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TUGAS

PRA PRAKTIKUM

FENOMENA DASAR KONVERSI

NAMA : RIZAL ADIRIANTONIM : 21050113140138

LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN MESIN BIDANG FENOMENA

DASAR 

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO

SEMARANG

2016KONVEKSI :

1. Tujuan

a. Mena!" n"#a" $%e&"'"en (e!("n)a*an (ana' $e'e#u!u*an un+u$ ,a!"a'" +e!+en+u

'e(e!+" #aju a#"!- +e(e!a+u! u)a!a $e#ua! )an +e(e!a+u! )"n)"n/ (a)a ("(a

*%!"%n+a#.

 . P!a$+"$an eneu$an $%!e#a'" an+a!a "#an/an Ren%#)' un+u$ enen+u$an

$ee(a+an #aju a#"! )an "#an/an Nu''e#+ un+u$ en/e+a*u" +e(e!a+u! )"n)"n/.

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2. P!%'e)u! (en/uj"an $%n,e$'" (a$'a a#"!an ("(a *%!"%n+a#

a. Se+ u$aan )a(e! blower  'a(a" $ee(a+an an/ )"$e*en)a$" 3,a!"a'"4 )en/an

en//una$an a#a+ ane%e+e!. Pen/ee$an )"#a$u$an )" ujun/ ("(a.

b. Pen/e'e+an (eana'- )an/an en//una$an a#a+ !e/u#a+%! 'e*"n//a ena(a"

+e(e!a+u! +e!+en+u.

c. J"$a (en/e'e+an #aju a#"!5u)a!a 'u)a )"+en+u$an- a+"$an blower.

d. ")u($an (eana'5!e/u#a+%!.

e. Tun//u a#a+ 'a(a" (%'"'" steady state performance.

 f. 7a+a+ n"#a" a8a# (%'"'" steady- +e(e!a+u! )"n)"n/- +e(e!a+u! $e#ua!- )an 8a$+u.

 g. Se+e#a* steady- *")u($an %+%! blower .

h. 7a+a+ 'e+"a( (enu!unan +e(e!a+u! )"n)"n/- +e(e!a+u! $e#ua! )an 8a$+u.

i. J"$a 'u)a* +")a$ +e!ja)" (enu!unan +e(e!a+u! )"n)"n/ )an +e(e!a+u! $e#ua!-a$a (ena+a+an )"e!*en+"$an.

 j. Ma+"$an %+%! !e/u#a+%! )an %+%! blower.

9.

a. Ka!ena (e!/e!a$an &#u")a +e!ja)" a$"a+ (e!e)aan a''a jen"'. Ba/"an &#u")a

an/ ene!"a $a#%! 3)"(ana'"4 eua" )an a''a jen"'na enja)" #e"* $e"#

'e*"n//a e!/e!a$. K%n,e$'" a#a"a* +e!ja)" )en/an 'en)"!"na. M"'a#na-

$%n,e$'" (a)a 'aa+ ea'a$ a"!.

 . A#"!an e!$ean/ (enu* 3Fu## )e,e#%(e) &#%84 a)a#a* a#"!an )" )a#a ("(a

an/ ana (!%&"# $ee(a+an +e+a(- +")a$ e!ua* a$"a+ (e!ua*an ja!a$. Ja)"

 j"$a $ee(a+an )"u$u! (a)a 'ua+u +"+"$ $a+a$an#a*- L1- a$a $ee(a+an an/

)"(e!%#e* a)a#a* V- j"$a $ee(+an )"u$u! (a)a 'ua+u +"+"$ )" L2- $ee(a+an ju/a

a$an +e+a( V. Se)an/$an (a)a a#"!an an/ e#u e!$ean/ (enu* a$an

e"#"$" ,a!"a'" $ee(a+an.

. B"#an/an Ren%#)' a)a#a* !a'"% an+a!a /aa "ne!'"a 3 V'( 4 +e!*a)a( /aa ,"'$%'

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an/ en/$uan+"&"$a'"$an *uun/an $e)ua /aa +e!'eu+ )en/an 'ua+u $%n)"'"

+e!+en+u

B"#an/an Nu''e#+ a)a#a* !a'"% (e!("n)a*an (ana' $%n,e$'" )an $%n)u$'"

n%!a# +e!*a)a( a+a' )a#a $a'u' ("n)a* (ana' (a)a (e!u$aan &#u")a.

B"#an/an P!an)#+ a)a#a* 'ua+u n"#a"5*a!/a an/ )"(a$a" un+u$ enen+u$an

)"'+!"u'" +e(e!a+u!e (a)a 'ua+u a#"!an.

). A)a ; aa a#"!an )" )a#a a#a+ (enu$a! $a#%! a"+u :

1. Counter current flow 3a#"!an e!#a8anan a!a*4

F#u")a an/ en/a#"! (a)a *ea+ e<*an/e! e!a)a 'a#"n/ 'ejaja!- +e+a("

e"#"$" a!a* an/ 'a#"n/ e!#a8anan.

2.  Paralel flow5co current flow 3a#"!an 'ea!a*4

F#u")a&#u")a $e!ja (a)a *ea+ e<*an/e! +"(e "n" en/a#"! 'ejaja! )an e"#"$"

a!a* a#"!an an/ 'aa an+a!a &#u")a 'a+u )en/an an/ #a"nna.

9. Cross flow 3a#"!an '"#an/4

F#u")a an/ en/a#"! (a)a *ea+ e<*an/e! e"#"$" a!a* an/ 'a#"n/ +e/a$ 

#u!u' a+au e!'"#an/an. Pe!("n)a*an (ana' an/ (a#"n/ e&"'"en +e!ja)" (a)a

'u)u+'u)u+ a#"!an.

;. Cross counter flow 3a#"!an '"#an/ e!#a8anan4

Pa)a +"(e "n"- 'a#a* 'a+u &#u")a a'u$ $e '"'" '*e## e#a#u" "n#e+ an/ +e!#e+a$ 

 (a)a +en/a*+en/a* *ea+ e<*an/e!. D" )a#a '"'" '*e##- &#u")a "n" en/a#"! $e

)ua a!a* )an $e#ua! e#a#u" )ua %u+#e+. F#u")a an/ #a"n en/a#"! #u!u' (a)a

'"'" +ue.

;. Natura !"#$%!t&"# '%at tra#()%r &# )a!*a+% &#t%,rat%+ ("ar !"#!%#trat"r(

T*e u'e %& &aa)e 38a##4 "n+e/!a+e) %nen+!a+"n/ '%#a! %##e+%!' "' an a!ea %& 

)e,e#%("n/ "n+e!e'+ 8"+*"n +*e &"e#) %& ene!/e&&""en+ u"#)"n/ +e*n%#%/. One 8a

%& a*"e,"n/ 'u* a )e,"e %u#) e +*!%u/* +*e u'e %& a '+a+" &#a+ %! (a!a%#"

!e&#e+%! u'e) "n %njun+"%n "+* a (*%+%,%#+a"5+*e!a# a'%!e! an) a ,e!+"a# /#ae)

a(e!+u!e. %8e,e!- +% (!e"'e# (!e)"+ +*e (e!&%!ane %& 'u* &aa)e "n+e/!a+e)

%##e+%!'- "+ "' e''en+"a# +% un)e!'+an) +*e *ea+ #%''e' &!% +*e. In /ene!a# +*e

+*e!a# #%''e' &!% +*e'e %##e+%!' an e a#u#a+e) u'"n/ e<"'+"n/ !e#a+"%n'*"(' &%! 

&#a+ (#a+e '%#a! %##e+%!' an) &un)aen+a# *ea+ +!an'&e! %ne(+'. %8e,e! +*e!e "'

n% !e#a+"%n'*"( "n +*e #"+e!a+u!e +% )e'!"e +*e na+u!a# %n,e+"%n *ea+ +!an'&e! "n +*e

a'e+!" en#%'e) a"! /a( &%!e) a &a=a)e "n+e/!a+e) %nen+!a+%! a'

)e'!"e). ene- "n +*"' '+u)- a !e#a+"%n'*"( +% )e'!"e +*e na+u!a# %n,e+"%n *ea+

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+!an'&e! "n 'u* en#%'u!e' 8a' )e,e#%(e) u'"n/ an e<(e!"en+a## ,a#")a+e)

%(u+a+"%na# &#u") )na"' ana#'"'.

In an u!an en,"!%nen+ 8"+* a #""+e) 'u((# %& !%%& '(ae- &a=a)e "n+e/!a+"%n

%& (*%+%,%#+a"' (!%,")e an "nn%,a+",e 8a %& *a!ne''"n/ '%#a! ene!/ an) +*e!e&%!e

"' an a!ea %& )e,e#%("n/ "n+e!e'+ "n +*e &"e#) %& 'u'+a"na#e u"#)"n/ (!a+"e'. Un#"$e

'+an)a#%ne '%#a! (%8e! ''+e' +*e!e "' n% a))"+"%na# !e>u"!een+ %& #an)- +*e %'+ %& 

+*e '%#a! &a=a)e %! !%%& an %&&'e+ +*e %'+ %& +*e u"#)"n/ '+!u+u!e "+ !e(#ae'- an)

 (%8e! /ene!a+e) %n '"+e !e(#ae' +*e e#e+!""+ %+*e!8"'e (u!*a'e) a+ %e!"a#

!a+e'. T*e '*%!+%"n/ %& u"#)"n/ "n+e/!a+e) (*%+%,%#+a" %)u#e' +*%u/* "' +*e"! 

!e#a+",e #%8 e&&""en- a' +*e %n,e!+ %n# 10?20@ %& +*e '%#a! "!!a)"ane +% u'e&u#

ene!/. T*"' (!%#e "' e<ae!a+e) 8*en (#ana! %)u#e' a!e "n+e/!a+e) "n+% ,e!+"a#

&aa)e'- a' +*e %&+en #a!/e "n")ene an/#e' )e#",e! (%%! %(+"a# (e!&%!ane.

T*e &#a+ !e&#e+%! '%#a! %nen+!a+%! %ne(+ (!%(%'e) "n +*"' '+u) %&&e!' a

'"(#e '%#u+"%n +% "n!ea'e +*e '%#a! !a)"a+"%n %n +*e a'%!e! (#a+e "n a &a=a)e

"n+e/!a+e) '%#a! ''+e. In +*"' 8a- +*e e#e+!"a#5+*e!a# %u+(u+ &!% 'u* &a=a)e

%##e+%! ''+e an e "(!%,e). %8e,e!- +% (!e"'e# (!e)"+ +*e (e!&%!ane %& 

+*e ''+e- "+ "' e''en+"a# +% un)e!'+an) +*e *ea+ #%''e' &!% "+.

. -  ujan a)a"

U)a!a *an/a+ )a!" #au+an na"$ )" u)a!a )an e!ua* enja)" +e+e'an a"! jenu* an/

een+u$ a8an.

M"nuan Men/e(u#

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Ua( an/ $e#ua! )a!" 'ean/$"! +e* (ana' a+au $%(". Ka!ena (ana' )a!" a"!an- u)a!a

*an/a+ na"$ $e a+a'.

 Pen)"n/"nan (#a+ (a)a u)a!a +e!u$a

Te(e!a+u! (ana' (a)a (#a+ a$an e!("n)a* $e u)a!a.

K%n,e$'" Bu"

A!u' $%n,e$'" an/ en+!an'&e! (ana' )a!" "n+e!"%! u" $e (e!u$aan..

  Na#a #a(u +e(#%$ a$an #e"* +e!an/ j"$a )"+u+u( )en/an 'e(!%n/

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a# "n" $a!ena a)a a#"!an u)a!a )a!" #ua! a'u$ $e 'e(!%n/. Ka!ena u)a!a #ua! ana$ 

en/an)un/ %$'"/en- (a)a*a# '"&a+ /a' %$'"/en a)a#a* (ene#en//a!a (!%'e'

 (ea$a!an- +e!ja)"#a* (ea$a!an u)a!a )" 'e$"+a! na#a a(". Pea$a!an u)a!a #ua! 

"+u#a* an/ enea$an #a(u enja)" #e"* +e!an/.

KONDUKTIVITAS TERMAL :

1.

K%n)u$'": Pa)a $%n)u$'"

 (e!("n)a*an ene!/" (ana' 3$a#%!4

+")a$ )" "$u+" )en/an a+

 (e!an+a!ana.

K%n,e$'": Me!u(a$an (e!("n)a*an

$a#%! 3(ana'4 an/ )"'e!+a" )en/an

 e!("n)a*na a+ (e!an+a!a..

Ra)"a'": Me!u(a$an (!%'e' +e!ja)"na (e!("n)a*an (ana' 3$a#%!4 +an(a

en//una$an a+ (e!an+a!a. Pe!("n)a*an $a#%! 'ea!a !a)"a'" +")a$ eu+u*$an

a+ (e!an+a!a

2. . a. K%n,e$'" a+au a#"!an a)a#a* (e!("n)a*an (ana' an/ )"'e!+a" )en/an (e!("n)a*an

 (a!+"$e#(e!+"$e# a+ +e!'eu+ an/ )"'ea$an %#e* (e!e)aan a'aa jen"'.

 . K%n)u$'" a)a#a* (e!("n)a*an $a#%! e#a#u" 'ua+u a+ +an(a )"'e!+a" (e!("n)a*an

 (a!+"$e#(a!+"$e# a+ +e!'eu+

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konveksi

konduksi

9. 7%n+%* S%a#

1. Seua* )"n)"n/ e"#"$" $e+ea#an 2 )an $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# 0-6 C5

3.74 )an )"(e!+a*an$an (a)a 207 (a)a 'a#a* 'a+u (e!u$aan )an (a)a 107

 (a)a a/"an #a"nna. Ten+u$an #aju a#"!an $a#%! $e+"$a e#e8a+" 2 (a)a )"n)"n/.

Pene#e'a"an :

Se(e!+" )""#u'+!a'"$an (a)a /aa! )"a8a* "n"- $%%!)"na+ <1  )"#e+a$$an (a)a a/"an

)"n)"n/ e!+e(e!a+u! T1  207. Keu)"an +e(e!a+u!e )"n/"n T2 107

)"+e(a+$an$an (a)a <2  L 0-2 . D"$e+a*u" $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# (a)a )"n)"n/ $ 

0-6 C53.74- !uu' 1.1 )"a(#"$a'"$an un+u$ en/e+a*u" #aju a#"!an $a#%! an/

e#e8a+" #ua'an A 2.

 

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2. Pe!u$aan a/"an )a#a )an #ua! (a)a jen)e#a $aa e"#"$" +e(e!a+u! 207

)an 7. J"$a $aa e"#"$" u$u!an 100 < 0 )an $e+ea#an 1- -

)en/an $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# 0- C53.74- +en+u$an #aju (en/u!an/an $a#%! 

an/ e#e8a+" $aa (a)a (e!"%)e 8a$+u 2  jaH

Pene#e'a"an :

K%%!)"na+< )"+e(a+$an (a)a a/"an (e!u$aan $a#%! <1  0- $eu)"an <2  L

0-01 . D"e!"$an a*8a T1  207- T2 7- $ 0- C53.74- )an A 1 <

0- 0- 2

Pen/u!an/an $a#%! 3heat loss4 an/ e#e8a+" $aa (a)a (e!"%)e 8a$+u  ∆t=2

h enja)":

9. Mun/$"n$a* (e!("n)a*an $a#%! 'ea!a $%n)u$'" +e!ja)" an+a!a a+%5%#e$u# a+

a"! H

Pea*a'an

7e!a+" %n+%* e!"$u+ "n". Ke+"$a 'ea+an/ e'" )"(ana'$an- $a#%! e!("n)a* )a!"

'ua+u a+%5%#e$u# e'" $e a+%5%#e$u# e'" #a"nna 'e*"n//a "'a )"$a+a$an

 (e!("n)a*an $a#%! 'ea!a $%n)u$'" +e!ja)" an+a!a a+%5%#e$u# a+ (a)a+.

Pe!("n)a*an $a#%! 'ea!a $%n)u$'" +")a$ +e!ja)" an+a!a a+%5%#e$u# a+ a"! $a!ena

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an+a!a a+%5%#e$u# a+ a"! +e!ja)" (e!("n)a*an $a#%! 'ea!a $%n,e$'" )an )e"$"an

 ju/a an+a!a a+%5%#e$u# a+ /a' +e!ja)" (e!("n)a*an $a#%! 'ea!a $%n,e$'".

;. K%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# a+a a)a#a* 0-; J5.'.7% )an $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# 8%#

a)a#a* 0-0;0 J5.'.7%. Mana$a* an/ e!u(a$an $%n)u$+%! $a#%! an/ #e"* a"$-

 a+a a+au 8%# H

Pea*a'an

Ben)a an/ e"#"$" $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# e'a! e!u(a$an (en/*an+a! $a#%! an/

 a"$ 3$%n)u$+%! +e!a# an/ a"$4 )an 'ea#"$na.

Be!)a'a!$an '%a#- $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# a+a #e"* e'a! )a!"(a)a $%n)u$+","+a'

+e!a# 8%# 'e*"n//a a+a e!u(a$an (en/*an+a! $a#%! an/ #e"* a"$ )"an)"n/$an

8%#.

. Sea+an/ aja e!en+u$ '"#"n)e! (eja# e(una" (anjan/ 1 e+e! )an #ua'

 (ena(an/ 0-2 e+e! $ua)!a+. K%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# aja a)a#a* ;0 J5.'.7%. J"$a

'e#"'"* 'u*u an+a!a $e)ua ujun/ aja a)a#a* 10%7- +en+u$an #aju (e!("n)a*an $a#%! 

'ea!a $%n)u$'" (a)a a+an/ aja +e!'eu+

Pea*a'an

D"$e+a*u" :

Panjan/ aja 3#4 1

Lua' (ena(an/ aja 3A4 0-2 2

K%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# aja 3$4 ;0 J5.'.  %7

Pe!e)aan 'u*u $e)ua ujun/ aja 3T4 10%7

D"+ana : Laju (e!("n)a*an $a#%! 'ea!a $%n)u$'" 35+4

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Ja8a :

Ruu' #aju (e!("n)a*an $a#%! 'ea!a $%n)u$'" :

 

0 J%u#e5'e$%n

;. Tujuan (!a$+"$u $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# :

1. Mea*a" (e!"'+"8a (e!("n)a*an (ana' 'ea!a $%n)u$'" 'e!+a (a!ae+e!

 (a!ae+e! an/ e(en/a!u*"na.

2. Me#a$u$an (en/uj"an un+u$ enen+u$an n"#a" $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# a+e!"a#.

9. Mean)"n/$an *a'"# (en/uj"an n"#a" $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# )en/an )a+a #"+e!a+u!.

. K%e&"'"en $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# $ )")e&"n"'"$an 'ea/a" #aju (ana' (a)a 'ua+u en)a

)en/an 'ua+u /!a)"en +e(e!a+u! .Den/an $a+a #a"n $%n)u$+","+a' +e!a# ena+a$an

$ea(uan a*an en/*an+a!$an $a#%!. K%n)u$+","+a' +*e!a# )"(en/a!u*" %#e*

 ee!a(a &a$+%!- )"an+a!ana a"+u 'u*u- $e(a)a+an )an (%!%'"+a'- 'e!+a $an)un/an

ua( a"!. Pen/a!u* 'u*u +e!*a)a( $%n)u$+","+a' +*e!a# $e"#. Naun 'ea!a uu

)a(a+ )"$a+a$an a*8a $%n)u$+","+a' +*e!a# a$an en"n/$a+ a(a"#a 'u*u

en"n/$a+.

DU.TING :

1. TUJUAN PRATIKUM

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1. Men/e+a*u" (!"n'"( $e!ja ducting a"+u 'ea/a" +e(a+ (en)"'+!"u'"an u)a!a.

2. Men/u$u! e'a!na +e$anan +%+a#- +e$anan '+a+"$- )an +e$anan )"na"$.

9. Men/e+a*u" e'a!na $ee(a+an )an #aju a#"!an ,%#ue u)a!a (a)a 'a#u!an.

;. Men/e+a*u" )"'+!"u'" $ee(a+an a#"!an u)a!a (a)a 'a#u!an.

2. P!e'u!e )!%( : (enu!unan +e$anan an/ +e!ja)" a$"a+ $e$en+a#an )a!" 'ua+u &#u")a-

)an +e$anan an/ )"'ea$an )a!" $ee(a+an )an $e+"n//"an +")a$ 'aa )en/an 'a+u

+"+"$ #a"na 'e*"n//a +e!ja)" /aa /e'e!.

P!e''u!e a#ane : 'eua* '+an)a!"'a'" (!"e! (a)a +e$anan an/ +e!)"!" )a!" ("'+%n

)an '"#"n)e!. B"a'a )"'eu+ Dea+* Ce"/*+ Te'+e! 3DCT4

Te$anan S+a+"$ : +e$anan an/ e!'"&a+ "'en+!%("$ a"+u e$e!ja )en/an e'a! an/

'aa $e'e/a#a a!a* )an e!/e!a$ 'e'ua" a!a* !e'u#+an /aana.

Te$anan )"na"' : Te$anan )"na"' a)a#a* 'e#"'"* an+a!a +e$anan '+a/na'" )an

+e$anan '+a+"'.

Te$anan +%+a# : Te$anan u+#a$ e!u(a$an +e$anan +%+a# *a'"# (enju#a*an +e$anan

*")!%'+a+"$ )en/an +e$anan a+%'&e! 3u)a!a4

9. ? Du+"n/ e'"n #aun)!

Du+"n/ (a)a (e'a8a+

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;. Taun/ ("+%+ a)a#a* "n'+!uen un+u$ e#a$u$an (en/u$u!an +e$anan (a)a a#"!an

&#u")a. Taun/ ("+%+ +e#a* )"/una$an 'ea!a #ua' un+u$  

enen+u$an $ee(a+an )a!" (e'a8a+ +e!an/ )an en/u$u! $ee(a+an

u)a!a )an /a' (a)a a(#"$a'" "n)u'+!" .

7a!a Ke!ja Taun/ P"+%+

Pa)a (!"n'"( $e!jana +aun/ ("+%+ "n" e!ua* Ene!/" $"ne+"$ )"$%n,e!'"$an enja)"

'+a+" (!e''u!e *ea) )an "a'ana )"/una$an un+u$ en/u$u! a#"!an &#u")a an/ #aa+.

. P!"n'"( $e!ja Man%e+e! 

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A B

P!"n'"(na a)a#a*

• /aa! A a)a#a* an%+e! +aun/ U an/ )""'" a+ a"! '+en/a*na. Pa)a +aun/

+e!'eu+ )"e!" '$a#a an/ +e#a* )"$a#"!a'" a/a! *a'"# (en/u$u!an )a(a+

)"(e!+an//un/ja8a$an.

• /aa! B )"a/"an $"!" )a!" +aun/ )"e!" +e$anan 'e*"n//a a"!an (a)a +aun/

'ee#a* $an na"$ 'ejau* +"n//" an/ )"+unju$$an )" '$a#a. N"#a" )a!" +e$anan

a)a#a* (enju#a*an *a'"# (eaaan )"a+a' )an )"a8a* an/$a n%#.

6. Pe!e)aan &an - #%8e! )an $%(!e'%! a)a (a)a +e$anan /a' an/ )"*a'"#$an.

K%(!e'%! a)a#a* 'eua* e'"n an/ )"/una$an un+u$ ena"$an +e$anan /a'&#u")a

$%(!e'"e# $e +"n/$a+ +e$anan an/ +"n//".B#%8e! a)a#a* 'eua* e'"n an/ )"/una$an un+u$ en//e!a$$an /a' )en/an

$ena"$an +e$anan enen/a*.

Fan en//e!a$an 'eju#a* /a' )en/an $ena"$an +e$anan an/ !en)a*.

IMPA.T OF /ET :

1. Tujuan )a!" (!a$+"$u Impact of Jet a)a#a*:

1. P!a$+"$an )a(a+ en/u$u! e'a!na /aa +%#a$ an/ )"a$"a+$an %#e* 'eu!an

a"! e#a#u" n%'e#.

2. P!a$+"$an )a(a+ en/e+a*u" (en/a!u* en+u$ (e!u$aan vane +e!*a)a( e'a!na

/aa an/ )"+"u#$an %#e* 'eu!an a"! e#a#u" n%'e#.

9. P!a$+"$an )a(a+ en/e+a*u" (!"n'"( $e!ja n%'e# a"+u en/ua* +e$anan enja)"

$ee(a+an.

2. Da#a e#a$u$an (e!%aan +e!)a(a+ #an/$a* $e!ja 'ea/a" e!"$u+:

1. Me#e+a$an "(a+ %& aje+ )" a+a' *)!au#" en*.

2. Menaun/ ("(a a"! $e 'u((# *%'e

9. Me#e+a$an j%$e 8e"/*+ (a)a (%'"'" n%#

;. Meu+a! (en/a+u! (e/a' 'e*"n//a 8e"/* ea )a#a $%n)"'"$e'e+"an/an

. Mea'an/ ,ane )a+a!6. Men/a+u! ,a!"a'" u$aan (enu*- 259- )an 159.

. Men/a+u! !( %+%! 1900 )an 1600

. Men/a+u! j%$e 8e"/*+ 'e*"n//a (%'"'" 8e"/*+ ea $%n'"'"na 'e+"an/-

ena+a+ e!a(a '$a#a an/ +e!aa (a)a 8e"/*+ ea )a!" (%'"'" n%#

. Mena+a+ 8a$+u an/ )"u+u*$an *"n//a ,%#ue (a)a *)!au#" en*

ena(a" #"+e!.

10. Mena+a+ n"#a" )an +%!'".

11. La$u$an $ea#" #an/$a* n%. ? )en/an en//una$an ,ane e$un/.

12. Ma+"$an %+%! )an eua+ +ae#.

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9. ?  Ca+e! !%$e+

Pa)a !%$e+na )"(a'an/ n%'e#. Keu)"an !%$e+ +e!'eu+ en//una$an &#u")a e!u(a

a"! 'ea/a" +ena/ana an/ $eu)"an )"(a'an/ )"#unu!$an )an )"e!" $%(!e'"

'e*"n//a !%$e+na a$an e#unu!.

 Ca+e! je+ u++"n/

Seua* je+ a"! un+u$ e%+%n/ a/"an #%/a )en/an a#"!an3'an/a+4 +"n//" +e$anan

a"!na.

 Je+"nje+%! 

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A#a+ "n" e"#"$" +e$anan 'u(e! +"n//" an/ eua+ %a+ an/a$an )"'un+"$$an

a(u e#a#u" $u#"+ +an(a (e!#u e#uan/" $u#"+.

;. Penu!unan !uu' Be!n%u##"- %en+u- )an $%n,e!'" a''a

Sua+u &#u")a e!/e!a$ )a!" +"+"$ A an/ $e+"n//"anna *1 )a!" (e!u$aan +ana*

$e +"+"$ B an/ $e+"n//"anna *2 )a!" (e!u$aan +ana*. U'a*a an/ )"#a$u$an

/aa F1 (a)a ("(a )en/an #ua' (ena(an/ a)a#a*

C F.' 'e*"n//a )")a(a+$an

C1 3(1.A14.' (1.,1. A. +

C2 3(2.A24.' (2.,2.A. +

Ma$a-

Cne++% C1C2

  (1.,1.A. + (2.,2.A +

Da!" *u$u $e$e$a#an ene!/

E E(E$ 3E(2E(14 3E$2E$14

E 3/*2/*14 3 ,22  ,124

Su'+"+u'" (e!'aaan

 (1.,1. A + (2.,2. A.+ 3/*2/*14 ,22  ,12

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A1,1A2,2 'e*"n//a A1,1+ A2,2+ V

D"'u'+"+u'"$an $ea#" a$a- (1V (2V /*2/*1 ,22  ,12

Ke)ua !ua' $"!" )an $anan )a!" (e!'aaan +e!'eu+ )"a/" )en/an V 'e*"n//a

a$an )")a(a+$an

 (1 (2 /*2 /*1 ,22  ,12

Ma''a 34 )"a/" )en/an V%#ue 3V4 e!u(a$an a''a jen"' 34 'e*"n//a

 (1 (2 3/*2/*14 3 ,22  ,124QQQQQ. 3(e!'aaan Be!n%u##"4

. G!a&"$ $%n,e!/en )an )",e!/en

K%n,e!/en e!u(a$an $%n)"'" )"ana *a!/a 'ea$"n !en)a* naun +")a$ 

)""$u+" )en/an /!a&"$ "n)"$a+%! an/ "$u+ e#ea*. Be/"+u ju/a (a)a 'aa+ *a!/a

*a!/a 'ea$"n en"n//" naun '"/na# (a)a "n)"$a+%! a#a* enunju$$an

 (e#ea*an. In" "'a )"#"*a+ )a!" %n+%* /!a&"$ )" a8a* "n" :

D",e!/ene "+u )a(a+ )"a!+"$an a!a* +!en) (a)a *a!+ e!#a8anan )en/an a!a*

+!en) (a)a MA7D a+au 'ea!a 'e)e!*ana an)#e 3#"ne *a!+4 +e!ja)" +!en) )%8n

'e)an/$an (a)a "n)"a+%! MA7D +e#a* enuju$$an a!a* na"$ 3u(4- e/"+u ju/a

'ea#"$na.

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