Turn Over Karyawan (Kajian Literatur)

7/21/2019 Turn Over Karyawan (Kajian Literatur)

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Acjdhd }svkbcv mdhd` ysd}s wcvsydnddk mdwd} mlsesv ycidvd hdkayska mckadk

`ckanl}ska lkmcey hdjs }svkbcv ycidvd esdk}l}d}lo( mdk mlk|d}dedk mdhd` wcvyck}dyc

fcvmdydvedk jdkaed qde}s }cv}ck}s+ Mdhd` ndh lkl ndvsy mlfcmdedk }svkbcv |dka

mlhdesedk ycidvd ysedvchd mdk }svkbcv edvckd ysd}s ycfdf Obv`shdyl |dka wdhlka

ycvlka mlaskdedk `cksvs} @bfhc| mdk Ycdynbvc( mee .4<>?, dmdhdn:

Ec}cvdkadk :

HYW 0 Hdjs ychsvsn wcvadk}ldk edv|dqdkW 0 Js`hdn ecychsvsndk wckaskmsvdk mlvl wdmd jdvde |dka fcvfcmd ( `lydhk|d J 0 Js`hdn vd}d-vd}d edv|dqdk mdhd̀ mdo}dv adjl |dka ml}chddn

D}ds mckadk wckjdfdvdk ycfdadl fcvles} :

@lydhk|d( Ysd}s wcvsydnddk `c`lhlel vd}d-vd}d >77 }ckdad ecvjd wcv fshdk( ml

`dkd ychd`d l}s }cvjdml 4? edv|dqdk echsdv .diicyylbk, mdk 6= edv|dqdk |dka mlwcid}

.ycwdvd}lbk,+ @ded diicyylbk vd}c dmdhdn 4?">77 ~ 477# 0 6#( ycmdka ycwdvd}lbk vd}c




47

dmdhdn 6=">77 ~ 477# 0 9#+ Mckadk mc`leldk }lkaed} }svkbcv dmdhdn yd`d mckadk

diicyylbk vd}c |dekl 6#+ Ycfdf }svkbcv vd}c ychdhs ndvsy ycl`fdka mckadk diicyylbk

vd}c-k|d+ Ndh lkl fcvdv}l fdnqd mckadk echsdvk|d ycbvdka wcadqdl"edv|dqdk

`lydhk|d( ndvsy ycacvd mladk}l mckadk ycbvdka wcadqdl"edv|dqdk fdvs ycfdadl

wckaadk}ldk .vcwhdic`ck},+

Fcfcvdwd wckasesvdk mdhd` }svkbcv `cksvs} @bqmd| mee .mdhd` Yskdvyb( 6777,

dmdhdn:

4+ Vd}d-vd}d `dyd ecvjd( |dekl js`hdn `dyd ecvjd }ldw edv|dqdk mlfdal js`hdn

edv|dqdk+

6+ ]lkaed} wcv}d`fdndk( dmdhdn js`hdn edv|dqdk fdvs wdmd yd}s wcvlbmc mlfdal

vd}d-vd}d js`hdn edv|dqdk wdmd wcvlbmc }cvycfs}+

9+ ]lkaed} wc`lydndk mlvl( dmdhdn js`hdn edv|dqdk |dka `c`lydnedk mlvl mdvl

wcvsydnddk sk}se yd}s wcvlbmc mlfdal vd}d-vd}d edv|dqdk wdmd wcvlbmc

}cvycfs}+

=+ ]lkaed} y}dflhl}dy( dmdhdn js`hdn edv|dqdk |dka }c}dw `ckjdml dkaab}d

wcvsydnddk mdvl dqdh nlkaad denlv yd}s wcvlbmc mlfdal js`hdn edv|dqdk wdmd

dqdh wcvlbmc }cvycfs}+

3+ ]lkaed} ec}lmde y}dflhdk( dmdhdn fdk|dek|d edv|dqdk |dka echsdv mdvl

wcvsydnddk mdvl dqdh nlkaad yd}s wcvlbmc mlfdal js`hdn edv|dqdk wdmd dqdh

wcvlbmc }cvycfs}

?+ ]lkaed} ec}dndkdk( dmdhdn js`hdn edv|dqdk fdvs |dka }c}dw `ckjdml

edv|dqdk mdhd` yd}s wcvlbmc mlfdal js`hdn edv|dqdk fdvs+




44

1+ ]lkaed} ecnlhdkadk( dmdhdn js`hdn edv|dqdk fdvs |dka echsdv mdhd` yd}s

wcvlbmc mlfdal js`hdn edv|dqdk fdvs+

6+3 Wvbycy ]svkbcv

Dmd fcfcvdwd ode}bv |dka `c`wckadvsnl ycycbvdka sk}se `ckad`flh

ecws}sydk dwdedn mld dedk echsdv mdvl ysd}s lky}l}syl d}ds }c}dw }lkaadh+ Ad`fdv 6+4

`ckjchdyedk wvbycy }svkbcv +

Wcksvskdk }lkaed}

Ecwsdydk .]dndw 4,

Fcvolelv echsdv.]dndw 6,

Kld} echsdv mdk

Idvl jbf fdvs

.]dndw 9,

@c`fdkmlkaedk

jbf fdvs mdk jbf hd`d

.]dndw =,

Ecws}sydk echsdv(

}lkaadh

.]dndw 3,

WVBYCY ]SVKB_CV

Ode}bv lkmllmsdh

d+ S`sv

f+ Wckmlmledk

i+ Ec}cvd`wlhdk

m+ Fcydv echsdvadc+ Fcfdk ecvjd

o+ Hd`d ecvjd

a+ ]lwbhbal mlvl

n+ Ib lk y}vcy

Ode}bv bvadklydyl

d+ Ecfljdedk bvadklydyl

f+ Vcevsl}`ck

i+ L`fdhdk

m+

Wckac`fdkadk edvlvc+ Mcydlk wcecvjddk

o+ Dolhldyl ecvjd

a+ Yswcvlyl

n+ Ecwc`l`wlkdk

Ode}bv hlkaeskadk

d+ Wcydlka

f+ Acbavdoly .jdvde d}ds

}vdkywbv}dyl,

Ys`fcv: Dfchybk( 4<>?+ Y}vd}cali @dkdac`ck} bo }svkbcv: d `bmch obv }nc Ncdh}n

Ycvlic Dm`lkly}vd}bv




46

Ad`fdv 6+4 `ckjchdyedk }ck}dka `bmch }svkbcv |dka mldjsedk Dfchybk .4<>?,

}cvycfs}( ml`dkd ml mdhd`k|d }cvmdwd} fcfcvdwd }dndw |dka `skaelk mlhdhsl ycfchs`

ycycbvdka `c`s}syedk sk}se echsdv mdvl ysd}s bvadklydyl d}ds lky}dkyl+

]svkbcv edv|dqdk mdvl bvadklydyl dmdhdn ysd}s ockb`ckd wck}lka ?mdhd`

ecnlmswdk bvadklydyl+ ]svkbcv edv|dqdk ndvsy mldkaadw ycfdadl wcvlhdes `dksyld

|dka wck}lka( fdle mdvl ysms} wdkmdka lkmllmsdh `dswsk mdvl ysms} wdkmdka ybyldh+

Wck}lka wshd sk}se `c`wcv}l`fdkaedk delfd} mdvl }svkbcv edv|dqdk fdal lkmllms

|dka }c}dw }lkaadh .@bfhc|( 4<>?,+

Ad`fdv 6+4 mdwd} mlhlnd} fdnqd }dndw wcv}d`d mdhd` wvbycy }svkbcv ml`shdl

ec}led edv|dqdk `ckacdhsdyl wcecvjddkk|d |dka ycedvdka( ec`smldk `cvced

`ck|dmdvl fdnqd `cvced wsdy d}ds }lmde wsdy mckadk wcecvjddkk|d+

Fcvdqdh mdvl wcksvskdk }lkaed} ecwsdydk `ded ychdkjs}k|d wdmd }dndw ecmsd

mdk ec}lad |dl}s dedk `c`wckadvsnl wcksvskdk `b}ldyl |dka mlilvledk dk}dvd hdlk:

y}vcy( ydel} olyle( `dhdy fcecvjd( esdhl}dy vckmdn( eb`skledyl wcvybkdh esvdka( `dyd

fbmbn mckadk }sady wcecvjddkk|d+ Wdmd denlvk|d dedk `c`s}syedk sk}se fcvolelv

mdk fcvkld} echsdv sk}se `ckidvl wcecvjddk fdvs+ .@dkaeswvdqlvd( 6771,

Wdmd }dndw ecc`wd} edv|dqdk `c`fdkmlkaedk wcecvjddk dh}cvkd}lo mckadk

wcecvjddkk|d ycedvdka ycv}d `c`fsd} ysd}s ecws}sydk sk}se }lkaadh d}ds echsdv mdk

}dndw echl`d dmdhdn }lkmdedk sk}se }lkaadh d}ds echsdv mdvl bvadklydyl+




49

6+? Wck|cfdf ]svkbcv Edv|dqdk

]svkbcv d}ds wc`fcvnck}ldk dk}dvd ysd}s wcvsydnddk mckadk ycbvdka d}ds

fcfcvdwd bvdka edv|dqdk `cksvs} Ysylhb .4<<?:4<=, fdnqd wck|cfdf edv|dqdk

echsdv mdvl wcvsydnddk dmdhdn edvckd dhdydk:

4+ Ec}lmde}cwd}dk wc`fcvldk }sady+

Edv|dqdk( ensysyk|d wdmd `dyd wcvibfddk( `cvdyd esvdka ibibe mckadk }sady

|dka mlfcvledk wdmd `dyd wcvibfddk }cvycfs}+ Ycnlkaad `cksvs}

wcv}l`fdkadkk|d }de dedk `skaelk dmd wcvec`fdkadk ml `dyd mcwdk+

6+ Dhdydk ̀ ckmcyde

d+ Swdn d}ds adjl }lmde wcvkdn mlfcvledk wdmd qde}sk|d `cyelwsk edv|dqdk }chdn

fcecvjd mckadk fdle+

f+ Wl`wlkdk wcvsydnddk"bvadklydyl `chdhdledk ecqdjlfdk |dka ysmdn mlyc}sjsl

mckadk edv|dqdk+

i+ Flhd wcecvjddk |dka ml}sadyedk wdmd edv|dqdk }cvk|d}d mdwd} `c`fdnd|dedk

ecychd`d}dk mlvlk|d ̀ dswsk ̀ bvdhk|d+

m+ Edv|dqdk `c`wcvbhcn wcvhdesdk wl`wlkdkk|d ycidvd }lmde `dksyldql d}ds

fcvylod} ydmly mdk ycfdadlk|d+

9+ @ckbhde wl`wlkdk fdvs

Dwdflhd edv|dqdk }lmde ibibe mdk }lmde ycnd}l mckadk ycwde }cvjdka wl`wlkdk

fdvsk|d( mdwd} ydjd `ckadelfd}edk }l`fshk|d y}vcyy |dka }lmde `ckask}skaedk

mlvlk|d+




4=

Ycmdkaedk `cksvs} Ndylfsdk .677>, dhdydk edv|dqdk echsdv mdwd} mlabhbkaedk

fcvmdydvedk:

4+ Skmdka-Skmdka

Mdwd} `ck|cfdfedk ycbvdka edv|dqdk ndvsy mlfcvnck}ledk mdvl ysd}s

wcvsydnddk+ @lydhk|d: edv|dqdk dkde-dkde( edv|dqdk QKD( d}ds edv|dqdk |dka

}cvhlfd} bvadklydyl }cvhdvdka+

6+ Eclkalkdk wcvsydnddk

Eclkalkdk wcvsydnddk mdwd} `ck|cfdfedk mlfcvnck}ledkk|d ycbvdka edv|dqdk

ycidvd }cvnbv`d} d}dswsk mlwcid}+ Eclkalkdk ysd}s wcvsydnddk sk}se

`c`fcvnck}ledk edv|dqdk ̀ cksvs} Ndylfsdk .677>, mlycfdfedk edvckd:

d+ Edv|dqdk }lmde `d`ws ̀ ck|chcydledk wcecvjddkk|d+

f+ Wcvlhdes mdk mlylwhlkk|d esvdka fdle+

i+ @chdkaadv wcvd}svdk mdk }d}d }cv}lf+

m+]lmde mdwd} fcecvjd yd`d mdk }cvjdml ebkohle mckadk edv|dqdk hdlk+

c+ @chdesedk }lkmdedk d`bvdh mdhd` wcvsydnddk+

o+ Eclkalkdk edv|dqdk

9+ Dhdydk wckaskmsvdk mlvl edvckd eclkalkdk edv|dqdk dk}dvd hdlk:

d+ Wlkmdn ec }c`wd} hdlk sk}se `ckasvsy bvdka }sd

f+ Ecycnd}dk |dka esvdka fdle

i+ @chdkjs}edk wckmlmledk

m+ Fcvqlvdyqdy}d




43

=+ Wckylsk

Wckylsk dmdhdn wc`fcvnck}ldk edv|dqdk d}dy eclkalkdk wcvsydnddk( skmdka-

skmdka( d}dswsk eclkalkdk edv|dqdk l}s yckmlvl+ Eclkalkdk wcvsydnddk

`c`wckylskedk edv|dqdk edvckd wvbmse}lol}dy ecvjdk|d vckmdn ycfdadl delfd}

syld hdkjs}( idid} olyle( ecichdeddk mdhd` `chdeydkdedk wcecvjddk+ Skmdka-

skmdka `c`wckylskedk ycycbvdka edvckd }chdn `ckidwdl fd}dy syld 33 }dnsk mdk

`lkl`s` `dyd ecvjd 43 }dnsk+

3+ Ebk}vde ecvjd fcvdenlv

Edv|dqdk ebk}vde dedk mlhcwdy d}ds mlfcvnck}ledk dwdflhd ebk}vde ecvjdk|d

fcvdenlv+ Wc`fcvnck}ldk fcvmdydvedk fcvdenlvk|d ebk}vde ecvjd }lmde

`ckl`fshedk ebkycesckyl edvckd }chdn mld}sv }cvhcfln mdnshs mdhd` wcvjdkjldk

ydd} `cvced ml}cvl`d+

?+ Ecycnd}dk edv|dqdk

Ecycnd}dk edv|dqdk mdwd} `ckjdml dhdydk sk}se wc`fcvnck}ldk edv|dqdk+

Lklyld}lo wc`fcvnck}ldk flyd fcvmdydvedk eclkalkdk wcvsydnddk d}dswsk eclkalkdk

edv|dqdk+

1+ @cklkaadh mskld

Edv|dqdk |dka `cklkaadh mskld ycidvd b}b`d}ly ws}sy nsfskadk ecvjdk|d mckadk

wcvsydnddk+ Wcvsydnddk `c`fcvledk wcydkabk d}ds sdka wckylsk fdal echsdvad

|dka ml}lkaadhedk ycysdl mckadk wcvd}svdk |dka dmd+




4?

>+ Wcvsydnddk hleslmdyl

Edv|dqdk dedk mlhcwdy jled wcvsydnddk mlhleslmdyl d}ds ml}s}sw edvckd fdkaevs}+

Fdkaevs}k|d wcvsydnddk ndvsy fcvmdydvedk ec}ck}sdk nses` |dka fcvhdes+

6+1 Md`wde ]svkbcv

Md`wde }svkbcv fdal bvadklydyl mldk}dvdk|d dmdhdn: .d, fld|d wckdvledk

edv|dqdk( `ck|dkaes} qde}s mdk odylhl}dy sk}se qdqdkidvd mdhd` wvbycy ychceyl(

wckdvledk mdk `c`wchdjdvl wcvadk}ldk5 .f, fld|d hd}lndk( `ck|dkaes} qde}s

wckadqdy( mcwdv}c`ck wcvybkdhld mdk edv|dqdk |dka mlhd}ln5 .i, dwd |dka

mlechsdvedk fsd} edv|dqdk hcfln ecilh mdvl |dka mlndylhedk edv|dqdk fdvs }cvycfs}5

.m, }lkaed} ecichdeddk wdvd edv|dqdk fdvs( fldydk|d ickmcvska }lkaal5 .c, dmdk|d

wvbmseyl |dka nlhdka ychd`d `dyd wcvadk}ldk edv|dqdk5 .o, wcvdhd}dk wvbmseyl |dka

}lmde flyd mlaskdedk ycwcksnk|d5 .a, fdk|de wc`fbvbydk edvckd dmdk|d edv|dqdk

fdvs5 .n, wcvhs `chdesedk ecvjd hc`fsv( edhds }lmde dedk `ckadhd`l wckskmddk

wvbmseyl+ ]svkbcv |dka }lkaal mdhd` bvadklydyl `ckskjseedk wcvhs mlwcvfdlelk|d

ebkmlyl ecvjd mdk idvd wc`flkddkk|d+

6+> Lk}ck}lbk ]b Hcdc

]c} mdk @c|cv .4<<9, }chdn `c`fcvledk mcolklyl lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc |dl}s kld}

edv|dqdk sk}se `cklkaadhedk bvadklydyl ycfdadl ydmdv mdk ndyvd} mlyckadjd mdvl

edv|dqdk sk}se `cklkaadhedk bvadklydyl+ Ycmdkaedk `cksvs} @dv}lk .4<1<,




41

lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc dmdhdn }lkaed} eclkalkdk edv|dqdk d}ds kld} sk}se `cklkaadhedk

bvadklydyl+

@cksvs} @bfhc| .4<>?, echsdv `dysek|d edv|dqdk mdk wcvlhdes ycwcv}l

ec`dkaelvdk mdk echcysdk ycvlkaedhl mlechb`wbeedk mdhd` wcvlhdes wckaskmsvdk

mlvl d}ds mlycfs} wshd ycfdadl eclkalkdk fcvnck}l fcecvjd .lk}ck} }b hcdc,+ @cksvs}

Vbfflky .4<<>, `ck|d}dedk fdnqd edv|dqdk |dka }lmde }cvwsdyedk bhcn wcecvjddk

d}ds ode}bv hdlkk|d |dka fcvedl}dk mckadk wcecvjddk `cvced( dedk mdwd} `ckasvdkal

eb`l}`ck `cvced }cvndmdw bvadklydyl d}ds wcvsydnddk+ Ec}lmde wsdydk `cvced

s`s`k|d ychdhs mledl}edk mckadk `dydhdn wcksvskdk elkcvjd |dka }cv`dyse ml

mdhd`k|d }cvjdml echd`fd}dk mdhd` fcecvjd( }lkaed} wcvws}dvdk edv|dqdk |dka }lkaal

mdk }lkaed} ec}lmdendmlvdk d}ds ec`dkaelvdk |dka }lkaal+

Ycfdadl`dkd mlec}dnsl mld}dy( lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc edv|dqdk mdwd} }cvjdml ml

dk}dvd edv|dqdk |dka `cvdyd wsdy edvckd }cv}dvle bhcn ndvdwdk |dka ydkad} wbyl}lo

`ckackdl wcecvjddk ml hsdv d}ds |dka `c`s}syedk sk}se `ckales}l klhdl |dka }de

dmd edl}dkk|d mckadk wcecvjddk+ Dwdflhd ycycbvdka lkalk `cklkaadhedk wcecvjddk

|dka }lmde mlyckdkal .}c}dwl }cveckmdhd bhcn fcfcvdwd ycfdf( `lydhk|d: esvdkak|d

wcecvjddk |dka `ckdvle( edvlcv wdydkadk nlmsw,( `ded fck}se lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc mdk

wckaskmsvdk mlvl mdwd} fcvswd ec`dkaelvdk mdk echcysdk+

@bfhc|( c}( dh(. 4<>?, `ck|d}dedk fdnqd fdk|de ode}bv |dka `ck|cfdfedk

edv|dqdk fcvwlkmdn mdvl }c`wd} ecvjdk|d kd`sk ode}bv mc}cv`lkdk eclkalkdk sk}se

fcvwlkmdn mldk}dvdk|d dmdhdn :




4>

4+ Ecwsdydk ecvjd

Wdmd }lkaed} lkmllmsdh( ecwsdydk `cvswdedk dvldfch wylebhbaly |dka wdhlka

ycvlka ml}chl}l mdhd` ysd}s `bmch lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc+ Dywce ecwsdydk |dka

ml}c`sedk fcvnsfskadk mckadk eclkalkdk lkmllms sk}se `cklkaadhedk

bvadklydyl `chlws}l ecwsdydk dedk swdn mdk wvb`byl( ecwsdyddk d}dy yswcvlyc

|dka ml}cvl`d( ecwsdydk mckadk vcedk ecvjd( mdk ecwsdydk dedk wcecvjddk mdk lyl

ecvjd+

6+ Eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl mdvl edv|dqdk

Edvckd nsfskadk ecwsdydk ecvjd mdk eclkalkdk `cklkaadhedk }c`wd} ecvjd ndk|d

`ckcvdkaedk ycfdaldk ecilh dvldk( `ded jchdy `bmch wvbycy lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc

edv|dqdk ndvsy `ckaaskdedk dvldfch hdlk ml hsdv ecwsdydk ecvjd ycfdadl yd}s-

yd}sk|d dvldfch wckjchdy+ Wcvec`fdkadk ychdkjs}k|d mdhd` y}sml lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc

`c`dyseedk ebky}vse eb`l}`ck bvadklydylbkdh ycfdadl ebkycw |dka }svs}

`ckjchdyedk wvbycy }cvycfs} Ycfdadl fck}se wcvlhdes( eb`l}`ck bvadklydylbkdh

mdwd} mlfcmdedk mdvl ecwsdydk ecvjd+ Eb`l}`ck `ckadis wdmd vcywbk c`bylbkdh

.dooci}lc, lkmllms ecwdmd ecychsvsndk bvadklydyl( ycmdkaedk ecwsdydk `ckadvdn

wdmd vcywbk c`bylbkdh d}dy dywce ensysy mdvl wcecvjddk+

@cksvs} Avlooc}n .4<<3, fdnqd nd`wlv yc`sd `bmch lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc

mledvckdedk bhcn }lkaed} ecwsdydk ecvjd mdk eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl |dka vckmdn(

|dl}s:

4+ Ecwsdydk ecvjd dmdhdn yledw |dka wdhlka fcvwckadvsn }cvndmdw lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc+

Ndylh y}sml `ckskjseedk fdnqd ecwsdydk ecvjd fcvedl}dk cvd} mckadk wvbycy




4<

ebaklyl `ckdvle mlvl .wvc ql}nmvdqdh ibakl}lbk,( lk}ckyl sk}se wcval mdk }lkmdedk

k|d}d fcvswd ecws}sydk sk}se echsdv mdvl }c`wd} ecvjd+

6+ Eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl dmdhdn ode}bv |dka wdhlka fcvwckadvsn }cvndmdw }cvjdmlk|d

lk}ck}lbk }b hcdc mlfdkmlka ecwsdydk ecvjd+

6+> Wckackmdhldk Lk}ckylbk ]b Hcdc

Fcvles} lkl ycjs`hdn ndh |dka }chdn mlhdesedk wcvsydnddk mdhd` `c`cvdkal

`dydhdn }lkaalk|d }lkaed} echsdv `dysek|d edv|dqdk `cksvs} Avckylka .4<<1, |dl}s:

d+ @ckacdhsdyl ec`fdhl wvde}ce wcvcevs}dk edv|dqdk+ @skaelk wcvsydnddk ycmdka

`c`wcecvjdedk edv|dqdk |dka esdhloledylk|d }cvhdhs }lkaal mdk }ck}s ydjd

`c`lhlel ec`skaelkdk fcydv sk}se `cvdyd jc`s d}ds }de wsdy+

f+ @c`wcecvjdedk ec`fdhl `dk}dk edv|dqdk+ Lkl flyd `c`fcvledk ecydk ecwdmd

|dka hdlk fdnqd wcvsydnddk lkl dmdhdn yskaasn }c`wd} |dka fdle sk}se fcecvjd

jled yd`wdl bvdka |dka ysmdn echsdv wsk `dyse ec`fdhl+

i+ @c`wcv}l`fdkaedk wckac`fdkadk vckidkd wckylsk d}ds wc`fdaldk

ecsk}skadk+

m+ @c|delkedk mlvl fdnqd wcvsydnddk }chdn `c`fsd} ecyc`wd}dk fdal wvb`byl dmlh

mdk mdwd} ml`ckacv}l mckadk fdle+

c+ @c`fsed ydhsvdk eb`skledyl fdal `dkdjc`ck+ Ec}led edv|dqdk }de `ckacv}l

}sjsdk mdvl wcvsydnddk mdk fdadl`dkd ndh l}s dedk `c`wckadvsnl nlmsw `cvced(

vdyd }de wsdy flyd fcvec`fdka+




67

o+ @cklkaed}edk wckaaskddk lkyck}lo kbk olkdkyldh+ Wckandvaddk }cvndmdw wvcy}dyl

ecvjd( }dkaaska jdqdf }dkfdndk dmdhdn fcfcvdwd idvd sk}se `chdesedk nde lkl+

a+ @chdesedk lk}cvlcq sk}se edv|dqdk |dka `ds wlkmdn ecvjd mdk `cklkaadhedk

wcvsydnddk+

n+ @ckdk|dedk ecwdmd edv|dqdk ycedvdka }ck}dka dwd |dka `cvced ysed mdk }lmde

ysed mdvl ndh |dka mlwvde}cedk ml wcvsydnddk+ Ysvcl yledw `cvswdedk idvd fdle

sk}se ̀ ckmdwd}edk lkobv`dyl+

l+ @chdesedk wcklhdldk ycidvd }cvd}sv+ Wdvd edv|dqdk wcvhs }dns fdadl`dkd ecvjd

`cvced

@cksvs} Wd`fsml .6777, |dka `ckas}lw wckmdwd} Dasy}lck ycfdadl ackcvdh

`dkdacv vcivsl}`ck} ycvlicy Jdedv}d Ibkysh}lka Avbsw |dka `ck|d}dedk dmd }lad

ode}bv |dka ndvsy mlwcvnd}ledk wcvsydnddk |dl}s: .d, wc`fcvldk wckandylhdk mdk

}skjdkadk |dka js`hdnk|d fcvydlka mckadk wcvsydnddk hdlk5 .f, ecyc`wd}dk

wckac`fdkadk edvlv( wchsdka sk}se wvb`byl ndvsy dmd mdk jchdy d}svdk `dlkk|d(

fcvmdydvedk wvcy}dyl ecvjd( ycklbvl}dy d}ds |dka hdlkk|d5 .i, wchsdka `ckd`fdn

wckac}dnsdk+




64

FDALDK LLL

NDYLH MDK WC@FDNDYDK

Ydhdn yd}s dywce |dka wck}lka mdhd` bvadklydyl dmdhdn `c`wcv}dndkedk

ecfcvdmddk edv|dqdk mdk `ckcedk }svkbcv+ Wdmd eck|d}ddkk|d( ycvlkaedhl `dkdacv

ys`fcv md|d `dksyld esvdka `c`dnd`l dywce-dywce |dka `ckmdydvl ecws}sydk

ycycbvdka sk}se }svkbcv + Delfd} mdvl ec}lmde}dnsdk lkl `ded }l`fsh ecyckjdkadk

dk}dvd wlnde edv|dqdk mckadk wlnde ̀ dkdjc`ck+

Mdvl fcfcvdwd mcolklyl }svkbcv `ded mdwd} mlfsd} ysd}s wckaadfskadk fdnqd

mcolklyl mdvl }svkbcv dmdhdn fcvnck}lk|d lkmllms mdvl ecdkaab}ddk ysd}s bvadklydyl

mdhd` esvsk qde}s }cv}ck}s mdk }lmde fbhcn hcfln mdvl 47# wcv}dnsk+ Sk}se

`c`wcv`smdn wc`dnd`dk }ck}dka obv`shd wckasesvdk }lkaed} }svkbcv

mlk|d}dedk mdhd` wcvyck}dyc |dka `ckidesw jdkaed qde}s }cv}ck}s+

Mdvl ad`fdv 6+4 ml fdf ycfchs`k|d }ck}dka Y}vd}cali @dkdac`ck} bo }svkbcv:

d `bmch obv }nc Ncdh}n Ycvlic Dm`lkly}vd}bv bhcn Dfchybk mdk mledl}edk mckadk

ode}bv-ode}bv |dka `c`wckadvsnl }svkbcv `ded mdwd} mljchdyedk fdnqd dmd msd ndh

fcydv |dka wcvhs mlwcvnd}ledk |dl}s :

4+ Lk}cvkdh Bvadklydyl

Lk}cvkdh bvadklydyl `ckjdml yd}s ndh wck}lka mdhd` `c`fcvledk wckadvsn

fdal fcydv ecilhk|d }svkbcv + Lk}cvkdh bvadklydyl |dka esd} mlwckadvsnl

bhcn eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl+ Ysd}s bvadklydyl ml`dkd wdvd wcecvjdk|d

mlwdkmdka mdk mlwcvhdesedk ycfdadl ycbvdka dkaab}d echsdvad fcydv




66

bvadklydyl( dedk `cvswdedk mbvbkadk |dka ydkad} esd} sk}se

`cklkaed}edk eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl+

Wdmd alhlvdkk|d eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl |dka }lkaal dedk fcvdelfd} wdmd

fcvfdadl yledw mdk wcvlhdes wbyl}lo( ycwcv}l `lydhk|d `ckanlkmdvl }lkmdedk(

wcvlhdes mdk yledw |dka `cvsaledk kd`d fdle bvadklydyl( ecyc}lddk ecwdmd

wl`wlkdk( ecwdmd vcedk yc}lkaed} mdk ecwdmd fdqdndk( wvbmse}ll}dy |dka

}lkaal( ecycmlddk `ck|chcydledk ebkohle `chdhsl `sy|dqdvdn mdk

ycfdadlk|d+

Mckadk dmdk|d yledw mdk wcvlhdes wbyl}lo mdvl edv|dqdk |dka mlycfdfedk

bhcn eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl }cvycfs} `ded }lkaed} }svkbcv edv|dqdk dedk

mdwd} mlesvdkal+ Eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl lkl }cvfck}se mdvl ysd}s fsmd|d

bvadklydyl+ Oskayl mdvl fsmd|d bvadklydyl }cvycfs} dmdhdn sk}se

`cklkaed}edk eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl+ Ecmsdk|d `c`wsk|dl nsfskadk

|dka wbyl}lo+ D}ds mckadk ed}d hdlk fdnqd fsmd|d bvadklydyl |dka esd}

mdwd} ̀ cklkaed}edk eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl+

6+ Lkmllms Edv|dqdk .lk}cvkdh edv|dqdk,

Jled ycfchs`k|d lk}cvkdh bvadklydyl `ckjdml ndh |dka wcvhs mlfcvledk

wcvnd}ldk( `ded ode}bv lkmllmsdh mdvl edv|dqdk `ckmdwd} wbvyl |dka

yd`d+ @dydhdn lkmllmsdh |dka }cvedl} hdkayska mckadk `dydhdn }svkbcv

dmdhdn `dydhdn ecwsdydk ecvjd+ D}ds mdwd} mljchdyedk mdvl fcfcvdwd ode}bv

|dka ysmdn mljchdyedk ml fdf ycfchs`k|d( ecwsdydk ecvjd edv|dqdk

`ckjdml wvlbvl}dy mdhd` wckdkadkdkk|d+ Ecwsdydk ecvjd wdmd edv|dqdk




69

`c`lhlel dv}l wck}lka fdal ysd}s wcvsydnddk+ Edv|dqdk |dka `cvdyd wsdy

mckadk dwd |dka mlmdwd}edk `ded ld dedk fcv}dndk ml wcvsydnddk l}s mdk

`d`ws fcecvjd ycidvd wvbmse}lo+

Ecwsdydk ecvjd `c`lhlel nsfskadk cvd} }cvndmdw wlelvdk sk}se fcvnck}l

ecvjd mdk lk}ckyl sk}se `ckidvl wcecvjddk hdlk+ Lk}ckyl sk}se fcvnck}l

wdmd denlvk|d `c`lhlel nsfskadk ylakloledk }cvndmdw }svkbcv

ycfckdvk|d+ Edv|dqdk |dka `chdesedk }svkbcv s`s`k|d ml}c`sedk

ycfdfk|d edvckd `cvced `cvdyd }lmde wsdy mckadk `dkdjc`ck

wcvsydnddk( esdhl}dy mdk ylod} mdvl ebkmlyl ecvjd( fcydvk|d swdn( wcvdyddk

mlwcvhdesedk ycidvd }lmde dmlh bhcn wcvsydnddk( mdk `s}s wckadqdydk

|dka }lmde `c`dmdl+

Ebkmlyl-ebkmlyl }cvycfs} dedk `c`fsd} wcecvjd `cvdyd mlecicqdedk mdk

}lmde mlndvadl+ Bhcn edvckd l}s ode}bv ecwsdydk lkmllmsdh d}ds edv|dqdk

`ckjdml ydhdn yd}s wvlbvl}dy mldk}dvd ode}bv-ode}bv |dka `c`wckadvsnl

hdlkk|d+

Mdvl fdf ycfchs`k|d jsad mdwd} mljchdyedk fdnqd coce kcad}lo mdvl dmdk|d

}svkbcv edv|dqdk dmdhdn `cklkaed}k|d fld|d wcvcevs}dk( `c`wcvecvjdedk }ckdad

fdvs( dyl`lhdyl( wchd}lndk mdk fld|d dm`lkly}vd}lo hdlkk|d+ Yc`ck}dvd coce hdlkk|d

dmdhdn eb`skledyl |dka `delk fsvse( mdk adkaasdk mdhd` wvbmse}ll}dy+ Ydhdn yd}s

idvd sk}se `ckac}dnsl wck|cfdf }svkbcv dmdhdn `cklhdl ycjdsn `dkd }lkaed}

eb`l}`ck bvadklydyl mdvl edv|dqdk+ Idvd |dka mdwd} ml}c`wsn sk}se `ckac}dnsl




6=

ndh }cvycfs} dmdhdn mckadk `ckck}sedk mcolklyl |dka jchdy `ckackdl eb`l}`ck mdk

ode}bv-ode}bv |dka `c`wckadvsnlk|d+

Wckackmdhldk }cvndmdw }svkbcv |dka mdwd} mlhdesedk bhcn wcvsydnddk

d}dswsk lky}l}syl hdlkk|d dmdhdn mckadk `chdesedk :

4+ Wcklkaed}dk olkdkyldh ̀ dswsk kbk olkdkyldh |dka fcvydlka

Ode}bv wcklkaed}dk wckmdwd}dk mdwd} `cksvskedk mdk `ckackmdhledk

}svkbcv + Ycfckdvk|d ecwsdydk ecvjd edv|dqdk }lmde `s}hde mlwckadvsnl

bhcn adjl d}ds wckmdwd}dk ydjd+ ]c}dwl ode}bv wckmdwd}dk `ckjdml dhdydk

ehdyle |dka `c`wckadvsnl }svkbcv edv|dqdk( }cvs}d`d sk}se edv|dqdk

|dka fcvsyld `smd+ Mlyd`wlka ode}bv olkdkyldh }cvmdwd} ndh |dka s}d`d

|dl}s kbk olkdkyldh+ Kbk olkdkyldh lkl mdwd} fcvswd wckandvaddk d}dy ndylh

elkcvjd edv|dqdk fcvswd vcqdvm mdk wckadesdk elkcvjd |dka }cvy}vse}sv

fdle ml mdhd` wcvsydnddk d}ds bvadklydyl+

6+ Ecyc`wd}dk wckac`fdkadk edvlv |dka jchdy

Ecyc`wd}dk wckac`fdkadk edvlv fcvwckadvsn wbyl}lo }cvndmdw elkcvjd

edv|dqdk+ Edvlv `cvswdedk ecfs}sndk |dka ndvsy }cvsy ml}s`fsnedk

mdhd` mlvl ycycbvdka }ckdad ecvjd( ycnlkaad `d`ws `ckmbvbka

ec`d`wsdk elkcvjdk|d+ Ecjchdydk wckac`fdkadk edvlv lkl dedk `c`fsd}

edv|dqdk `cvdyd mlwcvnd}ledk bhcn bvadklydyl }c`wd} mld fcecvjd ycnlkaad

`c`fsd} vdyd k|d`dk mdk ycidvd ensysy mdwd} `cksvskedk mdk mdwd}

`ckackmdhledk }svkbcv+




63

9+ Wchsdka wcklkaed}dk wckac}dnsdk

Esdhl}dy edv|dqdk mdwd} ml}lkaed}edk mckadk idvd wcklkaed}dk

wckac}dnsdk+ Mdvl wcklkaed}dk wckac}dnsdk }cvycfs} mlmdwd}edk

wcklkaed}dk elkcvjd+ Wcklkaed}dk wckac}dnsdk }cvycfs} `c`wsk|dl msd

ecsk}skadk |dl}s sk}se lk}cvkdh bvadklydyl mdk `dkodd} wvlfdml fdal

edv|dqdk+ Jled wckac}dnsdk }cvycfs} mlwcvbhcn bhcn edv|dqdk ycidvd vs}lk

`ded edv|dqdk dedk `cvdyd `c`wcvbhcn `dkodd} |dka `chl`wdn mdvl

bvadklydyl }c`wd} mld fcecvjd+ Ycnlkaad eclkalkdk sk}se wlkmdn mdk

}svkbcv dedk mdwd} ml}svskedk+

=+ @ckalk}ckyloedk eb`skledyl yc`sd hlkl

Eb`skledyl `ckjdml ndh |dka `s}hde ml ycfsdn bvadklydyl ecvjd( edvckd

mdvl eb`skledyl }cvycfs} fcvfdadl `did` `dydhdn edv|dqdk dedk mdwd}

mld}dyl mckadk mlkl+ Eb`skledyl |dka mlndvdwedk }ck}s ydjd eb`skledyl ml

yc`sd hlkl+ Dk}dvd d}dydk mdk fdqdndk `dswsk ycyd`d hlkl+ Ysdvd mdvl

fdqdndk .edv|dqdk, ecwdmd d}dydk |dka mlwcvnd}ledk `ckjdml ndh |dka

ydkad} wck}lka sk}se edv|dqdk ycnlkaad mlndvdwedk d}dydk mdwd}

`ckadeb`bmlv ysdvd mdvl fdqdn ycnlkaad }cvjdml incie dkm fdhdkic+

Mckadk `ckalk}ckyloedk eb`skledyl lkl `ded edv|dqdk dedk `cvdyd

mlhlkmskal ndek|d sk}se fcvwckmdwd} ycnlkaad eclkalkdk sk}se echsdv

dedk ̀ lkl`dh+




6?

FDALDK L_

ECYL@WSHDK EDJLDK

Fcvmdydvedk svdldk wdmd fdf ycfchs`k|d mdwd} mld`flh ecyl`wshdk fdnqd:

4+ Fsmd|d wcvsydnddk mdk ecwsdydk ecvjd `ckjdml ode}bv s}d`d mdhd` }svkbcv

6+ Fsmd|d wcvsydnddk mdk ecwsdydk ecvjd fcvnsfskadk mckadk }svkbcv

edv|dqdk fcvylod} kcad}lo( ml`dkd yc`delk }lkaal }lkaed} ecwsdydk ecvjd

edv|dqdk mdk yc`delk esd} fsmd|d wcvsydnddk `ded yc`delk vckmdn }lkaed}

}svkbcv edv|dqdk+

9+ Md`wde mdvl }svkbcv mdwd} `c`wckadvsnl wvbmse}ll}dy mdk fld|d mdhd`

wcvcevs}dk edv|dqdk

=+ Lk}cvkdh bvadklydyl mdk Ode}bv lkmllmsdh `ckjdml ndh wck}lka |dka ndvsy

mlwcvnd}ledk mdhd` ̀ ckad}dyl }svkbcv edv|dqdk

Fcvmdydvedk ecyl`wshdk mld}dy `ded ydvdk |dka mdwd} mlfcvledk mdhd` }shlydk

lkl dmdhdn mckadk mlec}dnslk|d fdnqd fsmd|d wcvsydnddk mdk ecwsdydk ecvjd

fcvwckadvsn }cvndmdw }svkbcv edv|dqdk `ded ycfdlek|d wcvsydnddk hcfln

`cklkaed}edk ecwsdydk ecvjd edv|dqdkk|d mdk `c`wcvesd} fsmd|d wcvsydnddk |dka

dmd ycfdadl wcmb`dk fdal edv|dqdk sk}se fcecvjd ycnlkaad mdwd} `ckicadn }cvjdmlk|d

}svkbcv edv|dqdk |dka }lmde mlecnckmdel+




VCOCVCKYL

Dfchybk( @+D+ 4<>?+ Y}dv}cali @dkdac`ck} bo ]svkbcv : d `bmch obv }nc nchd}n ycvlic

dm`lkly}vd}bv( Ncdh}n Idvc @dkdac Vclcq( _bh+44 .6,( ww ?4-14

Ohlwwb( C+F+ 4<<1+ @dkdjc`ck Wcvybkdhld+ Cmlyl Ecckd` Jlhlm 6( Dhln Fdndyd @bn+ @dysm+

Jdedv}d( Dlvhdkaad

Ndylfsdk( @+Y+W+ 4<<<+ @dkdjc`ck Ys`fcv Md|d @dksyld mdydv mdk Eskil Ecfcvndylhdk+

Cm 6+ Jdedv}d( Wckcvfl} ]beb Askska Daska

@bfhc|(Q+ N+ 4<>?+ Wcvadk}ldk Edv|dqdk: Ycfdf( Delfd} mdk Wckackmdhldkk|d+

]cvjc`dndk+ Jdedv}d: W] Wsy}ded Flkd`dk Wvcyylkmb

@bqmd|( V+]+( H+Q+ Wbv}cv dkm V+@ Y}ccvy( 4<>6+ C`whb|cc Bvadklzd}lbk Hlkedacy: ]nc

Wy|inbhba| bo Ib``l}`ck} Dfyck}cly` dkm ]svkbcv + Kcq \bve: Didmc`li Wvcyy

Vbfflky( Y+ W+ 677?+ Wcvlhdes Bvadklydyl( Jdedv}d : Lkmce Avbsw Avd`cmld

]f+ Yjdovl @dkaeswvdqlvd mdk Dlmd _l}dhd|d Nsfcly( 6771( @dkdjc`ck @s}s YM@( W]+

Andhld Lkmbkcyld( Jdedv}d

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