TERMINOLOGI MEDIS II

Patologi Sistem Sirkulasi/Kardiovaskuler

By:Sarah Suzanna,drFarida Gustini, drg.

SISTEM SIRKULASI/kardiovaskuler

Terdiri atas: Jantung Darah Pembuluh darah

Aorta Vena (pembuluh darah balik) Arteri (pemb. darah nadi) Venula Arteriola Kapiler

Lanjut…st.kardiovaskuler Sistem kardiovaskuler berfungsi mengedarkan darah ke

seluruh tubuh, membawa oksigen dan gizi ke semua jaringan tubuh dan mengangkut semua zat buangan

JANTUNG1. Dindingnya terdiri atas 3 lapis yaitu:Perikardium, merupakan selaput pembungkus jantungMiokardium, merupakan otot jantungEndokardium, merupakan selaput yang membatasi ruangan jantung

2. Ruangan jantung:Jantung mempunyai 4 ruangan jantung yaitu :a. 2 serambi (atrium) yaitu atrium sinister / kiri dan atrium dekster / kananb. 2 bilik (ventrikel) yaitu vebtrikel sinister / kiri dan ventrikel dekster / kanan

jantung3. Klep jantungAntara ruang jantung dihubungkan oleh klep atau katub jantung seperti:1. valvula trikuspidalis = klep jantung berdaun tiga yang terletak antara atrium kanan dengan ventrikel kanan

2. Valvula bicuspidalis = klep jantung berdaun dua, terletak antara atrium kiri dengan ventrikel kiriJantung juga memiliki korda tendinae yaitu urat jantung yang menjaga katup (klep)jantung mendapat makanan dan O2 dari nadi tajuk (arteri coronaria)

Otot jantung termasuk otot involunter yang bekerja di luar kendali sistem koordinasi.

jantung Kelistrikan jantung

1.S.A node sbg pemicu timbulnya aksi potensial (pace maker). Terletak di dinding anterior RA berdekatan dengan tempat masuknya vena cava sup.2.A.V node terletak pada septum atrium bagian kanan dan sedikit posterior katup triskupidalis/ dekat muara sinus koronarius 3.Berkas His, lanjutan dari AV node, merupakan penghubung fungsional antara otot atrium dan ventrikel, kemudian bercabang menjadi left and right bundle branch. Kemudian ke serat-serat purkinye yang berada di sel-sel miokardium.

jantung

Jantung berfungsi sebagai pompa darah ke seluruh tubuh

Dari seluruh tubuh, darah mengalir vena cava superior dan inferior right atrium, right ventrikel melalui tricucpidalis valve, yang memompa darah ke arteri pulmonalis menuju paru. Pada paru terjadi proses pertukaran gas sehingga darah yang teroksigenasi vena pulmonalis left atrium left ventrikel melalui mitral valve darah dipompa ke aorta ke seluruh tubuh.

Pembuluh darah

Pembuluh darah merupakan keseluruhan sistem peredaran (sistem kardiovaskuler) terdiri dari arteri, arteriola, kapiler, venula dan vena.

Pembuluh arteri berdinding tebal, berotot, dan elastis untuk menahan tingginya tekanan darah yang dipompa dari jantung.

Vena yang membawa darah kembali ke jantung, berdinding lebih tipis dan mudah teregang, memungkinkannya mengembang dan membawa darah berjurnlah besar saat tubuh sedang beristirahat. Dinding dalam pada banyak vena mempunyai lipatan yang berperan sebagai katup searah untuk mencegah darah bergerak ke arah yang salah.

Roots yang berhubungan dengan St.Kardiovaskuler dan Limfatik

Root Arti Contoh Pengertian contoh

Cardi/o Jantung cardiomyopathy

any disease of the heart muscle

Atri/o Atrium, serambi

atriotomy surgical incision of an atrium

Ventricul/o Ventrikel, ruang, bilik

supraventricular

above a ventricle

Valv/o , Valvul/o

Valve , katup valvectomy surgical removal of a valve

Roots for the Blood VesselsRoot Meaning Example Meaning of

exampleangi/o vessel Angiopath

yany disease of blood vessels

vas/o, vascul/o

vessel, duct, pembuluh darah

Vasodilation

widening of a blood vessel

arter/o, arteri/o

Artery Endarterial within an artery

arteriol/o Arteriol Arteriolar pertaining to an arteriole

aort/o Aorta Aortoptosis

downward displacement of the aorta

ven/o, ven/i Vein, vena Venous pertaining to a veinphleb/o Vein, vena Phlebectas

iadilatation of a vein

Terminology Meaninganeurysm A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an

artery,caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst

angina pectoris A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate tothe left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused byinsufficient blood supply to the heart

atherosclerosis The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining ofarteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vesselwall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of thearteries). Root ather/o means “porridge” or “gruel.”

bradycardia A slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minutecerebrovascularaccident (CVA)

Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow.Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhagefrom a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke.

clubbing Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth ofthe soft tissue around the nails . Seen in a variety ofdiseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation.

cyanosis Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins

Terminology Meaningdiaphoresis Profuse sweatingdissecting aneurysm

An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separatesthe layers. Usually involves the aorta

dyslipidemia Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in developmentof atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids),hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), hypertriglyceridemia (hightriglycerides)

dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing (-pnea)edema Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of

excess fluid.Causes include cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure, inflammation,and malnutrition.

embolism Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carriedin the circulation

fibrillation Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers,as in the atria or the ventricles

Terminology Meaningheart block An interference in the conduction system of the

heart resulting inarrhythmia

heart failure A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequatecirculation of blood

hemorrhoid A varicose vein in the rectumhypertension A condition of higher-than-normal blood

pressure. Essential (primary,idiopathic) hypertension has no known cause

infarct An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockageor a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area

ischemia Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation(root hem/o)

murmur An abnormal heart sound

Terminology Meaningmyocardial infarction (MI)

Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting fromblockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area.Myocardial infarction is usually caused by formation of a thrombus(clot) in a vessel

occlusion A closing off or obstruction, as of a vesselphlebitis Inflammation of a veinplaque A patch. With regard to the cardiovascular system,

a deposit of fattymaterial and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes bloodflow and may block the vessel. Atheromatous plaque.

rheumatic heart disease

Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus(group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced inresponse to the infection produce scarring of the valves, usually themitral valve.

Terminology Meaningshock Circulatory failure resulting in inadequate supply of

blood to theheart. Cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure; hypovolemicshock is caused by a loss of blood volume; septic shock is caused bybacterial infection

stenosis Constriction or narrowing of an openingstroke See cerebrovascular accidentsyncope A temporary loss of consciousness caused by

inadequate blood flowto the brain; fainting

tachycardia An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 beats per minute

thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot

thrombosis Development of a blood clot within a vesselthrombus A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel (root

thromb/o)

Terminology

Meaning

varicose vein

A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves,pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel (root varic/o);also called varix (VAR-iks) or varicosity

angioplasty A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow.Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating aballoon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep thevessel open.

artificial pacemaker

A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulatethe beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may bedesigned to respond to need, and may have the capacity to preventtachycardia

cardioversion

Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplishedpharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application ofelectric current (see defibrillation)

coronary angiography

Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of anopaque dye by means of a catheter

coronary arterybypass graft (CABG)

Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. Theaorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vesselor a piece of another vessel, usually the saphenous vein of the leg orthe left internal mammary artery

Terminology Meaningdefibrillation Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop

fibrillation by deliveringa brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be deliveredto the surface of the chest or be delivered directly to the heartthrough wire leads.

echocardiography (ECG)

A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internalcardiac structures

electrocardiography

Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes

lipoprotein A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified accordingto density as very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), andhigh density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlatedwith health of the cardiovascular system.

percutaneoustransluminal coronaryangioplasty (PTCA)

Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheterinserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against theartery wall

Gagal jantung (Heart failure)

Definisi : suatu keadaan patofisiologi berupa kelainan fungsi jantung sehingga jantung tidak mampu memompa darah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan metabolisme jaringan

Faktor predisposisi :- Penurunan fungsi ventrikel (penyakit arteri koroner, Hipertensi, Kardiomiopati, penyakit pembuluh darah atau penyakit jantung kongenital)

Faktor pencetus : - peningkatan asupan garam. Ketidakpatuhan menjalani pengobatan anti gagal jantung, IMA, hipertensi, aritmia akut, infeksi, emboli paru, anemia, tirotoksikosis, kehamilan, endokarditis infektif

Infarc miocard acute Nekrosis otot jantung (miokardium)

akibat gangguan aliran darah ke otot jantung

Angina pectoris

Suatu sindrom klinis berupa serangan sakit dada yang khas menjalar ke lengan kiri yang timbul pada saat melakukan aktivitas dan segera menghilang saat aktivitas dihentikan

Dibagi menjadi 2:a. Stable Angina Pectorisb. Unstable Angina Pectoris

Penyakit jantung hipertensif Hipertrofi ventrikel kiri sebagai

akibat dari peningkatan tahanan pembuluh darah perifer dan peningkatan beban pada ventrikel kiri

Insufisiensi Mitral Katup jantung tidak

bisa menutup sempurna pada waktu sistolik

Stenosis Mitral Adanya fibrosis dan

fusi komisura katup mitral pada waktu fase penyembuhan demam rematik

Stenosis Aorta Insufisiensi Aorta

Endokarditis Infektifpenyakit infeksi oleh mikroorganisme pada endokardium atau katup jantung

Demam Rematik Akutsuatu penyakit sistemik akut atau kronik yang dapat sembuh sendiri dan menimbulkan kecacatan pada katup jantung secara lambat

Penyakit Jantung Rematikpenyakit yang ditandai dengan kerusakan pada katup jantung akibat serangan karditis rheumatik akut yang berulang-ulangDRA adalah merupakan penyakit yang terjadi sesudah infeksi Streptococcus beta hemolyticus

Kor PulmonalPenyakit paru dengan hipertrofi atau dilatasi ventrikel kanan akibat gangguan fungsi atau struktur paru

KardiomiopathiKelainan otot jantung yang diketahui sebabnya

Kardiomiopathi dilatasi/kongestifpenyakit miokard yang ditandai dengan dilatasi ruangan-ruangan jantung dan gagal jantung kongestif akibat berkurangnya fungsi pompa sistolik secara progresif serta peningkatan volume akhir diastolik dan sistolik

Kardiomiopathi Hipertrofik: terjadi pembesaran Septum interventrikuler secara berlebihan sehingga aliran darah keluar dari ventrikel kiri terhambat

Kardiomiopathi restriktifkelainan komposisi miokardium sehingga lebih kaku menyebabkan pengisian ventrikel kiri terganggu mengurangi curah jantung dan meningkatkan tekanan pengisian ventrikel kiri

Perikarditisperadangan perikardium parietal, perikardium viseral, atau keduanya. Terbagi atas perikarditis akut dan kronis

Perikarditis Kronik konstriktifpenebalan difus perikardium akibat inflamasi yang terjadi sebelumnya sehingga luas jantung berkurang curah jantung berkurang tekanan pengisian meningkat

Tamponade Jantung:terjadi pengumpulan cairan di perikardium dalam jumlah yang cukup untuk menghambat aliran darah ke ventrikel

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