Simple past1

46
SIMPLE P AST & PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Dyah Darma Andayani

description

simple past

Transcript of Simple past1

Page 1: Simple past1

SIMPLE PAST & PRESENT PERFECT

TENSE

Dyah Darma Andayani

Page 2: Simple past1

PAST TENSES

Part I

Page 3: Simple past1

PENDAHULUAN

The simple past tense digunakan untuk

membicarakan tentang aktivitas-aktivitas yang

terjadi pada satu waktu tertentu di masa lalu.

Bentuk ini dinyatakan dengan menggunakan

kata cara pewaktuan (a time adverb).

The simple past dituliskan dengan sebuah verb

ditambah dengan akhiran -ed pada bentuk

regular verb tetapi adapula yang memiliki

penulisan yang berbeda dengan bentuk simple

nya( irregular verb forms).

Pola : [VERB+ed] or irregular verb

Page 4: Simple past1

To be

Statements

+

To be

Statements

-

Questions ?

I was. I wasn't. Was I?

He was. He wasn't. Was he?

She was. She wasn't. Was she?

It was. It wasn't. Was it?

You were. You weren't. Were you?

We were. We weren't. Were we?

They were. They weren't. Were they?

Page 5: Simple past1

Regular Verb

(to work)

Statements

+

Regular Verb

(to work)

Statements

-

QuestionsShort answer

+

Short answer

-

I worked. I didn't work. Did I work? Yes, I did. No, I didn't.

He worked. He didn't work. Did he work? Yes, he did. No, he didn't.

She worked. She didn't work. Did she work? Yes, she did. No, she didn't.

It worked. It didn't work. Did it work? Yes, it did. No, it didn't.

You worked. You didn't work. Did you work? Yes you did. No, you didn't.

We worked. We didn't work. Did we work? Yes we did. No, we didn't.

They worked. They didn't work. Did they work? Yes they did. No, they didn't.

Page 6: Simple past1

PENGGUNAAN 1 : AKTIFITAS-AKTIFITAS

KESELURUHAN TERJADI DI MASA LAMPAU

Gunakan the Simple Past untuk mengekspresikan ide

bahwa kegiatan-kegiatan yang dilakukan terjadi dan

selesai pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Kadang-

kadang, pembicara tidak menyebutkan waktu yang

spesifik tetapi dalam kalimatnya tersirat waktu yang

dimaksudkan oleh pembicara.

Page 7: Simple past1

Contoh:

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car.

He didn't wash his car.

Page 8: Simple past1

PENGGUNAAN 2 : AKTIVITAS-AKTIVITAS

SERIAL YANG TERJADI DI MASA LAMPAU

Kita menggunakan the Simple Past untuk mengurutkan

serial aktivitas yang terjadi secara keseluruhan di masa

lampau. Aktivitas ini terjadi secara berurutan pertama,

kedua, ketiga, keempat dan seterusnya.

Page 9: Simple past1

Contoh:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice

place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the

hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the

eggs?

Page 10: Simple past1

PENGGUNAAN 3 : DURASI TERJADI DI MASA

LAMPAU

The Simple Past dapat digunakan dengan durasi yang

dimulai dan selesai di masa lampau. Durasi adalah

aktifitas yang lebih lama dan sering diindikasikan dengan

ekspresi seperti : for two years, for five minutes, all day,

all year, etc.

Page 11: Simple past1

Contoh:

I lived in Brazil for two years.

Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

They sat at the beach all day.

They did not stay at the party the entire time.

We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

A: How long did you wait for them?

B: We waited for one hour.

Page 12: Simple past1

PENGGUNAAN 4 : KEBIASAAN DI MASA

LAMPAU

The Simple Past dapat pula digunakan untuk menggambarkan kebiasaan yang biasa dikerjakan dan berhenti pula di masa lampau. Penggunaan ini memiliki arti yang sama dengan penggunaan kata "used to." Untuk memperjelas tentang kebiasaan tersebut maka biasanya dalam penggunaan ditambahkan ekspresi-ekspresi sbb : always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Page 13: Simple past1

Contoh:

I studied French when I was a child.

He played the violin.

He didn't play the piano.

Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

She worked at the movie theater after school.

They never went to school, they always skipped class.

Page 14: Simple past1

PENGGUNAAN 5 : FAKTA ATAU GENERALISASI

PADA MASA LAMPAU

The Simple Past juga dapat digunakan untuk

menggambarkan sesuatu yang terjadi fakta atau

generalisasi pada masa lampau yang tidak lagi benar di

masa sekarang. Sebagaimana pada penggunaan 4,

penggunaan the Simple Past juga mirip dengan ekspresi

"used to."

Page 15: Simple past1

Contoh:

She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

He didn't like tomatoes before.

Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the

past.

Page 16: Simple past1

KLAUSA WHEN

Klausa adalah sekelompok kata yang memiliki arti

tapi seringkali bukan merupakan sebuah kalimat

lengkap. Beberapa klausa mulai dengan kata

"when" misalnya "when I dropped my pen...“ atau

"when class began..." Klausa-klausa ini disebut

klausa -when (when-clauses), dan klausa ini sangat

penting dalam bahasa Inggris. Contoh :

When I paid her one dollar, she answered my

question.

She answered my question when I paid her one

dollar.

Page 17: Simple past1

When-clauses penting karena bentuk ini selalu terjadi

terlebih dahulu ketika dua klausa berada pada masa

lampau. Kedua contoh di atas memiliki arti yang sama:

first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my

question. Tidaklah penting kalau kalimat "when I paid her

one dollar" berada pada awal atau akhir dari kalimat.

Tetapi, contoh di bawah memiliki arti yang berbeda dari

kalimat : First, she answered my question, and then, I

paid her one dollar.

Contoh:

I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

Page 18: Simple past1

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Contoh:

Tom repaired the car. Active

The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

Penjelasan :

1. The simple past tense diekpresikan dengan

bentuk past verb.

My grandfather died last year. (Correct)

My grandfather was died last year. (Incorrect)

My grandfather has died last year. (Incorrect)

Page 19: Simple past1

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Kita menggunakan bentuk the past continuous tense untuk mendeskripsikan aktifitas-aktifitas pada masa lampau pada suatu perioda waktu.

Contoh:

Q) "What were they doing yesterday?" A) "They were working all day."

Page 20: Simple past1

Bentuk ini dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan apa

yang sedang dikerjakan seseorang pada waktu tertentu

di masa lampau.

Contoh:

Q) "What were you doing at 7.30 last night?" A) "I was

watching television."

The past continuous juga dapat digunakan untuk

memperlihatkan sebuah aktifitas yang berlangsung rutin

pada perioda waktu

Q) "What did you do on holiday?" A) "I went skiing a lot."

Page 21: Simple past1

Seringkali bentuk the past continuous digabungkan

dengan penggunaan the past simple untuk

memperlihatkan apa yang sedang terjadi ketika aktifitas

lainnya terjadi. The past continuous merujuk pada

kejadian yang lebih lama periodanya dan bentuk the

simple past merujuk pada kejadian yang

mengiterupsinya.

Contoh:

"I was driving to work when I crashed my car."

atau

As I was driving to work, I crashed my car."

Page 22: Simple past1

BEBERAPA MASALAH PADA BENTUK THE

PAST TENSE

1. Menggunakan bentuk the present tense ketika

bentuk past tense seharusnya digunakan.

Last week, Tonya fix her neighbor's car. (Tidak

Benar)

Last week, Tonya fixed her neighbor's car. (Benar)

2. Menggunakan "was" dengan verbs pada the past

tense.

It was happened one night in September. (Tidak

Benar)

It happened one night in September. (Benar)

Page 23: Simple past1

Perhatikan penggunaan the past tense pada cerita berikut

ini :

Yesterday Mrs. Hubbard had a very rough day. In the

morning, she went to the kitchen and looked in the

cupboard for some food for her dog, but the cupboard was

empty. Her poor dog stared up at her with its hungry eyes,

and she knew she had to do something quickly. She

hurried to the grocery store to buy some dog food, but

unfortunately the store was out of her dog's favorite brand,

so she had to catch a bus downtown. After buying the food,

she waited for a half hour in the rain to get a taxi. When

she finally got home, her dog was sound asleep on the

living room sofa.

Page 24: Simple past1

EXERCISE

Part 1. Change the verbs in the following sentence into past tense.

1. Yesterday, I go to the restaurant with a client.

2. We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking space.

3. When we arrive at the restaurant, the place is full.

4. The waitress asks us if we have reservations.

5. I say, "No, my secretary forgets to make them."

6. The waitress tells us to come back in two hours.

7. My client and I slowly walk back to the car.

8. Then we see a small grocery store.

9. We stop in the grocery store and buy some sandwiches.

10. That is better than waiting for two hours.

Page 25: Simple past1

Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:

1. Last night, Samantha have pizza for supper.

2. My pet lizard was died last month.

3. Yesterday I spend two hours cleaning my living room.

4. This morning before coming to class, Jack eats two

bowls of cereal.

5. What was happened to your leg?

Page 26: Simple past1

CONVERSATION PRACTICE

1. Tell your partner or classmates what you did yesterday. Remember to use past tense.

Example,

Yesterday, I went to the mall. I bought some shorts and a baseball cap.I spent almost $20.

2. Ask your partner what he/she did last weekend. Respond with related questions.

For example,

What did you do last Saturday?I stayed home and cleaned my room.Did you do anything fun?Not really.

3. Tell about a childhood experience.

One day, when I was about 7 years old, there was a knock on our door. When I opened the door, I saw that nobody was there. I felt something was wrong, so I called my mother. . .

Page 27: Simple past1

PRESENT PERFECT

Part 2

Page 28: Simple past1

PENDAHULUAN

The present perfect simple tense digunakan untuk

membicarakan sesuatu yang terjadi pada masa

lampau, dimana memiliki arti yang sangat kuat

pada masa sekarang.

Kita membentuk the present perfect simple dengan

menggunakan the auxilliary verb have/has dan the

regular verb dengan akhiran -ed (the past

participle)

Pola : [has/have + past participle]

Page 29: Simple past1

Statements

+

Statements

-Questions

Short answer

+

Short answer

-

I've worked. I haven't worked. Have I worked? Yes, I have. No, I haven't.

He's worked.He hasn't

worked.Has he worked? Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.

She's worked.She hasn't

worked.Has she worked? Yes, she has. No, she hasn't.

It's worked. It hasn't worked. Has it worked? Yes, it has. No, it hasn't.

You've worked.You haven't

worked.

Have you

worked?Yes you have. No, you haven't.

We've worked.We haven't

worked.

Have we

worked?Yes we have. No, we haven't.

They've worked.They haven't

worked.

Have they

worked?Yes they have. No, they haven't.

Page 30: Simple past1

PENGGUNAAN 1 : WAKTU YANG TIDAK TENTU

SEBELUM MASA SEKARANG

Kita menggunakan the Present Perfect untuk mengatakan bahwa sebuah aktifitas terjadi pada masa yang tidak tentu sebelum sekarang. Waktu yang tepat tidaklah penting. Kita tidak dapat menggunakan the Present Perfect dengan ekspresi pewaktuan tertentu seperti: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. Kita DAPAT menggunakan the Present Perfect dengan ekspresi yang tidak spesifik seperti: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Page 31: Simple past1

Contoh:

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

People have traveled to the Moon.

People have not traveled to Mars.

Have you read the book yet?

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

Page 32: Simple past1

BAGAIMANA PENGGUNAAN THE PRESENT PERFECT?

Konsep “waktu tak tentu/spesifik” kadangkala

sangat membingungkan bagi orang yang sedang

belaar Bahasa Inggris. Sangatlah baik untuk

menghubungkan Present Perfect dengan topik-

topik berikut:

1. Pengalaman (Experience)

2. Perubahan waktu (Change Over Time)

3. Ketuntasan (Accomplishment)

4. Aktifitas yang diharapkan tapi tidak selesai

5. Beberapa aktifitas pada waktu yang berbeda.

Page 33: Simple past1

TOPIK 1 : PENGALAMAN (EXPERIENCE)

Kita dapat menggunakan the Present Perfect untuk

menggambarkan pengalaman kita. Hal ini sama

dengan mengatakan, "I have the experience of..."

Kita juga dapat menggunakan tense ini untuk

menyatakan bahwa kita tidak pernah mengalami

suatu pengalaman tertentu. The Present Perfect

tidak digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan kejadian-

kejadian tertentu.

Page 34: Simple past1

Contoh:

I have been to France.Kalimat ini menyatakan bahwa anda sudah memiliki pengalaman di Perancis. Mungkin anda sudah kesana sekali, atau beberapa kali.

I have been to France three times.Anda dapat menambahkan beberapa kali pengalaman terjadi pada akhir kalimat.

I have never been to France.Kalimat ini menyatakan bahwa anda tidak memiliki pengalaman sama sekali untuk pergi ke Perancis.

I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.

A: Have you ever met him?B: No, I have not met him.

Page 35: Simple past1

TOPIK 2 : PERUBAHAN WAKTU

Kita dapat menggunakan the Present Perfect untuk membicarakan perubahan yang terjadi pada perioda waktu tertentu.

Contoh:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

Page 36: Simple past1

TOPIK 3 : KETUNTASAN

(ACCOMPLISHMENTS)

Kita sering menggunakan the Present Perfect untuk

membuat daftar ketuntasan individu dan manusia.

Kita tidak dapat menyebutkan waktu tertentu.

Contoh:

Man has walked on the Moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.

Page 37: Simple past1

TOPIK 4 : AKTIFITAS YANG DIHARAPKAN TAPI

TIDAK SELESAI

Kita sering menggunakan the Present Perfect untuk

menyatakan sebuah aktifitas yang kita harapkan tapi

tidak terjadi. Menggunakan the Present Perfect

menyatakan bahwa kita sedang menunggu sebuah

aktifitas akan terjadi.

Contoh:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can

communicate.

Bill has still not arrived.

The rain hasn't stopped.

Page 38: Simple past1

TOPIK 5 : BEBERAPA AKTIFITAS PADA WAKTU

YANG BERBEDA.

Kita juga dapat menggunakan the Present Perfect untuk membicarakan tentang beberapa aktifitas berbeda yang terjadi pada masa lampau pada waktu yang berbeda pula. Present Perfect mengindikasikan bahwa proses kejadian tidak selesai dan beberapa aktifitas lain juga dimungkinkan.

Contoh:

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Page 39: Simple past1

EKSPRESI PEWAKTUAN DENGAN PRESENT

PERFECT

Ketika kita menggunakan the Present Perfect, ini berarti

bahwa sesuatu telah terjadi pada satu masa dalam

kehidupan kita sebelum masa sekarang. Ingatlah, bahwa

waktu tepatnya terjadi kejadian tersebut tidaklah penting.

Page 40: Simple past1

Kadang-kadang, kita ingin membatasi waktu yang

sedang dibicarakan untuk sebuah pengalaman. Kita

dapat melakukan hal ini dengan ekpresi-ekspresi seperti

: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month,

so far, up to now, etc.

Page 41: Simple past1

Contoh:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

They have had three tests in the last week.

She graduated from university less than three years ago.

She has worked for three different companies so far.

My car has broken down three times this week.

Page 42: Simple past1

Catatan :

Kata "Last year" dan "in the last year" adalah berbeda dalam pengertian. "Last year" berarti tahun sebelum saat sekarang, dan dianggap sebagai suatu masa tertentu sehingga perlu menggunakan bentuk Simple Past. "In the last year“ berarti dari 365 hari yang lalu sampai sekarang. Pada bentuk ini tidak diperhitungkan sebagai satu spesifik waktu, sehingga perlu menggunakan bentuk Present Perfect.

Contoh:

I went to Mexico last year.Saya pergi ke Mexico pada satu tahun kalendar sebelum sekarang.

I have been to Mexico in the last year.Saya berada di Meksiko paling sedikit sekali dalam waktu tertentu antara 365 hari yang lalu dan sekarang.

Page 43: Simple past1

PENGGUNAAN 2 : DURASI DARI MASA

LAMPAU SAMPAI SEKARANG (NON-

CONTINUOUS VERBS)

Karena bentuk Non-Continuous Verbs dan non-continuous dengan menggunakan Mixed Verbs, Kita menggunakan the Present Perfect untuk memperlihatkan bahwa sesuatu dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai saat ini. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," dan "since Tuesday" kesemuanya adalah durasi waktu dimana kita dapat menggunakan bentuk the Present Perfect.

Page 44: Simple past1

Contoh:

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Meskipun pada bentuk Present Perfect di atas umumnya

tidak dibatasi pada penggunaan bentuk Non-Continuous

Verbs dan non-continuous sebagai Mixed Verbs, kata

"live," "work," "teach," dan "study" kadangkala digunakan

dalam bentuk ini meskipun kata-kata ini bukan merupakan

bentuk Non-Continuous Verbs.

Page 45: Simple past1

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Contoh:

Many tourists have visited that castle. Active

That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Passive

Page 46: Simple past1

EXERCISE

Read the situations and write sentences. Choose one of the following :

Arrive, break, go up, improve, lose, grow

1. Mike is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He.....

2. Margaret can’t walk and her leg is in plaster. She.....

3. Maria’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is much better. Her English.....

4. Tin didn’t have a beard. Now he has a beard. His beard....

5. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. The letter....

6. Last week the fare was 8o pence. Now it is 90. The currency....