Tugas SOAL b.ingg

8/13/2019 Tugas SOAL b.ingg

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Question 1-10

Chaparral Ecosystems

Chaparral ecosystems are shrub land communities that are relatively rare. The largest chaparral

ecosystems are found in the state of California in the United States, parts of Northern Mexico,

Australia, Chile, and South Africa. Winters in this ecosystem are mild and wet, and the summers tend

to be hot and dry.

Wildfires occur frequently, with highly flammable plant growth building up in between fire

seasons. With an average rainfall of only 15-39 inches of rain per year, shrub plants of the chaparral

are most likely to catch fire during the extra dry conditions of late summer and early fall. Although

the thought of fire is frightening to those with homes or businesses close to chaparral growth, it is

actually far more dangerous to prevent wildfires and allow shrubs to take over. Small fires once in a

while are actually beneficial to the chaparral communities, keeping the plant growth under control

and acting in some other surprising ways. There are some plant species living in chaparral

ecosystems that cannot reproduce unless there has been a fire. The heat, smoke, and changes in the

soil following a burn actually release seeds from some plants, and create ideal growing conditionsfor others.

What causes the frequent fires in this region? Sometimes lightning strikes will start vegetation on

fire, but this accounts for only a small portion of the fires. Humans are the cause of wildfires more

often than not. A match, cigarette, or campfire is left carelessly unattended, and hot dry winds, like

the Santa Ana winds in California, whip the fire into an untamed blaze. If it has been a long time

since the last fire, vegetation will fuel the fires, often making them difficult for firefighters to put

down. People who live in and near chaparral ecosystems have to be very careful to keep a

vegetation-free zone clear around homes and other buildings to prevent fire damage. Buildings on

hillsides are also in danger of mudslides if rains follow wildfires. Although there are definite hazardsin this ecosystem, when people take steps to ensure safety, wildfires are a natural and important

part of a healthy chaparral system.

1. Chaparral ecosystems are mostly made of a. mossb. bushc. corald. scrub

2. We can find chaparral ecosystem, except, in a. Northern Mexicob. Australiac. Chiled. America

3. Why do wildfires often occur?a. Because the ecosystems are mild and wetb. Because highly flammable plants grow therec. Because it is lack of raind. Because it likes to catch fire

Read the passage and choose the appropriate answer!


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4. The fires are somehow useful for the ecosystem, because a. the fire is not frighteningb. the fire improves homes and businessesc. small fires happen once a whiled. it can control the shrubs development

5. Some vegetation in chaparral cant reproduce if there is noa. heatb. seedc. raind. shrub

6. These statements below are true, except a. the thunder causes wildfire in a small percentageb. cigarette is the major cause of firec. Santa Ana winds set fire more frequently than the othersd. untamed blaze is caused by hot dry winds

7. What is the correct plants reproduction process in the chaparral ecosystem?a. Firesoil alterationplants release seedsb. Rainsoil alterationplants release seedsc. Firesoil burnplants release seedsd. Rainsoil burnplants release seeds

8. Although there are definite hazardsin this ecosystem Hazards has the synonym with worda. Blizzardsb. Hot windsc. Risksd. Plants

9. Why do people around the ecosystem not totally try to solve the wildfire problem?a. Because buildings on hillsides are safe from fireb. Because the fires are beneficial for the ecosystemc. Because people take steps to ensure safetyd. Because free zone clear around homes and other buildings

10.What is topic probably discussed in the next paragraph?a. Rainfallb. Smoke effectc. Frightened peopled. Safety action


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Question 11-22

Its Elemental

All of the stuff around us that takes up space is called matter. Matter is made out of elements.

An element cannot be taken apart chemically to make any other substances. Although elements are

made up of microscopic parts called Atoms, those atoms have all the properties of the element. A

property is a characteristic. How is the (11)______ experienced with the senses? (What does it look

like, feel like, taste like, sound like, or smell like?) How does it act under certain conditions, or when

it is mixed with other elements? When you answer those questions, you are describing an elements

(12)______. The kind of atoms that connect, and the way they join, determines the properties of

each element. (13)______ join together to make elements, and then those elements join together to

make (14 )______. The whole process is kind of like building something out of blocks that connect

together.

In the early days of scientific study, (15)______ started writing down what they were observing

about elements. There were probably as many different ways to write it all down as there were

people. Just think about the differences between the way you and your friends take notes in class! Itwas hard for scientists to share information and build on each others studies until the information

was organized in a standard way that scientists could all use. Of course there were changes and

adjustments along the way, but we finally ended up with a chart called the (16)______. In 1869, a

Russian (17)______ named Dmitri Mendeleyev arranged all the known elements based on their

properties and the number of (18)______ (positively charged particles) found in one atom of each

element. Mendeleyev noticed a pattern in these numbers, and was even able to use the pattern to

predict future elements before scientists discovered them!

Today, we know of about (19) ______ different elements, but there are (20)______ elements

that are found in the largest amounts on Earth. You have probably heard the names of these 18before: (21)______, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Neon,

Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine, and Argon. When it comes

down to the building blocks of matter, its (22)______!

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word!

11.a. matter b. properties c. element d. atoms12.a. matter b. properties c. element d. atoms13.a. matter b. properties c. element d. atoms14.a. matter b. properties c. element d. atoms15.a. chemist b. scientist c. protons d. Periodic Table16.a. chemist b. scientist c. protons d. Periodic Table17.a. chemist b. scientist c. protons d. Periodic Table18.a. chemist b. scientist c. protons d. Periodic Table


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19.a. 18 b. 100 c. Hydrogen d. elemental20.a. 18 b. 100 c. Hydrogen d. elemental21.a. 18 b. 100 c. Hydrogen d. elemental22.a. 18 b. 100 c. Hydrogen d. elemental

Question 23-40

WHY DO THINGS FLOAT?

Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and

astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists

in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics andan explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines,

including siege engines and the screw pump that bears his name. Modern experiments have tested

claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting attacking ships out of the water and

setting ships on fire using an array of mirrors.

The most widely known anecdote about Archimedes tells of how he invented a method for

determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape. According to Vitruvius, a new crown in

the shape of a laurel wreath had been made for King Hiero II, and Archimedes was asked to

determine whether it was of solid gold, or whether silver had been added by a dishonest goldsmith.

Archimedes had to solve the problem without damaging the crown, so he could not melt it down

into a regularly shaped body in order to calculate its density. While taking a bath, he noticed that the

level of the water in the tub rose as he got in, and realized that this effect could be used to

determine the volume of the crown. For practical purposes water is incompressible, so the

submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume. By dividing the

weight of the crown by the volume of water displaced, the density of the crown could be obtained.

This density would be lower than that of gold if cheaper and less dense metals had been added.

Archimedes then took to the streets naked, so excited by his discovery that he had forgotten to

dress, crying "Eureka!" (Greek: "!," meaning "I have found it!")

The story of the golden crown does not appear in the known works of Archimedes.

Moreover, the practicality of the method that is described has been called into question, due to the

extreme accuracy with which one would have to measure the water displacement. Archimedes may

have instead sought a solution that applied the principle known in hydrostatics as Archimedes'

Principle, which he describes in his treatise On Floating Bodies. This principle states that a body

immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Using

this principle, it would have been possible to compare the density of the golden crown to that of

solid gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a gold reference sample, then immersing the

apparatus in water. If the crown was less dense than gold, it would displace more water due to its

larger volume, and thus experience a greater buoyant force than the reference sample. This

difference in buoyancy would cause the scale to tip accordingly. Galileo considered it "probable that

this method is the same that Archimedes followed, since, besides being very accurate, it is based ondemonstrations found by Archimedes himself."


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23.Why was Archimedes popular?a. Because he was a Greek physicistb. Because his few details of his life were knownc. Because he was awarded as one of important scientistsd. Because he was popular astronomer

24.What kind of award did Archimedes get?a. People put his name in a pump machineb. People could explain the lever principlec. People made foundation of hydrostaticsd. People took a credit of innovative machine

25.He is credited with designing innovative machines The italic word can be best replaced by a. givenb. takenc. certifiedd. concluded

26.The most famous of Archimedes invention story was a. he found a method to determine a crownb. he found a method to measure asymmetrical objects volumec. he found a known anecdoted. he found a known method to determine irregular shape

27.King Hierro II asked Archimedes to identify his crown to make sure it is made of a. goldb. silverc. solid silverd. solid gold

28.Archimedes was asked to determine whether itwas of solid gold. It refers to a. goldb. solid goldc. crownd. King Hierro

29.What was the problem to measure the Kings crown?a. It was expensiveb. It belonged to the Kingc. It couldnt be meltedd. It would be damaged

30.Where did Archimedes get the idea to identify the crowns density?a. When he did the experimentb. When he found a rosec. When he measured the effectd. When he was in the bath up

31.How did Archimedes determine the density of the crown?a. By dividing the crownsmass by the volume of water displacedb. By submerging the crownsweight by the volume of water displacedc. By dividing the water shiftsvolume by the mass of the crownd. By submerging the water shiftsvolume by the crown weight


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32.According to Archimedes the crowns density would be lower if a. it was made of goldb. it was made of expensive metal as goldc. it was added by less dense metald. it was added by solid gold

33.Why did Archimedes took to the street naked?a. Because he was cryingb. Because he said Eurekac. Because he found the crownd. Because he was happy about his invention

34.For practical purposes water is incompressible Practical has the same meaning with theword

a. realb. goodc. convenientd. pretty

35.so the submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume. Itsrefers to

a. crownsb. watersc. tubsd. golds

36.due to the extremeaccuracy with which one would have to measure the water displacement.The synonym of the word extreme is

a. badb. crazyc. tremendousd. normal

37.Where did Archimedes publish the hydrostatic principle?a. In the newspaperb. In his bookc. In the Kings letterd. In his thesis

38.How do we compare the density of an object to another by using this principle?a. By immersing the object on a scale with a reference sampleb. By balancing the object on a scale with a reference samplec. By immersing the water with a reference objectd. By balancing the water with a reference object


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39.it would displacemore water due to its larger volume,The synonym of the word displace is

a. disableb. drownc. shrinkd. shift

40.itis based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself. It refers to a. methodb. demonstrationc. differenced. buoyancy

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