Siklus Bahan Bakar Nuklir
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Physics Study ProgramFaculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitut Teknologi Bandung
FI-4241Topik Khusus Fisika Reaktor
Siklus Bahan Bakar NuklirAbdul Waris, Ph.D
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Siklus Bahan Bakar Nuklir Siklus bahan bakar nuklir (nuclear fuel cycle)
mencakup produksi, penggunaan, dan pembuangan bahan-bahan nuklir
Dalam banyak tahapan dari siklus bahan bakar, proses dan teknologi untuk menghasilkan bahan fisi untuk tujuan sipil dan militer secara esensi adalah sama
Oleh karena ada beberapa tahap dalam siklus bahan bakar dimana bahan nuklir dapat dialihkan dari maksud damai ke pembuatan senjata nuklir
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Siklus Bahan Bakar NuklirKomponen SBBN: Uranium Mining and
Milling Conversion to UF6
Enrichment Fuel Fabrication Power Reactors Waste repository Reproccesing &
Recycling
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Siklus Bahan Bakar Nuklir
Natural Uranium & Thorium
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Siklus Bahan Bakar Nuklir …Siklus bahan bakar nuklir bisa dibagi menjadi dua
bagian: Front-end fuel cycle Back-end fuel cycle Front-end fuel cycle mencakup proses-proses
mulai dari mining hingga fuel loading ke dalam reaktor. Siklus ini bisa dipandang sudah sangat establish
Back-end fuel cycle mencakup seluruh proses setelah bahan bakar sisa (spent fuel) dikeluarkan dari reaktor. Siklus ini merupakan tantangan tersendiri bagi para nuclear scientists & engineers
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Siklus bahan bakar nuklir
Pilihan untuk back-end fuel cycle secara umum dibagi 2 jenis.
Once-through fuel cycle (OTC) Recycling fuel cycle
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
“Once-Through” Fuel Cycle
Mill Conversion EnrichmentFuel
Fabrication
Reactor
Mine
Spent Fuel StorageDisposal
Uranium
Plutonium
Rad Waste
Spent Fuel Storage
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Reprocessing Fuel Cycle
Mill Conversion EnrichmentFuel
Fabrication
ReactorReprocessing
Mine
Spent Fuel StorageDisposal
Uranium
Plutonium
Rad Waste
(MOX)
Reprocessing
Spent Fuel Storage
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Nuclear Fuel Cycle with Reprocessing
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Multiple recycling of Pu with Minor Actinides (MA) in Liquid Metal-cooled Fast Reactor (LMFR) with ‘Closed
Fuel Cycle’ (presented by JNC, CEA & IAEA)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Siklus bahan bakar nuklir bisa menjadi sangat kompleks
Material nuklir memiliki potensi untuk digunakan dalam keperluan sipil maupun militer.
Siklus bahan bakar dapat melibatkan sejumlah negara.
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Pengalihan Penggunaan ke Senjata Nuklir
Mill Conversion EnrichmentFuel
Fabrication
ReactorReprocessing
Weapons Fabrication
Mine
Spent Fuel StorageDisposal
Uranium
Plutonium
Rad WasteSpent Fuel
Storage
Reprocessing
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Siklus Produksi Senjata NuklirSiklus Produksi Senjata Nuklir
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
LLW 1,000 drums26 MT U0.95 MT FP0.27 MT Ac
0.24 MT Pu
TRU/LLW
< 0.26 MT U0.95 MT FP0.27 MT Ac
~ 1 MT URa, ThMill tailings U7%
Th-230 100%, Ra 98%Airborne Rn
0.2% U3O8= 181 MT U
167 MT
26 MT
100,000MT ore
165 MT(0.3%U-235)
~ 0.5 MT U
27.5 MT
27.3 MT
~0.2 MT U
1 GWe, LWR, 1 yearReprocessing schemeThermal efficiency 0.325Capacity factor 0.8
Siklus BBN & Pembentukan Limbah Nuklir
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
High-Level WasteSite Volume (103 m3) Activity (MCi)
Hanford 233.5 339.9
Savannah River
126.5 502.2
INEEL 11.2 49.3
West Valley 2.2 24.1
Total 373.4 915.5
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
HLW Generation
• For 1 GWe•year– Spent fuel: ~ 30 MT– FPs + Actinides: ~ 1 MT– HLLW: 15 ~ 30 m3
– Borosilicate glass: ~ 3 m3
– 150-liter canister:~ 30
• For 30 ~ 40 reactors: ~ 1,000 canisters/year
• For ~ 40 years: 40,000 canisters/repository
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Radioactivity of HLW
• Fission Products– Sr-90, Cs-135, I-129,
Tc-99, ...
• Actinides + U– Am-243, Am-241, Np-
237, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-242, Cm-245, Cm-244, ...
• Activated materials– H-3, C-14, Zr-95, Ni-
63, Fe-55, Co-60, ...
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel
Step 1: Decladding and Chopping
Step 2: Dissolution into HNO3
Step 3: Extraction of U and Puby Tri Butyl Phosphate(TBP)
Step 4: Pu Recovery from TBPto Aqueous phase
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Geological Underground Repository
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Yucca Mountain
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Engineered Barrier System
• Waste solid– To limit leaching of radionuclides to groundwater
• Metal canister, overpack– To prevent waste forms contacting groundwater– In oxygen-depleted environment, some metal canister generates hydrogen by
corrosion, and keeps the environment reducing.– By corrosion, metal canister swells, and groundwater movement through EBS
becomes more difficult.
• Buffer material– To make sure that water movement is negligibly slow in this domain.– To settle and maintain the position of the waste form– To retard radionuclides released from waste forms– To fill gaps between the waste form and the surrounding host rock and to seal
cracks in the host rock (self-sealing capability)– To control temperature increases in EBS caused by the decay heat of radionuclides– To maintain a proper pH and redox potential in pore water of the buffer material
(chemical buffering)– To buffer the stress due to the deformation of surrounding host rock as well as the
accumulation of corrosion products of metal canister (stress buffering effects)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Risk of terrorism(new challenge to industry)
9/11 jetpassed nearIndian Point
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Referensi
R. G. Cochran and N. Tsoulfanidis, “The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Analysis and Management”, ANS, 1999
W. Marshall, “Nuclear Power Technology Vol. 2 Fuel Cycle”, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1983
P.D. Wilson, “The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: From Ore to Waste”, Oxford, 2001
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Siklus Bahan Bakar Nuklir
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Uranium & Plutonium Recycling
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S