Sejarah Mikrobiologi Dan Bidang2 Mikrobiologi

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History of Microbiology Image: Drawing of Death Bringing Cholera in From the Virtual Microiolog! Cla""room on #cienceProf$nline%com

Transcript of Sejarah Mikrobiologi Dan Bidang2 Mikrobiologi

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History of

Microbiology

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Spontaneous Generation Debate

&he elief in the "'ontaneou"generation of life from nonli(ingmatter wa" intro)uce) !Aristotle, who li(e) aroun) *+BC%

-ccor)ing to -ri"totle, it wa":

. rea)il! o"er(ale that a'hi)" ari"e from the )ewwhich fall" on 'lant", flea" from 'utri) matter,

mice from )irt! ha!%/ 

&hi" elief remaine)unchallenge) for more than 2

 !ear"%

0ntil

Image":  -'hi)", Flag"taff Foto"Bu"t of -ri"totle ! L!"i''u", 3i4i

-ri"totle: *56 7 *22 B%C%

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Spontaneous Generation Debate France"co 8e)i ;'eriment" on Flie"

Redi's Question: 3here )o maggot" come from<

Hypothesis: Maggot" come from flie"%

Eperi!ent: 8e)i 'ut meat into three "e'arate =ar"%

 

"ar#$

> Left o'en

> Maggot" )e(elo'e)

> Flie" were o"er(e) la!ing egg" on the meat in the o'en =ar

 

"ar#%

> Co(ere) with netting

> Maggot" a''eare) on the netting

> Flie" were o"er(e) la!ing egg" on the netting

 

"ar#&

> #eale)

> ?o maggot" )e(elo'e)

Fir"t to formall! challenge the acce'te) elief of "'ontaneou" generation%

France"co 8e)i, Italian 'h!"ician,naturali"t @ 'oet, 1A2A 7 1A9%

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Spontaneous Generation Debate -nton (an leeuwenhoe4: .-nimalcule"/ 

Pronounce) La!9when9hoo4E 

-" a tailor, u"e) len"e" to e;amine cloth% Itwa" 'roal! thi" that le) to hi" intere"t in len"ma4ing%

e a""emle) hun)re)" of micro"co'e", "omeof which magnifie) o=ect" 2 time"%

-" he loo4e) at thing" with hi" micro"co'e", he)i"co(ere) .micro/ organi"m" organi"m" "otin! that the! were in(i"ile to the na4e) e!e%

e calle) the"e tin! li(ing organi"m".animalcule"/% e fir"t )e"crie) acteria an)the 'rotoGoan"%

Image": Leeuwenhoe4 'ortrait 1A5, Jan Ver4ol=eIE% 8e'lica of Leeuwenhoe4 micro"co'e, Jaco'o

3erther Man with "co e, "ource un4nown

1A*2 12*

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he (ontro)ersy *)er Spontaneous Generation John ?ee)ham @ LaGGaro #'allanGani

 

'he Question:

+hat causes tiny li)ing things to appear in decaying broth

?ee)ham" F!'othe"i" : #'ontaneou" generation% 

#'allaGani" F!'othe"i":  Microe" come from the air% Boiling will 4ill them%

?ee)ham H

#'allaGani H

  Frenchchemi"t

Loui"Pa"teur")e"ign of

thi" e;'eriment "ettle)the argument%

Image: Loui" Pa"teur, Pierre Lam! Petit circa

15AA LaGGaro #'allanGani, 129199

11* 151

129 199

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he (ontro)ersy *)er Spontaneous Generation

-ouis .asteur / 0ndustrial Microbiology

# Q: 3hat i" fermentation<

# 3hat cau"e" fermentation<

#ome "cienti"t" thought that air cau"e) fermentation 

$ther" thought that !icrobes cau"e) fermentation %

# Q: 3hat i" 'a"teuriGation<

Image: Loui" Pa"teur, Pierre Lam! Petit, circa 15AA ra'e" fermenting 

#achrom!ce" !ea"t Lactoacillu", Pulic health Image Lirar! 165 From the Virtual Microiolog! Cla""room on #cienceProf$nline%com

<  yeast + grapes = yummy wine   (ethanol)

  bacteria + grapes = spoiled wine  (lactic acid) >

 Are these non-living

blobs or living

microbes?

Pasteur’s

Observations:

1.Blobs were alive because

they divide and mae more o! themselves.

". #ut grape $uice + yeast in open and in

air-tight containers. %ermentation

occurred in both. &his means that yeast

are coused !ermentation.

'. &oo two !lass o! sterile grape $uice

and introduced bacteria into one and

yeast into another.

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  he Ger! heory of DiseaseSherloc1 his2

$li(er 3en)ell olme" #r% @ IgnaG#emmelwei"  'h!"ician" 'racticing in)ifferent 'art" of the worl)%

Hol!es 34S5

Belie(e) )eath following chil)irth 'uer'eral fe(erE oftencau"e) ! the material on han)" of mi)wi(e" oratten)ing 'h!"ician"%

Se!!el6eis 3Austria5

?otice) )eath rate" higher in maternit! war)""taffe) ! me)ical "tu)ent" than in tho"e atten)e)! mi)wi(e"% Death rate" )ecrea"e) in "ummer%

Q: 3h!< 

  Image" on right: IgnaG #emmelwei"", 15AJeno Do! $li(er olme" #r%, 155*

159 1596

1515 15A+

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he Ger! heory of Disease

0!portance of Hand +ashing

 

Image": an) wa"hing )iagram, u"e)with 'ermi""ion K Clinical #4ill" Lt) 

#ung to tune of 8ow, row, row !our oat%

3a"h, wa"h, wa"h !our han)",

Pla! our han)! game%

8u an) "cru, "cru an) ru,

erm" go )own the )rain%

#ing 2; aout 2 "econ)"%E

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Meet the Microbe!

>   *rganis!: treptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcal 0nfections

#tre'tococcu" i" a Gra! 7 cocci"ha'e) genu" of

acteria, which 'ro)uce to;in" that contriute" to it"'athogene"i"%

#ome )i"ea"e" cau"e) ! thi" acterium inclu)e:

> Puer'eral fe(er> #tre' &hroat> #tre'tococcal Pneumonia> #carlet fe(er> ?ecrotiGing fa"ciiti" fle"heating acteriaE

#tre'tococcu" 

mages* carlet !ever strawberry tongue #ublic ealth mage,ibrary (#,) 1"/0 treptococcus pyogenes #, "11/0

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Ger! heory of Disease 5ohn now : In(e"tigation of Cholera

Pla!e) 4e! role in "etting "tan)ar)" for goo)'ulic h!giene an) 're(enting "'rea) ofinfectiou" )i"ea"e%

#now "4e'tic of the then)ominant .mia"matheor!/ )i"ea"e cau"e) ! a) airE%

Belie(e) cholera tran"mitte) ! watercontaminate) with wa"te of other cholera"ufferer"%

 Ma''e) occurrence of cholera ca"e" )uringe'i)emic in Lon)on an) foun) ca"e" centere)

aroun) a "'ecific 'ulic water "u''l!%

-"4e) cit! of Lon)on to )i"mantle the 'um'%

Q: 3hat )o !ou thin4 ha''ene) once water'um' wa" )i"mantle)< 

Image": #now" ma' of Lon)on, 'uli"he) ! C%F%

Cheffin", 15+6% John #now, 151*15+5, 3i4i

$8$& # $898

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6holera

 

Disease, Please!

> Infectiou" ga"troenteriti" cau"e) ! the Gra!# acterium Virio cholerae %

> &ran"mi""ion occur" through inge"tingcontaminate) water or foo)%

> -ction on muco"al e'ithelium lining of the "mallinte"tine re"'on"ile for the characteri"ticma""i(e )iarrhea%

> $ne of the mo"t ra'i)l! fatal illne""e" 4nown%

> Progre""e" from fir"t liNui) "tool to "hoc4 in 6to 12 hour", with )eath Nuic4l! following withoutreh!)ration treatment%

> Read ecerpt for! 'he Dress -odger; p<$$= 

Image: Drawing of Death Bringing Cholera in Le PetitJournal, circa 1912 Virio cholerae, PIL +*26 From the Virtual Microiolog! Cla""room on #cienceProf$nline%com

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 he Ger! heory of Disease 

&yndall

: Di"co(er! of en)o"'ore Di"co(ere) that "ome acteria e;i"te) in two

form":

1% heat"tale form en)o"'oreE

2% heat"en"iti(e form (egetati(e cellE

?ee) 'rolonge) or intermittent heating to )e"tro!the heat"tale en)o"'ore"%

i" re"earch re"ulte) in a metho) of "teriliGing

liNui) ! heating it to oiling 'oint on "ucce""i(e)a!", referre) to a" &!n)alliGation%

&!n)alliGation i" u"eful for "teriliGation of growthme)ia in "cience cla""e" an) other "ituation" whereautocla(e" not a(ailale for 're""ure "teriliGation%

Image": John &!n)all , %B% all ?%O%

155 n)o"'ore "tain &% Port

152 159*

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Ger! heory of Disease8oert 7och &echniNue"

;'erimente) with !ediu! to grow acteriaon%

e trie) gelatin, ut it )i) not wor4%

3ife of colleague recommen)e) agar agelatinli4e 'ro)uct )eri(e) from "eawee)E%

Di)nt melt, an) acteria coul)nt )ige"t it%

e coul) al"o a)) (ariou" nutrientsnece""ar! to grow certain organi"m"%

och 'ronounce) Co4eE  originate) u"e of a two'art )i"h for growing acteria  >>>>>>

 >>>>>>  name) after Juliu" Petri, a ermanacteriologi"tE, an) a techniNue for i"olating'ure acterial colonie"% Image"% Micrococcu" luteu"  colonie", &% Port

8oert och 'ortrait, 156*191, ?I M-C )ifferential

156* 191

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+hat (auses Gas Gangrene

Meet the Microbe!

Mo"t often cau"e) ! the en)o"'ore 'ro)ucingram Q  acteria, RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRR%

Clo"tri)ium  acteria 'ro)uce man! )ifferent

to;in" which can )amage to ti""ue", loo) cell",an) loo) (e""el"%

0n)er lowo;!gen anaeroicE con)ition",Clo"tri)ium  'ro)uce" to;in" that cau"e ti""ue)eath an) relate) "!m'tom"%

a" gangrene can al"o e cau"e) ! rou' -#tre'tococcu " ram QE % -n) there are otheracteria that can cau"e "imilar infection"%

a" gangrene mo"t often occur" at the "ite oftrauma or a recent "urgical woun)% &he on"et ofga" gangrene i" "u))en an) )ramatic%

Image": Clo"tri)ium 'erfringen" , PIL 1119A, Don #talon"

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Anthra

ram Q Bacillu" anthraci"  

-n en)o"'ore'ro)ucing acterium%$nl! the genera Bacillu" @ Clo"tri)ium  

'ro)uce en)o"'ore"%E 

Bacillu" anthraci"  fir"t acterium'ro(en to e the cau"e of a )i"ea"e%

-nthra; wa" a )i"ea"e 4illing uro'ean li(e"toc4% Farm animal",a''arentl! health! in the morning, might )ie ! the en) of the )a!,blood turned blac1 %

uman" interacting with the animal" were al"o at ri"4 of ecoming ill%

In 15, 8oert och grew Bacillu" anthraci"  in 'ure culture,)emon"trate) it" ailit! to form en)o"'ore", an) 'ro)uce)e;'erimental anthra; ! in=ecting it into animal"%

&he"e e;'eriment" re"ulte) in och formulating gui)eline", calle)?och@s >>>>>>>>>> , for lin4ing "'ecific organi"m" with "'ecific)i"ea"e"%

For more information on 8oert och, "ee the #uite11 article:.8oert och: i"tor! of Microiolog!/ %

8obert 7och9s original micrographs o! the anthra: bacillus.

Disease, Please!

  Image: ram "taine) Bacillu" anthraci", ,Pulic ealth ImageLirar! 21+ Inhilation -nthra; in mon4e! "'leen ti""ue, ?I%From the Virtual Microiolog! Cla""room on #cienceProf$nline%com

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Ger! heory of Diseaseoch" Po"tulate"

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Ger! heory of Diseaseram #tain

Fir"t of och" 'o"tulate" )eman)" that the "u"'ecte) agent mu"t e foun) ine)ery case

 of a gi(en)i"ea"e%

&hat mean" the tin! microe" mu"t e "een an) i)entifie)% owe(er, in mo"t ca"e", microe" arecolorle"" an) )ifficult to "ee%

Chri"tian ram 15+19*5E )e(elo'e) a techniNue, the ram "tain, that i" "till wi)el! u"e) to)a!%

Differential "tain that in(ol(e" the a''lication of a "erie" of )!e"%

Lea(e" "ome microe" 'ur'le an) other" 'in4%

Microe" that "tain 'ur'le, ram'o"iti(e, an) tho"e that "tain 'in4, ramnegati(e%

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he Ger! heory of Disease Jo"e'h Li"ter 7 Father of Mo)ern -nti"e'"i"

Pre(ailing elief 4e'erca!aan !ang erla4uE 3oun) infection )ue to ti""ue

e;'o"e) to "tin4ing mia"ma in air lu4a infe4"i a4iat =aringan&er4ena racun erau )ari u)araE

Li"ter ha) rea) a 'a'er ! Pa"teur "howing that rotting coul) occur withouto;!gen if microorgani"m" 're"ent%

Ma!e microorgani"m" were cau"ing gangrene<

Pa"teur "ugge"te) three metho)" to get ri) men!ing4ir4anE of microorgani"m":

1% eat microe" u'%

2% Filter microe" out

*% ;'o"e microe" to chemical"

&he fir"t two ina''ro'riate for u"e in human woun)", "o Li"ter e;'erimente) with the thir)%(arbolic acid wa" u"e) for )eo)oriGing "ewage, "o Li"ter trie) "'ra!ing in"trument", "urgical inci"ion",

woun)" an) )re""ing" with "olution%

It mar4e)l! re)uce) the inci)ence of gangrene %

-" germ theor! ecame more wi)el! acce'te), un)er"too) infection e"t a(oi)e) ! pre)entingbacteria fro! getting into 6ounds in the first place % &hi" le) to the ri"e of "terile "urger!%

  Image: Jo"e'h Li"ter, circa 15A, 3i4i

152 1912

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he Ger! heory of Diseaselorence Bightingale and Bursing

ngli"h nur"e who wa" a 'ro'onentof cleanline"" an) anti"e'tictechniNue" to the fiel) of nur"ing%

#he came to 'rominence for her

'ioneering wor4 in nur"ing )uringthe Crimean 3ar "a! cr!9 !e 9inE,where "he ten)e) to woun)e)"ol)ier"%

#he wa" meticulou" aout collectingan) anal!Ging )ata on her 'ractice",to 'ro(i)e 'roof of their efficac!%

Foun)e) the ?ightingale #chool for?ur"e", the fir"t nur"ing "chool inthe worl)%

Image: Florence ?ightingale from Carte )e Vi"ite, circa

15+ Polar area )ia ram Florence ?i htin ale 15+5%

152 191

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Early History of 0!!unology

Dr% )war) Jenner an) the fir"t (accine

3a" aware of farm wor4er"T elief that if !ou ha)cow'o; in 'a"t, !ou woul)nt get "mall'o;%

(o6po cau"e) mil) )i"comfort, aching, a few 'u"tule","ome "welling"!m'tom" that )i"a''eare) in a few )a!"%

 In contra"t, s!allpo cau"e) ma""i(e )i"figurement,"ometime" lin)ne"", an) often )eath%

Jenner, in the late 1", ma)e "mall inci"ion" or'uncture" with cow'o; material in arm" of human "u=ect"in or)er to 're(ent "mall'o;%

-t fir"t hi" 'eer" re4anE )oute) the "afet! an)efficac! 4eerha"ilanEof hi" treatment, ut e(entuall!the (alue of the cow'o; inoculum wa" recogniGe)%

Jenner" wor4" are "ai) to ha(e "a(e) more li(e" than theeffort" u"ahaE of an! other 'er"on in hi"tor! %

Image": Dr% )war) Jenner ! Jame" ?orthcoteChil) with #mall o;, Jame" ic4", CDC

169 152*

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Early History of 0!!unology 

Pa"teur" -ttenuate) (accine"

In)i(i)ual" who reco(er from an infectiou" )i"ea"e"ometime" immune from future attac4%

Prom'te) Pa"teur to tr! to fin) a wa! to 're(ent fowlcholera in chic4en"%

Colleague of Pa"teur" 'o"t'one) inoculation" of cholerainto a grou' of chic4en", a remar4ale )i"co(er! re"ulte)%

Inoculation with the"e neglecte) culture" ma)e thechic4en" immune to fowl cholera%

&he microe" ha) een 6ea1ened or attenuated< 

Pa"teur al"o mo)ifie) other organi"m" anthra; an) the(iru" cau"ing raie"E%

0ltimatel! create) inoculation 'roce)ure" )accinations%

Image: Loui" Pa"teur, Pierre Lam! Petit, Frenchcirca

15AA, Bo! eing (accinate), PIL 9*A6.

1522 159+

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Disco)ery of Anti!icrobial Agents

Sulfa Drug

> Dr< Gerhard Do!ag1 "a! Doe9moc4E, aerman chemi"t who )i"co(ere) thatthe )!e Pronto"il wa" effecti(e again"ta wi)e range of acteria%

> 3on the 19*9, ?oel PriGe in Me)icine%

> #ulfanilami)e 'ortion of the Pronto"ilmolecule i" re"'on"ile for it"antiacterial effect "ulfonami)e" sulfa drugsE%

Image": Dr% erhar) Domag4, 19A6,

3i4i #ulfanilami)e eli;er #ource

159+ 19A6

From the Virtual Microiolog! Cla""room on #cienceProf$nline%com

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Disco)ery of Anti!icrobial Agents

.enicillin

Aleander le!ing 1551 7 19++E, a #cotti"hiologi"t an) 'harmacologi"t, o"er(e)acterial "ta'h!lococci colonie" )i"a''earingon 'late" contaminate) with mol)%

Fleming e;tracte) the com'oun) from themol) re"'on"ile for )e"truction of theacterial colonie"%

&he 'ro)uct of the mol) wa" name) 'enicillin,after the Penicillium  mol) from which it wa")eri(e)%

?oel PriGe in Ph!"iolog! of Me)icine in 196+%

Image": Penicillium  mol), PIL 5*9A #ta'h!lococcu" aureu"  on antiiotic te"t 'late , PIL 2A61

From the Virtual Microiolog! Cla""room on #cienceProf$nline%com

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 (onfused ere are lin4" to fun re"ource" that further

e;'lain aeroic re"'iration:> i"tor! Microiolog! Main Page on the Virtual Microiolog! Cla""room of  #cience Prof $nline %

> .ot the &ime/ mu"ic (i)eo ! -nthra;%

> Pa"teur" ;'eriment te"ting "'ontaneou" generation, animation an) NuiG from 3 Freeman

> &he Dre"" Lo)ger , a hi"torical no(el aout cholera, 'ro"titution an) o)! "natching "et in #un)erlan) nglan) 15*1%

> Brief i"tor! of Microiolog! online fla"hcar)" from UuiGlet%

> Microe unter", a cla""ic oo4 ! Paul De ruif, ar(e"t Boo4"%

> Pla! .Fling &he &eacher/, an interacti(e .Me)icine: Infectiou" Di"ea"e/ UuiG in which !ou get to uil) a teacher(ictimE, then fling them with a treuchet if !ou correctl! an"wer the NuiG Nue"tion"%

> i"tor! of Microiolog! interacti(e timeline from Microe 3orl)%

> Pla! Di"ea"e Defen)er" e)ucational (i)eo game, 8ice 0ni(er"it!%

 

Oou mu"t e in PP& "li)e"how (iew to clic4 on lin4"%E 

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> 'ractice te"t Nue"tion"

> re(iew Nue"tion"> "tu)! gui)e" an) learning o=ecti(e"

Oou can acce"" the VMC ! going to the #cience Prof $nline we"ite666<Science.rof*nline<co!

Image": Cholera, Virio cholerae, iant Microe" Pro4ar!otic cell, Mariana 8uiG

Are !icrobes inti!idating you

Do !our"elf a fa(or% 0"e the1

 

Cirtual Microbiology

(lassroo! VMCE  &he VMC i" full of re"ource" to hel' !ou "uccee),

inclu)ing:

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; microbe<oyahoo.co.id

; #asword * 1"'>@