Tugas Kimia Dasar Imansyah

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KNALPOT MOTOR

Kali ini kita akan membahas tentang bagaimana membuat sebuah sistem

pembuangan.

Knalpot Motor

Tujuan knalpot adalah membuang semua gas sisa pembakaran di dalam

silinder. Pada mesin motor ,knalpot diseting sedemikian hingga momentum gas sisa

pembakaran dan gelombang tekanan membantu menyeruput gas bersih di intake

porting masuk ke dalam silinder Sehingga efisiensi volumetrik meningkat. Bahkan

bisa mencapai diatas 100 %. Proses overlaping yang lebar pada noken as racing dan

kekuatan langkah hisap memungkinkan semua ini terjadi.

Pembuangan pada motor juga sangat berpengaruh pada tenaga yang

dihasilkan oleh kuda besi kita. Kenaikan yang tenaga yang dihasilkan dengan

penggantian knalpot mencapai 0,5 DK atau lebih, tergantung knalpot yang kita

gunakan. Untuk itu penggunaan knalpot semi racing ataupun racing sangatberpengaruh pada tenaga yang dihasilkan. Mengapa saya bilang knalpot semi racing?

Karena pada dasarnya knalpot racing yang beredar di pasaran merupakan knalpot

yang dibuat dari spek motor standart. Tips ringan dalam memiih knalpot. Untuk anda-

anda yang suka touring sebaiknya memilih knalpot dengan ukuran silinder yang


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panjang dengan tujuan agar ruang bakar mesin tidak cepat panas. Dengan silinder

panjang RPM mesin anda tidak terlalu dipacu dan anda akan mendapatkan top speed

yang maksimal. Untuk anda yang berada di jalanan yang rapat sebiaknya memakai

knalpot dengan silender yang pendek, dengan tujuan agar akselerasi motor anda

menjadi cepat dan anda cepat dapat top speed dibandingkan dengan knalpot

bersilencer panjang, namun top speed silinder panjang lebih daripada silinder pendek.

Desaign Requirement

Fungsi : Sebagai saluran gas buang

Constrain : Tahan terhadap karat

Dapat menahan tekanan

Dapat tahan terhadap temperature tertentu

Objective : Desainnya minimalis sehingga biasa digunakan pada kendaraan

bermotor. Semurah mungkin agar dapat dijangkau oleh semua

lapisan masyarakat

Free variable : Steel

Aluminium

Knalpot Racing


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INERTIA TUNING

Disadari atau tidak, gas sisa pembakaran memiliki bobot, jadi jika kita

membuat gas bergulir maka ini akan berlanjut bahkan hingga setelah klep buangmenutup. Ketika kecepatan bertambah, waktu untuk mesin membuang gas sisa

pembakaran akan semakin singkat. Disini dibutuhkan aksi hisapan dari knalpot untuk

membantu mengosongkan silinder dengan cepat.

Knalpot AHAU pada Jupiter Z

ACOUSTICAL TUNING

Gas buang bergerak dengan pulsa tertentu. Bentuk dasar leher knalpotnya

yang menyebabkan munculnya inersia gas buang, sekarang kita harus bisa

menentukan panjang pipa serta diameter dalam pipa. Ini adalah point penting dimana

akustikal tuning berlangsung. Exhaust gas dikeluarkan dari mesin dengan kecepatan

sekitar 100 meter per detik. Tetaapi gelombang di dalam pipa knalpot mampu

menyebabkan kecepatan bertamabah hingga 500 m/s. disinilah poin desain knalpot,

bagaimana meningkatkan kemampuan cylinder scavenging dan meningkatkan

cylinder filling dengan campuran bahan bakar dan udara.


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Leher Knalpot

Setelah busi mengeluarkan percikan bunga api diruang bakar, maka akan

terjadi langkah usaha, namun ketika langkah usaha sedang berlangsung, klep buang

mulai terangkat dan gas terhisap menuju sistem pembuangan, terciptalah gelombang

tekanan yang bergulung dengan kecepatan tinggi menuju ujung pipa. Setelah gas

terbuang di atmosfer, gelombang positif berbalik dan menciptakan tekanan negatif -

hisapan- yang mundur melalui knalpot masuk ke dalam silinder.


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Aluminium alloys

DescriptionThe Material

Aluminum was once so rare and precious that the Emperor Napoleon III of France had a setof cutlery made from it that cost him more than silver. But that was 1860; today, nearly 150

years later, aluminum spoons are things you throw away - a testament to our ability to beboth technically creative and wasteful. Aluminum, the first of the 'light alloys' (withmagnesium and titanium), is the third most abundant metal in the earth's crust (after ironand silicon) but extracting it costs much energy. It has grown to be the second mostimportant metal in the economy (steel comes first), and the mainstay of the aerospaceindustry.Composition

Al + alloying elements, e.g. Mg, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn, Zr, LiImage

_Caption

Aluminum can formed both by casting and by deformation.

General propertiesDensity 2500 - 2900 kg/m^3Price 1.322e4 - 2.143e4 IDR/kg

Mechanical propertiesYoung's Modulus 68 - 82 GPaElastic Limit 30 - 500 MPaTensile Strength 58 - 550 MPaElongation 1 - 44 %Hardness - Vickers 12 - 150.5 HVEndurance Limit 21.6 - 157 MPaFracture Toughness 22 - 35 MPa.m^1/2

Thermal propertiesThermal conductor or insulator? Good conductor

Thermal Conductivity 76 - 235 W/m.KThermal Expansion 21 - 24 strain/CSpecific Heat 857 - 990 J/kg.KMelting Point 474.9 - 676.9 CMaximum Service Temperature 120 - 210 C

Electrical propertiesElectrical conductor or insulator? Good conductor

Optical propertiesTransparency Opaque

Eco propertiesProduction Energy 184 - 203 MJ/kgCO2 creation 11.6 - 12.8 kg/kgRecycle True

Supporting informationTypical uses

Aerospace engineering; automotive engineering - pistons, clutch housings, exhaustmanifolds; die cast chassis for household and electronic products; siding for buildings; foil forcontainers and packaging; beverage cans; electrical and thermal conductors.

LinksReferenceProcessUniverse


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Producers

92/8 Aluminium bronze, 1/2 hard (wrought) (UNSC61000)GeneralDesignationCopper Alloy: CuAl8(1/2h) (UNS C61000)UNS Number C61000Density 7900 - 8100 kg/m^3Price 2.33e4 - 2.383e4 IDR/kgCO2 creation * 4.6 - 5.08 kg/kgProduction Energy * 73.1 - 80.8 MJ/kgRecycle Fraction * 0.4 - 0.5TradenamesCOWLES, English manufacture (UK); AMBRALOY 928, The American Brass Co. (); HILLS-MCCANNA NO. 48, McCanna Inc. (USA); SM-3090, Svenska Metallverken A.B. (SWEDEN);CERRO W25, Cerro Manganese Bronze Limited (UK); AMPCO-TRODE 7, Ampco Metal, Inc.(USA); CUPRALINOX C, Le Bronze Industriel (FRANCE); CERRO W26, Cerro Manganese

Bronze Limited (UK); ORANIUM BRONZE M.H, Manufacturer unknown (); SEMALLOYNO. 3331, Semi-Alloys, Inc. (USA); COWLES B, American manufacture (USA); DELTA CA13,Delta (Manganese Bronze) Ltd. (UK); IMI 757, IMI plc (UK); ;

CompositionComposition (Summary)Cu/8AlBase Cu (Copper)

Al (Aluminium) 8 %


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Cu (Copper) 92 %

MechanicalBulk Modulus * 135 - 140.4 GPaCompressive Strength 230 - 250 MPaElongation 30 - 35 %

Elastic Limit 230 - 250 MPaEndurance Limit * 199 - 207 MPaFatigue Strength Model (Stress Range) * 189.4 - 217.1 MPaParameters: Stress Ratio = -1, No. of Cycles = 1e7

Fracture Toughness * 47.5 - 50 MPa.m^1/2Hardness - Vickers 130 - 140 HVIzod Toughness * 186 - 372 kJ/m^2Loss Coefficient * 6.4e-5 - 7.6e-5Modulus of Rupture 230 - 250 MPaPoisson's Ratio 0.34 - 0.35Shape Factor 28Shear Modulus * 46.3 - 48.1 GPaTensile Strength 480 - 510 MPa

Young's Modulus 125 - 130 GPa

ThermalMaximum Service Temperature 300 - 310 CMelting Point 1032 - 1045 CMinimum Service Temperature -273 CSpecific Heat 394.4 - 396.6 J/kg.KThermal Conductivity 74 - 78 W/m.KThermal Expansion 16.5 - 17.5 strain/C

ElectricalResistivity 11.5 - 13.2 ohm.cm

DurabilityFlammability Very GoodFresh Water Very GoodOrganic Solvents Very Good

Oxidation at 500C AverageSea Water Very GoodStrong Acid PoorStrong Alkalis Very GoodUV Very Good

Wear Very GoodWeak Acid GoodWeak Alkalis Very Good

NotesStandards with Similar CompositionsThe following information is taken from ASM AlloyFinder 3 - see link to References table forfurther information.DIN 2.092 (Germany)

DIN AlBz8 (Germany)DIN CuAl8 (Germany)ISO 1634 CuAl8 (Switzerland)ISO 1637 CuAl8 (Switzerland)ISO 428 CuAl8 (Switzerland)

Typical Uses


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Tubes & components for condensers; heat exchangers for brine, acids & salts; chemical &paper-making plant; chains & slings; marine equipment; non-magnetic components; coins;

jewellery; hard-facing and overlaying electrodes.Other Notes(s)=soft; (1/2 h)=half hard; (h)=hard; (xh)=extra hard; (hr) = hot rolled; (w)=soln heat-trtd;

(wh)=soln heat-trtd & work hdnd; (wp)=soln heat-trtd & precip hdnd; (whp)=precip hdndafter cold-wkng; (wph)=work hdnd after precip hdng.Reference SourcesData compiled from multiple sources. See links to the References table.

LinksReferenceShapeStructural SectionsProducersProcessUniverse

Aluminium BronzeGeneral

DesignationCopper Alloy: Aluminium BronzeDensity 7300 - 8200 kg/m^3Price 2.138e4 - 2.401e4 IDR/kgCO2 creation * 4.78 - 5.28 kg/kgProduction Energy * 75.9 - 83.9 MJ/kgRecycle Fraction * 0.4 - 0.5

CompositionComposition (Summary)Cu/5-20 AlBase Cu (Copper)

Al (Aluminium) 5 - 20 %Cu (Copper) 80 - 95 %

MechanicalBulk Modulus 109 - 145 GPaCompressive Strength 128 - 530 MPaElongation 8 - 65 %Elastic Limit 128 - 530 MPaEndurance Limit 165 - 275 MPaFracture Toughness 27 - 68 MPa.m^1/2Hardness - Vickers 87.5 - 250 HVLoss Coefficient * 1.5e-5 - 2.5e-4Modulus of Rupture 128 - 530 MPaPoisson's Ratio 0.34 - 0.35Shape Factor 26Shear Modulus 37 - 50 GPaTensile Strength 360 - 800 MPa


ThermalMaximum Service Temperature 247 - 392 CMelting Point 1036 - 1066 CMinimum Service Temperature -270 - -160 CSpecific Heat 390 - 402 J/kg.KThermal Conductivity 60 - 86 W/m.KThermal Expansion 14.5 - 19.5 strain/C


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DurabilityFlammability Very GoodFresh Water Very Good

Organic Solvents Very GoodOxidation at 500C AverageSea Water Very GoodStrong Acid PoorStrong Alkalis Very GoodUV Very Good

Wear Very GoodWeak Acid GoodWeak Alkalis Very Good

NotesTypical UsesHigh strength corrosion-resistant parts for marine and chemical use, pumps, valve gears,chains die-cast components for autos, condensers, heat exchangers for brine, acid and salts,

coins, jewelleryReference SourcesData compiled from multiple sources. See links to the References table.



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Cast magnesium alloy (AM50)GeneralDesignationMg alloy: AM50 (cast)Density 1800 - 1810 kg/m^3

Price 4.906e4 - 5.607e4 IDR/kgCO2 creation * 22.4 - 24.7 kg/kgProduction Energy * 356 - 393 MJ/kgRecycle Fraction 0.7 - 0.8

CompositionComposition (Summary)Mg/5Al/.3MnBase Mg (Magnesium)

Al (Aluminium) 5 %Mg (Magnesium) 94.7 %Mn (Manganese) 0.3 %

MechanicalBulk Modulus 33 - 40 GPa

Compressive Strength * 120 - 130 MPaElongation 6.5 - 7.5 %Elastic Limit 120 - 130 MPaEndurance Limit * 85 - 100 MPaFatigue Strength Model (Stress Range) * 84.08 - 100.4 MPaParameters: Stress Ratio = -1, No. of Cycles = 1e7

Fracture Toughness * 16 - 17 MPa.m^1/2Hardness - Vickers * 36 - 38.5 HVLoss Coefficient * 3e-3 - 8e-3Modulus of Rupture * 120 - 130 MPaPoisson's Ratio 0.3 - 0.31Shape Factor 30Shear Modulus 15 - 18 GPaTensile Strength 195 - 200 MPa


ThermalMaximum Service Temperature * 150 - 180 CMelting Point 440 - 625 CMinimum Service Temperature -273 CSpecific Heat 1050 - 1060 J/kg.KThermal Conductivity 61 - 63 W/m.KThermal Expansion 25.9 - 26.2 strain/C


DurabilityFlammability Very Good

Fresh Water Very GoodOrganic Solvents Very GoodOxidation at 500C Very PoorSea Water PoorStrong Acid PoorStrong Alkalis GoodUV Very Good

Wear AverageWeak Acid Average


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Weak Alkalis Very Good

NotesTypical UsesSeat frames, instrument panels, brackets and wheels.Reference Sources

Data compiled from multiple sources. See links to the References table.LinksReferenceShapeStructural SectionsProducersProcessUniverse

Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy, "INCOLOY 800", spr.temper wireGeneralDesignationUnified Numbering System (USA): N08800UNS Number N08800Density 7850 - 8050 kg/m^3Price 7.009e4 - 1.402e5 IDR/kgCO2 creation * 6.55 - 7.23 kg/kgProduction Energy * 104 - 115 MJ/kgRecycle Fraction * 0.7 - 0.9

CompositionComposition (Summary)


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30-35Ni/>39.5Fe/19-23Cr/


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Typical UsesHeat treating equipment; Petrochemical pyrolysis tubing and piping systems; Sheathing forelectrical heating elements; Food-processing equipment;

WarningAll nickel compounds should be regarded as toxic. Some can cause cancer and/or foetal

abnormalities.Other NotesINCOLOY is a registered tradename of the INCO group of companies.

As of September 1999 , INCONEL, INCOLOY, MONEL, NIMONIC, INCO-WELD, NILO,BRIGHTRAY, CORRONEL and UDIMET have become registered trademarks of SpecialMetals CorporationReference SourcesData compiled from multiple sources. See links to the References table.


Tugas Kimia Dasar Imansyah

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