und sgfhf bksfr mdbfemdeagfemkeafe und sgfhf gkjdh okeafhfod pkrubf`fe, ndgf

und sgfhf gkjdh fmf : demdgftcr (okeakhcopcggfe,okeafnugfe `dpctksds mfe okrfejfea pkrjcbffe)mfhfo gftkacrd rkemf` ofgf und sgfhf bksfr`feyf demdgftcr okeakhcopcggfe yfea ofsd`rkemf`.

 

\keakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguo ded

mfpft okedeagftgfe gktkrfopdhfe of`fsdswfmfhfo okeyusue `dpctksds. Gkofopufeokeyusue `dpctksds okrupfgfe hfeagf` pketdea

mfhfo pkekhdtdfe mfe sfeaft pketdea uetugmdodhdgd chk` of`fsdswf skbfafd jfhce pkekhdtd.

Gktkrfopdhfe okeyusue `dpctksds okea`fsdhgfe

ruousfe mfhfo bketug gfhdoft pkreyftffe bkrupfmuaffe yfea mdfeaafp bkefr.

6< 

Demdgftcr G\Z okrfejfea pkrjcbffeokeafhfod pkedeagftfe `fh ded okeuenuggfe bf`wf of`fsdswf sumf` okodhdgd gkofopufeuetug okrkejfefgfe pkrjcbffe ftfu pkeykhdmdgfe. Okrfejfea pkrjcbffe okobkrdgfegkskopftfe gkpfmf of`fsdswf uetugokeausuhgfe afafsfe bkrgkeffe mkeafefhft/bf`fe yfea fgfe mdauefgfe, urutfe prcskmuryfea `frus mdtkopu`, okeketugfe pkubf`(vfrdfbkh), okeakemfhdgfe vfrdfbkh. Okrfejfea pkrjcbffe okhdputd prcskmur uetugokeauopuhgfe mftf yfea mfpft mdfemfhgfe,tkrofsug okrfejfea jfrf uetug okeaund`dpctksds.

6<  Gktdgf okrkejfefgfe pkrjcbffe,

of`fsdswf `frus hkbd` skrdea mdhftd` uetugokhfgugfe prfgtdguo yfea bkrsdift kgspkrdoke bugfe prfgtdguo yfea bkrupf ‘rkskp ofsfgfe‟.

Demdgftcr okeakhcopcggfe ofsd` mfhfo

gftkacrd rkemf` bfdg pfmf sgfhf gkjdh ofupuesgfhf bksfr, tktfpd edhfdeyf okeafhfod pkedeagftfe. Zkjfrf uouo of`fsdswf ofopu

okeakhcopcggfe `fsdh pkekoufeeyf mkeafetkpft, mfe mfpft okenkhfsgfe `fsdh

 pkeakhcopcggfeeyf. \keakhcopcgfe cbykg

ftfu pkrdstdwf fmfhf` jfrf okodhf` cbnkg bkrmfsfrgfe gksfoffe, pkrbkmffe, mfe`ubueafe. Ded okrupfgfe hfeagf` pketdeaokeunu pkof`fofe yfea hkbd` bfdg tketfeacbnkg yfea bkrbkmf mfrd aknfhf fhfo.

66 

Jfrf yfea mfpft mdauefgfe fafr demdgftcrG\Z okeakhcopcgfe mfpft okedeagft mkeafehkbd` bfdg hfad fmfhf` mkeafe okobkrdgfefrf`fe gkpfmf of`fsdswf mfe pkefobf`gfe pfmf HG\ bkbkrfpf pkrtfeyffe yfea mfpftokeuetue of`fsdswf mfpft okeakhcopcggfemkeafe bkefr. Okeakhcopcggfe mfpftmdhfgugfe mkeafe okobkmfgfe bkemf ftfu pkrdstdwf gk mfhfo gftkacrd bkrmfsfrgfe sdiftftfu grdtkrdf.

62 

\keykopureffe prcmug pkeakobfeafemdhfgugfe gkobfhd sktkhf` und sgfhf bksfr, fmfpue pkrubf`fe yfea mdhfgugfe mfpft mdhd`ft pfmf]fbkh = bkrdgut.

   E   d   h  f   d   E  -   A  f   d  e

Afobfr =. \keaufsffe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes sgfhf gkjdh mfe sgfhf bksfr

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Rfikhhf, \keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Bdchcad Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks \fhfeagf Rfyf

;9 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

]fbkh =. \keykopureffe tkr`fmfp pkeakobfeafe pktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe

Gktkrbftfsfe \keykopureffe

6. 

\kedeagftfe G\Z pfmf skouf demdgftcr ofsd`

mfhfo gftkacrd skmfea.

2. 

Demdgftcr G\Z okeakhcopcggfe ofsd` mfhfogftkacrd rkemf`.

6. 

Okofgsdofhgfe `fsdh G\Z mkeafe okhfgugfe

 pkeakobfeafe yfea okeaafbueagfe bkbkrfpf ocmkh pkobkhfnfrfe.

2. 

Okobkrdgfe bdobdeafe gkpfmf of`fsdswf mfeokefobf`gfe pfmf HG\ bkbkrfpf pkrtfeyffe yfea mfpft

okeuetue of`fsdswf mfpft okeakhcopcggfe mkeafe bkefr

:.  Gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes pfmf pkhfgsfeffe

sumf` tkpft mdhfgugfe chk` of`fsdswf tktfpd

tdmfg sknfhfe mkeafe und tkrtuhds pfmf prktks mfe pcstks 

:.  Okefobf`gfe pfmf pktuenug prfgtdguo pkrtfeyffe- pkrtfeyffe yfea okea`ubueagfe fetfrf `fsdh pkekoufe

mkeafe tkcrd.

=.  \khfgsfeffe pfmf sgfhf gkjdh fmf = demdgftcrG\Z pkedeagftfeeyf gftkacrd tdeaad, skmfeagfe

sgfhf bksfr tdmfg fmf gftkrcad tdeaad.

=.  Of`fsdswf ofsd` pkrhu bdobdeafe mfhfo okhfgsfefgfe prfgtdguo, sk`deaaf mkeafe sgfhf bksfr pkobdobdeafe

tkrskbut tdmfg bdsf mdhfgugfe mkeafe ofgsdofh gkrkef

gktkrbftfsfe fsdstke yfea fmf.;.  Qfgtu yfea mdbutu`gfe ofsd` okhkbd`d wfgtu

yfea mdskmdfgfe pfmf nfo pkhfnfrfe prfgtdguo (=

x 9< okedt)

;.  ]f`fpfe G\Z ouhfd mfrd okeafnugfe pkrtfeyffe,okobuft `dpctksds, okrfejfea/okrkejfefgfe

 pkrjcbffe, mfe okeketugfe fhft mfe bf`fe mfpftmdhfgugfe of`fsdswf skjfrf ofemdrd, sk`deaaf pfmf nfo prfgtdguo yfea mdhfgugfe fmfhf` okhfgsfefgfe pkrjcbffe, okeaauefgfe fhft mfe bf`fe, okeafoftd,

okeakhcopcggfe, okoprkmdgsd, okefisdrgfe,okekrfpgfe gceskp mfe okeagcouedgfsdgfe.

\ktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe`fsdh pkeakobfeafe ded okodhdgd bkbkrfpfgkhkbd`fe mfe nuaf gktkrbftfsfe mfhfo pkhfgsfeffeeyf. Gkhkbd`fe yfea mdmfpft mfrd pkeaaueffe pktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad

 pfeafe fmfhf`>f.  Okedeagftgfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes

of`fsdswf b.  Okedeagftgfe fgtdidtfs of`fsdswf mfhfo

okhfgugfe gkadftfe prfgtdguo.j.  Of`fsdswf bkrfed okeakougfgfe

 pkemfpfteyf, tkrutfof pfmf tf`fpokeafnugfe pkrtfeyffe mfe ̀ dpctksds

m.  Okedeagftgfe pkof`fofe gceskp pfmfoftkrd odgrcbdchcad pfeafe.

Bkbkrfpf gktkrbftfsfe mfhfo pkhfgsfeffe pktuenug prfgtdguo fmfhf`>

f. 

Okokrhugfe wfgtu yfea hfof b.  Of`fsdswf mfhfo nuohf` bfeyfg (5:<

crfea) sfeaft suhdt uetug okeacetrch mfeokeafwfsd, sk`deaaf okokrhugfe fsdstke prfgtdguo hkbd` mfrd 2 crfea.

j.  Of`fsdswf ofsd` pkrhu bfeyfg bdobdeafegfrkef bkhuo tkrbdfsf okeaauefgfe

 pktuenug prfgtdguo mkeafe ouftfegktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes.

Gksdopuhfe Mfe Zfrfe

Gksdopuhfe\ktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe`fsdh pkeakobfeafe pfmf gcopceke tunufe,

 prcskmur mfe kvfhufsdeyf okouft gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes. @fsdh pkedhfdfe vfhdmfsd gcetke mfegcestrug rftf-rftf mfhfo gftkacrd bfdg. \kekrfpfe pktuenug prfgtdguo odgrcbdchcad pfeafe `fsdh pkeakobfeafe ded mfpft okedeagftgfe

gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes of`fsdswf pfmf sgfhf bksfr. Rftf-rftf edhfd prktks ;: okeafhfod pkedeagftfe pfmf edhfd pcstks yfdtu 1=, mkeafeedhfd E-Afde skbksfr <,=; tkrofsug gftkacrdskmfea. \ktuenug prfgtdguo `fsdh pkeakobfeafeded nuaf mfpft okedeagftgfe rftf-rftfgkofopufe of`fsdswf pfmf sktdfp demdgftcrG\Z, mfrd 4 demdgftcr `feyf demdgftcrokeakhcopcggfe yfea edhfd E-Afdeeyf rkemf`yfdtu <,69 (gftkacrd rkemf`), skmfeagfe demdgftcrokeafoftd (<,;:), okefisdrgfe (<,:4),okoprkmdgsd (<,:=), okobuft `dpctksds (<,;1), pkeafnugfe pkrtfeyffe (<,:=), okrkejfefgfe pkrjcbffe (<,;:), okeaauefgfe fhft mfe bf`fe(<,9:) skrtf okekrfpgfe gceskp (<,;=) skoufeyfmfhfo gftkacrd skmfea.

Zfrfe

\krhu fmfeyf pkeafturfe wfgtu yfea kikgtdimfhfo pkekrfpfe pktuenug prfgtdguo

odgrcbdchcad pfeafe bkrouftfe gktkrfopdhfe prcsks sfdes ded. Ndgf nuohf` of`fsdswf hkbd` mfrd

:< crfea ofgf skbfdgeyf nuohf` fsdstke prfgtdguo hkbd` mfrd 2 crfea sk`deaaf

 pkeaaueffe pktuenug prfgtdguo `fsdh pkeakobfeafe ded fgfe hkbd` ofgsdofh mfhfookedeagftgfe G\Z. [etug okedeagftgfe skouf

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Rfikhhf, \keakobfeafe \ktuenug \rfgtdguo Bdchcad Of`fsdswf Nurusfe Adzd \chtkggks \fhfeagf Rfyf

;1 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6:

demdgftcr G\Z skbfdgeyf pkrhu mdhfgugfe pkekhdtdfe hkbd` hfenut mkeafe okhfgugfe pkeakobfeafe pkrfeagft prfgtdguo ftfu ocmkh pkobkhfnfrfe oftf guhdf` odgrcbdchcad pfeafe.

Mfitfr \ustfgf

6. Rustfofe, E.T. \krfefe \rfgtdguo mfhfo\kobkhfnfrfe Bdchcad. Bf`fe \khftd`fe bfad]kgedsd mfe Hfbcrfe \kraurufe ]deaad.Gkrnfsfof I\OD\F DGD\ Bfemuea mkeafeMdrkgtcrft Nkemkrfh \kemdmdgfe ]deaad.Bfemuea.644;.

2. Bfscrd, @. Ocmkh Gkadftfe HfbcrftcrduoBkrbfsds \rcbhko Zchvdea pfmf\kobkhfnfrfe Gceskp \kobdfsfe Jf`fyfuetug Okedeagftgfe Gktkrfopdhfe \rcsksZfdes mfe \kof`fofe Gceskp sdswf ZO\.

]ksds Nurusfe \kemdmdgfe D\F GcesketrfsdIdsdgf Z\Z [\D. Bfemuea. ]dmfg mdtkrbdtgfe. 2<6<.

:. Zuadycec. Oktcmk \kekhdtdfe \kemdmdgfe.\kemkgftfe Gufetdtftdi, Gufhdtftdi mfe R&M.

Fhifbktf, Bfemuea. 2<62.=. Rustfofe, F. mfe F. R. Quhfe. Ztrftkad

\kobkhfnfrfe Bdchcad. Bfemuea >[edvkrsdtfs]krbugf. 2<<1.

;. Zkodfwfe, J. \kemkgftfe Gktkrfopdhfe

\rcsks. Arfokmdf. Nfgfrtf. 640;.9. Zuprdftec, B.. [nd Hfeagf` Gkrnf

Hfbcrftcrduo Bdchcad Zkgchf`. \rcskmdeaZkodefr Efsdcefh Nurusfe \kemdmdgfeBdchcad. 2<<4.

1. Qfrmfed, Z.. \keakobfeafe Gktkrfopdhfe\rcsks Zfdesmfhfo \kobkhfnfrfeGrcoftcarfid Hfpds ]dpdsOkhfhud \rfgtdguoZgfhf Odgrc.Nurefh Decvfsd \kemdmdgfeGdodf, Ych.2, Ec. 2, @fh.:61-:22. 2<<0.

0. Oykrs, B.K, Nfoks K. Mykr..  Kiikjts Ci Devkstdaftdvk Hfbcrftcry DestrujtdceCeJcetket Gecwhkmak Fem Zjdkejk \rcjkssZgdhh Fj`dkvkoketFjrcss Hkfredea Ztyhks.[edvkrsdty Ci Ihcrdmf.Ncurefh CiFardjuhturfh Kmujftdce ;2 Ychuok =1, Euobkr =, pfak. 2<. 2<<9.

4. @fomdyftd T, Gusefmd,. \rcidh Gktkrfopdhfe\rcsks Zfdes Of`fsdswfOkhfhud\kobkhfnfrfe Bkrbfsds Gkrnf Dhodf`\fmfOftf Guhdf` Odgrcbdchcad. Nurusfe\kemdmdgfe Bdchcad Iodpf [pd. Bfemuea.

]dmfg mdtkrbdtgfe. 2<<0.6<. Mdoyftd mfe Oumndcec.. Bkhfnfr mfe\kobkhfnfrfe, Jkt. DDD, \]. Rdekgf Jdptf,Nfgfrtf. 2<<9.

66. [eksf. R. Gktkrfopdhfe \rcsks Zfdes, 2<66.

(cehdek tkrskmdf >`ttp>//Rumy-[eksf.Bhcaspct.Jco/)(mdfgsks <1 Ikbrufrd2<6:).

62. \fmdhhf, O.N. ]`k Zjdkejk \rcjkss Zgdhhs.Rkskfrj` Ofttkrs - tc t`k Zjdkejk ]kfj`kr ds

f pubhdjftdce ci t`k Eftdcefh Fsscjdftdce icrRkskfrj` de Zjdkejk ]kfj`dea, [ZF. 644<.

(cehdek tkrskmdf>`ttp>//www.efrst.cra/pubhdjftdces/rkskfrj`.)(Mdfgsks 29 Faustus 2<66).

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Hujde, \keaktf`ufe, Zdgfp, mfe \krdhfgu tketfea Zkgs \rfedgf`

;0 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

\keaktf`ufe, Zdgfp Mfe \krdhfgu ]ketfea Zkgs \rfedgf` ]kr`fmfp

\kofeifftfe \usft Deicrofsd Gceskhdea Gksk`ftfe Rkprcmugsd Rkofnf

(\dg-Grr) \fmf Rkofnf Md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

Gecwhkmak, Fttdtumks Fem Bk`fvdcr \rkofrdtfh Zkx Ci ]`k [sk Ci Jcueskhdea

Deicroftdce Jketkr Fmchksjket Rkprcmujtdvk @kfht` (\dg-Grr) de \fhfeagfrfyf Jdty

Tked Hujde

 Nurusfe Gkbdmfefe \chdtkgedg Gksk`ftfe Gkokegks \fhfeagf Rfyf

Fbstrfg. \krdhfgu skgs prfedgf` okeafgdbftgfe rdsdgc gk`fodhfe tdmfg mddeadegfe, 9<% rkofnf pkref` okeafhfod gk`fodhfe bkrfg`dr fbcrsd, mfe 6:% bkrfgdbft gkoftdfe. \keykbfb tdobuheyf

skgs prfedgf` gfrkef rkemf`eyf pkeaktf`ufe gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd mfe sdgfp ekaftdi mfefobdvfhke tkr`fmfp pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf`. Zfhf` sftu upfyf okeaurfead mfe okejkaf`

 pkrofsfhf`fe rkofnf fmfhf` pkykmdffe tkopft pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd yfea oumf`

mdtkrdof mfe tkrnfeagfu, yfdtu \usft Deicrofsd mfe Gceskhdea Rkofnf (\DG-GRR). \krofsfhf`fe prcarfo tkrskbut fmfhf` gurfeaeyf pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR. Ifsdhdtfs tdmfg hkeagfp, pkeaktf`uferkofnf tketfea gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd yfea ofsd` rkemf`. \kekhdtdfe ded bkrtunufe uetug okeaktf`ud`ubueafe pkeaktf`ufe,sdgfp mfe pkrdhfgu tketfea skgs prfedgf` tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe \DG-GRRchk` rkofnf Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf. Mksfde pkekhdtdfe gufetdtftdi mdhkeagfpd demkpt` detkrvdkw mkeaferfejfeafe fefhdtdg cbskrvfsdcefh nkeds mksfde jrcss-skjtdcefh  ,bksfr sfopkh 610 crfea pfmf rkofnfskgchf` okekeaf` ftfs usdf 6;-26 tf`ue. \keafobdhfe sfopkh okeaauefgfe  purpcsdvk sfophdea  mfe  sdophk rfemco sfophdea . Fefhdsds mftf okeaauefgfe fefhdsds uedvfrdfbkh, bdvfrdfbkh mkeafeund stftdstdg j`d-squfrk p 8 <,<; mfe tdeagft gkofgeffe JD 4;%, mfe ouhtdvfrdfbkh mkeafe rkarksdhcadstdg.  \rcpcrsd pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR skbksfr ::,1%. Fefhdsds bdvfrdfbkh okeuenugfe tkrmfpft`ubueafe bkrofgef fetfrf pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR mkeafe pkeaktf`ufe edhfd p-vfhuk <,<<4 , R\6,42 (4;% JD 6,61-:,6=) mfe sdgfp edhfd p-vfhuk  <,<<9 8 <,<;, R\ 6,0< (JD 4;% 6,61-2,19) pkrdhfgu p-vfhuk <,<:2, R\ 6,44 (4;% JD ? 6,<6-:,4:). \fpfrfe deicrofsd tdmfg okeuenugfe`ubueafe bkrofgef tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe  p-vfhuk  <,:4; 5 <,<<;. Ocmkh 6 rkarksd hcadstdgokoprkmdgsd pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR skbksfr 62%. @fobftfe pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR chk` rkofnfofhu, tdmfg fmf wfgtu, pktuafs gurfea gcouedgfsd, rufea tdmfg eyfofe. Zkofgde tdeaad pkeaktf`ufe mfe sdgfp pcsdtdi tkr`fmfp skgs prfedgf` ofgf pkhufea okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR

skofgde bksfr, pkedeagftfe pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR okedeagft pfmf sdswf mkeafe pkrdhfgu skmfea.Zkmfeagfe pkrdhfgu skgs bkrft tdmfg okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR.Gftf guejd> \keaktf`ufe, sdgfp, pkrdhfgu, skgs prfedgf`, pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR  

Fbstrfjt. \rkofrdtfh skx bk`fvdcr rksuhts de rdsg ci uewfetkm prkaefejdks. Fbcut 9<% ci tkkes

`fvk `fm prkaefejdks kemdea de fbcrtdce de w`dj` fem 6:% ci t`ko rksuht de mkft`. ]`k jfusks icr prkofrdtfh skx frk t`k hcw rkprcmujtdvk `kfht` gecwhkmak fem ekaftdvk fttdtumk fem fobdvfhkejktcwfrm prkofrdtfh skx bk`fvdcr. Cek kiicrt tc rkmujk fem prkvket fmchksjket prcbhkos ds t`kfvfdhfbdhdty ci rkprcmujtdvk `kfht` skrvdjk ifjdhdtdks w`dj` frk kfsdhy fjjkptfbhk fem fiicrmfbhk,suj` fs t`k Jketkr icr Deicroftdce fem Jcueskhdea-Fmchksjket Rkprcmujtdvk @kfht` (\DG-GRR).Fdos ci t`k stumy wkrk]c mktkrodek t`k rkhftdces`dp ci gecwhkmak, fttdtumk fem bk`fvdcr fbcut

 prkofrdtfh skx tc t`k utdhdzftdce ci \DG-GRR by fmchksjkets de \fhfeagfrfyf Ouedjdpfhdty.  ]`dswfs f qufetdtftdvk stumy usdea de-mkpt` detkrvdkw, f jrcss-skjtdcefh mksdae. ]`k sfophk sdzk wfs

610 fmchksjkets de `da` sj`cch fakm 6;-26 ykfrs. Zfophdea uskm f purpcsdvk sfophdea fem sdophkrfemco sfophdea. Mftf fefhysds uskm uedvfrdfbhk fefhysds, bdvfrdfbhk fefhysds wdt` j`d-squfrkstftdstdjfh tksts p 8 <.<; fem JD 4;% sdaedidjfejk hkvkh, fem ouhtdvfrdfbhk fefhysds wdt` hcadstdjrkarkssdce. ]`k prcpcrtdce ci \DG-GRR utdhdzftdce wfs ::.1%. ]`k ouhtdvfrdfbhk fefhysds s`cwkm

f sdaedidjfet rkhftdces`dp bktwkke t`k utdhdzftdce ci \DG-GRR fem gecwhkmak wdt` t`k CR ;.2<

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

;4 

(4;% JD> 2.<1 tc 6:.<9), t`k fttdtumk wdt` t`k CR :,19 (4;% JD 6.09 tc 1.9<), fem bk`fvdcr wdt`CR :,69 (4;% JD 6.:9 tc 1.:2). Ocmkh 6 ci t`k hcadstdj rkarkssdce prkmdjtkm GRR \DG utdhdzftdce ci69%. Bfrrdkrs tc t`k utdhdzftdce ci \DG-GRR by fmchksjkets wkrk kobfrrfssoket, hfjg ci tdok, hkssjcoouedjftdvk ciidjkrs, fem uejcoicrtfbhk rccos.  ]`k `da`kr gecwhkmak fem pcsdtdvk fttdtumktcwfrm prkofrdtfh skx rksuhtkm de t`k arkftkr j`fejk ci utdhdzdea \DG-GRR. Fmchksjkets wdt`ocmkrftk prkofrdtfh bk`fvdcr wkrk hdgkhy tc `fvk dejrkfskm utdhdzftdce ci \DG-GRR w`dhk t`cskwdt` skvkrk skxufh bk`fvdcr wkrk ect. Gkywcrms> Gecwhkmak, fttdtumk, bk`fvdcr, prkofrdtfh skx, utdhdzftdce ci \DG-GRR

\kemf`uhufe

Bfeyfg rkofnf tkrhdbft fgtdvdtfs skgsufh

sknfg mded(6)

. Rkofnf md \fhfeagf Rfyf 2;,2;%okhfgugfe `ubueafe skgs prfedgf`

(2). \krdhfgu

skgs prfedgf` okeafgdbftgfe rdsdgc tkrnfmdeyf

gk`fodhfe tdmfg mddeadegfe(:)

. \keykbfb pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` rkofnf gfrkef rkemf`eyf

 pkeaktf`ufe gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd(=)

. \khfyfefegksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd rkofnf sfeaft mdbutu`gfeuetug okea`demfrd gk`fodhfe tdmfg mddeadegfe,fbcrsd tdmfg fofe, mfe pkeyfgdt okeuhfrskgsufh fgdbft gktdmfg tf`ufe deicrofsdgksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd

(;). \fmf tf`ue 2<<6 tkhf`

mdhfgsfefgfe  pdhct prcnkjt suftu ocmkh‘detkarftkm‟ pkhfyfefe GRR okhfhud pkemdmdgskbfyf mfe gceskhcr skbfyf. Ocmkh dedmdauefgfe pkokrdetf` skbfafd ocmkh \DG-GRRskjfrf efsdcefh

(9).

Bkbkrfpf gkemfhf pkhfgsfeffe prcarfoGRR dfhf` rkemf`eyf guenueafe rkofnf bkrgcesuhtfsd bfru okejfpfd =<% mfe 2<%\DG-GRR bkrstftus tkafr 

(1). Mdsfopdea dtu

mdskbfbgfe ifsdhdtfs gurfea hkeagfp, mfeftkrbftfs, gurfeaeyf gktkrfopdhfe mfe sdgfpmdodhdgd gceskhcr/pktuafs, pkrfturfe mfe prcskmur bkrhfgu tdmfg sksufd `frfpfe rkofnfskrtf gurfeaeyf pkeaktf`ufe mfe deicrofsdrkofnf tketfea gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd(0).Bkrmfsfrgfe ofsfhf` tkrskbut ofgf ruousfeofsfhf` fmfhf` ‘Bfafdofef `ubueafe

 pkeaktf`ufe, sdgfp mfe pkrdhfgu tketfea skgs prfedgf` tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR chk`rkofnf md \fhfeagf R fyf3‟  ]unufe pkekhdtdfeded fmfhf` okeaktf`ud `ubueafe pkeaktf`ufe,sdgfp, pkrdhfgu tketfea skgs prfedgf` tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR chk` rkofnf ZOFmd \fhfeagf Rfyf.

Oktcmk \kekhdtdfe

Mksfde pkekhdtdfe okeaauefgfe

 pkemkgftfe gufetdtftdi mdhkeagfpd demkpt`detkrvdkw, rfejfeafe pkekhdtdfe jrcss- skjtdcefh (4). Hcgfsd pkekhdtdfe Gctf \fhfeagf

Rfyf. \cpuhfsd fmfhf` skouf rkofnf ZO[ yfeaokopueyfd prcarfo \DG-GRR mdskgchf`eyf.

Zfopkh skbksfr 610 rkofnf ZOF, tkgedg pkodhd`fe sfopkh gufetdtftdi mkeafe tfbkhrfemco okeaauefgfe tkgedg Zdophk rfemco sfophdea 

(6<). Zfopkh uetug wfwfejfrf

okemfhfo (demkpt` detkrvdkw) mdfobdh skjfrf purpcsdvk sfophdea yfdtu deicrofe yfea skrdeaokofeifftgfe \DG-GRR skbfeyfg = crfeaokhdputd deicrofe ZOF :, ZOF Grdstke, ZOGGfrsf Ouhyf, mfe OFE Ocmkh ofsdea-ofsdea6 deicrofe. Yfrdfbkh pkekhdtdfe tkrmdrd mfrdvfrdfbkh bkbfs> pkeaktf`ufe, sdgfp mfe pkrdhfgu

tketfea skgs prfedgf`, vfrdfbkh tkrdgft> pkofeiftfe \DG-GRR, mfe vfrdfbkh hufr> pfpfrfe okmdf. Zuobkr mftf fmfhf` mftf prdokr.Destruoke pkekhdtdfe okeaauefgfe guksdcekrmdsusue bkrmfsfrgfe tkhff` gkpustfgffe(66).Fefhdsds okeauefgfe prcarfo Ztftf Detkrjcchkm   Ykrsd 66,< okhdputd> fefhdsdsuedvfrdfbkh, bdvfrdfbkh, mfe ouhtdvfrdfbkh. [ndstftdstdg yfea mdauefgfe j`d squfrk mfe rkarksdhcadstdg mkeafe p 8 <,<;, mfe jceidmkejkdetkrvfh 4;%.

@fsdh \kekhdtdfeZfopkh pkekhdtdfe 610 rkofnf, hfgd-hfgd

mfe pkrkopufe. Gfrfgtkrdstdg rkspcemkeokhdputd uour mfe nkeds gkhfode. Zkhfde dtumdmdsgrdpsdgfe tdeagft pkeaktf`ufe, sdgfp mfe pkrdhfgu tkr`fmfp skgs prfedgf`, pfpfrfedeicrofsd.

 

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Hujde, \keaktf`ufe, Zdgfp, mfe \krdhfgu tketfea Zkgs \rfedgf`

9< Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

]fbkh 6. Mdstrdbusd gfrfgtkrdstdg rkofnf ZOF bkrmfsfrgfe

 nkeds gkhfode, uour md Gctf \fhfeagf RfyfYfrdfbkh e %

Nkeds GkhfodeHfgd-hfgd\krkopufe

0=4=

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]fbkh 2. Mdstrdbusd vfrdfbkh pkeaktf`ufe, sdgfp, pkrdhfgu tketfea skgs prfedgf` mfe pkofeifftfe

\DG-GRR, pfpfrfe deicrofsd md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

Yfrdfbkh e %\kofeifftfe \DG-GRR

Tf 9< ::,1]dmfg 660 99,:

\keaktf`ufe rkofnf]deaad :1 2<,0

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 Ekaftdi 66< 96,0\krdhfgu skgs prfedgf`

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]fbkh :. @ubueafe tdeagft pkeaktf`ufe, sdgfp, pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe \DG-

GRR pfmf rkofnf ZOF md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

\kofeifftfe \DG GRRYfrdfbkh Okofeifftgfe ]dmfg 2  \ R\ JD

e % e %

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GRR mkeafe tdeagft pkeaktf`ufe tdeaad

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ded frtdeyf rkofnf ZOF yfea okodhdgd

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hkbd` tdeaad okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR

mdbfemdeagfe tdeagft pkeaktf`ufe rkemf`.

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

96 

\rcsketfsk rkspcemke yfea

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(JD 4;% 6,1<-:,41). Frtdeyf rkofnf ZOF

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sdgfp ekaftdi uetug okofeifftgfe \DG-

GRR.

@fsdh fefhdsds pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf`

mkeafe pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR

okeuenuggfe 19,:% rkspcemke yfea

okopueyfd pkrdhfgu skgs bkrft tdmfg

okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR. Gkoueagdefe

 bksfr rkofnf okrfsf tdmfg fmf nfodefegkrf`fsdfe gktdgf okeyfopfdgfe ofsfhf`.

@fsdh fefhdsds okeuenugfe fmf `ubueafe

 bkrofgef fetfrf pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf`

rdeafe mkeafe pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR

mdofef  p-vfhuk  <,<66 mfe edhfd R\ 6,19

(4;% JD 6,66-2,10) frtdeyf rkofnf ZOF

mkeafe pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` gftkacrd

rdeafe bkrpkhufea 6,19 gfhd uetug

okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR mdbfemdeagfe

 pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` bkrft bkrft.

 ]fbkh =. Fefhdsds `ubueafe pfpfrfe deicrofsd mkeafe pkofeifftfe

\DG-GRR pfmf rkofnf ZOF md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

Yfrdfbkh 

\kofeifftfe \DG GRR2 

\   R\   JD  Okofeifftgfe ]dmfg

e % e %

\fpfrfe deicrofsd

]krpfpfr ;; :2.4: 662 91.<1 <,12 <,:4; <,12 <,:9-6,=:]dmfg tkrpfpfr (Rki) ; =;.; 9 ;=.;;

]fbkh = okeuenuggfe prcsketfsk

 pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR skbfadfe bksfrrkspcemke tdmfg okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR

fmfhf` rkspcemke yfea tkrpfpfr deicrofsd

tketfea skgs prfedgf` mfrd bkbkrfpf suobkr

`fh ded mdskbfbgfe rkspcemke okemfpft

deicrofsd mfrd detkrekt, ofnfhf` gfrkef

 pkeafru` deicrofsd ded bkrpkhufea crfea nfmd tdmfg okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR. @fsdh

fefhdsds okobugtdgfe pfpfrfe deicrofsd

tdmfg bkrofgef tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe \DG-

GRR

]fbkh ;. Fefhdsds `ubueafe pfpfrfe deicrofsd tkr`fmfp pkeaktf`ufe

tketfea skgs prfedgf` pfmf rkofnf ZOF md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

\keaktf`ufe

Yfrdfbkh ]deaad Rkemf` 2  \

e % e %

\fpfrfe Deicrofsd]krpfpfr := 2<,= 6:: 14,9 <,244 <,;0=

]dmfg tkrpfpfr (Rki) : 21,: 0 12,1

\fpfrfe Deicrofsd

]krpfpfr 10 =9,1 0< ;:,: <,2; <,96=

]dmfg tkrpfpfr (Rki) 9 ;=,9 ; =;,=

\fpfrfe Deicrofsd]krpfpfr 4; ;9,4 12 =:,6 9,9; <,<;9]dmfg tkrpfpfr (Rki) : 21,: 0 12,1

]fbkh  ;. okeuenugfe `fsdh und stftdstdg

okobugtdgfe bf`wf pfpfrfe deicrofsd

tdmfg okopueyfd `ubueafe bkrofgef

mkeafe pkeaktf`ufe tkr`fmfp skgs prfedgf`

mdofef  p-vfhuk  <,;0= 5 <,<;. @fh ded

mdmuguea mfrd `fsdh fefhdsds bf`wf

 bfeyfgeyf rkofnf yfea okopueyfd

 pkeaktf`ufe skgs prfedgf` rkemf` tkrpfpfr

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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Hujde, \keaktf`ufe, Zdgfp, mfe \krdhfgu tketfea Zkgs \rfedgf`

92 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

deicrofsd. @fh ded mdoueagdegfe suobkr

deicrofsd yfea mdmfpft okrupfgfe suobkr

deicrofsd deicrofh yfea mdmfpft mfrd okmdf

skpkrtd detkrekt mfe tkhkvdsd, yfe a tdmfg

mddgutd mkeafe pkenkhfsfe yfea bkefr.Rkofnf okeafrtdgfe skemdrd mfe `feyf

skpctcea-skpctcea. @fh dedhf` yfea

okeykbfbgfe pfpfrfe deicrofsd tdmfg

okopueyfd pkeafru` pfmf pkeaktf`ufe

rkofnf okeakefd skgs prfedgf`.

\fmf ]fbkh ;, hkbd` mfrd skpfrc`

rkspcemke okopueyfd sdgfp ekaftdi,

tkrpfpfr deicrofsd okeakefd skgs prfedgf`.

[nd stftdstdg okobugtdgfe tdmfg fmf

`ubueafe bkrofgef fetfrf pfpfrfe

deicrofsd mkeafe sdgfp rkspcemke tkr`fmfpskgs prfedgf`, mdofef  p-vfhuk  <,=;0 5

<.<;. @ubueafe tdmfg bkrofgef

gkoueagdefe rkspcemke hkbd` bfeyfg

okemfpft deicrofsd skgs prfedgf` mfrd

okmdf ofsf mfe tkofe mfe okeafrtdgfe

skemdrd fpf yfea okrkgf mfpft.

Bkrmfsfrgfe fefhdsds pfmf ]fbkh ; mdgktf`ud bf`wf skbfadfe rkspcemke yfea

okopueyfd pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` gftkacrd

 bkrft tdmfg okemfpft pfpfrfe deicrofsd

okeakefd skgs prfedgf`. @fh ded pkrhu mdgfnd

hkbd` hfenut, gkoueagdefe rkofnf yfea

sumf` okopueyfd pkrdhfgu bkrft tdmfg

okobutu`gfe deicrofsd hfad okeakefd skgs

 prfedgf`, gfrkef okrkgf sumf` tkrpfpfr

mkeafe pkeafhfofe eyftf. [nd stftdstdg

okobugtdgfe tdmfg fmf `ubueafe yfea

sdaedidgfe fetfrf pfpfrfe deicrofsd mkeafe pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` mdofef  p-vfhuk 

<,<;9 5 <,<;.

]fbkh 9. Fefhdsds rkarksd hcadstdg> @ubueafe pkeaktf`ufe sdgfp mfe pkrdhfgu tketfea skgs

prfedgf` tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR pfmf rkofnf ZOF md Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf

Yfrdfbkh CR (JD 4;%)

\keaktf`ufe

]deaad ;,2<*(2,<1-6:,<9)

Rkemf` (Rki) 6

Zdgfp\csdtdi :,19*(6,09-1,9<) Ekaftdi (Rki) 6

\krdhfgu

Rdeafe :,69*(6,:9-1,:2)

Bkrft(Rki) 6

 E 610

Mkvdfejk 64<,1:R2 <,69

 Gktkrfeafe>

* ? Zdaedidgfe JD ? Jceidmkejk Detkrvfh

e ? nuohf` sfopkh R2 ? Gckidsdke mktkrodefeCR ? Cmms Rftdc

Bkrmfsfrgfe tfbkh 6< okeuenugfe vfrdfbkh bkbfs yfdtu \keaktf`ufe, sdgfp, pkrdhfgu tfepfokhdbftgfe vfrdfbkh hufr yfdtu pfpfrfedeicrofsd tktfp bkrofgef skjfrf stftdstdgskbfafd prkmdgtcr pkofepfftfe \DG-GRR.Yfrdfbkh pkeaktf`ufe,sdgfp,pkrdhfguokobkrdgfe gcetrdbusd tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe

\DG-GRR, \keaktf`ufe tdeaad bkrpkhufeaokofeifftgfe \DG skbksfr ;,2< gfhdmdbfemdeagfe pkeaktf`ufe rkemf` skmfeagfe

sdgfp pcsdtdi bkrpkhufea okofeifftgfe \DG

:,19 gfhd mdbfemdeagfe sdgfp ekaftdi mfe pkrdhfgu rdeafe bkrpkhufea okofeifftgfe \DG:,69 gfhd mdbfemdeagfe pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` bkrft. Edhfd R 

2  okoprkmdgsd pkofeifftfe \DG-

GRR skbksfr 69%.Bkrmfsfrgfe `fsdh wfwfejfrf tkr`fmfp

kopft deicrofe okeakefd pkeaktf`ufe tketfea

skgs prfedgf`, ofycrdtfs deicrofe okeaktf`udskgs prfedgf` mfe rksdgceyf. Deicrofsdmdmfpftgfe mfrd bfjf bugu yfea fmf md \DG, mfe

mfrd gceskhcr, `feyf sfnf sdgfp gceskhcr, gurfea

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

9: 

scsdfhdsfsd okeakefd \DG ifgtcr pkykbfbrkemf`eyf guenueafe gk \DG. Zkmfeagfe pfemfeafe ofeifft \DG-GRR, okrfsf tdmfgokobutu`gfe hfyfefe \DG-GRR gfrkef tdmfgfmf ofsfhf`, `feyf rufea jur`ft, `feyf crfea bkrofsfhf` yfea mftfea mfe tdmfg mdofeifftgfeskjfrf ofgsdofh gfrkef ofhu mfe tfgutokeaueagfpgfe ofsfhf` prdbfmd mkeafegceskhcr, hkbd` bkbfs okeaueagfpgfe mkeafetkofe mkgft. Mdsfopdea dtu rkspcemkeokeaftfgfe rufea \DG-GRR tdmfg okefrdg,gfrkef ifsdhdtfs yfea mdskmdfgfe `feyf oknf,gursd, tdmfg fmf okmdf hfde skpkrtd bugu, pcstkrmfe gcoputkr.

@fh yfea ofsd` okemuguea \DG-GRRdfhf` sdgfp pcsdtdi rkspcemke bf`wf \DG-GRR

ofsd` okobutu`gfe pkeyuhu`fe mfe gceskhdeaokeakefd pkrafuhfe mfe pfjfrfe sk`ft. Zkhfdedtu nuaf okea`frfpgfe ifsdhdtfs mdpkrbfdgdmkeafe okefobf` bkbkrfpf bugu, okmdfskpkrtd pcstkr yfea okefrdg mfe gcoputkr.Ifgtcr pkea`fobft pkhfgsfeffe \DG-GRRmdskgchf` fetfrf hfde pktuafs gurfea pkr`ftdfe,tdmfg fmfeyf gcetrch mfe kvfhufsd,gurfeascsdfhdsfsd prcarfo mfe gkemfhf wfgtu gfrkefhfyfefe \DG ‚ GRR pfmf nfo skgchf`

\kobf`fsfe

Rkspcemke mfhfo pkekhdtdfe ded bkrusdffetfrf 6;-60 tf`ue

(62). Ofsf rkofnf okrupfgfe

ofsf grdtds mdofef pkrdhfgu skgsufh bkrdsdgc

ouhfd ouejuh mfe mfpft bkrmfopfg pfmfgksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd mfe ofsf mkpfe okrkgf.

Deicrofsd tkr`fmfp skgs prfedgf` pfmf rkofnfmd \fhfeagf Rfyf sumf` jugup okofmfd,mdofef ofycrdtfs rkspcemke sumf` okopkrchk`deicrofsd mfrd 5 2 suobkr.

Nkeds gkhfode rkspcemke ofycrdtfs

(;2,2%) pkrkopufe. ]dmfg fmf pkrbkmffe nkedsgkhfode mfhfo pkobkrdfe deicrofsd mfe

 pkhfgsfeffe \DG-GRR. @fsdh fefhdsdsokobugtdgfe bf`wf bfeyfgeyf pfpfrfedeicrofsd tdmfg bkrpkeafru` skjfrf prfgtds

tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR.

@ubueafe \keaktf`ufe Zkgs \rfedgf`

mkeafe \kofeifftfe \DG-GRR

@fsdh und stftdstdg bdvfrdfbkh mfeouhtdvfrdfbkh okeuenugfe `ubueafe sdaedidgfeftfrf pkeaktf`ufe mkeafe pkofeifftfe.Bkrmfsfrgfe `fsdh fefhdsds ouhtdvfrdfbkh pkeaktf`ufe tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe skbfafdifgtcr yfea mcodefe yfea okopkeafru`d

 pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR. pkeaktf`ufeokrupfgfe okmdftcr pkrubf`fe pkrdhfgu.\krdhfgu mfpft mdrubf` mkeafe okrubf` pkeaktf`ufe,pkeaktf`ufe yfea tdeaadokopkeafru`d pkrubf`fe pkrdhfgu

(6=). 

@fsdh pkekhdtdfe ded nuaf okobugtdgfe rkofnf ZOFmkeafe tdeagft pkeaktf`ufe tdeaad tketfea skgs prfedgf` bkrpkhufea ;,2< gfhd uetugokofeifftgfe \DG-GRR mdbfemdeagfe pkeaktf`ufe rkemf`

@fh ded sksufd mkeafe pkekhdtdfe yfeaokeyftfgfe fmf `ubueafe sdqedidgfe fetfrf pkofeifftfe hfyfefe gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsdmkeafe pkeaktf`ufe rkofnf

(6:). Efoue

mkodgdfe skbfadfe rkspcemke mkeafe tdeagft pkeaktf`ufe tdeaad (=;,4%) tdmfg

okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR @fsdh wfwfejfrfokopkrguft `fsdh fefhdsds stftdstdg rkemf`eyf pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR mdskbfbgfe rkspcemke bkhuo okokrhugfe hfyfefe \DG-GRR gfrkefrf`fsdf tdmfg tkrnfode okeurut deicrofe \DG-GRR okrupfgfe tkopft jur`ft bfad yfeaokopueyfd ofsfhf`,bkrdgut pkryftffedeicrofe>

‘ sktf`u sfyf \DG dtu rufea jur`ft-

jur`ft ofsfhf` prdbfmd adtu ef` bu, nfmd yfea mftfea yfea ofu jur`ft  

mfe yfea okopueyfdofsfhf`‟(deicrofe :) 

\keaktf`ufe skemdrd bugfe ifgtcr utfof pkrubf`fe pkrdhfgu. pkeaktf`ufe yfea jugup

fgfe okoctdvfsd demdvdmu uetug bkrpkrdhfgusk`ft, fgfe tktfpd gkeyftffeeyf pkeaktf`ufesfnf tdmfg jugup okeaubf` pkrdhfgu

(6=) 

@ubueafe sdgfp mkeafe pkofeifftfe \DG-

GRR

@fsdh fefhdsds bdvfrdfbkh mfe ouhtdvfrdfbkh

okeuenugfe `ubueafe sdaedidgfe fetfrf sdgfpmkeafe pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR. Yfrdfbkh yfeaskjfrf hfeasuea okopkeafru`d pkrdhfgu fmfhf`

sdgfp, sdgfp skjfrf hfeasuea mdpkeafru`d chk` pkeaktf`ufe(6;). @fsdh fefhdsds rkspcemke yfea

okofeifftgfe \DG mdhfgugfe chk` rkspcemkemkeafe sdgfp pcsdtdi skbksfr (;=,=%) mfe yfeatdmfg okofeifftgfe hkbd` bfeyfg pfmfrkspcemke mkeafe sdgfp ekaftdi (14,6%)tkrbugtd bf`wf rkofnf yfea okopueyfd sdgfp pcsdtdi ofgf okrkgf fgfe okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR, @fh ded mdmuguea pkemfpft deicrofeyfdtu>

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Hujde, \keaktf`ufe, Zdgfp, mfe \krdhfgu tketfea Zkgs \rfedgf`

9= Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

‘ Okeurut sfyf yf bug tdmfg sktunugfhfu okhfgugfe `ubueafe bfmfe skbkhuo rksod nfmd pfsfeafe,scfheyf gfe k.... bdsf`fodh sfyf gfe ofsd` ofu skgchf` adtu mk` bug ‘ (deicrofe 6)

‘ \DG ofsd` sfeaft mdpkrhugfe, skofjfo pkeyuhu`fe, gdtf nuafodetf mdfnfrd okeakefd pkrafuhferkofnf, tketfea bftfsfe-bftfsfebfdg burug pfjfrfe bkbfs ‘(deicrofe 6)

@fsdh fefhdsds ouhtdvfrdfbkh okeuenugfesdgfp pcsdtdi okopueyfd pkhufea

okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR skbksfr :,19 gfhdmdbfemdeagfe pfmf rkofnf ZOF mkeafe sdgfpekaftdi. @fh ded sksufd mkeafe pkekhdtdfe tketfeasdgfp pcsdtdi rkofnf okodhdgd `ubueafe yfea bkrofgef mkeafe pkofeifftfe pkhfyfefegksk`ftfe rkofnf(69). Zdgfp tkr`fmfp gksk`ftfemfpft okopkeafru`d pkrdhfgu demdvdmu mfhfookofeifftgfe pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe(61). Fpfbdhfsdgfp mfe pkrdhfgu gcesdstke gkfrf` okhfgugfe pkrdhfgu ofgf mdpkrhugfe prcsks pkeauftfe

uetug okopkrtf`fegfe pkrdhfgu tkrskbut.

@ubueafe pkrdhfgu mkeafe pkofeifftfe\DG-GRR

@fsdh fefhdsds bdvfrdfbkh mfe ouhtdvfrdfbkhokeuenugfe pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` rdeafe

okopueyfd `ubueafe bkrofgef mkeafe pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR. Fefhdsds ouhtdvfrdfbkhokeuenugfe pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` rdeafe bkrpkhufea okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR skbksfr:,69 gfhd mdbfemdeagfe mkeafe pkrdhfgu skgs

 prfedgf` bkrft. Efoue `fsdh yfea pcsdtdi dedtkreyftf tdmfg sksufd mkeafe `frfpfe bf`wf

\DG-GRR yfea okeykbfbgfe rkofnf

okopueyfd pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` rdeafe, tfpd nustru skbfhdgeyf. Rkofnf yfea okopueyfd

 pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` bkrft tkreyftf tdmfg ofuokofeifftgfe \DG-GRR mkeafe fhfsfe tfgut

mfe ofhu okhfgugfe gceskhdea gfrkef g`fwftdrokemfpft vceds ftfs pkrbuftfe okrkgf,`fh dedgkoueagdefe okenfmd pkeykbfb rkspcemkeyfea okodhdgd pkrdhfgu bkrft keaafeokofeifftgfe \DG-GRR. ]krbugtd mfrd pkreyftffe deicrofe bkrdgut.

‘gkbfeyfgfe tu eaafg ofugceskhdea tu gfe tfgut trus

tfguteyf gfe mdpceds adofef- adofefgfe bu‟ 

@fh ded sksufd mkeafe pkekhdtdfe pkofeifftfe pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsdmd`ubueagfe mkeafe pkeafgufe okhfgugfe`ubueafe skgsufh,sk`deaaf okedobuhgfegktfgutfe knkgfe tkofe,mdsfopdea dtuofhu,tfgut gurfeaeyf gkrf`fsdfe mfhfo pkofeifftfe hfyfefe gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd(60).

\krofsfhf`fe tkrskbut `frus okenfmd pkr`ftdfe bfad prciksdcefh gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsduetug okobfetu rkofnf yfea okopueyfdofsfhf` pkrdhfgu skgs bkrft tktfp okemfpftgfe pkhfyfefe gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd. \khfyfefegksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd gkpfmf rkofnf ded `frus

mdhfgugfe chk` suobkr mfyf yfea rfof`(64)

. @fhded bkrtunufe fafr rkofnf tdmfg ofhu mfe tfgutokeaueagfpgfe pkrofsfhf`fe yfea md`fmfpd.

@ubueafe vfrdfbkh hufr pfpfrfe deicrofsd

mkeafe pkeaktf`ufe, sdgfp, pkrdhfgu skgs

prfedgf` mfe pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR

@fsdh fefhdsds vfrdfbkh hufr pfpfrfedeicrofsd tkr`fmfp vfrdfbkh tkrdgft mfe vfrdfbkh bkbfs okeuenugfe tdmfg fmf `ubueafe yfea

sdqedidgfe fetfrf pfpfrfe deicrofsd mkeafe pkeaktf`ufe, sdgfp, pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` mfe

 pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR. \fpfrfe deicrofsdyfea mdmfpft mfrd suobkr ece icrofh tdmfgmddgutd mkeafe pkenkhfsfe mfe deicrofsd yfea

tkpft tketfea skgs prfedgf`, sk`deaaf tdmfgokopueyfd pkeafru` yfea sdqedidgfe mkeafe

 pkeaktf`ufe, sdgfp mfe pkrdhfgu.\kekhdtdfe ded nuaf okobugtdgfe bf`wf

ofycrdtfs rkspcemke yfea tdmfg okofeifftgfeftfu okhfgugfe guenueafe gk \DG-GRR fmfhf` nustru gkhcopcg yfea tkrpfpfr deicrofsd skgs

 prfedgf` frtdeyf pfpfrfe deicrofsd tdmfg bkr`ubueafe skjfrf sdaedidgfe tkr`fmfp

 pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR. @fh ded mdoueagdegfetdmfg fmfeyf pkenkhfsfe yfea hkeagfp pfmfsktdfp oftkrd skgs prfedgf` yfea fmf md okmdf

okeakefd runugfe gksk`ftfe rkofnf, mfe uetugokofeifftgfe \DG-GRR skbfafd hfyfefe

gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd md skgchf`. sksufd pkekhdtdfe pkeafru` okmdf ofsf tdmfg skbksfr pkeafru` detkrfgsd demdvdmu skjfrf hfeasuea,efoue mfhfo pkobketugfe mfe pkrubf`fesdgfp mfe pkrdhfgu pkeafru` okmdf tdmfg mfpftmdfeaafp gkjdh

(2<).

7/21/2019 Volume III Nomor 6, Agustus 2013

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FR]DGKH \KEKHD]DFE

9; 

Gksdopuhfe Mfe Zfrfe

Bkrmfsfrgfe `fsdh fefhdsds mfpftmdsdopuhgfe> 6) @dpctksds pkekhdtdfe dedmdtkrdof yfdtu tkrmfpft `ubueafe yfeasdaedidgfe pkeaktf`ufe tdeaad, sdgfp pcsdtdi mfe pkrdhfgu skgs prfedgf` rdeafe tkr`fmfp pkofeiffftfe \DG-GRR. \keaktf`ufe tketfeaskgs prfedgf` tdeaad bkrpkhufea ;,2< gfhd hkbd`tdeaad okofeifftgfe \DG-GRR mdbfemdeagferkofnf mkeaf pkeaktf`ufe rkemf` skmfeagferkofnf mkeafe sdgfp pcsdtdi bkrpkhufeaokofeifftgfe \DG-GRR :,19 gfhdmdbfemdeagfe sdgfp ekaftdi mfe pkrdhfgu rkofnftketfea skgs prfedgf` rdeafe pkhufeaokofeifftgfe \DG-GRR :,69 gfhdmdbfemdeagfe pkrdhfgu skgs bkrft. Gktdaf

vfrdfbkh okrupfgfe prkmdgtcr tkr`fmfp pkofeifftfe \DG-GRR skbksfr 69%7 2) Ifgtcrhfde \DG-GRR gurfea mdofeifftgfe skpkrtdgkhkeagfpfe ifsdhdtfs \DG-GRR, suobkr mfyfgceskhcr, wfgtu hfyfefe, tdmfg okobutu`gfehfyfefe \DG7 :) rkofnf hkbd` bfeyfgokofeifftgfe suobkr deicrofh uetugokemfpftgfe deicrofsd gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsdrkofnf. \DG-GRR mdrfsfgfe chk` rkofnf bugfeokenfmd suobkr deicrofsd mfe tkopft gceskhdea

yfea eyfofe mfe fofe sfft ded, gfrkefgurfeaeyf ifsdhdtfs yfea eyfofe, prdvfsd

gurfea tkrnfaf mfe pktuafs yfea gurfea rfof`.Zkmfeagfe sfrfe yfea mfpft mdgkougfgfe

dfhf`> 6) \ktuafs \DG-GRR> okeaauefgfe

gcobdefsd okmdf prcocsd gksk`ftfe mkeafeokeaauefgfe ZOZ, rfmdc, ]YRD7 2) Bfad

gkpfhf skgchf` mfe auru B\, okeykmdfgferufea gceskhdea yfea eyfofe, prdvfjy tkrnfaf.Okobugf deicrofsd okhfhud ZOZ, K-ofdh,]khkpce `cthdek sk`ubueafe mkeafe pksfe ZOZ bkrsdift prdvfsd bfad sdswf ofgf

 pkhfgsfeffeeyf bdsf bkgkrnfsfof mkeafe bdmfea gksk`ftfe rkprcmugsd skpkrtd HZO ftfu

 bkgkrnfsfof mkeafe mdefs gksk`ftfe mfe :)Bfad rkofnf gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf skbfdgeyfokejfrd suobkr tketfea skgs prfedgf` mfrd

suobkr yfea rksod mfe tkpft yfdtu wkb sdtkBGGBE,mfe okeadgutd gkadftfe \DG-GRR

mfhfo mfe hufr akmuea skpkrtd okeadgutdskodefr, tkou rkofnf, mfe nfobcrk rkofnf

Mfitfr \ustfgf

6. Ksjcbfr-J`fvks ZH, ]crtchkrc ZR,Ofrg`fo JO, Hcw BN, Kdtkh \, ]`djgstue\. Dopfjt ci t`k okmdf ce fmchksjket

skxufh fttdtumks fem bk`fvdcrs. \kmdftrdjs.2<<;7669(6)>:<:-29. Kpub 2<<;/<1/<0.

2. \GBD \fhfeagf Rfyf. \krdhfgu ZkgsufhRkofnf md : Gfbupftke mfe Gctf \fhfeagfRfyf ]f`ue 2<<4. \fhfeagf Rfyf> \GBD\fhfeagf Rfyf, 2<6<.

:. \GBD. Gkbutu`fe fgfe Deicrofsd mfe\khfyfefe Gksk`ftfe Rkprcmugsd RkofnfHfpcrfe Ekkm Fsskssoket md Gupfea,\fhkobfea, Zdeagfwfea, Jdrkbce,]fsdgofhfyf. Nfgfrtf> \GBD, [EI\F, mfeBGGBE, 2<<6.

=. Fafopcmd ZB, Fafopcmd ]J, \dyfskkhd[GM. Fmchksjkets pkrjkptdce cirkprcmujtdvk `kfht` jfrk skrvdjks de ZrdHfegf. BOJ @kfht` Zkrvdjks Rkskfrj`.

2<<070(40).;. \urwftdedeasd`, Iurd ZET. \krodsdvdtfs

Rkofnf mfe \krfe Zcsdfh Mfhfo \krdhfguZkgsufh md Demceksdf. De> ]ugdrfe, \dtcycFN, Gutfekafrf \O, kmdtcrs. GkhufrafBkrkejfef mfe Gksk`ftfe Rkprcmugsd.Tcayfgfrtf> \ustfgf \khfnfr mfe \usftZtumd Gkpkemumugfe [AO7 2<6<.

9. Gdtdea FZ, Zdrkafr ZR, GusuofryfedOZQ, @dmfyft ^. Okeydfpgfe Akekrfsd

Oumf yfea Zk`ft mfe \rcmugtdi>Gkbutu`fe fgfe \khfyfefe mfe Deicrofsd

Gksk`ftfe mfe Rkprcmugsd. Nfgfrtf>BGGBE, 2<<=.

1. BGGBE Gctf \fhfeagf Rfyf. Hfpcrfe

\DG-GRR ]rdwuhfe DDD ]f`ue 2<6<.\fhfeagf Rfyf, Gfhdofetfe ]keaf`>

BGGBE GCtf \fhfeagf Rfyf, 2<6<.0. Q@C, OJDetyrk \. Fmchksjket Irdkemhy

@kfht` Zkrvdjk. Akekvf> \djturk hdbrfry72<<2.

4. Acrmds H. Kpdmkodchcay. \`dhfmkhp`df>

Q.B. Zfuemkrs7 2<<=.6<. Ourtd B. \rdesdp mfe Oktcmk Rdskt

Kpdmkodchcad. Tcayfgfrtf> Afmnf` Ofmf[edvkrsdty \rkss7 6441.

66. Dorfe D. \krgkobfeafe Zkgsufhdtfs

Rkofnf. Nfgfrtf> \GBD7 2<<<.62. Ocegs IN, Geckrs FO\, @fmdtcec ZR.

\sdgchcad \krgkobfeafe \keafetfr mfhfoBkrbfafd Bfadfeeyf. Tcayfgfrtf> Afmnf`Ofmf [edvkrsdty \rkss7 2<<2.

6:. ]kakae F, Akhfw T. Fmchksjketrprcmujtdvk `kfht` skrvdjks de Ndoof Jdty.Fjjkssdbdhdty fem Kt`dcpdfe Ncurefh ci@kfht` Zjdkejks. 2<<4764(2)>46-6<2.

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Hujde, \keaktf`ufe, Zdgfp, mfe \krdhfgu tketfea Zkgs \rfedgf`

99 Nurefh Icruo Gksk`ftfe Ychuok DDD Ecocr 9, Faustus 2<6: 

6=. Kodhdf C. \rcocsd Gksk`ftfe MfhfoHdeagup Gksk`ftfe Rkprcmugsd.Tcayfgfrtf> \ustfgf Jkemkgdf7 2<<0.

6;. Zdoces-Ocrtce BA, Arkkek Q@, Actthdkb E@. Detrcmujtdce tc `kfht` kmujftdce fem`kfht` prcoctdce. Hcea Arcvk, Dhhdecds>[edtkm Ztftks>Qfvkhfem \rkss7 644;.

69. Firdof F. Fgskptfbdhdtfs mfe \kofeifftfe\usft Deicrofsd mfe Gcesuhtfsd Gksk`ftfeRkprcmugsd Rkofnf (\DG-GRR) md GctfBdof. Tcayfgfrtf> \rcarfo Ztumd DhouGksk`ftfe Ofsyfrfgft, \rcarfo\fsjfsfrnfef Ifguhtfs Gkmcgtkrfe,[edvkrsdtfs Afmnf` Ofmf7 2<66.

61. Femkrske R. F Bk`fvdcrfh Ocmkh ciIfodhdks [sk ci @kfht` Zkrvdjks. J`djfac,

[edtkm Ztftks> Jketkr icr @kfht`Fmodedstrftdce Ztumdks, [edvkrsdty ciJ`djfac7 644;.

60. mk Bkhocetk HR, Autdkrrkz K^, OfaefedR, Hdpcvskg Y. Bfrrdkrs tc Fmchksjkets—[sk ci Rkprcmujtdvk @kfht` Zkrvdjks de]`rkk Bchdvdfe Jdtdks. Qfs`deatce, MJ>ICJ[Z ce Tcuea Fmuhts/\ft`idemkrDetkreftdcefh7 2<<<.

64. OjOfeus F, M`fr H. Ztumy ci gecwhkmak, pkrjkptdce fem fttdtumk ci fmchksjket adrhstcwfrms Z]Ds/@DY, sfikr skx fem skxkmujftdce> (F jrcss skjtdcefh survky ciurbfe fmchksjket sj`cch adrhs de Zcut`Mkh`d, Demdf). BOJ Qcoke's @kfht`.2<<070(62)>6-9.

2<. Fzwfr Z. Zdgfp Ofeusdf ]kcrd mfe\keaugurfeeyf. Tcayfgfrtf> \ustfgf\khfnfr7 2<6<.

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6. 

Nurefh ded okouft efsgf` md bdmfea gksk`ftfe.

2.   Efsgf` `fsdh pkekhdtdfe ftfu efsgf` gceskp yfea

mdtunugfe gkpfmf Icruo Gksk`ftfe, bkhuo

mdpubhdgfsdgfe md tkopft hfde.

:. 

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=.  Gcopceke efsgf`>

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mfe spfsd.

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 pkrtfof.

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ofgsdofh 2<< gftf, mfhfo sftu fhkedf okejfgup

ofsfhf`, tunufe, oktcmf, `fsdh, mdskrtfd mkeafe :-;

gftf guejd.

 \kemf`uhufe tfepf subnumuh, bkrdsd hftfr bkhfgfea,

skmdgdt tdenfufe pustfgf, mfe tunufe pkekhdtdfe.

 Oktcmk mdnkhfsgfe skjfrf rdejd, mksfde, pcpuhfsd,

sfopkh, suobkr mftf, tkgedg/destruoke pkeauopuh

mftf, prcskmur fefhdsf mftf.

 \kobf`fsfe okeaurfd skjfrf tkpft mfe frauoketftdi

`fsdh pkekhdtdfe, tkoufe mkeafe tkcrd yfea rkhkvfe,

 bf`fsf mdfhca yfea hcads, sdstkoftdg, mfe okeafhdr.

 ]fbkh mdgktdg 6 spfsd sksufd urutfe pkeykbutfe mfhfo

tkgs. Nuohf` ofgsdofh 9 tfbkh mkeafe numuh sdeagft.

 Gksdopuhfe mfe sfrfe okenfwfb ofsfhf` pkekhdtdfe

tdmfg okhfopfud gfpfsdtfs tkoufe, pkreyftffe tkafs.

Zfrfe hcads, tkpft auef, mfe tdmfg okeafmf-fmf.

;. 

Runugfe sksufd mkeafe fturfe Yfejcuvkr, urut sksufd

mkeafe pkouejuhfe mfhfo gkskhuru`fe tkgs, mdbftfsd

2; runugfe mfe 0<% okrupfgfe pubhdgfsd 6< tf`ue

tkrfg`dr.

Jfetuogfe efof bkhfgfea pkeuhds mfe dedsdfh efof

mkpfe. Ofgsdofh 9 crfea, skhkbd`eyf mddgutd ‘mgg (kt

fh)‟. 

@urui pkrtfof numuh mdtuhds mkeafe `urui bksfr,

skhkbd`eyf mkeafe `urui gkjdh, gkjufhd pkefoffe

crfea, tkopft mfe wfgtu. Numuh tdmfg bchk` mdafrds

 bfwf` mfe mdtkbfhgfe `uruieyf.

Frtdgkh Nurefh \keuhds Demdvdmu>

Rdvkrf NF, Zctrks-Fhvfrks M, @fbdj`t N\, Z`fof` ],

Ydhhfhpfemc Z. Dopfjt ci t`k Okxdjfe \rcarfo icr

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fem Fekodf de deifets fem ycuea j`dhmrke f

rfemcodzkm kiikjtdvkekss stumy. NFOF. 2<<=7

Bugu yfea mdtuhds Demdvdmu>

\rdjk, ZF, Gcj`, OQ, Bfsskt, Z. @kfht` Jfrk Rkscurjk

Ofefakoket> \rksket fem Iuturk J`fhhkeaks. Zt. Hcuds>

Ocsby76440.

Bugu yfea mdtuhds Crafedsfsd mfe \kekrbdt> Rcyfh Fmkhfdmk @cspdtfh7 [edvkrsdty ci Fmkhfdmk,

Mkpfrtkoket ci Jhdedjfh Eursdea. Jcopkemduo ci

eursdea rkskfrj` fem prfjtdjk mvkhcpoket, 6444-2<<<.

Fmkhfdmk (Fustrfhdf)> Fmkhfdmk [edvkrsdty7 2<<6.

Bfb mfhfo Bugu>

Zcketcrc. \keykrfpfe ]kefaf Gkrnf Hufr Zkgtcr

\krtfedfe md \kmksffe. Mfhfo Ifdsfh Gfsryec, kmdtcr.

\rcspkg \kobfeauefe Kgcecod \kmksffe Demceksdf.

Nfgfrtf>Tfyfsfe Cbcr7 640=. p.2<2-292.

Frtdgkh Gcrfe>

]yefe ]. Okmdjfh doprcvkokets hcwkr `codjdmk rftk>

stumy skks mrcp de fssfuht rftk. ]`k Qfs`deatce \cst.

2<<2 Fua 627 Zkjt. F>2 (jch.=).

JM-RCO>

Qcoke fem @DY/FDMZ> Rkprcmujtdvk fem Zkxufh

@kfht`  WJM RCO_, Hcemce> Rkprcmujtdvk @kfht`

Ofttkrs72<<;.

Frtdgkh Nurefh md Detkrekt>

Ardiidt`, FD. Jcrmdeftdea Ifodhy fem Zj`cch>

Oct`krdea icr Zj`cchdea, Kmujftdce \chdjy Fefhysds

Frj`dvks WCehdek_. 6441 Nfe WJdtkm 6441 Ikbrufry62_ 7

6<2 (:)> Wfbcut : p._. Fvfdhfbhk irco>

`ttp>//chfo.km.fsu.kmu/kpff/. 

Bugu md Detkrekt>

Ichky GO, Akhbfem @, kmdtcrs. Doprcvdea pfhhdftdvk

jfrk icr jfejkr Wocecarfp` ce t`k detkrekt_.

Qfs`deatce> Eftdcefh Fjfmkoy \rkss7 2<<6 Wjdtkm

2<<2 Nuh 4_. Fvfdhfbhk irco>

`ttp>//www.efp.kmu/bccgs/<:<4<1=<24/`toh/. 

Zdtus Detkrekt>

Jfefmdfe Jfejkr Zcjdkty W`cokpfak ce t`k detkrekt_.

]crcetc> ]`k Zcjdkty7 2<<9 Wupmftk 2<<9 Ofy 627

jdtkm 2<<9 Cjt 61_. Fvfdhfbhk irco>

`ttp>//www.jfejkr.jf/. 

9.   Efsgf` ofgsdofh 2< `fhfofe gufrtc spfsd afemf,

mdtuhds mkeafe prcarfo gcoputkr Odjrcscit Qcrm,

mfhfo scitjcpy mfe 2 (muf) kgskophfr jcpy  mcguoke

tkrtuhds.

1.   Efsgf` mdgdrdogfe gkpfmf> Rkmfgsd Nurefh ―Icruo

Gksk`ftfe–, \krpusftfgffe Akmuea B Hfetfd 2

\KMCOFE \KE[HDZFE EFZGF@