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(d) Strengthens austenitic stainless steels.

(e) Enhances pitting resistance of austenitic stainless steels.

5.17 Phosporus (P)

(a) Increases strength and hardness, but severely decreases ductility andtoughness.

(b) Increases susceptibility to teper ebrittleent.

! Iproves achinability of "o# carbon free cutting steels.

(d) Iproves atospheric corrosion resistance.

5.1$ Seleniu (Se)

(a) Iproves achinability.

5.1% Silicon (Si)

(a) &sed as a deo'idier.

(b) Slightly increases the strength of ferrite, #ithout causing a serious loss of

ductility.

! Increases hardenability oderately.

(d) etards the rate of softening during tepering.

(e) Increases high teperature o'idation resistance.

(f) &sed as an alloying eleent in electrical and agnetic sheet steels.

(g) Increases susceptibility to decarburiation and graphitiation.

5.*+ Sulphur (S)

(a) ecreases transverse ductility and toughness, but has only a slight e-ect on

longitudinal echanical properties.

(b) Iproves achinability.

! Ipairs #eldability and has an adverse e-ect on surface uality.

5.*1 /elluriu (/e)

(a) Iproves achinability.

5.** /in (Sn)

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(a) Increases susceptibility to teper ebrittleent.

(b) 0arful to steels for deep dra#ing.

5.* /itaniu (/i)

(a) Inhibits austenite grain gro#th. 0o#ever, it is useful only in fully 2illed(aluuniu deo'idied) steels because of its strong deo'idiing e-ect.

(b) ecreases susceptibility to strain ageing.

! enders stainless steels alost iune to intergranular precipitation of

chroiu carbides and its adverse e-ect on corrosion resistance.

5.*3 /ungsten (4)

(a) Increases hardenability strongly in sall uantities.

(b) Inhibits grain gro#th.

! Increases #ear resistance.

(d) Increases high teperature strength and hot hardness.

5.*5 anadiu ()

(a) Inhibits austenite grain gro#th.

(b) Increases hardenability strongly #hen dissolved.

! Strengthens steels by precipitation hardening and grain re6neent.

(d) &sed as an alloying eleent in nitriding steels.

(e) Increases #ear resistance.

() Increases high teperature strength and hot hardness.

5.*8 9irconiu (9r)

(a) :ontrols the shape of anganies sulphide inclusions, causing the inclusions to

be spherical rather than elongated.

(b) Inhibits austenite grain gro#th.

eferensi

1. ;S< 0andboo2, vol. 1, ;S< Internasional,

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. .> Pic2ering (Ed.). :onstitution and Properties of Steels, vol.7,