UNIT OPERASI BIOPROSES (UOB)

TPE4211

YUSRON SUGIARTO KULIAH 2

MATERI KULIAH No Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan Waktu

(Jam)

1. Pengantar 2. Satuan dimensi 2 x 50

3. Pengantar dasar-dasar teknik Sistem satuan, dimensi dan konversi

Pernyataan suhu dan komposisi

Hukum gas ideal dan tekanan uap

Konservasi massa dan neraca massa

Konservasi energi dan neraca energi

2 x 50

4. Neraca massa 2 x 50

5. Neraca energi 2 x 50

6. Dasar-dasar perpindahan momentum Viskositas dan macam-macam fluida, fluida statis, aliran fluida, tipe aliran dan faktor gesekan

2 x 50

7. Lanjutan Pengukuran aliran fluida, kebutuhan tenaga untuk aliran, persamaan Bernoilli dan penerapannya

2 x 50

Unit Conversions

MEASUREMENT

Today's Objectives

1) Importance of unit conversions

2) Parts of a measurement

3) Units in equations

4) Documenting unit conversions

Are Units important?

3

Are Units important?

"The 'root cause' of the loss of the spacecraft was the failed translation of English units into metric units in a segment of ground-based, navigation-related mission software, as NASA has previously announced," said Arthur Stephenson, chairman of the Mars Climate Orbiter Mission Failure Investigation Board. "The failure review board has identified other significant factors that allowed this error to be born, and then let it linger and propagate to the point where it resulted in a major error in our understanding of the spacecraft's path as it approached Mars."

http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/orbiter/

Dimensions Dimensions are concepts of measurement in

engineering works. The basic dimensions we are familiar with are length, mass, temperature and time.

Other dimensions are called derived dimensions,

because they are derived from the basic dimensions. The common derived dimensions are force, pressure, energy, concentration, etc.

Dimension Symbol

Length

Mass

time

force

electric current

absolute temperature

luminous intensity

[L]

[M]

[T]

[F]

[A]

[q]

[/]

Dimensions

Relation between basic and derived dimensions

Time

Length

Mass Area

Volume Volume

Flow Rate

Density

Mass Flow Rate

Velocity

Acceleration Force

Units Units are the means of expressing the dimensions such as metre(m) for length, kilogram(kg) for mass, degree Celcius(˚C) for temperature and second(s) for time.

Derived units are those that can be developed in terms of fundamental units such as Newton(N) for force, Pascal(Pa) for pressure, Joules(J) for energy and Molar(M) for concentration.

Fundamental Dimension Base Unit

time

electric current

absolute temperature

luminous intensity

amount of substance

second (s)

ampere (A)

kelvin (K)

candela (cd)

mole (mol)

Base Units

Fundamental Dimension Base Unit

length [L]

mass [M]

time [T]

electric current [A]

absolute temperature [q]

luminous intensity [l] amount of substance [n]

meter (m)

kilogram (kg)

second (s)

ampere (A)

kelvin (K)

candela (cd)

mole (mol)

The International System of Units (SI)

Dimensions Units Symbols for units

Length foot ft Mass pound mass lbm

Time second, minute, hour, day s, min, hr, day

Temperature degree Rankine or degree

Fharenheit

R or F

Force pound force lbf

Molar amount pound mole lb mol Energy British thermal unit Btu

Power horsepower hp

Density pound mass per cubic foot lbm/ft3

Velocity feet per second ft/s Acceleration feet per second squared ft/s2

Pressure pound force per square inch psi

Heat Capacity Btu per pound mass per degree F Btu/lbm F

Common Dimensions and Units (AE)

Common Dimensions and Units (SI)

Dimensions Units Symbols for units

Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s Temperature Kelvin K

Force Newton N

Molar amount mole mol

Energy Joule J Power Watt W

Density kilogram per cubic metre Kg/m3

Velocity metre per second m/s Acceleration metre per second squared m/s2

Pressure Pascal Pa

Heat Capacity Joule per kilogram Kelvin J/kg K

MEASUREMENTS There are different types of measurements that can be made in

the laboratory like mass, time, volume, and length.

These measurements can be made using either the metric system or the English system. The metric system is based on increments of 10.

1 base = 100 centibases “c” = centi

1 base = 1000 millibases “m” = milli 1 kbase = 1000 bases

1 base = 106 microbases “m” = micro k = kilo

1 base = 109 nanobases “n” = nano

The first step to understanding measurements is to learn the types, symbols, & units associated with these measurements.

MEASUREMENTS • There are different

types of measurements that can be made in the lab for length, mass, volume, temperature, area, time, heat and pressure.

Unit Metric English

Length Meter (m) Inches (in) or Feet

(ft)

Mass Gram (g) Pounds (lb)

Volume Liters (L) Gallon (gal)

Temperature Celsius (°C) and

Kelvin (K)

Fahrenheit (°F)

Area Square meters (m2) Square feet (ft2)

Time Seconds (s) Minutes (min) or

Hours (hr)

Heat Calories (cal) or

Joules (J)

British Thermal

Units (BTU)

Pressure Atmospheres (atm),

Torr, or mmHg

Pounds/sq in (lb/in2)

International System of Units (SI) Fundamental

Dimensions: Derived Dimensions:

Length = m Force = N (newton) = kg*m/s2

Mass = kg Energy = J (joule) = N*m

Time = s Power = W (watt) = J/s

SI prefixes listed in table need to have prefixes with a memorized for exams!!!

Derived Dimension 1. Force (F)

In English system, “1 lbf is a force required to accelerate a mass of 32.174 lbm at a rate of 1 ft/s2”

or 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm ft/s2

In SI, “1 N is a force required to accelerate a mass of 1 kg at a rate of 1 m/s2”

or 1 N = 1 kg m/s2

From the definition F = ma

When F = force, m = mass, and a = acceleration

Then, F = m(kg) x a(m/s2)

F(kg m/s2) While the definition of 1N is the movement of 1 kg-mass with the acceleration of 1 m/s2

Hence, 1 N = 1 kg m/s2

Derived Dimension 2. Pressure (P)

Pressure is a force exerted by fluid per unit area

Or P = F/A

SI; Unit of pressure is Pascal (1 Pa =N/m2)

English; Unit of pressure is psi, (1 psi = 1lbf/in2)

From the definition P = F/A

When

P = pressure, F = force, and A= cross-sectional area

Therefore,

P = F(N)/A(m2)= F(kg m/s2 )/(A (m2)

P (kg/m s2)

Or P (Pascal) since

1 Pa = 1 kg/m s2

Pascal is usually used as a common unit for pressure.

A. SI Prefix Conversions 1. Find the difference between the exponents of

the two prefixes.

2. Move the decimal that many places.

To the left

or right?

A. SI Prefix Conversions

mega- M 106

deci- d 10-1

centi- c 10-2

milli- m 10-3

Prefix Symbol Factor

micro- 10-6

nano- n 10-9

pico- p 10-12

kilo- k 103

mo

ve

le

ft

mo

ve

rig

ht BASE UNIT --- 100

A. SI Prefix Conversions

1) 20 cm = ______________ m

2) 0.032 L = ______________ mL

3) 45 m = ______________ nm

4) 805 dm = ______________ km

0.2

0.0805

45,000

32

=

A. SI Prefix Conversions

NUMBER UNIT NUMBER

UNIT

532 m = _______ km 0.532

3

3

cm

gcm

B. Dimensional Analysis

• The “Factor-Label” Method – Units, or “labels” are canceled, or “factored” out

g

Converting units • Factor label method

•Regardless of conversion, keeping track of units makes things come out right

•Must use conversion factors • - The relationship between two units

•Canceling out units is a way of checking that your calculation is set up right!

B. Dimensional Analysis

• Steps:

1. Identify starting & ending units.

2. Line up conversion factors so units cancel.

3. Multiply all top numbers & divide by each bottom number.

4. Check units & answer.

Common conversion factors • English Factor

– 1 gallon = 4 quarts 4 qt/gal or 1gal/4 qt – 1 mile = 5280 feet 5280 ft/mile or 1 mile/5280 ft – 1 ton = 2000 pounds 2000 lb/ton or 1 ton/2000 lb

• Common English to Metric • 1 liter = 1.057 quarts 1.057 qt/L or 1 L/1.057 qt

or 0.946 L/qt • 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds 2.2 lb/kg or 1 kg/2.2 lb • or 0.454 kg/lb • 1 meter = 1.094 yards 1.094 yd/m or 1m/1.094 yd • or 0.917m/yd • 1 inch = 2.54 cm 2.54 cm/inch or 1 in/2.54 cm

MEASUREMENTS TEMPERATURE • A physical property of matter that determines the

direction of heat flow.

• Temperature is measured with a thermometer.

Measured on three scales.

Fahrenheit oF oF = (1.8 oC) + 32

Celsius oC oC = (oF - 32)/1.8

Kelvin K K = oC + 273.15

31

Temperature Exercise

• You take water from the faucet (80 oF) and bring it to a boil on the stove.

• What is the temperature change in oC?

• What is the initial temperature in oC?

32

Solution • For the temperature change, the best

solution process is to use degree equivalents

C deg 3.73

F deg )80212(

C deg

F deg 8.1

C deg 1

x

x

33

Solution

• For the temperature value we use temperature conversion:

oC = (5/9)*(80 - 32) = 26.7 oC

B. Dimensional Analysis • Lining up conversion factors:

1 in = 2.54 cm

2.54 cm 2.54 cm

1 in = 2.54 cm

1 in 1 in

= 1

1 =

Line Mole Method

• Process to convert from one unit to another

• Example: Convert 3.00 m to inch:

? = 3.00 m 100 cm 1 in 1 m 2.54 cm

ANSWER = 118 in

5

Line Mole Method

• Process to convert from one unit to another

• Example: Convert 3.00 m/s to m/hr:

? = 3.00 m 60 s 60 min s min hr

ANSWER = 10,800 m/hr

Example Metric conversion

mgg

mg

kg

gkg

mgg

gkg

000,000,11000

1

10001

10001

10001

How many milligrams are in a kilogram?

B. Dimensional Analysis • How many milliliters are in 1.00 quart of milk?

1.00 qt 1 L

1.057 qt = 946 mL

qt mL

1000 mL

1 L

B. Dimensional Analysis • You have 1.5 pounds of gold. Find its volume in

cm3 if the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3.

lb cm3

1.5 lb 1 kg

2.2 lb = 35 cm3

1000 g

1 kg

1 cm3

19.3 g

B. Dimensional Analysis • How many liters of water would fill a container

that measures 75.0 in3?

75.0 in3 (2.543 cm3)

(1 in)3 = 1.23 L

in3 L

1 L

1000 cm3

B. Dimensional Analysis 5) Your European hairdresser wants to cut your

hair 8.0 cm shorter. How many inches will he be cutting off?

8.0 cm 1 in

2.54 cm

= 3.1 in

cm in

B. Dimensional Analysis 6) Taft football needs 550 cm for a 1st down.

How many yards is this?

550 cm 1 in

2.54 cm = 6.0 yd

cm yd

1 ft

12 in

1 yd

3 ft

1ft=12 in, 1yd=3ft

B. Dimensional Analysis 7) A piece of wire is 1.3 m long. How many 1.5 cm

pieces can be cut from this wire? 1piece=1.5cm

1.3 m 100 cm

1 m = 86 pieces

m pieces

1 piece

1.5 cm

Converting Area and Volume Caution: Make sure the units cancel

Area: 150 ft2 to yd2

150 ft2 1 yd 1 yd 150 ft2 (10)2 yd2 OR 3 ft 3 ft (3)2 ft2

Volume: 12 ft3 to Liters

12 ft3 (12)3 in3 (2.54)3 cm3 (1)3 m3 1000 L (1)3 ft3 (1)3 in3 (100)3 cm3 1 m3

Chemical Herbicide Spill Line Mole Method - Example

Problem: The permeability of sand is 1.0x10-4cm/s. If a chemical herbicide is dumped on a sandy soil, how long (in hours) will it take for the contaminant to reach the well 150 feet away.

Permeability of Sand = 1.0x10-4 cm/s t = Time (hours) 1.0x10-4 cm/s = __?__ ft/hr

Chemical Herbicide Spill Factor Label Method - Example

Theory: Permeability = Distance/Time

Assumptions: Sand has constant permeability in area Herbicide moves per permeability of sand

Solution: 10-4 cm s

11

Chemical Herbicide Spill Line Mole Method - Example Theory:

Permeability = Distance/Time Assumptions:

Sand has constant permeability in area Herbicide moves per permeability of sand

Solution: 1.0x10-4 cm 1 in 1 ft 60 s 60 min

s 2.54 cm 12 in 1 min 1 hr = 0.011811 ft/hr

12

Chemical Herbicide Spill Line Mole Method - Example Solution: Permeability = 0.011811 ft/hr Time = Distance / Permeability t = 150 ft OR t = 150 ft hr

0.011811 ft/hr 0.011811 ft t = 12700 hours = 13000 hours

How many years is that? t = 12700 hr 1 day 1 yr = 1.4 yr

24 hr 365 day

As an individual, solve... Water Tower Problem Problem Statement:

• Your home town is growing so rapidly that another water tower is necessary to meet the needs of the community. Civil and environmental engineers predict that the water tower will need to hold 1.00 x 10.06 kilograms of water. The engineers also estimate the density of the water to be 999 kilograms per cubic meter.

• If this tower is 50.0 meters high and spherical, what volume (gal) of water will the tower hold and what will the diameter (ft) of the tower have to be?

14

Diagram: mass of water = 1.00 x 106 kg

density of water = 999 kg/m3

tower height = 50.0 m

? volume of water (L)

? diameter (ft)

Theory: 4 Volume of a sphere r3

3

diameter 2 r 23 3 V

www.algonquin.org/pw.htm

4

Assumptions: tower is spherical

THANK YOU...